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Network Working Group Magnus Westerlund INTERNET-DRAFT Ericsson Expires: March 2007 Stephan Wenger Nokia September 17, 2006 RTP Topologies draft-ietf-avt-topologies-01.txt> Status of this Memo By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006). Abstract This document disucsses multi-endpoint topologies commonly used in RTP based environments. In particular, centralized topologies commonly employed in the video conferencing industry are mapped to the RTP terminology. Wenger, et al. [Page 1]
INTERNET-DRAFT RTP Topologies September 17, 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS Status of this Memo................................................1 Copyright Notice...................................................1 Abstract...........................................................1 TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................2 1. Introduction....................................................3 2. Definitions.....................................................3 2.1. Glossary...................................................3 2.2. Terminology................................................3 2.3. Topologies.................................................4 2.3.1. TOPO10: Point to Point................................4 2.3.2. TOPO20: Point to Multi-point using Multicast..........4 2.3.3. TOPO30: Point to Multipoint using the RFC 3550 translator...................................................5 2.3.4. TOPO40: Point to Multipoint using the RFC 3550 mixer model........................................................8 2.3.5. TOPO50: Point to Multipoint using video switching MCU 10 2.3.6. TOPO60: Point to Multipoint using RTCP-terminating MCU11 2.3.7. Combining Topologies.................................12 3. Security Considerations........................................13 4. IANA Considerations............................................13 5. Acknowledgements...............................................13 6. References.....................................................14 6.1. Normative references......................................14 6.2. Informative references....................................14 7. Authors' Addresses.............................................14 8. List of Changes relative to previous drafts....................15 RFC Editor Considerations.........................................16 Wenger, et al. Informational [Page 2]
INTERNET-DRAFT RTP Topologies September 17, 2006 1. Introduction When working on the Codec Control Messages [CCM], we noticed a considerable confusion in the community with respect to terms such as MCU, mixer, and translator. In the process of writing, we became increasingly unsure of our own understanding, and therefore added what became the core of this draft to the CCM draft. Later, it was found that this information has its own value, and was "outsourced" from the CCM draft into the present memo. It could be argued that this document clarifies and explains sections of the RTP spec [RFC3550], and is therefore of informational nature. In this case, the present memo may end up as an informational RFC. When the Audio-Visual Profile with Feedback (AVPF) [AVPF] was developed, the main emphasis lied in the efficient support of point-to-point and small multipoint scenarios without centralized multipoint control. However, in practice, many small multipoint conferences operate utilizing devices known as Multipoint Control Units (MCUs). MCUs comprise mixers and translators (in RTP [RFC3550] terminology), but also signalling support 2. Definitions 2.1. Glossary ASM - Asynchronous Multicast AVPF - The Extended RTP Profile for RTCP-based Feedback MCU - Multipoint Control Unit PtM - Point to Multipoint PtP - Point to Point 2.2. Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. Wenger, et al. Informational [Page 3]
INTERNET-DRAFT RTP Topologies September 17, 2006 2.3. Topologies This subsection defines several basic topologies that are relevant for codec control. The first four relate to the RTP system model utilizing multicast and/or unicast, as envisioned in RFC 3550. The last two topologies, in contrast, describe the widely deployed system model as used in most H.323 video conferences, where both the media streams and the RTCP control traffic terminate at the MCU. More topologies can be constructed by combining any of the models, see Section 2.3.7. The topologies may be referenced by a shortcut name, indicated by the prefix "Topo-". 2.3.1. Point to Point Shortcut name: Topo-Point-to-Point The Point to Point (PtP) topology (Figure 1) consists of two end- points with unicast capabilities between them. Both RTP and RTCP traffic are conveyed endpoint to endpoint using unicast traffic only (even if this unicast traffic happens to be conveyed over an IP-multicast address). +---+ +---+ | A |<------->| B | +---+ +---+ Figure 1 - Point to Point The main property of this topology is that A sends to B and only B, while B sends to A and only A. This avoids all complexities of handling multiple endpoints and combining the requirements from them. Do note that an endpoint may still use multiple RTP Synchronization Sources (SSRCs) in an RTP session. 2.3.2. Point to Multi-point using Multicast Shortcut name: Topo- Multicast Wenger, et al. Informational [Page 4]
INTERNET-DRAFT RTP Topologies September 17, 2006 +-----+ +---+ / \ +---+ | A |----/ \---| B | +---+ / Multi- \ +---+ + Cast + +---+ \ Network / +---+ | C |----\ /---| D | +---+ \ / +---+ +-----+ Figure 2 - Point to Multipoint using Multicast We define Point to Multipoint (PtM) using multicast topology as a transmission model in which traffic from any participant reaches all the other participants, except for cases such as o packet loss occurs, o a participant does not wish to receive the traffic for a specific media stream, and therefore has not subscribed to the IP multicast group in question. In this sense, "traffic" encompasses both RTP and RTCP traffic. The number of participants can be between one and many -- as RTP and RTCP scales to very large multicast groups (the theoretical limit of RTP is approximately two billion participants). This draft is primarily interested in the subset of multicast session where the number of participants in the multicast group allows the participants to use early or immediate feedback as defined in AVPF. This document refers to those groups as as "small multicast groups". 2.3.3. Point to Multipoint using the RFC 3550 translator Shortcut name: Topo-Translator Two main categories of Translators can be distinguished. Transport Translators do not modify the media stream itself, but are concerned with transport parameters. Transport parameters, in the sense of this section, comprise the transport addresses to bridge different domains, and the media packetization to allow other transport protocols to be interconnected to a session (gateways). Media Translators, in contrast, modify the media stream itself. This process is commonly known as transcoding. The modification of the media stream can be as small as removing parts of the Wenger, et al. Informational [Page 5]
INTERNET-DRAFT RTP Topologies September 17, 2006 stream, and can go all the way to a full transcoding utilizing a different media codec. Media translators are commonly used to connect entities without a common interoperability point. Stand-alone Media Translators are rare. Most commonly, a combination of Transport and Media Translators are used to translate both the media stream and the transport aspects of a stream between two transport domains (or clouds). Both Translator types share common attributes that separates them from mixers. For each media stream that the translator receives, it generates an individual stream in the other domain. However, a translator maintains a complete view of all existing participants between both domains. Therefore, the SSRC space is shared across the two domains. The RTCP translation process can be trivial, for example when Transport translators just need to adjust IP addresses, and can be quite complex in the case of media translators. See section 7.2 of [RFC 3550]. +-----+ +---+ / \ +------------+ +---+ | A |<---/ \ | |<---->| B | +---+ / Multi- \ | | +---+ + Cast +->| Translator | +---+ \ Network / | | +---+ | C |<---\ / | |<---->| D | +---+ \ / +------------+ +---+ +-----+ Figure 3 - Point to Multipoint using a Translator Figure 3 depicts an example of a Transport Translator performing at least IP address translation. It allows the (non multicast capable) participants B and D to take part in a multicasted session by having the translator forward their unicast traffic to the multicast addresses in use, and vice versa. It must also forward B's traffic to D and vice versa, to provide each of B and D with a complete view of the session. If B were behind a limited link, the translator may perform media transcoding to allow the traffic received from the other participants to reach B without overloading the link. When in the example depicted in Figure 3 the translator acts only as a Transport Translator, then the RTCP traffic can simply be forwarded, similar to the media traffic. However, when media Wenger, et al. Informational [Page 6]
INTERNET-DRAFT RTP Topologies September 17, 2006 translation occurs, the translator's task becomes substantially more complex even with respect to the RTCP traffic. In this case, the translator needs to rewrite B's RTCP receiver report, before forwarding them to D and the multicast network. The rewriting is needed as the stream received by B is not the same stream as the other participants receive. For example, the number of packets transmitted to B may be lower than what D receives, due to the different media format. Therefore, if the receiver reports were forwarded without changes, the extended highest sequence number would indicate that B were substantially behind in reception -- while it most likely it would not be. Therefore, the translator must translate that number to a corresponding sequence number for the stream the translator received. Similar arguments can be made for most other fields in the RTCP receiver reports. As specified in Section 7.1 of [RFC3550] the SSRC space is common for all participants in the session, independent of which side they are of the translator. Thus it is the responsibility of the participants to run SSRC collision detection, and the SSRC a field the translator should not change. +---+ +------------+ +---+ | A |<---->| Multipoint |<---->| B | +---+ | Control | +---+ | Unit | +---+ | (MCU) | +---+ | C |<---->| |<---->| D | +---+ +------------+ +---+ Figure 4 - MCU with RTP Translator (relay) with only unicast links A common MCU scenario is the one depicted in Figure 4. Herein, the MCU connects multiple users of a conference through unicast. This can be implemented using a very simple transport translator, which could be called a relay. The relay forwards all traffic it receives, both RTP and RTCP, to all other participants. In doing so, a multicast network is emulated without relying on a multicast capable network structure. A translator normally does not use an SSRC of its own, and is not visible as an active participant in the session. However, it may act as a media receiver, thus have an SSRC, and use RTCP to report reception statistics. However this behavior should only be used when it is really desirable to have this feedback, i.e. having it act as special type of quality monitor. It also needs to be noted that the translator, in some cases, may act on behalf of the "real" source and respond to codec control messages. in his capacity as media translator. This for example Wenger, et al. Informational [Page 7]
INTERNET-DRAFT RTP Topologies September 17, 2006 may occur if a receiver requests a bandwidth reduction, and the media translator has not detected any congestion or other reasons for bandwidth reduction between the media source and itself. In that case, a translator should be able to react to codec control messages, as it is capable of fulfilling the request on behalf of the media sender. If it wouldn't react to codec control, and therefore couldn't fullfil the request, the media quality in the media senders domain would suffer. 2.3.4. Point to Multipoint using the RFC 3550 mixer model Shortcut name: Topo-Mixer A mixer is a middlebox that aggregates multiple RTP streams that are part of a session, by mixing the media data and generating a new RTP stream. One common application for a mixer is to allow a participant to receive a session with a reduced amount of resources. +-----+ +---+ / \ +-----------+ +---+ | A |<---/ \ | |<---->| B | +---+ / Multi- \ | | +---+ + Cast +->| Mixer | +---+ \ Network / | | +---+ | C |<---\ / | |<---->| D | +---+ \ / +-----------+ +---+ +-----+ Figure 5 - Point to Multipoint using RFC 3550 mixer model A mixer can be viewed as a device terminating the media streams received from other session participants. Using the media data from the received media streams, a mixer generates a media stream that is sent to the session participant. The content that the mixer provides is the mixed aggregate of what the mixer receives from the PtP or PtM links, which are part of the same conference session. The mixer is the content source, as it mixes the content (often in the uncompressed domain) and then encodes it for transmission to a participant. The CC and CSRC fields in the RTP header are used to indicate the contributors of to the newly generated stream. The SSRCs of the to-be-mixed streams on the mixer input appear as the CSRCs at the mixer output. That output stream uses a new SSRC that identifies the Mixer. The CSRC are forwarded between the two domains to allow for loop detection and identification of sources Wenger, et al. Informational [Page 8]
INTERNET-DRAFT RTP Topologies September 17, 2006 that are part of the global session. Note that Section 7.1 of RFC 3550 requires the SSRC space to be shared between domains for these reasons. The mixer is responsible for generating RTCP packets in accordance with its role. It is a receiver and should therefore send reception reports for the media streams it receives. As a media sender itself it should also generate sender report for those media streams sent. The content of the SRs created by the mixer may or may not take into account the situation on its receiving side. Similarly, the content of RRs created by the mixer may or may not be based on the situation on the mixer's sending side. This is left open to the implementation. As specified in Section 7.3 of RFC 3550, a mixer must not forward RTCP unaltered between the two domains. The mixer depicted in Figure 5 has three domains that needs to be separated; the multicast network, participant B and participant D. The Mixer produces different mixed streams to B and D, as the one to B may contain D and vice versa. However the mixer does only need one SSRC in each domain that is the receiving entity and transmitter of mixed content. In the multicast domain, the mixer does not need to provide a mixed view of the other domains and will commonly only forward the media from B and D into the multicast network using B's and D's SSRC. The mixer is responsible for receiving the codec control messages and handles them appropriately. The definition of "appropriate" depends on the message itself and the context. In some cases, the reception of a codec control message may result in the generation and transmission of codec control messages by the mixer to the participants in the other domain. In other cases, a message is handled by the mixer itself and therefore not forwarded to any other domains. It should be noted that this form of mixing technology is not widely deployed. Most multipoint video conferences used today employ one of the models discussed in the next sections. When replacing the multicast network in Figure 5 (to the left of the mixer) with individual unicast links as depicted in Figure 6, the mixer model is very similar to the one discussed in section 2.3.6 below. Wenger, et al. Informational [Page 9]
INTERNET-DRAFT RTP Topologies September 17, 2006 +---+ +------------+ +---+ | A |<---->| Multipoint |<---->| B | +---+ | Control | +---+ | Unit | +---+ | (MCU) | +---+ | C |<---->| |<---->| D | +---+ +------------+ +---+ Figure 6 - RTP Mixer with only unicast links 2.3.5. Point to Multipoint using video switching MCU Shortcut name: Topo- Video-switch-MCU +---+ +------------+ +---+ | A |------| Multipoint |------| B | +---+ | Control | +---+ | Unit | +---+ | (MCU) | +---+ | C |------| |------| D | +---+ +------------+ +---+ Figure 7 - Point to Multipoint using relaying MCU This PtM topology is, today, still deployed, although the RTCP- terminating MCUs, as discussed in the next section, are perhaps more common.. this topology, as well as the following one, reflect today's lack of wide availability of IP multicast technologies , as well as the simplicity of content switching when compared to content mixing. The technology is commonly implemented in what is known as "Video Switching MCUs". A video switching MCU forwards to a participant a single media stream, selected from the available streams. The criteria for selection are often based on voice activity in the audio-visual conference, but other conference management mechanisms (like presentation mode or explicit floor control) are known to exist as well. The video switching MCU may also perform media translation to modify the content in bit-rate, encoding, resolution; however it still may indicate the original sender of the content through the SSRC. In this case the values of the CC and CSRC fields are retained. Wenger, et al. Informational [Page 10]
INTERNET-DRAFT RTP Topologies September 17, 2006 If not terminating RTP, the RTCP Sender Reports are forwarded for the currently selected sender. All RTCP receiver reports are freely forward between the participants. In addition, the MCU may also originate RTCP control traffic in order to control the session and/or report on status from its viewpoint. The video switching MCU has mostly the attributes of a translator. However its stream selection is a mixing behaviour. This behaviour has some RTP and RTCP issues associated with it. The suppression of all but one media stream results in that most participants see only a subset of the sent media streams at any given time; often a single stream per conference. Therefore, RTCP receiver reports only report on these streams. In consequence, the media senders that are not currently forwarded receive a view of the session that indicates their media streams disappearing somewhere en route. This makes the use of RTCP for congestion control very problematic. To avoid these issues the MCU needs to modify the RTCP RRs. 2.3.6. Point to Multipoint using RTCP-terminating MCU Shortcut name: Topo-RTCP-terminating-MCU +---+ +------------+ +---+ | A |<---->| Multipoint |<---->| B | +---+ | Control | +---+ | Unit | +---+ | (MCU) | +---+ | C |<---->| |<---->| D | +---+ +------------+ +---+ Figure 8 - Point to Multipoint using content modifying MCU In this PtM scenario, each participant runs an RTP point-to-point session between itself and the MCU, this is the mostly deployed topology. The content that the MCU provides to each participant is either: a) A selection of the content received from the other participants, or b) The mixed aggregate of what the MCU receives from the other PtP links, which are part of the same conference session. In case a) the MCU may modify the content in bit-rate, encoding, resolution. No explicit RTP mechanism is used to establish the relationship between the original media sender and the version the MCU sends. In other words, the outgoing session typically uses a Wenger, et al. Informational [Page 11]
INTERNET-DRAFT RTP Topologies September 17, 2006 different SSRC, and may well use a different PT, even if this different PT happens to be mapped to the same media type. (This is the definition of this topology and distinguishes it from the topologies previously discussed). In case b) the MCU is the content source as it mixes the content and then encodes it for transmission to a participant. The participant's content that is included in the aggregated content is not indicated through any explicit RTP mechanism. For example, regardless of the number of streams that are aggregated, in the MCU generated streams CC is zero and therefore no CSRC fields are present (this is true for most shipping MCUS). The participants contributing to the mix are reported using signalling mechanism like conference event package in SIP. The MCU is responsible for receiving the codec control messages and handle them appropriately. In some cases, the reception of a codec control message may result in the generation and transmission of codec control messages by the MCU to some or all of the other participants. An MCU may transparently relay some codec control messages and intercept, modify, and (when appropriate) generate codec control messages of its own and transmit them to the media senders. The main feature that sets this topology apart from what RFC 3550 describes, is the lack of an explicit RTP level indication of all participants. If one were using the mechanisms available in RTP and RTCP to signal this explicitly, the topology would follow the approach of an RTP mixer. The lack of explicit indication has at least the following potential problems: 1) Loop detection cannot be performed on the RTP level. When carelessly connecting two misconfigured MCUs, a loop could be generated. 2) There is no information about active media senders available in the RTP packet. As this information is missing, receivers cannot use it. It also deprive the participant's clients information about who are actively sending in a machine usable way. Thus preventing clients from doing indication of currently active speakers in user interfaces, etc. It is known in the signaling layer. 2.3.7. Combining Topologies Topologies can be combined and linked to each other using mixers or translators. Care must however be taken to how the SSRC space is handled, mixers separate the SSRC space into two parts, while Wenger, et al. Informational [Page 12]
INTERNET-DRAFT RTP Topologies September 17, 2006 translators maintain the space across themselves. Any hybrid, like the video switching MCU, 2.3.5, requires considerable afterthought on how RTCP is dealt with. But do note that the SSRC uniquenss always needs to global across the different domains. 3. Security Considerations The usage of mixers and translators do have impact on security and the security functions used. The primary issue is that both mixers and translators do modify packets, thus preventing the usage of integrity and source authentication unless they are a trusted device which takes part of the security context. If encryption is employed the media translator and mixers will need to be able to decrypt the media to perform its function. A transport translator may be used without access to the security association in cases they touches parts that are not included in the integrity protection, for example IP address and UDP port numbers in a media stream using SRTP [RFC3711]. However in general the translator or mixer needs to be part of the signalling context and get the necessary security associations established with its RTP session participants. Including the mixer and translator in the security context allows the entity if subverted or misbehaving to perform a number of very serious attacks as it has full access. It can perform all the attacks possible, see RFC 3550 and any applicable profiles, as if the media session was not protected at all, while giving the impression to the session participants that they are protected against them. 4. IANA Considerations This document specifies no actions for IANA. 5. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank N.N. Wenger, et al. Informational [Page 13]
INTERNET-DRAFT RTP Topologies September 17, 2006 6. References 6.1. Normative references [AVPF] Ott, J., Wenger, S., Sato, N., Burmeister, C., and J. Rey, "Extended RTP Profile for Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP)-Based Feedback (RTP/AVPF)", RFC 4585, July 2006. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC3550] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V. Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, July 2003. [RFC3551] Schulzrinne, H. and S. Casner, "RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences with Minimal Control", STD 65, RFC 3551, July 2003. [RFC3711] Baugher, M., McGrew, D., Naslund, M., Carrara, E., and K. Norrman, "The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)", RFC 3711, March 2004. 6.2. Informative references Any 3GPP document can be downloaded from the 3GPP web server, "http://www.3gpp.org/", see specifications. 7. Authors' Addresses Magnus Westerlund Ericsson Research Ericsson AB SE-164 80 Stockholm, SWEDEN Phone: +46 8 7190000 EMail: email@example.com Stephan Wenger Nokia Corporation P.O. Box 100 FIN-33721 Tampere FINLAND Phone: +358-50-486-0637 EMail: email@example.com Wenger, et al. Informational [Page 14]
INTERNET-DRAFT RTP Topologies September 17, 2006 8. List of Changes relative to previous drafts Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006). This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. This document and the information contained herein are provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Intellectual Property Statement The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79. Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at http://www.ietf.org/ipr. Wenger, et al. Informational [Page 15]
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You Never Call, You Never Watch
U.K. reality show Jewish Mum of the Year hunts for the most unbearable person on Earth
And so it happens: The citizens of a great and powerful nation come together peacefully, with clear eyes and full hearts, to choose who alone among them has the tenacity, the courage, and the wisdom to rise to power. The decision is long in the making, the victory hard-won, and when it's all over, one can do nothing but hope they have chosen the right leader to guide them fearlessly into the future, while remaining true to the lessons of the past.
I am speaking, of course, of Jewish Mum of the Year, the reality competition series (in the English sense that a series can be, like, four episodes long) that just concluded on the U.K.'s Channel 4. Conceived in part by the editor of London's The Jewish Week, the show pitted eight Jewish mothers, ranging from the be-turbaned ultra-Orthodox to the spray-tanned, navel-ringed secular, against each other, asking them to participate in Top Chef-like challenges like planning a bar mitzvah luncheon or finding an appropriate date for a single woman by reciting the questionnaire from a matchmaking site to a variety of oddly dressed men. Two "mums" face elimination each episode for sins as varied as choosing gazpacho for a synagogue luncheon (I was puzzled too—it's tasty! it's parve!—until I remember that the acidity is bad for anyone on Lipitor) to being generally too laid-back and well-adjusted, the ultimate reality sin. The eventual winner is to be rewarded by the newspaper with her own advice column, as well as the satisfaction of having been officially recognized as the most overbearing, meddlesome, and thoroughly unbearable person on Earth. Mazel tov.
If I were a TV executive, this pitch—America's Next Top Model meets Portnoy's Complaint—would be literally impossible for me to not buy. British Jews, however, haven't been so unambiguously delighted by the blatant offensiveness of the whole proposition. As my British-born relatives have pointed out to me, being Jewish in the United Kingdom is sort of like being Muslim in America—and vice versa. Jews simply don't have the same kind of cultural ubiquity, not to mention dominance, over there that they do here, which can lead to a certain amount of anxiety about perceptions American Jews might make light of; after all, it's a lot easier not to feel offended when you've spent that past 80-plus years letting everyone in on the joke.
The backlash, when it came, was swift and intense. Maureen Lipman, the acclaimed actress famous for creating the iconic Jewish mother Beattie in a legendary series of ads for British Telecom in the 1980s, pronounced the programme (do you like how I'm spelling it the British way? I do!) "disgusting" and "very damaging, with anti-Semitism being what it is." Michael Grade, the former chairman of the BBC, attacked the show, claiming "they seemed to cram in every cliché in the book." A flurry of complaints led Ofcom, the United Kingdom's broadcasting watchdog organization, to begin a formal investigative review of its relative offensiveness and possible incitement of prejudice.
But from the clips I've seen, the problem isn't that the show has any inherent bias against Jews, or even that—unintentionally or otherwise—it presents us in an especially unflattering light; pretty much everyone in the Western world has an idea about what Jewish mothers are like—some of us even have one (or two—hi, marriage equality!) of our own. But Jewish Mum of the Year suffers from the same problem as genre counterparts like My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding, Jersey Shore, or Shahs of Sunset: It purports to cast a new light on a hidden or misunderstood subculture yet by definition is forced to select its participants from a subculture all its own: people who are willing to appear on reality television.
They are truly a tribe apart, with their own unique rituals and customs. Ruth, the Orthodox single mother from North London, has more in common with Kim Zolciak than she does with you or anyone you know, and it's not just because they both wear wigs. Whether it's calling someone a skank in an upscale Georgian strip mall or emitting waterborne bacteria in a hot tub on the Jersey Shore, there's a certain kind of personality—the entitlement, the unwavering sense of rectitude, the horrible sense that someone, somewhere might be getting attention that should rightfully be yours—that only belongs on the TV screen, and thank God for that. I want my friends and family pleasant and normal, and my reality characters borderline personality disordered and blatantly unhinged. I suppose it's a little uncomfortable to see the camera swing around to us, but let he who has never watched Honey Boo Boo cast the first stone.
If I've got any bone to pick with Jewish Mum, it's not with the show itself; it's with the blatant sexism of the Jewish Mother stereotype. If there's ever a show called Jewish Dad of the Year, maybe I'd feel better—but then again, there's no such thing as silent television. (Ba dum dum. I'll be here all night, tip your waiters.) Until then, I'm not sweating it. The Jewish people have survived exile, genocide, and Jill Zarin. Some semi-obnoxious English lady who is really, really intense about wondering why you aren't married already? It's a piece of (pound) cake.
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Avraham Lincoln Avinu
Spielberg's timely new Civil War biopic portrays a man leading his people to the gates of the Promised Land
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text:
Tablet. Hotels for Global Nomads
Travel Better.
Banyan Tree Mayakoba
Carretera Federal Chetumal-Puerto
Playa del Carmen
20.683418 -87.029252
10 Reviews
First reviewed by Amelia
Our pool villa blew us away, we'd never had the experience in jumping in to a pool two steps from the end of our bed! The design and ambience of the hotel is total luxury and relaxation. The spa massage was the best we'd ever had.The Thai restaurant Saffron is amazing with chefs from Phuket so the food is 100% authentic.
The service was OUTSTANDING. We were addressed by name throughout the entire stay and experienced consistently courteous but unobtrusive service. The privacy afforded by having a private villa with a pool cannot be beat if you are looking for a quiet, romantic vacation. Even though we were the only same sex couple that we saw, staff appeared completely unphased and we felt welcome. We have stayed in other amazing hotels around the world and this has not always been the case.
In excellent shape. The rooms are amazing, as they have their own private pool
friendly staff, big rooms
The spacious, incredibly luxurious villa with private swimming pool, garden and gazebo, as well as the wonderful hospitality of the hotel staff. The private beach is also beautiful and tranquil.
Everything!!!! The romance, privacy, and villas!
Probably my favourite of the several Banyan Tree hotels I have visited so far. The grounds are lovely, and sympathetically built into the surrounding nature, so that it's hard to see where the landscaping ends and the natural beauty begins. Pool villas are up to usual Banyan Tree standards, but somehow even at 80% occupancy (as it was during our stay) the place feels secluded and private - almost like you have the hotel to yourself - precisely what we were looking for. In-house service was impeccable from staff at all levels and the quality of the restaurants also surprisingly good, particularly Saffron, their Thai cuisine offering.
Beautiful rooms and great overall locat
The Staff was the best we have ever seen
Everything was perfect


