text:
Static Type Checking
Cédric Champeau
Last modification:
Abstract: Static Type Checking
This GEP introduces a new feature in the language known as static type checking. It is often disturbing for developers coming from a statically typed language (say Java) to discover that the Groovy compiler will not complain at compile time:
- when assignments are made on different types
- when a method doesn't exist
- when a property or variable doesn't exist
- when returned object type doesn't match the method signature
- ...
All those are silent because the dynamic nature of the Groovy language makes such code perfectly valid. However, in some situations, a developper may want Groovy to behave like a statically typed language and have the compiler give hints about such "errors". To do this, Groovy must introduce static type checking.
Rationale: Static Type Checking vs Static compilation
It is important to make the difference between static type checking and static compilation. The goal of this GEP is to have an option to turn static type checking (STC) on. If STC is activated, the compiler will be more verbose (you will also see the term "grumpy"), but in the end, the generated bytecode and runtime behaviour will be exactly the same as if you did not activate this mode. This is a major difference from an alternate compiler like Groovy++ which will perform STC then produce a different bytecode and therefore produce different runtime semantics. The scope of this GEP is only a static type checker, and therefore should only be considered as a feature which allows developers to write statically checked code, so is an elegant way for example to leverage the Groovy syntax to reduce verbosity of Java code while still getting strongly checked code. Eventually, IDE could support the STC mode and provide information to the developper.
Implementation details
Development branch
Since Groovy 2.0-beta-2, code has been merged into master branch. However, if heavy developments are done on the type checker, it is advisable to work on the grumpy branch. It adds an AST transformation named TypeChecked. If set, then the AST transformation will perform type inference and store type information in AST nodes metadata. Eventually, if errors are found, it will add errors to the compiler through a dedicated addStaticTypeError method which basically does the same as the traditional addError method but prefixes the messages with a "Static type checking" message. This is done to help the developer determine whether the error he is seeing is a "plain Groovy" error, or an error thrown by the STC mode.
The StaticTypeCheckingTestCase class
Static type checking behaviour must be tested. As there are tons of possible checks to be done, a base test class provides a framework for testing this mode. Unit tests for static type checking should override this class.
Decisions made
About this section
The goal of this section is to provide code samples which demonstrates in what case the STC transformation will actually complain and what is the expected error message, and serves as a basis to future STC documentation. This section may not be up-to-date, and one should always take a look at the STC unit tests found in the src/test/groovy/transform/stc directory.
Method does not exist
Complains about undefined method
Property does not exist
Complains about undefined property "y"
Assignment type checking
Assigning a String to an int is forbidden
Incompatible binary expressions
Checks that arguments of a binary expression are compatible (here, no 'plus' method is available
Possible loss of precision (1/2)
Complains about possible loss of precision
Possible loss of precision (2/2)
Will not complain because '2' can be represented as an int
Arrays components
Cannot assign an int value in an array of type String[]
Method return type check
Ensures that assignments are compatible with method return type
Explicit return type checking
Ensures that returned value is compatible with declared return type
Implicit return type checking
Ensures that returned value is compatible with declared return type
Implicit toString()
Implicit call to toString()
Basic type inference
Method calls as well as property access are checked against inferred type
Basic flow analysis
Last method call will not complain because type of 'o' at this point can be inferred
Instance of
Casts should not be necessary when type can be inferred from a previous instanceof check
DefaultGroovyMethods support
Method calls can be resolved against Groovy extension methods
Static type checking should be aware of the "with" structure
Compiler should be aware that extension method is found in a category
N/A (support will be limited as category support is inherently dynamic)
Groovy list constructor
Type checks the arguments and the number of arguments
Groovy map constructor
Type checks the properties and checks for wrong property names
Closure parameter types
Type checking the arguments when calling a closure
Closure return type inference
Closure return type can be inferred from block
Method return type inference
Return type can be inferred from a method if the method is itself annotated with @TypeChecked (or class is annotated with @TypeChecked)
Multiple assignments
In case of inline declaration, type check arguments.
Multiple assignments from a variable
In case of inline declaration, type check arguments.
Type checking of generic parameters
Spread operator
Type checking against component type
|Closure shared variables
Closure shared variables
|Type check assignments of closure shared variables. The type checker is required to perform a two-pass verification, in order to check that method calls on a closure shared variables belong to the lowest upper bound of all assignment types.
