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Blogs Cliopatria Things Noted Here and ThereSep 6, 2006 6:02 am
Things Noted Here and There
Al Zambone,"It Wasn't Really About Whiskey," Books & Culture, September/October, reviews William Hogeland, The Whiskey Rebellion: George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and the Frontier Rebels Who Challenged America's Newfound Sovereignty. Zambone is a blogger and a doctoral candidate at Oxford whose dissertation is on the Anglican Enlightenment in colonial Virginia.
John Noble Wilford,"An Abolitionist Leads the Way in Unearthing of Slaves' Past," NY Times, 5 September, reports on archaeological study on Maryland's Wye Plantation, where Frederick Douglass was a slave as a child.
Niall Ferguson,"The Nation That Fell to the Earth," Time, 11 September, is the issue's cover story. (Subscriber only) Do you get the impression that Ferguson is underexposed? Thanks to Manan Ahmed for the tip.
Finally, we report very few of the many historical conferences that are held every year in the United States and abroad, but History in the Digital Age, at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, on 21-22 September, is a noteworthy exception. Thanks to Manan Ahmed for the tip.
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Pungent ground mustard adds a flavorful kick to deviled eggs, coleslaw, and potato and pasta salad. It adds unique heat to sauces, mayonnaise and glaze for ham.
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From Barnes & NobleThe Barnes & Noble Review
In his own time, George "Beau" Brummell set such restrained and elegant fashion standards as regular bathing, exquisitely tailored yet unostentatious clothing, and an end to powdered hair for men. In this wonderfully diverting historical mystery series, it is revealed that he was also an amateur sleuth of considerable skill. Agatha Awardwinning author Rosemary Stevens, who recounted Beau's previous adventures in The Tainted Snuff Box and Death on a Silver Tray, is in top form with this elegantly written and plotted murder mystery set in Georgian England of 1806. In The Bloodied Cravat, we learn that Her Royal Highness, Frederica, the Duchess of York, wife of one of the many sons of George III, would be a lonely woman if it were not for her well-chaperoned (and invariably chaste) friendship with Beau Brummell. It's at his urging that she gives a house party, so he's determined to minimize the scandal that results when two of the guests are murdered. What he doesn't realize -- until it's nearly too late -- is that this crime is connected to a dangerous old impropriety.... Sue Stone


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Sri Aurobindo Devotees Prayer Group: Joint prayers, Sri Annai Sri Aravindar Meditation Centres, Sasibalika Vidya Mandir, Azad Road, R.S. Puram, 9.30 a.m.; W 7/C, Kovaipudur, 4 p.m.; Near Power House, Tatabad, 10 a.m.
Sri Bhandarakeri Mutt: Discourse, Dwadasha Stotra and Bhagavath Geetha, 4, Vincent Colony, R.S. Puram, 6.15 p.m.
Raj Vidya Kender: Sat sang, Ardra Conference Hall, 6 p.m.
Thiruppugazh Anbargal: Thiruppugazh and Abhirami pathikam class, U-28D Kovaipudur, 5 p.m.
ISKCON: Bhajans, kirtans and lecture, Sri Jaganaath Mandir, 6.30 p.m.
Arulmighu Maasaniamman Thirukovil: Gundam Thiruvizha, `Vazhakaadu mandram', Anaimalai, 7 p.m.
Konangal: Screening of `Umberto D', Italian film, Ramu Dairy, Tatabad, 5.45 p.m.
Kasthuri Sreenivasan Trust: 9th Meet Coimbatore Artists, painting exhibition of Chithrakala Academy artists, Kasthuri Sreenivasan Art Gallery, Avanashi Road, 10 a.m.
Indian Medical Association and CII: Meeting, Medical practices and law, problems, prevention and solutions, B. Cheran, Reader in Opthalmology, Vellore Medical College, Indian Medical Association Hall, 11 a.m.
Ramraj Group of Companies: Inauguration, Ramraj Innovations, B.K. Krishnaraj Vanavarayar, Chairman, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavn, Coimbatore, Jenney Club, 6 p.m.
Kovai Investors' Association: Meeting, AVVM Complex, Karuppa Gounder Street, 10.30 a.m.
Global Garden of Peace and Friendship of Forum of Humanism: Condolence meeting for the killings at Noida, Vadavalli, 5 p.m.
Rahul Gandhi Welfare Association: Distribution of free gifts to the poor, Karumbukadai Saramedu Road, 4.30 p.m.
GKNM Hospital: Postgraduate programme in Cardiology - PPC 2007, GKD auditorium, 10 a.m.
Astrology Readers Forum: Meeting, Nanjappa Gowder Memorial Nursery School, Edayar Street, 2 p.m.
All India Tamil Writers Association: Lecture on Official language, Ramu Dairy, Tatabad, 10 a.m.
Alcoholics Anonymous: Meeting, Krishna Nurisng Home, Ramnagar, 3 p.m.
Rotary Club of Coimbatore Uptown: Run for Educate Girl Child, 11th mini marathon for boys and girls, Nehru stadium, 7 a.m.
Brainbay: Talk, Need for supplement education, Hotel Park Plaza, 5.30 p.m.
Organising Committee: Opening of children's park, Shivanagar 3rd ward, Koundampalayam, 4 p.m.
Ramnagar Residents' Welfare Association: Painting Competition for school children, Suburban HSS, 10 a.m.
Kongunadu Arts and Science College: Alumni Meet of the Department of International Business, college premises, 10 a.m.
KSG College of Arts and Science: Valediction, National Service Scheme special camp, Thippanur village, 10 a.m.
Clinical Yoga: Free yoga training course, 226, Gounder Mill, 6.30 a.m.
Salim Ali Naturalist Forum: Meeting, SACON campus, Anaikatti, 10 a.m.
Ann's Club of Rotary Satellite: Jan-Fiesta,
carnival, Kikani School grounds, 11 a.m.
Shibi IAS Academy: Free seminar on civil competitive examinations, Raja Rajeshwari Towers, Gandhipuram, 4 p.m.
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Textile Management: Valediction, training programme on textile technology and management for entrepreneurs from Northeast India, seminar hall, 12. 30 p.m.
Rotaract Club of CIT: Distribution of pamphlets on `Smoking hazards', Race Course, 6.30 a.m.
Confederation of Organisations for Persons with Mental Disability: Meeting of representatives of non Governmental organizations, special education professionals and parents of special children, STAR special school, 11 a.m.
Shri Ram Bhajan Sabha: 46th Shri Radha Kalyana Ursavam, Unjaviruthi, Sabha premises, Munsif Seenivasapuram, 8 a.m.
M.V. Eye Hospital: Free eye camp, Shri Kamakshi Amman Matriculation School, Eduvai, 8 a.m.


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RIM Executive Fires Back At Apple CEO Jobs
One day after Steve Jobs claimed that the Apple iPhone was outselling the BlackBerry handset, and that Research In Motion's (RIM) forthcoming PlayBook and tablet computers like it would be "dead on arrival," RIM co-CEO Jim Balsillie fired back at the Apple co-founder and chief executive in a heated blog post on Tuesday.
"For those of us who live outside of Apple's distortion field, we know that 7-inch tablets will actually be a big portion of the market and we know that Adobe Flash support actually matters to customers who want a real web experience," Balsillie wrote. "We also know that while Apple's attempt to control the ecosystem and maintain a closed platform may be good for Apple, developers want more options and customers want to fully access the overwhelming majority of web sites that use Flash."
"We think many customers are getting tired of being told what to think by Apple," he added.
Balsillie also took umbrage with Jobs' comparison of sales figures for the two companies' competing smartphones. During a conference call, Jobs reported that Apple sold 14.1 million iPhones in its last quarter, "handily" outselling the BlackBerry during the quarter.
