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Community-Based Science
Many residential areas are also home to industrial facilities that emit toxic chemicals and other forms of pollution. On issues of environmental quality and health in these communities, scientists and residents often talk past one another: residents' claims about the harms of industry tend not to meet the standards of scientific study, while scientists' studies tend not to address residents' complaints. Community-based science—defined as studies conducted by residents and scientists working in collaboration—is seen as one possible solution. This paper outlines the characteristics that make community-based science effective and summarizes major challenges to creating successful scientist-community collaborations. It recommends ways to overcome those challenges, in large part by meeting obstacles at the structural or institutional level.
White Paper S eries, August 2011 Center for Contemporary History and Policy Studies in Sustainability Gwen Ottinger Chemical Heritage Foundation C ommunity-Based Science A Strategy for Achieving Environmental Justice and Improving Environmental Knowledge White Paper S eries, August 2011 Center for Contemporary History and Policy Studies in Sustainability Gwen Ottinger Chemical Heritage Foundation C ommunity-Based Science A Strategy for Achieving Environmental Justice and Improving Environmental Knowledge � 2011 by the Chemical Heritage Foundation. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form by any means (electronic, mechanical, xerographic, or other) or held in any information storage or retrieval system without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. For information about the Chemical Heritage Foundation, its Center for Contemporary History and Policy, and its publications, write: Chemical Heritage Foundation 315 Chestnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19106-2702, USA Fax: (215) 925-1954 chemheritage.org Template design by Elizabeth McDonnell. Cover: Image courtesy of Jody Roberts and Charu Vaidya. Design by Elizabeth McDonnell. Table of Contents Acknowledgements | 6 Abstract | 8 The Problem of Science in Environmental-Justice Communities | 10 Community-Based Science as a Solution | 12 Challenges for Community-Based Science | 14 Overcoming the Challenges: A Way Forward | 15 For Further Reading | 17 Community-Based Science | 6 Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Jody Roberts and the Center for Contemporary History and Policy at the Chemical Heritage Foundation for supporting the research and writing of this paper. The community-based particulate matter study in the Hunting Park neighborhood of Philadelphia helped show the truth and limitations of the theories that underpin the paper, and the author is grateful for the thoughtfulness and dedication of the study's participants, especially Bob Brzozowski, Adam Cutler, and Kate Zaidan. Many thanks to three anonymous reviewers, whose comments strengthened this final report. Community-Based Science | 8 Abstract Many residential areas are also home to industrial facilities that emit toxic chemicals and other forms of pollution. On issues of environmental quality and health in these communities, scientists and residents often talk past one another: residents' claims about the harms of industry tend not to meet the standards of scientific study, while scientists' studies tend not to address residents' complaints. Community-based science--defined as studies conducted by residents and scientists working in collaboration--is seen as one possible solution. This paper outlines the characteristics that make community-based science effective and summarizes major challenges to creating successful scientist-community collaborations. It recommends ways to overcome those challenges, in large part by meeting obstacles at the structural or institutional level. Community-Based Science | 10 The Problem of Science in Environmental-Justice Communities Environmental regulators, scientific researchers, and residents of industrialized areas share a common interest: at least in principle they all want to address the health and environmental impacts of industrial pollution. But these groups often talk past one another, in part because they differ in their approaches to understanding the effects of pollution on community members' health and quality of life. Community members observe and experience pollution in their local environments--soot settling on their windowsills, chemical smells pervading the community, flares burning at nearby industrial facilities. They connect symptoms they feel or illnesses they observe among their neighbors with their experiences: a resident of an industrial area has a sore throat whenever she's home but not when she's at work, for example; a teacher at the local elementary school notices more children every year carrying inhalers for their asthma. They want to know how they can stop the pollution and keep people from getting sick. They turn to science as a valuable tool for proving that pollution is making them sick-- and for convincing decision makers to clean up their community. From a scientist's point oF view the community approach has Flaws. � Communitygroupsoftenstartoutwitha conclusion, arrived at through their experiences, for which they want to find supporting evidence. They may, for example, want to prove they are sick because of pollution. In contrast, responsible scientists should (though admittedly do not always) start out with a hypothesis, or a conjecture about what they will find, and design their studies so that they can prove or disprove their conjecture. � Thequalityofthedata that community members collect is questioned by scientists, who wonder, for example, do residents' measurements of air quality really reflect what is in the ambient air, or could they be tainted with cigarette smoke, auto exhaust, or fumes from household cleaners? Might community-health surveyors influence their neighbors' answers to questions about their symptoms by mentioning local environmental concerns? � Communitystudiesusuallycannotprove causation. That is, the data communities collect about health symptoms and environmental exposures usually are not sufficient to show that toxins in the environment caused health problems. At best, they show correlation: that people most exposed to toxins are also most likely to report certain health symptoms. While this is true of many scientific studies as well, a community group may feel that a strong correlation should warrant some kind of action on environmental issues, whereas many regulatory scientists will insist that it is up to the community to prove that community health problems were caused by environmental problems before action can be taken. sCientifiC experts accept that industry emits pollutants into the environment. To protect community health, they want to know at what levels pollutants make people sick. Are residents of nearby communities actually being exposed to levels that can make them sick? And is there at least a 95% certainty that the illnesses community members experience are a direct result of living in an industrialized area? Not all scientists do the same kind of science or approach these questions in the same way: at government agencies scientists focus on producing knowledge that can inform policy and enforcement decisions, which is known as regulatory science. University research, in contrast, may be focused on discovery, that is, research that produces new knowledge for its own sake, or it may be oriented toward applying and testing new knowledge in the context of real-world problems, or both. But regardless of whether scientists are doing regulatory science or research science, focused on discovery or application, they all design studies to answer questions methodically, in a way that will be recognized as rigorous by their peers and contribute to a body of knowledge about the links between health and the environment in general. From a community point oF view, the scientiFic approach is lacking. � Studiesarelimitedinscope. In order to be rigorous most scientific studies ask about, for example, the health effects of a single chemical, Studies in Sustainability | 11 Scienceislimitedinitsdiversity. � Communities affected by environmental hazards are often made up of people from "minority" racial, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds; they are likely to be urban or rural; they include the very Howmuchfish? young and very old and people of both Local Knowledge in Action sexes.Yet the models and assumptions used in environmental-health science have historically been based on the lifestyles of One way that people may be exposed to hazardous chemicals Caucasian suburbanites and the physical is through their diet. Fish in particular accumulate toxins, characteristics of a healthy adult male. making eating fish from polluted waterways a potentially Scientists themselves are also highly likely to significant health risk. So when environmental agencies like the be white men. Without direct experience of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conduct environmentaldiversity, many scientists may not consider risk assessments, they include fish consumption in their how cultural, racial, and other differences calculations. in populations affected by pollution may But how much fish does a population consume? This question demand modified approaches to doing became crucial when the EPA in 1994 tried to assess cumulative science. exposure to toxins in the Greenpoint/Williamsburg neighborhood of New York City. The EPA would have assumed that residents ate a standard "urban diet," in which locally caught fish did not play a significant role. But community members asserted that fish caught from the polluted East River were an important part of the diets of many families, especially immigrant families. the presence of particular chemicals in the air or water, or the rate at which a group of people suffers from a set of illnesses or symptoms. As a result the studies usually do not represent the real conditions in industrialized areas, where people encounter a mix of many chemicals in their air and water (and food and ...) that may have synergistic effects; where people may have been exposed over a long period and be suffering from the cumulative effects of exposures; and where age, illness, or other factors may make people's health particularly vulnerable to environmental factors. An individual scientific study also typically will not cover the whole chain of questions (what chemicals are residents exposed to?; how do those affect health?; is residents' health affected in that way?) that would be necessary to link illness in a community to pollution from local industry. conclusions rely on models and assumptions developed to work for the most general circumstances. But they often do not apply very well to the specific conditions of a community-- conditions on which residents, not scientists, are the experts. Without the benefit of residents' unique knowledge of local contexts, scientists may misestimate exposures or fail to include important social factors that intersect with environmental factors to impact health. Thus, scientific studies may end up being partial, skewed, or just plain wrong (see "How much fish?"). Although initially skeptical of residents' anecdotal claims, EPA scientists ultimately agreed to have community members survey local anglers to find out how much of what species of fish they caught and ate. Drawing on scientists' suggestions about what questions to ask and how to ask them, community surveyors found that families of local anglers ate nearly ten East River fish per person per week, demonstrating that fish consumption was a far larger contributor to cumulative exposure than the EPA's default "urban-diet" assumptions would have acknowledged. The EPA subsequently modified its exposure assessment