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Vietnam-era river boat restored as tribute to fallen crew
Mark Mulligan / The Herald
Don Allan Dennis, who served as a seaman E3 in Vietnam, rides a restored Vietnam-era patrol boat as it is lifted into the water at the North Marina boat lift Tuesday morning in Everett.
Mark Mulligan / The Herald
Don Allan Dennis, who served as a seaman E3 in Vietnam, sails past the Port of Everett aboard a restored Vietnam-era patrol boat Tuesday morning in Everett.
Mark Mulligan / The Herald
Tom Restemayer, Capt. Stephen Morrison and Don Allan Dennis head out on a restored Vietnam-era patrol boat Tuesday morning in Everett.
"We nicknamed ourselves, 'Have boats, will travel,'" said Tom Restemayer, 65, of Camano Island.
A Navy veteran, Restemayer was a forward gunner on a river patrol boat just like the one he and two other Vietnam veterans were aboard Tuesday.
All three were once crew members on a PBR -- "patrol boat river" -- the same type of craft featured in the movie, "Apocalypse Now."
"I operated all over the Mekong Delta. I spent 18 months on the boat," said Restemayer, who served in Vietnam in 1966 and '67. "I turned 19 and 20 in Vietnam," he said.
For about six years, the men have been restoring the boat as a tribute to crewmen who died. As an entry in Everett's July 4th parade, hauled behind a truck and with the men on board, the vessel drew cheers from crowds along Colby Avenue.
And Tuesday morning, the boat known for brown-water river duty in Vietnam took a saltwater cruise. From the North Marina, powered by two Detroit Diesel marine engines, it left Port Gardner on a sentimental journey intended as an escort for the USS Ford. Aboard were retired Navy Capt. Stephen Morrison, former rear gunner Don Allen Dennis and Restemayer. They were joined by a sailor from the USS Ford, Petty Officer Second Class Caleb Hutchinson.
"The new and the old," Restemayer said before the river boat was launched using the port's boat lift.
The Ford, a frigate based at Naval Station Everett, took a "tiger cruise" Tuesday, a daylong trip for friends and family of the ship's crew, said Kristin Ching, a base spokeswoman. The frigate is named for Patrick O. Ford, a gunner's mate killed in 1968 on a river patrol boat in Vietnam.
A battery problem meant a late start for the river boat, but the men planned to catch up with the Ford.
This particular boat, built in 1973 by United Boat Builders, Inc., in Bellingham, never saw action in Vietnam. The boats were Uniflite 31 hulls equipped for military use. Ordered before the end of the war, the boat was put to use at the Navy's Mare Island facility in the San Francisco Bay Area.
Restemayer said it is owned by the Naval Heritage Center, part of the U.S. Navy Memorial in Washington, D.C. The organization here got the boat from a veterans group in Southern California, he said.
The men on the boat Tuesday are members of the Northwest chapter of the Gamewardens of Vietnam Association -- which is unrelated to wildlife. During the Vietnam War, the river patrol boats were part of Task Force 116, Operation Game Warden,which included Huey helicopters and landing craft. Another type of vessel used in Vietnam, the 50-foot Swift Boats, were dubbed "Operation Market Time," Restemayer said.
River patrol was deadly duty. With 50-caliber machine guns and grenade launchers, the boats targeted Viet Cong guerrillas who would ambush them from shore. Many U.S. soldiers died in the mission to keep the waterways passable. Restemayer said one area, the swampy Rung Sat Special Zone, was called "the forest of assassins."
Restemayer said life on the river wasn't much like "Apocalypse Now," the 1979 film set largely on a river patrol boat. "We had no drug problem at all, and we didn't shoot up friendly villages," he said.
Dennis, 65, lasted just two months on a boat, but he'll never forget it. He carries the scars.
"I got wounded bad enough they retired me out of the Navy," said Dennis, who grew up in Monroe and now lives in Portland, Ore.
"It was the night before Thanksgiving 1968. We were in a canal of the Mekong and got hit by a B-40 rocket. My whole side had shrapnel," Dennis said, showing deep scars on one arm and shoulder. "I was fortunate. Our boat captain was killed that night," he said.
Bernard McVay was never in the military, but has helped with the boat project for years. The veterans found his Marysville business, McVay's Mobile Welding, in the phone book when they needed work done on the boat.
McVay offered his free services when the boat was stored at Naval Station Everett and at the Navy's Jim Creek radio transmitter facility. The boat recently has undergone work at a shop in Kent. "I do what needs to be done. It's a labor of love for me, out of respect for what these guys did," McVay said. "They are the bravest people I ever met."
With a Herald photographer and me aboard his own boat, McVay shadowed the river vessel during Tuesday's sea trial.
The river boat has been in parades as far away as Albany, Ore. And a child with the Make-A-Wish Foundation took a ride in the boat on Lake Washington.
Restemayer, an E4 petty officer in the Navy and later a truck driver, remembers the first time he rode on the boat in a parade.
"I was glad I had dark glasses on, so they wouldn't see the tears coming out of my eyes," he said.
Julie Muhlstein: 425-339-3460, email@example.com.
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For more information about the restoration of the Vietnam War-ear river patrol boat: www.gamewardensnw.org
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tekenaars Artist: Lee Bermejo
Artist Lee Bermejo
Beschikbare series in de webshop categorie "Stripboeken"
Lee Bermejo in the
"Lee Bermejo began his career in the late 1990s. He has worked on several Wildstorm titles, such as 'Resident Evil', 'Gen 13', 'Superman/Gen 13' (with Adam Hughes), 'Batman/Deathblow' (with Azarello and Bradstreet), and 'Wildcats Annual'. He has also illustrated several covers for 'Gotham..." [ Lees meer ]

subset: commoncrawl


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121 Diamond Spring RoadDenville, NJ 07834
Join award winning photographer and Children's Libarian, Richard Bryce for an introductory class filled with tips on how to make better pictures. All levels of learning welcome.
No technical mumbo jumbo here! You may bring your cameras if you wish. Limited to 20 teens. PLEASE REGISTER ONLINE!
Bring what you're working on and work with other teens. No registration required.
We'll have all kinds of goodies to dip into melted chocolate. The video game system and other games will be put out too. PLEASE REGISTER ONLINE SO ENOUGH FOOD IS PURCHASED.
Eat brownies and plan future teen programs. We'll get an update on our Make Some Noise service project. No registration needed.
The theater will be reserved for you and your friends. Bring snacks and study, watch a movie, build with our LEGOs, or just hang out! No registration required.
Find us on Facebook!
© 2011 Denville Public Library. All rights reserved.
121 Diamond Spring RoadDenville, NJ 07834973.627.6555


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Rose Twist Pillow Cover
- Overview
Our rosy pillow cover blooms year-round on a bed or chair.
- 16" square
- Made of 100% cotton.
- Pure cotton canvas pillow cover features sewn-on cotton jersey rosettes.
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- Machine wash.
- Imported.
Mix + match our bedding to create your own unique look with our Design Your Own Bed Tool.
- Dimensions + Care
- Machine wash in warm water; gentle cycle.
- Use only nonchlorine bleach, if needed.
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- Warm iron as needed.
- Shipping Info
- Please allow approximately 5-7 business days for delivery. Delivery estimate includes monogrammed and gift-wrapped items.
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Pillow Inserts
Pillow Insert
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$18 – $22


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The WIPO Handbook is the authoritative source of the WIPO Standards, Recommendations and Guidelines in the field of industrial property information and documentation. It also provides other information related to patents, trademarks and industrial designs such as practices by industrial property offices and examples of documents.
- establishing or modernizing their information and publication systems;
- keeping pace and implementing developments in information technologies to facilitate exchange and dissemination of patent, trademark and industrial design information.
- technological information in patent documents;
- legal information on patents, trademarks and industrial designs.
The WIPO Standards, Recommendations and Guidelines have been drafted with the help of groups of experts from many countries in meetings organized by WIPO and are the result of international cooperation in the field of industrial property information.


text:
Earlier this week, U.S. Rep. G.K. Butterfield, D-N.C., visited Sampson Alternative School on the campus of Kennedy Home to talk about government.
The First District congressman, who has served in Washington, D.C., since 2004, said he relished the opportunity to come to Kinston to talk to students.
"Men and women go to Raleigh and to Washington and they make decisions that will affect your lives," Butterfield told the students.
Butterfield said members of Congress have a specific job description.
"Part of that description is to go to Washington each week and intelligently reflect the values, dreams and aspirations of the people we represent," he said. "The second part is to get out, touch the people and hear from them directly."
The congressman shared with students how important education is to them.
"The jobs of 50 years ago have left us," Butterfield said. "We can complain about it all we want to, but the fact of the matter is we're in a new age of technology. The demands are greater now than ever have been. The only way we're going to prepare our students for jobs in the future is to have a 21st century education system.
"That's why I'm such a strong supporter of education. … Without a good education system in North Carolina, we won't be able to prepare our students for the future.
Sampson School Principal Diane Heath said she appreciated the congressman's visit. She said her students learned a lot from Butterfield's visit.
"Anytime a congressman can take time out of their busy schedule to come and speak to students, it's very important," Heath said. "There are a lot of decisions that have to be made and someone has to make them. They learned today that they need to become involved, ask questions and find out what they need to do since they'll be taxpayers one day."
After speaking to the students, Butterfield spoke briefly to media at the school. The main subject was sequestration.
"I'm so disappointed that we couldn't come to a bipartisan compromise on the sequester," Butterfield said. "Democrats nor Republicans like the sequester; we all want it to go away. But we simply cannot agree on how it can be done."
He explained that some "discretion" was given to help restore some of the positions cut in the military by sequestration and that he hoped it would happen with small airports like Kinston's.
However, it didn't happen and the tower at Kinston's airport will close sometime after April 7.
"I'm very disappointed that we're going to lose New Bern and Kinston," Butterfield said. "But I believe in the coming months we'll be able to restore some of those positions."
Bryan C. Hanks can be reached at 252-559-1074 or at firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow him on Twitter at BCHanks.