Open discussions
Closure parameter type inference
With the current version of the checker, idiomatic constructs like :
Are not properly recognized. You have to explicitly set the type of the "it" parameter inside the closure. It is because the expected parameter types of closures are unknown at compile time. There is a discussion about how to add this type information to source code so that the inference engine can deal with them properly. The implementation of closure parameter type inference requires a change to the method signatures. It will probably not belong to the initial release of the type checker.
Unification Types
In cases of for example "x instanceof A || x instanceof B" with A and B being unrelated we could still make an artificial union kind of type, that contains everthing present in A and B, to allow those kinds of method calls. The alternative to this is to allow only methods from Object here, which is less interesintg. This typing can also be used for multicatch, ensuring that a method call is only valid if it exists on each of the exceptions for the multicatch. In the current implementation (Okt-14-2011) the multicatch is already expanded at the point @TypeChecked will check. Meaning effectively this already represents a kind of union type, as the same code is in each catch block and thus the method call would fail, if the method is not available on each type. The proposed behaviour is therefore to align the instanceof case with multicatch.
Mailing-list discussions
- [groovy-dev] Static mode : An early discussion about the (anticipated) announcement of the "Grumpy" mode
- [groovy-user] What to do on assignment? : Discussion about the expected behaviour when STC detects a potential error on assignment (for example, possible loose of precision on implicit number casts)
JIRA issues
- GROOVY-5073: GEP-8 - Static type checking
- GROOVY-3014: add an annotation that forces the compiler to check methods for their existence at compile time
- GROOVY-5081: Handle explicit and implicit returns
Useful links
- Blackdrag's blog post about flow typing
- Cedric Champeau's blog post about Grumpy update
16 Comments
Annotation to turn static type checking on class/method would be nice. Although now that I think about it some more, it would be better to cause the code that *uses* the annotated code ignore static type checking when using the class/method. Not sure this is feasible, though.
Also, was there a discussion if this should really be a language thing or a new set of codenarc rules? I am all for the groovy compiler option myself (I would actually even create a new name for the .bat/.sh, to reflect the very different usage. something like "groosta" or "javvy" :-)
Currently we concentrate on an annotation. That is an approach taken often by us to implement a new feature. If it makes sense to integrate the feature in the language direclty, then this may happen later. Anyway... for now you annotate a class or method and it will then check the types in the annotated area only. The code calling an annotated method will not be checked, unless it is itself in an annotated area. That is much more easy to do and much more recognizable for the programmer - which is why we want to take this approach for now.
Since it is an annotation atm, there is no need for special starters or commandline options. This kind of thing is for much later, if people really ask for it. As for the codenarc rules, they actually test different things. The type checker is more about checking the types only, while codenarc goes much beyond that and tries to show bad usage patterns. For example in the static type checker returning null in a method that is declared to return boolean will be allowed, but there is a codenarc rule against that. I think those two complete each other, but are not really the same.
It is unclear to me how the STC reads the type information from an expression. If MyClass is defined in a Jar on the compile-time classpath, then will STC by able to check calls to objects of type MyClass? It would be nice if you added information to this GEP specifying how this works.
What happens in the case of this class:
With this usage:
Versus this definition:
where the same example getter/setter call produces errors. The getters and setters are generated in a later phase than AST Transforms run, so does this new annotation duplicate the logic of deciding when a getter and setter is present?
Also, it would be nice if the GEP lists specifically more things that are not type checked. It's hard to see where the edge cases are when the list is mostly passing scenarios.
Thanks for your comment Hamlet. If you can checkout the "grumpy" branch, don't hesitate to check an eye, it's already perfectly usable. The type checker will (should) check the type of collaborators too, so should not let you perform a setFoo on a final property. However, I don't have implemented that yet, just because I didn't think about it. So basically, what is implemented and listed here is what I already thought about, and feel free to add more cases to discuss with.
@Cedric I'm not going to have time to check out the codebase soon... but I want to stay up to date with this document.
So how does it know that setFoo is available? Does it reuse the getter/setter generation logic already in the compiler? When does STC occur, in what compiler phase?
How do AST Transformations intersect with it? Is there any way for an AST transformation to provide input to the type checker other than wire up the correct ClassNode hierarchy?
Lastly, how is the case of different return types on overloaded methods handled? Here is some sample code to consider:
Also, is there a way to turn the STC on globally? I would like there to be, even it is some sort of development backdoor. For instance, we could test this GEP against the CodeNarc codebase fairly easily if there were a way to turn this on globally.
