text:
A resonant tunneling diode (400) made of a quantum well (406) with tunneling barriers (404, 408) made of two different materials such as calcium fluoride (408) and silicon dioxide (404). The calcium fluoride provides lattice match between the emitter (410) and the quantum well (406). Further resonant tunneling diodes with silicon lattice match barriers may be made of III-V compounds containing nitrogen.
1. A resonant tunneling diode, comprising:
(a) an emitter made of a first material;
(b) a first tunneling barrier made of a second material and abutting said emitter;
(c) a quantum well made of a third material and abutting said first tunneling barrier;
(d) a second tunneling barrier made of said second material and abutting said quantum well; and
(e) a collector made of a fourth material and abutting said second tunneling barrier;
(f) wherein said first material, said second material, said third material, and said fourth material are taken from the group of III-V semiconductors which contain nitrogen and lattice match silicon.
2. The diode of claim 1, wherein:
(a) said second material includes aluminum, arsenic, and nitrogen.
3. A resonant tunneling diode, comprising:
(a) an emitter made of silicon;
(b) a semiconductor tunneling barrier made of a semiconductor material and abutting said emitter;
(c) a quantum well made of silicon;
(d) a second tunneling barrier made of said semiconductor material and abutting said quantum well; and
(e) a collector made of silicon;
(f) wherein said semiconductor material is taken from the group of III-V semiconductors which contain nitrogen and lattice match silicon.
4. The diode of claim 3, wherein:
(a) said semiconductor material includes indium, phosphorus, and nitrogen.
The following coassigned U.S. patent applications disclose related subject matter: Ser. No. 08/290,269, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,723,872 (TI-19628), cofiled with this application; Ser. No. 08/286,067, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,466,949 (TI-19547), filed Aug. 4, 1994; Ser. No. 08/145,267, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,796,119 (TI-18632), filed Oct. 29, 1993; Ser. No. 08/250,976, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,422,305 (TI-18681), filed May 31, 1994; Ser. No. 07/704,535, now abandoned (TI-15427), filed May 23, 1991; Ser. No. 08/065,087, now abandoned (TI-15441), filed May 20, 1993; Ser. No. 08/048,406, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,468 (TI-16670), filed Jun. 21, 1993.
The invention relates to electronic devices, and, more particularly, to resonant tunneling devices and systems.
The continual demand for enhanced transistor and integrated circuit performance has resulted in improvements in existing devices, such as silicon bipolar and CMOS transistors and gallium arsenide MESFETs, and also in the introduction of new device types and materials. In particular, scaling down device sizes to enhance high frequency performance leads to observable quantum mechanical effects such as carrier tunneling through potential barriers. This led to development of alternative device structures such as resonant tunneling diodes and resonant tunneling hot electron transistors which take advantage of such tunneling phenomena.
Resonant tunneling diodes are two terminal devices with conduction carriers tunneling through potential barriers to yield current-voltage curves with portions exhibiting negative differential resistance. Recall that the original Esaki diode had interband tunneling (e.g., from conduction band to valence band) in a heavily doped PN junction diode. An alternative resonant tunneling diode structure relies on resonant tunneling through a quantum well in a single band; see FIG. 1 which illustrates a AlGaAs/GaAs quantum well. Further, Mars et al., Reproducible Growth and Application of AlAs/GaAs Double Barrier Resonant Tunneling Diodes, 11 J.Vac.Sci.Tech.B 965 (1993), and �zbay et al, 110-GHz Monolithic Resonant-Tunneling-Diode Trigger Circuit, 12 IEEE Elec.Dev.Lett. 480 (1991), each use two AlAs tunneling barriers imbedded in a GaAs structure to form a quantum well resonant tunneling diode. The quantum well may be 4.5 nm thick with 1.7 nm thick tunneling barriers. FIG. 2 illustrates current-voltage behavior at room temperature. Note that such resonant tunneling "diodes" are symmetrical. With the bias shown in FIG. 3a, a discrete electron level (bottom edge of a subband) in the quantum well aligns with the cathode conduction band edge, so electron tunneling readily occurs and the current is large. Contrarily, with the bias shown in FIG. 3b the cathode conduction band aligns between quantum well levels and suppresses tunneling, and the current is small.
Attempts to fabricate quantum wells in silicon-based semiconductors, rather than the III-V semiconductors such as AlGaAs and GaAs, have focussed primarily on silicon-germanium alloys. For example, the Topical Conference on Silicon-Based Heterostructures II (Chicago 1992) included papers such as Gr�tzmacher et al., Very Narrow SiGe/Si Quantum Wells Deposited by Low-Temperature Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition, 11 J.Vac.Sci.Tech.B 1083 (1993)(1 nm wide wells of Si0.75Ge0.25 with 10 nm wide Si tunneling barriers) and Sedgwick et al., Selective SiGe and Heavily As Doped Si Deposited at Low Temperature by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition, 11 J.Vac.Sci.Tech.B 1124 (1993)(Si/SiGe resonant tunneling diode selectively grown in an oxide window with silicon tunneling barriers each 5 nm wide and a 6 nm wide quantum well of Si0.75Ge0.25. Because the valence band offset greatly exceeds the conduction band offset at SiGe/Si interfaces, most investigators consider hole tunneling rather than electron tunneling using strained layer SiGe.
However, SiGe strained layers possess a serious intrinsic impediment in that the band discontinuities are small (less than 500 meV). This precludes room temperature operation with large peak-to-valley curent differences (greater than approximately 5). Further, the addition of a strained heterojunction and new material, germanium, necessitates the undesirable development and implementation of new low temperature fabrication methods to allow production.
Another epitaxial approach for silicon-based quantum wells uses calcium fluoride (CaF2) as the tunneling barriers. Calcium fluoride lattice matches silicon for (111) oriented interfaces and may be epitaxially grown by molecular beam epitaxy. See Schowalter and Fathauer, 15 CRC Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 367 (1989); Cho et al., 10 J.Vac. Sci. Tech. A 769 (1992); and Cho et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,229,332 and 5,229,333.
Tsu, U.S. Pat. No. 5,216,262, describes a silicon-based quantum well structure with tunneling barriers made of short period silicon/silicon dioxide superlattices of epitaxial silicon dioxide two monolayers thick.
Numerous investigators have studied the silicon/silicon oxide interface because it underlies performance of the currently prevalent CMOS transistor structure of silicon integrated circuits. The growth and analysis of single molecular layers of oxide have become commonplace. For example, Ohmi et al., Very Thin Oxide Film on a Silicon Surface by Ultraclean Oxidation, 60 Appl.Phys.Lett. 2126 (1992); Hattori, High Resolution X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy Studies of Thin SiO2 and Si/SiO2 Interfaces, 11 J.Vac.Sci.Tech.B 1528 (1993); and Seiple et al., Elevated Temperature Oxidation and Etching of the Si(111) 7�7 Surface Observed with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, 11 J.Vac.Sci.Tech.A 1649 (1993). The Ohmi et al. article observes that an oxide monolayer formed on a silicon wafer at 300� C. provides the foundation for oxide films superior to standard thermal oxide with respect to Frenkel-Poole emission for thin oxide films.
The present invention provides resonant tunneling with nitride-based III-V compounds lattice matched to silicon. The nitride-based III-V compounds may also be lattice matched to other substrate such as gallium phosphide.
This has technical advantages including fabrication of resonant tunneling devices with standard silicon-compatible processes and thus integration with other silicon devices such as CMOS and bipolar transistors.
The drawings are schematic for clarity.
FIGS. 1-3b are band diagrams of a known resonant tunneling diode together with a current-voltage diagram.
FIGS. 4a-b illustrate a first preferred embodiment mixed barrier resonant tunneling diode in cross sectional elevation and plan views.
FIGS. 5a-c are band diagrams for the first preferred embodiment diode with various biases.
FIGS. 6a-c show fabrication steps of the first preferred embodiment method.
FIGS. 7a-b illustrate a metal collector variation of the preferred embodiment diode of FIGS. 4a-b.
FIGS. 8a-b are band diagrams for the preferred embodiment of FIG. 7b.
FIG. 9 illustrates a second preferred embodiment mixed barrier resonant tunneling diode.
FIG. 10 is a band diagram for the second preferred embodiment mixed barrier resonant tunneling diode.
FIG. 11 shows a third preferred embodiment resonant tunneling diode.
FIG. 12 is a band diagram for the embodiment of FIG. 11.
FIG. 13 illustrates lattice constants.
FIG. 14 shows a fourth preferred embodiment resonant tunneling diode.
FIG. 15 is a band diagram for the embodiment of FIG. 14.
FIGS. 16a-c show a memory cell application of the preferred embodiment diodes.
Overview of mixed crystalline/amorphous tunneling barriers
FIGS. 4a-b heuristically show first preferred embodiment mixed barrier resonant tunneling diode, generally denoted by reference numeral 400, in cross sectional elevation and plan views as including silicon collector (anode) 402, silicon dioxide ("oxide") tunneling barrier 404, silicon quantum well 406, calcium fluoride (CaF2) tunneling barrier 408, silicon emitter (cathode) 410, collector metal contact 422, and emitter metal contact 420. The plan view in FIG. 4b illustrates the mesa 430 structure of the stack of tunneling barriers 404/408 and quantum well 406. Oxide tunneling barrier 404 is about 1 nm thick (roughly 4 molecular layers and amorphous) and about 2 μm by 2 μm (FIG. 4a greatly exaggerates the vertical dimensions for clarity). Calcium fluoride tunneling barrier 408 is about 1 nm thick and lattice matched to silicon emitter 410 and silicon quantum well 406. The two tunneling barriers have different characteristics, one is lattice matched crystalline and the other is amorphous, but have comparable barrier heights; this allows for simplified fabrication as compared to a structure with both oxide barriers or both calcium fluoride barriers. Quantum well 406 is about 3 nm thick. Note that the thickness of barriers 404/408 primarily impacts the tunneling current magnitude and not the resonance levels which derives from the quantum well thickness and the barrier heights. Also, the exact electronic and chemical nature of the tunneling barriers varies through the barrier.
As a variation, collector 402 could be n+polysilicon or a metal such as aluminum formed directly on oxide tunneling barrier 404 as illustrated in FIGS. 7a-b. Also, p-type doping of the emitter permits resonant tunneling of holes rather than electrons.
A 4 nm thickness of quantum well 406 implies the edges of the lowest conduction subbands should lie at about 20 meV, 85 meV, 200 meV, and 350 meV above the conduction band edge due to the quantized component of crystal momentum in the quantum well. The conduction band offset at the silicon/oxide interface for very thin oxide is about 2.9 eV (compared with 3.2 eV for thick oxide) and the conduction band offset at the silicon/calcium fluoride interface is about 2 eV, so FIG. 5a-c represents the band diagram for electron conduction through diode 400. FIG. 5a illustrates a zero bias which produces no current; FIG. 5b shows a bias of approximately 100 mV across the diode which yields the first resonant peak current; and FIG. 5c has a bias of approximately 150 mV across diode 400 which leads to the first valley current. Note that collector 402 may be doped n+ except for a few nm abutting barrier 404, and emitter 410 may be also be doped n+ except for a few nm abutting barrier 408. Spacing the doping from the tunneling barriers avoids incorporating dopant atoms into the tunneling barriers where impurity-assisted tunneling can result. With a doped emitter and collector, the majority of the applied bias between emitter and collector appears across the barriers and quantum well. The dielectric constant of silicon (11.7) is greater than that of oxide (3.9) and calcium fluoride (6.9), and the applied voltage drop splits across the oxide barrier, the calcium fluoride barrier, the quantum well, and the undoped emitter and collector portions abutting the barriers. The breakdown voltage for oxide is on the order of 6 MV/cm and for calcium fluoride on the order of 2 MV/cm, so to avoid breakdown currents which may destroy the tunneling barriers, voltage drops must be less than about 3 volts across the entire double barrier neglecting depletion on the emitter side of the tunneling barriers.
Epitaxial growth of calcium fluoride on emitter 410 produces tunneling barrier 408, and epitaxial growth of silicon on the calcium fluoride yields quantum well 406. Contrarily, sputtering or oxidation of the quantum well silicon produces oxide tunneling barrier 404. The oxidation may be direct thermal oxidation or ion implantation of oxygen which permits accurate control of the quantity of oxygen and hence the thickness of the oxide barrier. The sharpness of the silicon-oxide interface depends upon the segregation of the oxygen into oxide as opposed to dispersion throughout the silicon. With thermal oxidation of silicon to form oxide barrier 404, the growth of silicon collector 402 may be epitaxial by provision of openings in oxide barrier 404 for crystal alignment. Provided that the openings have dimensions less than typical electron wave packet spreads, such openings will not allow nontunneling electron transport.
Diode 400 thus provides resonant tunneling in a system in which only the tunneling barrier abutting the diode emitter needs lattice match for fabrication and may operate at room temperature.
Mixed barrier fabrication
FIGS. 6a-c illustrate in cross sectional elevation views a first preferred embodiment method of fabrication of diode 400 which includes the following steps:
