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Pirates of Dark Water is available on DVD!
It's a made-to-order 4-DVD set with episodes 1-21, released by WBShop (Warner Bros's online store). Currently available only in the US.
» Frequently Asked Questions
Right here. Info on the fate/ending of the show, where to find the episodes or merchandise, and more! First-time visitors: your biggest questions should be answered here.
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Do you have a few minutes? I'd love your help with a little activity.
This is an exercise called card sorting. I've created separate cards for the individual sections of this site, and I'd like to ask you to sort them in a way that you think makes sense to you.
There are NO RIGHT OR WRONG ANSWERS. Repeat: NO RIGHT OR WRONG ANSWERS. This is all about your opinion on what's important and what's not, and this will help me organize the site's info in a way that makes sense for you all. If you have thoughts on content that's not important to you, that'd be helpful, too!
Once again, you can access the card sorting activity right here.
If you have any questions or comments, you can comment here, or email me if you prefer to do so privately.
(Thank goodness for Illustrator's pencil tool, to let me "sketch" these straight into vectors…so much easier than carving out every little detail with the pen tool!)
It feels like these images have held a lot of sway for a number of fans. I've seen people reference them in various ways over the years and marvel at the meanings behind the symbols. (These are the background "sigils"/"seals"/"coins" in the end credits of episodes 1-5.) So it seems only right to make vector files of these, so people can use and remix them as they see fit.
I'm definitely working away at a bare-bones redesign of the site (content/layout/interactions first, styles and graphics later), to use as a portfolio piece. My intention is to post the vector files of the logo and these 5 "coin" images there under a Creative Commons license. (SVG should do it, right? Would you all need any other file formats?)
Do you have any other images or symbols you'd like to see vectorized? (The Compass and the Treasures of Rule come to mind, but beyond that I don't know.) Let me know!
Amazon has it listed for $17.99 – at 50% off, this is the lowest price I've seen for the set. Go get it – remember that every purchase keeps this show on WB's radar.
I wanted to apologize, in case any of you happen to see this. My grandmother passed away at the end of May, after two months of attempting to recover from a major stroke. I was driving to her rehab center in Ohio almost every weekend between late March and late May to help take care of her, and it's taken me a while to recover physically and mentally/emotionally from this whole experience, and to get back on top of things.
This isn't meant as a pity-party–I just want to apologize and explain, because I'm still very much behind on a lot of my emails, and as some of you know, I tend to let PoDW-related emails pile up for a couple of months before replying to them in bulk. I'm also facing more big events in the months ahead, so it'll be a while yet (and I seriously doubt there'll be any site updates for the remainder of the year, beyond these occasional blog posts, unfortunately)…but I'll at least try to write back soon!
Hugs to you all. Hope life is treating you all well!
Just sharing a couple of pieces of my own quick, intentionally sketchy art lately–these are redraws of screengrabs from The Game Players of Undaar (such awesome action poses in that episode!). The screenshot's on top and my art's on bottom.
Longtime visitors may remember that I used to draw a TON many years ago, all the way through my undergrad years, but somehow fell off the bandwagon (I guess photography while I lived abroad, followed by visual design while in grad school and working, had been my major visual outlets). But I really don't want to let this slip. This meme was an awesome excuse for me to try my hand at this again, and to try painting the characters in a slightly darker and more detailed light than early-90s American animation allowed.
ARTISTS: you totally should try this yourself! And if you do, send me a link or a copy of your art and I'll post it to the blog!
:) Thanks for humoring me.
Check it out! For the moment, there are stickers and smartphone/iPad cases available with the PoDW logo. (As much as I love that dark red background, it's too bad it won't let users choose various colors–I'll upload different cases with different background colors soon. Also, no t-shirts because I'm boycotting American Apparel for their horrendously sexist/exploitative/prejudiced advertising and other questionable business practices. Unfortunately, RedBubble/Zazzle/Society6 all use AA shirts, so…crap. Any suggestions for alternate websites/vendors?)
A note: for some digital illustration practice (and to kill time at my last job), months ago I decided to re-create the PoDW logo in Adobe Illustrator. It's taken a bit of tweaking every so often, but I've finally got it as close as I'm going to get it. In addition, I've made greyscale and b&w/outline versions as well, and hope to put up more stickers/merch/etc. with all the logo variations. (EDIT, 2:45PM ET – just put up the greyscale and B&W logos, too! Would love input/suggestions on/for background colors.)
(And shout-out to Brittany and Ian for their other PoDW Redbubble work! Totally not meant to step on Ian's toes, but now you have both a regular and a pixel version of the logo to choose from.)
And my ultimate goal is to make these vector files of the logo public under a Creative Commons license, so anyone and everyone can use them to create their own wares! As I said on RedBubble, the more PoDW swag there is out there, the happier our generation of geeks will be. (And the more attention the show will get, which may have a positive ripple effect…)
– – – – –
In other news…nothing to report. My grandmother's having some major health issues, so I've started spending my weekends helping her while she's in a rehab facility (proximity to relatives is one of the numerous reasons I wanted to be in Pittsburgh again), so that's kind of robbed me of most of my free time. The site redesign's definitely in the back of my mind, and I've been exploring less onerous CMSes to work with as well (WordPress is great, but kind of a beast). Little by little, it'll get there…!
Hope you're all doing well. Peace and hugs. :)
It's only taken me…what, 10 years now? But–it's true–after major fan demand, ALL THE WORLD BOOK CHARACTER SHEETS HAVE BEEN SCANNED AND ARE ONLINE.
They're up as individual images for the moment. I need to transcribe the last ~45 and will start to…okay, eventually…put the images and text into a document/PDF. (I was going to say that I had done this with the World Book, but the PDF version actually does not have any images in it. Something else to add to the to-do list!)
For those who have been asking me (for YEARS now), I am truly sorry for the delay. Just…you know…life and stuff. I hope that these have been worth the wait!
Well, in other news…hello! Stuff is definitely in the works. It'll be quite a while yet but a redesign/update of the site is in progress, to finally dust it off, clean it up, and bring it into this decade of web design.
A few things of note, sent in by some awesome people over the months:
Alexandre has captured the Sega Genesis PoDW soundtrack and converted it to mp3s for our listening pleasure. ** will host these files on this site once I update **
Neike has edited and uploaded an incredible collection of screenshots of locations and creatures, the Treasures of Rule, and more.
** will host these files on this site once I update **
Brittany contacted me about a doll she spotted on eBay a while ago. It's a doll of Ren that I've never seen before, and even the original listing has no real information on it beyond "Made in Korea." Do any of you know know anything about this? See below…
Jakub, and possibly some others, have been working on building out a wikia.com wiki for PoDW.
Sony/"Konway" has uploaded a few choice videos: the end credits of Dark Water, the Dishonor cut scene* with Roddy McDowall vs. Frank Welker
Want a hi-res scan of the background image behind episodes 1-13? Doug pointed out that the original painting was up for auction at Heritage Auctions a while back but the image is still there.
And deviantART user DanFelix has been maintaining Dark-Water-Pirates, a collection of fanart from across the website. People have created some really interesting, clever, and fun pieces lately.
*I refer to this as "cut," though some people were fortunate enough to see the show on TV with this clip included. Different stations made subtly different cuts to the show.
That's it for all, but hopefully not for long. Cheers! Thank you so much for your support and kind words–I never say it enough, but I deeply appreciate your encouragement and enthusiasm over all these years.
Quick lunch-break post…
Happy 100th(!) birthday to esteemed animator Don Lusk! He worked on PoDW during his tenure at Hanna-Barbera (as well as Captain Planet and others in the late 80s/early 90s), and has an amazing history, having also worked for Disney for nearly 30 years and animated some very memorable scenes for them. (More info at Cartoon Brew, which called PoDW out by name (woo!).)
Also, the PoDW opening made an appearance at the Alamo Drafthouse as part of a pirate-animation-themed montage that aired before viewings of Captain Phillips. (The opening of Peter Pan and the Pirates also aired.) Cheers, William/@whatevercove!
And to answer the questions that some people have left in the comments, I SWEAR that I want to get back to scanning the RPG module's character pages, as well as my copies of storyboards from The Quest. Maybe I'll commit to doing 10 pages a day or something…I give you all permission to nag me about this! (I'm also pretty behind on e-mails due to the move–will catch up soon.)
As usual, there's probably a ton more that I'm forgetting. More soon, I hope! (Life is great. Leaving Boston and moving back to Pittsburgh was absolutely the right choice for me–I am so much happier here already. Currently starting week 4 of my new job–so far so good! Any local/regional PoDW fans, do drop me a line and let me know if you ever want to meet up if you're in the area!)
Hope you all are doing wonderfully, and I do mean that truly. :)
Hi, everyone! Please forgive the non-PoDW content, but I've just posted some manga and anime books/animanga to eBay. I'm moving in a month and looking to offload stuff I've been meaning to sell for years. Anyway, do take a look and place a bid if you're interested. :) I really appreciate it!
So, yes, personal update: Boston has been a challenging experience these past 2 years, and a job opportunity has suddenly opened up in Pittsburgh that looks wonderful in every way. So I'm taking a chance (well, not really, as I'd lived there during grad school and love the city) and packing up my life here and moving on. I will definitely miss the people I've met here–including a couple of pretty wonderful PoDW fans!–but sometimes you just have to go with the flow to find your happiness.
Okay, here's a little PoDW content for you, courtesy of Twitter…
Tomasz Rozejowski just tweeted this afternoon to share an impressive Tula figurine he's created. It's great to see her finally get some attention, since there was never an official action figure of her! He hopes to do similarly styled figures of Ren and Bloth as well.
Also, Shane has gotten the linework and initial colors for a sexy/sultry Tula tattoo! (If he sees this…I hope it's not creepy to check out a stranger's Instagram account–after finding one picture, I peeked to see if there were other WIP images. It looks great, though.)
I've also been messing around with re-creating the PoDW logo in Illustrator just to keep my own digital skills sharp. Maybe I'll post the final product whenever it's done–it'd be great to make a sticker for my laptop cover or something. :)
Okay, that's it for now–so much to plan and do in the next 4 weeks. Hope you're all having a great summer!
I recently learned that the following domains are available. I challenge (dare, really!) any of you creative people who see this to create something inspired by the following names…
.* = .com, .net, .org, and so on.
No prize or anything–but if you do actually create something, email it to me and I'll happily post it here!
(It turns out piratesofdarkwater.com is available and going up for auction, but the minimum bidding price is close to $200! Sheesh…let's just save that for whoever creates a kickass reboot of the show, shall we?)
– – – – –
Also, I may as well note here…I recently heard from Lane Raichert, one of the writers on PoDW episodes 1-5 (not much besides just letting me know that he was redoing his website and the PoDW section was coming down for a while). And that got me thinking…something I have never thought much about doing was to reach out to the people who worked on the show. I've always been far more interested in the creativity of this universe, the worldbuilding aspects, and so forth, but it never even occurred to me to actively reach out and contact the behind-the-scenes crew. (Other fans have, though! Mr. Raichert said that he's frequently contacted about PoDW, which is awesome. Also, conceptual artist Floro Dery is probably the one exception, as far as my contact with the PoDW production team–he has reached out several times with gorgeous examples of his brilliant work from the show.)
This is something I want to do more of, going forward. The show's over 20 years old now, and some of the creative team were at least halfway into their careers when they worked on it–and some have, sadly enough, already passed away. It's time to really get moving, to get stories about how it all came to be!