However, Balsillie points out that RIM's financial quarter ended nearly a month earlier than Apple's–August 28 for RIM, September 25 for Apple–and that Jobs' statistics didn't "tell the whole story because it doesn't take into account that industry demand in September is typically stronger than summer months, nor does it explain why Apple only shipped 8.4 million devices in its prior quarter and whether Apple's Q4 results were padded by unfulfilled Q3 customer demand and channel orders."
"RIM has achieved record shipments for five consecutive quarters," he added. "As usual, whether the subject is antennas, Flash or shipments, there is more to the story and sooner or later, even people inside the distortion field will begin to resent being told half a story."
The BlackBerry PlayBook, which is due in 2011, features a seven-inch, high-definition LCD screen with 1024×600 resolution. It will weigh less than a pound and will have a touch screen, a built-in microUSB connector, front and rear-facing cameras, and Wi-Fi capabilities. The device runs on an operating system developed by QNX technology.
According to AFP, Jobs, during his conference call, dismissed devices the size of the PlayBook, calling them "tweeners" and saying that they were "too big to compete with a smartphone and too small to compete with an iPad." He also said that pricing, screen resolution, and the amount and types of applications available would give his company's iPad the edge over the competition.
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Dreaming in color
Ruud van Empel's rich compositions straddle the line between the real and the surreal
Ruud van Empel: Strange Beauty
Where: Museum of Photographic Arts (MoPA), 1649 El Prado, Balboa Park
When: Oct. 13 through Feb. 3
Admission: $8 adults; $6 seniors, retired military; $5 students
Phone: (619) 238-7559
Online: mopa.org
One of the most marked, initial reactions to Dutch photographer Ruud van Empel's "World, Moon, Venus" series is how much the works resemble Renaissance paintings. n Yet there is something subtly uncanny and askew about the paradisiacal landscapes and subject matter that causes the eye to linger, seeking out the finer details.
"You see this Eden-like garden, with this lush foliage and gorgeous color, but if you look really closely, you'll see little insects or (notice that) some of the trees have thorns on them," said the Museum of Photographic Arts' executive director, Deborah Klochko. "There's this slightly sinister undertone, but it's exciting because it works on multiple levels."
Beginning Saturday, MoPA will host van Empel's first solo exhibition in the United States, "Strange Beauty," which includes more than 40 of his compositions, from 1996 to present. The exhibition runs through Feb. 3 at the museum in Balboa Park. A members-only opening reception with the artist will be held Friday night, at which the artist will speak and sign books.
As an employee of the International Museum of Photography and Film at the George Eastman House in Rochester, N.Y., Klochko gave van Empel his first stateside break, showcasing some of his work in the 2005 exhibition "Picturing Eden."
"He's someone who has worked with the fine line between reality and artificiality," she said. "I think he's really an artist for our time."
Inspired by the paintings of German Renaissance artist Lucas Cranach the Elder, the large-scale imagery in "World, Moon, Venus" appears fluid and seamless. However, each piece is a digitally assembled photomontage — from the background to the young models, whose clothing van Empel photographs separately, on a tailor's dummy.
"It's not exactly one person or one child, but it may be the eyes from one subject, the mouth from another and the hair of another, all put together to make a new whole," Klochko said.
"They have this painterly feeling about them," she added. "People often don't believe it's (created using) Photoshop. They want to know where he was photographing, but in fact, it is just a wonderful pulling together of all these images. It's pure photography."
The Amsterdam-based artist got his start in graphic arts and theater and television set design, the influence of which is evident in the theatricality of his works.
"When I first saw what a Power Mac could do, back in 1993, I was astonished," said van Empel, commenting via email. "It connected very well to a lot of ideas I had at that point."
After purchasing his own Power Mac in 1995, van Empel was hooked.
"I worked on it every day for at least six to eight hours, often much longer," he said. "When I realized what this appliance could offer, I could hardly sleep as a result of the excitement."


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On economics, foreign policy, Corker eager to act
Friday - 12/7/2012, 1:13pm EST
By DONNA CASSATA
Associated Press
WASHINGTON (AP) - Republican Sen. Bob Corker is spending a lot of time lately talking to Democrats.
The freshman lawmaker from Tennessee unveiled his own 10-year, $4.5 trillion solution for averting the end-of-year, double economic hit of automatic tax hikes and spending cuts and then spoke briefly last week with Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner. Deficit-cutting maven Erskine Bowles had forwarded Corker's proposal to White House Chief of Staff Jack Lew.
Corker also was on the phone with Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton for a 15-minute conversation about Libya and other issues. Not only is Corker a senior member of the Foreign Relations Committee, he is poised to become the panel's top Republican next year, with a major say on President Barack Obama's choice to succeed Clinton _ possibly the divisive pick of U.N. Ambassador Susan Rice _ and other diplomatic nominees.
Pragmatic and peripatetic, the conservative Corker has been deeply involved in negotiations on the auto bailout and financial regulations during his six years in the Senate, bringing the perspective of a multimillionaire businessman and a former mayor of Chattanooga to talks with Democrats and the White House.
"I don't see him as a partisan," said Democratic Sen. Mark Warner of Virginia, another multimillionaire businessman who has worked closely with Corker on banking and housing issues. "I think he's somebody who's willing to work with anybody who he thinks has a good idea."
Next year, in the Senate's new world order of a smaller Republican minority, the 60-year-old Corker is certain to play an outsized role, not only because of his high-profile standing on the Foreign Relations panel but because he is willing to work across the aisle in his eagerness to get something done. It is something of a rare trait in the bitterly divided Congress and one that often draws an angry response from the conservative base of the GOP.
It didn't affect Corker politically. He scored a resounding win last month, cruising to re-election with 65 percent of the vote.
"I can count. I went to public schools in Tennessee and learned that to pass a bill it takes 60 votes and I know we have 45 going into next year," he said in an interview with The Associated Press. "I came up here to solve problems, not to score political points, and yes, it was rewarding that after throwing ourselves into the most controversial issues there were and trying to solve things pragmatically we ended up in the place where we were in this last race.
"I'm more energized than I've ever been," he continued. "The last two years of my first term were like watching paint dry because nothing was occurring and it was fairly discouraging and one has to ask oneself is this worth a grown man's time."
There were some doubts whether Corker, who made a fortune in real estate and had promised to only serve two terms, wanted to come back for more of a Congress riven by dysfunction and partisanship.
"At times I wondered if he would really run again," said Tennessee Gov. Bill Haslam, who has known the senator for decades ever since Haslam's older brother, Jimmy, the new owner of the Cleveland Browns football team, roomed with Corker at the University of Tennessee. "It kind of frustrates him, admirably so, when people aren't focused on problem solving."
Tom Ingram, a political consultant who has worked on Corker's campaigns, said the senator deliberated on whether to run again. "He had to convince himself it was something worth doing before he did it," Ingram said.
So Corker is back, with a black notebook that he grabs every morning to jot down problems and what he'd like to accomplish in a Senate where Democrats have strengthened their majority to 55-45, from 53-47.
On avoiding the so-called "fiscal cliff," his 242-page bill challenges both Democrats and Republicans. Corker calls for a mix of tax increases and limits on Medicare and Social Security benefits. He would raise the Medicare eligibility age incrementally to 67 by 2027 and require wealthier retirees to pay higher premiums.
Although he would make all the Bush-era tax rates permanent, Corker wants to cap itemized tax deductions at $50,000, which would affect high-income taxpayers.
Corker recognizes that a final deal will be hammered out between Obama and House Speaker John Boehner, R-Ohio, but hopes his ideas earn some consideration.
A member of the Foreign Relations Committee since 2007, Corker has been frustrated with a committee that hasn't produced an authorization bill in years and has become something of a backwater since its heyday of the 1960s and `70s. His goal is to make the panel more relevant, and he wants to conduct a top-to-bottom review of all foreign assistance and spending by the State Department and U.S. Agency for International Development.