(1) Begin with 25-mil thick, four-inch diameter, (100)- or (111)-oriented silicon wafer 600. Insert wafer 600 into a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth chamber and desorb any native oxide, and first epitaxially grow 0.1 μm of n+ doped silicon 602 as a buffer layer; a molecular beam of Sb4 provides in situ doping. Next, grow 5 nm of undoped epitaxial silicon 604 at about 700� C. Then switch to epitaxial growth of calcium fluoride and grow 1 nm of undoped calcium fluoride 606 with a molecular beam of calcium fluoride and a wafer temperature at about 400� C. Lastly, switch back to epitaxial growth of silicon and grow 3.5 nm of undoped silicon 608. Note that silicon and calcium fluoride have the similar crystal structures (diamond and zinc blende) with silicon having a room temperature lattice constant of about 0.5431 nm and calcium fluoride a room temperature lattice constant of about 0.5464 nm. Thus the calcium fluoride lattice constant is about 0.6% larger than that of silicon; but layer 606 is thin enough to accommodate this mismatch with strain and maintain epitaxy. See FIG. 6a.
(2) Transfer wafer 600 in an ultrahigh vacuum from the MBE growth chamber to an oxidation chamber and and heat it to 700� C. in an oxygen atmosphere for 30 minutes to oxidize the surface of silicon layer 608 and thereby form 1 nm thick oxide layer 610 while reducing the thickness of silicon layer 608 to 3 nm. Alternatively, sputtered silicon dioxide may used in place of the thermally grown oxide; in this case the quantum well will be only 3 nm thick because it will not be consumed during oxide formation.
(3) Return wafer 600 in an ultrahigh vacuum to the molecular beam chamber machine and grow silicon or polysilicon collector layer 612-614 on oxide layer 610 with in situ antimony doping for the n+ layer 614 after the first 5 nm of undoped layer 612 analogous to the growth of silicon layers 602-604. Silicon layer 612-614 may be made single crystal by (i) recrystallization such as by laser local melting or (ii) first removing the barrier/quantum well structure from a seed area away from the mesa structure location and then growing the silicon from the seed area over the barrier/quantum well or (iii) by first providing less-than-wavelength openings in oxide layer 610 to act a seed areas for the silicon growth or (iv) by a thicker silicon quantum well with implanted oxygen for the tunneling barrier leaving an epilayer of silicon for collector growth. As the region 612-614 is used as the collector, high crystal quality is not required so long as the material does not transmit crystal defects or strain into the underlying barrier and quantum well layers.
For this reason a metal collector such as aluminum can replace the deposition of silicon 612-614 to form a layered structure as shown in FIG. 7a. Then photolithographically pattern the aluminum layer to form a collector and use it as a mask to etch and form the mesa. Lastly, deposit and pattern an emitter metal contact to complete the diode as illustrated in FIG. 7b.
FIG. 8a is the band diagram for the aluminum collector diode with zero bias, and FIG. 8b is the band diagram at the resonance bias which is adjustable between approximately 100 mV and 2.5 V depending upon the choice of barrier and well thicknesses and undoped transition layer thicknesses.
Mixed barriers with metal quantum well and metal oxide barrier
FIG. 9 shows in cross sectional elevation view of a second preferred embodiment mixed barrier resonant tunneling diode, generally denoted by reference numeral 900, with a mesa structure and as including silicon emitter 902-904 (n+silicon 902 plus undoped silicon 904), calcium fluoride tunneling barrier 906, aluminum quantum well 908, aluminum oxide tunneling barrier 910, aluminum collector 912, and titanium-tungsten emitter contact 920. 3 nm thick aluminum quantum well 908 lattice matches to 1 nm thick calcium fluoride tunneling barrier 906 which, in turn, lattice matches to silicon emitter 902-904. All three of these planar layers has crystal orientation (111) or (100). Aluminum oxide tunneling barrier is 1 nm thick and not lattice matched to aluminum quantum well 908, and aluminum collector 912 is polycrystalline. Further, for ease of growth of aluminum on calcium fluoride, a few atomic layers of silicon as a spacer may be grown on calcium fluoride tunneling barrier 906 prior to the aluminum quantum well growth.
Alternatively, calcium fluoride barrier 906 could be replaced with an oxide barrier 904, but then the aluminum quantum well will be polycrystalline.
FIG. 10 is the band diagram for diode 900; again the emitter is silicon with good interface to the abutting tunneling barrier (either lattice matched calcium fluoride or thermal oxide) and the collector has less crystalline quality.
Metal quantum well fabrication
Diode 900 may be fabricated by a modification of the previously-described fabrication of diode 400. In particular, follow step (1) through the calcium fluoride growth step, and then rather than switch back to epitaxial silicon growth, switch to epitaxial aluminum growth for a thickness of 4.5 nm. The wafer tempertaure may be about 25-400� C. for the growth, and the growth may be in a metallization reactor (sputter deposit the metal) rather than a molecular beam epitaxy machine. Then oxidize the aluminum surface to a thickness of 1 nm to form the aluminum oxide layer. This oxidation may be performed in a high vacuum system with growth rates as slow as 3 nm/hr.
After the growth of the aluminum oxide, deposit aluminum collector on the aluminum oxide layer and pattern and etch to form the mesa. Liftoff of an emitter metal contact completes diode 900.
Other crystalline tunneling barriers
Other materials lattice matched to silicon may be used as the first tunneling barrier in place of the calcium fluoride. In particular, zinc sulfide (ZnS), zinc selenium sulfide (ZnSeS), magnesium zinc sulfide (MgZnS), aluminum arsenic nitride (AlAsN) (see the following section of III-V nitride compounds), and silicon germanium carbide (Si1−X−YGeXCY with the ratio x/y equal to 8.2) provide lattice match and band edge discontinuity with silicon and could be used in place of the calcium fluoride of foregoing resonant tunneling diodes.
Nitride III-V tunneling barriers and quantum well
FIG. 11 illustrates in cross sectional elevation view third preferred embodiment resonant tunneling diode 1100 which includes silicon wafer 1102, GaAs0.81N0.19 emitter (n+layer 1104 and undoped layer 1106), AlAs0.82N0.18 tunneling barriers 1108 and 1112, InAs0.41N0.59 quantum well 1110, GaAs0.81N0.19 collector (n+layer 1116 and undoped layer 1114), and metal contacts 1118 and 1120. The GaAsN, AlAsN, and InAsN all have a zincblende lattice which matches that of silicon. AlAsN tunneling barriers 1108 and 1112 each has a thickness of 1 nm, InAsN quantum well 1110 has a thickness of 3 nm, and the undoped portions 1106 and 1114 of the GaAsN emitter and collector each has a thickness of a few nm. Mesa 1130 has lateral dimensions of 20 μm and 20 μm.
FIG. 12 is the band diagram for diode 1100 and shows the band edge discontinuites. Note that the electron energies for the X and L points (crystal monmentum of (1,0,0)2π/a and ({fraction (1/2,1/2,1/2)})2π/a) of the conduction band in addition to the Γ point (crystal momentum of (0,0,0)2π/a) are shown. The large energy difference between the X,L and Γ points (0.9 eV) suggests the resonant tunneling diode will have low valley currents and a high peak-to-valley current ratio for room temperature operation.
FIG. 13 shows the bandgap and lattice constant for the III-V semiconductor compounds with Al, Ga, or In as the Group III element and As or N as the Group V element. The bandgaps for alloys of these compounds which are lattice matched to silicon vary from about 1.0 eV (InAs0.41N0.59) to about 3.0 eV (Al0.8Ga0.2as0.8N0.2), and these are direct bandgap materials. This large range of bandgaps permits various optoelectronic devices on silicon such as monolithic color displays, lasers of all visible wavelengths, and so forth.
A variation of diode 1100 replaces the GaAsN emitter and collector with an InAsN emitter and collector so that the quantum well and the emitter and collector are all of the same material. Similarly, a variation of diode 1100 replaces the InAsN quantum well with GaAsN so again the emitter and collector and quantum well are all of the same material. These structures use fewer materials and simplify the fabrication.
Generally, use of quaternary III-V nitride compounds such as InXAl1−XAsYN1−Y and AlXGa1−XAsYN1−Y permit bandgap engineering while maintaining silicon lattice match.
Nitride based III-V and silicon tunneling barriers and quantum well
A fourth preferred embodiment resonant tunneling diode 1400 uses silicon plus silicon lattice matched III-V semiconductor compounds for the quantum well and tunneling barriers. In particular, FIG. 14 shows diode 1400 including silicon emitter and collector and quantum well together with InP0.5N0.5 tunneling barriers. FIG. 15 is the band diagram. The low energy valley in the conduction band of silicon lies near the X point, so FIG. 15 shows the X point energy along with an indication of the L and Γ point energies. The band discontinuity at the X point of 1.1 eV provides sufficient tunneling barrier height.
A variation of diode 1400 replaces the InPN tunneling barriers with AlAs0.82N0.18 tunneling barriers which will give a 1.3 eV discontinuity. Also, strained layers made of AlPXN1−X and GaPXN1−X could be used in place of the InPN.
Other substrates
The III-V nitride compounds which lattice match to silicon (lattice constant 0.5431 nm at room temperature) may be slightly compositionally varied to also lattice match gallium phosphide (GaP) substrates which have a room temperature lattice constant of 0.5451 nm. FIG. 13 indicates a slight increase in the As to N ratio suffices. Thus analogous resonant tunneling structures are available on GaP.
Nitride based III-V fabrication
Fabrication of diode 1100 simply includes molecular beam epitaxy of the various layers followed by collector metal contact formation and a mesa etch plus emitter metal contact formation. The nitrogen source may use molecular nitrogen which is dissociated in a plasma to form a beam of atomic nitrogen; the other element sources may be effusion cells. Similarly, chemical beam epitaxy may be used for the layer growth with sources such as trimethylgallium for gallium, tertiarybutylarsine for arsenic, tertiarybutylphosphine for phosphorus, and an ECR plasma source for atomic nitrogen.
Of course, the symmetry of diode 1100 eliminates the emitter/collector distinction. However, the lattice match III-V nitrides could be used for the crystalline barrier in the mixed barrier diodes.
Multipeak resonances
The single crystal collector embodiments (FIGS. 4, 11, 14) may be extended to multiple quantum wells in series to form resonant tunneling diodes with multiple resonant peaks simply by growing further tunneling barriers and quantum wells on the preferred embodiment structures. With quantum well sized emitter/collectors such multiple quantum wells in series will form a superlattice.
Any of the foregoing resonant tunneling diodes could be imbedded in the emitter of a bipolar transistor to form a resonant tunneling bipolar transistor.
Two of the preferred embodiments diodes may be incorporated into various structures such as the memory cell illustrated in FIGS. 16a-c. In particular, FIG. 16a schematically shows static random access memory (SRAM) cell 1600 as including resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) 1602 and 1604 in series (RTD 1602 acts as the load for RTD 1604) and coupled to bitline 1610 by silicon field effect transistor pass gate 1608 controlled by the voltage on word line 1612. The bistability of node 1606 of cell 1600 derives from the bias voltage Vdd being set a little greater than the current valley of each RTD, so one RTD operates in its valley and the other RTD operates with small bias. FIG. 16b shows the superimposed current-voltage curves for RTDs 1602-1604 where each RTD has the characteristics illustrated in FIG. 2. The intersection points (a pair for the voltage on node 1606 close to Vdd (high) and a pair for node 1606 (low) indicate the stable series operation points. And accessing node 1606 through pass gate 1608 with a large driver to force node 1606 either high or low will force cell 1600 into a desired stable state; whereas, a sense amplifier accessing node 1606 through pass gate 1608 will detect the cell's state without disruption. Of course, a larger peak-to-valley ratio in the RTDs than that shown in FIG. 2 will make the high and low stable voltages for node 1606 closer to Vdd and 0, respectively.
FIG. 16c illustrates in perspective view the structure of FIG. 16a using a single silicon field effect transistor plus the preferred embodiment RTDs. Note that the parallel arrangement of the RTDs on the field effect transistor drain permits simultaneous fabrication with a mesa etch defining the locations of the RTDs. The integration of the foregoing resonant tunneling structures with standard silicon devices can be either with the rsonant tunneling processing performed first, or the silicon devices fabricated first, or an intermingling of the processing. A common metallization could follow the device fabrication.
Modifications and advantages
The preferred embodiments may be varied in many ways while retaining one or more of the features of silicon compatible resonant tunneling structures with mixed tunneling barriers or nitride based III-V compounds.
For example, the dimensions of the tunneling barriers and quantum well(s) could be varied: the tunneling barriers could be thinner for higher current, the tunneling barriers could be of differing thicknesses, and the quantum well thickness could be varied to adjust the resonant levels up or down.
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text: The review aims to assess existing research evidence concerned with the impact of careers education and guidance (CEG) during Key Stage 4 on the transitions of young people to post-16 opportunities. It also aims to consider the influence of other internal and external factors on the effectiveness of CEG in relation to the outcomes of transitions. This systematic review was published by EPPI-Centre in 2005.


