text:
The Free GTAV iFruit and Game Manual Companion Apps
In support of this week's worldwide release of Grand Theft Auto V, we've got a special pair of totally free companion apps that will be available for download starting today to enhance and aid your game experience.
Grand Theft Auto: iFruit – featuring Los Santos Customs and Chop the Dog
The free iFruit mobile app hooks directly into your Grand Theft Auto V experience featuring:
- Los Santos Customs - The Los Santos Customs app offers players the freedom to create their ultimate vehicle in Grand Theft Auto V from anywhere. At the bar, on the beach, on the toilet. This is the future, we're almost sure of it. You can even create and reserve custom license plates for both Grand Theft Auto V and Grand Theft Auto Online – order your personalized plates before they're gone! Also choose from paint jobs, window tints, smoke colors, wheels, hoods and spoilers. Upgrade your engine, brakes, exhaust, suspension, and accessorize with new lights, horns, tires and body armor. Place your order on-the-go and find it waiting for you in the garage the next time you play Grand Theft Auto V, or send your order in while playing and get a call from your local mechanic to swing by. Everybody's had some work done in Los Santos, so don't let your ride be the exception to the rule.
- Chop the Dog - Depth of content, high production values, defecation. It's the app that has it all. Because who doesn't love tending to a virtual pet? Chop is Franklin's canine sidekick in Grand Theft Auto V. Look after him well in the Chop the Dog app and you will reap the benefits when playing as Franklin in Grand Theft Auto V. Pet him, feed and water him, play fetch and tug-of-war, teach him tricks. Too much or too little of an activity, however, will cause Chop to become unhappy, and nobody likes an unhappy Rottweiler. Take Chop on walks to give him a chance to work off last night's steak and Piswasser and to mark his turf in the hood - defending his ladies, fending off gang members and even protecting the beach babes of Los Santos from unsightly tan lines by removing their bikinis.
Grand Theft Auto V: The Manual
As this is the biggest Grand Theft Auto game to date, we literally couldn't fit everything into an old fashioned style printed booklet anymore so instead we have taken the tradition of the classic GTA game manual into the digital era properly and have created for you a massive over-100-page free digital app for smartphones, tablets as well as desktops called Grand Theft Auto V: The Manual. The official manual app has everything from essential and practical Game Controls, Features and Credits info to a tour through the activities and local shops and brands in the game – and best yet, a special digital version of the game map to zoom in and explore with an interactive legend to browse neighborhoods and points of interest all over the entire world of Los Santos and Blaine County.
Both of these free digital apps will be available for download beginning today, and we will update this post with more information and download links as they become available throughout the week for other platforms and devices.
The iFruit Mobile Application
Now available for iOS devices at the App Store, for Android devices via Google Play, for Windows Phone and for PlayStation Vita.
Grand Theft Auto V: The Manual
Now available for iOS devices at the App Store, for Android devices via Google Play, for Windows Phone and as a desktop application on PC and Mac.
- 4 hours, 20 minutes agonearly 3 years past but the app is not worldwide or it does not work right on iphone 4
- on April 22 2015, 5:24amPlease make Ifruit compatible with the rockstar social club for PC's. So far when you install the app it asks you to sink with your account and select your preferred platform, and PC is not on the list, so the app is useless for anyone with the game on their PC.
- on April 20 2015, 7:19am@Ensvey Same here. I don't own an Android, iOS device or windows phone device. We could do with a chrome app or a windows app.


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pechrist's Mom Answers Activity
pechrist is a star in these topics:
Pregnancy > Giving Birth (1 helpful answer)
How do I dicipline my 15 month old for hitting, biting and scratching when she doesnt get her way
Most recent answer (07/22/2014):
I think it is idiotic to still be saying months when your child is one or older. Who the f says 26 months? Just say 2 douchebag.posted by a BabyCenter Member
Nearly 39 weeks and baby is transverse
Most recent answer (08/25/2013):
I am 39 weeks today. My baby girl was head down from 35 weeks until 38 weeks then she wanted to lay sideways. Im so unconformable laying ...posted by iloveyouto

subset: commoncrawl


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Cocodrilo's Cafe: "Watch your Feet!" Top 5 Page for this destination Zihuatanejo Restaurant Tip by Nicckie
Zihuatanejo Restaurants: 5 reviews and 10 photos
Its not named Cocodrilo's Cafe for nothing. Just a few footsteps away is a lagoon full of crocodiles and there's nothing between you and them, but some beautiful white sand.
This hotel restaurant serves fresh local seafood and fresh juices, and also caters to the tourists with some basic food options on the menu. But that definitely wasn't the reason we had breakfast and lunch here many times.
It was the adventure of spotting the crocodiles in the nearby lagoon (which, by the way, are fed by the restaurant staff!!) that made this spot unforgettable!
Address: Lote 8 Mz 3 Sm O Zihuatanejo, GU 40880 Mexico
Price Comparison: about average
Directions: Located on La Ropa Beach - the largest and most beautiful in the bay
Price: US$11-20
Rating: 3
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Fire Emblem: Awakening
Why does everyone hate Ricken?
- Back To:
- Board List
- Topic List
- Topic Archived
What did he do to receive this hate?
Now that's strategy!
Reclass sets, growth rates, personality, being inferior to Miriel...
Personally I don't hate Ricken though.
OP tomes, high Res, and skills be damned; I won't use Sorcs.
O furious and insane gods! Send me ten-nay, TWENTY of your finest cakes!
The fact that Ricken is a bad unit does not mean people hate him.
he always starts out better than miriel for me. since i never use second seals...
Confession Time!
jRPGs are pretty much the best thing that ever happened to Video Games - Soanevalcke6
I don't think people hate Ricken.
It's just that they dislike his usefulness.
He's kind of annoying, but I don't dislike him personally. I don't appreciate the weird pseudo-shota thing at all, though.
But I would never use him in-game beyond possibly fathering Laurent, Severa, Noire or Owain.
The preceding were my own opinions and while I will stand and defend them, I always do my best to give both sides of any discussion a fair chance.
He's not even that bad, I found that taking him into some Cavalier classes actually turned him into an awesome unit. He's now a very accomplished Dark Knight.
3DS Friend Code: 3780-9494-9880
Steam ID: bamseyboy
I would say Ricken is pretty decent. His reclass options aren't great, but they're still better then Virions.
Miriel is better then him, but that doesn't mean Ricken himself is a bad unit. He can chip pretty well when he joins and he's never the most horrible unit.
I'm gonna copy paste what I said earlier.
I would say that Ricken is a little underrated around here. 5 base speed is massive fail, but the rest of his base stats are decent enough. I believe only the myrms double him when he joins so its not a terrible setback since lots of people get doubled by those. Meanwhile Gregor gives a speed boost in all his classes and Ricken supports him so he can use that to salvage the problem a little. Gregor also appreciated the defense boost dark knight Ricken gives him.
Miriel is the better unit with her speed and magic lead, but Ricken will be able to see more combat since he has double her defence base and a higher growth. Miriel probably wants to go sage so she can use her sexy magic with some staffs so if Ricken goes dark knight the defence difference will be even higher.
Yeah Miriel can go dark mage, but in my opinion she's better suited as a sage since I think staff utility is better then being a dark mage with sucky defences.
..Gwaar... Haaaarr... Haaaaaa... Shoulda brought... more priests... Or some... babies... Dang...
Why do I feel like there's already been a topic about this?
Oh yeah... http://www.gamefaqs.com/boards/643003-fire-emblem-awakening/66054608
Ricken comes in as an inferior unit when MU and Miriel already better fill the role of magic users. He's a whiny childish character that gets on my nerves, and it feels very strange trying to pair him up with any of the girls to try to get them to have a kid. Frankly, I'm not really seeing a whole lot of redeeming qualities here.
Ruler of the Unknown Universe
"Courage is the magic that turns dreams into reality." - Emil, ToS:DotNW


text:
News from WTOP
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Mike Causey
Shows & Panels
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- Agency of the Month
- Business of Government Hour
- The CFO Agenda: Delivering value from financial transparency and audit efforts in the public and private sector
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- Reimagining the Next Generation of Government
Shows & Panels
- AFCEA Answers
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- Ask the CIO
- The Business Case for Cloud Computing in Government
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- Connecting the Dots: Digital Authentication in Government
- Data-Centric Approaches to Government in the Cloud
- Delivering the Digital Government Mission
- Federal Executive Forum
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- Federal Tech Talk
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- Reimagining the Next Generation of Government
- Transforming Business Operations at the Defense Department
Find and listen to every interview heard on Federal News Radio's daily radio programs, The Federal Drive with Tom Temin and Emily Kopp (6-9 a.m.), and In Depth with Francis Rose (4-7 p.m.).
Fri Aug 22nd, 2014
Shefali Kapadia, Web Editor, Federal News Radio
Feds are breaking records when it comes to their Thrift Savings Plan. Enrollment in the TSP is at an all-time high of 87.5 percent. That's among employees under the Federal Employee Retirement System. But it's not all good news for the TSP. The Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board held its monthly meeting. Federal News Radio's Shefali Kapadia joined Tom Temin on the Federal Drive with a recap of the meeting. Read Shefali's related article .


