text:
Gold Miner Fred 2: Gold Rush
Eager beaver gold-miner Fred explores the earth to mine some treasures like diamond, ruby, emerald, and of course gold! Help him! Upgrade his tools, help him get more minerals and become the top gold miner as a result! Explore caves, mine the coal and you will not notice that your time has...
Simple Flashlight KirSon
All you want from a flashlight. Comfortable, useful, no advertising and notices.
Puzzle Make Up
◆ ◆ ◆ PLEASE READ TO THE END! ◆ ◆ ◆ We've developed several useful features for the application. All of them can be turned on in the settings. The following describes the new features. ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ A puzzle game that allows to make a mosaic of many different...
Klondike Solitaire Card Game
Solitaire The Solitaire Card Game is the best game now available on your smartphone! The best way to stimulate your brain and become a card champion - just make your brain work! Try a wonderful and famous game that will amplify your patience and just let you have fun! Let us introduce the best...
Bubble Breaker: Blizzard Blast
Bubble Breaker game is a vivacity, happiness and endless merriment for everybody! Download it right now and raise your low spirits! Bright and multicolored balls will certainly bring gladness and fun in your life, so hurry up – try the Bubble Breaker and acquire the positive attitude to the life!...
Plumber Pipes and Ball Puzzle
Pipes and Ball - it's a completely free puzzle game with intuitive control. Therefore it is very easy to learn, and is suitable for all ages, for both children and adults. Many people know and love games like "Plumbing", "Pipes", "Labyrinth», «Plumber», «Pipe»,...
Hungry Worms
Immerse yourself in an exciting adventure with the game "Hungry Worms!" The goal of the game is to feed the worms as much as possible. Good green worms are very hungry, they need your help! Help them, feed them with fruits and vegetables they like. The control is very simple, even a...
Funny Bubbles
How many can you pop? Funny Bubbles is a fun and easy game for kids Pop! Pop! Pop! Funny Bubbles is a simple game where you try to pop as many bubbles as you can before they float away. Please reach us email@example.com for any feedback and support! We will be happy to hear back from you on...
Dress Up Coco Fashion
Dress Up Coco Fashion! She is the prettiest creature in the world! Just imagine that you have your own doll, which you'll dress up and undress as baby! Isn't it amazing? Now with Dress Up Coco – Fashion doll app all your dreams will come true! You'll make your doll baby beautiful, change her...
▄▀▄ Christmas BubbleBreaker
▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀ Bubble Breaker is a unique game where you must select a color group of bubbles on a grid and click to destroy them. The more bubbles you destroy with a single click, the higher your score will be. Unlike the other bubble games, Bubble Breaker involves more deep thinking and...
Anime Heroes Puzzle
◆ ◆ ◆ PLEASE READ TO THE END! ◆ ◆ ◆ We built several useful features to our application. All of them are included in the settings. The following describes the new features and their work. ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ A puzzle game in which you want to make a mosaic of many different...
Dora Fashion Girl
Dress up & Make up game for people who love fashion! = Boys, read carefully! This game is for girls only! = Virus is not here, I bet. = Those for whom the game kindergarten, look at the recommended age! 2-12 years! = In this game, challenging levels, it is designed to develop motor skills...
Kyrgyz-Russian Dictionary
The dictionary Kyrgyz-Russian Russian-Kyrgyz English-Kyrgyz-Russian
Military Puzzle
In this puzzle the most different combat material of the world is presented. Ideal selection of pictures, excellent quality of images. Young future defenders will be delighted with this puzzle! Tanks, the Ships, Cars, Guns, Planes and Helicopters! All in one puzzle!
Fruit Bubble
Fruit Bubble This is a new funny game, which wouldn't leave indifferent neither kids nor adults! - Great Graphics! - Nice Music! - Two game modes! * "Free Play" - a child mode is suitable for even the smallest. * "Standard" mode - the game for points. -...


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Sign Up for our Newsletter
|President's Message
|We have some great programs planned for May and June, and there are two in particular you won't want to miss.
|Other News
|New PRSSA graduates or those with less than two years of PR experience can receive a free one-year New Professionals Section membership when they join National as an Associate member.
|New Members
|Please welcome our new and reinstated PRSA Dallas members.
|DFW Communicators Job Bank
|Looking for a job? Need to fill a position?
The Time to Enter the PRSA Dallas Pegasus Awards is NOW!
The Pegasus Awards recognize the most outstanding public relations and strategic communications efforts in the Dallas area. Members, non-members and students are invited to submit entries. The deadlines are approaching, so act quickly!
Window of eligibility: 12 months – July 1, 2014 to June 30, 2015
Early Bird Deadline (members only): 5 p.m, Friday, July 17, 2015
Final Deadline: 5 p.m., Monday, August 3, 2015
Winners will receive one trophy per winning entry with an opportunity to purchase additional trophies in November.
Save the date!
Awards luncheon will be held in conjunction with the
Communications Summit on October 23, 2015.
Questions? Contact Lisa Vasquez, APR, at firstname.lastname@example.com or 972-758-3894.
Read more...
PRSA Dallas
Welcome to our new website! PRSA Dallas is the top-tier, professional public relations and communications organization in Dallas. Serving more than 300 public relations practitioners in North Texas, the chapter is comprised of unparalleled public relations and communications talent who impact all facets of the business-to-consumer and business-to-business markets in the North Texas region. We are agency leaders, corporate communication practitioners, crisis communication experts, investor relations executives, strategic counselors to the C-suite, media relations and social media gurus, freelancers, "wordsmith" pros and so much more.
We strive to increase and develop the knowledge, skill set and abilities of our members, honing their potential for leadership. PRSA Dallas members leverage the power of professional networking, educational programs and partnerships to open doors in their own career paths and gain a seat at the table as a trusted advisor. Join today!
Member Spotlight
Michelle George, engagement specialist, United Way of Metropolitan Dallas
1. What made you decide to get into PR? I came to PR unconventionally. I started out as an actor and lived in New York doing that professionally until the recession. When I came back to Texas, I was ready for a career change. I evaluated my strengths and passions, and realized the parts I loved about show business translated well into PR: personal branding, content writing and public speaking. I decided to go back to school to get my masters to make sure I was fully prepared for the next chapter. I enrolled in the online Strategic Public Relations program at George Washington University and will graduate in May.
2. What do you value the most about being part of PRSA Dallas and/or how has it helped you in your career path? I value all the industry connections and opportunities to get involved. I started volunteering the week I joined PRSA Dallas, and now I do the social media around events. So far, it's a great resume builder, and we'll see where it leads in the future.
3. What is one piece of advice you would give new PRSA Dallas members and prospective members? I would say to do everything you can. Get out there and meet people. I sometimes feel like I'm at a disadvantage because I came late to the party, but through networking and getting involved, I am gaining industry contacts and experience.
4. Any hobbies or quirks to confess? I love to cook and eat interesting food. Some of my friends think I'm crazy because I'm looking for the best bone marrow in Dallas. It really is quite delicious.
5. What is on your coffee table? My wedding album. My husband and I eloped in the Bahamas. I love keeping the book out to reminisce over the beautiful pictures of a wonderful day. Also an EOS lip balm and a D CEO Women cookie that I got from an event last week. It's just such a beautiful cookie, I don't want to eat it!
6. If you could invite any three people to dinner (past or present), who would you choose? Gloria Steinem. What would she say about the current state of feminism in America? Malala Yousafzai. She was shot by the Taliban for promoting women's education. What a brave woman. Diane Rehm. I would love to hear stories from her amazing career in journalism.
Upcoming Events
June 12, 2015 PRSA Dallas Pitching Boot Camp
June 12, 2015
Pitching Boot Camp: "The Secrets of the New Media Relations Superstars" with renowned media pitching coach, Michael Smart
June 18, 2015 PRSA Dallas LuncheonJune 18, 2015
"The Evolution of CSR and How It's Paying Off for B2B and B2C Companies. Is Your Organization on Top of What's Next?"

subset: commoncrawl


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Main product was £242.99, now £209.00. Separate selling price £228.99
Save £37.99
Care Plan
from £2.50 per month
A Care Plan protects your digital camera if it develops a fault or breaks down, even as the result of a mishap.
There are two ways to pay for your plan - monthly or fixed term. Paying monthly means you'll only pay a small amount each month for as long as you want, whereas paying a fixed term is ideal if you just want to pay once and know your product is protected from then on.
Please note, customers selecting a monthly Care Plan will have the payment debited from their chosen card every month
|Care Plan
|Protection against breakdown
|Protection against mishap
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|You won't pay a penny more
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Important information and exclusions
Learn more about the benefits of our Camera Care Plans.
You can add a Care Plan to your chosen products on your basket confirmation page when you are ready to checkout, or for Order online & collect in store please ask when you collect your item.
Compare prices of extended warranties for electrical goods at www.compareextendedwarranties.co.uk from any internet enabled mobile device, smartphone, PC or laptop.
Tough, reliable and ideal for all your outdoor activities, the Canon PowerShot D30 Tough Digital Camera delivers comprehensive digital photography on all occasions, including in deep water.
Rugged build
This neatly compact and stylish camera has a hardwearing body that can withstand shocks, freezing temperatures, dust and water. Constructed for the harshest of environments, the PowerShot D30 is perfect for your extreme adventures like snowboarding, scuba diving and much more. You can take this compact down to depths of 25 m, so you can really capture your deep-sea diving moments.
