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The Card: Your Update from Eudora Schools
District newsletter from Aug. 8, 2012, packed with great information for students, families and the community.
what's inside: Shuttle Schedules � District Calendar � Parent Notification System Fall 2012 A New meal choices are Body Smart / Brain Smart cross the country, school lunches are getting healthier, and Eudora Schools are on board. To comply with the federal Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act, menus this year will feature more fruits, vegetables and whole grains, and fewer foods that are high in fat, sodium or carbohydrates. These changes are being introduced to parents and students through the Body Smart / Brain Smart program, which focuses on the countless benefits of eating well. "Healthy kids are happier, smarter kids," said Sharla Flakus, the district's director of food and nutrition services. "Nutrition plays a huge role in health, so we want to do our part to provide the healthy foods that fuel student success in the classroom and in life." On the whole, healthy children and teens have better attendance and do better in school. Here are just a few of the benefits that researchers have found: � Good nutrition increases the ability to focus and learn � Healthy eating improves behavior at school and at home � Students with healthy diets stay home from school less often � Healthy meals have a direct effect on a child's weight and overall wellness � Access to nutritious foods help create healthy habits for life With the new menus, students and parents will notice an increase in both the portion and variety of fresh vegetables and fruits, as well as a decrease in foods high in sodium or fat. "We have taken pride in the quality of our breakfast and lunch programs for many years," said Superintendent of Schools Don Grosdidier. "These new federal requirements have challenged us to keep working to make sure that students are getting the best possible nutrition. As any parent knows, it is challenging to plan menus on a budget that are healthy and kid-friendly, but our food and nutrition services department is doing just that." For students who eat breakfast at home or bring their lunches to school, Flakus encourages parents to consider a variety of healthy options. Dozens of helpful tips for parents and students are available at www.eudoraschools.org/bodysmart. "I know change isn't always easy," Flakus said, "but if we can all work together to offer our students the best, most nutritious foods, our schools and families really will enjoy so many great benefits." District Office Eudora Elementary School Eudora Middle School Eudora High School 785-542-4910 785-542-4940 785-542-4960 785-542-4980 2 � the card | Fall 2012 2012-2013 SCHOOL CALENDAR AUGUST 2012 M T 6 7 (13) (14) 20 21 27 28 W 1 8 (15) 22 29 T 2 9 16 23 30 F 3 10 17 24 31 M 7 14 21 28 January 2013 T 1 8 15 22 29 W 2 9 16 23 30 T 3 10 17 24 31 F (4) 11 18 25 August September 2012 M 3 10 17 24 T 4 11 18 25 W 5 12 19 26 T 6 13 20 27 F 7 14 21 28 February 2013 M T W T 4 5 6 7 11 12 13 14 18 19 20 21 25 26 27 28 F 1 8 (15) 22 2 & 7 Cardinal Craze back-to-school/ enrollment fair 8, 9, 10 Orientation for New Employees 13-14 Inservice for All Staff 15 Teacher Workday (No meetings) 13 Athletic Activities Begin 16 Grades 1-9; Students Dismissed at 11:15 A.M. 16-17 Kindergarten Visitation By Appointment 17 First Full Day for Grades 1-12 20-23 Kindergarten Half Day (8:15 A.M.-11:15 A.M.) 24 First Full Day for Kindergarten 7 9 21 13 15 18 21 Classes Resume Dismiss at 1:15 P.M.; Inservice 1:15 P.M.-3:15 P.M. No School -Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday Dismiss at 1:15 P.M.; Inservice 1:15 P.M.-3:15 P.M. No School -- Inservice No School Kindergarten P-T Conferences 4:00 P.M.-8:00 P.M. by appt. only Dismiss at 1:15 P.M.; Inservice 1:15 P.M.-3:15 P.M. No School -- Teacher Workday No School -- Spring Break No School -- Designated Inclement Weather Day Dismiss at 1:15 P.M.; Inservice 1:15 P.M.-3:15 P.M. No Kindergarten Classes (Fall 2013 Kdg. Roundup screenings) No School -- Inservice -- Designated Inclement Weather Day Dismiss at 1:15 P.M.; Inservice 1:15 P.M.-3:15 P.M. Last Day for Seniors Last Full Day for Students Eudora High School Graduation 1:00 P.M. No School -- Teacher Workdays February March 13 15 18-22 1 10 18-19 26 September 3 12 19 1 10 19 24 25 26 No School -- Labor Day Dismiss at 1:15 P.M.; Inservice 1:15 P.M.-3:15 P.M. P-T Conferences 4:00 P.M.-8:00 P.M. by appt. only No School -- Inservice Dismiss at 1:15 P.M.; Inservice 1:15 P.M.-3:15 P.M. No School -- Teacher Workday K-12 Regular Classes & K-12 P-T Conf., 4:00 P.M.-8:00 P.M. No School -- K-12 P-T Conferences 8:00 A.M.-4:00 P.M. No School Dismiss at 1:15 P.M.; Inservice 1:15 P.M.-3:15 P.M. Dismiss Students & Staff One Hour Early No School -- Thanksgiving Vacation April October 2012 M (1) 8 15 22 29 T 2 9 16 23 30 W 3 10 17 24 31 T 4 11 18 (25) F 5 12 (19) 26 March 2013 M T W T 4 5 6 7 11 12 13 14 18 19 20 21 25 26 27 28 F 1 8 (15) 22 29 October May 8 15 17 18 20-21 November 2012 M T W 5 6 7 12 13 14 19 20 21 26 27 28 T 1 8 15 22 29 F 2 9 16 23 30 M 1 8 15 22 29 April 2013 T W T F 2 3 4 5 9 10 11 12 16 17 18 19 23 24 25 (26) 30 November 14 16 19-23 December Key No School Dismiss at 1:15 P.M. Students Dismissed at 2:00 P.M. 1/2 Student Day; 1/2 Teacher Workday Dismiss 11:15 A.M. ( ) Inservice/Workday/P-T Conferences No School No Kindergarten Classes December 2012 M 3 10 17 24 31 T 4 11 18 25 W 5 12 19 26 T 6 13 20 27 F 7 14 (21) 28 May 2013 M T 6 7 13 14 20 (21) 27 28 W 1 8 15 (22) 29 T 2 9 16 23 30 F 3 10 17 24 31 12 Dismiss at 1:15 P.M.; Inservice 1:15 P.M.-3:15 P.M. 20 Dismiss Students & Staff One Hour Early 21 No School -- Teacher Workday 24-Jan. 3No School -- Winter Vacation January 4 No School -- Inservice 2012-2013 Schedule Eudora Elementary School: 8:15 a.m. to 3:25 p.m. Eudora Middle School: 8:05 a.m. to 3:20 p.m. Eudora High School: 8:10 a.m. to 3:20 p.m. Rock Family Chiropractic � Workers' Comp � Auto Injury Cases � New Patients Treated Same Day � Walk-ins Welcome! � Blue Cross Blue Shield, Medicare & All Major Insurances Accepted Ryan Rock, D.C. 1402 Church St., Ste. E � 542-2118 rockfamilychiropratic.com Our mission is to help as many people as possible, especially our children. Check us out on the web and Facebook! the card | Fall 2012 � 3 Parent notification system delivers news to district families or several years, the district's automated parent notification system has been a powerful way for parents and guardians of Eudora Schools students to receive important information from the school district. Messages from the principal or other district representative are delivered by phone and/or by e-mail to notify families within minutes of an emergency or unplanned event that might cause a change in the school schedule or routines. The system will include SMS text messaging for certain types of announcements this year, as well. A preliminary welcome text message will be sent to all numbers in the system after school begins. The message will include steps for those who wish to opt out from receiving future text messages. Standard text messaging rates apply. "We are proud to offer this communication tool to help keep open the lines of communication with our students' families," said Superintendent of Schools Don Grosdidier. "Adding the text messaging feature gives our families one more simple way to receive important messages and stay informed." In addition to emergency messages and helpful reminders, the parent notification system is used to alert parents when a student is absent without known parental permission. Parents are encouraged to share the appropriate phone numbers -- including any changes in contact information -- with the school office to ensure that messages are received. "We consider the phone system to be an important tool to enhance communications of all kinds," Grosdidier said. "Whether it's an unexpected student absence, a critical message during a crisis or a call to let parents know that school is closing early, we value the opportunity to keep our families in the loop." For more information about how the district uses the service, or for details about the procedures used when making a call, visit the Safety and Health page of the district website, under the For Parents section. eFriday Folder is the place to find student opportunities arents and students looking to get involved in activities, sports or other community events should keep an eye on the eFriday Folder. The school district posts fliers advertising students on the web, in an effort to help streamline the flow of fliers and brochures in student backpacks each week. "This is a quick and easy way for parents to see at a glance just what is available to them and their students," said Kristin Magette, the district's director of communications. "It cuts down on paper that travels home in backpacks and provides details about all the great camps, workshops and activities specifically to the people who are interested." The eFriday Folder can be accessed at www.eudoraschools.org/ eff, or navigate to the page by choosing the For Parents tab on the top navigation bar on the district home page. New postings to the eFriday Folder are loaded weekly, as they are submitted. Parents are encouraged to check back often to get the latest information about opportunities and activities for students. Any non-profit organization offering opportunities to the students and families of Eudora Schools is eligible to submit items to be posted on the eFriday Folder page. Visit the eFriday Folder page for submission instructions. F P Our activity calendar is online! Create your free account and set up e-mail reminders and custom calendars to fit your family's needs! www.eudoraschools.org/vcalendar 4 � the card | Fall 2012 Easing those back-to-school nerves -- for you and your child he start of a new school year brings with it plenty of fun and excitement, but many students also can feel anxious or stressed as they adjust to a new class, new school or new routines. Parents and adults can play a very important role in helping students prepare for a new school year and transition through the changes smoothly. Carla DeHetre, WRAP mental health worker at Eudora Middle School, offered a number of ways that adults can help students feel confident about going back to school. "My number-one tip for parents is to help normalize feelings that their child might be having about transitioning to a new school year," she said. "This is a great chance to assure children that it's normal to feel anxious or nervous and to model ways to talk about their feelings." She also offered the following advice to parents: � Contact a WRAP worker for support. WRAP workers, mental health professionals in each school, are a great resource whenever parents and kids are struggling with transition issues. They can help students or parents with jitters about the new school year. � Practice school routines, such as bed time and getting ready in the morning, for at least a week before school starts. This will help decrease stress during the first few days of school. � Offer the student an opportunity to visit to their school building, and consider contacting a WRAP worker or counselor for a touring time prior to the beginning of the school year. � If a student is bothered by a specific concern, such as using a locker, help the student practice prior to the school year. � For families who are new to the district, have the student meet with the counselor or WRAP worker to become more familiar with the school layout and daily procedures. � New students also can benefit from having a "first friend" in a new school. The school counselor or WRAP worker can help connect a new student with a peer mentor or other classmate. Once the beginning of the year has come and gone, WRAP workers and school counselors continue to support students and parents as needed, and Hetre encouraged parents be in touch whenever they can help a student overcome life's challenges. WRAP , which stands for Working to Recognize Alternative Possibilities, is part of The Bridge, www.thebridgeeudora.org. T Photo by Kourtney Hadle Get news updates in your e-mail inbox! Visit Want to know the latest about Eudora Schools? www.eudoraschools.org to sign up today! WRAP workers serve students in each district school building: Eudora Elementary School Elizabeth Day 785-542-4940 firstname.lastname@example.com Eudora Middle School Carla DeHetre 785-542-4960 firstname.lastname@example.com Eudora High School Amy Brown 785-542-4980 email@example.com Jazz ~ Tap ~ Ballet ~ Hip-Hop ~ Acro It takes everyone to Learn what you can do and review our district's procedures at www.eudoraschools.org/bullying BULLYING prevent the card | Fall 2012 � 5 Message from the Superintendent Dear Friend of Eudora Schools, Summer is winding down, and I am excited to welcome all of our students and families to Eudora Schools for a great 2012-2013 school year. Whether your family has had children in our schools before or not, I am proud to say that our community's schools are a place where students receive a high-quality learning experience tailored to each student's individual needs. We are always working to Don Grosdidier find better ways to make our schools a great place for all of our community's students to learn and grow. Therefore, I'm proud to share that recently the Eudora Board of Education approved definitions and procedures to address school bullying. Everyone -- from parents to students to district employees -- has a part to play in ensuring that our schools are safe and comfortable for all students, and I thank you for your partnership in these efforts. Bullying information is now available in all school handbooks and online at www.eudoraschools.org/bullying. Next, I want to encourage each and every Eudora voter to learn about the candidates and participate in the Nov. 6 general election. Check the voting records of candidates who have served in the Legislature before, and diligently research the candidates who have not. The stakes continue to be high for the future success of our state's public schools, and every vote matters. Finally, I'm happy to announce that we are in the final year of our district's three-year strategic plan. This plan has guided us through many decisions and challenges over the past couple of years, and I am extremely proud of the progress we've made toward all of our goals. You can see the strides we've made by visiting www.eudoraschools.org/strategicplan. We will embark again this fall on creating our next three-year plan, and I look forward to collaborating with members of the community, our employees, and representatives of local business and government to create a vibrant plan that will lead us into the future. Have a great school year, and thanks for all you do to support our schools! Don Grosdidier Superintendent of Schools Camp Invention an `attractive' summer activity for elementary students EHS student Scott Lounsbury helps Camp Invention participants learn about the properties of magnets at Eudora Elementary School in June. The day camp, which is a program of the National Inventors Hall of Fame Foundation, got dozens of elementary students excited about science and engineering through a wide range of hands-on activities and special projects. Kaw Valley Bank See for your home loan needs. Kaw Valley Bank is pleased to announce that we are now offering internet banking and online bill payment. Your locally owned hometown bank established 1899. Check us out @ www.kawvalleystatebank.com Become a fan of Eudora Schools at www.facebook.com/eudoraschools to get the latest district news. Follow us on FaceBook! Established in 1899 739 Main, Eudora Ks. 66025 "More Than Bankers...We're Your Neighbors" (785) 542-4200 LENDER 6 � the card | Fall 2012 Proud Supporter of Eudora Schools: Eudora Schools Foundation Board of Directors 12th Man Club Sponsor/Member Booster Club Sponsor/Member Sponsor Student of the Week Program Volunteer Speaker for district schools Open 8:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. Monday - Friday Open Evenings & Weekends by Appt. All for your convenience. Located next to Durkin's Hardware Keith Nowland, Agent 218 E 20th Street Eudora, KS 66025 Bus: 785-542-3276 email@example.com Eudora Schools transportation: Helping students get to school safely W Now Located in Eudora Medical Building 600 E 20th � 785-542-2533 Debrah Barr, R. Ph. � Dan Moore Pharm. D � Stan Byrne, R. Ph. hether it's a rural bus pick-up or a shuttle stop, students in Eudora Schools have access to free, safe transportation to and from school. A school bus shuttle is available before and after school to take students between the schools and designated drop-off points in the community. Students living in the district, but outside Eudora city limits, may request bus transportation to and from their homes. One afternoon bus will be dedicated to transport students who are enrolled in the Eudora Parks and Recreation afterschool program. Interested parents may contact the city for more information. Parents and families are asked to be patient at the beginning of the year as the transportation schedules are implemented. Transportation director Hal Reusch said that his entire team will do whatever is needed to get the school year started off right. "It always takes some time to adjust to changes in the schedules and routes," Reusch said. "But just like every year, we will make every effort to deliver students to school both safely and on time." There is no charge for district students to ride the shuttle, but all students riding a district bus must have a transportation request form on file. A copy of this form and the shuttle schedule are available at www.eudoraschools.org/cardinalcraze. Proudly Serving Eudora Since 1971 Your Hometown Pharmacy Locally Owned, Locally Managed HOURS: Mon.-Fri. 8:00 a.m. - 7:00 p.m. Saturday 8:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m. www.byrnespharmacy.com 2012-2013 shuttle stop locations: �Eudora Elementary School �Eudora Middle School �Eudora High School �CPA Park near 9th and Main �Eudora Recreation Center (1630 Elm St.) �The former West Early Childhood Family Center (1310 Winchester) the card | Fall 2012 � 7 Eudora Schools shuttle bus schedule MORNING SHUTTLE Bus 1, 23 Meet at MAIN after rural route Depart MAIN at 7:25 a.m. Bus 2, 3, 4, 5, 23 Bus 1 to EHS Meet at EES after rural routes Depart EES at 7:35 a.m. Bus 1, 3, 4 to WEST 7:45 a.m. Bus 5 to EMS & EHS 7:45 a.m. Bus 4, 5, 23 Meet at EES Bus 3 to EMS Bus 1 to EHS To bus barn Bus 2, 23 to ERC 7:45 a.m. Bus 2 to EMS & EHS Bus 2, 4, 23 to bus barn Afternoon SHUTTLE Bus 3, 4, 5, 7 Bus 1, 23 Depart EMS Depart EHS at 3:15 p.m. at 3:17 p.m. ALL Buses meet at EES at approximately 3:25 p.m. Bus 2, 3* to ERC & EMS Bus 4, 5, 7, 14* to WEST Bus 1* to ERC & EHS Bus 12, 23 to MAIN Bus 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Begin afternoon rural route Bus 12, 14, 23 To bus barn *Bus 14 will carry only those students who are enrolled in the Eudora Recreation Center after-school program. Contact Eudora Parks and Rec for more information. Transportation office phone: 785-542-4900 | Hal Reusch, Transportation and operations director Parents! A completed Transportation Request Form MUST be on file each year for all students riding the shuttles. As long as a form is on file, students may ride the shuttle bus as needed, at no charge. NOTE: All times are approximate. All times and bus numbers are subject to change. EES = Eudora Elementary School, EHS = Eudora High School, EMS = Eudora Middle School, ERC = Eudora Recreation Center (1630 Elm), MAIN = Eudora Public Library near 9th and Main, WEST = West Early Childhood Family Center PARENTS ALWAYS FREE Open Play (at both locations) SUNDAY $5 1402 Church Street � 542-2727 OPEN: Monday - Saturday: 7 am to 9 pm Sunday: 8 am to 8 pm