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small simply guy who likes to give things a try, hoping to make life better. sometimes i do random things, sometimes i get emo like but not all the time, i live in australia but planning to move out to europe or something.
I Am Looking To Find New Friends In Canberra, Australia
20 But Look Like A 14 Year Old this has been something that has ran through my family, and it looks like i ended up inheriting it myself. my family tend to look younger than their age and people seem to never beleive how old w… [more]
I Want To Live In The 1980s Okay so this is something i have been interested in for a long time now. i am a majorly big fan of 1980s memorabilia. i have always been enthused about the culture and overall style of th… [more]
I Joined Plentyoffish To Start DatingA Complete Waste Of F***ing Time Why the hell did i join this, why am i so stupid to listen to the bullshit coming from this site. plenty of fish my f***king ***. okay here goes the story. i joined plenty of fish because it was … [more]
I Hate Being a Nice Guy SometimesNice Guys Suck, I Hate Being One Myself I sometimes like to put myself into the eyes of the opposite gender and wonder what they think when they see me. i think about for a bit and i realise that they probably think little to nothing about … [more]
I cannot stand young couples
I don't mean to say this really but i hate couples, i've been like this for quite a while now. everytime i;m outside for a walk in the park, in the mall, or when i;m at a restaurant i always have to see a young couple expressing their love for each other and i just cannot stand it and it irritates me. But i think i've found the reason as to why i always feel negative towards couples, its because i might be jealous of them, especially since i've never ever had a girlfriend or dated anyone before. i think its jealousy because they seem to be sharing something special which i wish i had. they seem to have a good time together and i wish i had someone to love, i really wish i had a girl right by… [more]
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subset: commoncrawl


text: The Blood Lust wiki last edited by comicguy2 on 08/09/13 08:22AM View full history Memory flashes of Daniel Llanso's past reveal few clues to his present situation as this future's Hellspawn. Madrid, frightened by witnessing the Hellspawn kill the Desiccator, turns her spinner on him and fires while Matthew recognizes him as his uncle. As they flee the area, they battle the Nightmares and manage to commandeer an Armored Personnel Carrier. Meanwhile, as the Hellspawn recovers from the blast, the demon, Abbadon initiates a genocidal mission. Elsewhere, the Anti-Pope visits the Nu-Vatican chambers where he guts a prisoner named Abel.


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nV News Widescreen LCD Club
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aka HalcYoN - Hook Em!
Join Date: Jul 2002
Location: Austin, TX, USA
Posts: 1,184
Re: Dell 2005FP (20.1" / 16:10) LCD for $559 Today only!!!
Originally Posted by
When I first turned on the LCD it was so bright! They have the Brightness set to 100.
I currently have it at 25 and its still bright but I guess coming from a CRT my eyes will just have to adjust.
I'm currently trying to calibrate the colors to get the right balance.
Burpy makes a very good observation that I learned about from my Plasma purchase. The Out of the Box settings on most plasmas and LCDs are for in store display/office conditions under insane lighting. If you are seeing the backlight issues, try toning down the brightness to a point where white text on a black background no longer "blooms". Than adjust upwards to compensate for room brightness and balance color levels with black levels. A small amount of blooming is natural for your eye to see, but if the letters look like they have a halo, not good.
Try to find a DVD with the THX set up and use the contrast/brightness test, a grayscale designed to insure eight levels of black to white are evenly displayed. Pirates of the Carribean and a few other popular titles have this test on it. Otherwise, search google for grayscale pattern and try to use a test patern to see what I mean.
On our plasma with a scale of -30 to 30, the brightness and contrast are set to -12 and -8, respectively, and our room would be considered by home theater people as "bright". After adjusting everything, I fired up a few movies with darker sceens and could not believe the difference. There is a scens in Bourne Supremacy at night on the patio and you can easily detect the subtle lighting differences and detail. Very cool.
Toning down the OOB settings will prolong the life of the backlights and reduce eye fatigue from being in a darker room with a bright display. Post results if this actually helps.
Remember, gaming darkness should be corrected in game with gamma. If its dark, its supposed to be, heh.
Brian - aka HalcYoN
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Nikon J1 | 10-30VR |30-100VR | 10/2.8 | 18/1.8
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Tournament of Champions - 1956 to 1959 - is it a Pro. Slam - yes or no?
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Join Date: Feb 2010
Posts: 18,429
Originally Posted by
Mustard, I have forgotten something to tell: I possess a photograph (got it from Frau Nüsslein) showing Martin Plaa after his sensational win against Tilden. It shows Plaa in tears...
I find it worth to mention that Plaa won the first set by 6-0! Tilden in those days seldom lost a set that way...
In 1935 he lost two sets by 6-0 in the final of the US Pro against K. Kozeluh.
Plaa's win shows also that he, Kozeluh, Nüsslein, Ramillon, A. Burke and Najuch were more than just journeymen as some posters (or is it only one poster?) try to insinuate...
Aren' you a vampire? I mean your relation to old Fraulwin Nusslein is just....
Journeymamship is the general standart for 90% of normal people that must work a whole journey to make a living including middle to high class, midle to middle class, middle to working class and, of course, working class
In my mouth it never pretends being an insult but rather to aknowlwdge a non true champuion player who, in spite of this shortcoming he or she never overcame, can have high middle class status and be respected in his profession in the way a Nusslein, a Kovacs, a Segura or more recently a Ferrer and other non major achievers were respected
"Read my lips.No more taxes" RR in 1980
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Did you mean?Try your search again
I'll be travelling to Queenstown in Nov and would like to try tandem paragliding or hang gliding.
Does anyone has recommendation on the best operator in terms flight time, view, price, etc.?
Thanks in advance!
The Skyline gondola and entertainment complex is located in Brecon Street and is just a few minutes walk from downtown... more
You can see and do a lot in 10 days, and you'll get lots of advice - here my 2 cents worth - no doubt others will have... more
VirtualTourist®© 1994-2015 VirtualTourist.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Back to Top
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Friday, November 19th, 2004
Internet Address Shortcut
Here's a quick way to get to a site for users of Internet Explorer 4.0 or better.
Instead of typing the full address of the site, you can just type in the site name. For example, if you want to go to my site, www.worldstart.com. just type "worldstart" (no quotes) into your address line and hit CTRL-Enter . The www and .com will be added… Continue reading


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The survival of the Angry Birds is at stake. Dish out revenge on the green pigs who stole the Birds' eggs. Use the unique destructive powers of the Angry Birds to lay waste to the pigs' fortified castles. Angry Birds features hours of gameplay, challenging physics-based castle demolition, and lots of replay value. Each of the 120 levels requires logic, skill, and brute force to crush the enemy.
No downloads were found matching the criteria specified. We suggest you try the download list with no filter applied, to browse all available files. Join now to share files with the community.