Great photos
With an unbeatable combination of a high-sensitivity 12.1 megapixel CMOS image sensor and a powerful DIGIC 4 processing unit, the Canon compact achieves brilliantly detailed photos with natural colours and rich tones.
You can shoot great low-light photography shots thanks to the camera's HS system. The HS system excels in difficult light and darker underwater environments, so your moments aren't compromised by poor conditions. There's also an Underwater mode and Custom White Balance to assist with adjusting the natural colours for a great-looking result, even in aquatic environments.
Optical excellence
Equipped with a 28 mm wide-angle lens with 5x optical zoom and Intelligent IS, the Canon D30 allows you to shoot a vast range of photos. You can zoom in closer to distant subjects without losing detail, capture broad frames of people or landscape and enjoy stunning extreme close-up photography with 1 cm macro shots, great for marine life.
The Intelligent Image Stabilisation keeps your photos and videos in sharp, crisp and blur-free detail, even when on the move, at full zoom or in poor light.
GPS functionality
You can tag location information to each photo with the GPS tagging feature. This handy logger keeps track of your journey, so you can relive your adventures in more detail. The Map Utility software pinpoints where each shot was snapped, so you know exactly where the photo was taken.
Smart Auto
Shoot fantastic photos without the effort of changing settings with the built-in Smart Auto function. This helpful addition works by automatically detecting the scene and selecting the best possible camera settings for 32 variables (21 in movies).
Full HD movies
A dedicated movie button instantly shoots Full HD movies so you can quickly capture that one-off moment. The optical zoom and Intelligent IS operates during recording and an HDMI port allows a swift connection to an HDTV for playback.
Enjoy special movie modes and capture the action with a creative approach, a Movie Digest mode records up to 4 seconds of action before each still, it then stitches the shots together into one fun movie clip. You can also slow down the action with the Super Slow Motion Movie.
You can frame and playback your moments in exceptional clarity on the bright 3" LCD screen. The high quality monitor ensures viewing clearness even in bright sunlight or underwater. The active display with tap control offers an intuitive and comfortable way of reviewing shots when wearing gloves.
Capture and track those thrilling adventures with the Canon PowerShot D30 Tough Digital Camera in blue.
Product code: 096184
|Camera type
|Tough digital camera
|DIGIC 4 with iSAPS technology
|12.1 megapixels
|ISO sensitivity
|Image stabiliser
|Focal length
|5.0 - 25.0 mm
|35 mm equivalent
|28 – 140 mm
|Maximum aperture
|f/3.9 – f/4.8
|Minimum distance
|1 cm
|Normal distance
|25 cm to infinity
|Optical zoom
|5 x
|Digital zoom
|4 x
|3" PureColor II LCD TFT screen
|Screen features
|- Resolution: 461,000 dots
- Adjustable brightness
- Approx. 100% frame coverage
|Shutter speed
|- 1 – 1/1600 sec. (factory default)
- 15 – 1/1600 sec. (total range – varies by shooting mode)
|Continuous shooting
|1.9 fps
|- 2 seconds
- 10 seconds
- Custom
|Smart Auto (32 scenes detected), P, Movie Digest, Portrait, Smart Shutter (Smile, Wink Self-Timer, FaceSelf-Timer), Handheld Night Scene, Low Light (3.0 MP), Fish-eye Effect, Miniature Effect, Toy Camera Effect, Monochrome, Super Vivid, Poster Effect, Color Accent, Color Swap, Underwater, Underwater Macro, Snow, Fireworks, Long Shutter, Stitch Assist
|White balance
|Auto (including Face Detection WB), Daylight, Cloudy, Tungsten, Fluorescent, Fluorescent H, Underwater, Custom
|Maximum photo resolution
|4000 x 3000p
|Photo file formats
|Video mode
|Yes, with sound
|Maximum video resolution
|Full HD 1920 x 1080p (24 fps)
|Video file formats
|Audio file formats
|Linear PCM (monaural
|Memory card
- HDMI (Mini Type C)
|TV output
|Pictbridge / direct printing
|App available
|Yes - up to 25 m
|Yes - up to 2 m
|Yes - up to ‑10°C
|Battery type
|Lithium-Ion NB-6LH
|Battery life
|- Approx. 300 shots
- Approx. 300 min. playback
|Box contents
|- Battery pack NB-6LH
- Battery charger CB-2LYE
- AC cable
- Wrist strap WS-DC8
|61 x 144 x 159 mm (H x W x D)
|429 g
|Manufacturer's guarantee
|1 year
You could save money by choosing extra items with your purchase - look out for great savings on some products when added as part of the bundle
You can choose some items more than once - just click the "add" button twice
PowerShot D30 Tough Digital Camera - Blue
The Lowepro Apex 20AW Camera Bag is a durable four-compartment bag designed to carry a compact camera plus accessories.
A micro fibre cloth interior is integrated to protect lenses and LCD screens and the weather-resitant exterior will provide you with optimum protection against the elements - including dust and sand.
Engineered with the most adventurous photographer in...
For robust protection of your compact camera choose the Sandstorm SHCOMP13 Compact Camera Case.
Robust camera case
A combination of contemporary design and a hard shell exterior make this case an indispensible tool for anyone who wants to store and transport their device.
The exterior is tough, ready to protect against knocks and scratches and the interior...
With a sleek and understated design, the Acme Made AM36475-0WW The Oak Street Hard Camera Case can protect almost all compact cameras and small digital devices.
On the-go protection
The moulded EVA foam outer case provides exceptional impact protection for its size, protecting your camera from knocks and bumps. With a soft interior lining keeping it safe and scratch-free...
Keep your photography clear and precise with the Velbon UP-400 Monopod in your kit bag.
Lightweight and convenient
Lighter and easier to use in cramped conditions than a conventional tripod, this four section monopod is ideal for sports, nature and travel photography.
Compatible with a wide range of cameras including DSLRs and Compact System as well compact...
For great photography without any fuss, look no further than the Joby Original Gorillapod, one of the most versatile tripods in the world.
The Original Gorillapod attaches to your camera in seconds, then can be fitted around almost any surface in the world, due to its two dozen leg joints that all offer full 360° rotation.
With the Original Gorillapod, you get a...
The light and portable Manfrotto Compact Monopod will help you shoot photos and videos in any situation.
The ergonomic grip is soft and comfortable to hold and the wrist strap gives you a secure hold on it and any attached device.
Perfectly designed to mtach the look and performance of a compact system or bridge camera, the Manfrotto monopod can be used with devices...
If you are looking for a versatile tripod, the Joby GP2B Hybrid Gorillapod is the one for you.
New perspectives
With rock-solid stabilization and precise ballhead positioning allowing you to capture professional-quality images, the tripod system is certainly more adaptable than most. Whether you're staging a last-second street portrait, shooting time-lapse photos, or...
Get your perfect shot with ease when you use the Joby JB00151-CDE Magnetic Gorillapod.
Flexible legs
The Magnetic Gorillapod has 3 flexible legs that allow you to place your compact camera or video camera anywhere for fantastic photography. Thanks to the strong neodymium magnetic feet, you can attach it to any magnetic surface, and there are over two dozen leg joints that...
The innovative and versatile Joby GPod Mini Magnetic Gorillapod has magnetic feet that provide a whole new way of mounting your camera - enjoy more shooting opportunities.
The GPod is most suited for compact cameras and action camcorders, the magnetic feet open a world of shooting possibilities. You can secure the tripod to more surroundings, whether it is a car, metal bar, lamppost...
Fit your GoPro or action cam onto the Joby Action GorillaPod and experience a new kind of freedom and versatility with your shooting.
More than your average tripod
Despite its small dimensions, the Action GorillaPod is extremely flexible and can be used on any tripod, including all GorillaPods.
All you need to do is screw your tripod's quick-release plate into...
The Manfrotto Pixi MTPIXI-RD Mini Tripod is a high quality, compact and lightweight solution for camera stability.
Portable and easy to use
This tough little tripod is perfectly suited for compact system cameras thanks to its 1 kg weight limit.
Setting up the shot
The Pixi tripod allows you to swiftly set and steady your camera for a perfect shot.
Enhanced for Full HD recording, the PNY High Performance Class 10 SDHC Memory Card is perfect for capturing and storing high definition content.
This impressive memory card features fast transfer rates of up to 50 MB/second and a capacity of 16 GB.
It also features shock protection to protect data when it is knocked or bumped, while the inner silicone coating helps to...
Don't let insufficient storage cramp your style. The PNY Premium Class 4 SDHC Memory Card offers the perfect blend of capacity, affordability and high performance.
Offering a substantial 8GB of storage capacity for devices such as digital cameras and camcorders, the PNY 8GB Premium SDHC Memory Card has a Class 4 speed rating with a minimum write speed of 4MB/s and a read speed of...
Shoot without restriction with the 8 GB PNY High Performance Class 10 SD Memory Card.
Professional grade storage
With an impressive 80 MB/s read speed and 40 MB/s write speed, the PNT Class 10 is the perfect storage solution for DSLR photography and Full HD video recording.
Reliable storage
The card is shock-, water-, temperature- and...