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April 17, 2012
Jack Casady will particpate in the Fur Peace Ranch Guitar Camp on the road at the festival. Special photo
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Airplane/Tuna great brings guitar camp to Wanee
Musicians may sign up for musical instruction from Rock and Roll Hall of Famers at the Wanee Festival.
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Aly Raisman Gets Robbed of the Bronze
Labyrinthine Olympic tiebreaker rules deprive Raisman of third place
She vaulted and floor-exercised her way into our hearts. For a moment, she made "Hava Nagila" slightly cool. Sadly, Aly Raisman's dreams of her own Olympic gold were dashed tonight when she finished tied for a third place with (the unbelievably not-Jewish) Aliya Mustafina of Russia in the women's all-around individual competition.
By Olympic protocol, Raisman was not granted the bronze medal because she
is Jewish did not win out in the series of determining tiebreakers. Both gymnasts were tied with a score of 59.566 points when these nutso rules went into effect:
Should there be ties in the team finals in London, the lowest apparatus score will be dropped and the remaining scores added. If that doesn't break the tie, additional apparatus scores will be dropped, one at a time, until there is a winner. If no winner emerges, the tie stands.
There is a similar formula for the all-around final. But if no winner has emerged following the dropping of apparatus scores, the execution score total for each gymnast serve as the tie-breaker, followed by his or her total start value. If that doesn't establish a winner, the tie will stand.
The site SB Nation broke down an explanation of the loss thusly:
So Mustafina's lowest score (a 13.633 on the balance beam) and Raisman's lowest score (a 14.200 on the balance beam) were both dropped, and the scores remaining were compared. Mustafina had a 45.933 after the drop, and Raisman had a 45.366; therefore, Mustafina won the tiebreaker.
What seems wrong about this is that Raisman's lowest score was better than Mustafina's lowest score. If this is an all-around competition, shouldn't the standard for winning be consistency? At any rate, Mustafina may have the bronze, but she got straight up crushed by Raisman's teammate Gabby Douglas who won the gold.
Raisman wins the gold in our hearts.
How Aly Raisman Lost the All-Around Women's Bronze Medal on a Tiebreaker [SBN]
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Shiv Sena today demanded that a special session of Maharashtra legislature be convened to discuss the report of Adarsh Commission of Enquiry.
Sena leaders put forth the demand in a meeting with Governor K Sankaranarayanan here this evening.
"Action should be taken against the politicians involved (in Adarsh Society scam) along with guilty bureaucrats," the Sena leaders said in a memorandum submitted to the Governor.
"There is confusion on whether it was the Governor or the state government which refused permission to CBI to prosecute former Chief Minister Ashok Chavan (who has been indicted by the Adarsh commission)," the memorandum said. "You should use your special powers and give directives.
"You should also direct CBI to find the real owners of the benami flats in the Adarsh society," it said.
The delegation included Subhash Desai, Diwakar Raote, Ramdas Kadam and Dr Neelam Gorhe, alongwith a dozen Sena MLAs.
The Governor assured the delegation that he will discuss the points raised by it with the Chief Minister, the party said in a statement later.