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Register your business, add a new location to an existing business in Tennessee, change your business addresses, or close a business account for the certain taxes.more like this »
Your submission is anonymous unless you provide your contact information.more like this »
If you buy or ship merchandise to your Tennessee address and sales tax is not added to the price, then you are responsible for paying the use tax to the Dept. of Revenue. For example, sales tax is not always added to purchases through the Internet, telephone, and mail order catalogs.more like this »
Search for vehicles registered in the State of Tennessee by license number or VIN. This is not a free public search. A subscription is required.more like this »
A taxpayer located within a city may be required to file both a city and county business tax return.more like this »
The individual income tax is imposed only on individuals and other entities receiving interest from bonds and notes and dividends from stock.more like this »
Any active or inactive business registered for franchise and excise tax with the Department of Revenue and/or chartered with the Tennessee Secretary of State to do business in Tennessee must pay privilege taxes.more like this »
Tennessee imposes an annual $400 privilege tax on persons holding an active Tennessee license or registration to practice certain professions.more like this »
Here you can pay any outstanding tax liability in three steps.more like this »
File Professional Privilege Tax for multiple individuals.more like this »
Hi. It appears that you are visiting us from outside of Tennessee. Listed below are links that were of interest to other non-residents. We hope that you find them helpful.


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Count to a Million!
Discussion in 'General Discussion' started by Vladimir, Apr 14, 2009.
Page 22 of 244
Page 22 of 244
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Beallsville, Md. - The Miami University men's golf team is tied for ninth place along with Xavier University after two rounds at the Georgetown Intercollegiate Tournament Monday. The RedHawks are currently at 30-over par after shooting a 296 in the morning and a 302 in the afternoon round. UAB, which is the ninth-ranked team in the country, is in first place at 8-under par after shooting a 278 in round one and a 282 in round two.
"Today's performance was certainly not close to the standards we've set for ourselves," said coach Zac Zedrick.
Sophomore Jack Sparling and junior Scott Cahill had the best day among the RedHawks. Both are tied for 23rd place with a final score of 149. Sparling is 7-over par after shooting a 75 in round one and a 74 in round two. Cahill is also 7-over par after shooting a 71 in round one and a 78 in round two.
Senior Austin Kelly and junior Luke Shaughnessy are the next on the leaderboard for Miami. Kelly shot rounds of 77 and 75 to finish at 10-over par. Shaughnessy is also at 10-over par after shooting rounds of 73 and 79. Both are tied for 37th. Mark MacDonald is 11-over par after shooting 78 in round one and a 75 in round two, tying him for 43rd place.
"It's disappointing to see a team as talented as ours play like this," said Zedrick. "I know we can bounce back and we'll finish the fall on a good note tomorrow."
The Georgetown Intercollegiate Tournament concludes with its final round on Tuesday.


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Barbados redlightdistrict
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Documentary photographer, working between Amsterdam and Dakar, Senegal.
I am working on a longterm project about Senegalese immigrants.
My work on Senegalese immigrants' wives is selected for the Noorderlicht 2010 photofestival: www.noorderlicht.com
A selection of the immigrants project is published in the current issue (number 25) of the Nka Journal of Contemporary African Art, accompanied by a text by curator and art critic Salah Hassan: www.nkajournal.orgJudith Quax 's current location:
Amsterdam , Netherlands
Play slideshow →


text:
Gamma First Set Court Marker Kit
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Product Details
In or Out? You can learn the game of tennis and determine what shots are in play or out with the Gamma® First Set court marker kit. The kit includes 5 dome cones, 5 disc cones, 6 rainbow spots, five 9" target cones, and 1 set of mini court lines (24 pieces).
- Complete court marker set for lessons or ten & under tennis
- 5 dome cones
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With a price and quality unmatched in the U.S. market,
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text:
Bacon Swiss Quiche Recipe
- 1 sheet refrigerated pie pastry
- 1/4 cup sliced green onions
- 1 tablespoon butter
- 6 eggs
- 1-1/2 cups heavy whipping cream
- 1/4 cup unsweetened apple juice
- 1 pound sliced bacon, cooked and crumbled
- 1/8 teaspoon salt
- 1/8 teaspoon pepper
- 2 cups (8 ounces) shredded Swiss cheese
- Preheat oven to 350°. Line a 9-in. pie plate with pastry; trim and flute edges. Set aside. In a small skillet, saute green onions in butter until tender.
- In a large bowl, whisk eggs, cream and juice. Stir in bacon, salt, pepper and green onions. Pour into pastry; sprinkle with cheese.
- Bake 40-45 minutes or until a knife inserted near center comes out clean. Let stand 10 minutes before cutting. Yield: 6 servings.
Sparkling Wine
Enjoy this recipe with a sparkling wine.
Reviews for Bacon Swiss Quiche
Sort By :
"This morning I made this quiche - First time ever making a quiche (and eating one too!)...it was delish! Both my husband and I ate until we couldn't eat any more :) I can't wait to try others!"
"Have to make this... by the way to the comment below... who the heck ever says "too much bacon?!?!?!" there's never too much bacon!"
"Excellent recipe..I omitted the onions a s lightened it up a bit wwith half milk half cream."
"Pretty good, though I thought it had a bit too much bacon"
"This was oh-so-good. I served it for dinner. Love all of the yummy Swiss cheese. Mine was still a little underdone when I checked it at the end of suggested cooking time but I raised the temperature 5 degrees and cooked for 5 more minutes and it turned out perfect. I ate a leftover piece for breakfast this morning and it was just as good and did not get soggy."


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PIKEVILLE – It took a while for North Lenoir to figure out how to stop the C.B. Aycock offense Friday night.
By the time the Hawks slowed the powerful Golden Falcons, it was too late as undefeated Aycock escaped the non-conference matchup, 42-29, Friday night in Wayne County.
The Hawks (0-3) spotted Aycock a 21-0 lead in the first 13 ½ minutes of the game thanks to a pair of Neil Clark runs and a 35-yard touchdown pass from T.J. Morrow to Michael Eutsey.
But the North Lenoir offense finally found its groove in the second quarter and on its third drive of the game. Junior running back Donyae Hopkins broke a 42-yard run for a score to complete a seven-play, 80-yard drive that made it 21-8 with 8:12 left before halftime.
A squib kick on the ensuing kickoff was fumbled and lost by Aycock. The Hawks offense was back in the end zone eight plays later when senior quarterback Landon Baker called his own number for a 4-yard touchdown. A second successful two-point conversion brought the Hawks to within 21-16 with 4:38 left in the second quarter.
Aycock's offense again couldn't be slowed on its fourth possession as it only took five plays for Morrow to finish a drive with a 49-yard touchdown pass to Clark for a 28-16 lead with 2:57 left in the second quarter.
An outstanding kickoff return set the Hawks up for its third straight score when Baker hit junior wideout K'haire Dixon for a 35-yard touchdown with 1:04 remaining before halftime and a 28-22 deficit.
Arguably the key series of the game commenced after Dixon's touchdown. Instead of simply running out the clock and trotting to their locker room with a six-point halftime lead, the Golden Falcons flexed their offensive muscle again as they finished a six-play drive with a 13-yard touchdown pass from Morrow to Eutsey with only 1.8 seconds showing on the clock.
The late score gave Aycock an insurmountable 35-22 lead at the half.
"That was a big touchdown," North Lenoir coach Calvin Sutton said. "That's for sure."
North Lenoir ate up more than four and a half minutes of the clock to begin the second half and moved the ball to the CBA 37-yard line, but were unable to convert a fourth down to sustain the drive with 7:22 left in the third quarter. It only took the Falcons 39 seconds and four plays to put their final points on the scoreboard when Clark ran 23 yards for a score that pushed the CBA lead to 42-22.
Clark, a senior, finished with a game-high 249 yards and three TDs on 20 carries. He also had one catch for 49 yards and another score.
"He's a pretty solid player," Sutton said of Clark.
In all, the Golden Falcons (3-0), who travel to Goldsboro next week, finished with an even 500 yards of offense, which included 359 on the ground and 141 yards on eight completions from Morrow, a junior.
Aycock first-year head coach Steve Brooks was quick to bring attention to his offensive line in the post-game, bringing all of them out for interviews for the media.
"This offensive line," Brooks said, gesturing to the hulking linemen behind him, "is the heart of our team. We do not have success without them. Period. Neil Clark will tell you the same thing."
North Lenoir, which returns to Wayne County to face Southern Wayne in Dudley, was led by Baker, who completed 10 of his first 11 passes to finish 12 of 19 for 137 yards. Eight of those passes went to Dixon, who finished with 107 yards receiving and one TD. Hopkins led all Hawks rushers with 113 yards and a score on 20 carries.
Cedric Summers, a senior running back, injured his ankle right before halftime but still finished with 43 yards on 12 carries. Injuries are beginning to mount for the Hawks, who only dressed 20 players for Friday's game and even lost Hopkins late in the contest to a hamstring injury.
Although Sutton said he doesn't believe in moral victories, he couldn't hide his pride in his team for not giving up after falling behind by three touchdowns early to the Golden Falcons.
"They didn't let it get to them and that makes me proud," he said with a wide smile.


