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Systems and methods are provided to facilitate a user's access to data objects. According to some embodiments, information associated with use of data objects is automatically collected. The collected information may be analyzed to determine relevance evidence between data objects, and the relevance evidence may be stored. A first data object of interest is determined, and, based on the stored relevance evidence, a second data object associated with the first data object is selected. An indication of the second data object may then be provided.
1. A method of facilitating access to data objects, comprising:
automatically collecting information associated with use of data objects by a user, the collected information including a toggle count representing a number of times the user has activated an application in connection with a first data object before activating an application in connection with a second data object;
analyzing the collected information to determine relevance evidence between pairs of data objects;
storing the relevance evidence in a table indexed by identifiers associated with data object pairs;
determining that the first data object has become of interest to the user;
based on the stored relevance evidence, selecting the second data object associated with the first data object in accordance with the toggle count and a pre-determined rule; and
providing an indication of the second data object to the user.
2. The method of
analyzing content of data objects to determine additional relevance evidence between pairs of data objects; and
storing the additional relevance evidence, wherein the selection of the second data object is further based on the stored additional relevance evidence.
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. The method of
receiving from the user a selection of one of the data object names in the list; and
activating the data object selected by the user.
10. The method of
11. The method of
comparing physical storage locations of data objects; and
determining relevance evidence when a pair of data objects are stored substantially co-located.
12. The method of
receiving an indication from the user; and
based on the received indication, adding, deleting, or adjusting information in the evidence store.
13. The method of
automatically deleting or adjusting evidence in the evidence store based on at least one of: (i) an amount of time the evidence has been in the store, (ii) a change in data object content, or (iii) a degree of connectedness between a pair of data objects.
14. The method of
updating information in the evidence store when a name or location associated with a data object changes.
15. A computer-readable medium storing instructions adapted to be executed by a processor to perform a method, said method comprising:
automatically collecting information associated with use of data objects by a user, the collected information including a toggle count representing a number of times the user has activated an application in connection with a second data object before while an application in connection with a first data object is active;
analyzing the collected information to determine relevance evidence between pairs of data objects;
storing the relevance evidence in a table indexed by identifiers associated with data object pairs;
determining that the first data object has become of interest to the user;
based on the stored relevance evidence and additional relevance evidence, selecting a set data object in accordance with the toggle count and a pre-determined rule, the set including the second data object; and
presenting to the user a list of the set of selected data objects.
16. An apparatus, comprising:
an input device to receive indications from a user;
an evidence store to contain evidence entries indicating associations between pairs of data objects, the evidence entries being indexed in a table by identifiers associated with data object pairs and including: (i) usage evidence, (ii) storage evidence, and (iii) content evidence, wherein the usage evidence includes a value indicating an amount of time at lease one of the data objects in the pair was active while opened by the user;
a selection engine, coupled to the evidence store, to select a set of data objects associated with a data object being accessed by the user; and
an output device to display the set of selected data objects to the user.
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The present disclosure relates generally to data objects and, more particularly, to methods and apparatus to facilitate a user's access to data objects.
Users often need to access a particular piece of information stored on a personal computer. For example, a user might need to find a particular email message or document that is stored on the computer. The increasing amount of information and the many different types of information (e.g., telephone calls, e-mails, and instant messages) that are being accessed by users can make finding a particular piece of information a difficult and time consuming task.
Keyword-based desktop search tools may help find information. However, a user needs to indicate exactly what he or she is looking for by explicitly typing in search terms. In some cases, a user may have information that they have forgotten about, or are not aware of, and as a result are unable to find information quickly and accurately.
Content-based matching and clustering approaches can help find other documents with similar content, but they may not easily find information that has different content even though it is highly relevant.
Neither keyword nor content based approaches may easily find a group of information relevant to a specific context. Consider, for example, a user who creates a document. While working on the document, the user accesses several Web pages and transmits the document to his or her co-worker as an email attachment. When the user later accesses that document, he or she might again be interested in those Web pages and the email message. However, neither keyword nor content based search approaches are typically able to recover all relevant information as a unit in such a situation.
Accordingly, there is a need for methods and apparatus that address these and other problems found in existing technologies.
Methods, systems, and computer program code are therefore presented for facilitating a user's access to data objects.
According to some embodiments, systems, methods, and computer code are operable to automatically collect information associated with the use of data objects. Moreover, the collected information may be analyzed to determine relevance evidence between data objects. The relevance evidence may be stored, and a first data object of interest may be determined. Based on the stored relevance evidence, a second data object associated with the first data object may be selected, and an indication of the second data object may be provided.
Other embodiments may provide: means for automatically collecting information associated with use of data objects; means for analyzing the collected information to determine relevance evidence between data objects; means for storing the relevance evidence; means for determining a first data object of interest; means for, based on the stored relevance evidence, selecting a second data object associated with the first data object; and means for providing an indication of the second data object.
With these and other advantages and features of embodiments that will become hereinafter apparent, embodiments may be more clearly understood by reference to the following detailed description, the appended claims and the drawings attached herein.
Some embodiments described herein may automate a process of recalling and discovering information related to a given task or activity. The retrieval of information may be performed proactively by automatically presenting a user with relevant "data objects" as he or she performs operations on a computer system. As used herein, the phrase "data objects" may refer to any piece or type of information. Examples of data objects include (but are not limited to) applications, application files (e.g., MICROSOFT WORD� documents and EXCEL� spreadsheets), other types of files, information folders, email messages, database entries, web pages, telephone calls, instant messages, calendar entries, contact entries, and media objects (e.g., an MP3 file).
Operations may occur when a user acts on data objects through applications, such as by opening, creating, accessing, or activating a data object. An operation may also be initiated from an external peripheral device, such as a printer, private branch exchange (PBX), soft switch, telephony server, communications server, voice modem, Centrex service, or telephone handset. For example, an email server may receive an incoming message and send a notification that a new message has been created.
According to some embodiments, it may be determined which data objects are most relevant for a user's current activity or task (context) by accumulating "evidence" of the relatedness of other data objects and using that evidence to determine what information may be important during a given activity. Evidence may be generated, for example, by continually monitoring information usage, location, and content to determine how pieces of information are connected together. Whenever evidence of a connection is determined, it may be stored into an evidence database. "Usage" evidence might be generated, for example, by looking at how users interact with data objects through applications to infer how the objects might be related. As another example, "location" evidence might be generated by determining the proximity of data objects. As still another example, "content" evidence might be generated by analyzing the terms contained within, data objects to determine how closely that data object matches to other data objects.
This accumulated evidence might then be used to determine which data objects are connected to one another and how strongly the connections are. Evidence may be used to find which data objects are most relevant during an activity and the strength of evidence is used to order the data objects so that more relevant data objects are placed closer to the top of the resulting list. The list of relevant data objects could be, for example, regenerated every time a user gives focus to a different data object.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the resulting list of relevant data objects is displayed in a Graphical User Interface (GUI) that is visible at a dedicated and/or user-definable area of the computer display (e.g., a column on the left-hand side of the display). Each data object presented in the relevance list could contain, for example, a hyperlink allowing it to be opened with its preferred native application, or alternately, may specify a custom action. Additional hyperlinks might allow other actions to be performed on the data object, such as getting summary information or getting further relevant information. The displayed results could be organized by separating different types of data objects into separate sections of the display.
In addition to the evidence generated results, other relevant information can be displayed based on relevance rules. For example, given an active telephone call, recent email messages from the caller can be displayed based on a rule that first determines the caller from the incoming phone number and then displaying the last few mail messages to/from the person who is identified as the caller.
At 102, information associated with use of data objects is automatically collected. For example, a personal computer user might simultaneously open a first document and a second document, and this fact may be automatically collected by a software application executing in the background of the operating system. Note that a data object might be used by a user and/or by another application.
At 104, the collected information is analyzed to determine relevance evidence between data objects. For example, it might be determined that the first document is related to both the second document (because they were open at the same time) and an email message (because the user eventually attached the first document to that email message). This evidence is then stored at 106 (e.g., in a database file).
At 108, a first data object of interest is determined. For example, a user might later re-open the first document and begin to edit the document. Based on the stored relevance evidence, a second data object associated with the first data object may be selected at 110. For example, the second document and the related email message might be selected. At 112, an indication of the second data object is then presented to the user. Note that more than one related data object might be selected and displayed to the user. For example, a list including the second document and the related email message might be displayed in a dedicated area of a GUI.
According to some embodiments, usage, location, and content of data objects may be analyzed to determine relevance evidence between data objects. For example, it might be determined that two documents share a significant number of unusual words. As another example, a first document might refer to a second document. This additional relevance evidence may also be stored, and the selection of the second data object at 110 could further be based on the stored additional relevance evidence. An indication of the selected data object might then be provided at 112 (e.g., by presenting the indication to a user or transmitting an identifier to another application).
The personal computer 210 includes an evidence store 230 that stores information associated with relatedness between data objects. For example, each entry in the evidence store 230 might indicate that a particular pair of data objects should (or should not) be considered to be related. The evidence store 230 may be associated with any appropriate information storage device, including combinations of magnetic storage devices (e.g., magnetic tape and hard disk drives), optical storage devices, and/or semiconductor memory devices such as Random Access Memory (RAM) devices and Read Only Memory (ROM) devices.
The personal computer 210 further includes a selection engine 240. When it is determined that a user is interested in a first data object (e.g., he or she opens an email message), the selection engine 240 may access information from the evidence store 230 to select other documents that may be related to the first data object.
A display device 250 (e.g., a computer monitor) may then be used to present indications of the related data objects to the user. For example,
Note that in some embodiments described herein, computer applications and peripherals are monitored in order to detect when a significant event on a data object has occurred. Each relevant data object is stored in a database that uniquely identifies the entity in the system. Properties of the data object could include the display name, storage location, globally unique identifier, summary information, and/or timestamps. Monitoring of applications and peripherals might be accomplished through software components that are able to interact with the monitored applications to determine when a data object has been operated on. When such an event is detected, the software component might notify the system that an important "action" has taken place on a specific data object.