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TIPP CITY — David Paul Robinson, 77, of Tipp City went home to be with his Lord on May 13, 2014. He was born on Oct. 31, 1936, in Bellville, to the late Paul & Florence (Daniels) Robinson. Also, preceding him in death were his sister Eleanor O'Neal of Piqua, his in-laws, Tom and Hazel Hill; sister in-law and husband Jean and Vernon Myers of Wapakoneta; sister in-law, Billie Wills of Covington and a nephew, Steve Hill of Piqua, David graduated from Piqua Central High School, class of 1956. He married his high school sweetheart, Shirley Jane Hill on Sept. 7, 1957. They shared their lives together for 56 wonderful years. They lived in Piqua until 1966 and the remainder of their lives in Tipp City.
David will be missed and remembered by his loving children; Mark David and Lisa Robinson of Minford and Jane Elizabeth and Larry Hinkle of Fort Worth, Texas; grandchildren, Christopher Robinson of Minford, Sgt. Tyler and Chandler Robinson of Anchorage, Alaska, Ashley Robinson of Minford, Shauna McClaskey of Tipp City, Kate Jocson of Ft. Worth, Texas, Kara and Andrew Shipp of Tipp City, Ryan Hinkle of Atlanta, Ga., and Jeremy Hinkle, Colfax, Calif.; great-grandchildren, Judah Robinson, Bryce Smith, Isabelle Grace Jocson, and Addison Hinkle. They brought great joy to David and he never tired of being with and loving them.
Surviving are his brother and wife, Lincoln and Shirley Robinson of Piqua; brother and wife, Jim and Naomi Robinson of Piqua, brother in-law and wife, Tom and Brenda Hill of Piqua; sister in-law and husband, John and Susan Davis of Pleasant Hill. A special friend and brother in Christ, Steve Booher of Tipp City as well as many nieces and nephews.
David was a member of the First Baptist Church of Tipp City. He was a trustee for many years and loved serving his Lord and church in many ways. David was an avid sports person, pitching in high school he helped lead his team to two league championships. He also played for the Piqua Merchants. He also played in several other basketball leagues.
David started the Pee Wee Football organization in Tipp City in 1969 and also started T-ball and was an umpire for many years. He loved his Ohio State team, being a fan on radio first in 1948. David worked at Angel Manufacturing for 32 years and Tipp City Schools as custodian for 11 years.
Funeral services will be held at 11 a.m. Thursday, May 15, at the First Baptist Church 6533 S. Tipp-Cowlesville Rd., Tipp City. The family will receive friends from 9-11 a.m. prior to the service at the church. Pastor Gary Boggs and David's brother, the Rev. Lincoln Robinson will officiate. Interment will follow in Forest Hill Cemetery, Vandalia. Donations may be made in loving memory of David to the First Baptist Church of Tipp City or Hospice of Miami County. Arrangements have been entrusted to Frings and Bayliff Funeral Home 327 W. Main St., Tipp City, OH 45371.