text:
Research Output for Marielle Simon
Note: The 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 publications have not been audited.
Jump to: Publications | Grants and Consultancies | HDR completions
Marielle Simon may be from another institution or only recently joined Deakin University.
2012 External
Simon, Marielle*, Chitpin, Stephanie*, McMurtrie, Angus*, Grimmett, Peter*, Starr, Karen, Orr, Jeff* and Trainor, Brennan* (2012) Knowledge mobilization on decision making for school improvement : Canadian principals learning network., in Unknown (ed.), 2012 Canadian Association for the Study of Educational Administration /ACEAS meeting, Common Ground, Ontario, Canada [E1]
DRO entry for this publication
Grants and Consultancies
No grants and/or consultancies found or audited – the 2014 HERDC financial return has not been completed or loaded as yet.
Higher Degree by Research Completions supervised by Marielle Simon
No completions found or audited.
- Legend:
- * Not a member of Deakin University at time of output.
DRO to publications collection last synchronised: Wednesday 27th May 2015 10:04pm


text:
Ohio State Buckeyes!!!
Birthday Cake made for an OSU, Steelers and Golf fan!
Tags: birthday baby shower ohio state osu terrible towel steelers golf football hat snapback fitted cap fathers day wedding graduation engagement bar mitzvah anniversary
Please share and 'LIKE' my business page http://www.facebook.com/CAKESBYTIMBO . Enjoy, and Thank You!


text:
|Adobe Flash update may prevent PSI from loading
|8th Aug, 2011 20:30
Ranking: 0
Posts: 3
User Since: 9th Nov, 2010
System Score: N/A
Location: DK
This might be helpful to others.
If the PSI main window hangs while loading, it may be due to a problem supposedly caused by a faulty Adobe Flash update.
To see if this is the case, press Win+R, type services.msc and press Enter.
If an error message reading "One or more ActiveX controls could not be displayed" appears, you are affected by this bug. (In either case, just close the window.)
To resolve the issue, follow the instructions at http://www.microtom.net/?p=681, then re-install Secunia PSI.
Best regards,
Søren Løvborg
|This user no longer exists
|RE: Adobe Flash update may prevent PSI from loading
|9th Aug, 2011 09:10
The PSI 2.0 no longer uses Flash in any way.
So unless the ActiveX Plugin is so severely defect it prevents Internet Explorer from running scripts properly, even when it isn't loaded, it shouldn't have an effect.
Which tests made you conclude this?
|RE: Adobe Flash update may prevent PSI from loading
|This reply has been deleted
|RE: Adobe Flash update may prevent PSI from loading
|This reply has been deleted
|RE: Adobe Flash update may prevent PSI from loading
|10th Aug, 2011 21:47
|Score: 0
Posts: 3
User Since: 9th Nov 2010
System Score: N/A
Location: DK
|The Flash update* breaks the security settings for the My Computer security zone, preventing local HTML content from running properly. The details are at the blog I linked to above.
As the blog describes, the bug also takes out the Services MMC snap-in, because it uses HTML content and ActiveX. The PSI is presumably affected for the same reason.
I've experienced this exact problem first-hand. None of the troubleshooting steps in the PSI FAQ (http://secunia.com/vulnerability_scanning/personal...) solved the problem, but after realizing that the Services snap-in was broken too, I found that the steps mentioned resolved the problem.
* I can't personally confirm that the problem is specifically caused by an Adobe Flash update (but the above link indicates that this is the case). The problem did however occur suddenly and unprovoked, suggesting that it was caused by an automatic update to Windows or an application.
|Anthony Wells
|RE: Adobe Flash update may prevent PSI from loading
|11th Aug, 2011 00:23
|Score: 2472
Posts: 3,362
User Since: 19th Dec 2007
System Score: N/A
Location: N/A
Hi ,
Another member , @Beercow , has regularly posted the same "fix" for some months now :-
This worked for me.
You should delete 1 extra (parasite) zone from
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Curre ntVersion\Internet Settings\Zones\
with pseudo-graphic number, you'll see it before zone number 0. It looks like a L.
P.S. By the way, this extra zone prevents desktop gadgets to be shown correctly.
I forgot to mention, always back up your registry before making any changes.
Windows 7 Home Premium SP1 64bit
Amd Athlon IIx4 630 Quad-core
Firefox 4.0.1
6GB ram
Take care
It always seems impossible until its done.
Nelson Mandela


text:
Current Highlights on Broadway
Find a show or venue
Order by phone
Your independent guide to the best shows in New York
230 West 49th Street, New York, NY 10038
Other Broadway Venues in New York
Now showing
From Trey Parker and Matt Stone, four-time Emmy Award-winning creators of South Park comes this outrageously funny and risque Broadway musical about a pair of mismatched Mormon boys sent on a mission to a place that's about as far from Salt Lake City as you can get. Starring BOM veteran Gavin Creel as Elder Price, fresh from his London stint in the same role, be prepared for a show where no holds are barred and perhaps cover yourself with a napkin as you'll be spluttering in comic awesomeness throughout.
Please note: The term Eugene O'Neill Theatre as well as all associated graphics, logos, and/or other tradermarks, tradenames or copyrights are the property of the Eugene O'Neill Theatre and are used herein for factual descriptive purposes only. We are in no way associated with or authorized by the Eugene O'Neill Theatre and neither that entity nor any of its affiliates have licensed or endorsed us to sell tickets, goods and or services in conjunction with their events.


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Coach Rick Stockstill was somewhat pleased with today's effort, but certainly cited room for improvement. "I thought it was a pretty good day, pretty good start." said Stockstill. "I thought our effort was good but not great. I told them after practice we all gave decent effort but there were four or five guys who were pacing themselves and we have to get them to raise their level of standards."
Due to last year's new NCAA rules, the players will enjoy a 5 day acclimation period before donning full gear. Today's practice consisted mainly of 7 on 7 drills and running drills. The Blue Raiders will not participate in full contact drills until Saturday. All practices this week are open to the public before the coaching staff closes practice beginning next week.
Wide Receivers catching on: Bobby Williams had a good practice catching several passes. Patrick Honeycutt was back on the field after suffering a knee injury last year. Rod Taylor looked impressive on the first day of practice.
Joe on the go: Joe Craddock looked very crisp in Monday's practice. The real battle is for his backup. Gene DelleDonne, Patrick Jackson, and Salin Simpson are all competing for the spot. True freshman Dwight Dasher looks to get in the mix as well as walk-on freshman Jeremy Perry.
I'll be back: Linebacker Chance Dunleavy is back for his senior season after taking a redshirt year in 2006 due to a knee injury..
Practice schedule
Tuesday, 5:25 p.m.
Wednesday, 5:25 p.m.
Thursday, 5:25 p.m.
Friday, 5:25 p.m.
Saturday, 9:35 a.m. & 4:40 p.m.


text:
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Madhuri Dixit has finished the action-packed shooting of Anubhav Sinha's "Gulaab Gang".
"It's a wrap! Pack up on the set of 'Gulaab Gang'! Shooting is done. Can't believe it," she tweeted Monday.
Madhuri, Bollywood's dancing diva, is said to have enjoyed filming the action scenes for the movie, which is said to be inspired by the Gulabi Gang, a real gang of girls headed by social activist Sampat Pal, which raises its voice against atrocities on women.
"Gulaab Gang", directed by Soumik Sen, also features Huma Qureshi and Juhi Chawla.
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text:
I want to get the name of the arguments of the current function I am in so that I can prepare loading that object from the filesystem if it's not present on the current instance. (for instance if [foo dictTest] is not available I want to load it's prior saved plist version into exactly that ivar)
I want to find the file by providing the ivar name that I provided as an argument to the current function.
This is the function code:
NSInvocation *invocation = [NSInvocation invocationWithMethodSignature:[self methodSignatureForSelector:_cmd]];
NSString * firstArgument = nil;
[invocation getArgument:&firstArgument atIndex:2];
NSLog(@"Trying to get the objects ivar %@",firstArgument);
// right now during testing return nil
return nil;
As soon as the code reaches the NSLog I am getting a null value from firstArgument.
Why is that? Could it be possible that I would have to wait for the complete invocation of that current method I am in or is it actually better to create a proxy function that implicitly calls my class method via an invocation that eats the ivar name provided by setArgument so that I can use that argument string like I want?
Thanks a lot in advance!
P.S.: In this particular example I do not want to use KVC to identify the ivar and return it.