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Comlux Airbus ACJ320 Main cabin
Airbus builds on corporate jet activity by creating new unit. It will bring together commercial, programme and support activities in a single in-house unit. It will also have a direct link to the company's Airbus Corporate Jet Centre cabin-outfitting subsidiary, part of a worldwide network of approved completion centres. (13 November 2011)
- 13 Nov 2011
- Low resolution download
(800×531 px, 68.17 KB)
- High resolution download
(4287×2846 px, 1.05 MB)
- Permalink : http://www.airbus.com/galleries/photo-gallery/dg/idp/19835-comlux-airbus-acj320-main-cabin/?share=1


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Hold down Control (PC) or Command (Mac) key + mouseclick to select more than one option
|Avg. Dinner Entrée
|Greater than $25
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Posted by Carol Sommers on 05/17/2013
If you grew up in the 50's-60's it was all about Cantonese. Then the Sechuan and Hunan Provinces emptied into the USA and pretty much eclipsed Cantonese. S&H was wonderful food and a nice change, but I longed for the Chinese food of my youth. It had all but disappeared and what was available, was awful. Worse, boring! Thank you Anthony Bourdain for mentioning HOP KEE in something I read recently. Tried it this afternoon. Ordered the Lobster Cantonese. FABULOUS. I went from 76 to 20 in one mouthful! My next plan is a party of 6-8 and ordering everything on the menu. Anyone want to join? Run, do not walk to HOP KEE, but do not look for atmosphere. Nothing there but authentic Cantonese and the decor that always accompanied it. Small sacrifice!
Posted by Jake the Snake on 04/02/2012
Hop Kee is amazing vintage cantonese style food at its best! The Crabs cantonese are incredible! Make sure they are in season so, you'll get plump ones with lots of roe. I even had the Wor Shu Opp and was blown away! No one even makes this duck dish anymore! And, the atmosphere is the icing on the cake. They could film Mad Men here, as nothing has changed in 50 years. Not even the waiters!
Posted by Reviewer on 08/22/2011
So far this is the best Chinese food I've had in NYC. Order the Pan Fried Fish with blackbean sauce (It's the best). The beef with snow peas and the pork chop was also great. Tip: Cash only, Family Style, Avg dish is $15-$20. Next time I'm trying the crab platter...looked delish!
Posted by Michael on 06/15/2011
I have been going to Hop Kee for 45 years since I was a little boy and the food has always been very good. We especially like the fried squabs, pan-fried flonder, scungilli, and other authentic Chinese dishes. You do not go to a restaurant like Hop Kee and order fake Chinese dishes like some of the reviewers have done. They may think they are sophisticated New Yorkers, but, speaking as a native New Yorker, too many of them are not. Really, who orders chicken with broccoli in an authentic Chinese restaurant?
Posted by Harlemhobo on 03/31/2011
This is my favorite traditional Cantonese place for many, many years I was also surprised to discover that it is also a fave of Anthony Bourdain's as well. The standard dishes on the main menu are OK but uninspiring. For the really good stuff, order off of the small side menu. My favorite is the salted squid with hot peppers. Absolutely sublime! Also very good: the snails in black bean sauce, crabs Cantonese (messy!) and the Chinese broccoli in Oyster sauce. Service is minimal and decor is basic too, but stick to their best dishes and you'll be pleased every time.
Posted by Renee Green on 03/14/2011
Sunday, 3/13/11 I dragged my husband from in front of the t.v set to go to Hop Hee. I read the wonderful expressions put up by people. Well---number one we did not get A large portion of food. We ordered chicken with broccoli. Not enough to share, not cheap. Want good reasonable priced food go to Saigon Grill on 91 Street Amsterdam Avenue. Not the same cuisine I realized but it's oriental food and all around better for the money. This from a native New York restaurant goer.
Posted by Chinese in Manhattan on 02/06/2011
I am Chinese and i specialize in finding the Best Roast Duck. The best roast duck is here @ HOP KEE!! Why is it the best? ALL other chinese restaurants deep fry the duck to get crispy skin thats why they are so oily. At Hop Kee the duck is not oily at all, the skin is very crispy and fat rendered. The meat is soft and sweet. Me and My family went there on Chinese New Year: * Half Roast Duck * Salt and Pepper Calamari (other chinese restaurants make it with fried garlic instead of salt and pepper which is not very authentic at all) * Fried Flounder - whole flounder deep fried and the best part is the crispy edge thats the way to eat it * Stir fried Conch with Scallop and vegetables - comes with a side of Shrimp Paste * Shrimp with candied Walnut * Cantonese Style Lobster or any seafood is the best This is a very authentic Cantonese seafood place which is hard to find now in Chinatown or even in Flushing. Dont come to this restaurant to get Chicken and Broccoli - forget it thats not chinese food.


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Don't Have an Account? Join the IHG® Rewards Club
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When redeeming points for a Reward Night, you may only book one room at a time.
Once you complete your Reward Night reservation you will be given the option to duplicate this reservation.
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** Best Available Rate Search does not include affiliation rates.
To book more than 9 rooms for one stay or request a quote, please use our Easy Meetings tool, call 1-800-MEETING (in United States, Mexico and Canada) or contact a Global Sales Office.
Welcome to the Holiday Inn Detroit Metro Airport hotel. This airport hotel is located less than 1 mile from Detroit Metro Airport (DTW) and only 20 minutes from the heart of downtown Detroit. The Holiday Inn Detroit Metro Airport offers an affordable Park & Fly package as well as free airport shuttle service.
The Holiday Inn Detroit Metro Airport Hotel is near downtown Detroit and the place to stay for events such as Detroit Tigers Games, Ford Field - home of the Lions, and easy access to the
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The Holiday Inn Detroit Metro Airport Hotel is near downtown Detroit and the place to stay for events such as Detroit Tigers Games, Ford Field - home of the Lions, and easy access to the convention center Cobo Hall. Nearby tourist attractions include the Henry Ford Museum, Greenfield Village, and Detroit Institute of the Arts (DIA).
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The Holiday Inn Detroit Metro Airport hotel has accommodations designed for savvy business and leisure travelers. At this airport hotel you'll find amenities and services to enhance your stay, including mini-fridge and microwave, free high-speed Internet access, and the Sporting News Grill. Relax and enjoy our indoor pool or stay fit at our state-of-the-art fitness center. At the Holiday Inn Detroit Metro Airport, we'll make your stay one of the most memorable.
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Willie Ripia has quit the Force after allegedly being caught stealing from his team-mates.
Ripia, who has previously undergone counselling for a gambling problem, was reportedly caught on CCTV taking money from players' wallets and bags at the team's Perth headquarters. The 26-year-old flyhalf offered his resignation on Tuesday when confronted with the footage.
In a statement the Force said: 'The club wishes to stress that the matter relates to an internal incident at the club and does not involve any member of the public or public property.'
With James O'Connor switching to the Rebels, the Force now have a shortage of pivots, with Australia sevens star James Stannard likely to fill the berth.