This pack of four Duracell LR03/MX2400 Ultra Power AAA Alkaline Batteries is ideal for use in many small electronic devices, such as TV remote controls, MP3 players and digital cameras.
Offering a superior, long-lasting performance, the Ultra Power AAA Alkaline Batteries have integral power testers so you can easily see how much energy you have remaining.
Keep your...
This pack of four Duracell LR6/MX1500 Ultra Power AA Alkaline Batteries will power an extremely wide variety of devices.
From toys to remote controls, these Ultra Power AA Alkaline Batteries are sure to provide hours of reliable operation.
Get your power from the most trusted name in batteries with the Duracell LR6/MX1500 Ultra Power AA Alkaline Batteries!
Make sure you never run out of power when you need it most when you keep an extra 12-pack of Duracell Ultra Power AA Alkaline Batteries on hand!
These Ultra Power AA Alkaline Batteries give you up to 40% more power than Duracell's excellent Duracell Plus range.
These high-performance batteriesare perfect for use with cameras, camcorders, MP3 players, smartphones and toys....
Power your house-hold devices with the long-lasting Duracell LR6/MX1500 Ultra Power AA Alkaline Batteries.
Powered to perform
The high-performance AA batteries are perfect for powering your camera, camcorder, MP3 player and your other electronic devices.
You can check the power level of each battery with the power tester.
Enjoy longer lasting use...
Power your house-hold devices with the long-lasting Duracell LR03/MX2400 Ultra Power AAA Alkaline Batteries.
Powered to perform
The high-performance AAA batteries are perfect for powering your camera, camcorder, MP3 player and your other electronic devices.
You can check the power level of each battery with the power tester.
Enjoy longer lasting...
Never miss a photo opportunity due to dead batteries when you take the Duracell DL123A/CR123A/EL123A Ultra Photo 123A Lithium Camera Batteries wherever you go.
Designed for cameras
This 3 V Lithium battery is ideal for use with cameras, so you always have battery life for the next unmissable shot. There are 2 batteries in this pack, so you will always have a battery at...
Display your fondest memories with the stylish silver Sandstrom S10DPF13 10" Digital Photo Frame.
The S10DPF13 10" Digital Photo Frame is compatible with SD, MMC and SDHC memory cards, and supports JPEG images.
When you insert a memory card, the frame will begin a slideshow automatically, so you can show off your holiday photos or the latest family gathering. There are...
Display your fondest memories with the smart black Logik L07DPF13 7" Digital Photo Frame.
Show off your favourite photos with this photo frame, which also includes a bracket for wall-hanging. The L07DPF13 7" Digital Photo Frame is compatible with SD, MMC, MS and SDHC memory cards, and supports JPEG images.
When you insert a memory card, the frame will begin a...
See all your favourite photos in one convenient frame with the black Logik L08DPF13 8" Digital Photo Frame.
Easy to use
This modern Digital Photo Frame plays your images in an automatic slideshow - simply inset your memory stick, MMC, SD or SDHC card and you're ready to start viewing.
The USB port and card slot make viewing your images simple and easy.
The Monster Mobile PowerCard Turbo Rechargeable Portable Battery Pack in champagne keeps your phone and tablet going while you're on the move.
Slim and lightweight, the Mobile PowerCard Turbo fits easily into your pocket for emergency charging as and when you need it, charging your device three times faster than standard USB chargers.
Cross compatible with a wide range of...
The Monster Mobile PowerCard Turbo Rechargeable Portable Battery Pack in black keeps your phone and tablet going while you're on the move.
Slim and lightweight, the Mobile PowerCard Turbo fits easily into your pocket for emergency charging as and when you need it, charging your device three times faster than standard USB chargers.
Cross compatible with a wide range of...
The Monster Mobile PowerCard Turbo Rechargeable Portable Battery Pack keeps your phone and tablet going while you're on the move.
Slim and lightweight, the PowerCard Turbo fits easily into your pocket for emergency charging as and when you need it, charging your device three times faster than standard USB chargers.
Cross compatible with a wide range of products, the...
The Monster Mobile PowerCard Rechargeable Portable Battery in red is the ideal solution for keeping your smartphone fully charged up while you're on the move or away.
It's the right size
Credit card-sized, this Monster Rechargeable Portable Battery is perfect for carrying with you as an alternative power source for your smartphone.
Slip it into your pocket or a...
The Monster Mobile PowerCard Rechargeable Portable Battery in black is the ideal solution for keeping your smartphone fully charged up while you're on the move or away.
It's the right size
Credit card-sized, this Monster Rechargeable Portable Battery is perfect for carrying with you as an alternative power source for your smartphone.
Slip it into your pocket or...
The black Hama Mini USB Cable optimises conductivity to deliver interference free transmissions. Manufactured from UL-certified high-density cable material, Mini USB Cable is 1.8 metre long and ideal for digital cameras, MP3 players and other USB equipment.
If you don't want to miss the perfect photo opportunity ever again, the Joby JB01254-BWW Griptight Mount can help you capture impressive shots wherever you are.
Great compatibility
The Joby mount supports iPhones and smartphones and is compatible with any tripod or Gorillapod you already own. This means you can get started with taking professional snapshots straight...
The Spudz SP-BK20 10" Black Cleaning Cloth with Pouch is a great, simple solution to keeping your optics and similar glass items clean.
Dynamic yet gentle
Able to clean without scratching, the SPBK2-0 10" Cleaning Cloth removes dirt and smudges on your lenses while completely protecting them from accidental scratching.
Invaluable to the photography...
Small in size but big in functionality, the Epson Expression Premium XP720 All-in-One Wireless Inkjet Printer is ideal for busy homes who want to regularly print high-quality photos and long documents.
Print wirelessly from anywhere
Able to print, scan and copy, the Epson Expression Premium XP-720 is 40% smaller than previous models and boasts built-in WiFi for...
Print wirelessly wherever you are with the HP ENVY 5644 All-in-One Inkjet Printer. With a wireless connection, you'll be able to print from smartphones, tablets, PCs and much more, as well as scan and copy documents and photos without requiring separate devices.
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Connect your ENVY 5644 to your local wireless network and you're ready to get started with...
The Epson Expression Premium XP820 All-in-One Inkjet Printer allows you to copy, scan, print and fax, and delivers economical performance with high-quality output for your home and business needs.
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Use this 4-in-1 Epson printer to generate crisp, professional-looking text documents and clear, colourful photos. You can scan documents in high quality,...
For photo realistic prints, Canon 100 x 150 mm PP-201 Glossy Photo Paper offers a luxuriant finish, with the texture of real photo paper.
This 50-sheet pack of gloss II photo paper will enable you to produce high quality photo prints at home.
Get the most out of your pictures with Canon 100 x 150 mm PP-201 Glossy Photo Paper.
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This pack of Canon A4 Glossy Photo Paper contains 20 sheets and will deliver beautiful, instantly dry prints that can be handled as soon as they leave the printer!
Get photo finishing results at home with the 130 x 180 mm Photo Paper Plus Glossy II – 20 Sheets.


text:
Unprofessional Fridays: 05/29/2015
Become Premium to Watch
Mortal Kombat X moves forward with a snappier version of the previous game's fighting and some cool new characters, but the story and other features around the edges feel a bit rough in spots.
The ways that Axiom Verge resembles Metroid help set up and drive home the ways that Axiom Verge is most definitely not Metroid.
Hotline Miami's thrillingly brutal gameplay is stretched to the point of breaking in this aesthetically pleasing, but otherwise disappointing sequel.
Concept »
The place that appears at the bottom of the SEES dorm. Contains doors that lead to the past, present, and future.
Gaia is the planet on which Final Fantasy VII takes place. The planet is portrayed as a living being, and the Lifestream its blood and spirit.
One of the first Dungeons & Dragons fantasy universes ever created.
The region explored in the third generation of Pokémon. Hoenn was designed from the get-go to have 50% land and 50% water, a first for the series, in order to follow the story or Groudon and Kyogre.
Hollow Bastion is an important location in the Kingdom Hearts series.
The Setting for the second generation of Pokemon (Gold, Silver, Crystal). This region is home to 100 new and exclusive Pokemon that did not appear in the original Versions. This is also the setting of Pokemon anime seasons 3-5.
The region explored in the first generation of Pokémon adventures.
A large Greek mountain where the very early Olympic games started, it was also believed that the Greek/Roman gods 'lived' at the very top of the mountain.
A central shopping point in Persona 3. The player can buy weapons, armor, or other items available in the stores around the mall.
The island where Gekkoukan High is built on. Where most of the important events happen in the game.
Pride Lands from Disney's "The Lion King" is a playable world in the movie tie-in of the same name and in Kingdom Hearts II.
The state in which Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas takes place; it includes three main cities based on real locations, as well as several smaller towns and other landmarks.
Sinnoh is the region in which players play in the Pokemon Diamond/Pearl/Platinum games and is the setting of Pokemon anime seasons 10-13.
The Mushroom Kingdom is the fanciful world where many of Mario's adventures take place. The kingdom also hosted various sporting events like Mario Kart racing, tennis, and golf.
Traverse Town is a haven for those who have had their world destroyed by the Heartless. The town acts as a central hub for Kingdom Hearts.