An "action" may be, for example, a notification message indicating that a data object on the computing system has been manipulated in a significant way. Types of actions might include, for example: opening a data object, closing a data object, activating a data object, deactivating a data object, copying data to/from a data object, creating a data object, deleting a data object, renaming a data object, or making a copy of a data object.
While a user interacts with various applications (and the underlying data objects), the monitoring components might continually detect and send corresponding actions into the system. An action may also result from receiving a signal from an external peripheral or server, such as receiving an incoming phone call or receiving a new message that may be stored on a server.
Actions may be used for two purposes and may be processed in two phases. For example,
When no focus change is detected at 404, Phase I processing continues. When a focus change is detected at 404, "Phase II" processing may be performed at 406. During Phase II, an action may act as a signal to initiate a retrieval of relevant information based on accumulated evidence gathered during previous iterations of Phase I. Phase II may be, for example, initiated if an action corresponds to a change of use focus, such as when a new application is activated. One embodiment of Phase II processing is provided with respect to
At 504, action-specific processing may first be applied based on the type of action that was retrieved. For example, an action that specifies that a data object has been deleted from the operating system may remove the data object from any databases. The pre-processor may additionally specify if the action should be processed further. If no further processing is necessary at 506, as might be the case for a deletion action, processing is complete and the system can process the next action at 502.
If further processing is appropriate at 506, the system may decide at 508 if the data object should be indexed. Indexing at 512 might involve, for example, extracting any important terms from the contents of the data object and storing the terms into an index database for the purpose of comparing data objects for term similarity and performing searches to find data objects containing specific terms. A data object might be, for example, indexed if the contents have changed since the last time the system indexed the data object, or if the data object is new and is not yet stored in the index database.
If no indexing was required (or after indexing is performed), the action may be analyzed at 510 to determine if any association between data objects can be inferred based on the action that has occurred. Any inferred relationship may be recorded as "evidence" into a database or "evidence store."
Evidence may be, for example, any information that associates two data objects in some way.
Referring to
Each piece of evidence might consist of two data object identifiers 602, 604 and four properties, which include a type 606, weight 608, confidence 610, and count 612. The "type" property 606 might be a general descriptor of the evidence that identifies how the two data objects are connected. Each type 606 of evidence may have a corresponding "weight" 608 specifying how important different types of evidence are for determining relevance. The "confidence" property 610 might signify how reliable the particular instance of evidence is thought to be. For many types of evidence, a maximum confidence value 610 could be used because the generated evidence can be reliably determined. However, evidence may have a confidence value 610 less than the maximum. For example, in considering associations based on the contents of two documents, the amount of similar words and importance of the words appearing in both documents can affect the degree of similarity, and thus the confidence 610 that the two data objects are related. The count property 612 might specify how many times a type of evidence has been generated between two data objects. The count value 612 might be incremented each time an identical type of evidence is generated between two data objects 602, 604 for which evidence already exists.
Analyzers may be software components that are responsible for discovering a specific type of association between data objects. If such a relationship is found, the analyzer may generate new evidence and record it into the evidence database 600. The system may contain, for example, a core set of analyzers that implement the basic evidence-generation logic. According to some implementations, however, this core set may serve as a foundation for building more complex application-specific analyzers. Some examples of analysis include:
1. Toggle Analysis
a. Analysis: identifies alternating activation patterns of application windows.
b. Evidence: associates two data objects where the application windows in which they are hosted have been given focus in sequence.
c. Rational: toggling back and forth between two applications may signify that the user is referring to multiple data objects during work on a single task.
d. Category: usage evidence.
2. Simultaneous Use Analysis
a. Analysis: identifies when two applications are being used at the same time. For example, if a document is opened during a telephone call, it may be related to the person on the call.
b. Evidence: associates two data objects that are used at the same time.
c. Rational: using two data objects at the same time may be an indication that the two data objects are being used to complete a single task.
d. Category: usage evidence.
3. Collocated Files Analysis
a. Analysis: identifies when data objects are stored in the same location.
b. Evidence: associates two data objects that are located in the same container (e.g., email messages in a folder).
c. Rational: users often organize information into hierarchical folder structures, with related items residing in the same folder.
d. Category: storage evidence.
4. Content Analysis
a. Analysis: identifies data objects that have many of the same words in common. Several different standard information retrieval techniques might be employed to estimate how similar two entities are in content. Some embodiments may use the Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency (TFIDF) algorithm with cosine similarity measure.
b. Evidence: associates two data objects that have some important terms in common.
c. Rational: data objects with similar content may be related to the same task.
d. Category: content evidence.
5. File Version Analysis
a. Analysis: identifies if two data objects are versions of one another. This might be inferred from the naming convention, the similarity of contents, and/or their location.
b. Evidence: associates two versions of the same data object.
c. Rational: versions often have similar content, reside in the same location, and/or have permuted names.
d. Category: usage evidence.
6. Email Thread Analysis
a. Analysis: identifies if an email message is part of a threaded conversation.
b. Evidence: associates two data objects where the data objects are email message that are part of the same thread.
c. Rational: messages within the same thread are often related to the same topic.
d. Category: content evidence.
7. Dwell Time Analysis
a. Analysis: determines how long a data object was active while it was opened by the user.
b. Evidence: associates a data object to itself and gives higher importance for longer activation time.
c. Rational: data objects that are active for a longer time may have more importance.
d. Category: usage evidence.
8. Copy Content Analysis
a. Analysis: identifies the source and destination of copying content (text, images, tables, cells, etc.) between data objects.
b. Evidence: associates two data objects where content is copied from one data object to another data object.
c. Rational: including content from one document into another may indicate the information sources are related.
d. Category: usage evidence.
9. Copy Data Object Analysis
a. Analysis: identifies when a data object is copied to create a new data object instance. For example, documents are often created by using an existing document as a template.
b. Evidence: associates two data objects where one data object is copied to create a new data object.
c. Rational: the original source of a data object may be relevant to the new instance of the object.
d. Category: usage evidence.
10. Email Attachment Analysis
a. Analysis: identifies attached documents to an email message.
b. Evidence: associates two data objects where one data object is an email message and the other data object is a document attached to the message.
c. Rational: documents attached to a mail message may be related to the message.
d. Category: storage evidence.
11. Saved Attachment Analysis
a. Analysis: identifies when an email attachment is saved to disk or other store.
b. Evidence: associates two data object where one data object is an email message and the other data object is a document attached to the message that is stored on disk or in a store.
c. Rational: the on-disk copy and the mail message to which it was originally attached may be relevant to one another.
d. Category: usage evidence.
12. Attached Document Analysis
a. Analysis: identifies when a document is attached to an outgoing email message.
b. Evidence: associates two data objects where one data object is an email message and the other data object is a document that originally resides on disk or in a store and is attached to the message.
c. Rational: same as above.
d. Category: usage evidence.
13. Navigation Analysis
a. Analysis: identifies when a user selects a hyperlink in a Web page or rich text document.
b. Evidence: associates two data objects where one data object contains a hyperlink and the other data object is pointed to by the hyperlink.
c. Rational: the original creator of the content explicitly placed a hyperlink to allow the user to navigate to new content because there is some connection between the two data objects.
d. Category: usage evidence.
14. Printing Analysis
a. Analysis: identifies when a document is printed.
b. Evidence: associates a printed data object to itself to give it higher importance.
c. Rational: printing a document may indicate importance since the user had taken the effort to create a hard copy of the document.
d. Category: usage evidence.
Note that some evidence may not need to be stored in the form of evidence, but might be calculated or retrieved as needed through other means. For example, collocated file analysis might determine which data objects reside in the same container and generate evidence connecting each data object with every other data object in the same location. This evidenced could be determined by storing a container identifier (e.g., associated with a folder in which the data object resides) with each data object and using that identifier to find all data objects that reside in the same container. With this technique, the system might store less evidence and save space in the evidence database.
Referring again to
For example,
Including more than a single layer in the graph results in finding potentially relevant data that may not be directly relevant to the target, but that may be indirectly connected. The graph 800 illustrates two layers of connectedness from a data object of interest 810. That is, data object 820 is directly linked to the data object of interest 810 (and is thus in layer 1) while data object 830 is only linked to the data object of interest 810 through data object 820 (and is thus in layer 2).
Edges in the graph 800 may then be weighted. In one embodiment, this weight is a combination of the different evidence connecting two specific data objects, that is, the sum of the number of collected evidence of each type times its weight factor (note that although a single line is illustrated as connecting any two data objects in
Note that different graph building techniques may be used based on the type of the target data object to help the results better match what information a person may require when accessing a particular type of data object. Building the graph 800 may differ, for example, in the number of layers, type of evidence included in each layer, order in which the types of evidence are added to the graph 800, addition of data objects based on predefined rules, conditions for adding specific evidence, and stopping conditions.
Referring again to
According to some embodiments, evidence is bi-directional; that is, edges between nodes might initially do not point in any specific direction. The first step in ranking the nodes may be to make the graph 800 directed by forcing all edges to point towards nodes in an equal or lower layer (i.e., layer 2 nodes should point to layer 2 or layer 1 nodes). Next, each node in the graph might be scored using the following formula:
Next, the rank for each entity node may be calculated:
According to some embodiments, this equation is solved by iterating until the ranks for each node do not change beyond some threshold. The damping factor may be, for example, used to weigh nodes farther away from the target data object with less value. The algorithm uses the edge weights of connected nodes to determine the rank value from which an ordering may be assigned.
According to some embodiments, a subset of data objects may be grouped together if there is a specific relationship between them. For example, if there is high confidence of "file version evidence," implying that the two data objects are likely different versions of the same file, one of those data objects may be chosen to represent the group. According to some embodiments, the choice to have such objects grouped is a user-configurable setting.
This method describes a way to determine data objects relevant to a given target data object through the use of collected evidence. Referring again to
Such rules may be based on the type of the target data object and could be evaluated when the target data object changes (e.g., the user changes focus). Rules may take the target data object and determine any other data objects that are related based on a defined expression, such as querying a database for specific information. For example, an incoming phone call may trigger a rule to display recent email messages from the caller.
Application of a rule might require a person, company, or other entity to be first associated to one or more data objects. A person, company, or other entity may be represented by a contact entry data object, such as a record in any contact management application (e.g., email application, phone application, or customer relationship management application), customer record, or entity identifier. Based on the entity, other relevant data objects may be determined, either in real-time or by retrieving them from a database, server, or application. Some examples of rules may be:
1. Recent email—find information about email messages that has been received from a particular person. This list might be limited by time or length.