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Leeds Metropolitan University is a British University with three campuses. Two are situated in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England while the third is situated in Bhopal, India. It gained university status in 1992; prior to this date it was known as Leeds Polytechnic. The number of students is listed by the HESA 2008/09 data as the 15th largest in Britain. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Leeds Metropolitan University)
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Information Skills and the DNER: The INHALE Project
Margaret Weaver describes the work of the Information for Nursing and Health in a Learning Environment (INHALE) Project team.
June 2001, issue28, feature article


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So what if you're a tenant? With a good eye (and a generous landlord) you can still make your mark, says Emily Wheeler
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Antimicrobial activity of 18 ethnomedicinal plant extracts were evaluated against nine bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Ervinia sp, Proteus vulgaris) and one fungal strain (Candida albicans). The collected ethnomedicinal plants were used in folk medicine in the treatment of skin diseases, venereal diseases, respiratory problems and nervous disorders.
Plants were collected from Palni hills of Southern Western Ghats and the ethnobotanical data were gathered from traditional healers who inhabit the study area. The hexane and methanol extracts were obtained by cold percolation method and the antimicrobial activity was found using paper disc diffusion method. All microorganisms were obtained from Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
The results indicated that out of 18 plants, 10 plants exhibited antimicrobial activity against one or more of the tested microorganisms at three different concentrations of 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/disc. Among the plants tested, Acalypha fruticosa, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Toddalia asiatica,Cassia auriculata, Punica granatum and Syzygium lineare were most active. The highest antifungal activity was exhibited by methanol extract of Peltophorum pterocarpum and Punica granatum against Candida albicans.
This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of the some ethnomedicinal plants used in folkloric medicine. Compared to hexane extract, methanol extract showed significant activity against tested organisms. This study also showed that Toddalia asiatica, Syzygium lineare, Acalypha fruticosa and Peltophorum pterocarpum could be potential sources of new antimicrobial agents.
According to World Health Organization (WHO) more than 80% of the world's population relies on traditional medicine for their primary healthcare needs. Use of herbal medicines in Asia represents a long history of human interactions with the environment. Plants used for traditional medicine contain a wide range of substances that can be used to treat chronic as well as infectious diseases. A vast knowledge of how to use the plants against different illnesses may be expected to have accumulated in areas where the use of plants is still of great importance [1]. The medicinal value of plants lies in some chemical substances that produce a definite physiological action on the human body. The most important of these bioactive compounds of plants are alkaloids, flavanoids, tannins and phenolic compounds [2].
Rural communities, in particular paliyar tribes, depend on plant resources mainly for herbal medicines, food, forage, construction of dwellings, making household implements, sleeping mats, and for fire and shade. The use of medicinal plants as traditional medicines is well known in rural areas of many developing countries [3,4]. Traditional healers claim that their medicine is cheaper and more effective than modern medicine. In developing countries, low-income people such as farmers, people of small isolate villages and native communities use folk medicine for the treatment of common infections [5].
We chose eighteen plant species used in folk medicine to determine their antimicrobial activity (Table 1). In general, these plants are used in folk medicine in the treatment of skin diseases, venereal diseases, respiratory problems and nervous disorders. Properties of the collected plants are also provided in same table. Evidently, there are not many scientific studies that confirm the antimicrobial properties for most of the plants collected for this study. The phytochemical research based on ethnopharmacological informations is generally considered an effective approach in the discovery of new anti-infective agents from higher plants [6].
Table 1. Uses and properties of ethnomedicinal plants collected for antimicrobial screening
There are a few reports on the use of plants in traditional healing by either tribal people or indigenous communities of Tamil Nadu [7-11]. The development of drug resistance in human pathogens against commonly used antibiotics has necessitated a search for new antimicrobial substances from other sources including plants [12]. Screening of medicinal plants for antimicrobial activities and phytochemicals is important for finding potential new compounds for therapeutic use. This paper reports the results of a survey that was done based on folk uses by traditional practitioners in Palni hills of Tamil Nadu along with bioassay test for antimicrobial activity.
Ethnobotanical survey
Plants were selected for this study based on their medicinal use. Fresh plant parts were collected from the tribal villages (Paliyar tribe) in Palni hills of Tamil Nadu, India in Jan – April 2005. The tribal villages were approximately lie between 10° 12' – 10° 15' N longitudes and 77° 26' – 77° 33' latitude. The ethnobotanical data (local name, mode of preparation, medicinal uses) were collected through questionnaire, interviews and discussions among the tribal practitioners in their local language (Tamil). The voucher specimens in duplicate were deposited in the herbarium of Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai (India).
Preparation of hexane and methanol extract
Plant extracts were prepared by cold percolation method. The plant materials were dried under shade and ground into fine powder using electric blender. 50 g of dried powder was soaked in 300 ml hexane for 48 hours with intermittent shaking. The plant extracts were filtered through Whatman No. 1 filter paper into pill vials. The filtrates were dried until a constant dry weight of each extract was obtained. The residues were stored at 4°C for further use. The remaining plant residue was dried and soaked in 300 ml of methanol as above and the extract was collected as described earlier.
Antimicrobial screening
The hexane and methanol extracts of 18 plants were screened against a total of 9 bacterial strains and one fungal strain. The test organisms were Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 441), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Staphylococcus epidermidis (MTCC 3615), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC 15380), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Ervinia sp (MTCC 2760), Proteus vulgaris (MTCC 1771) and one fungal strain Candida albicans (MTCC 227) obtained from the Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu.
Preparation of inoculum
Stock cultures were maintained at 4°C on slopes of nutrient agar. Active cultures for experiments were prepared by transferring a loopful of cells from the stock cultures to test tubes of Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB) for bacteria and Sabouraud dextrose broth (SDB) for fungi that were incubated without agitation for 24 hrs at 37°C and 25°C respectively. The cultures were diluted with fresh Mueller-Hinton and Sabouraud dextrose broth to achieve optical densities corresponding to 2.0·106 colony forming units (CFU/ml) for bacteria and 2.0·105 spore/ml for fungal strains.
Antimicrobial susceptibility test
The disc diffusion method [13] was used to screen the antimicrobial activity. In vitro antimicrobial activity was screened by using Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) obtained from Himedia (Mumbai). The MHA plates were prepared by pouring 15 ml of molten media into sterile petriplates. The plates were allowed to solidify for 5 minutes and 0.1 % inoculum suspension was swabbed uniformly and the inoculum was allowed to dry for 5 minutes. The different concentrations of extracts (1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/disc) were loaded on 6 mm sterile disc. The loaded disc was placed on the surface of medium and the compound was allowed to diffuse for 5 minutes and the plates were kept for incubation at 37°C for 24 hrs. At the end of incubation, inhibition zones formed around the disc were measured with transparent ruler in millimeter. The same procedure was followed for the fungus also. These studies were performed in triplicate.
Results and discussions
Table 1 provides the botanical name, family, local name, plant parts used together with their traditional therapeutic uses and properties for the 18 ethnomedicinal plants collected from Palni hills of Tamil Nadu. Out of the 18 plants tested for antimicrobial activity, 10 plant species showed antimicrobial activity by inhibiting one or more microorganisms. The results of the antimicrobial screening of the crude extracts of all species of plants are shown in Table 2. Among the plants screened, Acalypha fruticosa, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Toddalia asiatica,Cassia auriculata, Syzygium cumini and Syzygium lineare showed promising activity against tested microorganisms. The tested plant extracts were most active against gram-positive microorganisms than gram-negative microorganisms. This is in agreement with previous reports by the several workers [14-19].
Table 2. Antimicrobial activity of the hexane and methanol extracts of collected ethnomedicinal plants
Methanol extracts exhibited a higher degree of antimicrobial activity as compared with hexane extracts. Methanol extracts of Albizia procera,Cassia auriculata (leaves and flowers), Peltophorum pterocarpum, Punica granatum and Syzygium cumini showed activity. Punica granatum possesed 25% of tannin [20] and the antibacterial activity may be indicative of the presence of some metabolic toxins or broad-spectrum antibiotic compounds. Also ethanolic extract of Punica granatum was most active against E. coli. Prasanth et al [21] reported that, different extracts of Punica granatum fruit showed some antibacterial activity against P.vulgaris and B.subtilis. Rajakaruna et al [22] reported that Syzygium cumini showed good activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis.
Both hexane and methanol extracts of Syzygium lineare and Toddalia asiatica showed antimicrobial activity. The essential oils from the leaves of Toddalia asiatica were most active against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus [23]. Peltophorum pterocarpum and Syzigium lineare had the highest inhibitory activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. On the other hand, Cassia alata showed only slight activity against bacteria such as S. aureus and B. subtilis. In the previous findings leaves, flowers, root and stem barks of Cassia alata showed a range of activity against several bacteria and protozoa [24]. In this study methanol extract of leaves of Cassia alata showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Somchit et al [25] also tested the whole plant parts of Cassia alata and showed activity in the leaves against Staphylococcus aureus.
Syzygium lineare, Punica granatum, Syzygium cumini and Toddalia asiatica produced the largest zones of inhibition against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Voravuthikunchai et al [20] reported good antibacterial activity in P. pterocarpum and P. granatum against Escherichia coli using aqueous and methanol extracts. Methanol extracts of Peltophorum pterocarpum and Punica granatum showed activity against Candida albicans. In general, among the tested microbial strains, bacteria were found to be more sensitive to many of the test agents than fungi.
The most sensitive bacterium was Bacillus subtilis, which was inhibited by methanol or hexane of 10 plants. On the other hand, no inhibition was observed in the Eruvinia sps. Some organisms exhibited only slight susceptibility. E. coli was inhibited by methanol extract of flowers of Cassia auriculata and hexane extract of Punica granatum. Proteus vulgaris was inhibited by methanol extract of Peltophorum pterocarpum and Syzigium lineare. Klebsiella pneumonia was inhibited by hexane extract of Olax scandens, methanol extracts of Peltophorum pterocarpum and Syzigium cumini.
The processing of the plants performed in this study was not comparable to the traditional approach when the Paliyar tribe used water for extracts whereas we have used hexane and methanol for extraction. In this sense it is not an exact replication of the traditional knowledge. All the same, given that methanol extracts were more effective then hexane extract, it is likely that water extracts were will be effective as well and possibly mort so.
The antibacterial activity of Syzigium lineare, Olax scandens, Albizia procera and Acalypha fruticosa are reported for the first time. No previous report on the antibacterial activity of these species could be found in the literature. Among the medicinal plants tested in this work, Peltophorum pterocarpum and Punica granatum showed the most promising antimicrobial properties indicating the potential for discovery of antibacterial principles. Further phytochemical studies are required to determine the types of compounds responsible for the antibacterial effects of these species. The results also indicate that scientific studies carried out on medicinal plants having traditional claims of effectiveness might warrant fruitful results. Several plants used by Paliyar tribe exhibit some degree of antibacterial activity towards gram-positive bacteria such as, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. These plants could serve as useful sources for new antimicrobial agents.
Competing interests
The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
VD has carried out the experimental part such as extraction, inoculum preparation and antimicrobial evaluation. MA collected the ethnomedicinal plants from the Palni hills of Tamil Nadu with the help of tribal practitioners. SI supervised the work, evaluated the results and corrected the manuscript for publication. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The authors are thankful to the tribal people for sharing their knowledge on plants.
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Phytotherapy Research 2005, 19:633-42. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
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Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2005, 96:389-401. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
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Ignacimuthu S, Sankarasivaraman K, Kesavan L: Medico-ethnobotanical survey among Kanikar tribals of Mundanthurai Sanctuary.
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Perumalsamy R, Ignacimuthu S, Raja DP: Preliminary screening of ethnomedicinal plants from India.
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Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow and National Institute of Science Communication New Delhi India 1990–1994 I-V
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