to include risks from local fish consumption--thus making the assessment more accurate by incorporating Greenpoint/ Williamsburg residents' local knowledge of dietary exposures. �Scienceiscautiousinitsconclusions. In order to be considered rigorous a scientific study usually must demonstrate a conclusion--for example, that a chemical causes health problems or that a community has an unusually high asthma rate--to a very high degree of certainty. In fact, in most cases scientists would rather err by not seeing connections that are there than err by seeing connections that are not there. In contrast, for most communities even shaky evidence that their health was in peril would be convincing enough to demand that something be done. �Researchisnotdirectlylinkedtoaction. Regardless of the other questions that scientific studies might address, they almost never answer the one most important to Source: Jason Corburn, Street Science: Community Knowledge and Environmental Health Justice, chap. 3 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005). people who are not scientists: what should be done about this finding? Moreover, because science is not, as a rule, concerned Scientificresearchdoesnottakeinto � with policy action, scientific studies are designed accountwhatcommunitymembersknow. without regard to whether their conclusions will Scientific hypotheses, research design, and be actionable--which leads scientists to choose Community-Based Science | 12 research questions that may not have a great deal of significance from a community point of view1 and allows them to accept or even expect inconclusive results. Because of these characteristics, scientific studies tend not to account for the symptoms and illnesses that residents of industrialized areas experience and link to industrial pollution. Nor can they usually be of much help in residents' efforts to see pollution reduced and community health better protected. C ommunity-Based Science as a Solution One possible way to overcome the limitations of the approaches of scientific experts and community groups to understanding the effects of industrial pollution is through collaboration between scientists and communities. Community groups have been forming alliances with epidemiology" by sociologist Phil Brown--residents of Woburn, Massachusetts, noticed an apparent scientists since the beginning of the anti-toxics and cluster of leukemia in their community and environmental-justice movements in the early 1980s. hypothesized that trichloroethylene and Since then a small number of organizations, such as Harlem-based WE ACT for Environmental Justice WhatamIexposedto? (see www.weact.org), Contemporary Collaborations and Research Ethics have made collaborations with scientists central Since 2006, residents of Richmond, California--an industrial city with a large oil to their organizing refinery--have been working with Communities for a Better Environment, an strategies; organizations environmental-health and -justice organization and longtime ally; the Silent Spring like Campus-Community Institute, a nonprofit organization focused on environmental causes of breast cancer; Partnerships for Health and researchers from Brown University and the University of California, Berkeley. The (www.ccph.info) have collaboration has comprised several interrelated studies: the Household Exposure developed extensive Study measured chemicals associated with breast cancer and respiratory disease, resources for communities finding them at higher levels in Richmond homes than in a nearby town with no heavy and scientists interested in industry, while the Richmond Health Survey investigated health outcomes related to developing collaborative environmental exposures, concluding that asthma rates were high among Richmond's research projects; and children and longtime residents. Researchers also asked residents involved in the scientist-community Household Exposure Study about their experiences receiving individualized results-- collaborations have at information about chemical exposures in their own homes. least to some extent In addition to generating information that could lead to action on Richmond's been institutionalized in environmental issues, these studies sought to inform "best practices" for communityprograms like the National health researchers. Standard research ethics dictate that only aggregate results, not Institute of Environmental results from individual participants, be reported back to the community in order to Health Sciences' maintain participants' privacy and avoid alarming anyone with information whose Environmental Justice significance is not fully known. By reporting results to individual households the and Community-Based research group adopted a different ethical standard, seeking to make findings as Participatory Research transparent and useful to participants as possible; by asking for participants' input Program. The nature of on the effectiveness of their approach, they hope to change the way that other these now widespread researchers think about ethical approaches to "report back." scientist-community alliances varies greatly. Source: Silent Spring Institute, "Household Exposure Study in Richmond and Bolinas, California," and linked articles. See http://www.silentspring.org/our-research/everyday-chemical-exposures household-exposureIn one of the earliest study-richmond-and-bolinas-california. documented examples of a community-initiated health study--a strategy dubbed "popular tetrachloroethylene in their drinking water was to 1 Indeed, perhaps the biggest problem with science from a community point of view is that so little is done on the issues that most concern the community. blame. To prove the connection the community group teamed with biostatisticians from Harvard's School of Public Health, who helped them design and Studies in Sustainability | 13 conduct a formal community-health survey.2 Since the study's release in 1984 close collaborations between public-health researchers and community groups have become relatively common (see "What am I exposed to?"). In contrast, community-based studies of air quality may involve scientists only peripherally. Next door to oil refineries in southeastern Louisiana--as in many other communities adjacent to petrochemical facilities worldwide--residents use a simple, homemade air sampler called a bucket to measure concentrations of toxic gases in the air. Although the buckets were designed in the mid-1990s by an engineering firm and samples collected with them are analyzed by a commercial laboratory, community members operate the buckets independently of scientists, deciding for themselves when and where to take samples. In Louisiana communities, the noted local chemist Wilma Subra steps in only to put results in context, matching the chemicals detected in bucket samples to the chemicals that refineries report releasing in their permits and accident reports. Over the last 25 years of community collaboration with scientists, environmental-justice advocates and researchers have paid careful attention to how, why, and under what circumstances such collaborations work in order to facilitate scientistcommunity partnerships and maximize their impact. disease rates higher here than there?) are often quite different from what residents of industrialized communities want to know (e.g., what are the chemicals I smell in the air doing to my lungs?; why are so many of us suffering from a rare disease?). Rather than using local knowledge to help answer scientists' questions, community-based science takes community questions as a starting point. Scientists and community members work together to figure out how to formulate and address those questions in a way that will be regarded credible by other experts. In doing so, they take care to distinguish between questions and issues that can be addressed by science and issues that cannot be--including racism, economic disparities, and political values--leaving the latter for the community to pursue through means other than scientific study. � Advancescientificmethods. Often the methods, protocols, and standards of proof accepted by scientists are not well suited to answering community questions. For example, the official method for measuring particulate matter in the air generates a 24-hour average concentration but cannot show how those concentrations fluctuate over the course of the day--an issue of great interest to many communities. Similarly, the criteria for establishing statistical significance of a disease cluster are nearly impossible to meet when the population being studied is very small, as the communities most affected by industrial pollution often are. As a result, scientists collaborating with community groups modify established protocols or invent new ones--adopting different kinds of monitoring equipment, proposing new tests for determining whether a result is significant, or taking a new approach to research ethics (see "What am I exposed to?"). In doing so, they do not abandon their commitment to rigorous science; rather, they work to expand the meaning of scientific rigor and broaden the range of methods that can be considered credible. Indeed, in part as a result of collaborations with community members, a wide range of new tools and methods are now being used to understand community environmental and health issues, including geographical information systems, multilevel modeling, and biomonitoring. Generateinformationthatcommunity � memberscanuse. Unlike many scientists, community groups do not see knowledge as an end in itself. Rather, they see improved knowledge of chemical exposures and disease rates as a means to their goals of improving the environment and protecting their health. Therefore, studies that offer information with no clear route to making change are a frequent source of frustration for communities, which may even feel taken advantage of by scientists who conduct studies in the participants' experience shows that the most eFFective collaborations...3 � Incorporatelocalknowledge. Residents of industrialized communities have insider knowledge of on-the-ground environmental conditions and the social contexts in which people interact with them, both of which are important to accurately assess the impacts of pollution on community health. In effective community-based science, scientists work with communities to incorporate residents' knowledge of local conditions and contexts into the scientific models and hypotheses in order to come up with a better understanding of the hazards and harms that industrial pollution poses to community members (see "How much fish?"). � Startfromcommunityquestions. The questions that environmental regulators and scientific researchers are trained to ask (e.g., does air quality comply with federal standards?; are 2 For more, see Phil Brown and Edwin J. Mikkelsen, No Safe Place: Toxic Waste, Leukemia, and Community Action (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990). 