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Alaskan Brewing Releases Big Mountain Pale AleJanuary 15, 2015 - Staff
(Press Release) JUNEAU, AK—With the new year, Alaskan Brewing is releasing a new beer – the rotating Spring Seasonal this year will be Big Mountain Pale Ale. Made with a variety of hops, its flavors range from tropical fruit to resinous pine. "Big Mountain is a flavor departure for us, with a very new combination... View Article


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This is part of an on-going series discussing the fundamentals of Catholic doctrine of Scripture. The topic for this post is interpretation. Click here to read the previous post.
Self-conscious reflection on the proper methods of interpretation of Scripture began already with the early Church Fathers. One of the most definitive patristic statements on interpretation is St. Augustine's De Doctrina... [Continue Reading]


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Troy Tulowitzki
Royals, Giants Ready To Get World Series Started
Alex Gordon took a big rip at a batting-practice fastball, fouled it off badly into the cage, and ducked when the carom nearly hit him in the head.
Long Layoff May Have Cost Stanton In HR Derby
Yoenis Cespedes knew how to pace himself in this rain-delayed home run derby, drawn out further by a new format.
National League Mid-Season Team MVPs
Sometimes a team's best players don't make the All-Star team. Here are the National League's mid-season team MVPs.
Top Five Moments In Home Run Derby History
When the middle of the summer rolls around and it's time for Major League Baseball to send its best players to the star-studded All-Star Game, one thing that always comes to mind is the annual celebration of the most exciting play in baseball; the Home Run Derby.
Home Run Derby Rosters Starting To Take Shape
Jose Bautista and Troy Tulowitzki have announced three members of their respective teams for Monday night's Home Run Derby at Target Field.
Rockies Blow Lead And Lose To Miami 8-5
Inning after inning, the Colorado Rockies kept pitching out of jams to preserve a lead, until a blooper dropped in shallow left field in the eighth inning for the Miami Marlins.
Fantasy Baseball Preview: Shortstop
CBS Local Sports breaks down the top players at shortstop for your fantasy baseball draft.
Marlins Face Rockies On Sunday
While their struggles at the plate have led to a disappointing road swing, the Colorado Rockies might not need much scoring to end the trip on a positive note.
Marlins Finally Score & Win
Tom Koehler tossed seven strong innings, Ed Lucas homered and the Miami Marlins scored for the first time in four games in a 3-1 win over the Colorado Rockies.
Josh Rutledge Has Ability To Be Valuable Asset For Rockies
Josh Rutledge will be a valuable asset for the Rockies this year, and maybe even a star somewhere down the line.


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|National Football League
· Top Story
· Expanded Analysis
· Gaming Matchup
· AFC Injuries
· AFC Schedule
· AFC Standings
· News
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NFL Preseason Preview - Atlanta (1-2) at Jacksonville (1-2)
By John McMullen, NFL Editor
(SportsNetwork.com) - Despite a very strong preseason from No. 3 overall pick Blake Bortles, the Jacksonville Jaguars will close their preseason against the Atlanta Falcons on Thursday by sticking to the original plan.
Veteran quarterback Chad Henne will be the rebuilding Jags' starter at the game's most important position during Week 1 of the regular season against the Philadelphia Eagles on Sept. 7.
Both have performed admirably in Jacksonville's practice games thus far with Bortles finishing 10-of-16 passing for 158 yards and a touchdown last week in a 13-12 setback at Detroit. Overall, the No. 1 pick who is regarded as the future in Jacksonville, is 28-of-44 for 435 yards and a touchdown with a passer rating of 103.9 in the preseason.
Henne, meanwhile, was 9-of-14 for 70 yards against the Lions and is 25-of-38 in the preseason for 230 yards and one touchdown, good for a 90.9 passer rating.
If things continue to go to plan for the Jags, this might be the last time Bortles plays in 2014.
"It could be," Jacksonville head coach Gus Bradley admitted. "I haven't talked to him about it. I just say 'hey, continue to prepare. You're a play away. You have to have that mindset like that. Just keep working and sitting in those meetings, take good notes.'
"But I don't know, we haven't talked that much about it. It's been mostly this game, capture it and perform well in practice."
The Falcons will be trying to close their preseason slate on an up note after falling to the Tennessee Titans, 24-17, at the Georgia Dome last week.
Matt Ryan was as sharp as ever for Atlanta, completing 18-of-23 passes for 224 yards and two touchdowns. Julio Jones hauled in a 52-yard touchdown pass and Devin Hester brought in a 31-yard TD pass to highlight a four-reception, 56- yard effort for the Falcons.
Jacquizz Rodgers carried the ball eight times for 33 yards and caught five passes for 31 yards in defeat.
These two clubs have met 10 times in the preseason, including each of the last four seasons. The Jaguars lead the all-time preseason series 7-3, including a 20-16 win at the Georgia Dome in 2013.


text:
Andrey Piontkovsky
Andrey Andreyevich Piontkovsky (born June 30, 1940, Moscow) is Russian scientist and political writer and analyst.[1]
He graduated from the Mathematics Department of Moscow State University and has published more than a hundred scientific papers on applied mathematics.
He was an Executive Director of the Strategic Studies Center (Moscow) think tank that has been closed since 2006. He contributes regularly to Novaya Gazeta, the Moscow Times, Russia Journal and the online journals Grani.ru[2] and Transitions Online.[3] He is also a regular political commentator for the BBC World Service and Radio Liberty in Moscow. He has been an outspoken critic of Putin's "managed" democracy in Russia and, as such, has described Russia as a "soft totalitarian regime."[4]
Piontkovsky is a member of the American Mathematical Society and the International Writers Association's PEN Club.
Piontkovsky is the author of several books on the Putin presidency in Russia, including his most recent book, Another Look Into Putin's Soul.[5][6]
Piontkovsky is one of the 34 first signatories of the online anti-Putin manifesto "Putin Must Go", published on 10 March 2010. In his subsequent articles he has repeatedly stressed its importance and urged citizens to sign it.[7]
In his Russian language article 'Вечный Пиндос' he in expletive terms likened the attitude to the Americans to the attitude to Jews expressed in Joseph Goebbels sponsored Nazi-era film The Eternal Jew.[8]
Another Look into Putin's Soul, Hudson Institute (2006), ISBN 1-55813-151-5
Selected articles[edit]
- His articles in The Jamestown Foundation
- His articles in Project Syndicate
- Obseqiousness toward Putin, by Andrei Piontkovsky, The Washington Times, September 30, 2005
- The Law of the Nerd, English translation from grani.ru
- His articles in grani.ru (Russian)
- "Vladimir Putin and Russia's Increasingly Aggressive Nuclear Threat (with the video of Piontkovsky's speech)". Hudson Institute. 1 October 2014.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andrey Piontkovsky.
- ^ AREA 17 (2014-05-13). "Hudson Institute > About Hudson > Andrei A. Piontkovsky". Hudson.org. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
- ^ grani.ru
- ^ Ehl, Martin. "tol.cz". tol.cz. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
- ^ "Radio Free Europe/ Radio Liberty". Rferl.org. 2006-07-31. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
- ^ AREA 17 (2014-05-13). "Hudson Institute > Review of Andrei's Pionkovsky's Another Look Into Putin's Soul". Hudson.org. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
- ^ AREA 17 (2014-05-13). "Hudson Institute > Review of Andrei's Pionkovsky's Another Look Into Putin's Soul". Hudson.org. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
- ^ "Трон тронулся". Grani.ru. 15 March 2010.
- ^ Вечный Пиндос (in Russian). Grani.ru. February 2009.