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Britney Spears thinks having her fiance, Jason Trawick, as her co-conservator is a total buzz kill for their already struggling relationship, and the To… READ MORE
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Even though Britney Spears won't be asked back to be a judge on Simon Cowell's The X Factor, the pop princess' management team is ex… READ MORE
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Mon-Fri: 7am-1am EST / Sat-Sun: 7am-11pm EST
ApplianceMaytag Dryer
Level of DifficultyA Bit Difficult
Time to do repair30 - 60 mins
Age of Appliance5 - 10 years
PliersNutdriverScrew drivers
2 out of 4 people found this instruction helpful
This was fun! Kill the power!Remove door, remove from panel, remove front drum support, remove drum and belt, remove blower cover, remove blower wheel, remove electrical connector from motor, take two clips off motor mount to remove motor. Put it all back in with new parts. 200 bucks and back in business. Go for it.Bob
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Friends of the Center for History of Physics
The Physics Legacy Circle
The Physics Legacy Circle was established to recognize those who choose to leave a bequest or planned gift to further the work of the Center for History of Physics. Your planned gift to the Center may be a way for you to meet your personal income goals while leaving a lasting legacy for the benefit of science and the public. With adequate planning you can continue to receive income from a property, provide for a loved one, and receive significant tax advantages for income taxes, capital gains taxes, gift taxes and estate taxes.
Why Help the Center Now and Later?
When asked, "Why did you chose to be a member of the Legacy Circle?" some of the scientists, engineers and historians of science who have joined say that they had benefited from society and the physics community. They want to bring something back to the community as a way to share their success and happiness in their chosen profession. Others talk about their desire to set up a legacy to help make a lasting improvement in the disciplines of science and history. Some realize the importance of supporting the Center and want to provide leadership so that others will be encouraged to help. For these reasons and others, you may wish to join the Physics Legacy Circle.
There are various financial vehicles that you may use to both help the Center and meet your financial goals. Below is a chart that summarizes many of these methods. In this article we will explore Charitable Lead Trusts or CLTs, and Charitable Remainder Trusts or CRTs, that the American Institute of Physics can help you and your financial planner set up to help the Center while providing you with income and tax benefits.
Summary Chart of Several Types of Gifts
Charitable Lead Trusts
In a Charitable Lead Trust, you and your family do not donate the property (stocks yielding dividends, bonds, income generating real estate), but instead donate the income from the property to the American Institute of Physics. The Center becomes the income beneficiary, receiving steady dividends during the lifetime of the contract. At the owner's death or other specified time, your named beneficiaries then receive the bulk of the CLT's assets. CLTs offer current income tax deductions and a reduction of capital gains taxes. Financial institutions can set up and manage a CLT so that the income is shared between the Center and other charities you select.
Charitable Remainder Trusts
Charitable Remainder Trusts have two sets of beneficiaries. The first set are the income beneficiaries, normally you and your family. You receive a set percentage of income during your lifetime from the CRT. The second set of beneficiaries are the Center and any other charities you name. They receive the principal of the trust after the income beneficiaries pass away. CRTs do not evoke capital gains taxes on assets. CRTs are ideal for assets like stocks or property with a low cost basis but high appreciated value. You could set one up during your peak earning years and make contributions in the form of zero coupon bonds, nondividend paying growth stocks, or professionally managed variable annuities. The CRT can continue to grow during those years if you do not take income from it. When you retire, the CRT will provide income to you in relation to its size. Your retirement payout can include makeups for any shortfalls in income you did not receive earlier. Unlike IRAs or 401(k) plans, there are no limits on how much you can contribute.
For more information on Planned Giving or how to
support the Center for History of Physics, please contact Natalie Quets
at 301-209-3006 or
RETURN to Fall 2000 Newsletter Table of Contents
Visit the Friends of the Center for History of Physics pages