text:
You won't be able to dismiss this by usual means (escape or click button), but you can close it programatically based on user choices or actions.
"I picked these for my wedding invitation, and decided to spend the extra money to have them printed on pearl paper. I could not have been any more pleased. They are so beautiful! I was shocked at how much I loved them. I didn't think I could love a wedding invitation, but wedding paper divas proved me wrong! They're customer service is way beyond excellent, if that's even possible! If I need ANYTHING else for my wedding, wedding paper divas will be the ones I give my business to."
"I am in LOVE with our invitations! We ordered "Flourishing Joy" in paradise with rose gold foil stamp, they are so pretty! The quality is perfect, we had a couple minor adjustments and the proof team understood exactly wat we needed. I can hardly wait to send them out!"
"This card is so cute! It is very simple and lets you change color schemes. You can also work with a specialist to get specific font/colors (for instance, I had the heart changed to a pink color). The specialist always got back to me within a couple of minutes and did exactly what I wanted! They turned out so cute and came within a few days! Highly recommend :)"
"This card turned out even better than we had hoped for, well worth the price Anyone who orders wedding invitations from Wedding Paper Divas is in good hands."
"I was able to personalize this exactly how I wanted. The designer was able to make my edits in one round. They came out perfect, I am so glad I chose these."


text:
» See more back issues of the magazine
A novelist, happily married and the mother of two daughters, Nora Johnson is herself the daughter of Nunnally Johnson and the author of The World of Henry Orient and A Step Beyond Innocence. She and her husband make their home in Manhattan.
Nora Johnson /
Jun 1, 1961
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Parents of ADHD Children
Making friends/connecting with other kids?
Hello all,
First time here and am so grateful to have found this place because I need advice. My daughter is 7 and she struggles with making friends. We finally started seeing a new therapist who connected with my daughter, so I think she'll get help there. Let me just say that it's bothering me because it bothers her. She gets left out a lot from play, parties, etc.
I've been told from non-ADHD parents that she's only 7 and she'll figure it out, but I think that's frustrating advice. However, if I here it from folks here, then I promise to listen and be open.
Reply to this thread
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Winter!: Prepare for holiday gaming!
Game Night!: This weekend! https://www.facebook.com/events/317792721696252/
New Releases: What upcoming games are you looking forward to?
Answer this question....: Eyup or Nope?
So Gamers...: how is it going?
Fercberk...: Ask us a question or two on our Facebook Page! http://www.facebook.com/gamerDNA
Need Help?: Ask us a question or two on our Facebook Page!
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Gamers......: meh
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sheesh, sure am lacking people to play these days. few people join the meltyblood room on xfire...
I mean, people could also join the #moonrecords room on irc.highway if they wanted another place...
meoooooow. melty blood.
mm.. grilled cheese and melty blood.. =D
The average age for gamers, most have been playing for 12 years.
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text:
Adam Harvey
|Adam Harvey
|Background information
21 December 1974
Geelong, Victoria, Australia
|Geelong, Victoria
|Singer, songwriter
|Years active
|Open Road
ABC Music
Sony Music
Adam Harvey is an Australian country music singer. Harvey has been nominated three times for an ARIA Music Award and is a multiple CMAA Award winner.
Adam Harvey got his start musically learning country classics on the guitar as a small boy. His first gig came at the age of ten, and by his school years he was performing rock covers at a club when he was discovered and went off on tour as support for Tania Kernaghan.[1] In 1998 Harvey won his first Country Music (CMAA) Award for 'Vocal Collaboration of the Year' with Tanya Self for "Drive Away".[2] In 2001 he won another CMAA Award for 'Vocal Collaboration of the Year' this time with Beccy Cole, Darren Coggan and Felicity, for "Do I Ever Cross Your Mind".[3]
In 2002, Harvey won two CMAA Awards, 'Album of the Year' (Workin' Overtime) and 'Male Vocalist of the Year'.[3] This was followed by a nomination for 'Best Country Album' (Workin' Overtime) at the 2002 ARIA Awards.[4]
In 2003, Harvey was again nominated for Best Country Album (Cowboy Dreams) at the ARIA Awards.[4] Harvey won a second CMAA Award for 'Male Vocalist of the Year' that year.[3] In 2005 he received his third ARIA award nomination for Best Country Album (Can't Settle for Less).[4] In 2008, he won Album of the Year (I'm Doin' Alright).[3]
In 2009, he sang the Australian national anthem before the Australia vs New Zealand rugby league test match.
Harvey has been nominated for a CMAA Award in 2010 for Collaboration of the Year with John Williamson for "King of the Road".[5]
In 2009, Harvey made ARIA Charts history with the country album Both Sides Now debuting inside the top 20 on the ARIA Top 100 Albums Chart. The album also debuted at No.1 on the Top 20 Australian Artists Country Chart. Harvey's duets album features some of Australia's finest talents.[6]
|Official Music Video Stuck in the Middle
Harvey is not afraid to collaborate with artists that are not in his genre. Guy Sebastian who is known to be a soul and R&B artist, sings a duet with Harvey Stuck in the Middle on his latest album Both Sides Now. They have also performed this single LIVE together at country music events such as the Tamworth Country Music Festival and Country Music Awards of Australia (CMAA) in 2010.[7]
- Adam Harvey (unknown date, 1994)
- Second Time Around (unknown date, 1995)
- Sugar Talk (30 August 1999)
- Workin' Overtime – Open Road Records (13 August 2001) (AUS No. 48)[8]
- Cowboy Dreams – Universal (28 April 2003)
- Can't Settle for Less – ABC Music (17 January 2005) (AUS No. 20)[8]
- I'm Doin' Alright – Sony Music (22 September 2007) (AUS No. 38)[8]
- Both Sides Now – Sony Australia (9 October 2009) (AUS No. 19)[8]
- Best So Far (greatest hits) – Sony Australia (20 August 2010) (AUS No. 48)[8]
- Falling into Place – Sony Australia (8 July 2011) (AUS No. 10)[8]
- The Great Country Songbook (with Troy Cassar-Daley, 2014) (AUS No. 19)[8]
- Family Life – Sony Australia (22 August 2014) (AUS No. 10)[8]
- "Gypsy Queen" (1999)
- "Treat Me Like a Dog" (1999)
- "I Blame You" (1999)
- "The House That Jack Built" (2001)
- "Workin' Overtime" (2001)
- "Beauty's in the Eye of the Beerholder" (2001)
- "The Shake of a Hand" (2001)
- "That's What You Call a Friend" – ABC Country (20 September 2004)
- "Stuck in the Middle" (duet with Guy Sebastian) (27 November 2009)
- ^ True, Chris. "Adam harvey". AllMusic. Retrieved 29 January 2010.
- ^ "Country Music Awards of Australia 1990–1999". CMAA. Retrieved 29 January 2010.[dead link]
- ^ a b c d "Country Music Awards of Australia 2000–2008". CMAA. Retrieved 29 January 2010.[dead link]
- ^ a b c "ARIA Award History – Adam Harvey". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 29 January 2010.
- ^ "Finalists – 38th CMAA Country Music Awards of Australia". CMAA. Archived from the original on 1 March 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2010.[dead link]
- ^ Hot Country Media Article Retrieved 28 March 2010
- ^ Indiatimes Media Retrieved 28 March 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Adam Harvey". Australian-charts.com. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
External links[edit]
- Official website
- Official Youtube Channel
- Adam Harvey discography @ Discogs
- Adam Harvey @ AllMusic
- Adam Harvey @ IMDb