3 Community-Campus Partnerships for Health features a complementary set of principles for good partnership, with real-world examples to illustrate each, on their Web site: http://ccph.info/. Community-Based Science | 14 community with the primary purpose of discovering new knowledge. The most effective community-based science is application oriented rather than discovery oriented; that is, it is undertaken with an eye toward how it will be applied to concrete social problems and result in better outcomes. In planning a study community members and scientists consider the following questions: what information will it generate? What will that information enable the community to say, do, or ask for? How will it further the community's overall goals? C hallenges for Community-Based Science Decades of experiments in community-based science have helped us understand what makes an effective collaboration between scientists and residents of industrialized communities. But successful partnerships remain difficult to construct. the obstacles to eFFective community-based science include: become meaningful in context--that is, through comparison to data from other communities, or legal limits, or levels known to be harmful. Unfortunately, appropriate contexts for interpreting data from community-based studies frequently do not exist. Ambient-air concentrations of most toxic gases, for example, are regulated neither by the U.S. government nor by the majority of states; further, the exposure levels at which those chemicals pose a threat to human health are uncertain and contested. Communities working with scientists to measure air quality thus have a hard time saying what their results mean--a difficulty shared by many community-based science initiatives, including community-health surveys. Unclearpathwaystoaction. Only rarely � does community-based science find a "smoking gun"--a demonstrable legal violation or an elevated disease rate with a clear connection to a toxin known to be in the local environment. When it does, the actions that follow can be relatively clear: sue for enforcement of the law, for example, or demand that people be moved away from the cause of disease. But where the conclusions of community-based studies are less obvious--often owing in part to the lack of useful frameworks for interpreting data--the actions to be taken may be far from clear. Communities working in partnership with scientists thus run the risk of creating data that they have little more ability to act on than when scientists were designing the studies themselves. � Scarceresources. Doing communitybased science is expensive: it requires time from highly skilled (and highly paid) professionals; the dedication of community volunteers whose own jobs, families, and churches demand their attention; and money to pay for scientific instruments and laboratory analysis. Money for this kind of work is hard to come by. The foundations that fund � Expertacculturation. Scientists (as well as engineers and other technical professionals) are often taught that there is one best way to do science, and they may regard alternative ways of looking at problems as misguided or ill-informed; the problem is exacerbated by the lack of diversity among scientists themselves, which helps insulate scientists from other perspectives. Many scientists are socialized to value the discovery of new knowledge over application or engagement. And in mainstream scientific cultures "lay" perspectives may be considered to have value only insofar as they speak to the social issues that surround experts' technical work. To be sure, many scientists can and do appreciate alternative perspectives and recognize that no clear line can be drawn between the "social" and "technical" aspects of knowledge production. However, for scientists wishing to collaborate with community groups, these deeply ingrained ideas can prove a stumbling block in efforts to establish successful partnerships. � Communities' scientific readiness. Most residents of industrialized communities do lack extensive scientific and technical training, regardless of how much they may value science and understand the importance of solid evidence. While they are well able to identify issues of concern to them, they may be less likely to be able to be full participants in translating those concerns into questions that can be answered through scientific studies. As a result, even scientists dedicated to using communities' questions as a starting place may end up dominating the processess of problem definition and research design. Missingframeworksforinterpretation. � Data collected in industrialized communities Studies in Sustainability | 15 community organizing through grants to nonprofit environmental-justice support organizations are often less interested in science and technology projects than in more traditional, direct organizing initiatives; perhaps more important, the grants they offer may be small in comparison to the costs of experts and equipment. The funding sources available to scientists usually prioritize new discoveries in the laboratory over applied research in communities. The combination leaves communities and their scientist allies scrambling to find ways to do research on the cheap. between scientists and community members are meant to overcome: � that scientists will dominate the process of framing research questions and designing studies through a combination of their own confidence in their methods and community members' relative lack of preparation to participate in research design; � that in the absence of frameworks for interpretation and pathways for action, collaborations between scientists and communities will end up producing information for information's sake; and � that communities' most pressing questions will continue to go unanswered for lack of resources. these challenges create the risk that community-based science will suFFer From the same shortcomings that collaborations Overcoming the Challenges: A Way Forward among the steps they can take to Foster eFFective community-based science: � Investinexperteducation. In the course of their technical training, scientists, engineers, and other technical professionals are not typically offered tools for understanding the disproportionate effects of environmental hazards on communities or community perspectives on environmental issues. Even more rarely does their training equip them to understand how residents' perspectives might inform their own practices. Service-learning courses that give undergraduate and graduate science and engineering students supervised practice in answering community questions and solving community problems would help counter this trend. Recruiting more members of traditionally underrepresented groups into scientific professions that could help by diversifying the range of perspectives available within the scientific community. Continuing-education opportunities to help established professionals understand community issues and perspectives would be valuable as well. Regulatory agencies, professional societies, and accreditation boards are all well positioned to institutionalize such opportunities for established and aspiring experts; however, they should expect to look to social scientists (especially science, technology, and society scholars) and environmental-justice Policy makers, environmental grant makers, nonprofit environmental-justice support organizations, and institutes of higher learning--as well as communities and scientists themselves--all have roles to play in guarding against this outcome. professionals to provide the content. Createnewfundingstreamsand � incentives. Environmental grant makers, including environmental regulatory agencies, should make community-based science an explicit priority and provide funding on a scale commensurate with the costs of scientific research. Research universities and agencies that fund research, such as the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health, should create incentives, such as grant programs and fellowships, and remove disincentives like overhead costs for academic investigators to pursue applied, participatory research projects. Developskilledintermediaries. The � inevitable asymmetry between the ability of scientists and community members to participate in research design can be ameliorated by the involvement of professionals who can recognize and articulate the differences in the groups' perspectives, effectively translate between them, and teach (formally or informally) members of both groups what they need to know to work together effectively. Currently, a small cadre of individuals, mostly academics, trained in science, technology, and society is well equipped to serve this function. With the help of these individuals environmentaljustice support organizations and regulatoryagency environmental-justice offices should Community-Based Science | 16 cultivate these skills among their staff members as well, and should develop programs to help selected community members acquire skills to be able to speak across the two groups. Further, as part of funding community-based science, provisions should be made to hire not only scientists but also the skilled intermediaries (including appropriately trained members of the community) who can help scientists and communities collaborate more effectively. Designframeworksforinterpretationinto � community-basedscience. Rather than gathering a single set of data that will ultimately be difficult to make sense of, community-based studies should, where appropriate, generate additional data sets to help provide context for the information that the community seeks. For example, air monitoring in an industrialized community could be conducted in tandem with air monitoring in an area relatively free of industrial pollution; the results could then be used to demonstrate the impact of industry on community exposures to chemicals. Similarly, environmental monitoring could be conducted in tandem with health-symptom monitoring as a way of connecting fluctuations in, say, air quality with residents' health--without relying on regulatory standards that may or may not be adequately protective. Workforrulesandregulationsthat � expandpathwaysforaction. The legal frameworks through which communities can use their studies to get action are limited, but they can be changed. Advocates of community-based science should lobby for regulations that cover the environmental conditions of particular concern to communities, including ambient-air levels of toxic chemicals and peak concentrations of gases and airborne particulates, among others. Communities and their allies should also demand that local facilities' operating permits be contingent on specified markers of environmental quality--as measured in the community--being met. Overcoming the challenges to community-based science requires action not just at the level of individual communities but also at the institutional and structural levels. Regulatory-agency administrators, program officers, university leaders, and national-level environmental-advocacy groups all need to be enlisted as allies for communities and their scientific collaborators in order to make their partnerships most effective. Studies in Sustainability | 17 F or Further Reading the problem of sCienCe Cohen, Benjamin and Gwen Ottinger. "Environmental Justice and the Transformation of Science and Engineering." In Technoscience and Environmental Justice: Expert Cultures in a Grassroots Movement, edited by G. Ottinger and B. Cohen, 1�18. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011. Wing, Steve. "Objectivity and Ethics in Environmental Health Science." Environmental Health Perspectives 111:14 (2003), 1,809�1,818. Gapsinknowledge Bryant, Bunyan. "Issues and Potential Policies and Solutions for Environmental Justice." In Environmental Justice: Issues, Policies, and Solutions, edited by B. Bryant, 8�34. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1995. Frickel, Scott. "On Missing New Orleans: Lost Knowledge and Knowledge Gaps in an Urban Hazardscape." Environmental History 13:4 (2008), 643�650. Frickel, Scott; Sahra Gibbon; Jeff Howard; Joanna Kepner; Gwen Ottinger; and David J Hess. "Undone Science: Charting Social Movement and Civil Society Challenges to Research Agenda Setting." Science, Technology, and Human Values 35:4 (2010), 444�473. Hess, David J. Alternative Pathways in Science and Industry: Activism, Innovation, and the Environment in an Era of Globalization, chap. 1. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007. Uncertaintyandproofinenvironmentalhealth research Head, Rebecca A. 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Changingresearchpractices Allen, Barbara. "The Popular Geography of Illness in the Industrial Corridor. In Transforming New Orleans and Its Environs: Centuries of Change, edited by C. Colten, 178�201. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000. Cohen, Benjamin, and Gwen Ottinger. "Environmental Justice and the Transformation of Science and Engineering." In Technoscience and Environmental Justice: Expert Cultures in a Grassroots Movement, edited by G. Ottinger and B. Cohen, 1-18. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011. Epstein, Steven. Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge, Part 2. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. Li�vanos, Raoul S.; Jonathon London; and Julie Sze. "Uneven Transformations and Environmental Justice: Regulatory Science, Street Science, and Pesticide Regulation in California." In Technoscience and Environmental Justice: Expert Cultures in a Grassroots Movement, edited by G. Ottinger and B. Cohen, 201�228. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011. Morello-Frosch, Rachel; Phil Brown; Julia Green Brody; Rebecca Gasior Altman; Ruthann A. Rudel; Ami Zota; and Carla Perez. "Experts, Ethics, and Environmental Justice: Communicating and Contesting Results from Personal Exposure Science." In Technoscience and Environmental Justice: Expert Cultures in a Grassroots Movement, edited by G. Ottinger and B. Cohen, 93�118. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011. O'Fallon, Liam R., and Allen Dearry. "CommunityBased Participatory Research as a Tool to Advance Environmental Health Sciences." Environmental Health Sciences 100:S2 (2002) 155�159. Wallerstein, Nina B.; Irene H. Yen; and S. Leonard Syme. "Integration of Social Epidemiology and Community-Engaged Interventions to Improve Health Equity." American Journal of Public Health 101:5 (2011) 822�830. overComing obstaCles ExpertCulturesand"Lay"Participation Cable, Sherry; Tamara Mix; and Donald Hastings. "Mission Impossible? Environmental Justice Activists' Collaborations with Professional Environmentalists and with Academics." In Power, Justice, and the Environment: A Critical Appraisal of the Environmental Justice Movement, edited by D. N. Pellow and R. J. Brulle, 55�76. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005. Irwin, Alan, and Brian Wynne. "Introduction." In Misunderstanding Science? The Public Reconstruction of Science and Technology, edited by A. Irwin and B. Wynne, 1�17. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Ottinger, Gwen. "Rupturing Engineering Education: Opportunities for Transforming Expert Identities through Community-Based Projects." In Technoscience and Environmental Justice: Expert Cultures in a Grassroots Movement, edited by G. Ottinger and B. Cohen, 229�248. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011. Petts, Judith, and Catherine Brooks. "Expert Conceptualizations of the Role of Lay Knowledge in Environmental Decision-Making: Challenges for Deliberative Democracy." Environment and Planning A 38 (2006), 1,045�1,059. Riley, Donna, and Alan H. Bloomgarden. "Learning and Service in Engineering and Global Development." International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering 2:1 (2006) 48�59. Wallerstein, Nina. "Power between Evaluator and Community: Research Relationships within New Mexico's Healthier Communities." Social Science and Medicine 49:1 (1999) 39�53. Wing, Steve. "Social Responsibility and Research Ethics in Community-Driven Studies of Studies in Sustainability | 19 Industrialized Hog Production." Environmental Health Perspectives 110:5 (2002) 437�444. Wynne, Brian. "Misunderstood Misunderstandings: Social Identities and the Public Uptake of Science." In Misunderstanding Science? The Public Reconstruction of Science and Technology, edited by A. Irwin and B. Wynne, 19�46. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. FrameworksforInterpretationandAction Ottinger, Gwen. "Buckets of Resistance: Standards and the Effectiveness of Citizen Science." Science, Technology, and Human Values 35:2 (2010) 244�270. Ottinger, Gwen. "Epistemic Fencelines: Air Monitoring Instruments and Expert-Resident Boundaries." Spontaneous Generations 3:1 (2009), 54. About the Chemical Heritage Foundation The Chemical Heritage Foundation (CHF) fosters an understanding of chemistry's impact on society. An independent nonprofit organization, we strive to � � � Inspire a passion for chemistry; Highlight chemistry's role in meeting current social challenges; and Preserve the story of chemistry and its technologies and industries across centuries. CHF maintains major collections of instruments, fine art, photographs, papers, and books. We host conferences and lectures, support research, offer fellowships, and produce educational materials. Our museum and public programs explore subjects ranging from alchemy to nanotechnology. About CHF's Center for Contemporary History and Policy The Center for Contemporary History and Policy offers historically grounded perspectives on issues related to the molecular sciences and technologies. The Center's programmatic initiatives draw on diverse historical and contemporary source materials to provide knowledge, perspective, and advice to stakeholders from industry, academia, government, and citizen groups. About the Series The Studies in Sustainability series serves as a forum for discussion about the unique challenges and opportunities that exist in transforming chemistry into a tool for sustainability. The series, which highlights the intersecting roles played by emerging science, innovation, regulation, standards, and civil action, aims to publish dynamic new research examining the links among chemistry, sustainability, and pressing environmental and human health concerns. About the Author Gwen Ottinger received her Ph.D. from the Energy and Resources Group at the University of California, Berkeley, and is currently an assistant professor at the University of Washington-Bothell, where she teaches environmental studies and science and technology studies (STS) in the Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences Program. She is co-editor of Technoscience and Environmental Justice: Expert Cultures in a Grassroots Movement (MIT Press, 2011).


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The Korean tech giant rules the Android roost and controls a huge supply chain.
Featured Stories
Articles about Samsung
Top Android news of the week: Samsung not working on update, unified mailbox, Asus on fire
In Android this week was news that Samsung is not yet working on the Android 5.1 update, Gmail now pulls all email into one inbox, and Asus expects to sell a lot of smartphones.
Samsung Galaxy S6/S6 Edge: Everything you need to know
Thinking about picking up one of Samsung's new flagship Android smartphones? Here's everything you need to know about the Galaxy S6 and the Galaxy S6 Edge.
Samsung's Galaxy S6 Edge: Don't overthink it
Tech insiders are pondering the deeper meaning of the Galaxy S6 Edge screen. Spare me. Here's where the story goes in the market: "Hey, that screen looks cool. $120 more? Sure, I'll take it."
Samsung and LG agree to end legal battles
Rival South Korean tech giants Samsung and LG have signed an agreement to end all ongoing legal battles between each other.
Apple remains among Samsung's top revenue sources
Samsung's annual year-end financial report has revealed that rival Apple was one of the South Korean tech giant's top sources of revenue for 2014.
Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge vs Note Edge: Which curved display is best for you?
Samsung has a couple of high end smartphones with curved display. One is focused on notifications while the other adds a usable secondary display.
Wireless power to see 'breakthrough' year of $1.7B in revenue
Fueled by new products that support the technology including Samsung's Galaxy S6 and Apple Watch, wireless power receivers and transmitters will generate more than US$1.7 billion in revenue this year.
Samsung, Google reportedly ink 3D NAND deal
Samsung Electronics is said to have signed an agreement to produce its 3D NAND SSDs for Google's data centers, in a deal said to be "sizeable".
New Samsung and HTC flagships, Chromebook Pixel, Fitbit Surge (MobileTechRoundup show #342)
Samsung and HTC flagships went up for pre-order last week, shipping this week. Matthew ordered both, but shares with Kevin why he's not sure either will stay.
Galaxy S6: Most of the bloatware can be removed... sort of [UPDATED]
One of the biggest complaints leveled at Android smartphones is the plethora of apps, many of which unwanted, that come preinstalled on the devices. Samsung has listened to this and has made the bloatware it installs on the Galaxy S6 user-removable.
Top Android news of the week: Galaxy phones coming, Microsoft apps, Motorola guilty
In Android this week was news that Microsoft apps will be preinstalled on Android phones, Galaxy S6 gets an availability date, and Motorola was found guilty of patent infringement.
Samsung Galaxy S6 or HTC One M9: Which Android flagship did you pre-order today?
You can order the latest Android flagships today. Matthew Miller was leaning toward the Galaxy S6 Edge, but then he took a closer look at his options.
Analytics apps would give Samsung's Galaxy S6 Edge more enterprise heft
Samsung's Galaxy S6 Edge has a tapered edge screen that could be nirvana for notifications. Enterprise developers, however, need to develop notifications that mean business.
Samsung Galaxy S6, S6 Edge available April 10: It's all about the base
The launch of the Galaxy S6 is critical to Samsung's overall financial performance and it's clear there will be strong curb appeal among the Android crowd. Switchers from the iPhone are unlikely.
Samsung Galaxy S6 versus Apple iPhone 6: What do the specs tell us?
The two flagship devices are more alike than ever, so what do the differences and similarities tell us about the future of smartphones?
Samsung Galaxy Camera brings 21x zoom and Xenon flash to Android (review)
People are using their smartphones for cameras, so Samsung released a camera with Android on the back. It's a nice solution that takes solid photos, but it's rather expensive at $550.
Apple's dirty dozen: What it's really saying about Galaxy S4
Apple must see the Samsung 4S as a real threat as it sets its publicity machine in full blast to tell why the iPhone 5 is better than its new rival.
Samsung reveals the Galaxy S4 (photos)
Samsung steps up the heat in its continuing battle with Apple over patents, smartphones, and tablets. Take a look at its amazing accomplishment.
Camera phone comparison; HTC One, BlackBerry Z10, iPhone 5, Lumia 920, and Note II
You can't replace your point and shoot with most camera phones, but they do the job for social media and online sharing. As you can see, most any of these phones have decent cameras.
Samsung Galaxy Note 8 hands-on at MWC 2013
At Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Samsung has shown off the Galaxy Note 8.0, a tablet follow-up to its successful Note and Note II tablets.
Top Android apps for the Galaxy Note 2 including multi-view usage
The Galaxy Note 2 is well suited for productive work with its huge 5.5-inch screen. That work requires good apps, especially those that work in multi-view. Here are some good ones.
Samsung Galaxy Note II accessories: Colored Flip Covers and AllShare Cast Wireless Hub
Samsung sells several accessories for their smartphones and tablets and with the 50% registration coupon code, I recently picked up three pieces. The two colored Flip Covers and AllShare Cast Wireless Hub are nice accessories, especially at half the price.
Top-10 tech gadgets of 2012 via year-end Google search data
The results are in! These are the top-10 tech gadgets of 2012 in the US, according to search data provided by Google.
Best Android-powered tablets (December 2012 edition)
While there's no doubt that the king of the tablets is Apple's iPad, that doesn't mean that there's no demand for Android-powered hardware. There are some very good reasons why an Android tablet might be perfect for you.