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President: Katie Hall
Charted July, 8 2008
In February of 1862, John Hunt Morgan established his headquarters at Murfreesboro and became acquainted
with the Ready family. Morgan, in fact, was quite taken with Mattie,
and after a brief courtship , they became engaged in March, 1862.
They were married the following December, after which Morgan immediately
left on his Christmas Raid. It was an action that would culminate with the destruction of
the L&N 's Muldraugh trestles.
In the summer of 1863, Morgan's pursuit of danger would lead him
on his Great Raid into Indiana and Ohio, and ultimately into the
awaiting arms of the Union army as he was captured and imprisoned.
Back in Tennessee, Mattie, who was pregnant, anxiously awaited
his every letter. Morgan managed to escape on November 27, 1863,
the same day Mattie gave birth to a little girl. The baby struggled
to live, and died as Morgan finally made his way to freedom.
When Morgan and Mattie were reunited, he promised her he would
never again be taken prisoner. True to his word, Morgan grew more
cautious in his exploits and struggled to put together another
army of men to replace those who were still held in the prison
in Ohio.
By the late summer of 1864, Mattie was pregnant again, and Morgan
was still trying to whip his men into shape, with varying degrees
of success. Several of them had been involved in the robbery of
a civilian bank in Mt. Sterling, Kentucky. The resulting condemnation
from both sides, north and south, caused tension between Morgan
and Mattie, who was extremely uncomfortable with anything resembling
scandalous behavior. September found Morgan trying to clear himself
of any wrongdoing. But before he could defend himself in an official
capacity, he was surprised by a Union raiding party in the streets
of downtown Greeneville, Tennessee. Remembering his promise to
Mattie, he tried vainly to escape and was shot in the back, dying
several minutes later.
Soon after that, Mattie gave birth to a healthy baby girl in Augusta,
Georgia, and named her Johnnie after her father. After grieving
for years, Mattie eventually married Judge William Henry Williamson
of Lebanon, Tennessee. Together, they raised Johnnie and had two
sons and two daughters of their own.
Mattie fell seriously ill in 1887, and died a few months later
at the age of 46. Johnnie married Rev. Joseph Caldwell, a Presbyterian
minister the following year. A few months later, however, she
contracted typhoid fever and died at the age of 23, leaving no
direct descendants of John Hunt Morgan.
Both Mattie and Johnnie are buried in the Williamson family plot
in the old city cemetery in Lebanon, Tennessee.
Speical thanks to David Skinner
email: email@example.com
Webpage Designed by Pete Hall email: firstname.lastname@example.com
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text:
Devices systems, and methods can measure, diagnose and/or characterize an eye of a patient, including physiologic and optical properties, such as hydration and tear volume in relation to an optical surface of the eye, including topography of a corneal surface of the eye and/or a wavefront elevation map of the eye. The system forms an image of a tear meniscus along an eyelid. The eye can be illuminated so that the meniscus appears as a dark band in the image. Tear volume can be determined by measuring a height across the tear meniscus. The tear volume can be used to determine the optical properties of the tear of the eye and to diagnose conditions of the eye. The patient can be screened for treatment of the eye with refractive surgery using a measured pupil size, hydration and topography and/or wavefront.
1. A method of measuring an eye of a patient, the method comprising:
positioning an eye at an eye measurement location;
determining tear volume at the eye measurement location by measuring a meniscus of a tear fluid on the eye;
forming an image of the eye by illuminating the eye to form a dark band in the image, the dark band corresponding to the meniscus, wherein the image of the eye is formed with an optical train, the measured meniscus being disposed along a lid of the eye and within the image; and
measuring a topography or a wavefront of the eye at the eye measurement location.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
the lid of the eye comprises a margin; and
the dimension across the meniscus corresponds to a meniscus height from the margin of the lid of the eye to an inward edge of the meniscus.
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. The method of
10. The method of
11. The method of
12. The method of
13. The method of
screening the patient for a refractive surgery with the method of
monitoring the patient after the refractive surgery with the method of
14. The method of
15. The method of
generating a signal from an operator control; and
responding to the signal by determining the tear volume and measuring the topography or the wavefront.
The present invention is generally related to measurements of eyes and systems for measuring ocular surfaces. The invention provides devices, systems, and methods for measurement of hydration and tear volume of an eye in conjunction with measurements of optical errors of the eye and refractive properties of the surfaces of the eye, and is particularly well-suited for diagnosing conditions of the eye in relation to physiologic conditions and refractive properties of the eye. The invention is also particularly well suited to the measurement of eyes in conjunction with diagnosis and correction of optical errors of the eye, including correction with optical surfaces such as lenses, spectacles and contacts.
Known laser eye surgery procedures generally employ an ultraviolet or infrared laser to remove a microscopic layer of stromal tissue from the cornea of the eye. The laser typically removes a selected shape of the corneal tissue, often to correct refractive errors of the eye. Ultraviolet laser ablation results in photodecomposition of the corneal tissue, but generally does not cause significant thermal damage to adjacent and underlying tissues of the eye. The irradiated molecules are broken into smaller volatile fragments photochemically, directly breaking the intermolecular bonds.
Laser ablation procedures can remove the targeted stroma of the cornea to change the cornea's contour for varying purposes, such as for correcting myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and the like. Control over the distribution of ablation energy across the cornea may be provided by a variety of systems and methods, including the use of ablatable masks, fixed and moveable apertures, controlled scanning systems, eye movement tracking mechanisms, and the like. In known systems, the laser beam often comprises a series of discrete pulses of laser light energy, with the total shape and amount of tissue removed being determined by the shape, size, location, and/or number of laser energy pulses impinging on the cornea. A variety of algorithms may be used to calculate the pattern of laser pulses used to reshape the cornea so as to correct a refractive error of the eye. Known systems make use of a variety of forms of lasers and/or laser energy to effect the correction, including infrared lasers, ultraviolet lasers, femtosecond lasers, wavelength multiplied solid-state lasers, and the like. Alternative vision correction techniques make use of radial incisions in the cornea, intraocular lenses, removable corneal support structures, and the like.
Known corneal correction treatment methods have generally been successful in correcting standard vision errors, such as myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and the like. However, as with all successes, still further improvements would be desirable. Toward that end, wavefront measurement systems are now available to measure the refractive characteristics of a particular patient's eye. By customizing an ablation pattern based on wavefront measurements and providing improved laser system calibration, it may be possible to correct minor refractive errors so as to reliably and repeatably provide visual accuities greater than 20/20.
Known methods for calculation of a customized ablation pattern using wavefront sensor data generally involves mathematically modeling an optical surface of the eye such as a measured wavefront elevation map and can include corneal topography of the eye. Such work generally assumes that the refractive properties of the eye and surfaces of the eye are stable. Work in connection with the present invention suggests that the known methodology for measuring eyes in relation to refractive surgery and other correction of refractive errors of the eye may be less than ideal.
In light of the above, it would be desirable to provide improved optical measurement techniques, particularly for use in measurements of the eye for refractive correction purposes.
The present invention generally provides improved devices, systems, and methods for measuring, diagnosing and/or characterizing eyes. Exemplary embodiments provide systems and methods for measuring, diagnosing and characterizing physiologic and optical properties of eyes, such as hydration and tear volume in relation to an optical surface of the eye, such as topography of a corneal surface of the eye and/or a wavefront elevation map of the eye. The system can measure a pupil size of the eye, tear volume, and a wavefront and/or topography of the eye. The system images the eye to form an image of a meniscus formed in a tear rivulet along a margin of an eyelid. The eye can be illuminated so that the meniscus appears as a dark band in the image of the eye. The system can measure tear volume from the image of the meniscus. For example, tear volume can be determined by measuring a dimension across the tear meniscus, such as the height of the meniscus, as measured from the intersection of the meniscus with the margin of the eyelid to the inward boundary of the meniscus toward the pupil. The regularity of the meniscus height along the eyelid margin can be used to determine whether the tear volume is normal. The tear volume can be used to determine the optical properties of the tear of the eye and to diagnose conditions of the eye such as decreased tear production, decreased tear lipid levels, and irregular cornea resulting from irregular epithelial and/or stromal corneal surfaces. The patient can be screened for correction of the eye with refractive surgery using the measured pupil size, tear volume and topography and/or wavefront.