Home to Igor, a mysterious character from the Persona games. He helps those who have been granted access to the Velvet Room build their power and fuse personas.
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Lack of clinical predictors of optimal V-V delay in patients with cardiac resynchronization devices
- Avi Fischer,
- Riple Hansalia,
- Samantha Buckley,
- Robin Goldberg,
- Martin Goldman,
- Paul Muntner,
- Davendra Mehta,
- W. Lane Duvall
- … show all 8 hide
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Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a well-established therapy for patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure (HF), left ventricular dysfunction with an ejection fraction ≤ 35% and a QRS on the surface electrocardiogram of ≥130 msec. Device optimization is often performed, adjusting the timing of RV and LV stimulation to produce a pacing sequence that yields the best global cardiac performance. However, no standard guidelines exist for optimization and many invasive and non-invasive techniques have been employed with mixed results. The aim of the present study was to determine whether there are any clinical predictors of the optimal V-V settings in patients implanted with CRT devices.
Methods and results
We prospectively evaluated 47 consecutive patients with HF who were referred to our device optimization clinic. The mean patient age was 64.9 ± 12.7 years. Patients were in both sinus rhythm (83%) and atrial fibrillation. Prior to device implant, 51% of patients had left bundle branch block (LBBB), 17% had intra-ventricular conduction delay (IVCD) and 21% were RV paced. Sixty-two percent were male, the mean QRS duration was 152 ± 29 ms, mean LVEF 26 ± 8% and 60% had a non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. Overall, 82% of patients required sequential pacing with 69% requiring LV pre-excitation to produce the best global cardiac function as determined by aortic velocity time integrals (VTI). In our cohort, none of the clinical characteristics evaluated, including etiology of the cardiomyopathy, QRS duration, LVEF, pre-implant rhythm or AV delay were predictive of an optimal simultaneous or sequential V-V setting.
None of the clinical variables tested in our analysis predicted optimal RV-LV settings. Our results suggest that individual optimization and programming of V-V settings is necessary. The inability to predict optimal settings likely reflects the unique characteristics of each patient and supports the need for individualized programming of each device.
- Abraham, W. T., Fisher, W. G., Smith, A. L. (2002) Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure. The New England Journal of Medicine 346: pp. 1845-1853 CrossRef
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- Bax, J. J., Wall, E. E., Schalij, M. J. (2002) Cardiac resynchronization therapy for heart failure. The New England Journal of Medicine 347: pp. 1803-1804 CrossRef
- Bordachar, P., Lafitte, S., Reuter, S. (2004) Echocardiographic parameters of ventricular dyssynchrony validation in patients with heart failure using sequential biventricular pacing. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 44: pp. 2157-2165 CrossRef
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- Sogaard, P., Egeblad, H., Pedersen, A. K. (2002) Sequential versus simultaneous biventricular resynchronization for severe heart failure: evaluation by tissue Doppler imaging. Circulation 106: pp. 2078-2084 CrossRef
- Rao, R. K., Kumar, U. N., Schafer, J., Viloria, E., Lurgio, D., Foster, E. (2007) Reduced ventricular volumes and improved systolic function with cardiac resynchronization therapy: a randomized trial comparing simultaneous biventricular pacing, sequential biventricular pacing, and left ventricular pacing. Circulation 115: pp. 2136-2144 CrossRef
- Boriani, G., Muller, C. P., Seidl, K. H. (2006) Randomized comparison of simultaneous biventricular stimulation versus optimized interventricular delay in cardiac resynchronization therapy. The resynchronization for the hemodynamic treatment for heart failure management ii implantable cardioverter defibrillator (RHYTHM II ICD) study. American Heart Journal 151: pp. 1050-1058 CrossRef
- Parreira, L., Santos, J. F., Madeira, J. (2005) Cardiac resynchronization therapy with sequential biventricular pacing: impact of echocardiography guided VV delay optimization on acute results. Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia 24: pp. 1355-1365
- Hasan, A., Abraham, W. T., Quinn-Tate, L., Brown, L., Amkieh, A. (2006) Optimization of cardiac resynchronization devices using acoustic cardiography: a comparison to echocardiography. Congestive Heart Failure (Greenwich, Conn.) 12: pp. 25-31 CrossRef
- Vidal, B., Tamborero, D., Mont, L. (2007) Electrocardiographic optimization of interventricular delay in cardiac resynchronization therapy: a simple method to optimize the device. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 18: pp. 1252-1257 CrossRef
- Gorcsan, J., Abraham, T., Agler, D. A. (2008) Echocardiography for cardiac resynchronization therapy: recommendations for performance and reporting—a report from the American society of echocardiography dyssynchrony writing group endorsed by the heart rhythm society. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 21: pp. 191-213 CrossRef
- Bax, J. J., Abraham, T., Barold, S. S. (2005) Cardiac resynchronization therapy: Part 1—issues before device implantation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 46: pp. 2153-2167 CrossRef
- Bleeker, G. B., Yu, C. M., Nihoyannopoulos, P. (2007) Optimal use of echocardiography in cardiac resynchronisation therapy. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 93: pp. 1339-1350
- Auricchio, A., Salo, R. W. (1997) Acute hemodynamic improvement by pacing in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 20: pp. 313-324 CrossRef
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- Ypenburg, C., Schalij, M. J., Bleeker, G. B. (2007) Impact of viability and scar tissue on response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in ischaemic heart failure patients. European Heart Journal 28: pp. 33-41 CrossRef
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- Ypenburg, C., Roes, S. D., Bleeker, G. B. (2007) Effect of total scar burden on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging on response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. The American Journal of Cardiology 99: pp. 657-660 CrossRef
- Vanderheyden, M., Backer, T., Rivero-Ayerza, M. (2005) Tailored echocardiographic interventricular delay programming further optimizes left ventricular performance after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Rhythm 2: pp. 1066-1072 CrossRef
- Gabriel, R. S., Bakshi, T. K., Scott, A. G. (2007) Reliability of echocardiographic indices of dyssynchrony. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 24: pp. 40-46
- Beshai, J. F., Grimm, R. A., Nagueh, S. F. (2007) Cardiac-resynchronization therapy in heart failure with narrow QRS complexes. The New England Journal of Medicine 357: pp. 2461-2471 CrossRef
- Ghio, S. (2007) Results of the predictors of response to CRT (PROSPECT) trial. Hotline Late Breaking Clinical Trials. European Society of Cardiology, Vienna, Austria
- Title
- Lack of clinical predictors of optimal V-V delay in patients with cardiac resynchronization devices
- Journal
Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology
Volume 25, Issue 2 , pp 153-158
- Cover Date
- 2009-08-01
- 10.1007/s10840-008-9336-9
- Print ISSN
- Online ISSN
- 1572-8595
- Publisher
- Springer US
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- Cardiac resynchronization therapy
- Sequential BiV pacing
- V-V optimization
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- Avi Fischer (1) (2)
- Riple Hansalia (1)
- Samantha Buckley (1)
- Robin Goldberg (1)
- Martin Goldman (1)
- Paul Muntner (1)
- Davendra Mehta (1)
- W. Lane Duvall (1)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- 2. Electrophysiology Section, Mount Sinai Medical Center, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1054, New York, NY, 10029, USA


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10 Inspiring Kids
10 Inspiring Kids
These days children are often stereotyped as inactive and uninvolved in their communities, content with sitting in front of their computer or playing video games all day at home rather than volunteer their time and energy to those in need. But there are plenty of children who are spending their spare time making a difference in the lives of others in their communities and around the world. In celebration of these incredible young people, this month we are featuring 10 inspiring children who have gone above and beyond to make a difference in the lives of millions.
To vote for the person you feel is most inspiring, click the Facebook Share button above the slide containing your favorite nominee.
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Death Penalty: 'Civilized' Vengeance or Biblical...Matthew 5:38 "You have heard that it was said, 'Eye for eye, and tooth for tooth.'"...
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5 Tips To Stop Dating 'Fixer-Upper' GuysIf you found your way to this article, it may be because you are the type of...
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Which is the real Chase Headley?
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A swinging bunt single in the fifth inning Wednesday afternoon extended Will Venable's hitting streak to a career-long 11 games.
Venable's only previous 10-game hitting streak was from Sept. 6-29, 2010.
Venable is 15-for-42 (.357) during the streak with three doubles, two triples, three home runs, five RBIs and seven runs scored.
Six of the games during the streak were in his new role as lead-off hitter. He is 8-for-26 (.308) from the lead-off spot during the streak with two walks (a .357 on-base percentage) with two doubles, two triples a home run, three RBIs and three runs scored.
Venable is hitting .369 (31-for-84) over his last 24 games with six doubles, two triples and five homers with nine RBIS and 13 runs scored to raise his batting average from .219 to .257.
--The Padres fell to 3-10 in rubber matches of three-games series this season, including a 1-6 mark on the road.
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--Wednesday's loss snapped a six-game winning streak against left-handed starters.


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Dear members,
Thank you, NarutoBase Staff
At least the flashbacks were more interesting than last week's...
Anyway, it would have been nice if he showed the actual fight :sy:
Originally Posted by chakrawizard555
Actually, this would also help explain Orochimaru's connection to Danzo, including why he might have agreed to inject him with Hashirama's DNA and place the ten Sharingan in his arm. More old riddles, solved thanks to this chapter, yet people are complaining about it. :shrug: I don't get it.