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Author Affiliations: Genetics and Public Policy Center, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC (Dr Devaney and Ms Scott); Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Devaney); Women & Infants Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (Dr Palomaki); National Coalition for Health Professional Education in Genetics, Lutherville, Maryland (Ms Scott); and Mother Infant Research Institute at Tufts Medical Center and Division of Genetics, Floating Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Bianchi).
Context Noninvasive prenatal determination of fetal sex using cell-free fetal DNA provides an alternative to invasive techniques for some heritable disorders. In some countries this testing has transitioned to clinical care, despite the absence of a formal assessment of performance.
Objective To document overall test performance of noninvasive fetal sex determination using cell-free fetal DNA and to identify variables that affect performance.
Data Sources Systematic review and meta-analysis with search of PubMed (January 1, 1997-April 17, 2011) to identify English-language human studies reporting primary data. References from review articles were also searched.
Study Selection and Data Extraction Abstracts were read independently to identify studies reporting primary data suitable for analysis. Covariates included publication year, sample type, DNA amplification methodology, Y chromosome sequence, and gestational age. Data were independently extracted by 2 reviewers.
Results From 57 selected studies, 80 data sets (representing 3524 male-bearing pregnancies and 3017 female-bearing pregnancies) were analyzed. Overall performance of the test to detect Y chromosome sequences had the following characteristics: sensitivity, 95.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 94.7%-96.1%) and specificity, 98.6% (95% CI, 98.1%-99.0%); diagnostic odds ratio (OR), 885; positive predictive value, 98.8%; negative predictive value, 94.8%; area under curve (AUC), 0.993 (95% CI, 0.989-0.995), with significant interstudy heterogeneity. DNA methodology and gestational age had the largest effects on test performance. Methodology test characteristics were AUC, 0.988 (95% CI, 0.979-0.993) for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and AUC, 0.996 (95% CI, 0.993-0.998) for real-time quantitative PCR (RTQ-PCR) (P = .02). Gestational age test characteristics were AUC, 0.989 (95% CI, 0.965-0.998) (<7 weeks); AUC, 0.994 (95% CI, 0.987-0.997) (7-12 weeks); AUC, 0.992 (95% CI, 0.983-0.996) (13-20 weeks); and AUC, 0.998 (95% CI, 0.990-0.999) (>20 weeks) (P = .02 for comparison of diagnostic ORs across age ranges). RTQ-PCR (sensitivity, 96.0%; specificity, 99.0%) outperformed conventional PCR (sensitivity, 94.0%; specificity, 97.3%). Testing after 20 weeks (sensitivity, 99.0%; specificity, 99.6%) outperformed testing prior to 7 weeks (sensitivity, 74.5%; specificity, 99.1%), testing at 7 through 12 weeks (sensitivity, 94.8%; specificity, 98.9%), and 13 through 20 weeks (sensitivity, 95.5%; specificity, 99.1%).
Conclusions Despite interstudy variability, performance was high using maternal blood. Sensitivity and specificity for detection of Y chromosome sequences was greatest using RTQ-PCR after 20 weeks' gestation. Tests using urine and tests performed before 7 weeks' gestation were unreliable.
Noninvasive prenatal determination of fetal sex could provide an important alternative to invasive cytogenetic determination, which is currently the gold standard for ambiguous genitalia, X-linked conditions, and single-gene disorders such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis have small but measurable rates of procedure-related pregnancy loss.1- 3 The availability of a reliable noninvasive alternative to determine fetal sex would reduce unintended fetal losses and would presumably be welcomed by pregnant women carrying fetuses at risk for disorders. A much broader potential application for fetal sex detection is family balancing, which poses ethical concerns.
Fetal sex determination can be performed by sonography at as early as 11 weeks' gestation, although not reliably. Test performance across published studies varies significantly. According to a review by Odeh et al,4 fetal sex cannot be determined by ultrasound examination in 7.5% to 50% of pregnancies at 11 weeks' gestation, and this decreases to 3% to 24% at 13 weeks. When reported, the sex determination is incorrect as often as 40% of the time at 11 weeks, although by 13 weeks, accuracy (when reported) is close to 100%. A subsequent prospective study reported that fetal sex could be determined by ultrasound 90% of the time, with 86% accuracy from 11 to 14 weeks' gestation.5
The presence of cell-free circulating Y chromosome DNA sequences in the plasma of pregnant women was first described in 1997.6 Since that report, many groups worldwide have validated the initial finding that Y chromosome sequences can be amplified and used to identify male fetuses. The research has been extended using a variety of methodologies, sex-specific markers, and sample types across all gestational ages. In countries such as the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France, and Spain, this testing has already transitioned to routine clinical care despite the absence of a formal assessment of its performance.7 More recently, companies have begun offering this technology directly to the consumer over the Internet.8 The tests are marketed for nonmedical use to curious parents-to-be with promises in some cases of accuracy as high as 95% to 99% at as early as 5 to 7 weeks' gestation.8,9
To document the performance of noninvasive fetal sex determination using cell-free fetal DNA, identify the variables that affect performance, and identify sources of heterogeneity between studies, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis. We sought to determine the analytic validity of cell-free fetal DNA testing, which describes the test's ability to detect Y chromosome sequences within maternal samples, as well as the clinical validity of the test, as indicated by its ability to correctly identify fetal sex. Primarily, the studies focused on the overarching question, "How reliably can fetal sex be predicted by sex-specific markers in cell-free fetal DNA from a maternal blood or urine sample?"
We searched the PubMed database for English-language studies containing primary data involving humans. The search included articles published between January 1, 1997, and April 17, 2011. The first report of the presence of fetal DNA in maternal blood was published in 1997.6 The following search terms were used: cell-free fetal DNA, fetal sex DNA, prenatal sex DNA, fetal sex detection, cell-free prenatal DNA, non-invasive fetal sex, and non-invasive prenatal. The alternate spelling foetal was also used. Reference lists from review articles were searched for additional relevant publications.
Two authors (S.A.D., D.W.B.) read the abstracts of each study. Review articles and others that did not contain primary data were excluded. Each abstract was screened for specific key words representing inclusion criteria: DNA, fetal sex detection, Y chromosome sequences, pregnancy, blood, plasma, serum, amelogenin, and quantitative PCR. Amelogenin is a protein encoded by a gene present on both sex chromosomes but with a 6–base pair deletion on the X chromosome version (the genes are AMELX and AMELY on the X and Y chromosomes, respectively). Because the focus of our study was on blood, urine, DNA, and pregnancy, each identified abstract was then screened for the following key words representing exclusion criteria: RNA, amniotic fluid, peritoneal fluid, Rhesus D, single gene disorder, formaldehyde, beta thalassemia, beta globin, fetal cells, leptin, post-partum, and spontaneous abortion. The covariates chosen were publication year, sample type, DNA amplification methodology, Y chromosome sequence, and gestational age.
The primary reviewer (D.W.B.) performed the preliminary extraction of data from each selected study using a standard form. The review form was designed to capture primary data, including the number of samples from women with singleton male and female fetuses, the number of each postulated to be male, the number of indeterminate cases, and the cause of false-negative or false-positive results. Additional data included sample type, methodology (sample handling, polymerase chain reaction [PCR] technique, amplified gene sequence, housekeeping gene[s], type[s] of control[s] used, the number of replicates, and the referent test [ie, the method used to confirm fetal sex]), and any other clinical factors described in the study, such as preeclampsia or preterm labor. The primary reviewer then made a judgment about whether the study contained data useful for the subsequent analysis of clinical validity. Using the same form, a second reviewer (S.A.D.) also extracted the data to be used in the meta-analysis. Interreviewer discrepancies were resolved by discussion.
The primary reviewer assessed study quality with a standardized form. The reviewer rated aspects of study design across 23 relevant criteria that have implications for analytic validity and clinical validity using a published methodology for grading evidence from genetic tests.10 We then applied numeric values to the grades (unsure = 0, inadequate = 0, adequate = 1, and convincing = 2), for a potential total score of 46. We divided the total possible score into tertiles: 0 through 15 (low quality), 16 through 30 (average quality), and 31 through 46 (high quality).
The data were analyzed using Meta-DiSc version 1.4 (available at http://www.hrc.es/investigacion/metadisc_en.htm).11 We calculated the sensitivity (proportion of male fetuses with a positive test result) and specificity (proportion of female fetuses with a negative test result) for each included data set. Indeterminate test results were considered to be false-positive or false-negative depending on the true fetal sex. The threshold for calling a result indeterminate may differ between studies. However, we did not account for this variable, because indeterminate results were uncommon and the threshold used for making a determination was not often reported.
Given the relationship between sensitivity and specificity introduced by a potential threshold effect, the diagnostic odds ratio (OR) was used as the primary method of calculating the summary test performance. We decided a priori that we would not rely solely on summary sensitivities and specificities, because groups are likely to have used different cutoffs to identify a positive test result (threshold effect). To test for this possibility, we plotted study-specific sensitivity and specificity on a summary receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve and looked for a curvilinear shape that is characteristic of the threshold effect. The curve was fit to the data using the Moses-Shapiro-Littenberg model.12 Any difference in the threshold used to call a result indeterminate is not accounted for by the summary ROC curve. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used to assess the existence of an inverse relationship. Area under curve (AUC) values and asymmetric confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated as previously described.13
To deal with zero observations in 2 × 2 contingency tables, ½ was added to each cell, reducing performance in the small studies. Six outliers outside the 99% CI of the summary ROC curve were identified and removed from further analyses. In 3 of the outlier data sets, urine was used as the sample type, which is unreliable for detecting cell-free fetal DNA.14,15 Two data sets had high rates of indeterminate results (24% and 7.4%),16,17 and this translated into high rates of false-positive and false-negative results. The remaining data set reported a number of false-positive and false-negative results; in this study, whole-blood samples were collected between 7 and 11 weeks' gestation, and nested PCR used for the amelogenin-encoding gene was performed.18 We removed the outlier data sets so they would not have undue influence on the summary ROC curve. The 99% CI was chosen to ensure that only the few most aberrant results would be excluded from the analysis. To reduce the potential for publication bias, we set an a priori inclusion criterion of at least 10 male samples and 10 female samples per study.
Heterogeneity was evaluated using I2, the proportion of heterogeneity not explained by random chance. I2 is calculated from the H statistic, which is the square root of the commonly used χ2 statistic (also known as Q test of heterogeneity).19I2 is the interpretation of the χ2 value, accounting for the df.
Positive predictive value (PPV) (true positives/[true positives + false positives]) and negative predictive value (NPV) (true negatives/[true negatives + false negatives]) were calculated based on the observed rate for each test. The Q* index, derived from the fitted curve, is the point at which sensitivity equals specificity and was calculated for each test. Because of the threshold effect, we wanted a summary measure of test performance based on the fitted ROC curve.20,21 Because the test for fetal sex determination can have high performance, the Q* index usually falls in a clinically relevant region (high sensitivity and specificity). The alternative would be to choose a fixed sensitivity (or specificity), but the choice of appropriate values would be dependent on the setting in which the test is used. Independently pooling sensitivity and specificity across multiple studies may be misleading, because studies used varying cutoff levels to define a positive test result (threshold effect). Fitting the paired results to a summary ROC curve minimizes this issue and allows for more reliable performance estimates. The Q* index allows for a single number to summarize test performance, facilitating comparisons. Level of significance was set at P < .05. Testing was 2-sided.
To determine whether any single data set was incurring undue weight in the analysis, we systematically removed 1 data set at a time and computed Q* index for the remaining group. This was conducted for each data set.
Prior to analysis, the following potential covariates were chosen: publication date (2003 or earlier, 2004 or later), based on an observed change in study size (Figure 1); sample type (plasma, serum, whole blood, or urine); amplification technique (conventional PCR or real-time quantitative PCR [RTQ-PCR]); Y chromosome sequence (SRY [GenBank NG_011751.1], DYS14 [GenBank NG_027958.1], DYS1/DAZ [GenBank NG_004755.2], DYZ3 [GenBank NG_004755.2], and AMELY [GenBank NG_008011.1]); and gestational age in completed weeks. We chose the following gestational age ranges: early gestation (<7 weeks), 2 clinically relevant ranges (prechorionic villus sampling [7-12 weeks] and preamniocentesis [13-20 weeks]), and late gestation (>20 weeks). Each data set was coded for these covariates. The diagnostic OR was compared between covariate groups using a random-effects model.
Included studies (N = 57) are listed in eTable 2.
To investigate whether the statistically significant univariate effects were independent, we performed a meta-regression using the Meta-Disc software.11 Meta-Disc uses the Moses-Shapiro-Littenberg method.12 Studies with missing data were excluded from the meta-regression.
The primary literature search yielded 330 published studies. An additional 529 were identified by searching the reference lists of review articles, for a total of 859 studies. We excluded 713 based on abstract content alone. The remaining 146 studies were read in their entirety (eTable 1). A total of 74 studies6,7,14- 18,22- 88 were suitable for inclusion in the analyses (Figure 2). Interreviewer agreement was high. There were 1504 data points collected from the 74 studies, and only 15 discrepancies (1.0%) occurred. All were resolved through discussion.
aMost common: review study, marker not sex-specific, DNA extraction methodology.
Sufficient information was not available to calculate analytic validity. Although a handful of studies did address this issue, most of the studies focused on clinical validity (ie, how reliably fetal sex could be predicted). Imperfect analytical validity will be apparent when assessing clinical validity, because incorrect fetal sex assignments will nearly always be due to analytic error. Therefore, a separate assessment of analytic validity is not necessary in this setting.
Of the 74 studies, 5 were excluded for having insufficient data: 4 had data on sensitivity only (male fetuses only)49,73,85,87 and 1 had data on specificity only (female fetuses only).66 Two additional studies74,82 were excluded because the design was of poor quality; analysis was not blinded in one, and no controls were used in the other. This left 67 studies. Ten small studies33- 35,37,56,57,60,61,67,77 were removed because they included fewer than 10 male fetuses and 10 female fetuses. These also tended to be pilot trials or studies that included only male fetuses or only female fetuses. This left 57 studies for the analyses. Fifteen6,14- 17,23,25,27,55,59,62,70,75,78,88 of these 57 studies could be stratified into multiple data sets. For example, a study that tested the performance of 2 different Y chromosome sequences on the same samples was divided into 2 data sets. Therefore, from the 57 selected studies used in the meta-analysis, we extracted 80 data sets (eTable 2). We treated all data sets as independent for the univariate analyses. Among these data sets were discrete samples from pregnant women bearing 3524 singleton male and 3017 singleton female fetuses.
The sensitivity and specificity of fetal sex determination in each of the 80 data sets was calculated and plotted on a summary ROC curve (Figure 3). The Q* index is represented by the off-diagonal line. Six outlier data sets (outside the 99% CI) were removed,14- 18 3 of which were derived from studies using maternal urine as the sample type, leaving 74 data sets. There were 7 data sets for which urine samples were tested, including the 3 outliers; 2 others that had been excluded for having fewer than 10 male samples, fewer than 10 female samples, or both35,60; 1 that had been removed previously for having data on sensitivity only49; and 1 additional data set.79 We analyzed urine separately; thus, the additional urine data set was removed,79 leaving 73 data sets reporting test results from blood components for analysis. Five data sets16,25,62 (described below) were removed for using a method other than conventional PCR or RTQ-PCR, leaving 68 data sets from 52 studies for the univariate analyses (eTable 2).
Included studies are listed in eTable 2. Diagonal dotted lines indicate the Q* index (point at which sensitivity = specificity on the curve). Indeterminate results were considered false-positive or false-negative depending on the true fetal sex. The curve shown in the right panel was fit to the data (including outliers) using the Moses-Shapiro-Littenberg model.12 Right panel is an enlarged view of the blue tinted region shown in the left panel.
The summary ROC curve (Figure 3) illustrates the significant between-study heterogeneity in test performance (for overall diagnostic OR, χ2 = 108, P < .001, and I2 = 38%). Sensitivities ranged from 65% to 100%, and specificities from 73% to 100%. The AUC was 0.993 (95% CI, 0.989-0.995). Both χ2 and I2 showed more heterogeneity than expected by chance alone.
We examined whether any one data set had undue influence on the analysis by recomputing Q* index repeatedly, excluding a different data set on each pass. The data set with the largest influence increased Q* index from 96.84% to 97.06% (+0.22%)55; the next largest reduced Q* index to 96.63% (−0.21%).70 This indicates that no one study had a large influence on overall test performance.
We assessed the 68 data sets included in the univariate analyses for quality of study design. The studies were stratified by overall score into 3 groups: 0 through 15 (poor quality [n = 43 data sets]), 16 through 30 (average quality [n = 22 data sets]), and 31 through 46 (high quality [n = 3 data sets]). There was no significant difference between the performance of data sets that scored 0 through 15 (diagnostic OR, 903; PPV, 98.9%; NPV, 96.7%), those that scored 16 through 30 (diagnostic OR, 863; PPV, 99.2%; NPV, 93.5%), and those that scored 31 through 46 (diagnostic OR, 657; PPV, 94.9%; NPV, 87.0%) (P = .96 for comparison of diagnostic ORs) (Table 1).
To examine potential sources of heterogeneity not accounted for by random chance, the 68 data sets were stratified by the following 5 covariates: year of publication, sample type, amplification technique, Y chromosome sequence, and gestational age. The sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic OR, PPV, NPV, I2, and Q* index were stratified by each potential covariate (Table 1). The diagnostic OR and the Q* index were used because they take into account both sensitivity and specificity, which on their own can be less informative as summary statistics because of the threshold effect. The diagnostic OR can be interpreted as the increase in the odds that a fetus determined by the test to be male is actually male.11
Of the 57 studies (80 data sets) plotted on the summary ROC curve, only 7 reported indeterminate results.16,17,28,42,43,80,84 The average rate of indeterminate results across these 7 studies was 6.8%. The threshold chosen to make a determination of fetal sex will affect the test failure rate; more stringent thresholds will increase the likelihood of indeterminate results. Two of the outlying studies excluded had high failure rates (7.4% and 24%) attributable to indeterminate results.16,17
Studies were grouped based on their publication date (2003 or earlier, 2004 or later). The year 2003 corresponded to a reduction in the number of studies published that year, as well as a general change in study sizes and methodologies. With one exception, most of the large studies (n 150) were conducted in 2004 or later (Figure 1). In addition, the year of publication may be an indirect measure of improving technology, methodology, or both. Twenty-one of the data sets were published before 2004, and 47 were published in 2004 or later. There was no significant difference between the performance of studies published in 2004 and later (diagnostic OR, 1055; PPV, 98.7%; NPV, 95.5%) compared with those published in 2003 and earlier (diagnostic OR, 532; PPV, 99.1%; NPV, 92.4%) (P = .15 for comparison of diagnostic ORs) (Table 1).
In studies for which the samples were derived from maternal blood, for 11 data sets, maternal serum was tested; for 55 data sets, plasma was tested; and for 2 data sets, whole blood was tested. For 7 data sets, urine samples were tested. Plasma (diagnostic OR, 997; PPV, 98.8%; NPV, 95.3%) and serum (diagnostic OR, 776; PPV, 98.9%; NPV, 94.6%) performed similarly across studies (P = .66 for comparison of diagnostic ORs). Tests using whole blood were only available for 2 data sets.22,68 The CIs for summary sensitivity (85.7% [95% CI, 78.1%-91.5%]) and specificity (92.4% [95% CI, 83.2%-97.5%]) for whole blood were too large to allow drawing any conclusions on the true test performance, so we excluded the 2 data sets prior to performing the meta-regression (Table 1).
Of the 7 data sets for which maternal urine was used, 2 were excluded for having fewer than 10 male samples, fewer than 10 female samples, or both, and 1 data set was excluded for testing males only (ie, only sensitivity data were available).35,49,60 The remaining 4 data sets14,15,79 showed poor and inconsistent performance (sensitivity: 6.3%, 32.3%, 38.2%, and 95.1%; specificity: 98.2%, 98.2%, 96%, and 87.9%; and PPV, 90.7% and NPV, 52.4% [across the 4 data sets]). The high specificity is likely an artifact; if no fetal DNA can be amplified, the test will not produce false-positive results.
Conventional PCR amplification was reported used in 25 data sets and RTQ-PCR in 43 data sets. Four studies (5 data sets) used alternate methods: probe microplate hybridization,25 matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry,62,84 and pyrophosphorolysis-activated polymerization.16 We excluded these 5 data sets because of insufficient data for analysis. RTQ-PCR (diagnostic OR, 1284; PPV, 99.1%; NPV, 95.5%; AUC, 0.996 [95% CI, 0.993-0.998]) performed significantly better than conventional PCR (diagnostic OR, 424; PPV, 97.8%; NPV, 92.6%; AUC, 0.988 [95% CI, 0.979-0.993]) for predicting fetal sex (P = .02 for comparison of AUCs; P = .01 for comparison of diagnostic ORs) (Table 1).
Five different Y chromosome sequences were used: SRY (n = 31), DYS14 (n = 21), DYS1 /DAZ (n = 9), DYZ3 (n = 4), and AMELY (n = 3). Among the 146 studies reviewed in full, only 5 used a Y chromosome sequence other than the 5 listed above: ZFX, ZFY74; short tandem repeat DYS39089; Y sequence primer pairs Y1.5/Y1.646; CYorf15B, NLGN4Y, XKRY82; and DBY, TTTY.2.84 There was no significant difference between the test performance of SRY (diagnostic OR, 996; PPV, 99.3%; NPV, 94.5%), DYS14 (diagnostic OR, 701; PPV, 97.9%; NPV, 94.6%), and DYS1/DAZ (diagnostic OR, 1387; PPV, 99.2%; NPV, 97.5%) (P = .61 for comparison of diagnostic ORs). The other 2 genes, DYZ3 and AMELY, performed well (DYZ3 [n = 4]: diagnostic OR, 646; PPV, 98.4%, NPV, 95.0%; AMELY [n = 3]: diagnostic OR, 802; PPV, 98.3%, NPV, 95.2%). However, the CIs were too large to be informative (DYZ3: sensitivity, 95.4% [95% CI, 90.2%-98.3%]; specificity, 98.3% [95% CI, 93.9%-99.8%]; AMELY: sensitivity, 95.9% [95% CI, 90.8%-98.7%]; specificity, 98.0% [95% CI, 93.0%-99.8%]). We removed these 7 data sets27,53,59,68,78 prior to meta-regression (Table 1).
Gestational age was divided into 4 different ranges: early gestation (<7 weeks); 2 clinically relevant ranges (prechorionic villus sampling [7-12 weeks] and preamniocentesis [13-20 weeks]); and late gestation (>20 weeks). In the 30 studies included, the researchers had either tested pregnant women within a gestational age range that fit our categories, or they provided the individual data to be properly categorized. A total of 49 data sets were analyzed: 4 from less than 7 weeks, 21 from 7 through 12 weeks, 16 from 13 through 20 weeks, and 8 from more than 20 weeks.
The performance of the test increased with gestational age. The 7 data sets that reported results prior to 7 weeks' gestation had poor performance. The 4 studies included in our univariate analysis63,71,72,88 (the other 3 were excluded for insufficient sample numbers36,65,69) showed low sensitivity: 74.5% (53.9%, 72.7%, 72.7%, and 88.9%, respectively). The specificity was 99.1%, which is probably artificially high as a result of no fetal DNA amplification at such early gestation (Table 1). For gestational age less than 7 weeks (n = 4), the AUC was 0.989 (95% CI, 0.965-0.998). In the late first trimester (7 through 12 weeks, n = 21) (diagnostic OR, 846; PPV, 98.9%; NPV, 95.1%; AUC, 0.994 [95% CI, 0.987-0.997]) and early second trimester (13 through 20 weeks, n = 16) (diagnostic OR, 604; PPV, 99.4%; NPV, 93.3%; AUC, 0.992 [95% CI, 0.983-0.996]), the tests performed equally well (P = .57 for comparison of diagnostic ORs). The best test performance was demonstrated in women at 20 weeks' gestation and later (n = 8) (sensitivity, 99%; specificity, 99.6%; diagnostic OR, 3196; PPV, 99.6%; NPV, 98.9%; AUC, 0.998 [95% CI, 0.990-0.999]) (P = .02 for comparison of diagnostic ORs across 4 gestational age ranges) (Table 1).
Meta-regression was performed on the 46 data sets that had available data for publication year, sample type, DNA amplication methodology, gene, and gestational age (eTable 2). This represents 60% of the original 6541 pregnancies identified in the literature search. We accounted for duplicate data sets, in which the same samples were used for different tests, by stratification. Based on a small number of studies and limited predictiveness of gestational age and method, we chose not to include interaction terms. Only amplification technique and gestational age were found to be significant predictors of test performance. Year of publication (diagnostic OR, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.25-3.01; P = .83]), sample type (diagnostic OR, 1.19 [95% CI, 0.27-5.15; P = .82]), and gene (diagnostic OR, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.34-1.92; P = .62]) were not. Based on these results, we restricted the multivariate model to amplification technique (diagnostic OR, 3.39 [95% CI, 1.08-10.66; P = .04]) and gestational age (diagnostic OR, 6.06 [95% CI, 2.24-16.38; P < .001]). We then modeled the diagnostic OR for various combinations (Table 2). The highest performance is achieved after 20 weeks' gestation using RTQ-PCR, with a diagnostic OR of 5388.
This systematic review identified 146 publications that could be used to determine the clinical validity of noninvasive prenatal sex determination using cell-free fetal DNA in maternal blood and urine. Possible limitations of our search and potential sources of bias include the use of only 1 medical database, which may result in omission of studies indexed elsewhere90,91; exclusion of unpublished reports; lack of contact with experts for additional studies not found in the electronic search; exclusion of publications not written in English; and a limited exploration of potential publication bias. In addition, the 2 reviewers were not blinded to the article citation during review.
Despite the variability between studies, the overall sensitivity (95.4%) and specificity (98.6%) is high (Table 1). Testing performed prior to 7 weeks' gestation using blood, and all tests using urine, are unreliable.
Univariate analyses showed that amplification technique and gestational age had the strongest effects on test performance, that RTQ-PCR outperformed conventional PCR, and that performance of the test was much lower prior to 7 weeks. Regression analysis and modeling results found that these 2 variables in testing are responsible for some of the heterogeneity observed across studies. The best performance is predicted with use of RTQ-PCR after 20 weeks' gestation. The performance difference between amplification methods is likely attributable to the greater dynamic range of detection of RTQ-PCR vs most traditional PCR methods. The improved performance with later gestation is likely attributable to the increased concentration of cell-free fetal DNA within maternal blood as the fetus and placenta develop. This would explain the poor performance of the test prior to 7 weeks' gestation and the near-perfect performance in the third trimester. Date of publication, sample type (serum vs plasma), and gene target did not have significant effects on test performance.
One variable unaccounted for is interlaboratory variability in the criteria for positive and negative determinations. This can be seen in the discordant reporting of indeterminate results. Within our review of the studies, we noted how the researchers handled indeterminate results. This included reading the study for any hints that samples may have been removed from the reported results. We reviewed the studies with this in mind and captured all indeterminate results, whether explicitly stated or made apparent through the data. Apart from the 7 studies with indeterminate results, none of the others reported or made reference to indeterminate results or otherwise indicated samples for which results were not reported. Because the majority of studies do not report the threshold used to make a determination or to declare a result indeterminate, it is difficult to discern if a determination is made for every sample or if indeterminate results might not be reported. If the latter is true, then our understanding of the true failure rate is limited. This will be important to know in the event that this testing transitions to clinical care in the United States.
One study that reported a 5.4% failure rate used a strict threshold to make a positive determination: amplification of both DYS14 and SRY.80 For tests in which there was no amplification, paternal and maternal biallelic polymorphisms were used to validate the presence of fetal DNA. If fetal DNA could not be validated, the sample was called indeterminate. This example illustrates how the likelihood of obtaining indeterminate results increases as the stringency for making a positive determination increases. The opposite of this is evidenced through poorly performing tests, such as tests conducted before 7 weeks' gestation. For these tests, sensitivity was low (74.5%) but specificity was high (99.1%). It is probable that the concentration of cell-free fetal DNA in some samples was undetectable, but this is not reflected in test specificity. Use of this technology for clinical diagnosis should require stringent criteria that provide validation of negative results. Before calling a sample female, the laboratory should show that fetal DNA is present and can be amplified.
Clinical laboratories also should consider the reason for the test when setting the threshold for positive determinations. For X-linked disease, it is more important to eliminate false-negative results (eg, calling a male fetus female), because all male-bearing pregnancies will need follow-up invasive testing. Therefore, the threshold should be set to favor sensitivity at the deficit of specificity. In the case of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, which affects female genitalia in utero, specificity should be favored.
Currently, the standard non-invasive method of determining fetal sex is by ultrasound examination. Typically, fetal sonographic studies are performed as part of routine maternal care with the intention of identifying fetal anomalies. Fetal sex is often provided as part of the analysis. Advantages of ultrasound examination are that it is noninvasive, widely available, and accurate after approximately 13 weeks' gestation. However, some studies have shown that diagnosis of fetal sex is not always possible, even at 13 weeks.4 One clear disadvantage is that ultrasound is unreliable before 11 weeks' gestation. For women who are carriers of X-linked diseases and require invasive testing, sex determination earlier than 13 weeks is critical to reduce invasive testing. Our review of the data regarding amplification of Y chromosome markers from maternal blood indicates that this can be performed reliably between 7 and 12 weeks' gestation, earlier than with sonography. A disadvantage of maternal blood testing is the need to verify the presence of fetal DNA to validate determinations of female sex. Other potential disadvantages include that DNA testing is not available at point of care, not presently approved by the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments, and not currently reimbursed by insurers.
Many of the studies included here were relatively small. A large, prospective, randomized, blinded clinical trial would be beneficial to help validate test performance under highly controlled testing conditions. In addition, research to develop evidence-based methods for validating the presence of cell-free fetal DNA would strengthen the test by ensuring that negative test results reflect the presence of a true female fetus and not the absence of fetal DNA. A standard set of biallelic maternal and paternal markers—locations across the genome where defined variation allows for comparison of different genome sequences—could provide this validation. Last, this technology is currently advertised directly to consumers by Internet-based companies, some of which have claimed test accuracies of 95% to 99% at as early as 5 to 7 weeks' gestation.8,9 These companies could use the results of such reports to ensure that their claims are accurate. In addition, it would be useful to directly query consumers of these tests to better understand their motivations for undergoing testing as well as their intended or actual actions following receipt of test results.
In summary, the overall performance of noninvasive fetal sex determination using maternal blood can be high, if performed using RTQ-PCR on a blood sample taken at a time during pregnancy when sufficient cell-free fetal DNA is present (7 weeks' gestation or later). This technology can be useful in clinical settings for early detection of fetuses at risk for sex-linked disorders requiring follow-up testing.
Corresponding Author: Stephanie A. Devaney, PhD, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, One Center Dr, Room 103, Bethesda, MD 20892 (firstname.lastname@example.com).
Author Contributions: Dr Devaney had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Study concept and design: Palomaki, Scott, Bianchi.
Acquisition of data: Devaney, Bianchi.
Analysis and interpretation of data: Devaney, Palomaki, Bianchi.
Drafting of the manuscript: Devaney.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Devaney, Palomaki, Scott, Bianchi.
Statistical analysis: Devaney, Palomaki.
Obtained funding: Scott.
Study supervision: Scott, Bianchi.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: All authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Dr Palomaki reported having a sponsored research agreement with Sequenom Inc to study circulating cell-free fetal DNA. Dr Bianchi reported serving as a member of the scientific and clinical advisory boards of Verinata Health Inc, an early-stage biotechnology company; she receives honoraria and holds stock options in this company. No other authors reported disclosures.
Funding/Support: This study was supported by the National Human Genome Research Institute (1R21HG004865-02).
Role of the Sponsors: The National Human Genome Research Institute had no involvement in the design and conduct of the study; the collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; or the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.
Disclaimer: The research that is the basis of this study was conducted prior to Dr Devaney starting at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the views expressed in the article do not necessarily represent the views of the NIH or the United States Government.
Additional Contributions: We thank the following Technical Expert Panel members for their expert guidance throughout the project planning: Linda Bradley, PhD (Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Alpert Medical School of Brown University), and Katherine Klinger, PhD (Genzyme Corp). Dr Klinger provided input on the analytic framework and key questions, the search terms for the literature search, the study inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the information to extract from each study for the evidence tables and was not involved with any other aspect of the study. We also thank Sara Katsanis, MS (Duke Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy at Duke University), for her help in creating the data forms and the list of articles for review. None of the individuals acknowledged were compensated for their contributions.
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Samsung HT-E6750W rear speakers don't output music
by Bigpenguinfan - 6/28/12 5:05 PM
I've just bought a Samsung HT-E6750W and have discovered that while the rear speakers are great when watching a Blu-ray disc, they don't output any sound if you're playing music from an iPod or CD. The manual suggests that it's supposed to function that way. I probably wouldn't have bought it if I'd realised that - assumed it would function similarly to my old surround sound system.
Has any-one found a work-around to make the rear speakers output sound when you're listening to music?