In a first aspect, the invention provides a method of measuring an eye of a patient. The eye is positioned at a measurement location. The tear volume is determined at the measurement location by measuring a meniscus of a tear fluid on the eye. A topography and/or a wavefront of the eye is measured at the eye measurement location. The meniscus of the eye can be measured by forming an image of the eye with an optical train. The measured meniscus can be disposed along a lid of the eye and within the image. The topography or wavefront of the eye can be diagnosed with the image of the eye. A refractive prescription derived from the topography or wavefront can be registered with the eye using the image. The topography or wavefront of the eye can be measured using at least a portion of the optical train. The image of the eye can be formed by illuminating the eye to form a dark band in the image in which the dark band corresponds to the meniscus. A dimension across the meniscus of the tear of the eye can be measured. The lid of the eye can comprise a margin, and the dimension across the meniscus can correspond to a meniscus height from the margin of the lid of the eye to an inward edge of the meniscus. A regularity of the meniscus along the eyelid can be measured. A volume of the fluid on the eye can be measured. The tear volume can be measured without touching the eye with a foreign object. A size of a pupil formed in an iris of the eye can be determined while the eye is at the measurement location. The eye can be screened for refractive surgery using the tear volume and the size of the pupil. The patient can be warned of delayed recovery in response to the determined tear volume. The patient can be screened for refractive surgery with measurements as described above, and the patient can be monitored with measurements as described above. A condition of the eye can be diagnosed, such as an irregular cornea, pyterigium, tear deficiency or lipid abnormality. A user can generate a signal from an operator control, and the system can respond to the signal by determining the tear volume and measuring the topography or the wavefront.
In another aspect, the invention comprises a system for evaluating an eye of a patient. A first detector captures wavefront or topography measurements from the eye when the eye is at an eye measurement location. A second detector captures an image of the eye when the eye is at the eye measurement location. The image comprises a tear fluid meniscus along a lid of the eye. A processor is coupled to the first and second detectors. The processor determines the optical characteristics of the eye and measures tear volume in response to the tear fluid meniscus. An optical train can form the image of the eye, and the meniscus can be within the image and disposed along a lid of the eye. The processor can diagnose the topography or wavefront of the eye with the image of the eye. The processor can register a refractive prescription derived from the topography or wavefront with the eye using the image. A portion of the optical train can be disposed between the eye and the first detector to capture the wavefront or topography measurements. The tear volume can correspond to a dimension across the meniscus of the tear. A first group of pixels of a sensor array can include the first detector and a second group of pixels of the sensor array can include the second detector. The processor can determine a size of a pupil formed in an iris of the eye. A lenslet array can pass light energy to the first detector, the first detector can include a first array detector. A lens can pass light energy to the second detector, and the second detector can include a second array detector. The processor can determine a wavefront elevation map from the light energy measured with the first array detector and determine a dimension across the meniscus from the image captured with the second array detector. The first detector can capture the wavefront or topography measurement in response to a user generated signal, and the second detector can capture the image of the eye in response to the user generated signal. The first detector can capture the wavefront or topography measurement within one second of the second detector capturing the image of the eye. The processor can diagnose a condition of the eye comprising an irregular cornea, pyterigium, tear deficiency or lipid abnormality. The processor can generate a signal in response to tear volume below a threshold amount.
In another aspect, the invention can comprise a computer-readable storage medium which includes a set of instructions for a computer to diagnose an eye with a tear volume and a wavefront or topography of the eye. An input routine is operatively associated with a first source of wavefront or topography data and a second source of tear volume data. A run routine diagnoses the eye with the wavefront or topography data and the tear volume data. An output routine provides the diagnosis of the eye available for external use outside the computer.
In a further aspect, the invention provides a system for evaluating an eye of a patient. A first detector captures wavefront or topography measurements from the eye when the eye is at an eye measurement location. A second detector captures an image of the eye when the eye is at the eye measurement location, and the image includes a tear fluid meniscus along a lid of the eye. A processor is coupled to the first and second detectors, and the processor determines optical characteristics of the eye and measures hydration of the eye in response to the tear fluid meniscus.
The present invention may be particularly useful for enhancing the accuracy and efficacy of laser eye surgical procedures, such as photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK), laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), radial keratotomy (RK) and the like. Enhanced optical accuracy of refractive procedures may be provided by improving the methodology for measuring, determining and deriving a corneal ablation or other refractive treatment program. The techniques described herein can be readily adapted for use with existing laser systems, wavefront sensors, and other optical measurement devices. By providing a more direct (and hence, less prone to noise and other error) methodology for measuring and correcting errors of an optical system, these techniques may facilitate sculpting of the cornea so that treated eyes regularly exceed the normal 20/20 threshold of desired vision. While these systems, software, and methods are described primarily in the context of a laser eye surgery system, alternative eye treatment procedures and systems such as spectacle lenses, intraocular lenses, contact lenses, corneal ring implants, collagenous corneal tissue thermal remodeling, and the like may also be employed. The hydration of the eye can be measured with systems and methods similar to those described herein to measure the tear volume.
Systems which can be used to measure the optical aberrations of the eye are numerous and include the phoropter, corneal topography machines, auto refractors and wavefront sensors. The phoropter has several lenses which can be selected and placed in front of a patient to correct a patients vision, often in conjunction with subjective visual testing in which the patient provides feedback as to the clarity of visual stimuli. Corneal topography machines measure the front surface, or topography, of the front surface of cornea of the eye. Wavefront sensors will typically measure aberrations and other optical characteristics of an entire optical system. The data from such a wavefront sensor may be used to generate an optical surface from an array of optical gradients. The optical surface need not precisely match an actual tissue surface, as the gradients will show the effects of aberrations which are actually located throughout the ocular tissue system. Nonetheless, corrections imposed on an optical tissue surface so as to correct the aberrations derived from the gradients or other information should correct the optical tissue system. As used herein the terms such as "an optical tissue surface" may encompass a theoretical tissue surface (derived, for example, from wavefront sensor data), an actual tissue surface (derived, for example, from corneal topography), and/or a tissue surface formed for purposes of treatment (for example, by incising corneal tissues so as to allow a flap of the corneal epithelium to be displaced and expose the underlying stroma during a LASIK procedure).
The interface between air and the liquid tear film covering the cornea provides the greatest refractive power of any surface of the eye. To this end, measurements of the optical properties of the eye in conjunction with measurements of the tear volume and integrity of the tear film of the eye can be beneficial and help with corrective diagnosis and procedures. In a normal healthy eye, the liquid tear film is abundant and covers the front surface of the cornea to provide an optically smooth surface at the front of the eye. In the healthy eye, evaporation of the tear film is decreased by a lipid layer at the surface of the tear film. As the integrity of the lipid layer deteriorates, evaporation of the tear film can increase. Thus, the integrity of the lipid layer at the anterior surface of the eye can affect tear volume, and evaluation of the tear volume can be helpful in determining the optical properties of the eye.
It can be desirable to determine to what extent the tear film of the eye contributes to the optical properties of the eye in comparison to the optical contribution of the underlying corneal epithelial and stromal surfaces. The tear film of the human eye generally includes a lipid layer, an aqueous layer and a mucous layer. Eyes which do not have sufficient aqueous and mucous production or lack sufficient tear lipid content can display a rough or irregular corneal surface, even in cases where the underlying corneal epithelial and stromal layers are smooth.