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Play the Songs
The scene is a night club in Berlin, as the 1920′s are drawing to a close. The Master of Ceremonies welcomes the audience to the show and assures them that, whatever their troubles, they will forget them at the Cabaret. His songs provide wry commentary throughout the show. On the train to Berlin we find Cliff, a young American writer, and Ernst, a German who surprises Cliff by putting his briefcase among Cliff's luggage at the German border. History is in the process of being made. Musical numbers include It Couldn't Please Me More, Willkommen, Cabaret, Don't Go, The Money Song and Two Ladies. We find Cliff on the train again, now leaving Berlin alone. He writes about Sally and the people of Berlin leading up to the Third Reich. It has been a tumultuous and heartbreaking era.
*Music samples courtesy of Jay Records, Alley Music Co. and Trio Music Co.
Cabaret (Revised 1987) Quote Request & Licensing
- Credits
- Orchestration
- Rehearsal Materials
- Cast List
- Upcoming
Book by Joe Masteroff
Based on the play by John Van Druten and Stories by Christopher Isherwood
Music by John Kander
Lyrics by Fred Ebb
Full Orchestration and Flexible Combo (Flexbo)
Full Orchestration
1 Reed I: Flute, Piccolo, Clarinet, Eb Clarinet (or Bb Clarinet), Soprano Saxophone & Alto Saxophone
1 Reed II: Flute (or Clarinet), Piccolo (or Clarinet), Clarinet, Bass Clarinet, Soprano Saxophone & Alto Saxophone
1 Reed III: Clarinet, Soprano Saxophone & Tenor Saxophone
1 Reed IV: Bassoon (or Bass Clarinet), Clarinet & Baritone Saxophone
1 Reed V: Oboe & English Horn
1 Horn
1 Trumpet I & II (1st doubling Flugelhorn)
1 Trombone I (Tenor, doubling Baritone or Euphonium)
1 Trombone II (Bass)
1 Percussion:
Bass Drum, Snare Drum, 2 Tom-toms, Floor Tom, High Bongo, Hi-Hat, Suspended Cymbals (Small, Chinese, Top, Crash, Ride), Cowbell, 2 Wood Blocks, 2 Temple Blocks, Timpani (2 drums), Bells, Xylophone, Triangle, Ratchet, Bird Whistle & Siren Whistle
1 Guitar/Banjo
1 Synthesizer: Registrations for Accordion, Celeste, String Pad, Harp, Pipe Organ, Pedal Steel Guitar (with various pitch wheel settings) & optional Cash Register SFX
1 Piano
3 Violin I & II (3 stands)
1 Viola (1 stand)
1 Cello (1 stand)
1 Bass
1 Stage Band Tenor Saxophone [cued in Reed III part]
1 Stage Band Trombone [cued in Trombone I part]
1 Stage Band Piano (doubling Accordion) [cued in Piano and Synthesizer parts, respectively]
1 Stage Band Percussion [cued in Percussion part]: Bass Drum, Snare Drum, Tom-tom, Hi-Hat, Suspended Cymbal, Cowbell & Wood Block
Flexible Combo (Flexbo) Instrumentation
The Flexbo is the best way to have the advantage of orchestral writing while using a smaller ensemble. The foundation of a Broadway orchestration is the rhythm section: Piano, Bass and Drums. The remainder of the orchestra — woodwinds, brass and strings — are the "melodic" parts added to provide richness, depth and tonal color. The number of players required for these added parts may be as few as nine and more often twenty to twenty-five. The four Flexbo parts, A, B, C and D, contain the essential musical lines heard from the "melodic" instruments in the full orchestration. While the best results will be achieved using all four Flexbo parts, they have been cued so that even fewer of them can be used.
1 Flexbo A: Trumpet, doubling Flugelhorn
1 Flexbo B: Alto Saxophone, Clarinet & optional Flute
1 Flexbo C: Tenor Saxophone & Clarinet
1 Flexbo D: Trombone with optional Bass trigger
1 Percussion:
Bass Drum, Snare Drum, 2 To-toms, Floor Tom, High Bongo, Hi-Hat, Suspended Cymbals (Small, Chinese, Top, Crash, Ride), Cowbell, 2 Wood Blocks, 2 Temple Blocks, Timpani (2 drums), Bells, Xylophone, Triangle, Ratchet, Bird Whistle & Siren Whistle
1 Guitar/Banjo
1 Synthesizer: Registrations for Accordion, Celeste, String Pad, Harp, Pipe Organ, Pedal Steel Guitar (with various pitch wheel settings) & optional Cash Register SFX
1 Piano (playing from the Piano-Conductor's Score)
1 Bass
The Flexbo arrangement has been designed to sound complete when played by Piano only, or with the addition of one to eight players. The Piano is essential and must use the Piano-Conductor's Score.
Parts A, B, C and D must be added in alphabetical order. (Part B may not be used without Part A, etc.)
The rhythm section players may be added to the Piano in any sequence, although Bass and one Percussion (on trap set) are more valuable than the three remaining parts: the Guitar, the Synthesizer and the second Percussion (on mallet instruments).
All Stage Band music is included in the following parts:
Stage Band Tenor Saxophone [cued in Flexbo B]
Stage Band Trombone [cued in Flexbo A]
Stage Band Piano (doubling Accordion): Piano-Conductor's Score [Accordion also cued in Synthesizer part]
Stage Band Percussion [cued in Percussion part]
1 Piano Conductor's Score
1 Prompt Book – For the director
10 Prompt Books – For the cast
33 Chorus-Vocal Parts
(3 female; 3 male)
Master of Ceremonies (Emcee) — the host at the Kit Kat Klub
Clifford Bradshaw — an American novelist
Fräulein Schneider — a landlady who rents rooms in her large flat
Herr Schultz — one of Frl. Schneider's roomers and the propritor of a fruit shop
Fräulein Kost — another of Frl. Schneider's roomers. Earns a living by offering favors to sailors
Sally Bowles — a British cabaret winger at the Kit Kat Klub
Ernst Ludwig — a friendly and limkeable German
Telephone Girl — also Lady #1 in "Two Ladies" and Klub Girl #1 in "Telephone Dance"
Customs Officer — also Maitre D' at the Kit Kat Klub
Two Ladies — #1 also Telephone Girl; #2 also Klub Girl #4
Maitre D' — also Customs Officer
Max — Sally's jealous Klub acquaintance. Non-speaking ensemble dancer
Kissing Couple — He: also Second Sailor. She: also Lady #2 in "Two Ladies"
3 German Sailors — ensemble dancers. Second and Third Sailors are non-speaking
5 Kit Kat Klub Girls — ensemble singers. Girl #4 is also Lady #2 in "Two Ladies"
5 Klub Waiters — ensemble singers
Bobby — ensemble dancer
Victor — ensemble dancer
Assistant Customs Officer — non-speaking
Taxi Man — non-speaking
Gorilla — non-speaking
2 Nazi Guards — non-speaking
Girl Orchestra (Stage Band) — tenor saxophone, trombone, drums and piano/accordion
Company SATB singers and dancers, Klub Patrons and Fruit Shop Guests.
The original Broadway production had a cast of 27 performers, including chorus. Some doubling was employed in the minor parts, as outlined above.
Find upcoming performances near you.
Organization City, State First Performance Last Performance Signature Theatre ARLINGTON, VA 05/12/2015 06/28/2015 Village Theatre ISSAQUAH, WA 05/13/2015 08/02/2015 Phamaly Theatre Company ENGLEWOOD, CO 07/16/2015 08/09/2015 Charleston Light Opera Guild CHARLESTON, WV 07/31/2015 08/09/2015 Usdan Ctr./Creat. & Perf. Arts WHEATLEY HEIGHTS, NY 08/12/2015 08/13/2015 State University of New York at Fredonia FREDONIA, NY 10/14/2015 10/18/2015 California Musical Theatre SACRAMENTO, CA 07/26/2016 07/31/2016