I agree, yet more loose ends being tied up. With this and other mysteries being solved..the "Hyuuga Retribution Train" just picked up an ass load of speed...here we go!!!
Originally Posted by Gatsuuga
Loved the chapter, it was interesting. But I expect everyone to hate it since most people just hate Kabuto for no reason
I completely agree, I don't get why everyone hates on Kabuto so much, even after he has shown that he's pretty powerful, everyone still thinks he's a loser who's gonna get whooped by the uchiha brothers easily.
Lame x10
Originally Posted by thai sage
I completely agree, I don't get why everyone hates on Kabuto so much, even after he has shown that he's pretty powerful, everyone still thinks he's a loser who's gonna get whooped by the uchiha brothers easily.
That has nothing to do with why people are hating.
I gave this a 1 cause there is no 0.
Kabuto is prob the character I hate most, and these fillers about his life when there are 3 HUGE fights going on are the least i wanna see. Fail chapter!!!
who gives a wokca flocka flame about kabuto so what were in the fourth shinobi war we need action and endings and kishi is giving us crap
Enjoyed this chapter more than last week. Love Kabuto's back story even more now. We learned a lot.
-How Kabuto met Orochimaru.
-Danzou and Oro worked together. I had always assumed Oro was the one who implanted the eyes into Danzo, seems like it was confirmed to me.
-Looks like Oro was in root.
Now we know what tragedy caused Kabuto to go "evil" I think that's the end of flash backs.
PREDICTIONS 584: We finally see Izanami making most people happy. Kabuto dies. Edo Tensei is ended. We may even see the last of Itachi.
yeah still stuck with flashback...more actions and jutsu please.. :flaw:
another wasted week...heres how it should have ended...http://www.narutobase.net/forums/sho...d.php?t=178852
Originally Posted by Wparker6804
Well, after they show some overpowered new jutsu, people would be even more annoyed that they showed the flashback then. Besides, if it's going to burn out one of Itachi's eyes, it's most likely going to end Edo Tensei and finish the fight with Kabuto. By then it would be too late.
I understand kishi's reasoning for the placement, but I just can't stand cliff hangers.
so the mother is she huuyga if so why is she blind plus do not really care much about kabuto then we find out his reason for going dark side is that someone did not remember him seriously kishi thats ur excuse anyway hope this ends this and no i am not one of those who hate seeing flashbacks or talks i actually prefer them to the fighting but only interesting topics like who is tobi how did the first defeat madara the so6 stuff that actually matters not this
Ass chapter but I really don't care much for kabuto "wah wah I don't know who I am" shut up and fight the uchiha bros. if kishi spends another chapter on a kabuto flashback I'll be pissed last issue ok this one ehh but I'll let it slide one more would just be pointless. Get on with the fight or go to one of the other two fights that are way more interesting (perferably Madara vs 5kage)
it was awful why talk about his past now
I am squirrel god!
This chapter did nothing but tell us shits we already knew... He met oro and worked with him as a spy... wow such a revelation... unfortunately, i see another 2-3 weeks of this bull...
damn fillers in the mid of war damn it it's 2 for me
god, u guys seriously? you all hate this chapter?
do you all have add for real? jesus.
ok kishi, screw any story let's just have mindless fights all the time with no story, apparently nobody likes stories, just action with no stories, so **** naruto and all that.
just do fight scenes from now on, people have low attention spans ok?
hmm now i got it!
there is a reason why anko is lying on the ground!
he sucked oro's curse out to earn more oro power ..
what do u think?
disappointment... but hey Kabuto is about to die since they're showing his past.
Forum Rules


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As The Nameless One, an immortal who has lived many lives but has forgotten all of them even forgetting his own name, journey through the city of Sigil and other planes to reclaim memories of your previous lives.
The Unfinished Business patch adds many missions back into the game that the designer's didn't have time to finish. Often these are items, conversations, and even entire quests that were intended to be in the game, but time and money constraints meant they were left out, despite being close to completion.


text:
By Will Nations
There is one characteristic that sticks in the minds of the people in West Point and surrounding Oak Hill Academy. For the past few days, many remember Taylor Dragoo's smile, which will forever carry his spirit.
Dragoo, 15, was involved in an ATV accident Friday in West Point. He died from injuries suffered in the crash Saturday at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson. The news shocked many friends, teammates and coaches.
and JOSH PRESLEY
The bright lights of McCallister Field will grow even brighter at the start of the 2014 football season.
The West Point School District board approved the construction of a new $179,119 scoreboard, which includes a video screen and two play clocks at its meeting Monday.
West Point High School Athletic Director Chris Chambless, who is also the head football coach, said he and the board have been discussing a new scoreboard for the past two months and believes it will create a better atmosphere at Hamblin Stadium in the fall.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) officials have set up shop at Phillip's Hardware on Highway 45 in West Point and are looking to provide residents with information on how to better prepare themselves for emergency situations.
According to the Mississippi Department of Health, more than 100 Mississippians have died as a result on ATV accidents since 2008.
The state has had more than 400 ATV-related deaths since 1982, 100 of those being children under 16. According to MDH, ATVs present unique dangers because they can reach high speed off the road where unpredictable conditions can cause collisions and rollovers.
Mississippi State University Extension Service 4-H/Youth Agent Fran Brock said with statistics are alarming, and that ATV safety is more important than ever.
Taylor Dragoo, age 15, passed away Saturday, June 7, 2014, at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson. Taylor was born April 19, 1999, in West Point to Sherry Reannay Jenkins and Steven Alfred Dragoo. Taylor was a member of First Christian Church, but also attended the youth groups of First Baptist Church, Calvary Baptist Church, and First Methodist Church. Taylor was an avid outdoorsman, who loved to hunt, fish, kayak, and ride four-wheelers. Taylor loved all sports, but especially loved football and running track. Taylor was a "Sportscenter" enthusiast.
Charles Edward Cartee, age 75, passed away Sunday, June 8, 2014, at North Mississippi Medical Center in West Point. Mr. Charles was born Dec. 10, 1938, in Clay County, the son of the late Spurgeon Cartee and Dovie Eaton Cartee Felder. He was a truck driver for United Produce and Bigbee Transportation. He was a Baptist. He married Opal Oline Payne June 6, 1955. In addition to his parents, he was preceded in death by daughter, Charlene Comer and by a son, Larry Payne.
DTL staff
West Point Police Department investigators are searching for a suspect in connection with an alleged armed robbery Saturday evening at Internet Cafe on West Main Street.
According to a WPPD statement to media, the cafe business manager was approached as she locked the front door to the establishment at closing hours Saturday night. A suspect described as wearing black pants, a black shirt and black cap, allegedly took the manager's purse — which contained two money bags holding an undisclosed amount of cash — and fled west, according to the release.
Special to Daily Times Leader
STARKVILLE — When Yokohama Tire Corporation first set out to build a new plant in the U.S., West Point was among more than 3,000 possible sites the company had in mind.
Tadaharu Yamamoto, president of Yokohama Tire Manufacturing Mississippi (YTMM), said Yokohama first looked at 3,114 counties across the U.S. and, after screening, narrowed that to 116 counties in the Southeast. Yokohama received 85 applications from among these counties, he said, narrowing those to three finalists before deciding on West Point in Clay County.
The Clay County Sheriff's Department and Clay County Coroner's office are investigating an ATV ride that turned deadly last week.
Taylor Dragoo, 15, of West Point, died Saturday at University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson as a result of injuries suffered in an ATV accident Friday.
According to the accident report, Dragoo was driving south on Bus Blankenship Road in West Point, when he crossed Barton Ferry Road and reportedly lost control of the ATV.
Fifth Street Junior High seventh-grader Maney Darby,13, has been invited to participate in the Foundations of Leadership conference July 22-27 in Washington, D.C.
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Jiffy Orange Pancakes
|1 , beaten
|Half and half/Light cream
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
|Frozen orange juice concentrate
|6 Ounce, thawed (1 Can)
|Pancake mix
|1 Cup (16 tbs) (1 Cup, Packaged Regular, Not Complete Mix)
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs), cut up
1 Combine beaten egg, cream, and 1/4 cup of the orange juice concentrate. Add pancake mix. Stir just until combined but still slightly lumpy. Heat a lightly greased griddle or heavy skillet over medium heat until a few drops of water dance across the surface. Pour about
2 tablespoons of batter onto the hot griddle for each pancake. Cook over medium heat 1 to 2 minutes on each side or until pancakes are golden brown, turning to cook second sides when pancakes have bubbly surfaces and slightly dry edges. Serve immediately, or place in a lightly covered ovenproof dish and keep warm in a 300° oven.
2 For sauce, in a small saucepan combine sugar, margarine or butter, and the remaining orange juice concentrate. Bring mixture to boiling, stirring occasionally.


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Brooklyn boy beaten by school bullies: lawsuit
A Brooklyn sixth-grader was assaulted by classmates while staffers at IS 104 in Bay Ridge looked the other way, a lawsuit alleges. The boy, then 12, was repeatedly "punched in...