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Book Discussion on The Wrong War
Bing West argues that a reliance on counterinsurgency strategy has led the U.S. astray in Afghanistan and says that we need to shift the… read more
Bing West argues that a reliance on counterinsurgency strategy has led the U.S. astray in Afghanistan and says that we need to shift the responsibility for the fighting over to the Afghans and remove most of our troops from the country. Mr. West spoke at Politics and Prose Bookstore in Washington, D.C. close
*The transcript for this program was compiled from uncorrected Closed Captioning.
People in this video
- Bing West Assistant Secretary (Former) Department of Defense->International Security Affairs
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Rory Stewart talked about two of his books, The Places in Between, published by Harvest Books, and The Prince of the…
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Mr. Schultheis recounts his experiences as a journalist during the Afghan civil war in his book Night Letters:…


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There's always something to celebrate on North Dakota's events calendar.
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Apr 24, 2015 - Sep 18, 2015
River Cities Speedway
Grand Forks, ND 58203
Grand Forks, ND 58203
Cheer on your favorite drivers while Outlaw Sprints, Late Models, Midwest Modifieds and Street Stocks all compete for the checkered flag on one of the...
May 30, 2015 - Jun 12, 2015
18405 310th Ave. NW
Warren, MN 56762
Warren, MN 56762
The 2015 Trails4Transplants "Discover the Dakotas" horse and ATV ride will begin on May 30. This is a long-distance horse/ATV ride - 304 miles over...
Jun 01, 2015 - Oct 31, 2015
17385 County Road 4
Colfax, ND 58018
Colfax, ND 58018
Welcome to Crooked Lane Farm, a small family farm located on the banks of the Wild Rice River near historic Fort Abercrombie. Here you will find an...
Jun 02, 2015 - Jun 20, 2015
1810 Schafer Street
Bismarck, ND 58501
Bismarck, ND 58501
Explore and learn about weather and its impact on us at hands-on discovery stations. Meet local weather experts and hear their presentations....
Jun 03, 2015 - Jun 06, 2015
1900 N. University Drive
Fargo, ND 58103
Fargo, ND 58103
Great food, live entertainment, fun for the whole family with Riblet Fest for kids on Saturday and the games galore midway, the best rib cookers from ...
Jun 04, 2015
612 E. Boulevard Avenue
Bismarck, ND 58503
Bismarck, ND 58503
Watford City based singer/songwriter and Nashville recording artist Jessie Veeder is celebrating the release of her fourth original studio album No...
Jun 05, 2015
Chahinkapa Park
Wahpeton, ND 58075
Wahpeton, ND 58075
Participate in team challenges, bicycling, racing and obstacle courses....
Jun 05, 2015 - Jun 07, 2015
Chahinkapa Zoo and Park
Wahpeton, ND 58075
Wahpeton, ND 58075
Blue Goose Days is a community event for the whole family! Parade, craft/vendor booths, wildlife walk, fishing tournament, hands-on educational ac...
Jun 05, 2015 - Jun 06, 2015
112 Main Ave. S.
Hankinson, ND 58041
Hankinson, ND 58041
Jun 05, 2015
Alerus Center
Grand Forks, ND 58201
Grand Forks, ND 58201
The legendary Eagles will be stopping in Grand Forks as part of the History of the Eagles Tour! Just some of their hits include: "Hotel California,...
Jun 05, 2015 - Jun 26, 2015
2300 Gateway Drive
Grand Forks, ND 58203
Grand Forks, ND 58203
Cheer on your favorite drivers while Outlaw Sprints, Late Models, Midwest Modifieds and Street Stocks all compete for the checkered flag on one of the...
Jun 05, 2015 - Sep 12, 2015
Tjaden Terrace
Medora, ND 58645
Medora, ND 58645
Experience unique dining atop of one of the area's highest bluffs, offering a spectacular view of the scenic Badlands and town of Medora. Ribeye steak...
Jun 05, 2015 - Jun 07, 2015
Sheyenne Oaks Horse Camp & RV Park
Leonard, ND 58554
Leonard, ND 58554
A long weekend ride with only Badlands Trail Riders staying in the camp - 3 cabins, electrical hookups, horse pens and water, showers and restroom...
Jun 05, 2015 - Jun 07, 2015
Central Avenue
Valley City, ND 58072
Valley City, ND 58072
The ND Soap Box Derby is a qualifying race for the National Soap Box Derby in Akron, Ohio. This is a family event. To register contact info@hellova...
Jun 05, 2015 - Sep 05, 2015
Old Town Hall Theater
Medora, ND 58645
Medora, ND 58645
Theodore Roosevelt comes to life in this vivid and rousing presentation. Learn about Theodore Roosevelt as President, husband, father, soldier, hun...
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text:
Finch Foundry
Things to see & do
At Finch Foundry
This section of the page features an image gallery, so if you're using a screen reader you may wish to jump to the main content.
50 things challenge
Get outside into the fresh air, have fun and have a go at our challenge. Pick up a scrap book and make a start while you're here.
- Go on a bug hunt
- Have a snail race
- Make a grass trumpet
Lots to do
To make the most of your family day out, find out more about the activities you can do here.