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Moosejaw Women's The KRH Down Jacket
The Moosejaw Women's The KRH Down Jacket is a whole new take on the short down bomber. Curved baffles of the 650-fill down mean the jacket's shape is still flattering and the ribbed collar, ribbed hem and ribbed cuffs trap the warm air close to the body. The beauty is in the details with this jacket. The fleece lined handwarmer pockets keep hands cozy, while the cord routing feature on the internal pocket makes it easy to use your headphones while keeping MP3 or mobile device snug and secure.
Here is a list of things I'm guessing KRH doesn't stand for:
- Keeping it Real Homie
- Kelp & Radish Hamburger
- Killer Roofie Hangover
- Karate Really Hurts
DECENT FEATURES of the Moosejaw Women's The KRH Down Jacket
- Ultra lightweight
- Flattering custom quilt lines
- 650 Goose Down Power Fill
- Super soft, sheeny fabric with DWR finish
- Smooth-gliding YKK Vislon(R) zippers through-out
- Windflap on zipper to keep the cold out
- Super soft ribbing on cuff, waist and neck. Holds shape but still flexible
- Fleece lined handwarmer pockets
- Interior zip closure pocket with media cord port
- Cord routing inside placket
- 100% Nylon outer, and 100% Polyester lining
The SPECS of the Moosejaw Women's The KRH Down Jacket
- 650 Goose Down Power Fill
- 100% Nylon outer shell
- 100% Polyester lining
- DWR finish
custy reviews
for the Moosejaw Women's The KRH Down Jacket
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(based on 10 reviews)
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I bought this jacket a while ago because I was interested in a smaller, less typical down coat. I was attracted to the cuffs and waistband, (bomber style). This is an awesome jacket. It is well made and a lot warmer than I expected. It has become my go-to jacket this fall and I've received many compliments. I bought a medium and I'm 5'7", 150lbs. More importantly, I have broad shoulders. This fits perfectly. The one and only little "minus" is that the sleeves could be an inch or so longer, but it is hardly a problem worth mentioning.
This coat is the greatest. I get many compliments on it. Not overly puffy for a down coat but warm enough for the Chicago fall/early winter and the fleece-lined pockets keep my hands toasty. I like the collar as I'm not a fan of hoods on coats.
I thought I would give this jacket a try since it was priced great. I really wanted to like it, but once I had it on I thought it looked like an 80s jacket. I didn't even have to think twice, it went back to the store immediately.
Not happy at all with the jacket, feathers are coming out of it and it is visible outside and also on my clothes underneath the jacket. I expected more from moosejaw brand. Otherwise the fit is nice and it is warm no doubt about it.
This jacket is warm, comfortable, and keeps me dry. It fits well even with an extra layer on underneath (ordered my normal size). The best thing about this jacket is that it is snot proof. If I get sneezed on or a kid wipes their nose on my arm... the snot just beads up and falls off. Also just like the girl in the picture, my right hand never leaves the pocket... something about the right pocket
I love this coat. It reminds me of this fancy coat my bff back in 5th grade had. And I coveted it. But my mom said NO. So now I have my very own, 20 years later. I am going to take a picture of myself and send it to her. The sleeves hit me where sleeves should hit. The back covers my ghetto booty. I am 5'8 something and 150 something lbs. Large is a little bulky on me, perhaps I could have used a medium!!!! But I'm gonna keep the large so I can layer it for those cold days on the mountain.
Got this snazzy coat a week or so ago and LOVE it so much. It's just the right length that it hits me mid-butt and doesn't rise up when I squat down. I love the gray color and cute pink inside. No complaints, if you are looking for a warm coat and want to be cute like me...get it!
I just received this jacket and I really like it. I was afraid I might look like a marshmallow, but the fit is quite nice and it isn't too puffy. It's very lightweight and the pockets are lined with fleece! I'm 5'7, 125lbs, and I usually wear a s/m in tops, 2 in pants (if I wear pants) and I ordered this jacket in a Medium; it fits great. The length (arm and waist) fit me just right and I can still layer a sweater or t shirts under. Never taking it off.