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The one on the left is called Fred, but I don't know any of the other ones.
Seriously, they look like either bubbles or coating defects. Bubbles have a tendancy to be more defined with sharper edges, and coating defects are often like bubbles, sharp edged, or they are diffuse in outline as yours seem to be.
If it is a coating defect, then it is either dust and dirt in the emulsion, or some undissolved gelatin particles.


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Mesmerizing. Magnetic. Intense. Captivating. Entrancing. You don't reach out to people, you wait for people to be drawn to you. You're an enigma and people are fascinated by you. You
Reader Question: Mercury and the Moon in the 1st house?in Reader Questions 21 Comments
Astroboy asks: Capricorn 1st house At the surface level it appears that you uphold the status quo. You do what you're supposed to do according to your family's expectations. This
Moon/IC Aspectsin Ascendant, Descendant, Midheaven, and IC 4 Comments
Living a sheltered life. Living in a secluded area. Living with your parents into adulthood. Running home to your parents when plans go south. Needing a lot of care and
Capricorn Sun 4th Housein Ascendant, Descendant, Midheaven, and IC 0 Comments
With the Sun in Capricorn in the fourth house, you're all business on your home turf. You discover personal power by carrying on the traditions of your family, country, and
Moon/Midheaven Aspectsin Ascendant, Descendant, Midheaven, and IC 9 Comments
You have the gift of intuition and ambition combined. Sensitivity colors your aspirations. Climbing the ladder is an emotional challenge. Conflicts arise between getting ahead and being nice. Career setbacks
Capricorn Sun 3rd Housein Planets by Sign and House 5 Comments
With the Sun in Capricorn in the third house, you are mastering the art of getting people to take your perspective seriously. You discover personal power by demanding a high
Mercury/IC Aspectsin Ascendant, Descendant, Midheaven, and IC 10 Comments
You feel comfortable in busy places … places where you can observe people coming and going, and have the option to engage with them. Dead silence makes you uncomfortable …
Mercury/Midheaven Aspectsin Ascendant, Descendant, Midheaven, and IC 36 Comments
Professional comedians, plain jokers and singer-songwriters. Quick-witted tricksters. Precocious kids and the precocious child in the adult. You appreciate intelligence in others and are inspired by intelligent role models. You


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Lemon Magic Cake Mix & Pan Set Rating: 5 Recommend: Y Comments: Delicious with the tangy, assertive lemon flavor that I love, and the little cu...
Cherry Pitter Rating: 4 Recommend: Y Comments: From the cherry crisp I just baked, I would say it leaves about 20% of the pits ...
Dough-Rising Bucket Rating: 5 Recommend: Y Comments: I'm repeating other reviewers but... plenty big enough for dough for a number of...
Pain de Mie Pan (Pullman Loaf Pan) - 13" Rating: 5 Recommend: Y Comments: My first loaf, using the KAF Pan de Mie recipe, baked perfectly and literally fe...
Long Covered Baker Rating: 5 Recommend: Y Comments: I love stoneware to bake in and this pan makes a bigger loaf than my Pampered Ch...
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Shortbread Rating: 5 Recommend: N Comments: Delicious, brings back the taste memory of the shortbread-in-a-tin mom used to g...
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Sourdough Chocolate Cake Rating: 5 Recommend: Y Comments: Made a 1-1/2x recipe and baked about 25 minutes in a gigantic (16" x 22") sheet ...