text:
ODT Online
ODT /directory
More than 70 sawmill workers are claiming $2500 each after
they were drug-tested when cannabis plants were found growing
at work.
In a ruling released today, the Employment Relations
Authority has found Carter Holt Harvey knowingly failed to
follow its own policy when testing about 190 staff in March
last year.
Seventy-six union members have taken a case to the authority
seeking $2500 each in compensation and a $20,000 penalty for
the breach of good faith.
Tests were undertaken after two cannabis plants were found on
the grounds outside sawmill buildings on their Eves Valley
site, near Nelson.
Site manager Darryn Adams said all employees should be
subjected to a "reasonable cause" drug test because the site
was only accessible by staff and not easily accessed by the
The testing, by the New Zealand Drug Testing Agency, involved
a tester standing behind men employees as they urinated into
a cup. Women staff were allowed to give their sample in
private, the ruling said.
Half way through the testing, the Engineering, Printing and
Manufacturing Union was contacted, which told Mr Adams it
believed the testing was in breach of CHH's drug and alcohol
However, the testing continued and staff were told that while
they could refuse to provide a sample, disciplinary action
could follow, the ruling said.
One employee was found to have a "non-negative test", but
there was no suggestion in front of the authority that he had
planted the marijuana plants.
CHH told the authority it was justified in testing the
employees because it was reasonable to assume that whoever
planted the marijuana worked at the sawmill.
The company conceded the testing was not in strict accordance
with its Policy and Operating Procedures but said it was
motivated by a strong desire to protect its employees and so
the testing was justified.
But one worker, Aaron Sim, told the authority he felt he had
to prove his innocence to the company after 10 years service.
"It made people feel that everybody was being accused of
being drug users and that we were not trusted and had to
prove our innocence.
"Guilty until proven innocent is the way a lot of people have
described it, and that is how I felt."
Authority member Christine Hickey said CHH's approach was
"wrongheaded", but Mr Adams acted with honesty and openness.
"However, he did have an ulterior purpose or motivation,
which was one not allowed for in the employment agreement.
"CHH intended to find whoever had planted the plants and to
send a strong message to its staff that it would not tolerate
drugs or drug use on site."
The company knew it was acting against its own policy, but
continued on nonetheless, she said.
The breach was deliberate, but not so serious it warranted a
fine for breaching good faith.
She ordered the company and employees to sit down in
mediation to work out a compensation payment, or return to
the authority if they could not agree.
- By Rebecca Quilliam of APNZ
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text:
Go Reds!
Baseball Bliss
Im a normal guy blessed with the ability to hit a baseball. - Sean Casey
Dusty has been great. His handling of the players far outweighs a non-SABR lineup, IMO.4. Managerial "feel" is always subject to interpretation, but he's shown some aplomb in handling EE so far...didn't get too down on him for the early errors or struggles at the plate, gave him time off BUT then stuck him right back in the lineup...kudos to Dusty for that...
8. Of all the things to worry about, I don't feel worried about David Weathers...maybe I'm wrong...
It's inevitable that the bullpen will run through a few rough spots this year. But hopefully it won't be as painful as the last few years.
Thank you Walt and Bob for bringing winning baseball back to Cincy
Nov. 13, 2007: One of the greatest days in Reds history: John Allen gets the boot!
Thank you Walt and Bob for bringing winning baseball back to Cincy
Nov. 13, 2007: One of the greatest days in Reds history: John Allen gets the boot!
Board Moderators may, at their discretion and judgment, delete and/or edit any messages that violate any of the following guidelines: 1. Explicit references to alleged illegal or unlawful acts. 2. Graphic sexual descriptions. 3. Racial or ethnic slurs. 4. Use of edgy language (including masked profanity). 5. Direct personal attacks, flames, fights, trolling, baiting, name-calling, general nuisance, excessive player criticism or anything along those lines. 6. Posting spam. 7. Each person may have only one user account. It is fine to be critical here - that's what this board is for. But let's not beat a subject or a player to death, please.


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The Advanced Technology Environmental and Energy Center (ATEEC) provides this archived presentation material from Joni Quenga Kerr of Guam Community College. The presentation discussed the challenges of teaching science...
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Geforce FX 5200 Question
View Single Post
Registered User
Join Date: Oct 2004
Location: Indiana
Posts: 454
Geforce FX 5200 Question
I have a Geforce FX 5200 card that was made by BFG Tech. Now on the box it claims to be 10% faster then most and is overclocked but when I check the clock speeds on the core it is 250mhz and on the box it says its supposted to be 280mhz. Now my question is what is the Memory Clock supposted to be, it doesn't say on the box. My card has a small wafer fan on it so I think it is made to be overclocked slightly. Any ideas would be helpful thanks.
Gaming Computer:
AMD Phenom II X4 955 BE 3.2GHz | GIGABYTE GA-MA770T-UD3P AM3 | OCZ Reaper HPC (2 x 2GB) DDR3 1600 | 1024MB Nvidia Geforce 550Ti | Western Digital 750 GB SATA HD | Western Digital 500GB SATA HD | Visiontek Killer 2100 | Creative Xi Fi Fata1ity | Ultra X3 600 Watt ATX Power Supply | Windows 7 Ultimate 64-bit
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text:
Brooklyn Firefighters were recently honored at this week 83rd PCT Community Council meeting for their heroics in saving Bushwick residents during a Bleecker Street fire last month.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. Permissions beyond the scope of this license are available at http://www.nysenate.gov/copyright-policy. NYSenate.gov is powered by Drupal.


text:
Crystalized Flowers And Leaves
|Egg white
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Green food coloring
|1 Teaspoon
|Red food coloring
|1 Teaspoon
|Granulated sugar
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
|Mint leaves
|1 , washed and drained
In a bowl beat the egg white with the water until frothy.
Set aside.
To make a rose color, place one drop of red food coloring in some of the sugar and mix until well blended.To make the green color for the mint leaf, place one drop of green food coloring in some more sugar and mix until well blended.
To crystalize the small roses, dip them in the egg white, then the red colored sugar, spear the petals on a fork and place on a waxpaper-lined baking sheet to dry.
Separately dip each rose petal or mint leaf into the egg white mixture.
Drain well and dip into the colored sugar.
Place on a waxpaper-lined baking sheet and set inside an unlit oven to dry overnight.
Remove and store in covered plastic ware to use to garnish puddings, mousses and cakes.


text:
Tony Stewart Racing's WoO driver Steve Kinser will contest his final season in 2014 as he aims for his 21st championship.
Racers are going to race, and haters are going to hate.
In backup car, champ nets 17th World of Outlaws STP Sprint Car victory at the Oil City Cup finale
Aussie earns third World of Outlaws STP Sprint Car Series win of the year. All nine drivers involved in the big crash were uninjured.
A crash in a sprint car race claimed the life of long-time NASCAR competitor Jason Leffler tonight in New Jersey.


text:
Astigmatism and Your Eyes Center - Omaha, NE
WebMD Physician Directory
Omaha, Nebraska
Omaha is the largest city in the state of Nebraska, United States, and is the county seat of Douglas County.[4] It is located in the Midwestern United States on the Missouri River, about 20 miles (30 km) north of the mouth of the Platte River. Omaha is the anchor of the Omaha-Council Bluffs metropolitan area, which includes Council Bluffs, Iowa, across the Missouri River from Omaha.
Astigmatism and Your Eyes
What Is Astigmatism?
Astigmatism is a common eye condition that's easily corrected by eyeglasses, contact lenses or surgery.
Astigmatism is characterized by an irregular curvature of the cornea. This is one type of refracti...
Other Related Astigmatism and Your Eyes Articles
Emergency Contact for Omaha
Nearby Omaha Hospitals *
Boys Town National Research
Creighton University Med Ctr
Nebraska Medical Center
Douglas County Health Center
Nebraska Western Iowa VA Med Ct
Alegent Health Bergen Mercy
Children's Hospital & Med Ctr
Nebraska Methodist Hospital
Jennie Edmundson Memorial Hosp
Alegent Health Mercy Hospital
Alegent Creightn Hlth Immnl Med
Bellevue Medical Center
Midlands Hospital
Nebraska Orthopaedics Hospital
Alegent Health Lake Side Hosp
Glenwood Resource Center
Alegent Creighton Hlth Com Mem
Memorial Community Hospital
Fremont Area Medical Center
*Provider Directory Terms of Use:
The WebMD 'Provider Directory' is provided by WebMD for use by the general public as a quick reference of information about Providers. The Provider Directory is not intended as a tool for verifying the credentials, qualifications, or abilities of any Provider contained therein. Inclusion in the Provider Directory does not imply recommendation or endorsement nor does omission in the Provider Directory imply WebMD disapproval.


text:
- Detail Images
Wear the M2 Stripe Tank on an all-day hike, then slide into a skirt and go straight downtown for a nice dinner.
- Lightweight merino wool naturally regulates your body temperature and deals with odor so you can go from the trail to dinner
- Cross-over V-neck front adds casual style
Share your thoughts
What do you think of the
NAU M1 Stripe Tank Top - Women's
? Share a...
Poor Quality Fabric
I was so excited about this top. I have a moderately sized merino wool wardrobe made up of a combo from Ibex, Stoic, Icebreaker, and Smartwool. I was anticipating adding NAU to that lineup.
However, I am very disappointed. This top has unfinished seams around the neckline, which is normally not an issue in wool knit (see Icebreaker Superfine Retreat Tank). In the NAU M1, though, the fabric shreds when washed (according to the directions) along the straight of grain. This gives you fuzzy armpits and shoulder areas, but non-fuzzys in between.
As a result, this $90 tank comes across as cheap and worn.