text:
Issue #149 / Apr 2013
Cover Theme: Scripting in LibreOffice
DVD: Fedora 18 Spin Set
Article Code
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100 pages
Price $9.99
Issue #149
SERVICE: Fedora 18 Spin Set
SERVICE: Tinker in Peace
NEWS: Tech Tools
This month's DVD
SERVICE: Fedora 18 Spin Set
Automating Libreoffice with macros
COVER STORIES: Office Automation
Airtight system security with Grsecurity
COVER STORIES: Seal It!
Forensic analysis of memory on Linux
COVER STORIES: Tracing Clues
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Code.org and College Board Team Reach Out for Talented High School Coders
New partnership will bring more and better CS training to US schools
A Peek Inside TeslaCrypt Ransomware
Criminals offer online help over Tor network
Mumblehard Still Spams
Sophisticated malware is still present on Joomla and WordPress sites around the world.
Launchpad Gets Git
Future versions of Ubuntu's code service will support the popular Git version control system used with Linux and other open source projects.
AMD Posts Code for Linux GPU Driver
New release marks the arrival of AMD's unified driver strategy.
30 Percent of New Server Equipment Goes to Cloud Infrastructure
A new study by IDC charts big changes in the big hardware market.
Windows Might Go Open Source
Azure CTO says Redmond has already considered the unthinkable.
Linux Mint Will Stay with Ubuntu
Lead developer quells rumors that the Debian version is slated for center stage.
Microsoft Frees Code for .NET Build Engine
MSBuild is now just another GitHub project as Redmond continues its path to the light.
Researchers Demonstrate Hack by Heat
Malware could pass data and commands between disconnected computers without leaving a trace on the network.


text:
Press release from Marketwire
Canadian High Income Equity Fund's Warrants Expire April 15, 2011
Thursday, April 07, 2011
Canadian High Income Equity Fund's Warrants Expire April 15, 201108:30 EDT Thursday, April 07, 2011TORONTO, ONTARIO--(Marketwire - April 7, 2011) -NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION TO U.S. NEWSWIRE SERVICES OR FOR DISSEMINATION IN THE UNITED STATES.Investors and investment advisors are reminded that Canadian High Income Equity Fund (TSX:CIQ.UN)(TSX:CIQ.WT) currently has warrants outstanding, which have significant implied value. The warrants expire on Friday, April 15, 2011.Basic NAV1Exercise PriceFully-Exercised NAV2Implied Value3Canadian High Income Equity Fund (CIQ.WT)$ 13.23$ 12.00$ 12.55$ 0.551 Basic Net Asset Value per unit as at March 31, 2011. 2 Fully-Exercised Net Asset Value per unit as at March 31, 2011 (assuming that all warrants are exercised). 3 Warrant Implied Value calculated as the Fully-Exercised NAV per unit less Exercise Price.Warrants which are not exercised or sold will expire without value on April 15, 2011. Investors should contact their investment advisor to exercise or sell their warrants.For further information, please contact your investment advisor, call Brompton's investor relations line at 416-642-9051, (toll-free at 1-866-642-6001) or visit our website at www.bromptonfunds.com.Commissions, trailing commissions, management fees and expenses all may be associated with investment funds. Please read the fund's publicly filed documents which are available from SEDAR at www.sedar.com. Investment funds are not guaranteed, their values change frequently and past performance may not be repeated.Certain statements contained in this news release constitute forward-looking information within the meaning of Canadian securities laws. Forward-looking information may relate to matters disclosed in this press release and to other matters identified in public filings relating to the Fund, to the future outlook of the Fund and anticipated events or results and may include statements regarding the future financial performance of the Fund. In some cases, forward-looking information can be identified by terms such as "may", "will", "should", "expect", "plan", "anticipate", "believe", "intend", "estimate", "predict", "potential", "continue" or other similar expressions concerning matters that are not historical facts. Actual results may vary from such forward-looking information.The securities offered have not been registered under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and may not be offered or sold in the United States absent registration or any applicable exemption from the registration requirements. This press release does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy securities nor will there be any sale of such securities in any state in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful.FOR FURTHER INFORMATION PLEASE CONTACT: Chris CullenBrompton Funds Management LimitedSenior Vice President(416) 642-9064www.bromptonfunds.com


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so I rarely drive but the past week ive had to and have never bothered to upgrade my license from an N to a full license and today i got a speeding ticket and of course, i didnt have my N sign on the car,
question is, does that ticket reset my 24 month probation period?
if it does...man that sucks. but i cant seem to find any info on icbc website
Edited by canuckspride, 10 December 2011 - 10:01 PM.


text:
Learn to manage your workflow and become more productive.
Many of us sort through a huge amount of incoming information every day. For example, you probably receive dozens of emails, telephone calls, voicemails, meeting requests, invoices, and other documents.
This is in addition to work that you need to do to achieve your goals and objectives. So, how can you process this incoming information effectively, while still staying productive?
Allen's Input Processing Technique is a common-sense approach that helps you do this. In this article, we look at this tool, and we explore how you can use it to manage incoming information.
You may already be using some of the steps in this process to manage your workflow. However, it's still helpful to revisit the process, and check that you're using it – and your time – in the most effective way.
David Allen, a productivity expert, developed the Input Processing Technique and published it in his influential 2003 book, "Getting Things Done."
The tool, shown in Figure 1, is a simple process that helps you manage your "inputs", so that you stay on top of everything that you need to do.
An input is something that you need to take action on. Allen defines it as, "anything you have allowed into your psychological or physical world that doesn't belong where it is, but for which you haven't determined the desired outcome and next action step."
These inputs can be anything from thoughts that you've had about a new project, to emails and documents that you've received, to an invoice that you need to pay.
The main benefit of the tool is that it helps you quickly take action on all of the inputs that come your way. This means that you can focus on your objectives, instead of worrying about something that you might have missed.
There are three main stages in using the technique:
Let's look at each of these three stages in greater detail, and discuss how you can apply this process to manage your workflow...
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Showing 1-24 of 41 items found in Sports & Gaming
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Challenge Park Extreme Sports
Put some adventure into your getaway with our CPX package! This package includes two tickets to Challenge Park Extreme Sports, which has a paintball city, skate park, and mountain bike park! Also included is overnight accommodations at our hotel, complimentary hot buffet breakfast, and unlimited use of our heated indoor pool and whirlpool. You must be 10 years of age to participate in any activities at CPX Sports.
Odyssey Golf Course & Banquets
This 18-hole championship course was designed by two-time U.S. Open Champion Curtis Strange. It's a masterpiece of lush fairways and manicured greens.
CITY:Tinley Park
George Dunne National Golf Course
Forest Preserve golf course with practice facility.
CITY:Oak Forest
Prairie Bluff Golf Club
This 18-hole championship course has a driving range and learning center.
Boughton Ridge Golf Course
Situated on 45 beautiful acres, this nine-hole, 2205-yard, Par 32, executive length course offers the perfect course for a quick round of great golf.
Ruffled Feathers Golf Club
Just 40 minutes from Chicago lies one of the area's premier golf courses. The only Illinois course designed by Pete Dye offers a world-class golf experience and outstanding banquets/weddings for our guests.
Kankakee County Soldiers
The Kankakee County Soldiers, members of the International Basketball League, provide hoops action during their regular season and special exhibition games.
Naperbrook Golf Course
Naperbrook Golf Course is an 18-hole links-style course featuring rolling hills, native prairie grass and an ever-present breeze. The course offers a ten-acre driving range, separate teaching tee, 10,000 square-foot practice green and versatile clubhouse.
Haigh's Scuba Diving Quarry
Scuba dive in a 12-acre, spring-fed quarry and see several varieties of fish, along with underwater attractions that include a 33-foot cabin cruiser, a marine dump truck and an amphibious vehicle. Rental equipment, air-fills and dive instruction are available.
Deer Creek Golf Club
This University Park golf course is rated 3-1/2 stars by Golf Digest, and has been host to several major Chicago-area golf events.
CITY:University Park
Woodruff Golf Course
Opened in 1921, Woodruff is an 18-hole sporty course with hilly terrain and a clubhouse.
Brunswick Zone Romeoville
Brunswick Zone XL is a full- feature, family- friendly entertainment destination with something for everyone. Our center in Romeoville sets the standard for family entertainment with more than 60,000 sq. ft. of fun for all ages. Bowling, billiards, video games and more!
Raging Waves Waterpark
Illinois' largest Waterpark offers 45 acres of family fun! 17 water slides, wave pool, lazy river, huge kiddie play structures, sandy beach area and a 2000 foot long 4 course zip line.
University Golf Club & Conference Center
18-hole championship golf course; Restaurant, full menu; live entertainment; weekend breakfast/brunch; Banquet & Meeting facility, custom design to fulfill your special event.
CITY:University Park
Wedgewood Golf Course
This 18-hole golf course is known for its hilly terrain, and features a clubhouse.
Silver Springs State Fish and Wildlife Area
A pool of clear bubbling water which sparkles like silver on sunny days provides the basis for the name of Silver Springs State Fish and Wildlife Area. Even on extremely cold days, this pool does not freeze, and visitors marvel at the bordering beds of watercress. Majestic oaks and prairie grasslands provide a panorama of natural beauty to park visitors. The Fox River runs through this picturesque area which is also home to several small manmade lakes. A natural prairie restoration project gives visitors a feeling of the original landscape with native wildflowers, songbirds, waterfowl and upland game. Picnicking, fishing and hiking are popular pastimes in summer, with ice fishing, sledding, ice skating and cross-country ski trails available for the winter sports lover. For relaxing, exercising or just enjoying nature, Silver Springs is the perfect get away location.
Rusty Wallace Driving Experience
No matter what your need for speed, you'll find it at the Rusty Wallace Driving Experience. You can get your basic adrenaline rush from the "Taste of Speed" racing experience at Chicagoland Speedway. Or ramp things up with the "Advance Racing" option that puts you behind the wheel of a race car powered by a TRD engine—the same one used in Rusty Wallace's Nationwide cars. In 2014, the Rusty Wallace Driving Experience will be at Chicagoland Speedway April 26-27, May 24-26, June 20-22, August 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, and October 18, 19, 25, 26. See their site for more details.
Inwood Golf Course
Inwood offers a lighted range, pro shop and concessions.
Ice Valley Centre Ice Arena
A facility of the Kankakee Valley Park District, Ice Valley Centre Ice Arena features a NHL rink, Game Zone arcade and Breakaway Cafe concessions.
Richard Petty Driving Experience
Experience NASCAR racing firsthand at Chicagoland Speedway in an "adrenaline pumping thrill of a lifetime." Suit up and get behind the wheel of a real stock car as you drive 155 mph around the track, or ride shotgun and feel the rumble of 600 horses as you motor down the same asphalt driven by NASCAR drivers. In 2014, the Richard Petty Driving Experience will be at Chicagoland Speedway May 16-18, July 25-27, and September 19-21. See their site for more details.
Fox Bend Golf Course
Fox Bend offers a challenging and scenic tour of streams, ponds, willow trees and elevation changes. This highly regarded course has played host to several tournaments and qualifiers.
Skydive Greater
A tandem Skydive with Skydive Greater is a fun safe way for you to experience the thrill of skydiving while securely attached to an experience instructor with 1,000 jumps and many years of experience.
Heritage Bluffs Public Golf Club
This premier golfing destination was awarded 4-1/2 stars in Golf Digest's list of Places to Play.
Centennial Lanes
You'll find 32 bowling lanes, all equipped with bumpers for kids, cosmic bowling on weekends, a snack bar, lounge and a bowling pro shop that's open daily during the season.
CITY:Tinley Park