In general, techniques for determining an optical correction of the eye can assume that the aberrations of the eye are static, and can be fixed with a static and ideally permanent solution. As the tear film presents a dynamic ocular surface which can change with the blink of an eye, an improved understanding of the tear film in relation to measurements of optical surfaces of the eye can provide improved measurement and correction of optical errors of the eye.
Referring now to
In some embodiments, an eye measurement system is a topography system which measures a front surface of the cornea of the eye including the tear liquid covering the eye. As shown in
Referring now to
The sensor array can include an area CCD array, an area CMOS sensor array and a linear sensor array in which pixels of the linear array are disposed along a line. A processor 22 is electronically coupled to the sensor array to determine information about the eye. Information about the eye can include corneal topography information, wavefront information of the entire ocular path of the eye and a diameter of the pupil of the eye. The information determined by the eye measurement system can be used to treat the eye.
Referring now to
Laser 12 generally comprises an excimer laser, ideally comprising an argon-fluorine laser producing pulses of laser light having a wavelength of approximately 193 nm. Laser 12 will preferably be designed to provide a feedback stabilized fluence at the patient's eye, delivered via laser delivery optics 16. Alternative sources of ultraviolet or infrared radiation may also be used, particularly those adapted to controllably ablate the corneal tissue without causing significant damage to adjacent and/or underlying tissues of the eye. In some embodiments, the laser beam source employs a solid state laser source having a wavelength between 193 and 215 nm as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,520,679 and 5,144,630 to Lin, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,742,626 to Mead, the full disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the laser source includes an infrared laser as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,782,822 and 6,090,102 to Telfair, the full disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Hence, although an excimer laser is the illustrative source of an ablating beam, other lasers may be used.
Laser 12 and laser delivery optics 16 will generally direct laser beam 14 to the eye of patient P under the direction of a computer system 22. Computer system 22 will often selectively adjust laser beam 14 to expose portions of the cornea to the pulses of laser energy so as to effect a predetermined sculpting of the cornea and alter the refractive characteristics of the eye. In many embodiments, both laser 12 and the laser delivery optical system 16 will be under control of computer system 22 to effect the desired laser sculpting process, with the computer system effecting (and optionally modifying) the pattern of laser pulses. The pattern of pulses may be summarized in machine readable data of tangible media 29 in the form of a treatment table, and the treatment table may be adjusted according to feedback input into computer system 22 from an automated image analysis system (or manually input into the processor by a system operator) in response to real-time feedback data provided from an ablation monitoring feedback system. The laser treatment system, and computer system 22 may continue and/or terminate a sculpting treatment in response to the feedback, and may optionally also modify the planned sculpting based at least in part on the feedback.
Additional components and subsystems may be included with laser system 11, as should be understood by those of skill in the art. For example, spatial and/or temporal integrators may be included to control the distribution of energy within the laser beam, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,646,791, the full disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Ablation effluent evacuators/filters, aspirators, and other ancillary components of the laser surgery system are known in the art. Further details of suitable systems for performing a laser ablation procedure can be found in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,665,913; 4,669,466; 4,732,148; 4,770,172; 4,773,414; 5,207,668; 5,108,388; 5,219,343; 5,646,791; and 5,163,934, the complete disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Suitable systems also include commercially available refractive laser systems such as those manufactured and/or sold by Alcon, Bausch & Lomb, Nidek, WaveLight, LaserSight, Schwind, Zeiss Meditec, and the like.
User interface input devices 62 may include a keyboard, pointing devices such as a mouse, trackball, touch pad, or graphics tablet, a scanner, foot pedals, a joystick, a touchscreen incorporated into a display 28, audio input devices such as voice recognition systems, microphones, and other types of input devices. User input devices 62 will often be used to download a computer executable code from a tangible storage media 29 embodying any of the methods described herein.
User interface output devices 64 may include display 28, a printer, a fax machine, or non-visual displays such as audio output devices. The display may be a cathode ray tube (CRT), a flat-panel device such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), a projection device, or the like. The display may also provide a non-visual display such as via audio output devices.
Storage subsystem 56 stores the basic programming and data constructs that provide the functionality of the various embodiments of the methods described herein. For example, a database and modules implementing the functionality of the methods, as described herein, may be stored in storage subsystem 56. These software modules generally are generally executed by processor 52. In a distributed environment, the software modules may be stored on a plurality of computer systems and executed by processors of the plurality of computer systems. Storage subsystem 56 typically comprises memory subsystem 58 and file storage subsystem 60.
Memory subsystem 58 typically includes a number of memories including a main random access memory (RAM) 70 for storage of program instructions and data during program execution and a read only memory (ROM) 72 in which fixed instructions are stored. File storage subsystem 60 provides persistent (non-volatile) storage for program and data files, and may include tangible storage media 29 (
Bus subsystem 54 provides a mechanism for letting the various components and subsystems of computer system 22 communicate with each other as intended. The various subsystems and components of computer system 22 need not be at the same physical location but may be distributed at various locations within a distributed network. Although bus subsystem 54 is shown schematically as a single bus, alternate embodiments of the bus subsystem may utilize multiple busses.
Computer system 22 itself can be of varying types including a personal computer, a portable computer, a workstation, a computer terminal, a network computer, a control system in a wavefront measurement system or laser surgical system, a mainframe, or any other data processing system. Due to the ever-changing nature of computers and networks, the description of computer system 22 depicted in
Referring now to
More specifically, wavefront measurement system 30 can include an image source 32, such as a laser, which projects a source image through optical tissues 34 of eye 2 so as to form an image 44 upon a surface of retina R. Image 44 can comprise a very tiny spot of light and can be formed by imaging light passing through an aperture positioned near source 32. The image from retina R is transmitted by the optical system of the eye (e.g., optical tissues 34) and imaged onto a wavefront sensor 36 by system optics 37. The wavefront sensor 36 communicates signals to a computer system 22′ for measurement of the optical errors in the optical tissues 34 and/or determination of an optical tissue ablation treatment program. Computer 22′ may include tangible media embodying instructions or code for characterizing a surface, and/or for the other methods described herein. For example, instructions to diagnose the eye by measuring a wavefront and/or topography and by measuring a tear meniscus. Computer 22′ may include the same or similar hardware as the computer system 22 illustrated in
Wavefront sensor 36 generally includes a lenslet array 38 and a sensor array such as an image sensor 40. As the image from retina R is transmitted through optical tissues 34 and imaged onto a surface of image sensor 40 and an image of the eye pupil is similarly imaged onto a surface of lenslet array 38, the lenslet array separates the transmitted image into an array of beamlets 42, and (in combination with other optical components of the system) images the separated beamlets on the surface of sensor 40. Sensor 40 can be a charged couple device or "CCD," and senses the characteristics of these individual beamlets, which can be used to determine the characteristics of an associated region of optical tissues 34. In particular, where image 44 comprises a point or small spot of light, a location of the transmitted spot as imaged by a beamlet can directly indicate a local gradient of the associated region of optical tissue. In alternate embodiments, the sensor can be a CMOS sensor array, a linear array detector, orthogonal linear array detectors, a position sensing detector or a quadrant detector.
Eye 2 generally defines an anterior orientation ANT and a posterior orientation POS. Image source 32 generally projects an image in a posterior orientation through optical tissues 34 onto retina R as indicated in
In some embodiments, image source optics 46 may decrease lower order optical errors by compensating for spherical and/or cylindrical errors of optical tissues 34. Higher order optical errors of the optical tissues may also be compensated through the use of an adaptive optics system, such as a deformable mirror (described below). Use of an image source 32 selected to define a point or small spot at image 44 upon retina R may facilitate the analysis of the data provided by wavefront sensor 36. Distortion of image 44 may be limited by transmitting a source image through a central region 48 of optical tissues 34 which is smaller than the pupil formed in the iris, as the central portion of the pupil may be less prone to optical errors than the peripheral portion. Regardless of the particular image source structure, it will be generally be beneficial to have a well-defined and accurately formed image 44 on retina R.