Favorite Speck cases under $40 [Gift Guide 2012]
Violet Blue visited Speck Products to go hands-on with its phone and tablet cases, and came back with her holiday hotlist.
Hands-on with the MOGA gaming controller for Android (gallery)
Game play can sometimes be a bit difficult on mobile phones, but the MOGA gaming controller makes that experience much better. I am enjoying racing games again on the Galaxy Note II.
Samsung Galaxy Note II software is as big as the hardware (gallery)
The hardware is fantastic, but it's really the software that sets the Galaxy Note II apart from the pack. Check out screenshots of the device that help distinguish it as the best Android smartphone available.
Photos: Samsung's Windows 8 ATIV tablets embrace x86 and RT
Samsung is aiming to beat its rivals in the Windows 8 arena and make inroads in the enterprise by offering a range of products, including the ATIV Tab, ATIV Smart PC and ATIV Smart PC Pro.
First impressions of the T-Mobile Samsung Galaxy Note II (gallery)
The Samsung Galaxy Note II appeared on T-Mobile shelves yesterday so I made the trip to the store after selling off my Galaxy S III and am now a very happy owner of one of the greatest data focused devices ever.
Hands-on with the elusive Windows Phone 8 Samsung ATIV S
Microsoft has been pretty coy about letting its upcoming Windows Phone 8 devices off the leash, so we haven't seen much about them. Here's a glimpse of the ATIV S - essentially the Galaxy S III, with a different OS.

subset: commoncrawl


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套件: wesnoth-1.10-l (1:1.10.5-1~ubuntu10.04.1) [universe]
wesnoth-1.10-l 的相關超連結
Ubuntu 的資源:
下載原始碼套件 wesnoth-1.10:
- [wesnoth-1.10_1.10.5-1~ubuntu10.04.1.dsc]
- [wesnoth-1.10_1.10.5.orig.tar.bz2]
- [wesnoth-1.10_1.10.5-1~ubuntu10.04.1.debian.tar.gz]
Please consider filing a bug or asking a question via Launchpad before contacting the maintainer directly.
Original Maintainers (usually from Debian):
- Debian Games Team (郵件存檔)
- Gerfried Fuchs
- Vincent Cheng
It should generally not be necessary for users to contact the original maintainer.
- 主頁 [wesnoth.org]
"Liberty" official campaign for Wesnoth (branch 1.10)
This package contains the "Liberty" campaign for Wesnoth: "As the shadow of civil war lengthens across Wesnoth, a band of hardy marchlanders revolts against the tyranny of Queen Asheviere. To win their way to freedom, they must defeat not just the trained blades of Wesnothian troops but darker foes including orcs and undead." (Intermediate level, 8 scenarios)
Battle for control of villages, using variety of units which have advantages and disadvantages in different types of terrains and against different types of attacks. Units gain experience and advance levels, and are carried over from one scenario to the next in a campaign.
其他與 wesnoth-1.10-l 有關的套件
- dep: wesnoth-1.10-core (<< 1:1.11)
- fantasy turn-based strategy game (branch 1.10)
- dep: wesnoth-1.10-core (>= 1:1.10)


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Farnborough to Newcastle Flights, Stats and Airplanes
Route information for flights from Farnborough to Newcastle Intl..
262.64 miles
NCL - Newcastle Intl. Airlines
Browse the most popular airlines servicing the Newcastle (NCL) airport. Visit their flights pages to learn more about the most popular routes these carriers fly.


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|Product #: SDL9781612479323_TQ
Media and Marketplace Words-Advertisers Take Aim at Heads and Hearts (Resourc eBookGrade 6|Grade 7|Grade 8|Grade 9|Grade 10|Grade 11|Grade 12
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Each 3 page reproducible lesson focuses on practical vocabulary terms, skills, and concepts in relevant situational settings. Additionally, each lesson activates prior knowledge and continually reinforces fundamental language arts skills and concepts.
Customer Reviews:
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The Union government has put in motion the process of effecting a possible fuel price hike, with the Cabinet scheduled to discuss the issue on Thursday.
Petroleum and Natural Gas Minister Murli Deora held consultations with the constituents of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) even as the Ministry forwarded the Kirit Parikh Committee's hike proposal to the Congress Core Committee .
An experts group, headed by Mr. Parikh, a former Planning Commission member, recommended deregulating the petrol and diesel prices, while raising the kerosene and domestic LPG rates by Rs. 6 a litre and Rs. 100 a cylinder respectively.
The Cabinet will consider the panel's proposal of total decontrol of the petrol prices and a moderate increase in the diesel, LPG and kerosene rates.
Mr. Deora met Union Communications Minister and senior DMK leader A. Raja on Wednesday morning. He also spoke over the phone with Trinamool leader and Railway Minister Mamata Banerjee, explaining the precarious situation the public sector oil marketing companies (OMCs) were in and the need for a hike.
Mr. Deora refused to comment on the talks with the UPA partners or the kind of hike proposed.
Official sources said both Mr. Raja and Ms. Banerjee were non-committal on the stand of their parties. Mr. Raja was understood to have told Mr. Deora that any decision on the issue would be taken by party leader and Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi.
Many of the UPA partners and the Left parties had strongly opposed a hike, which forced the Petroleum Ministry to give up the move to seek decontrol of the diesel prices also.
"The Union Cabinet and the Congress Core Committee will also consider a moderate hike in the LPG and kerosene prices. The hike may not be very steep. It will be in the range of around Rs. 25 a cylinder and Re. 1 a litre for diesel," a senior official said.
Indian Oil Corporation, Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited and Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited are selling fuel at subsidy and expect a revenue loss of Rs. 46,030 crore on that account this year. Of this, the government was meeting only Rs. 12,000 crore. Petrol is now sold at a loss of Rs. 4.72 a litre, diesel at Rs. 2.33 a litre, kerosene Rs. 18.06 and domestic LPG at a discount of Rs. 287.59 a cylinder.
Any decontrol of the petrol prices at this juncture would lead to an increase of Rs. 4.72 a litre.
Keywords: Murli Deora, Petroleum and Natural Gas Minister, UPA Govt, Kirit Parikh Committee, Congress Core Committee, Cabinet


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From the article: Job Interview Question: What Are You Passionate About?
What are you passionate about? Share your answer to this typical interview question.
Mathematics - Aptitude
- I am passionate about numbers. It gives me insight about mathematics and like to solve aptitude puzzles.I like to find patterns in numbers . I like to calculate numbers mentally. Yes! if there's any position in this world that suits my passion I am ready to leave my job.
- —Guest Bhavin Patel
Passionate about True Life
- I am passionate to be a leader to show that there is more to life than social media. I prefer to go out do out and do things and make a change!
- —Guest Guest
Strive Hard
- I am passionate in doing my job by exerting my effort to finish my work on time and carefully as possible.
- —Guest Michelle
- I am passionate about Journalism because it allows me to see the world in different ways as well as allowing others to see the world in these different ways.
- —Guest Emily
The Lord
- I am passionate about God, that he can lead our hearts and minds in the right direction, and using his teachings to change the world in a positive way.
- —Guest Ruby
- I want to change the world for the better because what we have right now is a mess.
- —Guest Victoria G
Passion - I am a believer
- I am a believer. I want to achieve the most in life within ten years- At 55 I want to topple my life and start new. Sky is the limit- REACH UP.
- —Guest geeta
Passionate about music....
- Music is a way of life for me, it's a gift I'll never take for granted. I find peace, energy and satisfaction in music, can't live without it.
- —Guest sean-hill.net
- I am very passionaite about music. Despite how cliche this may sound, music is my life. Without it, I would be bored, and driven crazy.
- —Guest Gabby Firkey
- What is passion? Something we love, something we are excited about. The desire of doing that thing constantly is a passion. I have a passion to become a great manager. I love to manage things and I love team work. I want to be a great decision maker. I love to observe people. I want to be a great speaker. To become a great manager, one should have an ability to influence people. I love to do all these things. They excite me. That's what passion is.
- —Guest Arti Arora
- I am Passionate about make people happy. and I want to see everyone happy with great satisfaction I want to do something new to make people happy ..... :))
- —Guest Rupendra
Good Discussion Here
- Hey guyz, it's great to hear of all the passion which you all have. Although some of your comments were a bit funny, most of them were very informative. Truth be told, I am passionate about surfing the web, watching movies, and tv serials. Also I am passionate about life -- joie de vivre...!!!!
- —Guest alchemist
Saving Money
- I am passionate about saving money. I look forward to achieving my simple American dream.
- —Guest Sabrina
Making people smile
- I love making people laugh/smile/ect. It makes me feel good. Even if it was just for a second, I know I improved somebody's day, and god only knows, we all need a pickup through the day.
- —Guest poiuyasdf
- I am slowly discovering my passion for many things technology. Computers, smartphones, websites, design and so much more. What I'm especially passionate about is learning how technology is being used to improve and better the quality of life for humankind. Thank God for passion.