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More Products By TopDawg Pet Supplies:
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Laguna Spitter -tortoise
Average rating from 6 reviews.
(4.5 out of 5, based on 6 reviews)
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Reader's Reviews (6)
Natural looking turtle
posted 7 years ago
We purchased this turtle to replace a frog spitter we had. He was getting worn looking. This is the 2nd year we have used this turtle & he still looks great.
Pros: Looks natural by our waterfall spitting into it & the pond
Cons: ?
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posted 7 years ago
i love this stone turtle for my tank even though i dont have a turtle because i dont know how to take care of one but i actually named this one. My kids are afriad of this cause of the facial carvings, but its something i could use to scare the kids when they dont want to behave.
Pros: Decor
Cons: scary
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Pink is my favorite color these are wonderful.I will recommend a good website fou you: www.9footballshirt.org
Freshpet Select Roasted Meals for Cat
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I introduced this food to my two cats, one is a senior at 13 years and the other is about 7 years. Both females. The 7 year old is a new addition, recently adopted :) Because of their age differenc… more ›


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Marvin M Chun
Richard M. Colgate Professor of Psychology
Departments & OrganizationsYale Combined Program in the Biological and Biomedical Sciences (BBS): NeuroscienceInterdepartmental Neuroscience ProgramNeurobiology: Kavli Institute for Neuroscience
Research Interests
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); attention; memory; decision making; executive control; perception
- Ph.D., MIT , 1994
Selected Publication
- Luhmann, C.C., Chun, M.M., Yi, D.-J., Lee, D., & Wang, X.-J. (2008). Neural dissociation of delay and uncertainty in intertemporal choice, Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 14459-466.
Autumn 2014
Reading minds with fMRI
Researchers at the School of Medicine can reconstruct images of human faces based on fMRI readings of what's embedded...
Winter 2014
Can brain scans reveal how we think?
Some people with alcoholism can change their behavior and remain abstinent, while others fight the battle over and over...
Spring 2012
Gastroenterologist remembered for clinical acumen and devotion to the humanities
Family, friends, and colleagues gathered during this year's reunion to remember the ever-listening ear, wicked wit, and...


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This house uses a standard shipping container as the structure of a home and uses hydraulic power to lift and lower. The house consist of bedrooms, a bathroom, kitchen and living areas.
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It sounds really awesome, but some technical and practical issues may ruin the idea. Like checking all the rooms before going out if u lost your keys)
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With a name like 'flying fish' it would be reasonable to expect that this specialist group of fish from the Exocoetidae family can actually actually achieve what their name implies. But how can that possibly be true? They are of course fish and therefore surely they are designed to swim - not fly?
So, do flying fish really fly?
To glide upward out of the water, a flying fish will moves its tail up to 70 times per second. It then spreads its pectoral fins and tilts them slightly upward to provide lift. At the end of a glide, it folds its pectoral fins to re-enter the sea, or drops its tail into the water to push against the water to lift itself for another glide, or to chang direction.
The curved profile of the "wing" is comparable to the aerodynamic shape of a bird wing. The fish is able to increase its time in the air by flying straight into or at an angle to the direction of updrafts created by a combination of air and ocean currents.
ELECTRIC EEL - Electrophorus electricus
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November 19, 2011
Morris artwork for Nov. 18.
Stories this photo appears in:
ORRIN MORRIS: Primarily found in Texas, autumn sage grows well in Georgia
When I was a child, Thanksgiving was a celebration at the end of the harvest. The fields were filled with shocks of corn, and the snow fences were installed across the prairie landscape. The shelves in the cellar were filled with "canned goods" and bushel baskets were brimming with Irish potatoes, sweet potatoes, apples, and anything else that could be stored.One of the Biblical descriptions of a thanksgiving celebration is made by the prophet Jeremiah. He described the return of the Hebrew people from Babylonian captivity in these terms: "And they shall come and shout for joy on the height of Zion, And they shall be radiant over the bounty of the Lord -- over the grain, and the new wine, and the oil, and over the young of the flock and the herd; and their life shall be like a watered garden, and they shall never languish again" (31:12 ).
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The GeForce Titan
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Join Date: Aug 2005
Location: Switzerland
Posts: 823
Re: The GeForce Titan
Originally Posted by
Thanks Slawter, I haven't posted here in a while because the forums have been a bit dead recently. I just had to go for the big upgrade back to the Intel enthusiast platform after spending a few years on the 2600K and Z68. Felt the Titans needed the full 16x PCI-e 3.0 lanes to fully stretch their legs in Surround. Although my 3930K is a bit of a pig though, can only get it to 4.4GHz on 1.36V.
How's your machine doing?
Sounds great. And also looks great as your recent photos in the rig thread showed
I haven't upgraded at all and I don't plan to do so. I'd love to get some Titans just because how insanely brilliant they are. But I pretty much stopped gaming except for iRacing so there is currently no need to upgrade anything. I'll probably just get more race sim equipment until iRacing really demands an upgrade.
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The Rural Women's Empowerment Network:
Group 1
- 2010, presented in Bugiri, Lumino, and Masaba to groups of female and male adults, whole day presentation in each setting- When the town councils have gatherings, the 'Trainers of Trainers' are called to make presentations.- They have made 3 visits so far to sex worker groups in Busia
Group 2
- Janet and Rose have a group of 25 that meet weekly for savings and agriculture- They meet monthly with the positive test clubs in 3 parishes; total about 120 people- Plans to start talk with sex workers at truck park near cement factory- Speak with people after church weekly. Funerals are another informal venue for HIV/AIDS survival skills topics
RARUDO group
- Meet with 3 positive test clubs, total 90 members- Visit local schools and present dramas about HIV/AIDS- Identify and counsel positive members at their homes- Train prevention of mother/child transmission, and have trained 2 additional counselors in this area- Coordinate with disabled group for increased survival skills training and IGA (income generating activities)
- One day training at Amonikakinei Village- Three day training Aug. 2011- School fees, uniforms, seeds, blankets, mosquito nets, female condoms
Additionally the Busia Group has a nursery school caring for 170 poor children and a primary class to primary 4 for 70 children. 150 of the children are orphans. Several children are HIV+. The trainers have taught nutrition to parents and guardians.
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Identity Theft: Protect your daily financial transactions
San Antonio ranks 86th in the nation for cases of identity theft — with more than 2,000 reported cases, according to a press release from the Better Business Bureau.
The BBB was citing the latest Consumer Sentinel Network report issued by the Federal Trade Commission.
The Business Journal asked lawyer Erin Fonte, a shareholder in Cox Smith's Banking & Financial Institutions and Privacy/Data Security Practice Areas, to share her tips on how to protect yourself.
Q: Tell us how the digital age has opened up new types of identity theft.
A: Electronic and digital payments are increasing and will only continue to do so. Thieves used to rob banks because that is where the money was. Now they steal debit and credit card numbers, online banking credentials and similar information because that is where the money is now. There are digital swiping devices such as a "skimmer" that can be attached to a legitimate point-of sale device where the fraudster uses its own hardware to capture the debit/credit card information as it is simultaneously being sent to the card network for authorization for payment. There are also special wireless hardware devices intended to intercept wireless payment information from a wireless point-of-sale card swiper, such as a Square reader or similar device that plugs into an iPhone or iPad or Android phone or tablet device. Merchants, banks and credit card networks spend lots of time and money investing in state-of-the art anti-fraud technologies, but just like check fraud, you cannot completely purge fraud from any payment system.
Q: How can we protect ourselves?