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A method and system for high-speed, precise micromachining an array of devices are disclosed wherein improved process throughput and accuracy, such as resistor trimming accuracy, are provided. The number of resistance measurements are limited by using non-measurement cuts, using non-sequential collinear cutting, using spot fan-out parallel cutting, and using a retrograde scanning technique for faster collinear cuts. Non-sequential cutting is also used to manage thermal effects and calibrated cuts are used for improved accuracy. Test voltage is controlled to avoid resistor damage.
1. A method for high-speed, precise micromachining an array of devices, each of the devices having at least one measurable property, the method comprising the steps of:
selectively laser micromachining a device in the array along a linear path to vary a value of a measurable property;
suspending the step of selectively laser micromachining;
while the step of selectively laser micromachining is suspended, selectively laser micromachining at least one other device in the array along a path collinear with the linear path to vary a value of a measurable property; and
resuming the suspended step of selectively micromachining to vary a measurable property of the device until its value is within a desired range.
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This is a divisional of application(s) Ser. No. 10/397,541 filed on Mar. 26, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,951,995, entitled Method and System For High-speed, Precise Micromachining an Array of Devices which claims priority of Ser. No. 60/368,421 filed Mar. 28, 2002 and which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/108,101 entitled "Method For Processing a Device, Method and System For Molding Same and the Device" filed Mar. 27, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,972,268.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to methods and systems for high-speed, precise micromachining of an array of devices. This invention also relates to the field of resistor trimming, particularly trimming of serpentine resistors on thin film block structures. Laser resistor trimming involves laser-processing cuts in an area of resistive material between conductors.
2. Background Art
Resistor trimming (as well as trimming and micro-machining of other electronic components and circuits) has evolved over the laser 20 years and is now used for adjusting circuits for thick film, thin film, and other electronic technologies. The publication "Trimming," LIA HANDBOOK OF LASER MATERIALS PROCESSING, Chapter 17, pages 583-588, 2001 contains contributions describing several aspects of laser trimming.
The following exemplary U.S. patents are related to laser trimming methods and systems: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,510,605; 6,322,711; 5,796,392; 4,901,052; 4,853,671; 4,647,899; 4,511,607; and 4,429,298.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,429,298 relates to many aspects of serpentine trimming. Basically, a serpentine resistor is formed with sequential plunge cuts and a final trim cut is made parallel to the resistor edge from the last plunge. It describes "progressively" making plunge cuts on a resistor alternately from one end, considers maximum and minimum plunge cut lengths, a resistance threshold of the plunge cuts for the trim cut, a faster cutting speed for plunge cuts, and a structured process flow with various resistance and cut length tests.
There is a continuing need for improved high-speed, micromachining such as precise trimming at all scales of operation, ranging from thick film circuits to wafer trimming.
An object of the present invention is to provide an improved method and system for high-speed, precise micromachining an array of devices.
In carrying out the above object and other objects of the present invention, a method is provided for high-speed, precise micromachining an array of devices. Each of the devices has at least one measurable property. The method includes the steps of: a) selectively micromachining a device in the array to vary a value of a measurable property; b) suspending the step of selectively micromachining; c) while the step of selectively micromachining is suspended, selectively micromachining at least one other device in the array to vary a value of a measurable property; and d) resuming the suspended step of selectively micromachining to vary a measurable property of the device until its value is within a desired range.
The devices may be resistors.
The resistors may be film resistors.
The steps of selectively micromachining may be performed with at least one laser beam which cuts the devices.
The method may further include measuring one measurable property of at least one of the devices to obtain a measured value.
The method may further include comparing the measured value with a predetermined threshold to obtain a comparison and micromachining at least one of the other devices based on the comparison.
The method may further include selectively micromachining at least one of the other devices based on the measured value.
The method may further include determining not to measure a measurable property of at least one of the other devices based on the measured value.
The method may be for high-speed, precise laser trimming an array of resistors, and one of the measurable properties may be resistance.
Each of the steps of selectively micromachining may include the step of selectively removing material.
The array may include at least one of one or more rows and one or more columns.
At least one of the steps of selectively micromachining may be performed with a plurality of focused laser pulses to irradiate a plurality of devices substantially simultaneously.
At least one of the steps of selectively micromachining may be performed with a plurality of focused laser pulses. The method may further include distributing the focused laser pulses.
The step of distributing may include the steps of producing a distribution pattern with a plurality of laser beams and focusing the laser beams.
The laser trimming may produce a series of interdigited cuts in an area of resistive material between conductors of the resistors.
At least one of the steps of selectively micromachining may include the steps of positioning a laser beam at a location of each of the devices to be micromachined and selectively irradiating at least a portion of each of the devices to be micromachined with at least one laser pulse.
At least one of the steps of selectively micromachining may include the steps of generating and relatively positioning a laser beam to travel in a first direction within a field of the array and selectively irradiating at least a portion of at least one device within the field with at least one laser pulse.
The method may further include generating and relatively positioning a laser beam to travel in a second direction substantially opposite the first direction within the field and selectively irradiating at least a second portion of at least one device within the field with at least one laser pulse.
At least one of the steps of selectively micromachining may include the steps of generating and relatively positioning a laser beam to travel in a first scanning pattern across the devices, superimposing a second scanning pattern with the first scanning pattern and irradiating at least one device with at least one laser pulse.
The second scanning pattern may be a retrograde scan, and scan speed of the at least one laser pulse irradiating the at least one device is lower than a corresponding scan speed of the first scanning pattern. Laser energy may be concentrated at the at least one device for a period of time longer than a period of time associated with only the first scanning pattern whereby throughput is improved.
The second scanning pattern may include a jump from a first device to a second device.
The steps of selectively micromachining may be performed with a plurality of laser pulses, and at least one of the pulses may have an energy in the range of 0.1 microjoules to 25 millijoules.
The measured value may be a measured temperature value.
The devices may be substantially identical.
Further in carrying out the above objects and other objects of the present invention, a system is provided for high-speed, laser-based, precise micromachining an array of devices. Each of the devices has at least one measurable property. The system includes a pulsed laser subsystem. An optical subsystem is coupled to the pulsed laser system to selectively irradiate a portion of a device with a laser pulse. A controller is coupled to the subsystems to control the subsystems to: a) selectively micromachine a device in the array to vary a value of a measurable property; b) suspend the selective micromachining; c) while the selective micromachining is suspended, selectively micromachine at least one other device in the array to vary a value of a measurable property; and d) resume the selective micromachining to vary a measurable property of the device until its value is within a desired range.
The optical subsystem may include a beam deflector and a beam deflector controller for controlling the beam deflector to scan a laser beam along a first scan pattern which includes each of the devices to be micromachined.
The system may further include a measurement subsystem to measure one of the measurable properties of at least one of the devices.
The micromachining may be laser trimming and the array is an array of resistors, and the measurement subsystem may be a probe array.
The optical subsystem may include a second beam deflector to superimpose a higher-speed, second scan pattern on the first scan pattern whereby throughput of the system is improved.
The controller may be coupled to the subsystems so that the subsystems are controlled to generate a trimming sequence for at least one of the devices that reduces device temperature during micromachining.
The above object and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention are readily apparent from the following detailed description of the best mode for carrying out the invention when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.
High-Speed Serpentine Trimming Process
In resistor trimming, the cuts direct the current flowing through the resistive material along a resistance path. Fine control and adjustment of the cut size and shape change the resistance to a desired value, as illustrated in
The trimming of serpentine thin film resistors, for instance as illustrated in
Referring to
The next collinear group of cuts along resistors of the row is made in the same manner as shown at 211 of
Limiting the number of measurements and maintaining a collinear trim trajectory both increase trim speed.
The flowchart of
In at least one embodiment, cutting steps may be carried out based upon pre-determined information. By way of example, for some resistor types, a first series of elements may be cut before resistance is measured, the sequence based on pre-determined parameters of the resistor (e.g.: geometry) and/or known film properties, (e.g: sheet resistance). Similarly, a number of non-measured cuts may be determined in a learn mode at the first resistor (e.g: including at least one measurement, or iterative measurements). In one learn mode, iterative measurements are made and the number of non-trim cuts is determined based on the measurements and material properties. In at least one embodiment a number of the non-measured cuts may be calculated.
For example, four cuts may be made without measurement. Referring to
Then the process is repeated, beginning with trimming 407 of RN, and then cutting of R[N−1] to R1 as shown at 413 and further defined by block 423. Hence, with each change in direction either R1 or RN is trimmed, and if the target value is not reached the remaining resistors R2 . . . RN or R[N−1] . . . R1, respectively, are cut. A final step results after R1 or RN reaches a target value. Each resistor is connected and trimmed sequentially, illustrated at 414 and further defined by block 424.
The flowchart of
In one embodiment, wherein pre-determined information is obtained using iterative measurements, pre-trim values are provided. The values may be specified by an operator, process engineer, or otherwise obtained. The software provides capability for specifying or using the pre-trim target values so that the applied test voltage and/or current is controlled. This feature is useful for avoiding voltages that are high enough to damage the part over the wide range of resistance change associated with serpentine trimming. When using a fast resistor measurement system in an embodiment of the invention, the voltage applied to the resistor for measurement is decreased for the initial low resistance cut to limit current through and potential damage to the resistor. As subsequent cuts are made and the resistance increases, the measurement voltage is increased.