- —Guest Allan
1-15 of 66Next


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Dylan Gives the Capitol Theater Its Mojo Back
Bobby Zimmerman renews an old venue in Port Chester, New York
From 1970 to 1976, the Capitol Theater in Port Chester, New York hosted rock acts like Janis Joplin (her penultimate show), The Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane, and some of the greatest bands of the era (as well as Pink Floyd). But after moving away from music–the last show was in 1997–the jam is back.
Peter Shapiro, who helped the perpetually sceney Brooklyn Bowl in Williamsburg become a venue for live music, struck up a partnership with the old theater in Port Chester–designed by Charles Lamb in 1926–to once again host live music. Last night, it was re-inaugurated as a rock hall with a showing by Bob Dylan. Here's a round-up of the concert.
Although Mr. Dylan's 35th studio album, "Tempest," is due for release next week and can already be heard online, he didn't perform any new songs. But his reworking of older ones was sly and transformative: sometimes backdating the music to well before the original recordings, sometimes viewing his past selves with avuncular pride and amusement, sometimes staring into the abyss, sometimes tempering youthful spite with empathy.
A current Dylan concert is always a matter of shifting expectations. At first his voice sounds impossibly ramshackle, just a fogbound rasp. But soon, at least on a good night, his willful phrasing and conversational nuances come through. While he has — for decades — rearranged many of his songs so that only the words are immediately recognizable, his musical choices aren't exactly arbitrary. They lead listeners, and Mr. Dylan as well, to grapple with the songs anew.
Oh, and if you're curious to know how the venue held up:
The Capitol's interior is once again resplendent in red brocade and gilded painted reliefs; many of the exit signs have Art Nouveau panache. For Mr. Dylan's concert, with a capacity of 1,835, the orchestra level was standing room, surveyed by a balcony and boxes with a few rows each of steeply raked seats with assured sightlines. The sound, similar to that of other vintage movie palaces like the Beacon Theater and the United Palace Theater in Manhattan, was clear and boomy, with the kind of reverberation earplugs can help correct.
The theater had opening glitches to be worked out — a lobby bar still under construction, box-office slowdowns, confused visitors in search of parking — and one bad practice: waitresses soliciting drink orders from concertgoers during songs, an intrusion. But those are minor; a rock theater that looks and sounds as good as the Capitol is something to celebrate.
Earplugs and rude waitresses. Sounds like somebody skipped the 70s and went straight on the 80s.
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Two years after Myanmar scrapped censorship in one of its boldest reforms, its journalists are again living in fear of jail and are convinced a state-sponsored crackdown is under way to limit press freedom.
Eight members of the media have been arrested since December and two jailed in what critics say is government backsliding on some of the wide-ranging reforms that led the West to lift sanctions after decades of military rule.
"The hardliners in the government think (media freedom) has now gone too far," says Thiha Saw, chief editor of the English-language Myanma Freedom.
Reporting on sensitive issues such as graft, land grabs and religious and ethnic tensions may have provoked the reaction, journalists say.
The arrests evoke memories of the country's oppressive past, with detention of members of the media a hallmark of the previous military government, said London-based Amnesty International in a recent statement.
Toe Zaw Latt, bureau chief for the Democratic Voice of Burma (DVB), has felt the brunt of the crackdown.
One of his video journalists was jailed last month, with hard labour, while an Australian intern working with DVB without credentials was deported on Thursday after he took part in a protest calling for his colleague's release.
"It's a deliberate and consolidated effort by the government to restrict the media," Toe Zaw Latt said.
DVB video journalist Zaw Pe was working on a story about Japanese-funded scholarships for Burmese students, but found himself behind bars for the second time having been imprisoned by the junta that ruled brutally for 49 years.
Journalist Ma Khine was sentenced to three months in prison in December for defamation, trespassing and abusive language while interviewing a lawyer about judicial corruption.
Three months later, four journalists and the chief executive of Unity Journal were charged with violating the 1923 State Secrets Act. They were arrested over a story that said Chinese engineers were helping the military set up a chemical weapons factory and could face a maximum 14 years in prison.
"Journalists have been testing the government in the past few months by covering once very sensitive topics," said a freelance journalist, who requested anonymity.
"They have, in my view, crossed the permissible lines defined by the limited reforms."


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Get Instant Pricing with Edmunds Price Promise℠
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A wide range of body styles, an overhauled interior and a lineup of powerful and fuel-efficient engines make the 2014 GMC Sierra a solid pick in the full-size pickup class.
New, more fuel-efficient engines; improved interior; quiet highway ride.
Transmission ratios too widely spaced for optimal towing performance.
Redesigned for 2014, the GMC Sierra benefits from weight reduction and a lineup of new, more fuel-efficient engines including a now-competitive V6.
Have had my 2014 Sierra 1500 Z71 4WD for almost 2 years now. Overall great experience but some understandable set backs. First, exterior styling is awesome, mechanical wise the transmission and engine both run strong, locking rear differential does its job. MPG not bad for power/weight ratio. Major problem I had was driver-side rear axle seal went bad/leaked with just 9,500 miles on it. My owning experience was further dampened by at least 10 reacalls from GM-I udnerstand about small glitches but it left a bad impression. All said I don't believe that GMC are "professional grade." GM vehicles are no doubt better these days but hope they would listen to real owners more attentively.
bought new at the springfield, vt. gmc dealership. am very happy with it.
initially, I was getting a rattling noise in the muffler/driveshaft area.
gmc dealer found it was a loose baffle in the muffler. after exhaust system replacement, the sound is gone and has not returned. I get good mileage. has better options than my last new truck(Silverado).
Comfortable, secure-feeling pickup. Overall quality feel is pure A-1. Daytime confidence value just can't be higher. Motor is strong, shifting is smooth after about 1000 miles.
Tows well without sagging in the back due to trailer tongue weight. Best truck I have owned.
But, this truck has a blemish--a dangerous one. In rural areas, the headlamp lighting is awful. There is no lateral light spill to assist turning onto intersecting roads. None. Left turns are the worse. You will be turning into total darkness.
The effect is as if you have a burned out left lamp.
Going straight, the hi-beam doesn't "reach out and touch" enough.
You will need to buy auxiliary lighting.
Had my 14 crew cab SLT over a year and 26,000 trouble free miles. I'm getting a steady 21 mpg highway. Truck is extremely smooth and quiet. I traded in a 2012 Ram and this GMC feels more refined with better on road performance. Great truck overall.
My 2014 GMC Sierra has never got more than 15 mpg even on high way driving. Yes--it's 4 wd and the 5200 motor but the door sticker claimed it would get much better. I talked to the dealer and they blame ethanol gas --poor quality gas ect and ect. I have bought gm trucks for over 50 years and this will be my last. My suggestion to anyone looking to buy GM trucks is to make the dealer fill the truck with gas and test it yourself BEFORE you buy. GM lost my business and my respect! My dad used to say there are two things men lie about --women and gas milage but this report is accurate.
Is GM ever going to hire some who knows how to program an engine/transmission ? I own a 2014 sierra 1500 and have decided I won't put up with the horrible engine and tranny operation any longer.Warranty or not I will have a tune done and it will NOT be anything written by GM. I do know people who have had it done to their trucks,have driven them,and I will do it to mine. How anyone at GM who signs off on these driveline calibrations still has there jobs is beyond me. These people do not know there jobs and need to go. A tuning person with real world knowledge is needed. A laptop, some realistic programming and an hours seat time is literally all that is needed! GM,the public deserves better!
Modern pickup trucks serve not just as hauling and towing workhorses, but daily drivers and family shuttles as well. Of course, the grunt work requires some muscle, so it's no surprise that in the past buyers usually passed on the base V6 engines and opted for substantially stronger (but thirstier) V8s. But with the increased emphasis on fuel economy lately, manufacturers have been beefing up their trucks' six-cylinder engines, and the redesigned 2014 GMC Sierra has joined the party. Among its many improvements, this all-new Sierra has a competitive V6 engine that will meet the needs of a great many truck buyers.
Of course, the 2014 GMC Sierra 1500 still offers V8 power in the form of burly 5.3-liter and 6.2-liter mills, which now benefit from direct fuel injection and cylinder deactivation for better power and efficiency. However, if you like the Sierra's generous passenger/cargo space but don't have massive hauling/towing requirements, the new 4.3-liter V6 should more than suffice. It makes 285 horsepower and 305 pound-feet of torque and can tow up to 7,200 pounds when properly equipped. Fuel economy ratings are impressive as well, with an estimated 18 mpg city and 24 mpg highway on two-wheel-drive models.
In addition to getting a stronger base V6 engine, the GMC Sierra has shed some pounds in this redesign, so there's not quite so much truck to move around in the first place. A regular cab model with the V6 and a 6.5-foot pickup bed, for example, weighs 250 fewer pounds than its predecessor. This year also brings revised suspension tuning for a smoother ride, forward-hinged rear doors on extended cab models (in place of the awkward, reverse-opening half doors on the old Sierra) and newly available safety features such as a forward collision-alert system, a lane-departure warning system and trailer sway control.