2. Email thread—find information about email messages that are part of an email conversation with one or more people. This list might be limited by time or length.
3. Recent phone call history—find information about times of recent telephone conversations to/from a person. This list might be limited by time or length.
4. Recent instant messages—find information about recent instant message archives from a particular person. This list might be limited by time or length.
5. Recent attachments—find information about attachments that have been received from a particular person. This list might be limited by time or length.
6. Contact information—find information about a particular person, company, or other entity, such as email address, phone number, home address, business address.
7. Appointment information—find information about appointments in the near future regarding a particular person.
If an action specifies a change of user focus, such as activating a new application window, the system may notify any registered components that a new data object has become the target and that the list of relevant data objects has been recalculated. In some embodiments, a component automatically displays the list of data objects relevant to the target data object in a GUI. The interface may include a window that resides on the side of the user's desktop computer screen. Each data object may be presented with a hyperlink that allows the object to be accessed, a display name to visually identify the object, a storage location that uniquely identifies the object, and/or a ranking value indicating its degree of relevance to the target data object. Through the graphical interface, actions might be performed on the data objects, such as opening one or more data objects, performing a search on a data object (e.g., treat it as a target data object), or removing a data object from the system databases.
In another embodiment, any registered component receives the list of relevant data objects through a programmatic interface, for example as a list of data objects containing the characteristics of the relevant objects.
Note that usage analysis may involve identifying patterns in the stream of recent past actions. Since the proper operation of the analyzer components may depend on the action stream being well formed, the system might ensure that the sequence of actions is in correct order. In some cases, application monitoring components might send incorrect actions into the system, either due to improper implementations or incorrect action order provided by the native applications being monitored. As a result, the system may need to insert or remove actions into the stream to guarantee appropriate form.
A well formed action stream from an application monitor might take the form, for example: open, activate, <deactivate|activate>, deactivate, close, which corresponds to the underlying data object being opened, activated/deactivated as the user gives focus to other applications, and closed, respectively. According to some embodiments, the system employs the following set of rules to help ensure that the stream is well formed:
1. An activate action should follow an open action.
2. An open action should be preceded by a deactivate action.
3. An activate action following an open action should encompass the same data object.
4. An activate action should be ignored if the data object is active.
5. A deactivate action should be ignored if the data object is not active.
6. An activate action should be ignored if the data object is not open.
7. A deactivate action should be ignored if the data object is not open.
8. A close action should be ignored if the data object is not open.
According to some embodiments, the system maintains several historical lists of past actions so that analyzer components may inspect the actions and detect patterns.
According to some embodiments, when a hyperlink corresponding to a data object is selected, the default action is to instruct the system to open the data object within its native application. However, if a data object resides in a database or requires a special application to access it, selecting the hyperlink can instruct the system to communicate with a registered application to perform a custom action. This method may cover, for example, accessing email messages in a messaging application, personal contact information in an personal organizer application, appointments in a calendar application, records in a customer management application, placing phone calls, retrieving caller history records, and/or any other process that might be used to manipulate data objects. For example, if the telephone number of a person is presented as a relevant data object, selecting the number in the display may contact a Voice Over IP (VOIP) software phone running on the computer system and place a telephone call to that person's telephone number.
Relevance of information to a target data object may be determined from collected evidence. If a layered graph is used to determine relevance, data objects may be related through "indirect" connections (there need not be evidence directly connecting two data objects to signify that they are relevant to one another). For example,
These indirect relationships may be in contrast to other approaches that only use content to determine relevance through common terms. In such approaches, documents may be directly related via identical (or similar) words that appear in a collection of documents. However, allowing data objects to be connected through several levels of indirection might bring in information relevant to a context that an approach using only direct associations would miss.
For example, consider an email message that is received with an attachment created by the sender of the message. The attachment is saved to disk as a document, and then worked on. Some content from the Internet (e.g., an image from a Web page) is copied to the document, and the user sends the document back to the originator as a new email message attachment. If later the document creator calls and asks about the source of the excerpt, the system can determine that the Web page is relevant to the phone call, even though there is no content directly connecting the phone call and the Web page.
According to some embodiments, a data object that is displayed in the list of relevant objects may be used to initiate a further search for relevant information. This can be done to find a data object that is not yet in the list, but the user feels is relevant to one of the data objects that is in the current list.
For example, a user may be working on a document, for which the systems calculates other relevant documents. If the person is looking for a particular document that does not appear in the list, but feels is relevant to one of the items in the list, the user can select a special hyperlink of the item, causing it to become the target data object, resulting in a new list of relevant documents to be calculated and displayed. As a further example, suppose a user is looking for a particular email message. Perhaps a keyword search results in finding a document that was attached to the desired email. The user could then perform a search based off the located document by selecting the provided special hyperlink, causing the email to be displayed because evidence connects the email with the attachment. With this method, users may follow evidence paths to locate information based on context rather than content without entering keyword search terms.
Evidence may serve as the basis for determining data object associations. According to some embodiments, several methods are possible to generate evidence for different purposes.
For example, real-time evidence creation may be provided. In this case, processing of actions may occur as the user interacts with data objects. However, evidence might be generated as part of a background process (when the user is not actively using the system). When the system remains idle for some time, a background process may loop over available data objects and create a pseudo action encapsulating the data object, which can be processed in Phase I as if it were generated by the user accessing the data object for the first time. Similar to real-time action processing, pseudo actions may be content indexed and analyzed for evidence generation.
As another example, manual evidence creation may be provided. Typically, evidence may be generated when the system determines that there is an association between two data objects. However, there may be times when a user wishes to explicitly associate two data objects with each other (to increase the likelihood that a data object will appear in the calculated relevance list, or to increase the rank of a data object). For example, suppose a user is working on a document and wishes to associate some contact information to the document so that it is readily available the next time the document is worked on. This in effect may add a "bookmark" to the document, where the bookmark entity can be any type of data object.
According to some embodiments, a tool is provided which allows the user to create evidence by selecting the two data objects that are to be associated together. For example, the user might click an icon representing one data object and then click a different icon representing another data object. Such an action may manually create or increase an association between the two data objects. The tool might be used to manually delete associations between data objects which appear unhelpful.
According to some embodiments, the system periodically (on a synchronous or asynchronous basis) deletes evidence from the evidence store according to pre-determined and/or user-configured rules. Some examples of rules may include:
In some cases, data objects may be stored in a database and include a storage location and unique identifier. Since data objects may be created, deleted, copied, and moved, the system might ensure that the location information of the data objects stored in the database are kept synchronized with the real locations (to maintain the integrity of the stored evidence). If the stored location and real location of a data object are not synchronized, selecting a hyperlink may result in an error because the system would not know how to find the data object and take action on it. According to some embodiments, the system keeps track of the locations of data objects as users actively create, delete, rename, copy, and/or move them. As a result, the system is able to synchronize the location information in real-time. Other embodiments scan the existing data objects as a background process and synchronize any objects that have inconsistent location information in the database.
According to some embodiments, the process of synchronization is accomplished as follows. When a data object is processed, it may be looked up in the database using the unique identifier. If the data object is found, the location information is read from the database and compared with the real location information. If they are different, the location the location information in the database may be updated to the current real value.
Thus, embodiments of the present invention may provide efficient and useful ways to facilitate a user's access to data objects.
The following illustrates various additional embodiments of the present invention. These do not constitute a definition of all possible embodiments, and those skilled in the art will understand that the present invention is applicable to many other embodiments. Further, although the following embodiments are briefly described for clarity, those skilled in the art will understand how to make any changes, if necessary, to the above-described apparatus and methods to accommodate these and other embodiments and applications.
Although some embodiments have been described herein with respect to a single data object being a target or focus from which a list of potentially relevant data objects may be generated, according to other embodiments more than one focus data object may be permitted (any file that is currently "open" may be considered a focus data object). In this case, separate lists of potentially relevant data objects could be generated and displayed. As another approach, the two lists could be blended according to an algorithm and then displayed to the user.
Moreover, although some embodiments have been described herein with respect to a personal computer, note that other devices may practice any of the disclosed embodiments. Examples of such other devices include handheld devices, game devices, and media devices (e.g., set-top boxes).
In addition, although some embodiments have been described with respect to a single personal computer, note that embodiments may be associated with multiple devices. For example,
According to this embodiment, however, the apparatus 1200 further includes a communication interface 1204 that is able to exchange information through a "network." As used herein, the term "network" may refer to, for example, a Local Area Network (LAN), a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), a Wide Area Network (WAN), a proprietary network, a wireless network, or an Internet Protocol (IP) network such as the Internet, an intranet or an extranet.
As a result, the apparatus 1200 may determine evidence information associated with multiple devices or may use the evidence generated by multiple people. For example, the apparatus might determine that a particular document could be associated with a photograph stored on another personal computer in a user's home network. As a further example, two users may work independently on separate computers with different documents that each has evidence connected to a mutual shared document. Each user may then receive the other user's document as relevant to their own through the shared document.
The present invention has been described in terms of several embodiments solely for the purpose of illustration. Persons skilled in the art will recognize from this description that the invention is not limited to the embodiments described, but may be practiced with modifications and alterations limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
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text:
Jake Massively Hung
JAKEJake is an amateur who loves to stay in shape and show off what he's got. He is 20 years old and bisexual but says he leans more towards guys. His last heterosexual encounter was more than 6 weeks ago while his last time with a guy was only a week ago and given how horny he seems to be, it's been too long already. He has brown hair and eyes that give him striking boy-next-door looks.Jake gets himself into the bathroom where he proceeds to take off his top, revealing a smooth, toned and beautifully built body. His muscles are not too bulging but he is sexy nonetheless. He has a tattoo on the left side of his chest and on his lower back, plus a piercing on his belly button. He rubs his hands over his nipples and on his crotch through his shorts. As his hand spends more time down below, the bulge under his shorts starts to grow bigger and bigger...He takes out his cock and loses the shorts. Now completely naked, he is more gorgeous than ever. He smiles seductively and bats his eyes co
Website: CLICK HERE
Added: 02 Sep 12
Views: 3117