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Bar, Restaurant Owners Demand Injunction on Smoking Ban
Andrew Nagy
Posted: August 4, 2008
A group of frustrated Iowa bar and restaurant owners asked a judge on Friday for an injunction on the state smoking ban until a lawsuit seeking to overturn the ban receives a ruling.
The group argued at the Polk County Courthouse that the smoking ban, which went into effect July 1, not only is hurting business, but also violates their rights and unfairly forces owners to act as police officers for the state.
"In essence, you have a very bizarre statute that brings us here and does much, much more than ban smoking," said George Eichhorn, the group's attorney, in the courthouse, as reported by the Cedar Rapids Gazette.
Attorneys for the state contended that objective data of 23 other state smoking bans shows no drop in overall business for bars and restaurants.
The judge is expected to rule as early as next week.
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Nassau Shore Excursion: Exuma Powerboat Adventure
- Lunch included
- Snorkel gear included
- Travel by boat and see the sights from the water
- Free port pickup and drop-off included
If you feel like snorkeling, there is an amazing drift snorkel just a short distance from the shoreline. You can take a guided snorkel over the myriad corals and watch tiny fish feeding in the untouched, vibrantly colored reefs. Or perhaps you'd like to try your hand at feeding local stingrays and sharks!
Grab a drink from the island bar, then sit down to a banquet of delicious freshly caught island grouper, served with fresh salads, tasty breads, grilled steak, tropical fruit platters, chips, dips and other delights. The fully stocked bar (included) has something for every taste, and will keep you refreshed!
After lunch, take a nature tour of the island with guides who will entertain you with colorful tales from the bush. Or take a romantic walk by the water's edge or go for a refreshing dip in the cool, turquoise water before heading back to the Nassau mainland.
Please note: this shore excursion requires a minimum of 4 passengers for pickup at the Hilton British Colonial Hotel
Worry-free Shore Excursion:
We will ensure your excursion ends with ample time for you to return to Nassau for your ship's departure. In the rare event your ship has departed, we will arrange for transportation to the next port-of-call. See our terms and conditions for full details.
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Exuma Powerboat Adventure
- Nature trek
- Shark, stingray and iguana feeding
- Use of snorkel equipment
- Lunch
- Full bar
- Port pickup and drop off at the Hilton British Colonial Hotel
- Gratuities (optional)
- Confirmation will be received at time of booking
- This tour is not suitable for pregnant women, individuals with neck, back or spinal injuries or other medical conditions which might be affected by a high-speed powerboat ride
- Cruise Ship Pickup - a minimum of 4 passengers is required for pickup at the Hilton Hotel.
Traveler Reviews
Reviewed by: Mandy H, August 2014
This tour was amazing!
Reviewed by: Nicole R, July 2014
This is the best excursion on Nassau! Water is amazing, feeding iguanas is super cool and the stingrays and sharks are amazing. We plan to do the day trip again if we ever go back to Nassau.


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It launches a $20 million fund for nonprofits whose emerging tech could help make people living with disabilities become more independent. The first bit goes toward low-cost prosthetics and auditory therapy.
The social network encourages giving with a new button, but it's not an entirely altruistic endeavor.
The best way to recruit more women into tech? Convince them when they're young that tech is cool.
The more powerful and successful a woman becomes, the less she's liked, says the "Lean In" author.
As part of its "Technology for Good" program, the software giant donates its cloud-based Office service to all qualifying organizations.
Burglars break into the San Bernardino County Sexual Assault Services office and steal PCs and a laptop. Then they seem to realize whose they are. So they break in again.
From critical exploits to the tiniest bug, many security holes receive a tracking number through the US government. The system is being revamped to handle the ever-growing number of bugs, but the cure could create problems of its own.
Twitter dives into social-media fueled shopping with a "Buy" button that lets consumers purchase goods without leaving its site.
Under the guise of "sharing," companies like Airbnb and Uber are cashing in. While they're providing services beloved by many, their impact is also causing reverberations on the ground
Watsi is hoping to use a Kickstarter model to help fund crucial medical cases around the world. Thirteen health care institutions are using Watsi already.