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Paleontologists have found what could be the earliest known dinosaurs, a couple of kangaroo-sized plant eaters that roamed Madagascar about 230 million years ago.
The same site also yielded fossils of the reptile lineage that later evolved into mammals.
Researchers from the Field Museum in Chicago, Northern Illinois University, University of California at Santa Barbara, and Universite d'Antananarivo in Madagascar collected the fossils during four separate expeditions between 1996 and 1999.
The findings are reported in the Oct. 21 issue of the journal Science.
The Madagascar fossils will be on display at the Field Museum Oct. 22 through Jan. 2, 2000.
A Revolution in Evolution
"It's a whole new window in the evolution of animals at a key point," comments Neil Shubin, a University of Pennsylvania biology professor.
With a relatively sparse fossil record, "Madagascar has always been something of an enigma," Shubin says. "They're filling both a gap in time and a gap in space. We see the transition from an archaic fauna of reptiles and amphibians to a more modern fauna. You think about it, these are creatures that were going to be around for millions of years. It's a revolution in the history of life that happened during this time period."
Madagascar is an island off east Africa, but 230 million years ago, it and all of Earth's continents were joined as the supercontinent Pangea.
This period known as the Triassic marked the appearance of many modern groups of animals, including mammals, crocodiles, turtles, frogs and bony fish.
The most noteworthy newcomers were, of course, the dinosaurs, destined to dominate the landscapes for the next 165 million years.
Starting Small
Their beginnings appear to have been humble.
So far, the Madagascar site has yielded only the jaws and partial skull fragments of two early dinosaurs. The shape of the bones indicate the animals were of a group of dinosaurs known as prosauropods.
"This animal is probably the size of a small kangaroo," says John Flynn, curator and chair of the department of geology at the Field Museum in Chicago and lead author of the Science paper. "They probably would have ambled about on four legs. It's sort of like the way kangaroos walk around when they're feeding."
The region back then was wetter, he says. "It was even more sort of tropical. There were big rivers running through this area. I would imagine it being something like the Mississippi river valley."
Although small, prosauropods later evolved into behemoth sauropod dinosaurs such as Apatosaurus and Brachiasaurus.
None of the new species has been officially named yet but geologist Andrew Wyss of the University of California at Santa Barbara, who worked on the study, said some of the names would honor local residents who found the fossil bed.
"A boy said that his older brother had found some bones," Wyss said in a statement. "So we waited around a half day for the brother, Mena, and sure enough, he showed us a hill with a mound of them."
Indirect Dating
The Madagascar rocks in which the fossils were found don't contain minerals that can be dated directly. Rather, Flynn and his colleagues argue their rocks are very old based on what else is and isn't found there.


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Tens of millions of American adults have not graduated from high school. Every year, thousands of these non-graduates take "general educational development" tests – the GED – to be considered proficient at the level of a graduate.
Every 10 years the GED test is updated to meet with current educational standards. Time is running out for individuals planning to earn their GED before the new test is put into place this January.


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Etiquette of hitting at the net player in doubles
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Clive Walker
Join Date: Apr 2006
Location: Mcr UK
Posts: 159
For me playing mixed league tennis (in the UK) it's totally acceptable to have a few pops at the woman at the net, but I feel that (for my own game) it has to be the right shot, and the right time.
In lower standard of tennis than I play (and I'm not great by any means) I see quite a few people simply picking on the weakest player and removing the strongest player from the game as best they can...
While that is a decent tactic for match play it teaches you nothing about tennis when there is no weaker player or in terms of personal game development, and gives you no options when playing up. I try to help out a bit as I remember what it was like when I was a lower standard player hoping to get a game against the better players in the club- Start taking a pop at the weaker net player purely because you feel that you have more chance of winning if you put it there is the wrong tactic to pursue in terms of learning the game, and IME will end up with the stonger player refusing to play down with you, even in a social game play manner.
Clive Walker
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Black jerseys, face paint and an ocean of enthusiasm. These are the calling cards of the Raider Nation, which were on full display when Oakland Raiders quarterback Derek Carr visited Monte Vita Chapel on Monday to share his testimony of faith.
The first time Charles Walker ever took to the skies it was in a Boeing Stearman biplane as a young military pilot preparing to be shipped over to Europe to join the Allied forces fight in World War II.
For several years now the golden trophy from the annual Turlock Education Foundation sponsored Iron Chef competition has adorned the kitchen of the Turlock High School culinary class. Now it's Pitman's turn.
Many adults have fond childhood memories of melting ice cream cones and sticky fingers during the summertime, including Greg Raynes. The local teacher turned ice cream aficionado is now providing this memorable experience to children in Turlock by opening his first ice cream parlor, Oak Barrel Ice and Creamery.
In what might be a sign of recovering times in Turlock, two new businesses are joining the strip of stores along heavily trafficked Monte Vista Avenue: The Cottonwood and Turlock's New Vision Pharmacy.
Stanislaus County recorded an unemployment rate for March that is the lowest it's been for the month since before the Great Recession began.
A planned protest outside Turlock City Hall Thursday night to raise awareness for the seasonal closure of Turlock's homeless shelter ended with the arrest of one man for a charge of illegal camping.
One man has brought new life to Emanuel Cancer Center and another is literally saving lives in the emergency room, and now both are being touted for their exemplary service to the patients served by Emanuel Medical Center.
Name of Business: Suddenly Perfect
Locals looking to relive their high school glory days will have the opportunity to as the Active 20-30 Club of Turlock is hosting a Casino Royale Prom event complete with gowns, corsages, photos, and more.
GDI Insurance will once again help families learn how to keep their children safe during a free community event on May 16. The 5th Annual CIG Insurance Community Safety Saturday event will be held from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. at GDI Insurance Agency's Turlock office at 801 Geer Road, Turlock.
Ten-year-old Turlock resident Kenley Montes is ready to take a walk.
The Stanislaus County Sheriff's Department has named Lt. Jeff Dirkse as the new Patterson Police Services Chief.
Stanislaus County Sheriff Adam Christianson and Merced County District Attorney Larry Morse II traveled to the state capital last week to join numerous other law enforcement officials in support of funding aimed at helping at-risk youth.
Amidst ongoing tragedy in the Christian communities of the Middle East, the local community will have a chance to connect with a representative from Iraq on Thursday as the local chapter of the Assyrian Democratic Movement is hosting Yonadam Kanna. Kanna is a member of Iraqi parliament and the Secretary General of the Assyrian Democratic Movement.
Local irrigation districts will hold a workshop on Wednesday to discuss fish passage in the Tuolumne River as part of the La Grange Dam licensing process.
Since 1963 countless American flags have flown at the Turlock Memorial Park and Funeral Home on Memorial Day to honor the veterans who have sacrificed their lives to serve the United States of America.
This week the City of Turlock notified its rate payers that watering would be cut to two days a week with limited hours, a measure taken as a result of state mandated water conservation rules. However, this rule does not apply to at least one household in Turlock.
Driving through Turlock is becoming an obstacle of sorts as several construction projects are underway.
An 11-year-old boy riding his bicycle to school Thursday morning suffered a severe injury to his leg when he was hit by a truck.
Name of Business: Liberty Private Security Inc. & Training Academy
The Korean War era cannon that used to sit in front of the War Memorial Building may soon be moving to downtown Turlock. While the details of the historic cannon's relocation are still being considered, one thing is already clear: Turlock veterans want a say in the placement and presentation of the memorial.
Turlock residents heading out to work Thursday morning were pleasantly surprised to find that they needed an umbrella. A short burst of rain in the morning was followed with a heavy downpour in the afternoon.
Smokey Bear will be educating the public about wildfire prevention at the 5th Annual CIG Insurance Community Safety Saturday event set for Saturday at GDI Insurance Agency's Turlock office.
Small business may be, well, small, but they are far from insignificant. In fact there are 28 million small businesses in the United States according to the United States Small Business Administration.
California leads the nation in its export of almonds and technology. As of Tuesday, the Golden State also a ranks number one as the state with the highest retail gas prices in the nation.
It is Bike to Work Week and that means there is no better time to enjoy the spring weather than getting on your bike and peddling to work.
As the 2015 precipitation year dryly begins to wind down, the region is still hoping to catch up in terms of precipitation starting as soon as tonight.
From Bella the resident Eastern Red Fox to a host of early arrival baby squirrels and owls, the Stanislaus Wildlife Care Center is home to a bevy of critters - both cute and creepy depending on your disposition - that make up the menagerie of wild things roaming Stanislaus County.
Graduating from college can be a scary concept for most students, especially for those who do not have a job lined up once they receive their diplomas.
Contents of this site are © Copyright 2014 The Turlock Journal, CA. All rights reserved.