subset: commoncrawl


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By Kyle Lovern
For many years leaders in Mingo County have said the economy needs to be diversified.
This area has long depended on employment from the coal mining industry and its residual offspring, such as the railroad, to balance the economy.
Now the Mingo County Redevelopment Authority, under the direction of former House of Delegates member Steve Kominar, hopes that agriculture is the wave of the future for this area.
"When we did our strategic plan for the Mingo County Redevelopment Authority, one of the things that became glaringly obvious to us is that agriculture is an industry that we have completely forgotten about," Kominar said.
"I looked at the USDA report and it classified us as agriculturally barren," he added. "If you start thinking about that, if something were to happen to our food chain, then we would go hungry."
Kominar, along with others, believe that all of the postmine land that is now available is the ideal location for several projects that could become successful business ventures.
"It seems like we could do something on this land," Kominar said. "We have 12 different partner agencies now and are working toward this goal.
"We have everything from hog farms and cattle and sheep farms," Kominar said. "We can use the waste from these farms to put back into our mine-scarred land to make it productive in a couple of years.
"We have thousands of developable acres," Kominar said. "We just aren't utilizing this land."
Kominar and others have taken trips to other areas of the country to see similar projects. They are hoping to learn from those agricultural developments in places like Southern Ohio to try to make these types of projects successful in Southern West Virginia.
Kominar would like to see more local farming. He said there is a market for these types of ventures.
He said the Mingo County Diabetes Coalition has done a great job with the Farmers Market in downtown Williamson and the community gardens in East Williamson.
"We would like to expand upon this," he added.
"One of our high schools – Tug Valley – now has an agricultural department and has built its own greenhouse," Kominar said. "They are doing a great job with that."
"This tells us there is an interest. This could become a big industry in Mingo County," Kominar said of future entrepreneurs.
Kominar said statistics show that West Virginians consume billions of dollars worth of agricultural products, but the state only produces a small fraction of those foods and products.
"Basic math tells us there is a significant market for agricultural products here in our state and Mingo County," Kominar said.
He said in other countries some families can take four or five acres and grow enough products to make a living.
Kominar had previously announced that the state would be locating a hog farm in Mingo County. This will likely be on a former mountaintop mining site. Kominar has identified one location near Laurel Creek that would be suitable for such a farm.
Another product that might be developed in West Virginia and in this region is hemp. The climate for this plant, which is a distant cousin to marijuana, is perfect.
"The MCRA is one of the frontrunners for getting permits to allow the growth of industrial hemp in this state," Kominar said.
Kentucky already has a nonprofit organization that is identifying what plants of this type will grow best in this region.
Hemp is a plant that is low in THC, but it can be used for such products as rope. However, there are many more uses for this plant. Hemp is used for many varieties of products, including the manufacturing of durable clothing. Hemp products are commonly blended with other organic fibers such as flax, cotton or silk, for apparel and furnishings.
It can also be used to make an oil, and studies are being done to see if it can be used for medicinal purposes.
A survey in 2003 showed that more than 95 percent of hemp seed sold was used in animal and bird feed. Hemp seed is also used as a fishing bait.
In addition, Hemp is used for industrial purposes, including paper, textiles, biodegradable plastics, insulation, body products, health food and biofuel.
Currently the United States is importing these products. But, if they could be grown here, it could be a big economic boost to Appalachia.
The MCRA is working with West Virginia University and West Virginia State to see what other agricultural products might be grown on postmine land.
In the past, experimental farms grew grapes, blackberries, apples and peaches in Mingo County.
Many think these kinds of crops, and perhaps potato farming, could be productive, and provide a food source for the state. A good example of another state that depends greatly on farming is Idaho.
Idaho is an important agricultural state, producing nearly one-third of the potatoes grown in the United States. They also grow three varieties of wheat known as, Dark Northern Spring, Hard Red, and Soft White.
This is a huge part of that state's economy.
Kominar and his board at the MCRA hope that agriculture will be a successful venture for Mingo County. The sky is the limit for the economic impact this industry could have in this part of the state.
Kyle Lovern is sports editor of the Williamson Daily News. He can be contacted at firstname.lastname@example.com or at 304-235-4242, ext. 33 or on Twitter @KyleLovern.