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Your location: Home > Land Use and Climate Change > REDD+ > Methodological Guidance
According to the FAO (2005), deforestation, mainly conversion of forests to agricultural land,
continues at an alarming rate of approximately 13 million hectares per year (for the period
1990–2005). Deforestation results in immediate release of the carbon originally stored in
the trees as CO2 emissions (with small amounts of CO and CH4), particularly if
the trees are burned and the slower release of emissions from the decay of organic matter. The
IPCC WGIII (2007) estimated emissions from deforestation in the 1990s to be at
5.8 GtCO2/yr. The IPCC also notes that reducing and/or preventing deforestation
is the mitigation option with the largest and most immediate carbon stock impact in the short term
per hectare and per year globally as the release of carbon as emissions into the atmosphere is
The agenda item on "Reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries and
approaches to stimulate action" was first introduced into the COP agenda at its eleventh
session in Montreal (December 2005). The governments of Papua New Guinea and Costa Rica,
supported by 8 other Parties, through their submission FCCC/CP/2005/MISC.1,
requested for this issue to be taken up on the agenda. This proposal received wide support from
Parties and there was general agreement on the importance of the issue in the context of climate
change mitigation, particularly in light of the large contribution of emissions from deforestation in
developing countries to global greenhouse gas emissions. The COP established a contact group on
this item which drafted conclusions on initiating a process to address the issue of reducing
emissions from deforestation.
This page presents information and the status of negotiations of this agenda item from the most
recent development at the SBSTA to outcomes from previous sessions. It also provides an outlook
on the agenda item at the next session.
Outlook for SBSTA 42 (June 2015)
At its forty-second session, the SBSTA will continue its consideration of the following:
SBSTA 41 (December 2014)
At its forty-first session, the SBSTA considered:
For the consideration of the SBSTA at this session:
SBSTA 41 was unable to reach agreement on the above matters. It agreed to consider this agenda item
at SBSTA 42 in accordance with rule 16 of the draft rules of procedure being applied.
SBSTA 40 (June 2014)
At its fortieth session, the SBSTA continued its consideration of:
SBSTA 38 invited Parties and admitted observer organizations to
submit to the secretariat, by 26 March 2014, their views on these matters (refer to
FCCC/SBSTA/2013/3). These views are compiled in documents FCCC/SBSTA/2014/MISC.3,
and Add.3
and FCCC/SBSTA/2014/MISC.4 and
The SBSTA agreed to continue its consideration of the development of methodological guidance on
non-market-based approaches at SBSTA 41. The SBSTA agreed to continue its consideration of
methodological issues related to non-carbon benefits at SBSTA 42 (June 2015)
(Refer to
FCCC/SBSTA/2014/L.8 for conclusions)
The secretariat organized an in-session expert meeting at SBSTA 40 on matters relating to
non-market-based approaches on 6 June 2014. A report on the meeting was prepared for
SBSTA's consideration at its forty-first session.
In-session expert
meeting website
SBSTA 39 (November 2013)
At this session, the SBSTA completed its work on several matters relating to methodological guidance
and the SBSTA forwarded draft decisions to COP19 for adoption. The COP adopted these decisions on
methodological guidance as part of the Warsaw Framework for REDD-plus.
outcomes at SBSTA 35 - 39
outcomes at SBSTA 29 - 34
outcomes at SBSTA 24 - 28
35 - 39
29 - 34
24 - 28
COP 19 adopted the 7 decisions of the Warsaw Framework for REDD-plus (WFR)
© 2014 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change