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Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
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OCR for page 11
CHAPTER ~ 611~1 ~1~11. The Nature of the Study The growing public recognition of adverse health effects associated with exposure to toxic substances in the home, the workplace, and the general community environment is reflected in an increasing concern that the health care system is not adequately prepared to address occupational and environ- mental problems. While the public tends to rely on its public health and regulatory agencies to protect it from hazardous toxic exposures and dangerous consumer products, individuals generally turn to the medical community for help when they are personally affected. Many, if not most, of these concerned individuals consult primary care physicians, principally general internists and family physicians. Physicians' limited training in occupational and environ- mental medicine, coupled with this expanding need, prompted the Institute of Medicine to examine the role of primary care physicians in occupational and environmental medicine and to seek ways of fostering their participation in these important areas of health care. TARGET AUDIENCE AND FOCUS OF CoNCERN While recognizing the important contributions of nonphysician health care providers, the study focuses its efforts on physicians in order to examine specific problems and offer specific recommendations for one health care discipline. Although there are specialists in occupational and environmental medicine, they are not the main targets of this report. The committee was primarily concerned with primary care physicians, or, more accurately, physicians of first contact. These include genera internists, family physicians, osteopathic primary care physicians, emergency room physicians, and pediatricians. To the extent that other specialists, for example, cardiologists, gynecologists, and surgeons, provide general as well as specialty-specific health care, they, too, are part of the 11
OCR for page 11
study's target audience. Some primary care physicians provide occupational medicine services through formal or inform Dial relationships with companies or, to a lesser extent, with labor unions. These physicians constitute a special subset and are addressed in this report. Although the report limits its discussion to physicians, many of its recommendations will apply and be helpful to other health care providers as well. The specific focus of the study raised difficult issues that were more than semantic in nature. Some committee members favored use of the term health over the term medicine because the former emphasizes the broader preventive activities that are so important to the field. The term medicine was chosen because it more accurately reflects the activities of the study's target audience. The borders of occupational medicine and environmental medicine were more difficult to define. For the purposes of its study, the committee opted for a broad definition of occupational medicine and a more limited contemporary definition of environmental medicine. Occupational medicine considers all aspects of the relationship between work and health. It includes the impact of disease on the ability to work as well as the impact of work on the development or exacerbation of existent medical disorders. The broad goal of "humane work conditions" described by the World Health Organization is included in the committee's definition of occupational medicine. The definition and scope of environmental medicine are more complicated. In the literal sense, the environment is at least in part responsible for all diseases, except those determined solely by genetics. Thus, environmental medicine in that sense touches almost every aspect of medicine. Environmental health has had a long history in public health and preventive medicine. At the turn of the century, the major environmental health concern was drinkable water, a function of sanitary engineers and the new sciences of epidemiology and infectious disease. At that time, the major threat to water supplies in the United States was bacterial contamination. The epidemiologic component of environmental health can be traced directly from John Snow's identification of the Broad Street water pump as the source of a major cholera epidemic in London. The transmutation of environmental health from a focus on infectious disease to its present-day almost complete exclusion of diseases caused by microbial agents has been based primarily on two trends. One is the development of epidemiology and infectious disease into specialties that extend well beyond an initial focus on waterborne diseases. The second is the success of sanitary engineers in developing highly successful approaches to preventing such diseases. At the time the modern environmental concerns developer! in the late 1960s, the focus of public health was to a large extent on infectious disease, as exemplifieciby the name change in 1970 of an arm ofthe Public Health Service from the Communicable Disease Center to the Centers for Disease Control. The term environmental health has evolved from its previous connotation and is now used as a designation for relatively new concerns. 12
OCR for page 11
Currently, the popular conception of environmental disease is related to illness caused by external chemical or physical agents. This definition excludes conditions that are a direct consequence of inheritance; infectious disease; nonoccupational violence, advertent or inadvertent; and iatrogenically caused illness and injury. The committee interpreted its charge from the Institute of Medicine to narrow this definition even further to exclude diseases caused by nicotine, alcohol, diet, and other life-st:yle factors. This decision in no way denigrates the important contribution of these "environmental" factors to serious disease. Rather, it reflects a concern that non-life-style environmental factors, that is, toxic exposures, are less often considered and are equally desewing of study and attention. In short, the committee's use of the term environmental medicine includes caring for individuals who are exposed to toxic substances in their homes and neighborhoods through such media as contami- nated soil, water, and air. 13
OCR for page 11
Ire :~ ~ - s~ =~g c -- - ~A - Chemists boast that they have mastered the art of subduing every kind of mineral, yet; they l;hemselves do not come o~scot-free from their pernicious influence.


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about Todd FlowerdayA Roman Catholic lay person, married (since 1996), with one adopted child (since 2001). I serve in worship and spiritual life in a midwestern university parish.
about John Donaghy
John is a lay missionary since 2007 with a parish in western Honduras. Before that he served in campus ministry and social justice ministry in Iowa. His ministry blog is http://hermanojuancito.blogspot.com
He also blogs reflections on the lectionary and saints/heroes/events of the date at http://walktheway.wordpress.com
He'll be a long-term contributor here analyzing the Latin American bishops' document from their 2007 Aparecida Conference.
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Daily Archives: 9 November 2011
"Go In Peace"
After Sarah's sorrow is lifted by Tobiah, her father, understandably, wants to keep son-in-law #8 close at hand. The young man must eventually take his leave and return to Nineveh. I wrote an extended setting of Tobit 10:7bff, and placed … Continue reading
Posted in Parish Life, Scripture, Tobit, Todd's music Leave a comment
MR3: Tales From The Front
A friend forwarded me an email she sent to her music group, concerning input on the new Roman Missal. Explanatory note: they are implementing Ed Bolduc's Mass of Saint Ann, including the through-composed version of the Gloria. First of all, … Continue reading
Posted in Liturgical Music 4 Comments


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Escape Floor 97 by Escape the World
100 - 500 downloadsAdd this app to your listsTweets por @Appszoom
You have just made it out of floor 98 and now find yourself on the bizarre 97th floor. This new floor seems to be undergoing some major renovations, and there you meet two other people who are in the same shoes as you. You must work together to escape this place and uncover the mystery behind this apartment. Good luck and have fun.
Tag brain escape This game requires Flash Player to run
Tag brain escape This game requires Flash Player to run
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text: Archives > Writers < Prior Page Page 3 of 5 Next Page > The heart of the problem is the human heart By Bill NewtonPosted Jan. 18, 2014When the Berlin Wall came down, it didn't take long for the Russians to request visits from Christian organizations. And Prison Fellowship was one of the… [http://www.worldmag.com/2014/01/the_heart_of_the_problem_is_the_human_heart] A Christmas do-over By Bill NewtonPosted Dec. 21, 2013Faith & Inspiration | Jamie, a precocious 7-year-old with curly auburn hair, steel blue eyes, and a slight lisp when she talks, was walking backward through her house. Her dad… [http://www.worldmag.com/2013/12/a_christmas_do_over] Boorish behavior and careless words By Bill NewtonPosted Dec. 14, 2013Culture | Ramsey jumps up and yells, "Oh come on! It's a hold!" as he gyrates obnoxiously before a big-screen TV during a football game. His buddies stare… [http://www.worldmag.com/2013/12/boorish_behavior_and_careless_words] Self-made terror By Bill NewtonPosted Nov. 9, 2013Business | At midnight my friends and I heard a screech, a growl, a roar! Terrified, no one moved or spoke. No one knew exactly what was making all the noise, but it was… [http://www.worldmag.com/2013/11/self_made_terror] Why banks see pastors as bad credit risks By Bill NewtonPosted Oct. 19, 2013Money | "Never loan money to poets, painters, and pastors." the banker told me. He called it the "Three 'P' Rule." The first two on the list I understood, but… [http://www.worldmag.com/2013/10/why_banks_see_pastors_as_bad_credit_risks] Would people call you generous? By Bill NewtonPosted Sept. 28, 2013Faith & Inspiration | It was a beautiful fall afternoon. We were on the deck, looking at the mountains and the sunset forming in the western sky. James is a committed Christian, [http://www.worldmag.com/2013/09/would_people_call_you_generous] Misunderstanding servant leadership By Bill NewtonPosted Aug. 31, 2013Business | Adam Grant's new book, Give and Take , makes the case that servant leaders are more highly regarded by their employees, feel better about themselves, and… [http://www.worldmag.com/2013/08/misunderstanding_servant_leadership] Confused about leadership By Bill NewtonPosted June 7, 2013Faith & Inspiration | Young men aged 18-22 lined up to get their first military haircut, sweating from the Annapolis heat and humidity. They wore starched, white, pajama-looking… [http://www.worldmag.com/2013/06/confused_about_leadership] Masking integrity in business By Bill NewtonPosted May 28, 2013Business | Jesus' most scalding indictments were directed at those He called "hypocrites!" In Greek theater, a hypocrite is a masked actor who plays a part where… [http://www.worldmag.com/2013/05/masking_integrity_in_business] Saying 'thank you' to someone who's gone By Bill NewtonPosted May 7, 2013Faith & Inspiration | I needed to be in Washington, D.C., by 10:15 a.m. to make the interment ceremony at Arlington National Cemetery. My flight left in plenty of time from just… [http://www.worldmag.com/2013/05/saying_thank_you_to_someone_who_s_gone] Put aside money to guard your integrity By Bill NewtonPosted April 18, 2013Finance | Integrity was the subject for the day. The professor, a WWII vet, spoke with authority, as 17 midshipmen listened in a small classroom. The Vietnam War was… [http://www.worldmag.com/2013/04/put_aside_money_to_guard_your_integrity] Do you own technology, or does it own you? By Bill NewtonPosted March 26, 2013Technology | "Wow!" the instructor exulted to her 8-year-old trainee. The student's big brown eyes flashed with excitement. She was 4 feet 3 inches tall, her gymnast… [http://www.worldmag.com/2013/03/do_you_own_technology_or_does_it_own_you] < Prior Page Page 3 of 5 Next Page >


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Aston Villa signing Zat Knight yesterday protested his innocence after he was arrested on Wednesday, only hours before joining Villa.
The 27-year-old was detained by police, along with his 26-year-old brother Carlos, after controlled drugs were seized at his family home in Birmingham. Knight was released on bail but Carlos has been charged with possession with intent to supply Class A drugs.
"I have done nothing wrong," insisted Knight. "The police said they had to bring me to a station and they were just doing their job, so I cooperated with them." He insisted O'Neill had backed him over the incident. "I have spoken to Martin O'Neill about it and he gave me his full support. He realises I have done nothing wrong."