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CM PunkPhillip Jack Brooks
- Birthdate: 10/26/1978 (age 36)
- Height: 6'2"
- Weight: 218 Ib
He was titled in the WWE as "the longest-reigni...
-- The SmackDown script was rewritten over the day yesterday and wasn't finalized until about two hours before the show began taping. The same thing happened at RAW on Monday.
-- It was revealed during Tuesday night's WWE SmackDown tapings that WWE Divas champion Kaitlyn's secret admirer will be showing up in person on Monday's RAW to reveal himself.
-- CM Punk will return at the Payback PPV. It's not a storyline tease that doesn't pay off, as he will be back on the road starting then. There was talk several weeks ago of having Punk turn on Heyman for setting up the Payback match without his approval. Punk would then go on to face both of Paul Heyman's clients - Axel at Money in the Bank and Lesnar at SummerSlam. Obviously, that would turn CM Punk babyface and he'll already be getting a babyface reaction in Chicago so it makes sense. We'll see in the coming weeks.


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Shane Hnidy ready to come off LTIR
|03.21.11 at 5:45 pm ET
He might not play, but at least he's eligible to do so.
Shane Hnidy will see team doctors Tuesday en route to officially coming off long-term injury reserve, meaning the veteran blueliner will be available to the Bruins for the first time since they signed him in late February. Hnidy had been rehabbing a shoulder injury suffered with the Coyotes in training camp.
"It's the doctors' thing," Hnidy said. "If it was up to me, I was ready a while ago, but it's probably best to wait. It feels really strong, and I've been able to battle the last few practices and have been doing it for a while. I haven't had a negative effect at all."
Claude Julien reiterated Sunday that Hnidy was brought in for depth purposes and that he wouldn't be taking anyone's job. Hnidy understands that, but he'll welcome the playing time when it comes.
"The whole reason you want to come is to play, but I knew what the situation was coming in," he said. "If it works out and I'm needed and have to play, I'm going to go out there and do my best. I'm anxious to get back and get in a game, but if not, I'll just continue on this path, and try to prepare the best way I can."
Hnidy previously played for the Bruins from 2007-09, totaling 17 points (4 G, 13 A) in 108 games.
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Obama breaks with past Iran rhetoric at UNGA
- By Uri Friedman
Uri Friedman is deputy managing editor at Foreign Policy. Before joining FP, he reported for the Christian Science Monitor, worked on corporate strategy for Atlantic Media, helped launch the Atlantic Wire, and covered international affairs for the site. A proud native of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he studied European history at the University of Pennsylvania and has lived in Barcelona, Spain and Geneva, Switzerland.
There's a lot of coverage today of Barack Obama's tough words for Iran at the U.N. General Assembly (UNGA), but the president has expressed the main points in the speech — America's commitment to preventing Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon, the limited timetable for a diplomatic solution — before, notably in an interview with the Atlantic and a speech to the American Israel Public Affairs Committee this year.
Still, as the Atlantic's Jeffrey Goldberg notes today, the U.N. General Assembly is "not exactly a Hadassah convention." And Obama's comments on Iran's nuclear program before world leaders on Tuesday were far more aggressive than the language he's employed in past UNGA addresses.
Here's what Obama said about the Iranian nuclear program today:
Time and again, [Iran] has failed to take the opportunity to demonstrate that its nuclear program is peaceful, and to meet its obligations to the United Nations.
Let me be clear: America wants to resolve this issue through diplomacy, and we believe that there is still time and space to do so. But that time is not unlimited. We respect the right of nations to access peaceful nuclear power, but one of the purposes of the United Nations is to see that we harness that power for peace. Make no mistake: a nuclear-armed Iran is not a challenge that can be contained. It would threaten the elimination of Israel, the security of Gulf nations, and the stability of the global economy. It risks triggering a nuclear-arms race in the region, and the unraveling of the non-proliferation treaty. That is why a coalition of countries is holding the Iranian government accountable. And that is why the United States will do what we must to prevent Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon.
Rewind to 2011:
The Iranian government cannot demonstrate that its program is peaceful, it has not met its obligations, and it rejects offers that would provide it with peaceful nuclear power. North Korea has yet to take concrete steps towards abandoning its weapons and continues belligerent action against the south. There is a future of greater opportunity for the people of these nations if their governments meet their international obligations. But if they continue down a path that is outside international law, they must be met with greater pressure and isolation. That is what our commitment to peace and security demands.
And 2010:
As part of our effort on non-proliferation, I offered the Islamic Republic of Iran an extended hand last year, and underscored that it has both rights and responsibilities as a member of the international community. I also said — in this hall — that Iran must be held accountable if it failed to meet those responsibilities. And that is what we have done.
Iran is the only party to the NPT that cannot demonstrate the peaceful intentions of its nuclear program, and those actions have consequences. Through U.N. Security Council Resolution 1929, we made it clear that international law is not an empty promise.
Now let me be clear once more: The United States and the international community seek a resolution to our differences with Iran, and the door remains open to diplomacy should Iran choose to walk through it. But the Iranian government must demonstrate a clear and credible commitment and confirm to the world the peaceful intent of its nuclear program.
And 2009:
I have said before and I will repeat: I am committed to diplomacy that opens a path to greater prosperity and more secure peace for [Iran and North Korea] if they live up to their obligations. But if the governments of Iran and North Korea choose to ignore international standards, if they put the pursuit of nuclear weapons ahead of regional stability and the security and opportunity of their own people, if they are oblivious to the dangers of escalating nuclear arms races in both East Asia and the Middle East, then they must be held accountable.
Obama, in other words, broke new ground today at UNGA by warning that the administration's patience on diplomacy and sanctions is wearing thin, outlining the dire global implications of a nuclear Iran, and stating that the United States will not permit Tehran to obtain a nuclear weapon.
Where Obama stopped short, however, is in repeating his assertion that all options — including military force — are on the table when it comes to preventing Iran from getting the bomb — a key issue in the U.S. election (he opted for the vaguer formulation that "the United States will do what we must to prevent Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon"). Perhaps Obama wanted to avoid comparisons to George W. Bush, who made the case for invading Iraq at UNGA in 2002, just months before launching the operation.
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After Summer Fling, Obama-Rouhani Love Fest Grows ColdTy McCormickTy McCormick is an associate editor at Foreign Policy. Previously he was a freelance correspondent in Egypt, where he wrote about everything from military trials to revolutionary rap music. A 2011 Pulitzer Center grantee, he has written for Newsweek, the New Republic, the International Herald Tribune, and the Los Angeles Times, among others. He has also appeared as a commentator on Fox News and American Public Media's Marketplace Tech. He holds a bachelor's degree from Stanford University, and a master's from the University of Oxford, where he was a Clarendon Scholar. | The Cable |
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A muted Mahmoud at UNGAColum Lynch
Colum Lynch is Foreign Policy's award-winning U.N.-based senior diplomatic reporter. Lynch previously wrote Foreign Policy's Turtle Bay blog, for which he was awarded the 2011 National Magazine Award for best reporting in digital media. He is also a recipient of the 2013 Elizabeth Neuffer Memorial Silver Prize for his coverage of the United Nations.
Before moving to Foreign Policy, Lynch reported on diplomacy and national security for the Washington Post for more than a decade. As the Washington Post's United Nations reporter, Lynch had been involved in the paper's diplomatic coverage of crises in Afghanistan, Iraq, Lebanon, Sudan, and Somalia, as well as the nuclear standoffs with Iran and North Korea. He also played a key part in the Post's diplomatic reporting on the Iraq war, the International Criminal Court, the spread of weapons of mass destruction, and U.S. counterterrorism strategy. Lynch's enterprise reporting has explored the underside of international diplomacy. His investigations have uncovered a U.S. spying operation in Iraq, Dick Cheney's former company's financial links to Saddam Hussein, and documented numerous sexual misconduct and corruption scandals.
Lynch has appeared frequently on the Lehrer News Hour, MSNBC, NPR radio, and the BBC. He has also moderated public discussions on foreign policy, including interviews with Susan E. Rice, the U.S. National Security Advisor, Gerard Araud, France's U.N. ambassador, and other senior diplomatic leaders.
Born in Los Angeles, California, Lynch received a bachelor's degree from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1985 and a master's degree from Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism in 1987. He previously worked for the Boston Globe.| Turtle Bay |
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Bibi's UN speech puts pressure on presidential candidatesUri Friedman
Uri Friedman is deputy managing editor at Foreign Policy. Before joining FP, he reported for the Christian Science Monitor, worked on corporate strategy for Atlantic Media, helped launch the Atlantic Wire, and covered international affairs for the site. A proud native of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he studied European history at the University of Pennsylvania and has lived in Barcelona, Spain and Geneva, Switzerland.| Passport |