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Dave's Killer Magic Shop
• Where: 910 N.E. Minnehaha St., Suite 1.
• Hours: 11 a.m. to 6 p.m. Wednesday through Sunday.
• Information: 360-448-9022 or the shop's website
• Coming up: Dave's Killer Magic Shop presents a lecture by touring comedy magician Geoff Williams, 7 p.m. June 13 at The Portlander Inn, 10350 N. Vancouver Way, Portland.
Magic refuses to vanish from culture
Local practitioners help keep their art alive amid obstacles.
Outside of hubs such as Las Vegas, where David Copperfield, Penn & Teller and other big acts have found a home, there are few full-time magicians.
"There's a lot of great magicians, but only a handful who are making the big bucks," said Vancouver's Mark Barrett, a resident historian for two regional magic clubs.
Yet magic remains entrenched in our culture, 86 years after the death of Harry Houdini. However, modern portrayals of magicians are not always positive.
A main character in the television comedy "Arrested Development" is a magician and egotistical buffoon who makes a yacht "disappear" with the help of high-powered explosives. And in the recent film "The Incredible Burt Wonderstone," Jim Carrey plays a crazed, long-haired street magician who goes to depraved lengths for a trick, a performance that satirizes the body-punishing routines of David Blaine and the highly stylized and sometimes-ridiculed Criss Angel.
But those portrayals don't bother comedy magician Adam Johnson, known as "Adam the Great." There's enough positive interest in what he does that Johnson was able to make magic his full-time career a decade ago, after years booking occasional gigs and a stint as a magical waiter at the now-closed Edelweiss Inn in Vancouver.
He recently brought his enthusiastic 10-year-old boy into the act as "Mason the Magnificent."
"He's coming out of his shell," Johnson said.
The 39-year-old Vancouver resident is encouraged youngsters like his son are taking an interest, many learning the ropes through online tutorials or DVDs.
"I think it's coming back around. It got weird for a while," Johnson said about the magic industry. "These kids can learn so fast these days because of YouTube. It's amazing."
But what fledging magicians can't glean from a tutorial video are nuances that can only come from imagination and a thirst to perform, said Carey Heim, a 52-year-old part-time magician from Ridgefield who has served as a mentor for a few local magicians, including Adam the Great.
"What's going to happen is the true art of magic will be lost. It's so generic when you look at a YouTube video," Heim said. "Anybody can copy a performance. You want it to be personal."
The smirking store owner behind the counter was curiously calm for someone whose wallet had suddenly burst into flames.
Dave Lemberg was commenting how similar his black leather wallet was to a customer's when it magically ignited in his hands. But faster than you can say "abracadabra," the fire vanished as Lemberg slipped the unscathed billfold back into his rear pocket.
It's business as usual in a store that specializes in the impossible.
Since opening in April 2012, Dave's Killer Magic Shop — one of only a few magic stores in the Northwest — has become an unofficial meeting place for area magicians, some professional, many amateur, who gather to talk shop, practice stage patter and develop routines with guidance from other performers.
Lemberg and his wife, Gina, started the shop, 910 N.E. Minnehaha St., after years as online retailers. He's banking on fulfilling an underdeveloped niche in the area, overseeing a space where magicians can connect and the uninitiated can casually join the fold.
Danny Schreiber, president of the Portland-area Society of American Magicians, estimates there are a few hundred working magicians in the region, most of whom perform part-time just like he does, as Professor DR Schreiber, the "Historical Conjurer." There are about 65 members in Schreiber's group, part of the oldest magic society in the world. Many of those are also involved with The Portland Society of Magicians, founded in 1922.
Lemberg's shop serves a vital purpose by providing a home base for the magic community, Schreiber said.
"To create a brick-and-mortar magic shop nowadays is pretty rare," Schreiber said. "Magicians have used (magic shops) as kind
of like their impromptu clubhouse, a place to learn new tricks, find out what's the gossip."
Makings of a magician
Magic came into Lemberg's life just as it did for so many others who devote themselves to the art of illusion: an amateur magic set.
The 50-year-old Union High School chemistry teacher was given the set as a Christmas gift in the early 1970s. He got the bug, but didn't fully embrace the craft until he was older. At an educational conference in 1991, he learned the benefits of using simple magic tricks in the classroom and soon began incorporating the occasional routine as a spoonful of sugar to help make his science lessons easier to swallow.
About four years ago, he began performing in public, often with Tom Cramer as the humorous, Vaudeville-throwback "The Tom and Dave Show."
Now his attention is focused on the store, as Lemberg does what he can to build business while fostering local magic culture.
Though some are mass-produced novelties, many of the items Lemberg stocks were created and distributed by magicians, who sell their original routines as a way to conjure up some cash. A black-and-white illustrated book that seems to fill with color when its pages are flipped costs only a few dollars, while more elaborate illusions, including a $150 coin-bending gimmick called "Coinvexed," can empty your wallet. Speaking of which, you can pick up your own "Fire Wallet" for $35.
"The old joke is magicians don't give away their secrets; they sell them," said magician Schreiber, who lives in West Linn, Ore.
Lemberg said his shop is losing money, but he has hopes it will soon begin to thrive thanks to constant community outreach. He often hosts lectures by professional magicians, as well as classes for kids.
"We're not making any (profits) yet — and we will — but the whole idea is to build a magic community," Lemberg said. "We're making more magicians in Clark County."
One-man museum
As historian for both the local chapter of The Society of American Magicians and The Portland Society of Magicians, Mark Barrett has devoted years to studying the evolution of the industry.
Filled with vintage magic sets, hand-crafted equipment and show posters advertising legends long gone, Barrett's small garage in Northeast Hazel Dell is a one-man museum dedicated to magic's past. Barrett still has his first childhood magic set from the early 1970s, with tape now holding the packaging together.
Much of his extensive collection was purchased from estate sales after fellow magicians died, which he said seems to be happening more and more as magic's demographics seem to be shifting older.
"A lot of them are already gone," he said.
The professional delivery driver who performs magic as a clown named "Rusty Buttons," couldn't — or wouldn't — say how much it's all worth, but said the value to him isn't monetary. His collection represents something more, a fond nostalgia for an era that has passed, when magicians, dressed to the nines, performed seemingly impossible feats to the wonderment of an audience who cared less about how a trick was done than the joy of being fooled.
With the ubiquity of spoilers on the Internet, Barrett said the secrets of most routines can be found with a quick Web search. He said it's in our nature to wonder how a trick is performed, but it used to be much more difficult to discover the truth when the secrets were held only within the minds of magicians or in a hard-to-find book.
Some performers, such as notorious 1970s spoon bender Uri Geller, have claimed to be blessed with supernatural powers. But most magicians freely admit the seemingly impossible feats they pull off on a regular basis are only tricks to inspire awe — usually incorporating a perception-shattering mix of optical illusions, sleight of hand and linguistic deception.
But some magicians believe the audience's willing suspension of disbelief is threatened when a trick becomes a puzzle that can be solved with a visit to YouTube. When magic is taken out of magic, what's left?
Barrett fears it's becoming a disappearing act.
"It's a dying art," he said. "We would love to see some new people in our fraternity. We're not always going to be around."
Barrett believes a shop like Lemberg's can help ensure a stronger future for magic in the Pacific Northwest.
Passing it on
Lemberg said magic has always been based around mentoring. Experts pass their knowledge to protégés, who perfect the tricks and later teach them to others. And on and on and on.
"That's the way magic shops used to work. And we're bringing it back," Lemberg said.
During a casual workshop for kids May 11, Lemberg mesmerized 8-year-old Jaedin Feist outside his store by passing a small spongy ball from his clenched fist to hers. As she released her grip, Jaedin discovered she was now holding two red balls (named "Sponge" and "Bob," Lemberg joked) instead of only one.
Jaedin's eyes widened as she asked how it was done.
"It's magic," Lemberg said as Jaedin turned to her grandmother to try and mimic the routine.
"This is 'Sponge' and this is 'Bob,'" the girl began.
Stover E. Harger III: 360-735-4530; http://www.twitter.com/col_hoods;email@example.com.
View a video of Dave's Killer Magic Shop on The Columbian's YouTube channel.