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|Half Baths
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
Sleeping up to 17 The gables has been finished to an exceptionally high standard, whilst maintaining period charm and a real 'family home feel'
Situated in the charming village of Peak forest, just outside the spa town of Buxton and within close proximity to Chatsworth, Castleton, Bakewell & Ladybower. This luxury accommodation is ideally located for visitors to enjoy everything the peak district has to offer.
The accommodation: •Four open fires
•Gas central heating
•En-suite wet room
•Sleeps up to 17
•1x King Four poster master en-suite wet room with balcony
•1x King with 1 additional single (sleeps 3)
•3x Single (sleeps 3)
•1x King with 1 additional single (sleeps 3)
•1x King with 1 additional single beds (sleeps 3)
•1x King with 1 additional single (sleeps 3) with seperate living room and bathroom
•Bed linen included
•Large room sizes
•Large gardens
•Initial supply of coal/logs included
•Gas central heating
Under floor heating
•Full SKY plus including sports package & multi room
•Wi-Fi enabled
•large room sizes
•Cot/High chair on request
•Bed linen included
•Village pub/restaurant & shop 2 min walk
•Ample parking
•Lockable bike storage
•No booking charge
•Pet friendly – no charge
The Gables is set in approximately 2 acres of landscaped gardens and in possession of a large patio area with an extra paddock, ideal for dog walking.
On the ground floor, it offers a farmhouse style kitchen and adjoining utility room with a feature stone fireplace, a wood burning stove and two spacious sitting rooms with open fires.
It also comprises of a large dining room, alongside an open fire.
Upstairs accomodates a master bedroom, complete with a four poster bed, balcony and en-suite wet room plus 4 other large bedrooms, each allowing for 3 people to sleep. There are also two large family bathrooms including a sauna and Jacuzzi.
Downstairs, The Gables also provides a seperate television/reception room, making it ideal for children, with a further sixth bedroom to accomodate 3 people to sleep.
There is excellent walking and outdoor pursuits including cycling and climbing close by, with rugged peaks to the north, gentle hills and dales to the south and Millers Dale.
A great venue for a family gathering and a good time had by all, The house is very comfortable and very well-equipped and met all our needs very well .certainly to be recommend Thanks
We had a brilliant time at The Gables, the house was perfect for our family get together. Something for everyone, great games room for kids, beautiful clean spacious rooms for all us adults and had fun in the amazing gardens when the weather allowed us! Lovely villages and towns close by to visit, we will definitely be back.
absolutly fantastic!! didnt even see the kids for the whole week!! they were too busy running round the gardens playing on the play equiptment. They loved the downstairs rooms and could play and watch films down there. They even slept down there one night!! We felt so at home and it was lovely to get 12 of us round one table. The only arguing was at 'Jacuzzi' time!!
A superb family holiday, a superb family home. The kids actually cried on leaving day. Will reccomend this house to anyone with kids.
John Edwards