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MiniCAT (TM) CT Scans Purr With Mini-Radiation Dose
Americans can't agree on politics — but the one thing they do agree on is: Americans do not want unnecessary or excessive radiation.
And while medical imaging in the form of CAT scans can be viewed as a technology right out of Star Wars – allowing doctors to look into the human body without making a single cut – that ability comes with a price: radiation exposure to the patient.
So is CT imaging worth the radiation exposure?
The answer may come down to the scanner you are being tested on…because not all medical CAT scans are created equally — in terms of radiation dose to the patient. And according to a recent study at the Mayo Clinic, a CT scanner called MiniCAT captures images at a dose nearly 10 – 12 times lower than conventional CT scanners.
MiniCAT, a specialty CT scanner designed to capture detailed images of the sinuses and ears, is quickly becoming a household name in the world of E.N.T. and Allergy, and is the brainchild of Michigan based Xoran Technologies.
This uniquely compact, ultra-low dose CT scanner is generally found in the offices of Ear, Nose and Throat physicians and Allergists. And patients have noticed the difference. The upright design of MiniCAT allows patients to sit in a normal position, without sedation, and the scan is complete in 40 seconds or less. It's so simple that Dr. Madan Kandula of Advanced Ear Nose and Throat Specialists in Milwaukee, WI, found many of his patients don't realize the test has even been performed.
The low radiation and the quickness of the test have attracted parents. Children are not afraid and do not need to be sedated. "Parents have gone to great lengths to track down a MiniCAT for their child" says Susie Vestevich, PR Manager of Xoran. "One family recently drove 8 hours to be sure their child was scanned on MiniCAT."
You can learn more about the low-dose technology of MiniCAT, or ask where to find a MiniCAT, by going to XoranTech.com (Xoran is spelled with an x, like x-ray. X-o-r-a-n T-e-c-h dot com).


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Unique Laptop Bags
Unique laptop bag is one of the keywords that are also used by the prospective buyers online. Do not forget to always use Google Adwords to find data on keywords. It is important for us as an online merchant to always check the update of keywords. Trend keywords can 'changing anytime.
Onliner sought by using a unique word, because they want to have a different product. That is not a common product model that has been widely used by others. Creating unique products laptop bag is not easy. Moreover, the manufacturer of this product is very much in Indonesia, especially in the city of Bandung. But in fact it should be a motivation. Because humans generally happy with something unique, which is different.
If the laptop bag products we model the same or similar to the products of others. Then it can be less competitiveness, as well as the selling power. But if our product is unique, which makes it,, not many may not even exist competitors. God willing, our products will have high selling power.
Unique Laptop Bags Model and Material
Uniqueness can be caused by many factors for a product. Unique example of the model. Or unique from the material. We can note that many imported products are unique laptop bag. Especially for the brand that is well known, they each have their own characteristics. For the players or large employers may not be too difficult to create a unique product. They create a unique laptop bag different example of the type of its raw materials. They can order a special raw materials to the factory, where the material is not owned by another.
For small business owners, who have not been able to do a special order materials, do not be discouraged. It required extra creativity to be able to also create a unique product. For example, more focus on making a model or a unique shape. The material commonly use traditional materials, but the model is unique. Or we can be creative by adding pictures or writing unique. For example, we can target the community market, for example vespa community. We can make a laptop bag with a picture vespa motorcycle, or writing of slogans on a vespa. Other examples of such bicycle community, journalists, and others. The figure below may be used as an example for the category of unique laptop bag.
Handbag 2015
Bag is one of the accessories that the target of the women, in 2015, many emerging models of the latest bags at very varied. The women usually will always buy the latest models with the best quality handbags and of course with the brand (brand) as a quality collection.
Models Cluthes bag, tote bag and backpack seems to still be the favorite bag model in 2015's. For brands, apparently leading brands such as Gucci, Chloe, Burberry, Chanel, etc. is still the most sought-after handbags domination5 and demand. As a reference chart, here are some trends latest ladies handbag models:
Model hobo bag
Hobo models still seem to be a trend that favored the ladies handbag. Hobo bag models adopted by many well-known manufacturers such as Gurberry bags, jars, Michael Kors, etc.
Model stirrup bag
Bag with stirrup models produced by manufacturers of world branded bags like Chanel and Gucci. Luxurious Desainya mungikin could be the reason why this model is still a bag bag lady's favorite to date.
Model cervo bag
This model seems to always be a trend in each year and has always been the target of women. Lots of bags branded cervo models produced and marketed at a price that varied.
Similarly, information on the latest models of ladies handbags, hopefully can be a reference for the ladies before buying a new bag.


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CM PunkPhillip Jack Brooks
- Birthdate: 10/26/1978 (age 36)
- Height: 6'2"
- Weight: 218 Ib
He was titled in the WWE as "the longest-reigni...
-- For whatever this is worth, if CM Punk is returning to WWE at WrestleMania XXX tonight, nobody in the company is aware of it. As previously reported, Punk was in attendance at the Chicago Blackhawks NHL game, although that doesn't confirm anything one way or the other, as he is still fully capable of flying into New Orleans in time to be at the show if he is scheduled.
-- Former WWE Diva duo Layla and Michelle McCool, aka LayCool, reunited backstage at the WWE Hall Of Fame ceremony on Saturday night. You can check out a photo of the two together below:


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01:20 25-05-2015
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Bishkek (AKIpress) - "Since Tajikistan merely discharged water, we managed to obtain a good price for electricity," Prime Minister Joomart Otorbayev said during his tour of Jalal-Abad region in comments about import of electricity by Kyrgyzstan this year...
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According to Ian Rapoport of the NFL Network, a fourth surgery for Patriots tight end Rob Gronkowski is "imminent."
From Total Access: #Patriots TE Rob Gronkowski's 4th surgery is imminent, I'm told. Plan is for Monday. Took X-Rays, was examined yesterday
— Ian Rapoport (@RapSheet) May 16, 2013
Patriots "expect" Gronk to be ready for camp. But do not know for sure. Doctors will examine forearm Monday, see if infection has persisted
— Ian Rapoport (@RapSheet) May 16, 2013
While Gronk is arguably the best tight end in the NFL, he's become borderline injury prone over his first few years in the league. Not only do the Pats have to worry about this infection, but I'd be surprised if he starts all 16 games in 2013.