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Aang must face his destiny as he fights for the Water Tribe's safety - and his life. But even with the help of Katara, Sokka, and his flying bison Appa, will he be able to escape Zuko's deadly clutches?
The journey through the war-torn world continues as Aang searches to find a master to teach him waterbending - the first step to becoming the Avatar!
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You won't be able to dismiss this by usual means (escape or click button), but you can close it programatically based on user choices or actions.
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How to Install Guitar Pickups
"Cheap" or inexpensive guitars can easily be upgraded to sound of better quality. For my metal style, the bridge pickup is of big importance. Replacing with upgraded models increases power, sustain, and crunch. My oldest guitar, a $150 Ibanez G10, has a Seymour Duncan full shred double Humbucker which makes it sound more crisp and powerful than my $400 ESP!
1Remove the electrical cover which is on the back of guitar.Ad
2Remove the solder from the hot and ground wires from the pickup that you will be replacing. Don't forget where they were(you need to draw a basic schematic) : the new pickup's hot and ground will be connected here!
3Unless you want to try "fishing" wires through precisely drilled holes, taping a guide string or small gauge wire to the ends of the hot and ground will save you much frustration.
4Take out the two screws on either side of the old pickup. Now gently remove it, making sure you leave enough guide string on both sides.
5When you buy new pickups they come with a wiring diagram. Use this diagram to distinguish which color represents the hot and ground. Then tape them to the guide string. Be sure to pull from the back, or electrical side of the guitar.
6Once you have pulled through the new wires, solder them to their necessary places.
7Secure the new pick up and replace the electrical cover.
8Congratulations! You have just installed your first replacement pickup.Ad
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- Make sure everything is grounded. If not your guitar will produce a very loud noise!!
- A soldering pencil that is more than 50 watts is too hot for electrical applications. More importantly, the solder you use can have an overwhelming effect on the electrical connections. Make sure it has a rosin center or you must buy it separately. Furthermore, it must be electrical grade solder.
- There's a chance that the hole for the pickups will be really small. Ask a technician about how to fit the string in, or you can try to use a drill and some penetration oil for the cables. Be careful because it's extremely flammable!!!
- If you don't know a lot about electronics, Do NOT try to replace them yourself. Find an expert.
Things You'll Need
- Small Phillips and a small flat head screwdriver
- Electrical tape (optional)
- Soldering pencil (10-25W)
- Solder with rosin center
- Steady Hand
- A pair of wire strippers
Article Info
Categories: Guitar Accessories
In other languages:
Español: instalar pastillas de guitarra, Русский: установить гитарные пикапы, Português: Instalar Captadores de Guitarra, Italiano: Montare un Pickup su una Chitarra
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 141,762 times.


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This morning I came across a 2005 conversation with Malcolm Gladwell (author of The Tipping Point and Blink) about his work habits -- how he writes from various locations around the world, eschewing the traditional home office. I came across this while tapping away on my laptop at a local brewpub -- just one of many nerds working through projects at our neighborhood watering-hole. I can relate to Gladwell's "rotating" schedule, as later in the day I'm likely to move to a coffee shop and then a comfy... READ ON
1. Mother of the Pharaohs
As with many of our calendar-specific events and customs, some of the earliest records of a society honoring a mother can be traced back to the ancient Egyptians, who held an annual festival for the goddess Isis, sometimes referred to as the Mother of the Pharaohs.
Given the following list of a.k.a.'s, it's no wonder she had her own day of celebration (top this moms!): Queen of Heaven, Mother of the Gods, The One Who is All, Lady of Green Crops, The Brilliant One in the... READ ON
This weekend will mark the 170th anniversary of the birth of Walter Goodman to the portrait painter Julia Salaman Goodman and her husband, Louis Goodman. Walter Goodman grew up to be a fairly well-known painter, illustrator, and author in his time, but in recent years he has not been as well-known, partly because the present whereabouts of most of his works of art are unknown. Some flossy facts to get you acquainted with this talented British artist and his 1883 painting, "The Printseller"...
1. Goodman... READ ON
Today marks the anniversary of the first day Coca-Cola was sold. As a Diet Coke addict, I'm extremely grateful to Mr. John Stith Pemberton, although the first sales of Coke at Jacob's Pharmacy in Atlanta in 1886 were considerably cheaper (five cents a glass) than what I pay now. In honor of this historic day, I give you...
How 10 Well-Known Beverages Got Their Names
Coca-Cola was named for two of the ingredients that made up the drink at the time "" coca leaves and kola nuts.
Mountain... READ ON
There's no denying that cola aficionados have refined palettes. They can tell a vintage RC Cola just from the nose, and their cellars are stocked full of Shasta, Tab and Pepsi Kona. Needless to say, they weren't born this way. They've spent years cultivating their knowledge base, and getting refills at soda counters. If you're looking to refine your carbonated smarts, though, mental_floss can help. In honor of Coca-Cola being invented today (way back in 1886!), we've... READ ON
This week we're joined by a special guest blogger. Patricia T. O'Conner, a former editor at The New York Times Book Review, is the author of the national best-seller Woe Is I: The Grammarphobe's Guide to Better English in Plain English, as well as other books about language. She is a regular monthly guest on public radio station WNYC in New York. Learn more at her website, grammarphobia.com. Make her feel welcome!
For sheer readability, few things make as much difference as proper... READ ON
At some point next year, the oft-delayed All American Football League might actually start playing games. With any luck, the upstart league will be able to carve away a little bit of the NFL's massive market while giving players like Eric Crouch and Peter Warrick another shot at gridiron glory. It's a tough proposition, though; history is littered with the tales of fledgling professional sports leagues that flamed out quickly. Here are a few of our favorites:
1. The National Bowling... READ ON
The question that's been eating at you for so long, finally, has been answered: monkeys like porn, too! Researchers at Duke University (birthplace of mental_floss!) conducted an experiment to find out how adult male rhesus macaques responded to monkey versions of porn and trashy celeb magazines. Here's how it worked:
Four of the male monkeys sat in front of computer screens. They were rewarded with juice whenever they shifted their gaze from one image to another. Some images resulted in more juice... READ ON
it's time for another recurring Brain Games feature: Not-Quite-The-World's-Smallest-Crossword. Three clues across, another three down, and you're done. Unlike most other crosswords, you can probably do this one in your head. So save a graphite tree from destruction and try this on for... READ ON
Above the Supreme Court is a basketball court—"The Highest Court in the Land."


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The median home value in Wimberley, TX is $210,500.
This is
higher than
the county median home value of $176,500.
The national median home value is $170,100.
The average price of homes sold in Wimberley, TX is $210,500.
Approximately 58.73% of Wimberley homes are owned,
compared to 16.91% rented, while
24.35% are vacant.
Wimberley real estate listings include condos, townhomes, and single family homes for sale.
Commercial properties are also available.
If you see a property you're interested in, contact a Wimberley real estate agent to arrange a tour today!
Learn more about Wimberley Real Estate.
Seller willing to Subdivide.Private 115 acre ranch extends N to River Mtn Rd. 2000+ ft both sides Lone Man Crk. Lower dam forms big lake & most of creek frontage. Fabulous lodge with majestic beams in 2-story Great Room, stone floor-to-ceiling firepl, 2nd fl balcony walkways. Private master suite. Across lake: layered limestone cliff over water runs length of lake. Waterfront views from most rooms. Varied terrain in a beautiful setting with hill country views. Virtual tour has AERIAL VIDEO.
Over ½ mile of Blanco river frontage in desirable Wimberley! Spectacular 2 story 5,568 sf Hacienda style home w/sparkling pool offers tremendous views of the sprawling 214 acres. Fabulous custom main house features 4BD/4BA/1 half BA, open floorplan w/high ceilings, Saltillo tile, kiva style FP in living room, gameroom & much more! Downstairs master suite features luxury bath & access to pool. Private 3/2/1 guest house w/cozy FP. Horse facilities including barn w/6 stalls & living quarters.
204.72 acres, approx. 3 miles east of downtown Wimberley. The property can be accessed from Arrowlake, Box Canyon Rd and Little Ranches Rd. Surrounded by the city of Wimberley the property includes a varied topography. The property is home to a large variety of vegetation, trees & several water collection ponds scattered throughout the property. There is also one municipal water connection (supplier is Wimberley Water Supply Co.) servicing an existing small cabin.
Once upon a time, I dreamed of crystal clear water flowing wild and free, lush fields and wildflowers, white tail deer grazing languidly, wild turkey, clean air, starry skies, simple pleasures untouched by chaos. 88.71 acres, 4 houses, workshop, 25,000 gal. rainwater system, over 1,000 feet of frontage on both sides of spring-fed Cypress Creek, views, mature oak & pecan trees, 2 wells, private water system, 1-D-1 Wildlife Management Valuation, Texas Land Conservancy Easement. Dreams really do come true
Breathtaking panoramic views of the Blanco River. Cliffside negative edge pool along with hot tub. No skimping on finish-out, views, square feet or storage here! 5 of the 7 suites have views of the Blanco River! The upstairs bar is like a kitchen without a fridge. Maid quarters is downstairs accessible from the laundry room. Exercise and office rooms are downstairs. Meditation and theatre rooms are upstairs.
Magnificent, private Home & Views! Interior spaces, terraces & infinity pool flow beautifully for relaxing & entertaining. Architect designed & masterfully built: top-notch materials, high ceilings & big windows flood the house with natural light, reclaimed barn wood floors and panels, & native stone result in great aesthetics & low maintenance. Great neighbors, wildlife & brilliant stars at night. Guest House with/add. 2BR/2Ba, Kitchen & Living area. Delightful town of Wimberley is only 5 miles away.
6.5 acres of space in one of the most visited sites in the Hill Country, downtown Wimberley, Texas. Over 30,000 sq. ft. of heated and cooled space in two buildings, with one additional outbuilding. Also, a 6,400 +/- sq.ft. covered open air sports pavilion. Lots of paved parking (478 spaces). Property is surrounded on two sides by the 126 acre Blue Hole Regional Park. Sewer is currently being planned for the downtown area and should be available in 2015.
Stop searching, it is all here. End of the road privacy, no visible neighbors, long distance hill country view, a river runs through it (both sides of Blanco river), separate guest house & separate cottage/office in nice arrangement on manageable size acreage. Clean bright ready to move in, top end property with all the expected features. Ideal for family compound or income producing property as B&B, retreat or wedding venue accommodations. Paved driveway, well and rain collection, ag exempt, unrestricted
Welcome to Red Hawk Ranch on Lone Man Creek! This showplace offers a wonderful custom home overlooking 1,000+ ft on Lone Man Creek, cozy 3/2 log guest house, huge wine cellar/tasting room w/storage for 1,500 bottles & huge outdoor pavilion. The negative edge swimming pool w/hot tub overlooking the creek creates a nice respite on a hot summer day. Looking for a highly improved, small acreage ranch on reliable water, the Red Hawk Ranch on Lone Man Creek is definitely one to see. 24 Hour Notice Please.
Real Living Lifestyles Realty
4520 Spicewood Springs Road, #150
Austin, TX 78759
Email Us | Visit our Real Estate Website