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Deployment of a hub-and-spoke (HaSP) topology virtual private network (VPN) may be facilitated by implementing a bi-directional VRF on a hub PE and using the hub PE as a hub-reflector. Route distinguishers and route targets may be used to differentiate traffic originating on the spokes from traffic originating on the hub. Using a bi-directional VRF allows a HaSP VPN to be created using a single link between the hub CE and hub PE. Allowing the hub CE to control spoke route distribution, and differentiating the direction of the flow by route target and route designator, enables the hub to control traffic between the spokes. Configuring the hub PE as a route reflector allows communication between the spokes to take place without having the CE hub inspect every piece of traffic. Optionally, other services may be provided by the hub PE as well, such as NAT, firewall, and AAA services.
1. A hub and spoke Virtual Private Network (VPN) topology, comprising:
a first hub;
a plurality of spokes; and
a first directional VPN Routing and Forwarding (VRF) table configured to enable traffic to be passed from the spokes to the hub and from the hub to the spokes.
2. The hub and spoke VPN topology of
3. The hub and spoke VPN topology of
4. The hub and spoke VPN topology of
5. The hub and spoke VPN topology of
6. The hub and spoke VPN topology of
7. The hub and spoke VPN topology of
8. The hub and spoke VPN topology of
9. The hub and spoke VPN topology of
10. The hub and spoke VPN topology of
11. The hub and spoke VPN topology of
12. The hub and spoke VPN topology of
13. The hub and spoke VPN topology of
14. The hub and spoke VPN topology of
15. The hub and spoke VPN topology of
16. A method of exchanging routing information in a hub-and-spoke topology Virtual Private Network (VPN), the method comprising the steps of:
importing by a directional VPN Routing and Forwarding (VRF) table a route learned from a first VPN spoke in the hub-and-spoke VPN;
passing the route to a VPN hub in the hub-and-spoke VPN to be evaluated; and
exporting by the directional VRF route information associated with the route if authorized by the VPN hub.
17. The method of
18. The method of
19. A hub network element, comprising:
control logic containing a directional Virtual Private Network (VPN) Routing and Forwarding (VRF) table, said directional VRF containing routes pointing at the hub network element from spokes in a hub and spoke VPN network topology and containing routes pointing toward the spokes in the hub and spoke VPN network topology.
20. The hub network element, wherein the control logic is further configured to reflect traffic received from one of the spokes in the VPN network onto another of the spokes in the VPN network according to the directional VRF.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to communication networks and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for implementing hub-and-spoke topology virtual private networks.
2. Description of the Related Art
Data communication networks may include various computers, servers, nodes, routers, switches, bridges, hubs, proxies, and other network devices coupled together and configured to pass data to one another. These devices will be referred to herein as "network elements." Data is communicated through the data communication network by passing protocol data units, such as data frames, packets, cells, or segments, between the network elements by utilizing one or more communication links. A particular protocol data unit may be handled by multiple network elements and cross multiple communication links as it travels between its source and its destination over the network.
The various network elements on the communication network communicate with each other using predefined sets of rules, referred to herein as protocols. Different protocols are used to govern different aspects of the communication, such as how signals should be formed for transmission between network elements, various aspects of what the protocol data units should look like, how packets should be handled or routed through the network by the network elements, and how information associated with routing information should be exchanged between the network elements.
A Virtual Private Network (VPN) may be formed by securing communications between two or more networks or network elements to form a VPN tunnel, such as by encrypting or encapsulating transmissions between the networks or network elements. Using VPN tunnels enables information to be exchanged securely between geographically dispersed sites without obtaining dedicated resources through the network.
To enable devices on one VPN site to communicate with devices on another VPN site via the VPN tunnel, it is necessary to exchange routing information between the two VPN sites. Likewise, as network elements are added and removed from the networks, or as problems are encountered and fixed in the networks, the routing tables need to be updated and advertised to the other participating sites in the VPN.
There are several commonly utilized methods of establishing VPN tunnels on a network. For example, VPNs may be established by customers through the deployment of network elements configured with VPN software. These VPNs will be referred to herein as Customer Premise Equipment-based (CPE-based) VPNs. Another way of establishing VPNs is to configure the VPN at the Provider Edge (PE) network elements to allow the service provider to provision VPN services on behalf of the customer. One common way to do this is described in Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Request For Comments (RFC) 2547, the content of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. RFC 2547 describes a VPN architecture in which MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS)-based tunnels are used to forward packets over the network backbone. A protocol referred to as Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is used to distribute routes over the backbone for VPNs provisioned through a particular PE network element. Routing information for these Provider-Provisioned VPNS is stored in a VPN routing and forwarding table (VRF) or a distinguishable area of the PE's common VRF. VPNs established utilizing the 2547 VPN model will be referred to herein as "VRF-based VPNs."
VRF-based VPNs may be designed to have having many different access topologies. One popular topology is commonly referred to as a "Hub and Spoke" topology. In a hub and spoke topology, the hub controls communications on the VPN such that all spokes can talk to the hub. In a "strict" hub and spoke topology, the spokes are only allowed to talk to the hub. In a "loose" hub and spoke topology, spokes are allowed to talk to each other as well, but may only do so through the hub. This allows the hub to control communication between the spokes.
In the VPN network of
As mentioned above, in a Hub-and-Spoke (HaSP) topology, a spoke is defined as a site that must direct traffic to a hub site to communicate with another particular spoke such that no direct inter-spoke traffic is allowed. A HaSP topology may, however, be a sub-part of a larger VPN network topology, and the spokes optionally may be allowed to talk to other portions of the VPN topology directly. Thus, a spoke may be allowed to communicate with other VPN sites not part of the HaSP topology.
Within the HaSP portion of the VPN network, the hub is allowed to receive and send traffic to the spokes of a given VPN. Inter-spoke traffic, however, must goes through a hub to be validated prior to being sent to the target spoke. For example, in the HaSP topology illustrated in
In HaSP topologies, service providers conventionally create a minimum of two sub-connections between the hub CE and the PE. In
The learned route, R2, will be distributed throughout the BGP domain and will, thus, be distributed to PE1. The PE1 has two VRFs, one for each link A, B. The inbound VRF, that is configured to handle traffic originating on the spokes and destined for the CE1hub, is set to Import RT:spoke and Export RT:none. This enables the VRFhub-1 to import routes from the spokes but prevents that VRF from exporting those routes to the spokes. The routes, in this case the new route R2, are redistributed to the CE1hub as per VRFhub-1's import policy and other routing policies related to routing between CE1hub and VRFhub-1.
CE1hub is charged with allowing or disallowing relationships. For various reasons, the CE1hub may wish to restrict the ability of the spokes to communicate with each other over particular routes. For example, one of the spokes may relate to a corporation's customer or supplier, and another of the spokes may relate to a branch office. The corporation may not wish the customer/supplier to have access to all of the traffic flowing between the corporation and the branch office. Accordingly, the hub may wish to restrict distribution of routes learned by a spoke to one or more other spokes.
If route R2 is to be distributed to one or more spokes, the VRFhub-2 learns R2 as a local route from CE1hub. VRFhub-2 has an import policy set to import RT:none to prevent it from importing routes advertised on the IP VPN. The import policy is configured, however, to accept routes sent to it from the CE1hub. The export policy for VRFhub2 is configured to export routes provided to it by the hub. In this case, VRFhub2 has a policy Export RT:hub. If approved, R2 is thus exported on the IP VPN with its route designator, also known as the IP-next hop,=hub2, and its route target=hub.
PE devices configured with an import policy Import RT:hub will import the route. PE3, thus, learns route R2 but associates the route target on R2 with the hub and the route designator on route R2 with VRF hub 2. PE2 originated the route R2, so it will already have route R2 in its VRF and will ignore the protocol message containing the route R2 to prevent the formation of a routing loop. The BGP next-hop attribute will be set by the PE and P routers to establish a LSP for the route R2.
Subsequently, if the CE3 has traffic to be sent to the network element associated with R2, it will send the traffic to its connected PE, in this example PE3. PE3 will then obtain the next hop information for the route R2 from VRF3, which will be used to forward the packets toward the PE1 hub. The packets will be sent to the CE1hub for inspection and, if approved, will be passed down the other spoke toward CE2.
Unfortunately, this implementation of a HaSP VPN network topology thus requires the PE hub network elements to create and maintain two VRF forwarding tables—one for each interface that is used to connect to the CE1hub. This increases the cost of providing VPN service for the service provider. Additionally, the customer must purchase connectivity on two separate links, each of which will typically require a service level agreement (SLA). Since most SLAs specify bandwidth in both directions, using one link to transport packets from the PE to the hub and another to transport packets from the hub to the PE results in a waste of network resources. This situation is exacerbated where the connection between the CE-hub and PE network is a multihoming connection, in which redundancy is provided either through the use of multiple CE hubs, multiple PE nodes, multiple links connecting the hubs to the PE nodes, multiple protocol connections, or combinations of these redundancy components.
The present invention overcomes these and other drawbacks by providing a method and apparatus for facilitating deployment of hub-and-spoke topology virtual private networks. According to one embodiment of the invention, the PE is used as a reflector with a bi-directional VRF to enable directional routes to be used in one database. In one embodiment, route distinguishers and route targets are used to differentiate traffic originating on the spokes from traffic originating on the hub. The PE1 hub in this embodiment is configured as a hub reflector and disseminates the route information designating the hub reflector as the route target. The other PE nodes will input the route information and direct all traffic on the route to the hub reflector. The hub reflector will reflect the traffic to the other spoke(s). According to this embodiment of the invention, the directional VRF enables a hub and spoke VPN topology to be created using a single link between the CEhub and PEhub, thus reducing costs associated with this topology. Additionally, by using the PE1 as a hub reflector, traffic between the spokes will not be affected if the CE1 hub or the link to the CE1 hub is down. Enabling the CE1 hub to instruct the route reflector as to which routes are to be reflected/exported enables the CE1 hub to maintain control over connectivity between the spokes. Optionally, other services may be provided by the PE1 hub as well, such as NAT, firewall, and AAA services.
Aspects of the present invention are pointed out with particularity in the appended claims. The present invention is illustrated by way of example in the following drawings in which like references indicate similar elements. The following drawings disclose various embodiments of the present invention for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. For purposes of clarity, not every component may be labeled in every figure. In the figures:
The following detailed description sets forth numerous specific details to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, protocols, algorithms, and circuits have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the invention.
As discussed in greater detail below, aspects of the present invention relate to a method and apparatus for implementing hub-and-spoke virtual private networks. According to one embodiment of the invention, the PE is used as a reflector with a bi-directional VRF to enable directional routes to be used in one database. In one embodiment, route distinguishers and route targets are used to differentiate traffic originating on the spokes from traffic originating on the hub. The PE1 hub in this embodiment is configured as a hub reflector and disseminates the route information designating the hub reflector as the route target. The other PE nodes will input the route information and direct all traffic on the route to the hub reflector. The hub reflector will reflect the traffic to the other spoke(s). According to this embodiment of the invention, the directional VRF enables a hub and spoke VPN topology to be created using a single link between the CEhub and PEhub, thus reducing costs associated with this topology. Additionally, by using the PE1 as a hub reflector, traffic between the spokes will not be affected if the CE1 hub or the link to the CE1 hub is down. Enabling the CE1 hub to instruct the route reflector as to which routes are to be reflected/exported enables the CE1 hub to maintain control over connectivity between the spokes. Optionally, other services may be provided by the PE1 hub as well, such as NAT, firewall, and AAA services.