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Eight Sunday Races Wrap BFGoodrich Tires SCCA Super Tour From COTA
AUSTIN, Texas (March 10, 2013) – Despite the constant threat of rain, the biggest SCCA SafeRacer National Series race weekends in recent memory hosted 481 cars over three days at Circuit of the Americas during the BFGoodrich Tires Texas Super Tour. Sunday marked the second of 10 rounds on the Mid-States Majors Tour schedule.
Following an adjustment to the Saturday schedule, Group Seven opened the day with their first race of the weekend. Still wet from overnight rains, the power of the GT-1 machine was almost a disadvantage in the opening group. That proved itself right away, as the No. 41 Cirocco & Ozzimo Inc/DFL Interiors Inc BMW M3 of Wayside, N.J.'s Trent Hindman, running in GT-2, launched to a big lead on the opening lap and never looked back.
The field got one last shot at Hindman when a full course yellow came out for a single car incident, then released the field to green with time for only one last lap in the 30-minute race.
It didn't matter – Hindman cruised to the win, with the GT-2 cars of John Kachadurian (No. 80 Grey Fox Racing/Fall Line Porsche Cup and Eric Galerne (No. 37 IUC Group Dodge Viper ACRX) in tow.
The first GT-1 car crossed the line in fourth, with the win going to three-time defending GT-1 National Champion Michael Lewis' No. 12 Goodyear/Red Line Oil Jaguar XKR.
The group was also the last race of the day, giving Michael Pettiford a sweep in the Touring 1 class behind the wheel of the No. 4 Go4It.com Chevrolet Corvette. But the battle in the dry afternoon race came in Touring 2, where Kyle Kelley's No 79 Upracing.com/Pauline's Antiques Chevrolet Corvette chased Pratt Cole's No. 81 Western Metals Transport/BFGoodrich Tires Ford Mustang for nine of the race's 10 laps.
Kelley moved around Cole in the latter portion of the 20-turn, 3.4-mile course to take the win.
For a while, it looked like the Sunday races would be presented by the yellow flag. Like Saturday's Formula F race, Tim Kautz's No. 88 Braeburn/2Dogg/Hoosier Piper 2F2D/Honda fell behind the No. 07
Bamford Produce Mygale SJ11 of Steve Bamford early, but once back in the lead Kautz – and Formula 500 leader C.J. McAbee's No. 15 AJ's Import Garage AJ's/Rotax – had a comfortable lead.
That all went away with a full-course caution late in the race, bunching the field again. Lapped traffic separated Kautz and Bamford on the restart, but put the No. 39 Milltronics/Hoosier/Red Devil Red Devil JS08/Rotax of Steve Jondal right on McAbee's tail.
Both of the class leaders held the lead through the first lap following the restart, and when a second double yellow was displayed, the race ended under caution.
The production car group became the first group to run their 30-minute timed race caution free, and it allowed a battle to rage in Super Touring Lite. Bob Schader's No. 19 Hoosier Tires/Miatacage.com Mazda Miata led away from the pole, but on lap seven the No. ISC Racing Services Mazda Miata of Mike Van Steenburg made his way into the lead.
Two laps later, Schader got a run out of the final turn and up the front straight to regain the lead. Schader held off both a charging Van Steenburg and a fast-moving Yiannis Tsiounis' No. 09 Yushino Mazda MX-5 for a 0.682-second win.
Like Saturday, Franklin Futrelle's No. 17 Comprent Motorsports/Skip Barber Racing machine Spec Racer Ford was involved in a race-long battle for the lead, this time with the No. 4 Lightspeed Motorsports machine of Denny Stripling. Unlike Saturday's battle, however, Futrelle made the last-lap pass for the lead down the backstretch and held on for the victory. Futrelle fell about three feet shy of a victory on Saturday, making Sunday's victory that much sweeter.
Because of the schedule adjustment, grids for Sunday's races were set based on each driver's fast lap in the first race of the weekend. That adjustment caught the No. 07 Ayres Racing Spec Racer Ford of Trey Ayres out following a DNF on Saturday. Despite starting at the rear of the 82-car grid, Ayres raced his way to 17th at the finish. Passing 65 cars earned Ayres the GoPro Hero Move of the Weekend and a GoPro Hero3 camera from the official camera of SCCA.
Sunday's Spec Miata race featured the same trio of drivers that battled for Saturday's win - National Champion Jim Drago's No. 2 East Street Racing Miata, Andrew Charbonneau's No. 40 Jeffy Boy Racing Miata, and Craig Berry's No. 29 Granite Remnant Store/East Street Racing machine – joined by the No. 5 Autotechnik/Momo/Apex Alignment Miata of Alex Bolanos.
All but Bolanos took a turn at the point, swapping the lead throughout the 30-minute race. With one to go, Berry had his car in the front by three car lengths, and barring a mistake, left the trailing three to battle for the final two podium positions.
Entering the final corner, Berry had extended his lead by an additional car length for the victory, with Drago, Bolanos and Charbonneau the running order behind. Bolanos took the inside line through Turn 20, forcing Drago wide and onto the artificial grass on the outside of the corner. Charbonneau also took advantage of the move by Bolanos, sending Drago from second to fourth at the stripe.
Like a handful of races earlier in the day, the Group Five race came down to a one-lap shootout for the finish after a full course caution. Unfortunately for some in the Formula 1000 battle, traffic became the deciding factor.
Because of the 60-car field, when the green flag came out for the overall leaders, the front of the Formula 1000 field was still in Turn 17. With help from his crew on the radio, Jose Gerardo drove the No. 14 General Labels from fourth to first, and with the traffic bogged down, around the then top-three of J.R. Osborne's No. 83 Hoosier/Moon's Supercycle/C3 Construction Citation F1000, Lawrence Loshak's No. 2 ETE Reman/JDR Race Cars/Moon Super Cycle JDR F1000, and Steve Ott's No. 67 Hoosier/Astra-Cars Astra Summerhawk.
When Gerardo went, Ott followed, and when Osborne was collected in Turn 20 by a Formula Atlantic class car, Gerardo and Ott were in the lead. Osborne's stalled machine in the track brought out one last caution, and the field was frozen in that order.
Daryl Wills finally got a victory this weekend in Formula Mazda, after a podium on Sunday in Spec Racer Ford and another third-place on Saturday in FM. The No. 23 Hillenberg Motorsports Formula Mazda got away from the field to take the victory in his home state.
The Group Six race containing Formula Mazda, Formula Continental, Formula Enterprises and Sports 2000 was stopped for a black flag session on the opening lap after two S2000 machines came together.
The resulting 20 minute race let Wills get his win, but also left the No. 92 RobinsonMotorsports.com Formula Enterprises of Mark Eaton and the No. 73 Performance Motorcars of Charlotte FE machine of Paul Schneider in a heated battle. On Saturday, Schneider held off Eaton at the stripe by just his front splitter. On Sunday, it was even closer, but this time Eaton was declared the winner in what was a virtual dead heat and the closest race of the weekend.
Results from Sunday remain provisional for groups five, six and seven.
More information on the BFGoodrich Tires Super Tour, the U.S. Majors Tour, and the SCCA SafeRacer National Series is available at www.scca.com.
Follow SCCA on Twitter @SCCAOfficial, and like SCCA on Facebook at facebook.com/SCCAOfficial.
AUSTIN, Texas - Provisional race winners for Sunday's BFGoodrich Tires SCCA Texas Super Tour at Circuit of the Americas. Drivers are listed by Class: name, hometown, and car.
American Sedan: William Gray, Fayetteville, Ark., Pontiac Firebird (Race 1); Tom Smith, Springdale, Ark., Chevrolet Camaro (Race 2)
B-Spec: Charlie James, Joplin, Mo., Mini Cooper
C Sports Racing: Steve Forrer, Germantown, Wis., Ralt RT41/Toyota
D Sports Racing: Chris Farrell, Salt Lake City, Utah, Stohr WF1/Suzuki
Formula 500: C.J. McAbee, Topeka, Kan., AJ's 2012/Rotax
Formula Atlantic: Tyler Hunter, Denver, Co., Swift 014
Formula B: Jose Gerardo, El Paso, Texas, Stohr F1000
Formula Continental: Steve Bamford, Etobicoke, Ont., Van Diemen Rf08/Ford
Formula Enterprise: Mark Eaton, Melbourne, Fla., Formula Enterprises/Mazda
Formula F: Tim Kautz, Geneva, Ill., Piper DF2D/Honda
Formula Mazda: Darryl Wills, Deer Park, Texas, Formula Mazda
Formula Vee: Chris Jennerjahn, Hartford City, Ind., Vortech/VW
E Production: Matt Reynolds, Fair Oaks Ranch, Texas, Mazda Miata
F Production: Eric Prill, Topeka, Kan., Mazda Miata
H Production: John Trenery, Jr., Sugar Land, Texas, Austin Healy Sprite
GT-1: Michael Lewis, Poway, Calif., Jaguar XKR (Race 1); David Fershtand, Ft. Worth, Texas, Chevrolet Corvette (Race 2)
GT-2: Trent Hindman, Wayside, N.J., Porsche GT3 Cup (Race 1); Tom Wickersham, San Ramon, Calif., Porsche GT3 Cup (Race 2)
GT-3: Mike Henderson, El Cajon, Calif., Mazda RX-7
GT-Lite: Kent Prather, Wakarusa, Kan., Mazda Miata
Spec Miata: Craig Berry, Tyler, Texas, Mazda Miata
Spec Racer Ford: Franklin Futrelle, Augusta, Ga., SRF
Sports 2000: David Ferguson, Paso Robles, Calif., VanDeimen Rfs-03
Super Touring Lite: Robert Schader, Longmont, Co., Mazda Miata
Super Touring Under: Jim Taggart, Cary, N.C., Lotus Exige
Touring 1: Mike Pettiford, Louisville, Co., Chevrolet Corvette
Touring 2: Jay Patel, Crown Point, Ind., Porsche 996 (Race 1); Kyle Kelley, Huntington Beach, Calif., Chevrolet Corvette (Race 2)
Touring 3: Tom Wickersham, Oakland, Calif., Honda S2000
Touring 4: Toby Grahovec, Chicago, Ill., BMW Z4