Although the new Sierra retains the boxy, all-business look of previous GMC Sierras, the automaker's designers have modernized the styling a bit. Among the updates are a massive new grille, revised bumpers and more sculpted sheet metal around the wheelwells. Those who regularly haul a lot of people and cargo will be pleased to know that the Sierra 1500 crew cab now offers a 6.5-foot cargo box in addition to the previous 5.75-foot box. Inside, GMC has upgraded the Sierra's upholstery, dash and door-panel materials, and you can now get an 8-inch touchscreen display with the brand's IntelliLink infotainment interface (the GMC equivalent of Chevy's MyLink) and smartphone integration.
All told, the 2014 GMC Sierra 1500 is fully competitive with its long-time and similarly capable rivals, the Ford F-150 and Ram 1500 as well as the Toyota Tundra. This is especially true now that GMC offers a V6 engine that promises ample performance along with good fuel economy. With such a strong group of choices, your pick for a full-size pickup may come down to feature availability or even styling preference.
The 2014 GMC Sierra 1500 is a full-size pickup offered in a variety of cab/cargo-bed configurations in both two- and four-wheel drive. Body styles include regular cab, extended (double) cab and crew cab. Regular cabs can be had with either a 6.5-foot standard bed or an 8-foot bed. Extended cabs come with the 6.5-foot standard bed, while crew cabs can be had with either a 5.75-foot short bed or the 6.5-foot standard bed.
Regular cabs can be had in base or midlevel SLE trims. Double cabs and crew cabs are available in base, SLE, well-appointed SLT and off-road-oriented Z71 trims.
The base Sierra comes with 17-inch steel wheels, chrome bumpers and grille, air-conditioning, cruise control, power windows and door locks, a tilt steering wheel, cloth upholstery, rubber floor covering, a 40/20/40-split front bench seat and a four-speaker AM/FM sound system with a 4-inch color display and USB and auxiliary inputs.
The SLE adds stainless steel finish wheels, deep-tint glass, an "E-Z" lift/lower tailgate, LED cargo box lighting, power/heated mirrors, keyless entry, a rearview camera, Bluetooth phone and audio connectivity, adjustable driver lumbar support, a leather-wrapped steering wheel with audio controls, OnStar telematics, a color driver information display and an upgraded IntelliLink audio system (with an 8-inch color display, satellite radio, HD radio, Pandora radio, a CD player and voice control functionality).
Stepping up to the SLT adds chrome trim, 18-inch alloy wheels, remote starting, power folding mirrors, a trailer towing package, universal garage opener, an anti-theft system, a rear window defroster, a tilt-and-telescoping steering wheel, power-adjustable pedals, an auto-dimming rearview mirror, a 110-volt power outlet, dual-zone automatic climate control, leather upholstery, heated eight-way power driver and passenger front seats and driver-seat memory settings.
The Z71 trim, which is added atop the SLE or SLT, features off-road-oriented hardware such as special shock absorbers, a heavy-duty air cleaner, hill-descent control, underbody shields, recovery hooks and a few unique exterior and interior styling tweaks.
Many of the items on the upper trim levels are offered on the lower ones as options, while other available features (depending on trim level and configuration) include various axle ratios, a power sliding rear window, a power sunroof, side steps, parking sensors, ventilated front seats, a Bose audio system, a navigation system and a rear-seat entertainment system with a Blu-Ray player. Notably, the Max Trailering package features an integrated trailer brake controller, heavier-duty suspension calibration and a higher-capacity radiator.
Another key option group is the Driver Alert package, which features a lane-departure warning system, a forward collision-alert system, a safety alert seat, and front and rear parking sensors. There are a few other packages available as well -- highlights include 20-inch wheels, side steps, front and rear parking sensors and a power sliding rear window.
Standard on all but the SLT trim is a 4.3-liter V6 with 285 hp and 305 lb-ft of torque. As with all other Sierra 1500 engines, it comes matched to a six-speed automatic transmission and either rear-wheel or four-wheel drive. Maximum towing capacity, when properly equipped, is fairly generous at 7,200 pounds. GMC estimates fuel economy to be 18 mpg city and 24 mpg highway for rear-wheel drive. With 4WD, it drops to 17/22.
The 5.3-liter V8, which is standard on the SLT and optional on other Sierras, makes 355 hp and 383 lb-ft of torque. Properly equipped, trucks with this engine can tow up to 11,400 pounds. With rear-wheel drive, Sierras with the 5.3-liter V8 will achieve 16 mpg city/23 mpg highway and 19 mpg combined (16/22/18 for 4WD), the EPA says.
Optional on the SLT is a 6.2-liter V8 (late availability). GMC has yet to release its power, fuel economy and towing numbers.
Standard safety features on the 2014 GMC Sierra include antilock disc brakes, traction and stability control (with trailer sway control), front and rear seat side airbags and side curtain airbags. Also standard is OnStar, which includes services such as automatic crash notification, roadside assistance, remote door unlocking and stolen-vehicle assistance. All-new cab structures for the three configurations (standard, double and crew cabs) bring improved structural stiffness and crashworthiness to the 2014 model.
Options include a rearview camera, front and rear park assist and a suite of driver aids that includes a lane departure-warning system and a forward collision-alert system.
With this redesign, all-new cab structures bring improved structural stiffness and crashworthiness to the 2014 model. GMC also improved the cabin quality on lower trims, on which materials and build quality are noticeably better. There are also more bins and cubbies than before, and SLT trims have up to five USB ports to keep all your devices charged and happy. The IntelliLink system deserves special mention for its available 8-inch touchscreen that features clear, intuitive controls; redundant knobs and buttons; and a very effective voice command interface. You'll use this interface to take care of most navigation, audio and phone functions in the GMC Sierra.
With a choice of bench or buckets (depending on trim level) up front, as well as available heating, ventilation and adjustable lumbar support, the Sierra's thickly padded seats promise plenty of long-trip comfort. Although the cabs' basic dimensions are unchanged from those of last year, there is a smidge more rear legroom than before, and front occupants have more fore/aft seat adjustment range.
Gone are the awkward reverse-opening rear doors of the previous extended cab, as the newly minted double cab has traditional forward-hinged doors that make it much easier to get in and out of the backseat. The new cabin also rides on improved body mounts for reduced noise and vibration, while clambering into the bed is made easier by clever steps and handholds built into each rear corner.
The 2014 GMC Sierra 1500's new V6 provides ample thrust and is light-years ahead of the old V6, not only in terms of power and performance but also refinement. Another indication of this engine's all-around legitimacy is that it is available on nearly all trim levels and body style levels, rather than being relegated only to work truck variants, as was the case with the old V6.
As you would expect, the 5.3-liter V8 delivers solid thrust with good manners, though there's still a bit of vibration during hard acceleration. More seamless than ever, however, is the fuel-saving cylinder deactivation system, which swaps between V8 and V4 modes with complete transparency.
The six-speed automatic provides smooth and timely gearchanges in normal driving. But despite the pull of the Sierra's huskier new engines, we've noticed that there's still too big a gap between the transmission's gear ratios when towing. There are rumors of an upcoming eight-speed transmission -- it would be a welcome addition. That said, we've towed a trailer with an 8,600-pound load behind a Sierra equipped with the 5.3-liter V8 and the Max Trailering package, and there was plenty of reserve grunt.
Overall ride and handling dynamics are noticeably improved over those of the old truck. The 2014 GMC Sierra 1500 feels robust structurally, yet most versions are compliant and comfortable over broken pavement, though the stiffer ride on trucks with the Max Trailering package can grow tiresome. The 2014 Sierra is also very quiet, with road noise snuffed out and only a whisper of wind noise at freeway speeds. The GMC is also steady around turns, and its steering is well-weighted. Off road, the Sierra shudders less when bouncing around on rocky trails, exhibiting better composure than ever before.
This is the estimated average annual insurance premium being charged in your state. The premium has been determined based on annual premium data for defined coverages (liability, comprehensive and collision) from a major insurer.
While this information is specific to vehicle make, model, model year and body type, your personal information is not taken into consideration and could greatly alter the actual premium quoted by an insurer. Factors that will affect your rate include your age, marital status, credit history, driving record, and the garaging address of your vehicle.
The Edmunds TCO®
monthly insurance payment for a 2014 GMC Sierra 1500 Crew-cab
in VA is:
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Impacts on Ecosystems
Shoreline litter can harm ecosystems in a number of ways. Discarded fishing gear, transported by wind and waves, can snag on and cause significant damage to fragile coastal habitats, such as coral reefs and seagrass beds. Other effects include interfering with important biological processes, introducing non-native species, reducing water quality, and negatively impacting delicate food webs.
Even an item as simple as a crumpled food wrapper or plastic bag can damage aquatic ecosystems and interfere with biological reproduction. When fishing nets, bags, tires and other pieces of litter sink to the ocean floor, they can break and smother coral reefs. Smothering blocks the sunlight required for plants and small organisms to carry out photosynthesis. This is an important process that provides the energy for them to grow and release oxygen into the air, playing a vital role in the Earth's life cycle.