The exemplary trim and cut sequences of
For example, in at least one embodiment of the present invention, additional steps may be utilized when a measured trim cut reaches the target value and length is within a predetermined margin of the maximum allowed cut length. Within the margin, variation in the material properties may leave some trim cuts short of the target value and require additional cuts.
In a first mode, trim cuts are made sequentially in a row of elements and the location of elements not reaching the target value are saved. With subsequent trim cuts, the remaining elements at the saved locations are trimmed to the target value.
In a second mode, based on the length of the first element trimmed to value, the cut length is reduced to prevent the target value from being reached and non-measurement cuts are processed to complete the row. Subsequent trim cuts bring all elements in the row to the target value.
In a third mode, the length of at least one prior cut on an element is modified to prevent subsequent cuts from falling into the marginal condition.
In at least one embodiment, additional steps may be utilized when the value of a measured trim cut is within a predetermined margin of the target value. Within the margin, variation in the material properties may leave some elements beyond the target value using full non-measurement cuts.
In a first mode, trim cuts are made sequentially in a row of elements and the location of elements not reaching the target value are saved. With subsequent trim cuts, the remaining elements at the saved locations are trimmed to the target value.
In a second mode, based on the value measured in the first element, the cut length is reduced to prevent the target value from being reached and non-measurement cuts are processed to complete the row. Subsequent trim cuts bring all elements in the row to the target value.
In a third mode, the length of at least one prior cut on an element is modified to prevent subsequent cuts from falling into the marginal condition.
Experimental data indicates improvements in throughput by cutting all the resistors in a row as shown in
The overall trim speed increases with an increasing number of resistors in a row, fewer measurements, and with reduced time for final (i.e., fine) trimming.
Further, each resistor has additional time to recover from laser generated energy. The sequence of cuts may be determined to manage temperature change in an element (e.g. reduce maximum element temperature during cutting). For example, with reference to
Range of resistance change for serpentine cuts varies from about 1 order of magnitude (e.g: 10�), two orders of magnitude typical (100�), and up to about 500� with current materials.
Laser Trimming Systems
In at least one embodiment of the invention a laser trimming system may be first calibrated using a method as described in "Calibrating Laser Trimming Apparatus", U.S. Pat. No. 4,918,284. The '284 patent teaches calibrating a laser trimming apparatus by controlling a laser beam positioning mechanism to move a laser beam to a desired nominal laser position on a substrate region, imprinting a mark (e.g., cutting a line) on a medium to establish an actual laser position, scanning the imprinted mark to detect an actual laser position, and comparing the actual laser position with the desired nominal position. Preferably, the laser beam operates on one wavelength, and the mark is scanned with a detection device that operates on a different wavelength. The detection device views a field that covers a portion of the overall substrate region, and determines the position of a mark within the field. The '284 patent further teaches determining where a beam position is in relation to a camera field of view.
Other calibration techniques may be used alone or in combination with the '284 method. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 6,501,061 "Laser Calibration Apparatus and Method," discloses a method of determining scanner coordinates to accurately position a focused laser beam. The focused laser beam is scanned over a region of interest (e.g. an aperture) on a work-surface by a laser scanner. The position of the focused laser beam is detected by a photodetector either at predetermined intervals of time or space or as the focused laser beam appears through an aperture in the work surface. The detected position of the focused laser beam is used to generate scanner position versus beam position data based on the position of the laser scanner at the time the focused laser beam is detected. The scanner position versus beam position data can be used to determine the center of the aperture or the scanner position coordinates that correspond with a desired position of the focused laser beam.
Subsequent to system calibration, which preferably includes calibration of numerous other system components, at least one substrate having devices to be trimmed is loaded into the trimming station.
Referring to
The laser beam positioning mechanism 605, preferably includes a pair of mirrors and attached respective galvanometers 607 and 608 (various available from the assignee of the present invention). The beam positioning mechanism 605 directs the laser beam 603 through a lens 609 (which may be telecentric or non-telecentric, and preferably achromatized at two wavelengths) to a substrate region 606, over a field. The X-Y galvanometer mirror system may provide angular coverage of the entire substrate if sufficient precision is maintained. Otherwise, various positioning mechanisms may be used to provide relative motion between the substrate and the laser beam. For instance, a two-axis precision step and repeat translator illustrated schematically as 617 may be used to position the substrate within the field of galvanometer based mirror system 607,608 (e.g.: in the X-Y plane). The laser beam positioning mechanism 605 moves the laser beam 603 along two perpendicular axes thereby providing two dimensional positioning of the laser beam 603, across the substrate region 606. Each mirror and associated galvanometer 607, 608 moves the beam along its respective x or y axis under control of a computer 610. Illumination devices 611 which may be halogen lights or light emitting diodes produce visible light to illuminate substrate region 606.
A beam splitter 612 (a partially reflective mirror) is located within the optical path 604 to direct light energy reflected back along the path 604 from the substrate region 606 to a detection device 614. The detection device 614 includes a camera 615, which may be a digital CCD camera (e.g.: color or black/white) and associated frame grabber 616 (or digital frame buffer provided with the camera), which digitizes the video input from the television camera 615 to obtain pixel data representing a two-dimensional image of a portion of the substrate region 606. The pixel data are stored in a memory of the frame grabber 616, or transmitted, for instance, by a high speed link, directly to the computer 610 for processing.
The beam positioning subsystem may include other optical components, such as a computer-controlled, optical subsystem for adjusting the laser spot size and/or automatic focusing of the laser spot at a location of the substrate.
In applying the invention to thin film trimming of resistor arrays, at least one thin film array is supported by the substrate. The calibration data obtained as above is preferably used in combination with an automated machine vision algorithm to locate an element (e.g. resistor R1) of the array and measure the location of at least one geometric feature of an element 620 of
Calibration may be applied at one or more points along the cut. In at least one embodiment the starting point of at least one cut will be corrected with calibration data.
Preferably, the length and the starting point of a plurality of cuts in
Most preferably, the length and starting point of all cuts in
In one embodiment, the first resistor (e.g.: R1 or RN) will be calibrated, and a corresponding correction applied to all resistors (e.g.: R1, . . . , RN) of the row.
Complete automation is preferred. However, a semi-automatic algorithm with operator intervention may be used, for instance where a galvanometer is positioned so that the array element 620 is in the field, then the beam is sequentially positioned along the element interactively and the intensity profile (or derivative or intensity) observed on a display 630 by an operator.
The use of the calibration information to adjust coordinates within the array region is valuable for improving the precision of laser beam positioning without throughput degradation. Measurements of resistor width and the alignment data is useful for both controlling the length of a cut and for correcting deviations from linearity and non-orthogonality of the array relative to the scanner X,Y coordinate system. The use of the calibration data for geometric correction is particularly well suited for use in laser trimming systems having one or more linear translation stages.
Geometric correction does not necessarily replace other useful system design features including f-theta lens linearity, fan beam compensation etc. The system tolerance stack-up may generally be used to determine tradeoffs between the number of cut calibration locations based on expected position error. When fanning out the beam, especially with large spacing across many resistors, only one is calibrated and aligned. For instance, when the spacing between resistors is relatively large, a single cut may be calibrated and aligned. Resulting errors in position are anticipated at elements, to be mitigated in part with system design, f-theta linearity, fan spread compensation etc. Closely spaced cuts of a transverse fan are expected to have smaller errors compared with on axis fan.
Further Throughput Improvements—Optical Techniques
In at least one embodiment of the present invention the throughput may be further improved by increasing the effective scan rate using one or more of the techniques below.
Further increases in processing speed with collinear trims can be accomplished with faster jumps across trim gaps between the resistors of a row. One such gap 216 is shown in
The use of acousto-optic deflectors in combination with galvanometers for speed improvements is known in the art. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,962 discloses an improved apparatus for heating, melting, vaporizing, or cutting a workpiece. A two-dimensional acousto-optic deflector provided about a factor of five improvement in marking speed.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,341,029, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, shows in
The arrangement of the '029 patent may be readily adapted, using available techniques, so as to provide modifications of optical components and scan control profiles so as to practice the retrograde scanning technique of the present invention, preferably with additional hardware calibration procedures.
In another embodiment of the invention, the collinear trims on serpentine resistors may be accomplished in a parallel fashion with multiple spots along the row. A fan-out grating or other multi-beam generating device is used to create a spot array so that 2 or more spots are formed and aligned according to the resistor pitch along the row. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,521,628 discloses the use of diffractive optics to simultaneously mark multiple parts. The multiple beams may be lower power beams generated from a more powerful laser source, or combined beams from multiple sources. The scan system scans the multiple beams and forms spots through a common scan lens simultaneously across multiple resistors. The trim process is similar to the single spot method with two or more cuts in parallel during non-measurement cutting steps. When the threshold is reached, the system converts to a single spot mode to serially trim each resistor to value.
Similarly, the collinear trims on serpentine resistors may be accomplished in a parallel fashion with multiple spots formed on a target to make parallel cuts. A fan-out grating or other multi-beam generating device is used to create a spot array so that 2 or more spots are formed, the spots being aligned to an element with predetermined spacing between cuts. If a predetermined number of cuts are performed (e.g. four as shown in
Published U.S. patent application No. 2002/0162973 describes a method and system for generating multiple spots for processing semiconductor links for memory repair. Various modifications in the lens system and deflector system may be used to generate multiple spots for use in the present invention.