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The Pub, #20: What Eric Nuzum will do at Audible that he couldn't do at NPR
Plus, a discussion on why so few women hold top jobs in public media, a continuation of the podcasting advertising debate and more. Continue Reading
Current.org (http://current.org/)
Plus, a discussion on why so few women hold top jobs in public media, a continuation of the podcasting advertising debate and more. Continue Reading
Follow ProPublica's model for bringing the widest possible audience to stand-out news coverage of NPR and its member stations. Continue Reading
The number of PBS programs offered for free on-demand viewing will jump from 25 to more than 50. Continue Reading
A pending 23.5 percent reduction in subsidies has Alaska stations rethinking their priorities. Continue Reading
Michaela Majoun will leave Philadelphia's WXPN to pursue a writing career. Continue Reading
Winners of a Reynolds Journalism Institute's student competition continue to tweak their products and target prospective partners. Continue Reading
"This is a new way to experiment around building buzz for a series." Continue Reading
Are native ads in podcasts a step too far for public radio? Continue Reading
A mother goose recently nested on a patch of grass on the station's roof. Continue Reading
The nonprofit that owns the station has endured "severe cash shortages" for several years. Continue Reading
WUNC is paying $1.75 million to Fayetteville State University as part of the deal, announced May 13. Continue Reading
Also, Chicago's WTTW marks its 60th anniversary May 5 with a gala salute to Newton Minow. Continue Reading


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News from WTOP
News from the AP
Mike Causey
Shows & Panels
Shows & Panels
- Agency of the Month
- Business of Government Hour
- The CFO Agenda: Delivering value from financial transparency and audit efforts in the public and private sector
- Cloud-Driven Data Insights in Government
- CXO Surveys
- Disaster Resilience for America
- Federal News Countdown
- Government Perspectives on Mobility and the Cloud
- Reducing Risk in the Cloud
- Reimagining the Next Generation of Government
Shows & Panels
- AFCEA Answers
- American Readiness: Renewable Power and Efficiency Technologies
- Ask the CIO
- The Business Case for Cloud Computing in Government
- Cloud-Driven Data Insights in Government
- Connecting the Dots: Digital Authentication in Government
- Data-Centric Approaches to Government in the Cloud
- Delivering the Digital Government Mission
- Federal Executive Forum
- Federal News Radio's National Cyber Security Awareness Month Special Panel Discussion
- Federal Tech Talk
- The Future of Government Data Centers
- Government Perspectives on Mobility and the Cloud
- Industrialized, Interoperable and Insight-driven Federal Health Panel
- Innovation and Tech Superiority through Acquisition Reform
- Mitigating Insider Threats in Virtual & Cloud Environments
- Moving Agency Applications to the Cloud with PaaS
- Reducing Risk in the Cloud
- Security in the Age of Targeted Attacks
- Air Traffic Management Transformation Report
- The Business of Cloud
- Cloud First Report
- Data Driven Cloud Series
- Disaster Resilience for America
- General Dynamics IT Enterprise Center
- Gov Cloud Minute
- Government in Technology Series
- Homeland Security Cybersecurity Market Report
- The Intersection: Where Technology Meets Transformation
- Modern Mission Critical Series
- National Cybersecurity Awareness Month
- The New IP for Federal IT
- The Social Platform Solution for the Department of Veterans Affairs
- Technology Insights
- The Cyber Security Report
- The Next Generation Cyber Security Experts
Shows & Panels
- Cloud-Driven Data Insights in Government
- Disaster Resilience for America
- F-35 Lightning II Program
- Government Perspectives on Mobility and the Cloud
- On DoD
- Pentagon Solutions
- Reducing Risk in the Cloud
- Reimagining the Next Generation of Government
- Transforming Business Operations at the Defense Department
Schmidt: U.S. can fight cyberwar
Monday - 3/8/2010, 4:05pm EST
Cybersecurity Update - Tune in weekdays at 30 minutes past the hour for the latest cybersecurity news on The Federal Drive with Tom Temin and Jane Norris (6-10 a.m.) and The Daily Debrief with Chris Dorobek and Amy Morris (3-7 p.m.). Listen live at FederalNewsRadio.com or on the radio at 1500 and 820 AM in the Washington, D.C. metro area.
- We've told you about dire warnings that the U.S. would lose a cyberwar. Well, Howard Schmidt, the White House Cybersecurity Coordinator, has said that isn't true. The federal government and the private businesses that control 85 percent of the nation's critical IT infrastructure are better positioned than ever to fend off massive digital assaults, Schmidt tells GovInfoSecurity. Last month, former National Intelligence Director Michael McConnell told lawmakers that the United States would lose a cyberwar. Schmidt countered that the country is better prepared than ever before, but that the country must remain vigilant.
- What are the big challenges facing the federal government's cyber-security initiatives? Coordination. That's the assessment coming from the Government Accountability Office. The GAO offers an assessment of the Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative, the key program that started under the Bush administration and seeks to secure key critical national IT systems. GAO said that the program is at risk and will not fully achieve its goal to reduce vulnerabilities, protect against intrusions and anticipate future threats unless several challenges to its objectives are met, according to GovInfoSecurity. Read more on Federal News Radio: Challenge of connecting the dots is nothing new


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Interesting Sailboats
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Re: Interesting Sailboats
The 39 is a very nice boat for its size. Looking at the drawings do you think there is enough room to put a good strong dodger on it? The mainsail sheet and the two mainsail blocks are very close to the edge of the companionway hatch. I hope they could be moved bit more forward and still have a fair lead. The foil is like the ones on the Boreal, I wonder if there will be enough room under it for a wind vane. Ya I know the French do not believe in wind vanes only auto helms. But most going cruising will want both.
As an owner of a fairly new designed boat I'm always keeping my eye out for all the little things that may not make you happy when you go and pickup you new machine. Always keep an eye out and ask lots of questions to the builders and the designers.
The interior colors can always be changed.
Nice boat.
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A Madison County woman who went missing Wednesday morning has been located.
Darlene Weisheimer, who suffers from dementia, was found at a gas station in Newark Wednesday evening nearly 12 hours after she was last seen.
The Madison County Sheriff's Office issued an alert asking the public for help at about 2:30 p.m. Wednesday.
The seventy-eight-year-old had been seen at 5:05 a.m. Wednesday morning in Findlay. At that time, she was given directions to U.S. Route 23 South, according to Sheriff Jim Sabin.
Weisheimer had been traveling to her Madison County home.
Upon reaching the gas station, she called home, at which time Newark police were sent to meet with her. She was picked up by family.
The woman was safe and unharmed.


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Fitness 101
This year we are celebrating 20 years!
Changing lives in York Region, Simcoe County, King Township, Durham Region, Vaughan & Toronto since 1994.
The first thing you should know about us is that we are extremely passionate about health and wellness.
There is no greater gift than good health. This is what we want for ourselves, and our students. Our lives are dedicated to living well, and sharing that with everyone we meet.
Since 1994
For those of you looking to take it to a whole new level, The best workouts of your life are waiting for you here.
6 months after giving birth to twins, Mary-Anne is back into her skinny jeans....
We offer private, one-on-one, couples and small group training in the comfort of your home, or in our private studio.
Serving Thornhill, Richmond Hill, Toronto, Newmarket, Markham, Uxbridge, Vaughan
40 Merrylynn Dr.
Richmond Hill, ON


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Other projects made by JGCraftyLiving:
Offer some kudos...
Join the conversation...
Ask a question...
Add your comment...
|Here are some details about my project:
What was your source for this knitting project?
Online Photo or Website
Name of website or photo Tulip Bed Baby Hat
What advice would you give someone starting this project? This is meant to fit a baby up to about a year old, or 24 pounds. Our model baby is 9 months old and her mom reports that the hat fits perfectly. You will need one worsted-weight yarn (or slightly heavier) and one sock yarn. I used 2 partial skeins of Nashua Handknits Paradise in Lavender for the worsted-weight and 1 skein of Patons Kroy Sock Yarn in purple for the sock yarn.
I've done double-knitting but never picking up stitches to create a double fabric. I believe that little face is compelling me to go for it. lol