text:
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Finely chopped almonds, bread crumbs and Parmesan cheese combine to make a crust for tilapia that's tasty enough for a restaurant menu.
1/3 cup sliced almonds, finely chopped
1/4 cup plain dry bread crumbs
3 tablespoons grated Parmesan cheese
1/2 teaspoon McCormick® Garlic Powder
1/2 teaspoon McCormick® Paprika
1/2 teaspoon McCormick® Parsley Flakes
1/4 teaspoon McCormick® Black Pepper, Ground
1 pound tilapia fillets
Olive oil
Preheat oven to 450°F. Mix almonds, bread crumbs, Parmesan cheese and seasonings in shallow dish.
Brush fish lightly with oil. Coat evenly with almond mixture. Place fish on greased foil-lined shallow baking pan.
Bake 10 to 12 minutes or until fish flakes easily with a fork.
Test Kitchen Tip: Substitute red snapper, striped bass, flounder or sole for the tilapia.
(Amount per serving)
This sounds great and I love Tilapia. I have printed it and will try to make it soon.
Was this helpful?
Made this for my husband and he loved it! We also tried it with Basa instead of Tilapia. He enjoyed it both ways.
Very tasty
My new favorite way to prepare Tilapia. Everyone loved it.
Liked the almonds
This is a great dish. I usually fry tilapia, so this baked recipe is a nice change. Next time I may double the garlic powder and be a bit more generous with the paprika, as it just needed a bit more flavor. Overall this is quite tasty.


text:
Searched for: "dell automated deployment"
Content Types
About 26 results for "dell automated deployment"
OpenStack: Can the open-source platform still win private cloud?
Can the platform shrug off the problems of the past and find a place inside more enterprises?
From vulnerability to exploit in 96 minutes, or why software fire drills are necessary
By simulating software security crises, your organisation can rehearse how to react in the event of an actual attack. These fire drills should lead to faster, more effective respon...
Challenges to consider before using white box hardware in data centers
White box hardware can cost less than similar hardware from server and network OEMs. However, the cost savings may not make up for the various implementation and support challenges...
When Systems Management Works
"Businesses strive to build relationships with clients because, to borrow an old cliché, ""Mighty oaks from little acorns grow"". Seabix is located in Switzerland, believes in long...
Expanding Horizons with Successful Virtual Reality Innovation
"One organization whose work is vital in protecting miners in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, is Coal Services. Coal Services looked to refresh the IT platform underpinning its V...
Telecommunications Company Efficiently Supports Distributed and Growing Workforce
BroadSoft, the leading innovator of Voice over IP (VoIP) applications, is the backbone of the networks of more than 500 telecommunications service providers. To efficiently support...
Hotel Cuts Deployment Time by 87 Percent
1859 Historic Hotels is a management company that operates 11 independent hotels and resorts in Texas. To enable staff to better serve customers and to ensure PCI compliance, 1859 ...
White Space, the next internet disruption: 10 things to know
White Space has started spreading internet access to unconnected areas. Here's what you need to know about this confusing, widely-hyped, emerging technology.
Picture Perfect IT Management
Founded in 1999, Shutterfly Inc. is a leading manufacturer and digital retailer of high-quality personalized products and services offered through a family of lifestyle brands. Shu...
Achieve quick, uniform server farm deployment with Windows imaging tools
This simple do-it-yourself approach to server image deployment offers low-overhead efficiency and consistent configuration.


text:
false pdp {"scheme":"product1_cr"}
false pdp {"scheme":"product2_cr"}
Trident Table 17 17
Good value Great table. I was so impressed with the care and protection of the table in preparation for shipment. It arrived safely and I love it. Just the right size for the small area by a chair. It is weighted so it will not be easily knocked over... Just right. March 21, 2015
Great table This table is the perfect size to go at the end of a sofa or chair or in between two chairs. It is stable and is perfect for drinks or remotes. It looks beautiful. It is a great piece especially for the price. January 14, 2015
Faulty glass top. I ordered two of these to be used as plant stands on either side of a sliding glass door. They arrived packaged well, and are sturdier than they look, each holding a lush plant in a 10" pot. The open base of the table works well in the fairly dark space, not blocking any light that does come in. One of the two tables bases was lose and required tightening. The same table had a faulty glass top in that the glass itself was "smeared" during manufacture and was not clear. It was dirty as well, but that was easy to clean. I can not fix the glass itself. The other table was fine. Would have returned the table if I was going to use it as a side table but the plant pretty much covers the entire top, so the defective glass is not noticeable. Also, the glass top just sets in place, nothing holding it there. A consideration if one has small children. February 4, 2014
Trident Table was an excellent choice This is the perfect size to fit between two Tuscany chairs. The metal is almost identical to the metal used in my chairs. Very functional and beautiful. Love it and have received many compliments. December 20, 2014
Second Table This is the second trident table that I have purchased from Grandinroad. The first one worked out so well next to the couch in the den where there isn't a lot of room for end tables but still need a place to set coffee, tea, beer or wine that we bought an identical one to place next to a casual chair in one of our guest bedrooms. January 8, 2014
Trident Table I love, love, love this side table. It is exactly what I was looking for. It is sturdy and has some weight to it so I'm confident it won't fall over unlike some other side tables I had looked at. It's the perfect size to have next to a chair if you want to be able to put a cup of coffee and a few other small items on it. Overall, It looks great and I'm impressed with the quality. HIghly recommend. January 18, 2013
Good Solution Needed a small, open- looking table to sit next to a single chair in our coastal condo. It was perfect...sturdy quality...shipped quickly. November 7, 2014
The Perfect Table Fits our little space exactly. The look is elegant with a fern placed on it and has really grown on us after the design initially seemed odd. When we first took the table out of the box the top was angled, as though one of the legs was longer than the others. We took a chance and just pushed down gently and it is now fine. Glad not to have to return it. Very nice color and a good value. May 8, 2014
Product:63120-Trident Table


text:
Dave Suchon, owner of Dave's Body Shop, drops off a truckload of items, including food and toiletries, totaling $1,240 to the Hi-Rise Manor on Dec. 6. Helping to unload the car are Scott Landers, from left, Albert Firkus and Sister Leone Juszczyk. Suchon has dropped off truckloads to the Hi-Rise throughout the year, including Easter and the Fourth of July, since 1988.
- Filed Under