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Fauquier Times-Democrat
Fauquier Times-Democrat changes its name, nixes 'Democrat'Comment
In an editorial the newspaper said it would become known as the Fauquier Times. The editorial said having the word "Democrat" in its name in such partisan political times "is no longer a very astute business decision."
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Kuff's World
A reader blog about politics and current events with Charles Kuffner
Posts filtered on Tag
At the Battleground Texas kickoff meeting
I attended the Battleground Texas kickoff meeting for Houston on Saturday. Houston was one of the last stops on their statewide introduction tour. I estimated about 300 people in attendance; BGTX gives it as 350, which is probably the more accurate number since they have the sign-in sheets. Numerous elected officials were also in attendance, […] [Read More]
From the "Turning out more Democratic voters will mean more Democratic votes" department
I think that's a fair way of characterizing this Texas on the Potomac post. Last November, the Houston Chronicle completed a database analysis of the changing population patterns of the state and the changing voting proclivities of key demographic blocs. Our conclusion: Texas would become competitive by 2020 and a true toss-up state by 2024 […] [Read More]
Don't forget about apartments
On the subject of how Battleground Texas can achieve its aims, Greg adds a note and some numbers about apartment complexes. I opted to look at one of the most GOP-friendly places in Harris County: HD130 in the northwestern corner of the county. Simply put, this district won't be turning blue with anything short of […] [Read More]
Nate Silver takes another look at Texas
It's always about the numbers. Since President Obama's re-election in 2012, Republicans have worried about what an increasingly diverse electorate will mean for their future as a national party. Democrats, meanwhile, have started talking about turning ruby red states like Arizona and Texas blue. How worried should Republicans be? And how realistic are those Democratic […] [Read More]
Precinct analysis: Congressional overs and unders
To wrap up my look at 2012 versus 2008 results for all the new districts, here's how the 36 Congressional districts compared. Dist McCain Pct Obama08 Pct Romney Pct Obama12 Pct RIdx DIdx ============================================================================== 01 178,520 68.85% 78,918 30.44% 181,833 71.49% 69,857 27.47% 1.04 0.90 02 150,665 61.78% 91,087 37.35% 157,094 62.93% 88,751 35.55% 1.02 […] [Read More]
On Latinos not winning Latino Congressional districts
I have a problem with this analysis by Nathan Gonzales, at least as it pertains to the three Texas districts included. Even though a record number of Latinos are serving in the 113th Congress, Hispanic candidates are significantly underperforming in heavily Hispanic districts, particularly compared to other minority groups. Nationwide, just 41 percent of congressional […] [Read More]
Precinct analysis: Comparing 2012 and 2008, Senate and SBOE edition
To follow up on my previous examination of how the 2012 election returns looked in State House districts compared to the 2008 returns, I now have the data to look at other types of districts as well. You can find it as well on the Texas Legislative Council's webpage – here are the reports for […] [Read More]
Precinct analysis: Comparing 2012 and 2008
Though the data isn't yet posted on individual members' webpages, I have gotten a copy of the 2012 election results by State Rep district, for which there was much rejoicing. The first question of interest is how much the 2008 results resembled the 2012 results in each district. I went by vote percentages as reported […] [Read More]
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The revival of retro logos and packaging seems to be everywhere this year. You can hardly go into a store without seeing another product that is revisiting an old look. I snapped this shot during a shopping trip over the weekend and I'm not the only one who's noticing, you can see images of Pepsi's throwback products and General Mill's retro packaging at Design O'Blog.
The return of these once forgotten logos made me wonder which ones are protected, and if periodical throwback advertising may be a strategy for maintaining trademark registrations.
Please see full article below for more information.
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Sinton ISD's VanMatre climbs educator ladder to the top
Superintendent learns from own mistakes, teaches right from wrong
SINTON - Steve VanMatre's path to superintendent began as an elementary school custodian.
That job in the 1980s allowed VanMatre to be around people who could help him once he graduated college and was able to teach.
Toward the end of college, VanMatre also substituted at schools. A couple of times that meant VanMatre would teach during the day and come back to the same school to work the night custodian shift at Woodlawn Elementary in Corpus Christi.
"I didn't like having to do that," he said. "I didn't enjoy being a custodian.
"It kind of motivated me to keep going."
It also taught him to respect and appreciate the hard work behind the scenes in a school district by those such as custodians or bus drivers.
"Sometimes they see things those of us in leadership or in the classroom don't see," he said.
And he hopes what he learned from custodian to superintendent can be a lesson for the 2,110 students in the Sinton Independent School District.
"I made mistakes ...," VanMatre said. "They don't have to be life-altering or mistakes that cripple you.
"It doesn't mean the door is shut on you."
The 55-year-old superintendent got academic and basketball scholarships to Berea College, in Berea, Ky. But he quit playing basketball because it seemed too much like a job and a year later he gave up on academics as well, returning home to Nitro, W. Va.
VanMatre's mother saw education as the way to open doors for her only child. The single mother, a high-school dropout, worked various telephone operator jobs and wanted something better for her son. She always told VanMatre he would go to college.
When he walked away from his scholarships in 1976, his mother wasn't happy.
"She knew much more than I did that that was a poor decision," he said.
It took him a while to realize that.
He found a job at a fiber factory in Nitro making double the minimum wage. He blew some of the money he earned on a new maroon Chevy Camaro, which he now counts as another poor decision and chalks it up to lack of maturity.
After two years at the factory, he was laid off when the economy soured.
He had heard Texas was filled with jobs so he moved to Corpus Christi, got the custodial job with the Corpus Christi Independent School District and went back to school.
"I could have received my education a lot easier," he said.
Now, he often tells students to focus on getting a career and not a job.
Moody High School Principal Conrado Garcia, who worked with VanMatre at the school in the '90s, said VanMatre knew how to help students believe in themselves by showing them what was possible.
While at Moody, VanMatre, an Advanced Placement government teacher, offered students chances to interact with community leaders such as federal judges and politicians.
The lesson students took away was that they could dream big, Garcia said.
"It's there, get after it," he said. "And it's through education where you will be able to excel."
CCISD Superintendent Scott Elliff, who helped hire VanMatre to be principal at Carroll High School in 2006, said VanMatre took time to find out what activities students were involved in and what was happening in their lives outside of school.
"He always had a personal connection with students there," Elliff said.
Sinton High School Principal Albert Arismendi knows exactly how important that is to kids. VanMatre was his eighth-grade football coach at South Park Middle School in the 1980s.
VanMatre would drive Arismendi and some other students home from practice because they didn't have another ride, Arismendi said. He also remembers how VanMatre rewarded the players for an undefeated season, by running through an entire practice in full gear with his team.
He also took them to a San Antonio Spurs game on his own dime, Arismendi said.
"That is big in the life of a student," he said.
Lauria Kelley, whose son and daughter attend Sinton High School, said VanMatre puts students first.
He doesn't get caught up in state education labels such as exemplary or recognized, she said. He realizes that the results come from the students, and he would do anything to help them be successful, she said.
VanMatre shares the success he has with his wife, also a lifelong educator. The pair met after he substituted for her kindergarten class at Moore Elementary School.
VanMatre didn't know much about teaching kindergarten at that time and when Barbara, then-Ms. Mendez, returned the next day she didn't appreciate that her students had been allowed to play musical chairs most of the afternoon.
She went looking for VanMatre to confront him. But the pair agree that after they met, they felt an attraction.
Barbara VanMatre retired last year, but still serves as her husband's sounding board for issues from dealing with head lice to starting a gifted and talented program. She said her husband's energetic spirit helps others look at things in a positive light.
"Then it's just contagious," she said.
That energy is evident as VanMatre greets students in hallways, visits the district's four campuses at least once a day, gives his cell phone number out to parents and attends games, plays and concerts put on by students.
On a recent afternoon, VanMatre visited students at Sinton Elementary during a physical education class. While there, he pulled aside a fifth-grader who he knew was having trouble in math.
VanMatre huddled with the boy, asking him what was causing his struggles.
"I care about you," VanMatre said.
Minutes later, VanMatre stopped fourth-grader Joseph Mejias, 10, in one of the school's hallways to praise him for his performance in "The Nutcracker" in Corpus Christi.
Joseph had seen VanMatre at the show and said it makes him feel good that the superintendent singled him out.
"He's really supportive," Joseph said.
VanMatre's connection with students makes him think he'll return to teaching at some point.
But he also hasn't forgotten his custodian roots.
As he walked past the Sinton High School cafeteria, he picked up a plastic bag on the floor and a fast-food cup left on a table. He didn't even realize he was doing it.
"Old habits are hard to die," he said.
Age: 55
Title: Sinton Independent School District superintendent
Previous job: Carroll High School principal
Other experience: VanMatre began his career more than 25 years ago as a custodian at Woodlawn Elementary, later serving as a teacher, coach and administrator at South Park Middle School, Moody High School, Driscoll Middle School, Norman Thomas Elementary in Freer and Smith Junior High School in Sinton. He also worked as a curriculum consultant at the Education Service Center Region 2 and as assistant superintendent of instruction at Kingsville Independent School District.
Salary: VanMatre earns $126,101 annually. He also receives a $3,000 travel allowance and $200 per month for cell phone use. The district pays $126 a month for his health insurance.
Accomplishments at Sinton ISD: Improvements districtwide totaling $13 million, including $7.5 million in voter-approved bond money in 2009 to rebuild the aging Welder Elementary. The other $5 million is from a lease revenue bond, financed by the district and helps pay for improvements such as improving baseball and softball fields
Education: Earned a bachelor's in 1986 from then-Corpus Christi State University.
In 2003, he earned a master's in educational administration from Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi.
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The 2011 Copa America is now in full swing with Venezuela and Colombia being the first teams through to the knockout phase.
Los Cafeteros will top Group A after defeating Bolivia 2-0 in Santa Fe on Sunday thanks to a double from Porto star Radamel Falcao.
The in-demand striker received a perfect through-ball from Dayro Moreno before slotting with ease past Carlos Arias in the 14th minute before converting from the penalty spot just under 15 minutes later.
Colombia finished the group stage with two wins and a draw to be clear on top of Costa Rica and Argentina who sit second and third respectively ahead of their match today.
In Group B, Brazil escaped a potentially embarrassing loss thanks to a last-minute goal from Fred to enable them to draw 2-2 with Paraguay.
The Samba Kings opened the scoring through Jadson seven minutes before the break with a shot from distance which beat Paraguay's Justo Villar but the lead only lasted ten minutes in the second half when Roque Santa Cruz leveled for La Albirroja.
Nelson Vidal replaced Lucas Barrios to put his side ahead with a 66th minute strike but Brazil substitute Fred came on for Neymar in the final ten minutes and managed to get the fourth and final goal of the match to force a draw.
In the other Group B match on Saturday, Venezuela jumped to the top of the table with a 1-0 victory over Ecuador thanks to Cesar Gonzalez' 61st minute drive from 25 yards. Venezuela are now through to the quarter-finals ahead of their final group match with Paraguay on Wednesday whilst Brazil need to beat Ecuador to get through.
Group C action on Friday saw Barcelona target Alexis Sanchez score an equaliser for Chile in their 1-1 draw with Uruguay whilst Peru effectively ended Mexico's time in the tournament with a 1-0 result leaving El Tri at the foot of the table with no points.
2011 Copa America – Argentina
Group A
Friday July 1
Argentina: 1 (Sergio Aguero 75')
Bolivia: 1 (Edvaldo Rojas 48')
Estadio Ciudad de La Plata, La Plata
Saturday July 2
Colombia: 1 (Adrian Ramos 45')
Costa Rica: 0 (red card: Randall Brenes 27')
Estadio 23 de Agosto, Jujuy
Wednesday July 6
Argentina: 0
Colombia: 0
Estadio Brigadier General Estanislao Lopez, Santa Fe
Thursday June 7
Bolivia: 0 (red cards: Ronald Rivero 70', Walter Flores 75')
Costa Rica: 2 (Jose Martinez 58', Joel Campbell 78')
Estadio 23 de Agosto, Jujuy
Sunday July 10
Colombia: 2 (Radamel Falcao 14'/(p) 28')
Estadio Brigadier General Estanislao Lopez, Santa Fe
Group B
Brazil: 0
Venezuela: 0
Estadio Ciudad de La Plata, La Plata
Paraguay: 0
Ecuador: 0
Estadio Brigadier General Estanislao Lopez, Santa Fe
Saturday July 9
Brazil: 2 (Jadson 38', Fred 89')
Paraguay: 2 (Roque Santa Cruz 54', Nelson Valdez 66')
Estadio Mario Alberto Kempes, Cordoba
Venezuela: 1 (Cesar Gonzalez 61')
Ecuador: 0
Estadio Padre Ernesto Martearena, Salta
Group C
Uruguay: 1 (Luis Suarez 45')
Peru: 1 (Paolo Guerrero 23')
Estadio del Bicentenario, San Juan
Chile: 2 (Esteban Paredes 66', Arturo Vidal 72')
Mexico: 1 (Nestor Araujo 40')
Estadio del Bicentenario, San Juan
Friday July 8
Uruguay: 1 (Alvaro Pereira 53')
Chile: 1 (Alexis Sanchez 64')
Estadio Malvinas Argentinas, Mendoza
Peru: 1 (Jose Guerrero 82')
Mexico: 0
Estadio Malvinas Argentinas, Mendoza
The game is about opinions. Make yours heard! Join the tribalfootball.com
nation on Facebook today: Facebook.com/tribalfootball