In one embodiment, a single laser pulse is used to trim up to two resistors at one time (e.g., no, one or two cuts). Referring to
A laser 806 of
After exiting the AOM 808, the beams go through an optional beam rotation control module 809 to rotate the beam 90 degrees so as to orient the beam in either X or Y. In one embodiment, a prism is used for this rotation, though many rotation techniques are well known as described in related U.S. patent publication No. 2002/0170898.
Next, the beam goes through a set of optics to position the beam waist and set the beam size to be appropriate for the zoom optics and objective lens 810. The zoom optics also modify the angle between the two beams, therefore the angle between the two beams exiting the AOM 808 has to be adjusted depending on the zoom setting to result in the desired spot separation at the focal plane. Next, the laser beams enter the objective lens 810 which provides a pair of focused spots 801,802 on two resistors. The two spots are separated by a distance that is approximately equal to the focal length of the lens 810 times the angle between the two beams. The retrograde and parallel methods can be combined for collinear trimming on serpentine resistors. For example, a beam is scanned by an AOBD then split into a pair and scanned across the field. Two adjacent resistors are trimmed simultaneously and the jump is from resistor N to resistor N+2 to the next pair or resistors.
Alternatively, or with a two-dimensional deflector, a pair of spots may be produced in a direction orthogonal to the serpentine scan direction. For instance, with relatively simple control and programming of a one-dimensional AOBD, the deflector may be used (with appropriate output power control) to simultaneously produce at least two of the four beams used for making four cuts as shown in
Furthermore, techniques for forming elongated or elliptical spots can be employed with this invention to further increase processing speed or quality. Improvements in trimming speed associated with spot shaping are described in co-pending published U.S. patent application No. 2002/0170898.
Numerous other design alternatives may be used in at least one embodiment of the invention for enhancing system performance and ease of use. For example, alternatives include but are not limited to the following:
1. The system may provide for computer-controlled spot size and/or focus adjustments. U.S. Pat. No. 6,483,071, assigned to the assignee of the present invention, illustrates an optical subsystem providing for both spot size control and dynamic focus for laser based memory repair.
2. Another alternative is control of beam energy with a variable beam attenuator. The attenuator may be an acousto-optic deflector (or modulator). Neutral density filters or polarization-based attenuators may be used, whether manually or automatically adjusted. In U.S. Pat. No. 6,518,540 a suitable variable attenuator is shown, by way of example, having a rotating half waveplate and a polarization-sensitive beam splitter.
3. The pulse width may be varied using methods known to those skilled in the art, with the understanding that the energy of a q-switched laser will vary with repetition rates, particularly at high repetition rates. For dynamic trimming, wherein a measurement is performed between pulses, it may be preferred to maintain substantially constant pulse energy. A method for pulse energy control is disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 6,339,604 which reduces the variation in energy at the target as the trimming speed is decreased (e.g.: larger pulse temporal spacing), corresponding to periods of precision measurement when the resistance value approaches the pre-determined target value.
4. In at least one embodiment, a diode-pumped, frequency-doubled, YAG laser is used to trim the resistor array. The output wavelength of 532 nm resulted in low drift, absence of microcracking, and negligible heat affected zone when compared to other wavelengths. A pulse width of about 25-45 ns may be preferred, with less than 30 ns typical. The preferred maximum laser repetition rate will be at least 10 KHz. The pulse width, much less than typical for thick film systems, provides for thin film material removal at a relatively high repetition rate. Preferably, the maximum available pulse energy at the reduced pulse widths and high repetition rates will allow for losses associated with the diffractive optics (e.g: grating or AOBD) so that multiple spots may be provided.
5. The laser may be focused to an approximate, diffraction-limited, spot size. The spot size will typically be less than about 30 microns or less, with a preferred spot size less than about 20 microns, and a most preferred spot size in the range of about 6-15 microns, for instance, 10-15 microns.
6. In the illustrated embodiments of the invention, serpentine cuts are illustrated as a series of parallel interdigitated cuts. However, it is to be understood that application of the present invention is not restricted to forming parallel cuts. Trimming or micromachining so as to produce a plurality of non-intersecting cuts with a reduced number of measurements is considered to be within the scope of the invention.
7. Further, embodiments of the invention are not restricted to thin film resistor measurements, but are applicable to other micromachining applications wherein a physical property is measurable. The measurement is not restricted to electrical measurements, but may be temperature monitoring (for instance, with an infrared sensor), stress, vibration, or other property.
While embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, it is not intended that these embodiments illustrate and describe all possible forms of the invention. Rather, the words used in the specification are words of description rather than limitation, and it is understood that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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Doody's Review ServiceReviewer: Carole Ann Kenner, PhD, RN, FAAN (The College of New Jersey)
Description: This book describes health policy in the context of the current healthcare delivery system.
Purpose: The purpose is to provide a reality-based discussion of healthcare delivery as it is viewed by the grassroots — nurses and allied health professionals. The policy and economics that underlie what these professionals see are presented to increase the understanding of the impact these factors have on the system. The overarching hope is to engage professionals in grassroots efforts to improve health outcomes and the system.
Audience: The intended audience is nurses, practitioners, and allied health professionals or students of these professions.
Features: Setting the tone for the rest of the book, the first chapter addresses why this book rather than other policy books. The typical policy issues of access to care and labor force issues — supply and demand for physicians, nurses, and allied health professionals — is followed by the factors impacting healthcare delivery, including financing. The last section addresses the drivers of healthcare, covering technology and quality and including a toolkit. The use of case studies throughout demonstrates application. The policy toolkit is user friendly and is appropriate for readers in a professional organization or in a healthcare delivery setting.
Assessment: There are many policy books, such as Understanding Health Policy: A Clinical Approach, 5th edition, Bodenheimer and Grumbach (McGraw-Hill, 2009), and Policy and Politics in Nursing and Health Care, 5th edition, Mason et al. (Elsevier, 2007). All of them cover the same topics, but do not present the material in an easy to understand and immediately applicable fashion like this book does. The use of cases that present real-world examples helps bring policy to the grassroots level.


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Getting in there quick is so important when it comes to booking enquiries – replying promptly not only helps guests with their holiday planning, it also boosts your bookings. With this in mind, we've changed the way we calculate response rates.
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Published: 27 March 2014


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Pospisil, Sock Advance To Atlanta QFs
Atlanta, U.S.A.
by ATP Staff|
Vasek Pospisil and Jack Sock, who teamed up to win the Wimbledon doubles crown earlier this month, both reached the singles quarter-finals on Wednesday afternoon at the BB&T Atlanta Open.
Fourth seed Pospisil claimed a 7-5, 6-3 victory over qualifier Illya Marchenko in his opening match, serving 10 aces and breaking serve twice to win in one hour and 33 minutes.
"It wasn't easy. It was very hot and humid. It was difficult to find a balance between saving my energy and being focused," said Pospisil "I think I balanced both really well. I won the big points today. That was key."
Pospisil is on the rise again, after overcoming a back injury sustained in January. He has reached the quarter-finals in three of his past four events, including 's-Hertogenbosch (l. to Becker) and Bogota (l. to Tomic).
Sock, who reached a career-high No. 69 in the Emirates ATP Rankings last week, needed 67 minutes to triumph 6-4, 6-2 against Kiwi qualifier Michael Venus. The 21 year old won 27 of 29 first-serve points (93 per cent) and saved both break points he faced during the second-round encounter. The World No. 72 next faces Lukas Lacko, a 5-7, 6-1, 6-4 winner over sixth seed Denis Istomin.
Pospisil and Sock are also the top seeds this week in the doubles draw, with a goal of qualifying for the Barclays ATP World Tour Finals, and reunited for a first-round victory Tuesday night. Read More
Israel's Dudi Sela ended Sam Querrey's bid for an eighth ATP World Tour title by eliminating the American 6-2, 6-4 in the second round. Sela won 71 per cent of service points (33 of 46) and broke his opponent four times in 62 minutes.
"I think I am moving pretty well, better than before. I've been playing well all year," said Sela. "I just need to keep doing what I'm doing. I need to work a little more on my serve and keep moving my opponents around."
The 29 year old meets Pospisil in the quarter-finals.
Seventh seed Yen-Hsun Lu improved to 2-0 in his FedEx ATP Head2Head series against lucky loser Alex Kuznetsov, sending the American home with a 6-4, 6-4 performance in the first round.
Guccione Bids For Third Straight Title
Chris Guccione, teaming up with a third different Australian partner in as many weeks, joined forces with countryman John-Patrick Smith to edge Newport finalists Jonathan Erlich and Rajeev Ram 3-6, 6-3, 10-6 in the first round. Guccione won the Newport title two weeks ago with Lleyton Hewitt and followed by triumphing in Bogota with Sam Groth.
The No. 3 seeds will next play Nicolas Barrientos and Victor Estrella Burgos, who also prevailed in a Match Tie-break, defeating Thai twins Sanchai Ratiwatana and Sonchat Ratiwatana 6-7(2), 6-3, 10-8.
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Can anyone tell me how to determine when a commune was originally established. I am trying to determine when Malvito Italy was originally established and cannot find any links to this information.
Thank you for any help
Postby Tessa78 » 19 Nov 2011, 03:47
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