text:
Systems and methods are provided for selectively determining privacy guarantees. For example, a first class of data may be guaranteed a first level of privacy, while other data classes are only guaranteed some lesser level of privacy. An amount of privacy is guaranteed by adding noise values to database query outputs. Noise distributions can be tailored to be appropriate for the particular data in a given database by calculating a "diameter" of the data. When the distribution is based on the diameter of a first class of data, and the diameter measurement does not account for additional data in the database, the result is that query outputs leak information about the additional data.
1. A method for selectively determining privacy guarantees, comprising:
specifying at least one first class of data in a database, said database comprising data corresponding to said first class of data, and said database further comprising additional data;
calculating a first diameter for said first class of data;
calculating a first noise distribution at least in part using said first diameter,
wherein a first privacy parameter is at least in part used when calculating said first noise distribution;
performing a query over said first class of data and said additional data;
adding a noise value selected from said first noise distribution to an output of said query;
specifying at least one second class of data in the database;
calculating a second diameter for said second class of data; and
calculating a second noise distribution at least in part using said second diameter and a second privacy parameter.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. A method for selectively determining privacy guarantees, comprising:
specifying at least one first class of privacy principals, said first class of privacy principals being associated with a first class of data in a database;
specifying at least one second class of privacy principals, said second class of privacy principals being associated with said first class of data in a database, and said second class of privacy principals being further associated with a second class of data in a database;
calculating a diameter of said first class of data;
calculating a noise distribution at least in part using said diameter,
wherein a first privacy parameter is at least in part used when calculating said noise distribution;
adding a noise value selected from said noise distribution to a query output,
wherein a query associated with said query output is performed at least in part over said first class of privacy principals and at least in part over said second class of privacy principals;
calculating a second diameter for said second class of data; and
calculating a second noise distribution at least in part using said second diameter and a second privacy parameter.
8. The method of
9. The method of
10. The method of
11. The method of
12. The method of
13. The method of
14. The method of
15. A system for selectively guaranteeing privacy of data associated with privacy principals, comprising:
a database server;
a database comprising data associated with a plurality of privacy principals;
an interface for selecting a first class of data associated with said privacy principals,
wherein said interface allows selecting of a second class of data associated with said privacy principals, and for associating a first privacy parameter with said first class of data and a second privacy parameter with said second class of data;
a mechanism for calculating a diameter of said first class of data;
a mechanism for calculating a noise distribution at least in part using said diameter,
wherein a first privacy parameter is at least in part used when calculating said noise distribution;
a mechanism for selecting a noise value from said distribution and adding said noise value to a query output,
wherein a query associated with said query output is performed at least in part over said privacy principals;
a mechanism for calculating a second diameter for said second class of data; and
a mechanism for calculating a second noise distribution at least in part using said second diameter and said second privacy parameter.
16. The system of
17. The system of
Data collection is used to gather information for a wide variety of academic, business, and government purposes. For example, data collection is necessary for sociological studies, market research, and in the census. To maximize the utility of collected data, all data can be amassed and made available for analysis without any privacy controls. Of course, most people and organizations ("privacy principals") are unwilling to disclose all data, especially in modern times when data is easily exchanged and could fall into the wrong hands. Privacy guarantees can improve the willingness of privacy principals to contribute their data, as well as reduce fraud, identity theft, extortion, and other problems that can arise from sharing data without adequate privacy protection.
A method for preserving privacy is to compute collective results of queries performed over collected data, and disclose such collective results without disclosing the inputs of the participating privacy principals. For example, a medical database might be queried to determine how many people in the database are HIV positive. The total number of people that are HIV positive can be disclosed without disclosing the names of the individuals that are HIV positive. Useful data is thus extracted while ostensibly preserving the privacy of the principals to some extent.
However, as one might imagine, clever adversaries might apply a variety of techniques to predict or narrow down the set of individuals from the medical database who are likely to be HIV positive. For example, an adversary might run another query that asks how many people both have HIV and are not named John Smith. The adversary may then subtract the second query output from the first, and thereby learn the HIV status of John Smith without ever directly asking the database for a name of a privacy principal. With sensitive data, it is useful to provide verifiable privacy guarantees. For example, it would be useful to verifiably guarantee that nothing more can be gleaned about any specific privacy principal than was known at the outset.
Adding noise to a query output can enhance the privacy of the principals. Using the example above, some random number might be added to the disclosed number of HIV positive principals. The noise will decrease the accuracy of the disclosed output, but the corresponding gain in privacy may warrant this loss. The concept of adding noise to a query result to preserve the privacy of the principals is discussed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/244,800, filed Oct. 6, 2005; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/298,563, filed Dec. 9, 2005 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,363,192); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/292,884, filed Dec. 2, 2005 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,562,071); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/305,800, filed Dec. 16, 2005; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/291,131, filed Nov. 30, 2005; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/316,761, filed Dec. 22, 2005. Some additional work on privacy includes Chawla, Dwork, McSherry, Smith, and Wee, "Toward Privacy in Public Databases," Theory of Cryptography Conference, 2005; Dwork, Nissim, "Privacy-Preserving Data Mining in Vertically Partitioned Databases," Crypto 2004; Blum, Dwork, McSherry, Nissim, "Practical Privacy: The SuLQ Framework," PODS 2005; and Chawla, Dwork, McSherry, Talwar, "On the Utility of Privacy-Preserving Histograms," UAI 2005.
Even when noise is added to results, adversaries may be able to glean information about privacy principals by running a multitude of queries and comparing the outputs. This problem can be addressed by requiring that each of at most T queries of the data be a simple summation of the result of applying a fixed function to the data pertaining to each privacy principal, and queries beyond the Tth are not answered.
In addition to the above, so-called secure function evaluation techniques, developed in the 1980's, were a major advance in the ability of people, organizations, or other entities ("privacy principals") to compute a collective result without disclosing their individual data to one another. Secure function evaluation is explored in a variety of academic publications. For a background discussion of secure function evaluation, please refer to Ben-Or, Goldwasser, and Wigderson, "Completeness Theorems for Non-Cryptographic Fault-Tolerant Distributed Computation" (1988), and/or Goldreich, Micali, and Wigderson, "How to Play Any Mental Game" (1987).
The present invention provides systems and methods selectively determining privacy guarantees. For example, a first class of data may be guaranteed strong privacy, while other data classes are only guaranteed weak privacy. An amount of privacy is guaranteed by adding noise values to database query outputs. The noise is selected from a noise distribution, where a wide distribution generally provides strong privacy, and a narrow distribution generally provides weak privacy. Noise distributions can be tailored to be appropriate for the particular data in a given database by calculating a "diameter" of the data. When the distribution is based on the diameter of a first class of data which is guaranteed a first privacy level, and the diameter measurement does not account for additional data in the database that may be guaranteed little or no privacy, the result is that query outputs leak information about the additional data. Noise distribution calculations can also utilize a privacy parameter to adjust privacy as desired. In some embodiments, the first class of data may be guaranteed strong privacy using a strong privacy parameter to calculate a noise distribution, while any additional data is guaranteed weaker privacy by using a weak privacy parameter. Additional aspects and embodiments of the invention are described in detail below.
The systems and methods for preserving privacy of data used in calculating an output in accordance with the present invention are further described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
Certain specific details are set forth in the following description and figures to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments of the invention. Certain well-known details often associated with computing and software technology are not set forth in the following disclosure, however, to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the various embodiments of the invention. Further, those of ordinary skill in the relevant art will understand that they can practice other embodiments of the invention without one or more of the details described below. Finally, while various methods are described with reference to steps and sequences in the following disclosure, the description as such is for providing a clear implementation of embodiments of the invention, and the steps and sequences of steps should not be taken as required to practice this invention.
Embodiments of the invention provide a privacy mechanism that selectively preserves privacy associated with certain properties of privacy principals, while permitting the exposure of other properties. A concrete recurring example is that of detecting criminals, such as possible terrorists: most people support the detection and interception of terrorists, placing little or negative value on the privacy of a person's status as terrorist, but many worry that the methods used for detection pose other privacy risks. Thus we want to permit certain specific information to leak from a database, while other types of information remain protected.
We begin by describing how to calculate a noise distribution using at least in part a diameter measurement of a particular query or dataset. Next, we explain how the diameter measurement may exclude certain classes of data, thereby selectively reducing privacy guarantees with respect to such data.
Calculating Noise Using a Noise Distribution, Query Diameter, and Privacy Parameter
First, concepts associated with the query or dataset diameter will be introduced and examples to illustrate this concept will be set forth.
A query is a function applied to data. In a simple case, a query function may ask a database, for each person (privacy principal) in the database, does the person have blue eyes? If yes, the function returns a 1 (one) and if no, it returns a 0 (zero). A collective output may then be calculated by summing the individual outputs.
Extending the eye color example, imagine a database that contains eye color data for a plurality of people. Each person may have just one eye color, brown, blue, or green. A hypothetical attacker determined to find the true eye color of a particular person but that only has access to collective outputs from the database might see a collective output of a brown eye query and find that 82 people have brown eyes.