text:
Little Colorado Adirondack Chair
The Adirondack Chair may be used indoors and outdoors. The white, color is Sherwin Williams 20 year guarantee exterior house paint for long lasting protection from the harshness of weather. To extend their life, store indoors when not in use.
Assembly is easy. The major components are glued and screwed together before painting. Just place them in position, insert the zinc plated bolts in the holes and tighten the nickel plated acorn nuts
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King Ice
Rose Gold Clear Princess Brilliant Sterling Silver CZ Stud Earrings
A great pair of sterling silver studs to add to your collection. This pair features .925 sterling silver casting studs with rose gold plating. 4 prong set with clear princess cut CZ and secure with butterfly backing. Available in 4mm, 5mm & 6mm.
- Material: .925 Sterling Silver
- Material Finish: Rose Gold Plating
- Metal Stamp: 925
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- Posts: Butterfly
This item ships directly from the vendor.
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(Style # ERX09598)
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Milking session over the table
Horny babe blows in car
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Extra Service In MP - Pt. 2/2
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Jenaveve oils her perfect body
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2 posts tagged with morality by infini.
Displaying 1 through 2 of 2.
Essay: Moral Shortcomings in the Technology Debate
Digital and genetic techniques increasingly influence life. Our belief in progress through technology stands in the way of a moral debate on this development. ~ by Rinie van Est
From SIN to HEL in 11 hours
How Creativity Connects with Immorality Are creative types more likely to cross moral boundaries?
Page: 1


text: Neil Heslin, center, whose 6-year-old son Jesse was killed in the mass shooting in Newtown, Conn., arrives with other victims' families to meet privately on Capitol Hill in Washington, Tuesday, April 9, 2013, with Sen. Richard Blumenthal, D-Conn., and Sen. Chris Murphy, D-Conn. Heslin gave moving testimony during a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing in February on the proposed assault weapons ban. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)


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Registration takes less than 1 minute.
The Southern California port plans to acquire 3,000 container chassis in two steps.
The third-party logistics provider also cut its first quarter loss in half.
Union says it will strike APMT's North Pier terminal, which handles 35 percent of Peruvian cargo, starting Wednesday.
Trade Promotion Authority gives the White House more freedom to negotiate major free trade agreements with Pacific Rim and European partners.
Cuba has pent up demand for trade and U.S. companies are eager to tap a new export market.
The Senate approved another short-term extension to continue funding highway, bridge and transit projects.


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As a corporate gal you are always working and never have time to just do the little things like giving yourself a makeover. Well its your lucky day as you finally have a day off to do all of the things that you want and need. Why not spend some time in the fashion shops choose some new clothes and accessories so that you can have a fabulous makeover. Once you have got all your clothes head down to the salon so you can get a brand new hair style so that when you head back to work you can look sophisticated yet stylish.
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Elsa Bunny Snap Juice
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Pou Ice Cream Decorati
Frankie Stein Injury
Pizza Mania
Dora Fly Hitter


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Oktopus BluMoon: its highly-polished Titanium Grade 5 case reflecting light in infinitely interesting ways.... fb.me/49E7iId4x
SpidoLite Gold. Defying expectations - heavy precious metal making an agile sports timepiece. LindeWerdelin.com/SpidoLite-Gold/ pic.twitter.com/vvzKyvpE4K
The SpidoLite Gold: defying expectations that a heavy precious metal cannot make for a light and agile sports... fb.me/7e8xZTv55


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Tennessee lawmakers proposed a dangerous new law that allows for prosecuting pregnant people, as a South Carolina woman was sentenced to 20 years in prison for allegedly killing her infant while breastfeeding.
A decision from Arkansas reinforces fetal viability as a constitutional bright line for abortion restrictions, even as more early abortion bans pass in the states.
A pair of bills that would require abortion providers to obtain admitting privileges at a hospital within 30 miles of the clinics where they perform abortions are working their way through the Oklahoma legislature, with lawmakers apparently influenced by a provision of the omnibus anti-abortion bill in neighboring Texas.
The settlement is the latest in a string of litigation brought by the Alliance Defending Freedom over displaying graphic anti-abortion imagery on college campuses.
A bill that would require physicians who provide abortions to obtain admitting privileges at a nearby hospital passed an Oklahoma senate committee Tuesday. The bill appears to be based on model legislation drafted by the anti-choice group Americans United for Life.
From Michael Dunn's acquittal in the murder of Jordan Davis to a pending nominee to the federal bench, now more than ever our courts matter.
An Oklahoma house committee has passed two bills that would further restrict access to safe, legal abortion in the state.
Podcast (reality-cast-podcast): Download | Embed
On this episode of Reality Cast, I talk to Andrea Miller from NARAL Pro-Choice New York about a crisis pregnancy center lawsuit. In other segment, I discuss how Gov. Mike Huckabee (R-AR) denounces contraception at the RNC and share some of the good news in the public discourse over reproductive rights.
Republican state lawmakers have introduced bills that would require admitting privileges at local hospitals for doctors who perform abortions, that would add further requirements to the state's informed consent law, and that would modify the medication abortion law that was ruled unconstitutional by the state supreme court.
The law, which reinstated restrictions lifted by the Obama administration, violates the state's "single-subject" rule.


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Studio: Marvel Studios
0 added this week
7 added this month
110 added this year
Below are trailers, clips, featurettes, TV spots and interviews that have been filed under films that have been tagged with the studio Marvel Studios in order of when they were added to TrailerAddict, with the most recent additions listed first. You are on page seven of twenty. To see some of the most popular films based on this studio, click the "Top Films" option in the green bar below.
May 1, 2015
Avengers: Age of UltronMarvel Studios
November 6, 2015
Ant-ManMarvel Studios
August 1, 2014
Guardians of the GalaxyMarvel Studios
May 3, 2013
Iron Man 3Marvel Studios
April 4, 2014
Captain America: The Winter SoldierMarvel Studios
November 8, 2013
Thor: The Dark WorldMarvel Studios
May 4, 2012
The AvengersParamount Pictures
May 7, 2010
Iron Man 2Paramount Pictures
May 2, 2008
Iron ManParamount Pictures
September 25, 2012
Marvel One-Shot: Item 47Marvel Studios
Mar 13, 2014 Captain America: The Winter Soldier - B-Roll III
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Featured Movie Mad Max: Fury Road


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- Shopping Bag ( 0 items )
From the Publisher'Those interested in the history and sexual politics of dance will find that this fascinating book, with its detailed index and illustrations, dialogues well with Peter Stoneley's A Queer History of the Ballet and Stavros Stavrou Karayanni's Dancing Fear and Desire.' – CHOICE
'The Male Dancer makes a very considerable contribution to performance history in a gendered context ... [and offers] fascinating insights.'– M/C Reviews
'Essential reading for the developing fields of dance studies and gender studies... Burt's 2007 revised edition represents a promising development from his original work... The Male Dancer still offers one of the most comprehensive studies of the masculinity of auteur dancers of the twentieth century... Burt's classic and now rejuvenated The Male Dancer still represents a valuable contribution to gender and sexuality studies and does not fail to inspire the continued scholarly attention that gender and sexuality still demand.' - Platform


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Gallery: Pebble Beach in ten cars
Our picks from this year's cash-strewn Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance
Posted: 19 Aug 2013
Behold, the 1935 Avions Voisin C25 Aérodyne. What's amazing about this one-of-eight car, aside from its remarkable tech - retracting sunroof, fold-down rear seats, and shortwave radio - is that it sold for just under half of its $3m estimate. Despite that, the Gooding auction it found itself in still managed to pull in $86m in total...