The wavefront data may be stored in a computer readable medium 29 or a memory of the wavefront sensor system 30 in three separate arrays containing 1) the light spot pattern, 2) the x and y wavefront gradient values obtained from image spot analysis of the Hartmann-Shack sensor images, and 3) the x and y pupil center offsets from the nominal center of the Hartmann-Shack lenslet array, as measured by the sensor array 13 (
While methods will generally be described herein with reference to sensing of an image 44, a series of wavefront sensor data readings may be taken. For example, a time series of wavefront data readings may help to provide a more accurate overall determination of the ocular tissue aberrations. As the ocular tissues can vary in shape over a brief period of time, a plurality of temporally separated wavefront sensor measurements can avoid relying on a single snapshot of the optical characteristics as the basis for a refractive correcting procedure. Still further alternatives are also available, including taking wavefront sensor data of the eye with the eye in differing configurations, positions, and/or orientations. For example, a patient will often help maintain alignment of the eye with wavefront measurement system 30 by focusing on a fixation target, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,004,313, the full disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. By varying a position of the fixation target as described in that reference, optical characteristics of the eye may be determined while the eye accommodates or adapts to image a field of view at a varying distance and/or angles.
The location of the optical axis of the eye may be verified by reference to the data provided from a sensor array 13. In an exemplary embodiment, lens 9 forms an image of the pupil formed in the iris 4 so as to determine a position of the pupil for registration of the wavefront sensor data relative to the optical tissues.
In an exemplary embodiment illustrated in
An alternative embodiment of a wavefront measurement system is illustrated in
Referring now to
The components of an embodiment of a wavefront measurement system for measuring the eye and ablations can include elements of a VISX WaveScan� system, available from VISX, Incorporated of Santa Clara, Calif. One embodiment includes a WaveScan� system with a deformable mirror as described above. An alternate embodiment of a wavefront measuring system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,271,915, the full disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Referring now to
Several possible combinations of comparisons can be made. For example, the cornea is compared to the depth of the treatment at step 232, and a thickness of stromal bed in LASIK can be compared to the intended depth of ablation. Alternatively, a thickness of a corneal implant, or depth of the implant can be compared to the thickness of the cornea. The size of the treatment is compared to the size of the pupil at step 234. For example, a size of an optical zone ablated on the cornea can be compared to the size of the pupil. Also, a size of an ablation zone including a size of a transition zone can be compared to the size of the pupil. A size of an optical correction zone on a contact lens can be compared to a size of the pupil. An tear volume threshold can be set based on a type of treatment selected for the patient. For example, LASIK, PRK, RK and contact lens fitting can each have different first threshold amounts. The first tear volume threshold can be set at an amount of tear volume which is a minimum amount of tear volume a patient should have to be considered a candidate for the selected correction. For example, the first threshold value can be set at a tear volume level corresponding to a dry eye with a tear volume level so low that the measured tear volume level is a contraindication for LASIK refractive surgery. The first tear volume level can also be set at a tear volume level so low that the measured tear volume level is a contraindication for PRK. Software loaded on the processor can warn the health care provider not to treat the patient with the selected correction. A second tear volume threshold can be set to correspond to a minimum tear volume level at which the patient is a candidate for selected correction, is unlikely to have a delayed recovery. Such a patient can be diagnosed as category 3. If the measured tear volume level for the patient falls below the second threshold amount and above the first threshold amount, the patient may have delayed recovery for the type of treatment selected, and the patient can be diagnosed as category 2. Patients falling into this second group can be diagnosed as having potential side effects. Patients in the second group can be diagnosed as having potential side effects based on the comparison of the cornea to the depth of treatment at step 232, the comparison of pupil size to size of optical correction at step 234 and the comparison of the measured tear volume level to the second tear volume threshold at step 236. Patients in the second group can be diagnosed as being at risk for delayed recovery or be treated for dry eye before undergoing refractive surgery. Patient diagnosed as being at risk for delayed recovery can be warned, and the risk of the delayed recovery and the diagnosed condition of the eye noted in the patient chart. The delayed recovery can include a delayed recovery of vision, and a delayed recovery of dry eye symptoms and visual comfort. It should be noted that the values of the threshold amounts listed in steps 230-246 to select a candidate for refractive surgery can be different from the threshold amounts in steps 202 to 220 to diagnose and measure the eye.
After the patient has been screened and a treatment has been selected, the patient can be treated with the selected treatment. The patient can be monitored after treatment using the measurement techniques described above. A patient follow up schedule can be determined based upon what category the patient belonged prior to treatment. A patient in a category corresponding to possible delayed recovery can be placed on a follow up schedule providing a greater number of post-operative visits.
While the exemplary embodiments have been described in some detail for clarity of understanding and by way of example, a variety of additional modifications, adaptations, and changes may be clear to those of skill in the art. Hence, the scope of the present invention is limited solely by the appended claims.
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Interesting Sailboats
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Yes David, I am sure I had posted something about it but cannot find it so I will try to make a new post about the basic stuff.
first look at this picture:
The graphic represents the increased force needed for two 10m heavy displacement long keel boat due to drag while the speed increases. One boat has a prismatic coefficient of 0.53 and the fuller one (but with the same beam one) 0.62.
We can see that between 5 and 7.3K speed the one with thinner entries need considerably less force. We can see also that over 7.3 the fatter boat has a very slight advantage over that speed. We can see also that for taking advantage of that benefice we will need about 3 times more force than the one that needed to sail the boat at 6K, an huge force that can only be generated downwind with big winds and huge sails with enormous stress to the rig and boat.
A negligible advantage considering that the advantage of the thinner boat with less force (less wind and sail) will be much more exploitable.
I don't have a graphic with the same boat, same hull and half the weight but what you would give a much fuller curve that would show that the boat would need less force for getting the same speed and that's because with half weight the boat would have a lot less wet surface and therefore less drag. Things would improve, in what regards the needed force, if we take out the full keel and put a narrow fin keel and spade ruder: less wet surface again, so less drag.
On a light boat the end of the curve would not close so sharply meaning that the boat given adequate power could go much more easily over hull speed and on that particular point a more fuller shape can have advantage because the power needed to put the boat over hull speed is not unattainable and the needed force will be less with a fuller shape. Off course a fuller shape will gain there but will lose on the force needed at smaller speeds, or against waves were the drag would increase more than with a thinner shape.
So the factors are less wet surface, less prismatic coefficient and more power. Regarding power it is convenient to remember that a more fuller shape will also provide more form stability increasing drag but also the power needed to overcome it. That makes for instance an Open 60 or a 40class boat able to get a good performance against the wind and waves but that at the cost of more needed power (more sail area) and more pounding.
So let's have a look at the boats that you were talking about, the Salona 38 (the Salona 37 has the same hull) and the Dufour 375:
The Salona has a slightly bigger waterline: 10.15 m to 9.89, less 660kg of weight (6300 to 6960), less 23cm of beam (362 to 385) and a considerable better prismatic coefficient not only because it has less beam for the same lenght but also because it has thinner entries.
The Salona also has considerable more ballast (420kg more) for a similar keel with the same draft (2270 kg to 1850 kg - 1.95m draft) and an even bigger difference in ballast/displacement ratio : 0.360 to 0.266.
The bigger form stability of the Dufour is not able to compensate the difference in the righting moment given by the much superior D/B ratio of the Salona and so this one has the power to carry much more sail, more 26 m2 (88.4 to 67.0).