Next, two privacy principals, including the individual the attacker is interested in, leave the database. The attacker views the collective outputs of a subsequent query, finding that 81 people have brown eyes. Now the attacker knows there is some likely chance that the individual has brown eyes. If the attacker further knows that one of the departing privacy principals has blue eyes, he learns with certainty that the other has brown eyes.
When random noise is added to the collective outputs, the attacker's task becomes more difficult. However, noise also decreases the accuracy and therefore utility of the output. Noise is some undisclosed value that is added to an output, thereby generating a noisy output. Noise should ideally be sufficient to stymie the attacker but not so great that it overly impacts output utility.
The exact value of noise added to a particular collective output cannot be disclosed—if it were, there would be no point in adding noise. However, a distribution that describes the likelihood of possible noise values can be disclosed, so that all people viewing the collective outputs are aware of the likelihood that the noisy collective output is close to the actual collective output.
What noise distributions are appropriate? In the eye color example above, imagine a corresponding noise distribution makes it equally likely that a noise value anywhere from −100 (negative one hundred) and 100 (one hundred) is added. Noise values with an absolute value above 100 are very unlikely. Such a distribution would surely protect privacy, but in this case at an unacceptably high utility cost. If the true number of people with brown eyes is 82 (eighty-two), but the noisy output is equally likely to be anywhere from −18 to 182,those wanting some realistic prediction of how many people have brown eyes will not be satisfied. Note that there are a number of other reasons this type of noise distribution is undesirable. For example, if all noise values in the range [−100,100] are equally likely, and noise value probability plummets down outside this range, the adversary would know upon seeing an output of −100 (negative one hundred) that the original value was 0 (zero), and not 1 (one). Distributions such as those of
Conversely, if the noise distribution makes it equally likely that a noise value between −0.001 (negative one one thousandth) and 0.001 (one one thousandth) will be added to the collective result, but very unlikely that noise with an absolute value beyond 0.001 will be added, then the noise distribution will lead to very high output utility, but at the expense of privacy. In this case, the privacy principals will have no meaningful additional privacy due to noise, because the attacker can simply round to the nearest whole number. If the disclosed noisy output is 81.999 people with brown eyes, the attacker knows that the actual collective output was probably 82.
To determine an appropriate noise distribution, we propose evaluating a query to determine the maximum difference in the collective output attributable to a particular privacy principal. We refer to this maximum difference as the diameter of a query. In the brown eye query example above, the diameter is 1 (one). Either a principal has brown eyes, in which case she increases the output of a brown eye query by 1 (one), or she does not have brown eyes, in which case she does not increase the collective output of a brown eye query at all.
Thus, an exemplary appropriate noise distribution can comprise a high likelihood that a noise value of −1 (negative one), 0 (zero), or 1 (one) will be added to the collective result, a somewhat lower likelihood of a noise value with an absolute value of 2 (two), still less likelihood of noise with an absolute value of 3 (three), and so forth. The diameter of a query can thus be used to determine an appropriate distribution of noise values.
Now consider a slightly different database that also contains eye color data for a plurality of people. This time, however, the database accounts for the fact that some people have a first eye with a first color, and a second eye with a second color. Therefore, the database allows a person to have a maximum of two eye colors, e.g. brown and blue, brown and green, or blue and green.
A query can ask, "How many people have at least one brown eye and how many people have at least one blue eye?" The diameter of such a query is 2 (two). That is, any one principal can make a maximum difference of 2 (two) to the collective output. Such a principal may have one brown eye and one blue eye in which case she causes each of a brown eye output and a blue eye output to increase by 1 (one). Alternatively, if the principal leaves the database, the effect will be that her data adds nothing (zero) to each of the outputs. Therefore the diameter of the query is 2 (two).
It should be noted that the diameter concept can be applied to datasets as well as queries. For example, the dataset associated with the U.S. Census might be analyzed, a diameter could be calculated for the entire dataset, and the diameter measurement could subsequently apply to any queries that are performed over the dataset. Dataset analysis to choose a diameter may be imperfect in some situations, resulting in diameter measurements that are too large or too small for a particular query. Dataset diameter measurements may nonetheless be an improvement in that the dataset diameter helps tailor the noise distribution to some degree. Such embodiments may be appropriate in situations where query analysis is difficult or computationally expensive.
The problem of computing the diameter is not always easily solved. In one embodiment, diameter is determined by analyzing a query function. For example, interested persons may analyze functions of interest, and publish papers proving bounds on their diameters. These functions with proven bounds will be used in conjunction with various implementations the invention. For various sets of related simple query functions, algorithms for analyzing the function and computing a diameter for an arbitrary function f within the set may also be developed.
In other embodiments, diameter of a function may be determined empirically. Empirical diameter determinations are risky because they may result in inappropriately scaled noise distributions. Nonetheless, empirical diameter determinations may be appropriate in certain settings. Empirical diameter determinations may be made, for example, by varying actual data in a database, running queries, and measuring differences in resulting collective outputs. Analytical diameter determinations are considered preferable, however, because they allow for quantifying diameter over all possible databases, not just a single database.
While the diameter of a query can be used to determine an appropriate distribution of noise values; diameter need not be the only variable in shaping a distribution. Another variable, referred to herein as epsilon, is a privacy parameter that may be used to increase or decrease the amount of privacy that is ensured. When epsilon is used to widen the distribution of possible noise values, it enhances privacy beyond the amount that would be ensured by using diameter alone in a particular distribution equation. Conversely, if epsilon is used to narrow the distribution, it decreases privacy from what would be obtained using diameter alone. Thus, epsilon values can represent an amount of enhanced privacy. The extent to which epsilon impacts privacy can be tailored by the distribution equation that is selected.
Preferred embodiments will therefore utilize a privacy parameter, as well as a diameter measurement, to generate a noise distribution. Embodiments that do not use a privacy parameter will effectively set epsilon to 1 (one) which corresponds to some amount of privacy loss that may be more or less than desired in the particular situation.
The concepts introduced above will now be revisited and exemplary calculations that may be used in systems and methods incorporating the query diameter concept will be set forth.
For any arbitrary query functions, the magnitude of noise values that are likely to be added to the collective outputs can be tailored to the query functions. We first view a collection of query functions as a single function, hereafter "f", which has multiple outputs. For each privacy principal "p" we can measure the diameter "diam" of their possible values under f: the maximum difference in f that can be attained by varying the data of the principal while holding the rest of the data constant.
Here we are measuring distance by looking at the size of ∥f(x)−f(y)∥, and there are several possible ways to measure this quantity. We will describe two, and the different noise distributions they suggest.
Knowing the diameter of a function f with respect to a principal p, we can ensure a certain degree of privacy simply by choosing to add appropriately distributed noise to the answer f(x) before returning it. Two examples of noise distributions include:
Here \epsilon is a privacy parameter that determines an amount of privacy that is ensured. Note that in this embodiment, an epsilon of zero will correspond to zero privacy loss, but will also render the database useless because the amount of added noise becomes infinite.
The concepts introduced above will now be revisited once again, and elaborated with reference to appended
A database 100 is a collection of data, typically describing the activities of one or more related organizations, people, or other entities referred to herein as privacy principals. For example, a university database might contain information about entities, such as students, faculty, courses, and classrooms, and relationships between entities, such as student enrollment in courses, faculty teaching courses, and the use of rooms for courses. A database management system, or DBMS, is software designed to assist in maintaining and utilizing large collections of data. For the purpose of this document, however, the term "database," or "database server" refers to either or both of a collection of data and DBMS software. Thus, database 100 illustrates a database server comprising both collections of data and DBMS. Note that as such database 100 may include the various other elements presented in
Various DBMS products, e.g. MICROSOFT SQL SERVER�, IBM DB2�, ORACLE DATABASE�, and SYBASE IQ� have greatly extended the capabilities of databases. Databases can store a wide variety of data types, such as images and text, and can perform complex queries on stored data. Specialized systems have been developed by numerous vendors for creating data warehouses, consolidating data from several databases, and for carrying out specialized analysis. All such products and database configurations are suitable for use in connection with the systems and methods herein.
Query mechanism 110 can perform any desired queries over data in databases. Queries can be simple or complex, and can generate single outputs or multiple outputs. Also, a privacy principal can be any defined entity or group of entities.
A query analysis mechanism 120 determines a maximum difference in a collective output, or diameter 121 of a particular query. A query need not actually be run against the data in database 100 in order to analyze the query. Query analysis can proceed by analysis of the query itself, thereby determining the query diameter 121. Query analysis can be implemented in a plurality of acceptable ways.
In one embodiment, query analysis proceeds by finding a predetermined query diameter. For example, interested persons may analyze functions of interest, and publish papers proving bounds on their diameters. These functions with proven bounds will be used in conjunction with various implementations the invention. Query analysis mechanism 120 may thus match a query to a known diameter for said query.
In another embodiment, query analysis may recognize a query as from a set of related simple query functions for which query analysis algorithms are available. An appropriate algorithm may be applied to analyze the function and compute a diameter.
In other embodiments, diameter of a function may be determined empirically. As mentioned above, empirical diameter determinations are risky because they may result in inappropriately scaled noise distributions. Nonetheless, empirical diameter determinations may be appropriate in certain settings.
For example, in one embodiment, query analysis might actually take up a privacy principal 101 in database 100, save the initial state of the privacy principal 101, and then run a query against it a number of times, varying the data by altering it each time, to determine the query diameter. After testing to determine a diameter in this fashion, the privacy principal may be returned to its original state. In this embodiment, an actual collective output need not be calculated to determine query diameter. Instead it is simply known that outputs 111 can be combined to produce a collective output, and that if they are, the diameter in said collective output from varying data associated with a privacy principal 101 can be used to generate an appropriate noise distribution for such a collective output.