text:
More New and Used
from Private Sellers
The Making of Americans; Democracy and Our Schoolsby E. D. Hirsch, Jr.
Trade Paper
Yale University Press
The bestselling author of Cultural Literacy offers a masterful analysis of the American educational system-how it has veered off course, what must be done to right it, and why-and offers a specific plan for ensuring that all children are given the opportunity for an outstanding education. Book jacket.
Author Biography
E. D. Hirsch, Jr., founder of the Core Knowledge Foundation, recently retired as professor of education and humanities at the University of Virginia. His previous books include Cultural Literacy and The Knowledge Deficit.
Table of Contents
|p. ix
|The Inspiring Idea of the Common School
|p. 1
|Sixty Years without a Curriculum
|p. 34
|Transethnic America and the Civic Core
|p. 65
|Linguistic America and the Public Sphere
|p. 94
|Competence and Equality Narrowing the Two Achievement Gaps
|p. 123
|Competence and Community Renewing Public Education
|p. 152
|Core Knowledge History/ Geography Thread, K-2
|p. 189
|Content is Skill, Skill Content
|p. 210
|p. 223
|p. 248
|p. 249
|Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.


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- IRS Investigating Tea Party Groups
- Jun 25:
- IRS chief says inappropriate screening was broader than conservatives
- Jun 5:
- Conservative groups tell House panel of IRS abuse
- Jun 4:
- New IRS boss says public no longer trusts agency
- May 23:
- IRS replaces official in tea party controversy
- May 22:
- Protesters rally over IRS' tea party scrutiny
- Broke no laws, IRS official says—then takes 5th
- GOP questions IRS scrutiny of anti-abortion groups
- IRS official plans to plead the Fifth at House hearing
- May 21:
- IRS official Lerner to take 5th at hearing
- May 20:
- Tea Party revels in attention from IRS scandal
- May 17:
- The IRS and its tea party tempest
- Lawmakers accuse IRS officials of lying in tax scandal
- Official still probing political pressure on IRS
- Ousted IRS chief: Errors not caused by politics
- Tea party group says IRS asked about Walker recall
- Tea party tax returns show activism on a budget
- Treasury officials told of IRS probe in June 2012
- May 16:
- IRS asked Colorado conservative groups for names of friends, donors
- Obama walking a familiar path on IRS allegations
- AP source: Obama to tap Werfel as acting IRS head
- AP source: Obama to tap Werfel as acting IRS head
- Tea party groups call IRS process 'nightmare'
- Obama picks budget official to run troubled IRS
- May 15:
- Religious groups say they were scrutinized by IRS
- Holder: Potential civil rights violations at IRS
- Obama: IRS acting commissioner being ousted (VIDEO)
- A timeline of the IRS's scrutiny of the right
- May 14:
- Colorado Tea Party groups believed to be targeted by IRS
- Atty Gen orders probe into IRS targeting groups
- GOP governors want special prosecutor in IRS case
- US scrutinized Albuquerque tea party's application
- IRS chief: Agency lacked sensitivity in screenings
- May 13:
- Carney: White House counsel told of IRS review
- Senate Finance to investigate IRS targeting groups
- Audit: IRS office's scrutiny went beyond keywords to target ideology
- May 12:
- Senator: IRS targeting of tea party is 'chilling'
- IRS knew Tea Party was targeted in 2011, according to watchdog report
- May 11:
- IRS apologizes for targeting conservative tax-exempt groups
About 50 people gathered, many holding signs with messages like "Proud to be on Obama's enemy list" and "IRS (equals) bully."
Dozens of other people also dropped by for a few minutes to show support, and some drivers passing by honked their horns in solidarity.
Protesters took turns speaking with a megaphone, occasionally eliciting cheers or brief chants from a generally calm crowd. Early in the rally, the audience chanted, "More freedom, less government."
The event was organized by Randy Corporon, chair of the Arapahoe County Tea Party, as part of a national call to action. Corporon said his chapter of the tea party has not yet applied for nonprofit status, but he wanted to gather members and supporters to protest the excessive questions and requirements he said the IRS has forced on other Colorado groups.
At least four conservative groups in Colorado have reported encountering delays and additional paperwork in filing for nonprofit status.
Corporon said he was impressed by the turnout Tuesday, particularly because the event was only announced late Sunday.
"It's sort of a trial run as we get geared up for the next election," he said. "We need to be able to turn people out and remind people we're loud, proud and we're still here.
Ken Richards, a retired army veteran who lives in Brighton, attended the rally holding a sign that said "Impeach Obama" on one side and "Freedom not tyranny" on the other. Though Richards is not a tea party member, he said he is concerned about the status of the current government and wants to see different people in power.
"I would vote for anybody that would represent me and uphold the Constitution of the United States," he said. "I don't care if they're Republican or Democrat."


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I don't e-mail period, 2.5 percent I e-mail but I'm paranoid about it, 28.5 percent I hit send and let the chips fall where they may, 30.6 percent I don't e-mail anything important, 38.2 prcent
Winning Strategy
Our winning strategy for handling sensitive topics in e-mail comes from SC in Cyberspace. "I simply don't handle sensitive subjects via e-mail — it's the electronic equivalent of shouting out of your window at someone across the street. You simply don't know who else is "listening." I've also learned not to use sarcasm, irony, or joking — all are subject to misinterpretation when being read. In short, treat your e-mail as though your boss, manager, or mother-in-law were reading over your shoulder. If you can't speak to someone directly about a sensitive subject, then you've got no business speaking to them about it at all."
List of the Week
Bob Rosner is a best-selling author, speaker and internationally syndicated columnist. His newest best seller, GRAY MATTERS: The Workplace Survival Guide (Wiley, 2004), is a business comic book that trades cynicism for solutions. Ask Bob a question: firstname.lastname@example.com or http://graymattersbook.com
ABCNEWS.com publishes a new Working Wounded column every Friday.


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Black NYPD Off-Duty Officer 'choked' after calling 911 for assistance and suing the Department for $175 million dollars is headed for trial in Brooklyn federal Court
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2 Ferguson police officers quit; court clerk fired after Justice Dept. report
Md. 911 operator who told teen to 'stop whining' now out of job
Etta Lopez hits cop to quit smokingComment
Think you've heard of every way possible to quit smoking? Etta Mae Lopez came up with a new one: slap a cop so you'll go to jail, where smoking isn't allowed.
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ABC7 News at 4 Now Weekdays!ABC7 is giving you MORE news in your afternoons with an extra hour, an hour earlier! Join ABC7's Leon Harris and Alison Starling for what's trending in your community and world. Every weekday afternoon at 4pm right after back to back "Hot Bench" shows at 3pm on ABC7.