While this invention will be described as using VRF-based VPNs, it should be apparent that the invention is not limited to VRF-based VPNs, but rather extends to other types of virtual circuits formed over any type of communications network. Likewise, while three PE network elements are illustrated in the example network as being interconnected via three VPN tunnels, the invention is not limited to a network of this topography, as any number of PE network elements and VPN tunnels may be employed.
In the embodiment illustrated in
Exchange of Routing Information
As described in greater detail below, routes learned by one of the PE nodes on a spoke are advertised to the other PE nodes. In the implementation illustrated in
An example may help explain some of the details associated with one implementation of this embodiment of the invention. Assume, in this example, that VRF2 has learned a new local route R2. VRF2 will export the new local route R2 according to its export policy, which in this example is Export RT: spoke. By setting the export policy to spoke, all routes with a route target set to spoke will be advertised to enable other PE network elements, such as the PE1 hub, to be notified about the route through that spoke. As used herein the designation "spoke," "hub," "hub reflect," and other similar notations may be any conventional piece of information, such as an Internet Protocol (IP) address and the invention is not limited to any particular manner of actually designating a route as spoke or hub.
The hub PE node has an import policy set equal to spoke Import RT: Spoke, since the PE1 hub VRF (VRF-hub) is interested in learning all routes through all spokes. None of the other spokes, however, should have an import policy set to import routes with route targets set to spoke, unless those spokes are to be allowed to import routes relating to other spokes directly and without the control of the hub. The invention is not limited to a topology that excludes all spokes from importing routes with route targets set to spoke. In the following description it will be assumed that this is not the case, however, and that the CE1 hub wishes to have control over which spokes are able to communicate with each other. It is noted that the HaSP network topology may be a sub-set of a broader VPN network topology and that this HaSP network topology may only relate to a particular region of an overall network topology.
Routes imported to the VRF-hub are communicated to the CE1 hub. Specifically, the VRF-hub core facing Forwarding Information Base (FIB) is programmed such that all user traffic from spokes will be redirected to CEhub with the exception of VRFhub terminating traffic.
If the CE1 hub determines that R2 is to be redistributed to one or more of the other spokes, the CE1 hub sends the route to PE1 to be included in the VRF-hub. PE1 hub will export the route per its export policy. Since the other PEs are configured to not import routes with a route target=spoke, the VRF-hub will set route R2 with a route designator=hub, and a route target=hub-reflect. The next hop attribute for the route will be set to PE1 hub when the route update is issued by the PE1. The next hop attribute may be changed by the P and PE routers as it traverses the MPLS network in a conventional fashion. The route R2 will also include an interface designator I/F=A. Information associated with I/F A is stored locally by the PE1 and not shared between PEs, to enable PE1 to re-direct traffic from the spokes to CE1 through I/F A In this manner, PE1 hub advertises that route R2 is reachable through PE1 hub, so that traffic intended for route R2 will be passed to PE1 hub. By setting the I/F to A, the PE1 hub will be able to discern which CE1 hub is associated with the traffic to discern between VPNs where more than one VPN is being handled by the same PE.
PE3 is configured to import routes with a route target=hub-reflect. Thus, PE3 has an import policy Import RT:hub-reflect. Accordingly, PE3 and any other PEs on the VPN network, will import the route R2 into their VRF. PE2, as the originator of the route R2, may choose not to import the route as it already has the route in its VRF and updating the route R2 with the new route could cause a routing loop.
In operation, traffic intended to be passed over the VPN network to the CE associated with route R2 will be forwarded according to the routes contained in the VRFs of the PE network elements. Accordingly, a packet received by PE2 and intended to be passed along route R2 will be forwarded by PE2 to CE2. A packet generated or handled by CE3 will be passed to PE3. PE3 will identify the packet as belonging to a particular VPN and will access the VRF for that VPN, or will access the portion of a VRF allocated to that VPN. In this example, the VRF is VRF3. The PE3 will index into the VRF to obtain routing information for route R2 and will obtain the next hop attribute and/or MPLS label for the packet. The PE3 will encapsulate the packet with an MPLS label and forward the packet to the next hop designated in the VRF. Where there are no intermediate P network elements, the next hop attribute will indicate PE1 as the next hop for that packet. Where there are intermediate P network elements, the next hop attribute of the MPLS label will indicate the next successive P network element to which the MPLS-wrapped IP packet should be sent.
The PE3 router thus acts as a Label Edge Router (LER) for packets designated to be sent out over the MPLS domain. The packet will be sent over a Label Switched Path (LSP) from the PE3 to the PE1 node. Since the Route Target is "hub-reflect" the packets will be handled by the PE1 hub as a hub reflector. The hub reflector will recognize the packet as belonging to route R2 and will reflect the packet to the PE2 network element by attaching an appropriate label obtained from the PE1's VRF hub. The PE1 thus acts as a destination LER for packets arriving on a first LSP from PE3 and acts as an originating LER for packets to be sent to PE2. The packets are then transmitted to PE2 which unencapsulates the packets by removing the MPLS header. The PE2 transmits the packets to CE2 which transmits the packets along route R2 in a conventional fashion.
Accordingly, as discussed above, by using the PE1 hub network element as a route reflector, it is possible to use a single link between the PE1 hub and CE1 hub to handle HaSP VPN network architectures. Thus, fewer links are required to implement the HaSP network architecture thus reducing costs for the customers. Additionally, a single VRF is able to be used to handle route distribution and packet redirection, thus reducing operational overhead expenses for the VPN service provider. Moreover, packets to be handled by the VPN do not need to be transmitted to the CE1 hub network element. Thus, transmissions between spokes can occur where the CE1 hub or one or more links between the CE1 hub and PE1 hub are not functional.
In the above description, it has been assumed that the route information was for a single route. The same methods may be used to distribute route groups as well. Specifically, assume that CE2 and hence PE2 belong to a particular spoke group, designated for purposes of this explanation as spoke-group 1. In this instance, VRF2 will have import and export policies set to Export RT:spoke-group 1; Import RT:hub reflect. Accordingly, VRF2 will be configured to export all routes related to spoke-group 1 and to import routes with a route target hub-reflect. The VRF hub will import all routes with route targets for any spoke, and will pass the route information to the CE hub in the same manner as discussed above. If approved by the CE hub, the route will be redistributed by the VRF hub to the spoke PEs. In this instance, the route distinguisher will be set to hub, the Route target will be set to hub-reflect-group 1, and the next hop attribute will be set (initially) to PE1. As before, the interface designator will be set to A. The interface designator will be described in greater detail below in connection with redundancy scenarios in which multiple CEs on a given VPN site attach to the same PE. In this instance, the interface designator may enable the VRF to distinguish which CE should be burdened with which spoke traffic, which may provide for load balancing, etc., as described in greater detail below. Since there is only one CE in this example, the interface designator designates the interface through which the CE hub may be reached.
PE 3, if it is part of the spoke group, will have its VRF policies set to export route targets for the spoke group and to import route targets identifying the hub-reflect. Specifically, the policies on PE3 may be set to: Export RT:spoke-group 1; Import RT:hub-reflect. By using spoke groups it is possible to partition the spokes into different sub-VPNs such that all spokes within a group are able to exchange route information and spokes outside the group are not able to obtain route information for the group. This makes it easy to partition the spokes into logical groups. Also, spokes may be moved from one group to another simply by adding another spoke member to the group, which allows the network topology to be modified simply and efficiently.
In the current implementation of the VRF-based VPN model, routing information is transmitted between PE network elements using MultiProtocol Border Gateway Protocol (MP-BGP). MP-BGP enables BGP to carry routing information for multiple network layer routing protocols, e.g. IPv6, IPX, VPN-IPv4, and other similar protocols. The invention is not limited to this embodiment, but rather extends to all routing protocols that may be used to exchange routing information between PE network elements.
The ideas and concepts associated with the invention may be applied successfully to other manners of interconnecting a VPN site CE(s) and a VPN network PE(s) to provide redundancy in the interconnection of these two networks. Several examples of how redundancy may be provided are illustrated in connection with
In these examples, where the hub VPN site is attached to multiple PEs, the PEs should belong to the same autonomous system. As used herein, the term "Multihoming" will be used to refer to a single network (that is a VPN site) having more than one connection to the service provider. The topologies illustrated in
When a route R2 is learned at PE2, it will be inserted into PE2's VRF and exported according to VRF2's export policy Export: RT=spoke. This route will be received by the PEs on the network including PE1 hub-1 and PE1 hub-2. This route will then be passed to one or both of the CE hub network elements and, if approved, inserted into the PE1 VRFs. The VRF that has been designated as a primary network element for that route will export the route on the network with its address as the BGP next-hop. Thus, for example, assume that PE-hub 1 will be the BGP next-hop causing corresponding spoke user traffic to be redirected to PE-hub 1. R2 will be exported from PE1VRF-1 and will include PE-hub 1 as the BGP next-hop. PE-hub 1 will function as a route reflector and, for traffic received at PE-hub 1, will reflect the traffic to PE2 with a route target=spoke. Optionally, the non-primary PE network element may also advertise the route with a higher cost to enable it to be used as a backup in the event the primary PE is experiencing failure or otherwise cannot handle the traffic.
One example of a Provider Edge (PE) network element 12 according to an embodiment of the invention is illustrated in
The PE 12 may be a separate device/machine on the network. Alternatively, the PE 12 may be instantiated as a process on another network element. The invention is not limited to any particular implementation on the network.
A memory 158 includes data and instructions to enable the processor to implement the functions ascribed to the PE 12 and the directional VRF(s) described above. The functionality may be defined by control software 160 within the memory 158. A protocol stack 162 may be provided to enable the processor to communicate with other network elements using established protocols. For example, the protocol stack may contain data and instructions to enable it to participate in protocol exchanges according to the MPLS, BGP, IP and many other conventional protocols.
VRF forwarding tables 164 may be contained in memory 158 or, optionally, may be stored in a separate database 164 native to or interfaced to PE 12. The invention is not limited to a particular manner or location for storing the VRF forwarding table(s).
The PE 12 may include additional or alternate components/processes configured to facilitate deployment of the functionality ascribed to it herein. The invention is thus not limited to a PE 12 or a system employing a PE 12 with only the enumerated components discussed herein, but rather extends to any PE 12 performing the functions described herein and as set out in the claims.
The control logic 152 may be implemented as a set of program instructions that are stored in a computer readable memory within the network element and executed on a microprocessor, such as processor 150. However, in this embodiment as with the previous embodiments, it will be apparent to a skilled artisan that all logic described herein can be embodied using discrete components, integrated circuitry, programmable logic used in conjunction with a programmable logic device such as a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or microprocessor, or any other device including any combination thereof. Programmable logic can be fixed temporarily or permanently in a tangible medium such as a read-only memory chip, a computer memory, a disk, or other storage medium. Programmable logic can also be fixed in a computer data signal embodied in a carrier wave, allowing the programmable logic to be transmitted over an interface such as a computer bus or communication network. All such embodiments are intended to fall within the scope of the present invention.
It should be understood that all functional statements made herein describing the functions to be performed by the methods of the invention may be performed by software programs implemented utilizing subroutines and other programming techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
It should be understood that various changes and modifications of the embodiments shown in the drawings and described in the specification may be made within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings be interpreted in an illustrative and not in a limiting sense. The invention is limited only as defined in the following claims and the equivalents thereto.
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text: Catullus Revision as of 17:57, August 12, 2010 by PlasmarelaisBot (Talk | contribs) (diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff) 38,327pages on this wiki edit this page Edit source History Discuss0 Catullus was a Roman poet living in the 1st century BC. In 2372, Onaya told Jake Sisko that she had helped Catullus "unlock his potential". (DS9: "The Muse") External link Edit Catullus at Wikipedia Retrieved from "http://en.memory-alpha.wikia.com/wiki/Catullus?oldid=1163983" Categories: Authors Humans Languages: Français