In another embodiment, the query itself can be analyzed without the need to actually run the query or alter the data of a privacy principal 101. Instead, the diameter is determined by varying the data of a hypothetical first privacy principal. In effect, a hypothetical first privacy principal is constructed that would have a maximum impact on a collective result. While no actual data in a privacy principal is altered, this is described herein as varying the data of a first privacy principal, because the data of such hypothetical principal is "varied" to the point at which it will have maximum impact. Meanwhile, the data associated with one or more hypothetical second privacy principals is effectively held constant by the assumption that such data does not change when measuring diameter using the hypothetical first principal.
It should be noted that it is preferable to make diameter determinations with regard for all possible databases, not just one single actual database. The analytic approach for determining diameter can account for all databases.
The system of
A diameter measurement can be used in calculating each of the distributions in
The mechanism for calculating a noise distribution 130 may be configured to modify a noise distribution using a privacy parameter 122, wherein said privacy parameter 122 corresponds to an amount of privacy that is ensured. We refer to the privacy parameter as epsilon. An epsilon that effectively widens the distributions illustrated in
A system such as that illustrated in
To further demonstrate the usefulness of this approach to noise distribution, a few examples of applications that were not possible in the previous frameworks may be instructive. Adding noise to collective outputs in the two examples below was not previously possible either because the queries could not be represented as summations, or because adding noise that depends only on a number of queries rendered the data useless.
First, so-called k-Means is a popular data analysis algorithm, that operates by iteratively asking a collection of data points for their averages under various partitions. Importantly, each point participates in at most one of the parts at a time, and as a consequence the number of parts does not enter into the amount of noise added. A system such as
Second, there are many situations where a firm may be interested in determining if they have the resources (staff, equipment, etc) to carry out a certain number of contracts, or more generally to determine the largest number of contracts they could fulfill with their current resources. In many cases it is important that their decision not leak information about their resources, either from the point of view of competitive advantage, or owing to privacy legislation. In either case, resource allocation commonly has the low diameter property: the presence or absence of a single employee is unlikely to change the total number of satisfiable contracts by more than a small amount. A single person can only do so much, and their absence only precludes those few things that they would otherwise have done. As such, this function can be computed and released noisily, ensuring the confidentiality of the particular resources that the firm has, while disclosing their capability of fulfilling the contracts. Importantly, it is unclear how this question could have been expressed in terms of a summation, and the more flexible diameter based perturbation allows computation that would not have been possible before.
With reference to
The query can be run in step 303, or this step may be postponed until after calculating an appropriate noise distribution in step 304. Calculating an appropriate noise distribution 304 comprises calculating using said diameter (maximum difference) a distribution of possible noise values to add to said collective output. The calculation may also make use of a privacy parameter that corresponds to an amount of privacy that is ensured. The calculation may contemplate any type of distribution curves, for example the exponential distribution in
Once a query is performed on said data associated with a plurality of privacy principals, the collective output from the query can be calculated, and a noise value from the calculated distribution can be added to the collective output to produce a noisy collective output 305. Finally, the collective noisy output can be disclosed 306, as can the noise distribution.
One interesting aspect of the invention is that it permits a useful backwards operation in which, for a given query diameter and a known noise distribution, the value of the privacy parameter epsilon can be determined. Thus, systems using the invention that disclose a query and a noise distribution also verifiably disclose the value of the privacy parameter that was used. Privacy principals can thus be informed or calculate for themselves the degree of privacy that is being used with their data.
A privacy principal that wished to calculate the privacy parameter that is being used with her data might carry out a method such as that illustrated in
Using Diameter Measurements to Make Selective Privacy Guarantees
As described above, noise, or output perturbation, can be based on a distribution of noise that is carefully chosen based on the properties of the questions posed and/or the properties of a particular dataset. When making selective privacy guarantees, the distribution of noise will also be based on the data whose disclosure we want to permit, or make relatively weaker privacy guarantees.
To accommodate the revelation of certain properties, we will take the diameter measurement with respect to a subset of possible values that a privacy principal's data may take. This subset is referred to herein as a first class of data in a database. In the example of terrorism, we would consider the diameter as measured over the set of possible values that do not suggest terrorism. This diameter is then used to perturb the output, and ensures that an adversary gains no advantage discerning which of the non-terror related values a person might have. Intentionally, it makes no guarantees of protecting against an adversary learning whether or not a privacy principal's data corresponds to terrorism.
As an example, imagine a query that computes for each person a "terror score"—a sum of several terrorism indicators—and releases the maximum value. A small maximum value would imply, with high probability, that the collection of people was terror-free, whereas a high value would suggest not. With respect to any one person who scores low on all terrorism indicators, their diameter is small; there is no data in the set of non-terrorists that they could take on to greatly affect the output. As such, the diameter is small, and the amount of noise to be added is similarly small.
Exemplary Methods for Selectively Determining Privacy Guarantees
Such a class of data would likely comprise prescribed medications, significant past illnesses and injuries, known allergies, blood type, height and weight, and so forth, but likely would not comprise additional data such as name, address, criminal history, occupation, number of children, and so forth. Thus, we have a database that comprises a variety of data, some of it identified by a selected first class of data, and additional data that is not within said first class.
In another example, the first class of data is associated with a first class of people, such as non-criminals, while the additional data is associated with a second class of people, such as criminals. The first class of data may include data that is not considered an indicator for predisposition to engage in criminal activity, such as terrorism, drug trafficking, violent crime, or white-collar crime, while the additional data comprises data that is an indicator. Thus, the first class of data may include health information such as blood type, eye color, hair color, height and weight, official information such as social security number, date of birth, driver's license number, etc., while the additional information may include information such as criminal history, certain socioeconomic factors, and so on as determined by those who study criminology. The first class of people is people with a first risk of engaging in criminal behavior, and the second class of people is people with a second risk of engaging in criminal behavior which in this example is higher than the first risk.
In a third example, the first class of data may include data that is not considered an indicator for predisposition to have an infectious disease, such as influenza, HIV, or spinal meningitis, while the additional data comprises data that is an indicator. For example, it might be crucial under some circumstances to reduce privacy of information that allows health officials to isolate and contain an outbreak of disease. Factors such as recent travel locations, vaccinations, and so forth may therefore be given little or no privacy in some emergency circumstances.
A first diameter may be calculated (determined) for said first class of data 502, using the techniques described above.
In the first scenario, it is determined in step 503 that there are no additional privacy guarantees beyond the guarantees for the first class of data. For example, no guarantees are made for additional data that generally correlates to criminal predisposition. A query is performed over said first class of data and said additional data, producing a query output 504. A first noise distribution may be calculated at least in part using said first diameter 505, i.e. the diameter of the data not associated with criminal behavior, and also optionally using a privacy parameter as described above. The distribution is based on a distribution function such as those illustrated in
In the second scenario, it is determined in step 503 that additional privacy guarantees will be made. Differing privacy guarantees may be made for any number of classes of data. The steps in making additional privacy guarantees generally track steps 504-512, differing in that different diameters and privacy parameters may be selected for additional classes of data.
Thus, in step 508, another diameter measurement is made, this time for a second class of data. For example, there might be some criminal indicators that are determined to warrant some weak degree of privacy, while other indicators do not warrant any privacy. Those indicators that warrant some privacy can be specified as a second class of data in a database comprise the second class of data for which a second diameter is calculated. A query is then performed over the dataset 509. This time, multiple noise distributions are calculated 510. Each distribution is based on its respective diameter and selected privacy parameter. Noise values are selected from each noise distribution 511 and added to the query output to obtain the noisy output. The noisy output is then disclosed 512.
Exemplary Systems for Selectively Determining Privacy Guarantees
Demonstrations may be provided by 644 to assist in selecting an appropriate parameter. For example, a demonstration may be given of how to choose a privacy parameter associated with an amount of privacy loss that is acceptable to a privacy principal. A demonstration of an amount of privacy loss associated with a restrictive privacy parameter and an amount of privacy loss associated with an unrestrictive privacy parameter can be instructive. Interface 640 may also comprise a mechanism such as 642 for releasing noisy outputs to a user, such as administrator 650 interacting with the database 600.
Once a first class of data is selected via interface 640, the selection can be passed to a mechanism 620 for calculating a diameter of the administrator's selection. If the administrator makes multiple selections, mechanism 620 can compute multiple corresponding diameters. Calculated diameters can be passed to mechanism 630 for calculating noise distributions. Any associated privacy parameters may also be passed to 630, so that mechanism 630 may calculate distributions using the diameter of a selected dataset as well as the selected privacy parameter.
Once noise distribution(s) are calculated, the distribution(s) may be used by mechanism for selecting and adding a noise value to a query output 635. A query output is received by 635 from database 600, which may include DBMS, as described above, for running queries at least in part over the data associated with said privacy principals in database 600 and producing an output. If multiple noise distributions are present that correspond to data associated with a particular query output, then a noise value can be selected from each distribution, and all of the noise values may be combined with the query output.
The various mechanisms of
The various systems and methods discussed herein are contemplated to be carried out by one or more computing devices which are, in general, well understood. A computing device typically includes at least some form of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by the device. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can accessed by a device. Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term "modulated data signal" means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer readable media.
In addition to the specific implementations explicitly set forth herein, other aspects and implementations will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and illustrated implementations be considered as examples only, with a true scope and spirit of the following claims.
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