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2016 Biochemical Society Awards announced! Eleven distinguished scientists and exceptional early career researchers have been honoured in the Biochemical Society's annual Awards. The Awards recognize scientists for the excellence of their work, the profound impact their research has had and also highlight outstanding work by early career researchers. Find out more on the Biochemical Society website.
microRNAs in health & disease: A collection of research papers and commissioned reviews on all aspects of microRNAs in indications ranging from non-small cell lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetic complications, skeletal muscle, kidneys, and stroke!
We invite the submission of original papers to one of the following Calls for Papers by the deadline of 30 November 2015:
FEBS 2015: The Biochemical Basis of Life (July 4-9 2015)
FEBS 2015, the 40th FEBS Congress, will explore "The Biochemical Basis of Life". Topics covered include mechanisms of gene expression; membranes, receptors & bioenergetics; molecular neuroscience; and from chemical biology to molecular medicine.
More information available from the Biochemical Society website here.
Carbohydrate Active Enzymes in Medicine and Biotechnology (19-21st August 2015)
Carbohydrate active enzymes are ubiquitous in all kingdoms of life and vital in an abundance of cellular processes, including structural integrity, cell-cell/cell-pathogen interactions and protein folding. Topics include insights into carbohydrate active enzymes in medicine, and more information can be found here.


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Manufacturer: County
Model: Competitor
Category: Dressage Saddles
Purchase: I received a bonus from work which I promised myself I would use to purchase a new saddle (my other saddle is a Collegiate Monarch, 13 years old, bought new and used hard) great saddle but I was ready to move up) I sat in a dozen saddles at a tack store, and found this one to give me the best balance. It was new $1995.
Likes: I didn't feel like I had to fight the saddle to be centered; didn't feel like I was tipped to far forward or too far back, and my leg draped very naturally. Being very long in the thigh, I found that the saddle flaps felt long and comfortable, and my knee didn't feel like it was "crawling" over the front of the knee roll. It is lightweight, beautifully constructed and the leather is wonderful. I like the billet loop through the bottom of the saddle flap; keeps it conformed to the horse and allows for a nice close contact feel.
Dislikes: At this point I cannot think of anything that I don't like about this saddle, other than I wish it hadn't cost that much, but you pay for the quality, in most cases.
Quality: Very well constructed, high quality leather. Nice balance, fits my horse well.
Summary: It has been 13 years since I bought a new saddle, and while I knew I would have a bit of sticker shock, I was thrilled I found something so fast that both my horse and myself were happy with. Great balance, great fit, great looking saddle. With so many on the market, I really thought it would be a long and painful process, and thanks to the County, it wasn't.
Rating: 5
Author: Kristi Charron
Date: 2005-01-04
Usefulness Rating: 2.33333 out of 5.
3 reader(s) voted.
Tudor Estate Dressage Saddle Dressage Saddles
Passier Dressage Saddle Corona Dressage Saddles
rocky creek hill flirt Dressage Saddles
County Saddlery Perfection saddle - New Zealand agent Dressage Saddles
Prestige 2000D Dressage Saddles
Passier Corona Dressage Saddles
Exselle Exselle Square Raised Bridle and Reins Dressage Saddles
Passier Sirius Dressage Saddles
Black Country Vinici Dressage Saddles
Otto schumacher Profi exklusif Dressage Saddles
Schleese Wave Dressage Saddles
Prestige United Elastic Dressage Saddles
Wintec Isabell CAIR Dressage Saddles
Wintec Dressage Pro Dressage Saddles
Bates Innova Standard Contour Block Dressage Saddles
County Competitor Dressage Saddles
Wintec Pro w/Cair Dressage Saddles
Thornhill Pro-Am Dressure Dressage Saddles
Hildalgo Sattel Hidalgo Venice I Dressage saddle Dressage Saddles
Heritage (bespoke) Saddlery The Cheshire County" VSD Saddle. Dressage Saddles


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Originally Posted by
What might ask, what are you pretending TO know?[g]
The auto industry is in the process of shifting and collapsing, nothing has actually changed and come out anew yet. Cheaper players (like the Japanese, subsidized by their government) have taken large market share--but the US players have yet to make any real significant long-term changes.
Ditto the rail industry, which simply was decimated by airlines in the US, and still has never recovered much less regrouped from it. What we've got left are Amtrak passenger rail runs--which take twice as long as they did 50 years ago, and cost more than the airlines do, and Amtrak may yet be shut down and terminated as a failure by Congress and their failure to become independent and profitable.
Then there's the deregulated aviation industry, where safety is measured in "costs per death payment" rather than 'safety", and except for the government bailout after 9/11, we'd have seen United and American both driven into bankruptcy by $50-100 BILLION dollars in claims, and their route probably sold to ElAl and Air India, both of which have security policies which would have prevented 9/11 entirely.
Healthcare? Yeah, the prices are going up, the providers (what used to be called "doctors") are going broke, the subscribers are getting screwed, the executives are making huge money--and the state and federal regulators ignore it all. Watch for an NBC-TV national report by Brian Williams in another week or two, highlighting the way that Medicare abuse reports are being ignored by city, county, state, federal, FBI, Medicare, agencies at all levels. Ignored--instead of being investigated. There's some big time ineptness (or corruption) going on.
Changing the rules? Sorry, my friend, it will take a revolution, and we've all been taught in school that good little droids don't do that.
You are right on a lot of points.
When I said auto industry I simply meant that they got priced out of their own market in the 70's and have never recovered.
The railway industry was the premier industry and it collapsed under changing market demands and also it's own hubris.
And of course, hubris, I mean don't you just feel it in the air when you go to the hospital ? Didn't used to be like that. I remember when I was young and worked at a hospital people were kind, my grandmother worked there, the nurses sat with patients and talked to them, etc. Now you walk in and the equipment is better, true, but you are just a number, nobody even talks to you, you are attended not by nurses but instead by little beepy things that are all tied to some central CPU somewhere etc.
The best thing about the arrogance of the medical establishment is that it's found a true voice in the show "House" lol, because that jackass is exactly what we all think doctors are like these days.
What are you pretending not to know ?
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Ok ya'll I keep seeing lil babies being put into bumbo seats already this is NOT recommended until your child can hold its head on his/her own and properly...
Your baby will probably be able to lift her head when she's about a month old, and hold it up when placed in a sitting position at around 4 months. Her neck muscles and head control should be strong and steady by 6 months.
The Bumbo Seat enables your
baby to maintain a sitting position
on the floor, allowing you to play
with, read to, and feed your baby.
The Bumbo Seat should not be
used until your baby can support
his or her head.
Using the bumbo seat before said time can cause spinal and hip injuries or developmental issues.
Please be causious when using this product.
I am not against using a bumbo just use it at the appropriate time please.