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What kind of city would Cape Town be if the coolest travellers couldn't find the party from their hotel room? Protea Hotel Fire & Ice! Cape Town offers it on a silver platter from the minute you step into the lobby. That's right – the party starts here! But remember, we take everything from service levels to room standards very, very seriously, but never take life too seriously. The hotel is nestled in the heart of Cape Town's entertainment area, a stone's throw away from the best vibrant nightlife hotspots, cafés and restaurants.
Don't expect a regular ol' hotel when you book at Protea Hotel Fire & Ice! Cape Town. It's like going fishing, and hooking an electric eel. Think ultra-chic dining, relaxing spa days, a pool deck tan and pumping nights at the bar!
We won't let anything spoil your fun! Ingenious design, superb use of colour and warm, luxurious finishes ensure maximum comfort. We have superior rooms, superior patio rooms and executive suites.
Setting the standard. There are 63 Double rooms and 22 Twin rooms.
A fresh, vibrant room with everything you need. 97 Superior rooms.
With our Best Available Rate you can stay on any date, for as many nights as you want and still enjoy all the flexibility you need. Plus, our best value-added extras are included too!
For GUESTS booking on the hotel's Best Available Rate, you will receive the following:
The below gives more info on your location.
New Church Street, Tamboerskloof,Cape Town 8018
+27 (0) 21 488 2555
Latest Happening:Help warm hands and hearts by donating your spare blankets by the 28th of May in this years Twitter #TBD2015 blanket drive
Love good food and funky music? You're going to want to see this. This May, Protea Hotel Fire & Ice! is launching a brand new burger and milkshake whipped up by quirky band Rubber Duc.Each of the four band members were challenged to create the best combo in the Fire & Ice! Cape Town kitchen. All of the action was captured and aired on the Expresso Breakfast Show. Viewers then voted for their favourite combo. Designed by Brendan Campbell, the winning dish featured an irresistible Red Velvet & Cinnamon Milkshake, and a Grilled Chicken, Peppadew and Danish Blue Cheese Burger.Burger | R 125 Milkshake | R 55
Join our Twitter Winter Blanket Drive this May!Warm hands and hearts by donating your spare blankets, then join us at the official #TBD2015 event on the 28th May at 18h00 at Protea Hotel Fire & Ice! Cape Town.Jimmy Nevis will be performing & a blanket gets you in.Click here to find out more
Click here for our MILKSHAKE OF THE MONTH
At both hotels, you will find an array of 'out of this world' milkshakes to choose from!
Some of the shakes you will discover on the menu are: • Choc Rock Climber • Pumpkin Marshmallow • Aero Attack • Berry Buzz • Give Me a Nosh • Hot Ice • Life is Just Peachy • Lindt-o-Licious • Vanilla Ice and more!
Protea Hotel Fire & Ice! is of course also famous, legendary even, for its range of naughty milkshakes. Swirls of creamy vanilla ice cream form the base for cheeky treats like Patronage with a shot of rich coffee Patron, while The Don is the godfather of all dom pedros, traditionally made with Kahlua.
With a name that is so typically Jozi, Tequilish is a whole new way to experience everybody's favourite shooter, and the Springbokkie, infused with peppermint liqueur, is about as South African as you can get.
Both hotels - Cape Town & Melrose Arch have added their own unique flavour to the Harlem Shake Trend 2013. Follow the link below to watch!
Cape Town Harlem Shake
They say life only begins after a great cup of coffee. Which means you're in for an awesome start! Whether you like it strong, black and bitter or tall, white and sweet, our supremely skilled Brewristas know just how to tickle your fancy.
Get your caffeine fix this winter with a jolt of java just the way you like it. Every brew is freshly ground, perfectly roasted and stylishly served by our talented Brewristas. But before you take your first irresistible sip, be sure to take a look at the cool coffee art they've created to make your cuppa look just as fantastic as it tastes.
And while coffee is a great way to start the day, there's no reason not to share the love morning, noon and night! Our busy Brewristas are on hand day and night to satisfy your caffeine craving. Catch up on the latest gossip with friends, seal business deals or simply surf the web with complimentary Wi-Fi for GUESTS and day visitors in our stylish lounge and bar areas.
Join Protea Hotel Fire & Ice! Cape Town on Friday, 5 June 2015 for the much anticipated album launch of The Motherland Band.
The Motherland is an indie folk band from South-Africa that creates authentic, original music and mostly perform in open spaces.
Conceptualised by Sean Hayz in 2014, The Motherland performs with passion and eagerness, offering dazzling euphoric vocals, staggering melodic gusts accompanied by heavenly guitar riffs, otherwise misconstrued by a sort of comforting nostalgia. They released their six track EP 'This is Our Home' which earned them an entourage of loyal supporters, a sizable amount of publicity and a spot on Mix fm's top 40, amongst a few notable. 'Three Sheets to the Wind' ,their debut album, is set for release in early 2015. They are inspired. Inspired by their roots in South Africa, their determination to do good in their country and to work for a truly valuable cause. Through their music they are driven to win the hearts of South African to encourage them to do the same and give back.
Entrance is FREE and pre-booking essential at 021 488 2555
Thank you for making an enquiry
Madame Zingara invites you to celebrate her fifteenth year of magic. Thirty five electrifying artists from around the world unite to push the boundaries of dinner cirque theatre in a three-storey high handcrafted mirrored palace
This limited offer is available for R1100 per person sharing and includes:
It's coming for business, but staying for pleasure. Cape Town's hottest conference venue offers all the state-of-the-art facilities you require for a premium business function. Ideal for presentations, conferences and seminars, conference facilities include audio-visual equipment. We also provide a unique venue for product launches and workshops.
Rate includes standard room accommodation
Rate includes standard room accommodation and 1 CitySightseeing bus ticket per person.
Book 30 days in Advance and Save 20% on Room only accommodation.
When it comes to great getaway specials, important Protea news, and exciting upcoming events – the Protea Newsletter ensures you're always the first to know! So sign up today and make sure you never miss out!
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Career Day! Zookeeper
- Family & Education
- 1 Zoo Drive, Little Rock, AR, 72205
Backyard Birding
Little Rock Zoo
Saturday, May 31, 2014 from 9:00 AM to 12:00 PM (CDT)
Bird-watching is a great hobby! Discover the birds around us, how to identify them, and how to attract birds to your backyard during this workshop. We will take a short walk inside the Zoo to find some local birds, so bring your binoculars! This is primarily a beginners class.
Ages 18 and up.
The mission of the Little Rock Zoo is to provide engaging experiences that inspire people to value and conserve our natural world.
In order to purchase these tickets in installments, you'll need an Eventbrite account. Log in or sign up for a free account to continue.


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Latest Centaurus A/M83 Group Stories
While most elliptical galaxies are considered vintage, retired star making neighborhoods, astronomers have found one that has a personality more like that of a pinwheel-shaped spiral galaxy.
A new image of the center of the distinctive galaxy Centaurus A shows how a new telescope allows astronomers to see with unprecedented quality through the opaque dust lanes that obscure the galaxy's center.
Observations by two of the European Space Agency's space observatories have provided a multi-wavelength view of the mysterious galaxy Centaurus A.
The center of just about every galaxy is thought to host a black hole, some with masses of thousands of millions of Suns and consequently strong gravitational pulls that disrupt material around them.
If our eyes could see radio waves, the nearby galaxy Centaurus A (Cen A) would be one of the biggest and brightest objects in the sky, nearly 20 times the apparent size of a full moon.
ESO has released a striking new image of a nearby galaxy that many astronomers think closely resembles our own Milky Way.
A survey by the Chandra X-ray observatory has revealed in detail, for the first time, the effects of a shock wave blasted through a galaxy by powerful jets of plasma emanating from a supermassive black hole at the galactic core.
Astronomers have a new insight into the active galaxy Centaurus A (NGC 5128), as the jets and lobes emanating from the central black hole have been imaged at submillimeter wavelengths for the first time.
A new image from NASA's Galaxy Evolution Explorer shows baby stars sprouting in the backwoods of a galaxy -- a relatively desolate region of space more than 100,000 light-years from the galaxy's bustling center.
A dramatic new Chandra image of the nearby galaxy Centaurus A provides one of the best views to date of the effects of an active supermassive black hole.
Latest Centaurus A/M83 Group Reference Libraries
The Centaurus A/M83, divided into subgroup Cen A and M83, is a complex group of galaxies located within Hydra, Centaurus, and Virgo constellations. The Cen A Subgroup, at a distance of 11.9 Mly (3.66 Mpc), is centered around Centaurus A, a nearby radio galaxy. The M83 Subgroup, at a distance of 14.9 Mly (4.56 Mpc), is centered around the Messier 83 (M83), a face-on spiral galaxy. Due to the physical closeness of both subgroups they are sometimes identified as two groups sometimes as one....
Within the Hydra, Centaurus, and Virgo constellations a complex group of galaxies resides called Centaurus A/M83. There are two subgroups within Centaurus A/M83. The first is Cen A, at a distance of 11.9 Million Light Years, is centered around Centaurus A, a close by radio galaxy. The other subgroup, M83, is at a distance of 14.9 Million Light Years and is centered around the Messier 83. Since there are two subgroups Centaurus is sometimes identified as one group and sometimes two, it will be...
- An uxorious, effeminate, or spiritless man.
- A timorous, cowardly fellow.


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A Festive Gloria
A Festive Gloria composed by Linda Spevacek. For SSA choir, piano accompaniment. Christmas, Concert. Octavo. Published by Heritage Music Press (LO.15-1987H).
This majestic original work combines a glorious accompaniment with the full sonority of the choral sound. Featuring a traditional Latin text and a contrasting, rhythmic middle section, this exciting piece overflows with teaching possibilities.