The Salona will have less drag due to a better prismatic coefficient and to a less wet surface (lower weight) it is more stiff (more righting moment) and has much more power (more sail area/righting moment).
That curve between the Salona and the Dufour will show that the Salona will need noticeably less power to a given speed and has the Salona has more power available that will make it a much faster boat even if near hull speed the differences would not be so noticeable.
The bigger difference will be with lighter winds (less than 12K) were the Salona will be considerably faster, especially in very weak winds (less than 9K). And also in high winds, downwind were the superior beam of the Dufour will not be able to compensate the much lesser weight and the ability for the Salona to carry more sail. For the recorded experience (mine and from others) with this kind of boats, downwind with a lot of wind it will be difficult for the Dufour to go over 10k while for the Salona that difficulty will happen at about 12K, and I am talking in sailing in about 30/35K wind with waves that would help the boats to surf. Boats like the Salona can go under Spinnaker with an experienced crew to speeds of 16K and that is just not possible with the Dufour.
The Dufour will also lose clearly in the superior capacity that the Salona will have to accelerate in all puffs of air (less weight, more sail) on the capacity to close downwind and also in the capacity to maintain speed upwind against waves. Here the lesser prismatic coefficient of the Salona will permit him to have less wave drag while its superior righting moment (power) will make it able to sustain speed while the Dufour will stale.
The Dufour will only have an advantage and that is that in medium winds probably the boat will sail with less heel than the Salona, due to its major component in form stability.
In what regards reserve stability and seaworthiness, the Salona will have a much better righting moment at 90º, a better AVS and a smaller inverted stability.
David, I have taken so much time answering you because your's was a good question and one that will explain the difference in two different boat concepts and not necessarily between a Salona and a Dufour 375. If we compare a Benetau 37 or a Bavaria 38 with a Xp 38 or a J 125 the results are not going to be much different.
Finally as last comet about those differences, something that you have already discovered on the Dufour 34e (even in its soft version) in comparison with the Jeanneau 36i: The performance boat is much more nervous and agreeable (fun) to steer.
A final warning: That huge difference in sail (21.4m2) between the Salona and Dufour is not only due to the superior righting moment of the Salona but because the Salona has more sail for a given righting moment (like all really performance boats towards cruisers). That will make it probably a boat that will need to reef earlier (or at least at the same time) and a more nervous boat that will demand a more experienced sailor (not necessarily a more dangerous boat, quite the opposite but one that is more difficult to sail).
That's why most performance cruisers have a softer version, with a smaller mast and less sails for the ones that want to have the power and the safety without having a nervous and more demanding boat. However much of these detuned and less expensive versions also have a lesser righting moment because the hull is made out of a different material (epoxy versus inferior and heavier resins) and therefore more heavier or because to a smaller draft does not correspond the needed increment in weight to maintain the same righting curve. Pay attention to that.
Regarding to the Salona that I am trying to obtain I will want it with more 250kg on the ballast (that is the same 2270kg but on a 2.25keel), just to carry all that sail without the need to reef earlier, to have a more powerful and less nervous boat with heavier weather and also one with a better reserve stability. The better of two worlds
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Doyle Keener
ARCHER CITY — Doyle Keener, age 74, of Scotland, Texas passed away Saturday, January 16, 2010, in Oklahoma City.
Services will be held at 10:00 a.m. Thursday, January 21, 2010, at Aulds Funeral Home with his nephew, Norm Duncan of Wichita, Kansas officiating. Interment will follow in St. Boniface Cemetery in Scotland under the direction of Aulds Funeral Home.
The family will receive friends from 7:00 p.m. until 8:00 p.m. Wednesday, January 20, 2010 at Aulds Funeral Home.
Doyle was born November 7, 1935 in Clarieta, Oklahoma to Clarence Isaac Keener and Leota Marie Walker Keener.
He and Lavell Houchen were married April 21, 1958 in McPhearson, Kansas.
Mr. Keener proudly served his country in the United States Army. He then was employed for Pierce Davis in Kansas where he built grain elevators. He moved to Texas and was employed at Sheppard Air Force Base as a laborer. He also was employed at NuRay Electric in Wichita Falls. He then became employed by Browning Electra for over twenty years and finally was employed by Double E Electric until his retirement.
Doyle enjoyed hunting, fishing and spending time with his family.
Survivors include his wife, Lavell Keener of Scotland; two sons, Jimmy Keener and wife, Sharon of Archer City, and Carl Keener and wife, Linda of Windthorst; grandchildren, Justin Keener and wife, Mandy of Windthorst, Rashell, Shelby and Racheal Keener, all of Windthorst, Amanda Reeves and husband, Chris of Archer City, Ashley, Cody, and Ryan Woods of Oklahoma City; mother, Leota Marie Keener of Coalgate, Oklahoma; sisters, Nelda Wilson and husband, Dan of Stockton, California and Yvonne Kirby of Stockton, Missouri; two great-grandchildren; and many nieces and nephews.
He was preceded in death by his father, Clarence Isaac Keener, one son, Darrell Glenn Keener, and one daughter, Vicki Dolynn Keener.
Serving as pallbearers will be Kirk Hoepfner, Clay Jackson, Mark Jackson, Robert Krahl, and Larry Lee.
Honorary pallbearers will be Don Carson, Kenneth Hoepfner, and David Jackson.
The family truly appreciates the Archer City Ambulance for all their help, and suggests memorials to the Archer City Ambulance P.O. Box 367, Archer City, Texas 76351.
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MANNFORD, Okla. (AP) — Authorities are investigating after two men were found dead in a mobile home in Pawnee County.
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DOBSON — Surry Community College Math Club members, not "all the kings horses and all the kings men," are going to give Humpty Dumpty a chance to go airborne this afternoon as the school holds its annual egg launch. The event is set from 2 to 5 p.m. at the SCC Emergency Services Driving Range on the Dobson campus.
During the event, each participant will launch an egg upwards on a rocket, hoping the egg will land safely on the ground. The activity has a lesson in math and physics concerning how high the projectile can go with an initial velocity and have the egg remain safely intact within the school's driving range. The contest has been held for 10 years at SCC.
"Our goal is to get students from across all disciplines to participate and learn more about the fun side of math," said Math Club Faculty Advisor Tracie Haymore."We are expecting at least ten for this year's competition. The weather has a lot to do with it though. One year the wind was so bad we had to adjust the rules to be just landing with an intact egg near the range and not in a tree so we could have a winner."
She said originally the competition was held exclusively for homemade rockets, which has changed in recent years with participants using kits.
"The original students wanted to be engineers or in aeronautics so they really wanted to fly what they made from scratch," Haymore said. "Most years we have at least one rocket that is not from a kit. We still require them to use a standard solid rocket fuel engine. My job is to sit back and advise. This is a member driven project."
Haymore said participation varies from year to year, partly because of the diverse student population and partly because of economic necessity of students now having to work extra jobs or tutor, which has had an impact on club participation. Another factor is a majority of students are in two-year programs so club presidents often serve one year only.
"Overall, I think this has had an impact on clubs," said Haymore. "Life happens. The community college population is like wavelengths which always change I guess. We had tons of participants when we first started this and we are going to keep going as long as we have participants. It's fun to watch and fun for the students. We're hoping for a good turnout to cheer us on."
She indicated this could result in a rethinking about how clubs are organized. Students of the SCC Math Club do other activities through the year. The club has visited retirement homes, participated in Christmas parades, volunteered at local food banks and enjoyed Carowinds to experience math and physics in person.
For more information persons may contact Tracie Haymore at (336) 386-3406 or email@example.com. There is no cost to participate. Each participant must provide his or her own rocket.
David Broyles may be reached at 336-719-1952 or on twitter@MtAiryNewsDave.