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Going away to college!
This cake was made for a young man who is going a way to college, so I made the bottom cake a suitcase and the top is a gym bag. I added some of his favorite things, like 24 hour fitness, wrestling, sour belts and music.. I also added the Adams State logo, which is where he will be attending..
Tags: graduation going away wrestling college gym bag duffel bag suitcase
Hot Mama's Cakes ~ http://www.facebook.com/hotmamascakes


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From Vinyl to Digital
Dory Previn inspired me to pursue this project. She recorded a string of intelligent, literate albums in the 1970s, but by the early 1990s they still were not available on CD. With a little searching, I found a package named gramofile by Anne Bezemer and Ton Le designed to capture the sound of vinyl and prepare it for burning to CD. Then, along came xmcd2make by C. R. Johnson, which extends gramofile's functionality. Look at the possibilities:
Preserve the music on inexpensive, durable media.
Have each track individually accessible with timing details.
Encode to Ogg or MP3.
Apply click reduction filters to all or selected tracks.
Leave out unwanted songs and rearrange the order.
Fit two albums onto one disk.
Sound quality depends on many factors, as explained in the "Linux Audio Quality HOWTO", but with a quality sound card and well-supported drivers. Try to keep the card away from other cards to minimize induced noise. Because I'm using a spare PC solely for this project, I have only two cards installed: video in the first PCI slot and a SoundBlaster Live! 5.1 in the last PCI slot. If you plan to use the PC for other tasks while capturing the LP to disk, use a kernel from the 2.4 series, apply the preempt-kernel and lock-break patches (see Resources), select the new choices under Processor type, then build and install it. I was pleasantly surprised by the quality of sound on the CD from the first LP I processed.
If you simply want to burn a CD, gramofile alone does the job. Install it from an RPM or deb file. Figure 1 shows the main menu. I discuss each step further later in this article. gramofile expects a mixer called xmixer, which I found in a Debian package called mctools-lite, but in the RPM world, it is in a package called multimedia. However, there's no problem using whatever mixer you have in another window or console.
For the encoding of songs in Ogg or MP3 format, consider taking the extra steps to install xmcd2make and its dependencies also. A bit of tedium up front will simplify the processing of every album. The xmcd2make scripts are simply that—Perl scripts whose installation amounts to make install. However, they won't work until swig, oggenc (for Ogg encoding) or lame (for MP3), mpgtx and Perl module Getopt::Long are installed. In addition, xmcd2make expects the special version of gramofile that has perl-swig extensions, with a P in the version name. So let's get to work. Because this machine is dedicated to one task, I'll do all installs as root and untar each package from /usr/local.
swig has progressed, but gramofile hasn't. Using the latest version 1.3.17, the gramofile make perl-swig failed. Using Debian's older version 1.1.p883-4 (apt-get install swig), the make completed. Here's the manual equivalent:
tar xvzf swig1.1-883.tar.gz cd SWIG1.1-883 ./configure make make install
oggenc should be available as RPM or deb packages, though the name may be elusive. For Debian, I used apt-get install vorbis-tools libvorbis0. Lame may be harder to find due to patent issues, and Ogg is the politically correct choice.
mpgtx, a command-line MPEG toolbox, is a simple apt-get install mpgtx in Debian, but I installed version 1.3 from source with the classic tar, configure, make, make install as in swig above. Though pages of warnings scrolled by, it installed without complaint.
The Perl module Getopt::Long is part of Debian's 5.6.1 package, and I hope it's in yours too. On my system it's installed in /usr/share/perl/5.6.1/Getopt/Long.pm.
A manual install of gramofile with perl-swig extensions is not for the timid. It requires ncurses5-dev and doesn't install itself. You'll need to know where your Perl CORE resides, so try:
cd /usr/lib find -name CORE ./perl/5.6.1/CORE
Tools and Technologies for Scale and Reliability
by Linux Journal Editor Bill Childers
Sponsored by IBM
Scheduling Crontabs With an Enterprise Scheduler
On Demand
Moderated by Linux Journal Contributor Mike Diehl
Sponsored by Skybot
Trending Topics
Webinar: 8 Signs You're Beyond Cron
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Join Linux Journal and Pat Cameron, Director of Automation Technology at HelpSystems, as they discuss the eight primary advantages of moving beyond cron job scheduling. In this webinar, you'll learn about integrating cron with an enterprise scheduler.View Now!
|My Humble Little Game Collection
|May 28, 2015
|New Linux Based OS Brings Internet of Things Closer to Reality
|May 27, 2015
|Non-Linux FOSS: All the Bitcoin, None of the Bloat
|May 26, 2015
|Dr Hjkl on the Command Line
|May 21, 2015
|Initializing and Managing Services in Linux: Past, Present and Future
|May 20, 2015
|Goodbye, Pi. Hello, C.H.I.P.
|May 18, 2015
- New Linux Based OS Brings Internet of Things Closer to Reality
- My Humble Little Game Collection
- Dr Hjkl on the Command Line
- Using Hiera with Puppet
- Initializing and Managing Services in Linux: Past, Present and Future
- Non-Linux FOSS: All the Bitcoin, None of the Bloat
- Gartner Dubs DivvyCloud Cool Cloud Management Vendor
- Infinite BusyBox with systemd
- It's Easier to Ask Forgiveness...
- Goodbye, Pi. Hello, C.H.I.P.


text: Sauna Box Is A Self-Contained Steam Room In A Shipping Container January 3, 2013 HOME, SIMPLY COOL You want to build a steam room in your house, but not sure where to start? Buy it pre-made with the Sauna Box, a self-contained hot air retreat that you can set up anywhere without heavy construction work. Built into a shipping container, it's about as portable as a sauna can get -- sure, you can't strap a Forearm Forklift around it and carry the whole thing to your mom's house, but you can load it up a truck the same way people do with regular shipping containers. And since it's self-contained, you can use it any place you can set it down -- on a pickup, in the backyard or right next to your cabin in the woods. The Sauna Box is built inside a shipping container measuring 96 x 96 x 96 inches, with the entire exterior of the original freight receptacles retained, so you can stack it along with the rest of the boxes in the docks and no one will be the wiser. Solar panels set up on the roof allow it to generate its own power, with a wood burning stove inside the room providing all the hot air you need to sweat off all the stresses of the day. Inside, it's equipped with a Castor stool, an iPod stereo system, an electric guitar hookup (just in case you want to play guitar while taking a steam bath for some reason), magnetic truck lights, and bronze antlers for decor. The interior is done up in western red cedar. We're not sure how much having a sauna built in your house will cost, but the semi-portable Sauna Box will damage your banking account with a cool $41,000. Check It Out One Response LPugh February 6, 2013 Cool Reply Leave a Reply Cancel Reply Your email address will not be published. Name* Email* Website Comment


text:
You Are Here > CBB Home > Schools > Augustana (IL) Vikings > All-America Selections
News: s-r blog:New Team Roster Features
Location: Rock Island, Illinois ▪ Colors: Gold & Blue
Record: 12 Years, 81-35, .698 W-L%
Conference: Ind
Conference Champion: 0 Times (Reg. Seas.), 0 Times (Tourn.)
No consensus All-America selections for this school.
Current season data provided by SportsDirect Inc.


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Rayalaseema region suffered maximum damage at the hands of the sons of the soil rather than by outsiders. The region is set to lose its unique cultural and historical identity due to the political game plan of various political parties, said Rayalaseema Rashtra Samithi president Kunchem Venkatasubba Reddy.
"While keeping the State united is our first option, any step towards splitting the State should consider making it three parts, not two," he said, indicating the need to carve out a 'Greater Rayalaseema' State.
Though Chief Minister N. Kiran Kumar Reddy (Congress), TDP chief N. Chandrababu Naidu, YSR Congress leader Y.S. Jaganmohan Reddy and CPI secretary K. Narayana hailed from the region, they neither cared for its development, nor protected its interests by obstructing bifurcation. Taking serious exception to the way the leaders had ditched the region, he wondered how any government could mobilise Rs.20,000 crore required to realise Handri Neeva, Galeru Nagari, Telugu Ganga and Velugodu irrigation projects envisaged to wet 15 lakh acres in the five southern districts. He squarely blamed Congress leaders such as Sushil Kumar Shinde, Ahmed Patel, Digvijay Singh and Veerappa Moily for talking only about Telangana and Andhra, as if Rayalaseema did not exist.
In an informal chat with The Hindu , he sought to know why Kiran did not have the guts to issue such assertive statements when the CWC gave a piece of its mind two months back. "Had he not minced words, things would not have come this far," he reasoned. Mr. Reddy urged the people of Rayalaseema to break their silence and speak for the future of their children.


text:
News Articles
Parks and reserves managed by KWS
Select a park or reserve to view a list of hotels, lodges, guesthouses and camps managed by KWS
Welcome to Kenya Wildlife Service
KWS launches fifth mobile veterinary unit
Date Published: 05 Feb, 2013
[ [Latest News] ] [ View Archives ]
Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) has partnered with the David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust (DSWT) to establish a mobile veterinary unit for the Eastern Conservation Area. The launch was done on February 4, 2013.
The unit will be based at Meru National Park and will provide veterinary services to the entire Eastern Conservation Area and parts of the Northern Conservation Area. It will also supplement the Mountain mobile veterinary unit in attending to some of the emergencies in the Laikipia-Samburu ecosystem.
The unit will greatly reduce animal suffering by reducing the response time to emergencies. Previously, veterinary emergencies in these areas were attended to from Nairobi or by the Mountain unit. It will also save costs of mobilising veterinary teams from Nairobi.
The DSWT will be responsible for all capital and recurrent expenditures while KWS through the Veterinary Services Department will be responsible for the day-to-day operations of the unit. The unit brings to five the number of such units located in critical conservation areas where veterinary services are required frequently. The other four units are in Tsavo, Maasai Mara, Naivasha and the Mountain region.