Invasive Species
Once adrift, floating aquatic debris can travel far and wide. Along the way, different organisms can attach themselves to the debris and travel to new habitats where they would not normally be found. More commonly known as invasive species, these plants or animals can then damage the sensitive balance of new ecosystems by harming or competing with native species.
Water Quality
Many shoreline litter items contain dangerous chemicals that can degrade water quality. Paint cans, oil cans and batteries are a few examples of items that can easily leak toxic chemicals. Plastics, which most litter items contain, can also release toxins once they break down, and eventually impact the sources of water that we use every day.
Food Webs
Every living organism, including humans, is part of a food web. These systems of interconnected food chains can be harmed by shoreline litter in many different ways. Organisms may either ingest a litter item directly, or be impacted by the toxins that are released into the environment. These negative effects can then travel up and influence the entire food web.
More balloons and fishing net are collected around the world than six pack holders and syringes.


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FMLY Fest assembles dozens of musicians for DIY weekend
By Emily Eveland
Hollow Boys embrace the dark on third album
By Sarah Stanley-Ayre
10 Thousand Sounds 2014: Behind the bands
By CP Staff
Black Market Brass delivers hip-shaking funk rhythms
By Zach McCormick
For the Love brings hip-hop festivities to Lowertown
By Jack Spencer
Kitty Cat Klub hosts Tourniquet Noise series
By Sarah Stanley-Ayre
Max Gremillion steps into the spotlight
By Rob van Alstyne
The world of Howler's sophomore album
By Zach McCormick
"Everything on the record, every single line, happened to me in my life," says Olson. "The first line was about when Vic and I moved to Joshua Tree and this wonderful guy from South Africa had read about us and he came to live with us for a year. Then one day his girlfriend comes from South Africa, and she comes up to me and says, 'I've come to fetch Carl.' I thought that was the most beautiful expression of love I've ever heard. She came to fetch him, to take him home."
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text: Early in the 20th century Christina Pitarra of Calabria, Italy scraped enough money together for passage to America for one. She sent her son Pasquale Pitarra in hopes that he, at least, could forge a better life. Pasquale, probably about 20, took a portrait of his mother off the wall of their home, wrapped it in a blanket and put it in his steamer trunk for the trip to New York.Eventually he settled here in Dupont, got a job as a miner, married and had 11 children. He raised most of them himself after his wife died, feeding them with the gardening and cooking skills he had learned from him mother.Many of those 11 children stayed in the Greater Pittston area and created an extended family aunts, uncles and cousins who still live today in West Pittston, Dupont and the Old Boston section of Pittston. Fast forward two generations. The portrait has been handed down to Pasquale�??s great granddaughter Linda Maniscalco who lives in the Allentown area. �??The paper cover on the back of the portrait was so old, it was disintegrating,�?� Linda wrote in an email. �??I took the portrait to a photo repair shop.�?�When the frame was removed Christina Pitarra�??s hand-written recipes were discovered behind the portrait.Those recipes became the basis for the book �??Italian Christmas Eve: The Feast of Seven Fishes�?� written by Linda and her husband Rocco. The Feast of the Seven Fishes is an Italian Christmas tradition that typically consists of seven different seafood dishes.But the Maniscalco book is more than a cookbook. It features original artwork, family stories and traditions And the recipes are not limited to the seven fishes, but include appetizers, side dishes, deserts and Italian cookies and celebratory beverages and toasts, including the toast �??stata buon�?� Italian for �??stay well.�?�The book reveals that Christina Pitarra was way ahead of her time. Her garden-to-table recipes use what today are called organically grown foods for a green lifestyle.�??Her recipes and traditions inspired us to preserve our Italian American heritage of food, faith and family,�?� Linda said in her email. �??My relatives taught me everything about cooking and baking. Many of my aunts, uncles and cousins are the best home cooks and accomplished bakers. I spent practically every holiday growing up visiting the coal region back home and even now my husband Rocco and our children and their Nonna Martha Pitarra all enjoy visiting descendents of the Pitarra family, who are among the best of the best in the kitchen.�?�The book includes endorsement blurbs by Archbishop Chaput of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia and Bishop Bambera of Scranton.The book is available at all Gerrity�??s Markets, the Guild Catholic Bookstore in Scranton, and can be ordered online, at the Maniscalco website at Statabuon.com.


text: > View Product Details Please select the size of the product. Please enter valid quantity. Walter black and leopard neoprene 'Sofia' pullover overview details Retail: $158.00 Reduced: $97.99 50% Off : $49.00 size size chart select size XS - Only 2 left! S - Only 2 left! M L in stock add to my bag Add to Wish list Successfully added to the Selected Wish List. color : Black / Leopard Sometimes you just need a cozy accent sweater and this neoprene crewneck from Walter is a great place to start. Color: Black / Leopard Mid-weight neoprene knit Crewneck Long sleeve Drawstring waist Contemporary fit 95% Polyester / 5% Spandex; Dry Clean; Imported; style#326666901


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We've got new details on the smackdown Kanye West laid upon a teen who allegedly taunted his baby momma Kim Kardashian with a slew of slurs, including the N-Word.
The Yeezus rapper, who's currently under investigation for felony assault and battery in connection with the incident, found the alleged taunter sitting down in a Beverly Hills office, and allegedly struck the 18-year-old male more than 30 times, many of which landed in the young man's face, according to online reports. The victim reportedly got into fetal position to minimize the damage, as the angry rapper used him as a punching bag.
PHOTOS: He's At It Again! Kanye West Gets Violent With Photographer At LAX
While Kim was paralyzed with shocked silence throughout the attack, a secretary on duty in the chiropractor's office tried in vain to persuade West to halt the beating, according to reports. Eventually, another worker at the establishment pulled the two apart and kicked West out of the office.
As we previously reported, West has a checkered past when it comes to anger-fueled incidents, including a no contest plea to battery six years ago, and an ongoing case in which he's accused of roughing up a photographer.


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The Hundred-Foot Journey: Culinary mash-up
By Stephanie Zacharek
Into the Storm tears up America
By Alan Scherstuhl
Land Ho!'s seniors never quite charm
By Amy Nicholson
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles fails
By Amy Nicholson
Get On Up is an inspired James Brown biopic
By Stephanie Zacharek
Guardians of the Galaxy misses the mark
By Stephanie Zacharek
Magic in the Moonlight doesn't cast its spell
By Alan Scherstuhl
Michel Gondry's Mood Indigo gets richer as it darkens
By Amy Nicholson
Walker Art Center, Tuesday through April 22
Two-time Academy Award-winning director Milos Forman is the subject of a monthlong retrospective at the Walker in April. Best known for his major American releases, including modern classics such as One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and Amadeus, Forman is also acclaimed in film circles as one of the fathers of the Czech New Wave in the 1960s, a vibrant movement of darkly humorous and often unscripted films that managed to explore topics rarely broached in Communist countries. Forman himself acknowledges that living under a totalitarian regime influenced the theme of rebelliousness that runs through many of his movies—and is the theme of the Walker's retrospective. The series kicks off Tuesday with one of Forman's early New Wave films, 1964's Black Peter, a comedy about a young teenager's awkward entry into the workforce. Throughout the month, most of the director's major films will be screened, including Ragtime (Sunday), Amadeus (April 4), Cuckoo's Nest (April 5), Loves of a Blonde (April 8), The People vs. Larry Flynt (April 9), Hair (April 13), and The Fireman's Ball (April 15). On Saturday, April 12, Forman himself will join L.A. Weekly film critic Scott Foundas at the Walker for a discussion of the director's distinguished career.
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Tuesday, May 26, 2015
Thursday, October 16, 2014
Sunday, October 5, 2014
SpiderMan Minecraft Cartoon
Here is my lastest Minecraft Video
Here is my lastest Minecraft Video
Saturday, July 12, 2014
Tropical Smoothies for Kids
- 1 mango
- 2 cubes of ice
- 1 banana
- 3 strawberries
- 5 ounces of mango juice(no sugar added)
*Blend for a minute in Blender
For Cute Kids Clothes Designed by Priscilla visit
Get it At http://www.zazzle.com/mycuteclothes
Saturday, May 31, 2014
Little GirlsTea Party Stuff
|My Little Girl's Tea Party
|Tea Party Big Hats
|Mini Sweets
|Cute Little Sandwiches
|Cute Little Girl's
Ten Fun Ideas for a Fabulous Tea Party!!!
- Start by adding flowers to your big hats.
- Serve the Tea( peach ice tea or your drink desire) Drinks with Fancy Desserts.
- Make sure your Table is Set with Light Pretty Touch.
- Play Fun Games and Give Prizes to Winners.
- Have fun Music Playing in the back.
- Make Sure to take Pictures and Video.
- Have a Salon Time wear girls can put on lip gloss or blush.
- Make Sure to have a Prize for everyone who attends.
- Wear Pretty Dresses or any Cute Clothes
- This party lasted 3 hours and we had hamburgers at the end.
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