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We are planning to participate (form a new group) for 10 days rafting trip through Madidi NP (just 400 USD). The tour operator is Deep-rainforests from La Paz. We need at least another 3-4 people, tough and adventures enough to go through the virgin rainforest. The trip should start on Wednesday 20th August from La Paz. Leave please a message here or leave a note in Hospedaje Las Brujas in Illampu calle 398 La PAz.
Gejza from SLovakia


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PORTLAND -- The sound of music has been silenced for many students across Portland.
Whole schools have no arts and music, said Jessica Jarratt Miller with Portland's Creative Advocacy Network (CAN). And to her, that's just unacceptable. For just $35 we can fix this problem.
CAN, a group created by Portland's mayor, has suggested a fee of $35, once a year, billed to anyone over 18 living in Portland in order to fund art and music programs.
We know that access to arts and music increases graduation rates, improves test scores, inspires our kids, Miller added.
CAN's idea would raise an estimated $12 million per year. Half of that money would pay for art and music teachers in Portland elementary schools, the rest would be funneled to local art non-profits.
The Portland City Council could vote on it as early as this month, in order to get the idea on the ballot come November. It wouldn't include anyone living at or below the federal poverty level.
CAN said cities across the country are getting creative with ways to fill the gaps, In Cleveland, it was a cigarette tax. In San Francisco, a sales tax. Denver has passed something. Seattle has passed something. This is happening all over the country, Miller said.
It's been very successful, said Steve Jung who runs the downtown Embassy Suites in Seattle.
That city also put on a tourism marketing blitz and now Portland wants in on the action. Portland city leaders have recommended a hotel tax to pay for tourism marketing. Room rates would go up for most hotels.
The tax would apply to hotels with more than 50 rooms, with a 2 percent increase charged to overnight guests. That's about $2-4 a night but a collection of $6 million a year in revenue that could go towards advertising.
On the Internet, we'll have billboards, we'll have bus wraps, explained Jeff Miller with Travel Portland.
We'll be able to create campaigns that will really drive demand to Portland in our neighboring markets like Seattle, San Francisco, Vancouver, BC, and Spokane.
The first reading will be at Wednesday's city council. If passed, it would go into effect in October.


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As a novel may be energetic and forceful in its pacing and descriptions of both settings and actions, so too are our artfully penned settings. Ranging from the dark and dank of Mirkwood Forest to the enchanting Boardwalk which encircles the unique city of Laketown. Our world is crafted with great care and attention to detail, allowing any who play to become immersed within the world that you create dynamically with your imagination.
A completely original text rendering of Tolkien's Wildlands surrounding Long Lake and centering on the uniqueness of Laketown. Encompassing the northeastern section of Mirkwood, SoI-Laketown serves original copy for each and every room within the game. Going a step beyond the average RPI, SoI-Laketown provides the ultimate in environmental interaction through seasonal descriptions of outdoor locales.
Highly stylized night and day representations are also served for your pleasure. With more than 120,000 unique descriptions, SoI-Laketown provides the ultimate in realism of season throughout our world. Delve into the lovingly crafted beauty of Shadows of Isildur's rendering of Professor Tolkien's Middle-Earth. Walk the shores of Long Lake, cast a line into its waters while basking in the surrounding grandeur.
Welcome to Shadows of Isildur! Proudly serving the web community since 2002. We are a roleplay-intensive, free-to-play Tolkien-based MUD. Our codebase and world are lovingly crafted, and our playerbase is active, mature, and of extremely high calibre. Come give us a try - you will not be disappointed!
We have created a vast, breathtakingly beautiful and stunningly detailed rendition of Tolkien's masterpiece. Originally opening in the year 2911 of the Third Age, Shadows of Isildur features the epic conflict between Laketown, the remote human settlement upon the waters of the fabled Long Lake and the ever-growing presence of evil that is slowly migrating northwards from Dol Guldur. The blackness of Dol Guldur has spread, reaching as far north as the Mountains of Mirkwood, delving deep in the abandoned mines of the once-great Dwarvish Kingdom. With Player Characters (PCs) in both areas, intense player-driven storylines are rife with conflict, strife, and heart-pounding rushes of adrenaline.
Posted by Icarus on May 27, 2015
Newsletter for the month of April and MayRead more
You are on the verge of embarking upon an unforgettable journey, stepping into the very pages of J.R.R. Tolkien's timeless classic novel 'The Hobbit'. Hero or Villain, the choice is yours and yours alone as you guide your character through the limitless possibilities that are available. The challenge is not for the faint of heart. Beware.
Soldier, Politician, Fisherman, Thief, Orc Warrior... these are but a few of the nearly unending professions that your character may pursue. Choose your alter ego with care; you'll be drawn into the virtual world of Middle-Earth through a textual portal that will forever alter your definition of enjoyment.
Welcome Hobbits! Tons of changes have happened this last month, more than I can summarize! Here's to Rishte and Telchar summarizing it all up: From Rishte: With April showers brings May flow…
I didn't announce this in the past, but this is about to go live.Ambush now gives 50% of its previous bonus.All weapon styles are equal ish now. Bludgeon will no longer be THE BEST style. Al…
So. I appreciate that many of you have had extended waits for items and requests when making tickets. On Friday, we had about 70 tickets. Today, thanks to the hard work of EVERY staff member…


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Welcome to the forum!
The three most used types of 4x5 cameras are monorails, press cameras, and field cameras and here are some basic differences:
Monorails: The cheapest way into large format, these cameras are the most precise and offer the most movements. The downside is they tend to be bulky and sometimes heavy.
Press: The next cheapest alternative, these cameras are fast to set up, hand holdable, usually lightweight, back packable, but have limited movements.
Field: Usually more expensive than monorails and press cameras, these cameras are light weight, back packable, and usually have enough movements for most people.
As you can see, everything has it's advantages and disadvantages.
For a lens just about everyone (including me) will recommend a "normal" lens as your first lens. Normal focal length lenses for 4x5 run from 135mm to 210mm. The 210mm is actually a long normal but was very popular on monorails because of focal length and lens coverage. I would recommend a lens from any of the big four (Fujinon, Nikkor, Rodenstock, Schneider) or a Caltar which is a rebadged Rodenstock, Schneider, Topcon or other quality lens. Get one in a Copal shutter because they are quality shutters and the latest shutters made.
Do your research and then come back asking questions. Otherwise you are going to get everyone recommending everything.
I'm also a member of Large Format Photography Forum. I recommend joining that forum along with Apug. I also recommend and own the Steve Simmons book that Rafal suggested.
Just a warning, large format is a lot of fun and highly addictive!


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04 October 2013 12:34 [Source: ICIS news]
MUNICH (ICIS)--Europe's chemical export surplus this year is on track to beat the record €49bn ($67bn) level recorded in 2012, trade body European Chemical Industry Council (Cefic) said on Friday.
EU net chemical exports for the first six months of the year are up 5% compared to the same period in 2012, Cefic said, with the surplus buoyed by a faster drop in imports compared to flat export growth.
However, the body added that the competitiveness of the region's chemicals industry remains under threat from the shale gas boom in North America, and higher growth levels in developing markets.
EU outputs remain below pre-crisis levels, Cefic added, stating that under 20% of global chemicals sales are attributable to the EU, compared to almost 30% a decade ago.
Speaking at Cefic's general assembly in Munich, Germany, council president Kurt Bock called for EU policymakers to focus on developing an industrial policy that fosters innovation, and for a departure from unilateral climate policies.
He said: "Europe has a great track record of high-value added chemistry, so it is crucial to have policies that enable us to keep our world-class position. We see great potential in the EU-US trade and investment agreement."
($1 = €0.73)
For the latest chemical news, data and analysis that directly impacts your business sign up for a free trial to ICIS news - the breaking online news service for the global chemical industry.
Get the facts and analysis behind the headlines from our market leading weekly magazine: sign up to a free trial to ICIS Chemical Business.
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Asian Chemical Connections


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Star-fleet STO fleet
View Single Post
Join Date: Jun 2012
Posts: 893
# 1
Star-fleet STO fleet
Star-fleet has been around since the early days of STO, but until recently has been mainly quiet when it comes to recruiting. With the introduction of Season 6 and the fleet starbases, we have recently decided to open up our doors to anyone who wants to have a small but friendly group of people in which to interact with.
Here's a bit of what we do in the fleet:
Leveling: A majority of us are already at Vice Admiral, so we're willing to help people get their characters up there so that they may gain access to the end game content that STO provides.
STFs: A few of our members, myself included, like to do these end game raid missions. We would definitely like to get people that want to get the best stuff for their ships (such as the borg set). Since it takes five people to do an STF, it's better to have people who you know you can count on rather than get stuck with a bunch of people who have no idea what to do.
Fleet Actions: We're still trying to get our starbase upgraded, and we usually do the new fleet actions that provide fleet marks. As with the STFs, having our own fleet together really makes all the difference as it's fun when you know the people you're playing with.
Dailies: Ever since the game went free 2 play, dilithium has been in my eyes as an alternative to shelling out real money to buy stuff. As there are plenty of daily missions that award dilithium, it's fairly easy to save up and eventually purchase something fun in the C-store. We're all willing to help people get that special item that they want, whether it's a bank upgrade, character slots or a shiny new ship, the more people we have to aid in dilithium grabbing, the faster we can get you to what you want, and the faster we can also get to growing the starbase (as many projects also require it).
This is just the beginning of what we want to do. We are all friendly and always help each other out in the game when we can. If you want a fleet with a friendly enviornment with members that love to help new players out, please contact Jack@gamerboy100 (my handle on the game).


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Here's a sleeper unit.
by R. Proffitt - 12/12/12 2:17 PM
In Reply to: What do you mean LARGE pictures or major cropping? by rama_k
It's all of 69.99, has a View Finder and what I'm using for an industrial application because of the view finder and it's ease of use. Not to mention the price. There are a surprising number of nice touches at this price such as image stabilization and more.
Did I mention it has a view finder?
Yes it's not my only camera but for the price I think it's a sleeper and a bargain. Here's a snap.
There are a lot of choices out there.