text:
The following organizations have been permitted by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission to conduct public sea turtle watches. Watches are usually held during June and July and reservations must be made in advance.
FWC Facts:The Junior Hunter Safety Program offers a series of 3 free courses for grades K-5, providing information on firearm safety, outdoor ethics and conservation.
Learn More at AskFWC
Get FWC News Feeds
Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission • Farris Bryant Building
620 S. Meridian St. • Tallahassee, FL
32399-1600 • (850) 488-4676
Copyright 1999-2015 State of Florida • Technical Help •
EEO/AA/ADA • Privacy Statement • Advertising Statement & Disclaimer • Site Map • IMPP
Employee Resources (Password required)
Intranet Portal | Outlook E-Mail | Retiree Info
Disaster Information for FWC Employees


text:
Modding Guru Pairs Xbox 360 and CD Disc Changer to Create the Ultimate 'Lazy Man's' Gaming Tool in element14′s 'The Ben Heck Show'
CHICAGO, July 11, 2011 /PRNewswire/ — element14, the first collaborative community and electronics store for design engineers and electronics enthusiasts, and modding guru Benjamin J. Heckendorn, a.k.a. Ben Heck, create the ultimate "lazy man's" gaming tool on the latest episode of "The Ben Heck Show." The newest modding feat – an automatic video game disc changer – gives gaming junkies access to multiple discs at one time, resulting in uninterrupted game play.
(Photo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20110711/CG32549)
(Logo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20110216/CG49295LOGO)
"Let's face it – everyone calls us video gamers lazy. Not true, of course. I'm sure it's just a 'coincidence' that this particular build has been one of the more popular requests we've gotten for the show," said Ben. "Couch potatoes unite!"
The episode follows Ben's mechanically and electronically intricate build process, focusing on replacing the DVD drive in the Xbox 360(TM) with the changer's CD player and disc carousel and configuring the casing and components to ensure discs load properly into the player. Ben also spends a significant amount of time on programming, replacing the existing electronics to streamline the switches that control the CD cycle, as well as sensors that allow for the disc changer control.
"Modders and gaming enthusiasts alike will enjoy this episode, as it displays Ben's signature mix of ingenuity and practicality," said Kevin Yapp, chief marketing officer, Premier Farnell. "This episode also commemorates element14′s second birthday, and I'd like to thank the viewers and fans of 'The Ben Heck Show' for helping to make the element14 community such a successful collaborative resource."
Another unique aspect of this episode is that Ben leaves the project unfinished, allowing viewers to enter for a chance to win the automatic video game changer to "mod Ben's mod" and finish the project to their own liking.
In honor of element14′s two-year anniversary, 214 prizes will be awarded to new and existing community members during July. Show fans are invited to learn how they can win a Fluke Multimeter and other great giveaways.
About "The Ben Heck Show"
"The Ben Heck Show" is a bi-weekly online television series aired in English that's dedicated to the science and art of system and hardware modding with a global audience of design engineers, students and electronic enthusiasts. Sponsored exclusively by element14, each episode spotlights Ben's mods of popular electronic devices while educating viewers on the underlying technology powering each project.
About element14
Launched in June 2009, element14 is the first information portal, collaborative community and electronics store specifically built for electronic design engineers. The community recently unveiled its element14 knode, a unique automated platform that enables engineers to quickly research, design, develop and prototype in a single, intelligent environment. element14 is an innovative offering from Premier Farnell plc (LSE:pfl), FTSE 250, a leader in multi-channel electronics distribution trading throughout Europe (Farnell), the Americas (Newark) and Asia Pacific (element14). The company had group sales of 990.8m pounds Sterling and underlying profits of 93.3m pounds last year.
SOURCE element14


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Please recommend a scrum/agile project management tool. First, it should be able to be installed or deployed on my local computer. Additionally, it should be free, no need for complete unlimited usage, just that it can support 5 users and some scrum project functions, such as "kanban".
I found some answers of other questions like mine. Some of the tools which have been recommended are too old, so please recommend newer tools for me. And if it has a nice look that would be better, something like scrumwise or targetprocess.
Must haves:
- local applications
- free
- kanban


text:
What Size Rubber Stopper Fits What?
Posted on February 4, 2010 by Ed Kraus There have been 10 comment(s)
One of things that almost every home wine maker uses is a rubber stopper. It's used to attach an airlock to a plastic fermenter or wine carboy. The rubber stopper is tapered in shape, has a whole in it for the airlock, and comes in various sizes.
Knowing what size of rubber stopper to purchase can be of some issue. Whether you are using a gallon glass carboy or plastic fermenter makes a difference as to the size you need. I thought it would be nice to go over, "what size rubber stopper fits what", since there are 25 sizes to choose from.
I should start of by saying that any plastic fermenter we offer takes a size 2 rubber stopper. This may not be the case with a plastic fermenter purchased elsewhere. It depends on the size of whole the supplier decides to put into the plastic fermenter.
Glass carboys come in an array of sizes and take a different sized rubber stopper as the size changes. There are 6.5 , 6 , 5 and 3 gallon sizes. The rubber stopper size for each is as follows:
6.5 Gal. Glass Carboys (Size 6.5)
6.0 Gal. Glass Carboys (Size 6.5)
5.0 Gal. Glass Carboys (Size 7.0)
3.0 Gal. Glass Carboys (Size 7.0)
You may need to size a plastic wine carboy as these have become more popular over time. A plastic wine carboy takes a size 10.0 rubber stopper regardless of its size.
Other sizes of rubber stopper you may need to know is are:
Wine Bottle Opening (Size 2.0)
Large-Mouth Gallon Glass Jugs, Quick Quarter Turn Lid (Size 8.0)
Small-Mouth Gallon Glass Jugs, Thread-Down Lid (Size 6.0)
Visit our website. It lists all of these rubber stoppers and more along with their dimensions.
Ed Kraus is a 3rd generation home brewer/winemaker and has been an owner of E. C. Kraus since 1999. He has been helping individuals make better wine and beer for over 25 years.
This post was posted in Q&A, Wine Making Blog
10 Responses to What Size Rubber Stopper Fits What?
John Licata says:
Hi!...Just wondering what the size of rubber stopper or cork would be for old 5 gallon bottles that measure 1 1/4 inch at the opening. Thanks
Posted on July 21, 2010 at 9:02 am
Ed Kraus says:
John, It should be a size 6-1/2 rubber stopper. This is based on the measurement you provided.
Posted on July 21, 2010 at 11:27 am
Chris says:
I purchased a number 8 stopper so I am assuming that I was wrong and it is actually a small have an opening of exactly 1 inch across across. I have an opening of exactly 1 inch across. Is that a number 6 stopper?
Posted on September 22, 2012 at 6:11 pm
Customer Service says:
Chris, you are correct. The 1 inch opening takes a size #6 rubber stopper. The size #8 is for large-mouth gallon jugs. The large-mouth can be recognized by the fact that they have a quarter-turn, quick-locking lid.
Posted on September 24, 2012 at 6:44 am
Bryan says:
What size stopper would fit a regular gallon plastic milk jug?
I have been drilling a hold in the lid and using silicone to seal an airlock on top, but I would much rather use a rubber stopper.
Posted on October 1, 2013 at 4:39 pm
Customer Service says:
Bryan, for most plastic milk jugs it will be a #6 Rubber Stopper, but it can vary on some rare occasions. I would suggest measuring the inside diameter of the opening. If it is 1", the #6 size will work fine.
#6 Rubber Stopper
Posted on October 2, 2013 at 7:12 am
Trey says:
What size stopper would be used on a 64 fl oz Welch's grape juice bottle? It's a fairly large opening so I'm unsure. Thanks!
Posted on November 13, 2013 at 4:49 pm
Customer Service says:
Trey, we have now experience with this bottle. What you will need to do is measure the inside diameter of the opening. Then use that measurement to compare with stopper measurements. You can find all the measurements of our stoppers at the following link:
Posted on November 14, 2013 at 6:36 am
Ed says:
I am looking for a cork or stopper for a big mouth jar about 6 1/2" wide. Which size do you recommend?
Posted on March 14, 2014 at 8:45 pm
Customer Service says:
Ed, we do not have any size cork or rubber stopper that large. I'm not sure one is made the big.
Posted on March 15, 2014 at 8:15 am


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Estimated ArrivalArrives by 12/23
- Jun 12 - Jun 17
- Returns:
- This item is final sale and non-returnable.
Cooking simple, tasty dishes with fresh and wholesome ingredients has never been easier, thanks to this collection of 75 mouthwatering recipes. Every recipe is illustrated with clear step-by-step color photographs showing the ingredients and explaining each stage of the recipe, as well as a useful glossary at the back. Author Jane Hornby's friendly, accessible style and helpful tips make the recipes achievable for even beginner cooks.


text:
Home > Apparel > Nike Premier Maria Women`s Skirt (Item #546082065)
Nike Premier Maria Women`s Skirt
Item #546082065
Reg. Price $68.00
Sale Price $34.00
You Save $34.00!
A Dri-FIT woven fabric wicks sweat to keep you comfortable and dry. The perforated hem offers enhanced ventilation. Knit perforated waistband keeps you cool. Built-in knit short provides lightweight support and ball storage. Swoosh design trademark heat transfer for easy brand identification. Skirt front length 30cm
Body Dri-FIT 137g. 84% polyester/16% spandex taffeta. Hem panel Dri-FIT 135g. 86% polyester/14% spandex taffeta. Inner short Dri-FIT 235g. 92% polyester/8% spandex plain jersey.
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