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Sure, Clinton (today), Terry McAuliffe (tomorrow) and Gore (Sunday) are Democratic bosses who will be welcomed by the Street(s) of Philadelphia, but you won't see national party leaders of any type matching the Bush visits to Kentucky and Mississippi.
Is there some parallel universe in which all the Democratic presidential candidates would be barnstorming at least Kentucky to help there at the end? Sure there is, but we aren't seeing it now, and the reasons for that should make The Macker (he of the 50-state strategy) quake.
But while the national press gets focused on major surrogates, below that radar, party and interest group strategists on both sides will be looking to both push and analyze (for 2004 clues) what works and what doesn't about their ground games to get out the vote.
We haven't heard much about the Kentucky AFL-CIO and what they are doing, but it's clear that the Democrats need some union love to keep them Happy, and they might not get it.
On the well-funded Republican side (they of the Post -BCRA dominance), watch for their team to put the opposition in a full Nelson, with a Blaise of glory that will only ratchet up in a few short days for their beloved Bobby.
IF the Republicans take two more governorships away from the Democrats (and keep one in Louisiana … ), the national political media is going to have a Bernie Goldberg gut-check moment and have to ask itself: Will the coverage and credit given to the GOP be equal to what the inverse would have been had the Democrats swept these races?
In the fight for the Democratic nomination, at least one Democratic rival to Howard Dean thinks the New York Times has finally found a core party issue on which Howard Dean's "flexibility" might come home to roost with voters.
The New York Times ' Nagourney and Wilgoren scrutinize Howard Dean's record on federal and state gun control legislation and finds some circles don't quite square.
The guns issue is a divider, not a uniter, for the Democratic Party, with nomination voters strongly supporting stricter gun regulation and some key-state general election voters seeing less regulation as more. LINK
Report the Times duo, Dean-the-presidential-contender regularly assures "audiences that he firmly supports the assault weapons ban enacted under President Bill Clinton in 1994 though vigorously opposing any further federal regulation of guns." But Dean-the-governor in 1992 "told the National Rifle Association in a signed questionnaire that he opposed any restrictions on private ownership of assault weapons."
A copy of the questionnaire "was provided to The New York Times by aides to a rival Democratic candidate who is a stronger advocate of gun control."
Dean spokeswoman Tricia Enright said "there was no contradiction" in Dean's views, telling the Times Dean's "answers 11 years ago applied only to a state ban, though in fact the question at issue specifically referred to both federal and state law. Ms. Enright also pointed out that the question defined assault weapons in a way that encompassed semiautomatic rifles and shotguns commonly used by hunters in Vermont, while the federal ban applied to 19 specific weapons typically used in street violence."
The NRA, for its part, accuses Dean of "'schizophrenia,' saying he had taken positions friendly to the rifle association as governor but had changed since becoming a candidate for president."


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Obituaries - 11/4/03
Angelina Moreno, 81
CARLSBAD - Angelina Robles Moreno 81, died Tuesday, Oct. 28, 2003, at Sunbridge Care Convalescent facility.
Born Nov. 2, 1922, in Zacatecas, Mexico, she lived in Carlsbad for 30 years. She was a homemaker for 67 years.
Mrs. Moreno was preceded in death by her husband, Carlos Moreno, in 1996. She is survived by her sons, Ramon Moreno and Salvador Moreno, both of Carlsbad, and Pedro Moreno of Vista; daughter Soledad Moreno of Escondido; brothers Jose Luis Robles and Pedro Robles, both of Mexico; sisters Luisa Robles, Antonia Robles and Angela Robles, all of Mexico; nine grandchildren; six great-grandchildren; and one great-great-grandchild.
No services will be held at the request of the deceased. Burial will be at a later date at Eternal Hills Memorial Park.
Eternal Hills Mortuary is handling arrangements.
Gerald McNichols, 55
SAN MARCOS - Gerald Eugene "Jerry" McNichols, 55, died Tuesday, Oct. 28, 2003.
Born Feb. 12, 1948, in Omaha, Neb., he lived in San Marcos for 18 years. He retired as a petty officer 1st class from the U.S. Navy. He served during the Vietnam War.
Mr. McNichols was preceded in death by his father, Jack Edward McNichols. He is survived by his wife of 21 years, Ludette McNichols of San Marcos; mother Helen E. McNichols of Blair, Neb.; sons Oliver Earl McNichols of San Marcos, David McNichols, serving in the U.S. Navy, and Michael McNichols of Rahway, N.J.; daughter Marie Padilla of Escondido; brother and sister-in-law Don Rio and Patti McNichols of Chicago; sisters and brothers-in-law Linda and Bob Vergamini of Lansing, Mich., and Debbie and Ted Brown of Elkhorn, Neb.; and grandchildren Tyler and Michael.
Viewing is scheduled from 4 to 9 p.m. and rosary recited from 8 to 9 p.m. Friday, Nov. 7, at Eternal Hills Mortuary. A funeral service will be held at 1:30 p.m. Saturday, Nov. 8, at the Marine Memorial Chapel on Camp Pendleton with the Rev. James Bischoff officiating. Burial will follow at Eternal Hills Memorial Park with the Rev. Bischoff officiating.
Eternal Hills Mortuary is handling arrangements.
Eugene Wagner, 71
ESCONDIDO - Eugene H. "Gene" Wagner, 71, died Wednesday, Oct. 29, 2003, of kidney failure.
Born July 15, 1932, in Linton, N.D., he lived in Escondido for 36 years. He retired in 1993 as a truck driver. He served in the U.S. Navy from 1950 to 1954. He was a member of the Elks Lodge and the Moose Lodge of Escondido.
Mr. Wagner was preceded in death by his wife of 35 years, Patricia A. "Patti" Wagner, on May 22, 1987. He is survived by his wife of 15 years, MaryLou Wagner of Escondido; mother Mary Wagner Dietrich of Billings, Mont.; father Balzer Wagner of Billings; sons and daughters-in-law Steven M. and Cassi Wagner and Larry E. Wagner, all of Westminster, Colo., and Eric and Debbie Newport of Keizer, Ore.; daughters and son-in-law Sharon M. Garcia of Laurin, Mont., Jodi A. Wedeking of Westminster and Cari and Richard McGouhn of Escondido; six brothers; two sisters; 15 grandchildren; and one great-grandchild.


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Originally written on Fox Sports | Last updated 11/19/14
Minnesota Vikings owner Zygi Wilf tells The Associated Press that the team would significantly drop its financial contribution to a new stadium if it is built in Minneapolis instead of its preferred site in the suburbs. The Vikings have committed more than $400 million to a stadium plan in Arden Hills, north of the Twin Cities. State lawmakers have shot down the idea of a sales tax hike in Ramsey County that would have generated $350 million for the project. That's led to speculation that the new stadium would end up at one of several possible sites in downtown Minneapolis. Wilf says he has been frustrated at times, but remains optimistic that a stadium deal will be struck despite recent pushback from key state lawmakers.
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On more controversial matters, Vann has hewed to positions taken by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops.
He has been an advocate of immigration reform, telling the Register last week that "when you journey with people in their lives, you see their pain and suffering and ... the challenge of being separated from their families and not able to return. Those are my concerns as a pastor."
Earlier this year the Fort Worth diocese filed a federal lawsuit contesting provisions in the Affordable Care Act requiring religiously affiliated institutions such as hospitals and universities to provide insurance coverage for contraception.
In 2004, Vann told an Illinois newspaper he'd be "reticent" to give communion to the state's Democratic U.S. senator, Dick Durbin, because of the senator's pro-choice stance on abortion.
Tahira Merritt, a lawyer who has represented numerous victims of clerical sexual abuse in Fort Worth, said "there was a shift" in the diocese's handling of abuse cases when Vann became bishop.
"He is very pastoral and I think he tries hard to at least listen to what the victims have to say," Merritt said. "But if it wasn't for victims pushing the envelope with litigation," the diocese likely would not have acted to resolve cases, she said.
Merritt said one of her clients was "stonewalled" by the diocese for two years until he filed a lawsuit in January alleging abuse by a priest at a Fort Worth parish in the 1980s. The suit was settled last month for an undisclosed sum.
Asked about the case, Vann said it would "not be appropriate" to comment. Vann said he would have to "study" more before deciding whether to make public a list of priests credibly accused of sexual abuse in Orange County.
Tita Smith, executive director of Catholic Charities in Santa Ana, said Vann arrives in Orange County at a pivotal time for Catholics. With the church on its way to recovering from its own sex abuse scandals, as well as the economic downturn, worshippers are ready for "a fresh perspective on the role of Catholics in Orange County," she said.
"Welcoming in a new energy is exciting," Smith said, especially as Catholics look forward to transforming the Crystal Cathedral into a spiritual and cultural center for the entire county. The diocese is currently raising up to $100 million to renovate the cathedral along with schools and parishes countywide.
Vann, who will shepherd renovation, said he envisions the cathedral as "a spot where God is known for everyone who comes that way" regardless of faith background.
"My first calling is to get to know and love and serve people where they are," Vann said.
He said he's being sent to Orange County "to be a pastor and a guide and a friend and a leader."
Contact the writer: email@example.com


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