text:
Top Definition
Hurry up and make a decision. Usually used when some one is being really indecisive or is taking way to long to do something. Commonly refers to a decision where a commitment is evolved.
You've been engaged for 6 years, don't you think it's time you shit or get off the pot?
автор: jettafer30 15 ноября 2005
2 more definitions
Do what you ment to do and do it fast, or just drop it.
Shit or get off the fucking pot man, you have to get one item not 5 fucking items.
автор: Dan Ask 17 декабря 2004
A term used when someone is getting weary of thier current situation and they just want to get some resolution already. Often times used when someone is ready to step it up or move on.
We have been dating for a year and your still not in love with me? Maybe I need to grow a Unihorn on my forehead with magic powers to get what I want! Or: I really want you to shit or get off the pot, but I'm afraid I will really regret it if you decide to "get off the pot" instead of "taking a shit"
автор: MC Celebrity 23 апреля 2010


text:
Style: Wavy
Material: Synthetic
Length: Mid-Length4 1/2".
Weight: 2.7 oz
Features: Extended Neck
There are several ways to contact us:
Phone: 1-800-952-5926
Fax: 1-508-238-1965
Email: email@example.com
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I would buy a similar style again
By Nana
from Md
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Comments about Especially Yours Valerie Wig by Diahann Carroll™:
Too much hair for me. Trying to get use to a new style.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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