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How to Lock Your Files and Folders in Windows 8 Using Folder Lock
Windows 8 will soon replace Windows 7, though, not everyone is excited about it. Some believe most Windows 7 compatible software don't seem to work with Windows 8. Moreover, software developers have so far been lazy in re-engineering their software to work with Windows 8; this could be a problem if you are using third-party folder locking software to protect your private files, as you may be risking the security of your confidential data when you upgrade to windows 8 or transfer your secret files to a machine preloaded with Windows 8. You can use Folder Lock to accomplish this task.
1Conduct a search on Google for 'Folder Lock', it should show up on the very top result.Ad
2Click on the 'free download' button and allow some time for the download to complete.
3Run the .exe file and accept the terms and conditions to use the program.
4Install Folder Lock.
5Set up your password. You'll now be prompted to setup a master password, go ahead and setup a strong password for yourself.
6Click on the 'Lock Files' tab and simply drag the files, folders or programs you want to lock and hide.Ad
We could really use your help!
real estate?
rate articles?
motor driven systems?
rabbit traps?
glass tile?
Things You'll Need
- Folder Lock
- A windows 8 computer
Article Info
Categories: Windows 8
In other languages:
Español: bloquear tus archivos y carpetas en Windows 8 utilizando el programa Folder Lock, Русский: скрыть файлы и папки в Windows 8 при помощи Folder Lock, Italiano: Proteggere Files e Cartelle con Folder Lock per Windows 8, Português: Bloquear Arquivos e Pastas no Windows 8 Utilizando o Folder Lock
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 59,200 times.


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Hot Off the Press!
Published August 19, 2011
Follow Us! Need the scoop on everything Bauer? Then be sure to follow us on Facebook and Twitter!
Want to learn what's going on with alumni, faculty and current students? Check out Bauer's Ticker to learn about upcoming events, faculty, alumni, and student success stories!
Latest Bauer Ticker stories:
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Look at this table from the last year:http://audiojungle.net/page/top_sellers/2011/04/17
Top selling author sold 355 items in march 2011. This year top selling author sold 793 items in the same month. In march 2011, I sold only 2 tracks, this year I sold 58 tracks in the same month.
Cheers to everyone who contributed to this growth! This time next year, probably the top selling author will have sold 1600 tracks in one month. You have one year to be that guy!
Let's get to work
That's some interesting info
soundengine said
You have one year to be that guy! Let's get to work
+1 Ha yes! Thanks for the inspiration!
and 3 years ago http://audiojungle.net/page/top_sellers/2009/04/18
That's really interesting! Goes to show that this marketplace is growing like mad and that those that had the luck/wisdom to join at the time knew they were in for something good. I think we're all extremely lucky to be part of this marketplace now and we should really take advantage to establish a strong portfolio as the clients come in! I'd have really kicked myself if I only found out about AudioJungle in 2013 or something!!
Helpful Information
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Most of all, enjoy your time here. Thank you for being a valued Envato community member.


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The Hangover Part II is one of those movies that should've never been made. The Hangover was perfect and it didn't need a sequel — especially one that stuck so close to the original formula. Well Part III looks different — it's not about a night gone wrong. The Hangover Part III comes out on Memorial Day.
I reviewed Danganronpa: Trigger Happy Havoc back in February, and I gave it a 9/10. Fast-forward 7 months later and here I am – reviewing its sequel. That's a...
Danganronpa: Trigger Happy Havoc Review: Bring on the Sequel
Don't Be Shocked If The PS4 Is Less Powerful Than The Next Xbox
Progress Report: A Month With The PS Vita "Best Handheld Ever, But it Needs a Few Tweaks"
Sony's 4K vs. Microsoft's Illumiroom: Which Will Reign Supreme Next-Generation?
Copyright © 2015 Geek Revolt | Entertainment Gets Geeky


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This phone will work with your active ATT Wireless plan. There is no contract required. Just place your existing sim card for your carrier into this phone and start using it!
Samsung C417 ATT
Samsung C417 ATT GSM Camera Phone Bluetooth
Only 0 left in stock--order soon.
30 day warranty
$27.99 New Available online


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Press release from Business Wire
iShares Creates the First Suite of Corporate Credit Quality Exchange Traded Funds

 iShares Launches the First ETFs that Access Baa – Ba and B – Ca Rated Corporate Debt

Thursday, April 26, 2012
iShares Creates the First Suite of Corporate Credit Quality Exchange Traded Funds09:32 EDT Thursday, April 26, 2012 SAN FRANCISCO (Business Wire) -- BlackRock, Inc. (NYSE:BLK) announced that its iShares Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) business, the world's largest manager of ETFs, has launched the first suite of corporate credit quality ETFs. The new iShares ETFs that began trading today are the iShares Baa – Ba Rated Corporate Bond Fund (BATS: QLTB) and the iShares B – Ca Rated Corporate Bond Fund (BATS: QLTC). The two new funds are the first ETFs designed to offer precise exposure to specific credit quality segments of the U.S. corporate debt market. Today's launch follows the February debut of the iShares Aaa – A Rated Corporate Fund (NYSE Arca: QLTA), which offers exposure to the highest quality USD-denominated corporate bonds rated Aaa – A. "The creation of the iShares suite of corporate credit quality ETFs is a significant milestone for investors and the industry," said Matthew Tucker, Head of iShares Fixed Income Investment Strategy at BlackRock. "Investors have asked for more targeted iShares fixed income ETFs in order to create custom portfolios and adjust their portfolio exposures quickly as debt market conditions change. The new iShares suite transforms how investors can access specific slices of corporate bonds and brings transparent pricing to an otherwise opaque area of fixed income." The iShares Baa – Ba Rated Corporate Bond Fund is the first ETF that offers access to corporate debt issues that typically offer higher yields than A-rated issuers with less credit risk than broad high yield debt. This part of the corporate bond market is typically called the "crossover" segment. The fund expense ratio is .30 percent, and is benchmarked to the Barclays Capital U.S. Corporate Baa – Ba Capped Index. The iShares B – Ca Rated Corporate Bond Fund is the first ETF that focuses exclusively on access to higher yielding high yield corporate debt issuers rated B – Ca. With the purchase of a single fund, investors can access B to Ca-rated high yield bonds with an iShares ETF that are broadly diversified across sectors and maturities. The fund expense ratio is .55 percent, and is benchmarked to the Barclays Capital U.S. Corporate B – Ca Capped Index. "The new suite of three iShares corporate bond ETFs supports a highly flexible and uniquely modular portfolio management approach to the corporate credit spectrum. Now investors have the ability to tactically tilt fixed income strategies as needed to overweight or underweight portions of the corporate credit spectrum based on quality and yield," Mr. Tucker said. "Fixed income market conditions can change quickly, so flexibility in managing a portfolio is critical for investors – and a core principle driving the continuous product innovation effort taking place at iShares," he said. Details about the new funds can be found using the links below: - iShares Baa – Ba Rated Corporate Bond Fund (QLTB)- iShares B – Ca Rated Corporate Bond Fund (QLTC)About BlackRock BlackRock is a leader in investment management, risk management and advisory services for institutional and retail clients worldwide. At March 31, 2012, BlackRock's AUM was $3.684 trillion. BlackRock offers products that span the risk spectrum to meet clients' needs, including active, enhanced and index strategies across markets and asset classes. Products are offered in a variety of structures including separate accounts, mutual funds, iShares®(exchange-traded funds), and other pooled investment vehicles. BlackRock also offers risk management, advisory and enterprise investment system services to a broad base of institutional investors through BlackRock Solutions®. Headquartered in New York City, as of March 31, 2012, the firm has approximately 9,900 employees in 27 countries and a major presence in key global markets, including North and South America, Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Middle East and Africa. For additional information, please visit the Company's website at www.blackrock.com. About iShares iShares is the global product leader in exchange traded funds with over 500 funds globally across equities, fixed income and commodities, which trade on 20 exchanges worldwide. The iShares Funds are bought and sold like common stocks on securities exchanges. The iShares Funds are attractive to many individual and institutional investors and financial intermediaries because of their relative low cost, tax efficiency and trading flexibility. Investors can purchase and sell shares through any brokerage firm, financial advisor, or online broker, and hold the funds in any type of brokerage account. The iShares customer base consists of the institutional segment of pension plans and fund managers, as well as the retail segment of financial advisors and high net worth individuals. plans and fund managers, as well as the retail segment of financial advisors and high net worth individuals. Carefully consider the funds' investment objectives, risk factors, and charges and expenses before investing. This and other information can be found in the funds' prospectuses, which may be obtained by calling 1-800-iShares (1-800-474-2737) or by visiting www.iShares.com. Read the prospectus carefully before investing.Investing involves risk, including possible loss of principal. Bonds and bond funds will decrease in value as interest rates rise. . In addition to the normal risks associated with investing, narrowly focused investments typically exhibit higher volatility. The Fund is subject to credit risk, which refers to the possibility that the debt issuers may not be able to make principal and interest payments or may have their debt downgraded by ratings agencies. This material represents an assessment of the market environment at a specific time and is not intended to be a forecast of future events or a guarantee of future results. This information should not be relied upon by the reader as research or investment advice regarding the funds or any security in particular. Transactions in shares of the iShares Funds will result in brokerage commissions and will generate tax consequences. iShares Funds are obliged to distribute portfolio gains to shareholders. Shares of the iShares Funds may be sold throughout the day on the exchange through any brokerage account. However, shares may only be redeemed directly from a Fund by Authorized Participants, in very large creation/redemption units. The iShares Funds ("Funds") are distributed by BlackRock Investments, LLC (together with its affiliates, "BlackRock"). The iShares Funds are not sponsored, endorsed or issued by Barclays Capital Inc., nor does this company make any representation regarding the advisability of investing in the Funds. BlackRock is not affiliated with the company listed above. iS-7118-0412 * Not FDIC Insured * No Bank Guarantee * May Lose Value BlackRock, Inc.Christine Hudacko, firstname.lastname@example.com Henry, email@example.com