STC is triggered at the canonicalization phase, so makes use of the same level of information as the compiler provides at that phase. Basically, I performs checks using getProperty() on redirected class nodes, which gives sufficient information.
The case of overloaded method should already work properly. There is one case which should not be possible in static type checking though : covariant return types with methods for which arguments are in the same type hierarchy. Imagine this :
As the type of a is potentially only known at runtime, we do not have enough information at compile time to choose the right method...
I really like this feature, but I added a comment to Alex Tkachman article http://groovy.dzone.com/articles/groovy-action-statically-typed
Groovy++ in action: statically typed dynamic dispatch
The main idea behind that is we often want to a new type that is one of a set of types,
convert(x) , when x can be one of Integer, Double, BigInteger, or String
But the compiler is not given that information and cannot check or enforce it any way. My porposal is
to define an Annotation that will tell the compiler that only the above types are allowed.
@Typeset(INTEGER, Integer, Double, BigInteger, String, SOME_OTHER_TYPESET)
this says that the meta type INTEGER can be any one of the types given above, and that also can include other typeset.
For groovy this does not change the generated code but gives the compiler sufficient information to do more aggressive type checking.
On the other hand for groovy++ it would require that we have several convert(INTEGER<Integer> x), convert(INTEGER<Double> x), and_ {}convert(INTEGER<String> x)_
methods_,_ and the compiler will warn you that convert does not cover all cases. An alternative notation to INTEGER<String> could be INTEGER.String
Just my thoughts
The switch on type issue
But you have nailed the issue of mixing that there are some places dynamic behavior is absolutely required. The solution in Groovy++ is really the the same strategy taken in Java the ugly switch/if-else statement listing "if object instanceof Class1 then preform-1, Class2 perform-2..." this is ugly but worse error prone, if you have more than one place this has to be done. In that case the compiler is of no help making sure that you have changed all the places.
We need some way of telling the compiler that "Object x" represents on of the following set if classes"Class1, Class2 ...", and when "method1(x)" at compile time check if there are "method1" variants for Class1, Class2... and essentially write the switch statement for you. The compiler can also warn you that there not typed variants of "method1" that 'x' may be, and it can also throw an exception if 'x' is not one of the required types.
I have not fully thought this through, but the compiler under the actually create an hidden method called say '$dynamic_convert' that encapsulates the switch statement so that the same can be used in multiple places, and secondly support inheritance.
example: note: below the meaning of the annotation @Typeset is that NUMERIC is s pseudo type that may of type Integer, Double, BigDecimal or any of the types listed in BASE_TYPESET. The new NUMERIC can be use anywhere a Class is used and the effective result of this is that the compiler now knows how to generate the switch.Extended.groovy
in the case above, the compiler generates a hidden method called
Now for the base classBase.groovy
I'm working on a new Groovy Editor for NetBeans API which must support Groovy versions higher than 1.6.4. With STC I encounted a problem. Almost every important method in the StaticTypeCheckingVisitor class is declared as private. If they were protected I could implement such methods as findMethod(), getTypes() and others not only for groovy source files but for java sources too. Is it possible to make the methods protected ?
@Valery: It's interesting. Could you tell me more about what you are trying to do ? Implement this feature for versions of Groovy < 2.0 ? I am planning to make the transformation pluggable, with the ability to delegate to another class for things like findMethod when the default visitor fails resolving a class, but that's not quite exactly what you need.
Hi, Cédric Champeau
Thanks for the answer. My starting goal was to improve performance of the NetBeans Groovy Editor and especially for code completion. But with Groovy 2.0 the editor must discover STC and work more intellectually. The editor parsing api is based on a subclasses of the groovy CompilationUnit and CompileUnit in order to resolve not only Groovy sources but Java sources too because a project may contain .groovy and .java files. The editor cannot rely on that .java classes have been already compiled. Thus, StaticTypeCheckingVisitor cannot (I realize that it must not) get methods from a .java class. So I have a question: If I provide subclassed ClassNode for a .java class (when resolving on SEMANTIC_ANALYSIS phase), override getMethod(String name) to return MethodNode list would it be enough for StaticTypeCheckingVisitor ?
Actually, if you use ClassHelper.make(a java class), static type checker will behave correctly. This is how the visitor works now. If I understand correctly what you do, it should work.
Thank you for your reply. I've tried it and it works well.
By the way, TypeChecking has very good performance and virtually no
impact on the work of the editor.
Incidentally, this is a good idea to divide the type checking
and code generation. I tried to use editor for Groovy++,
but realized that it was almost a hopeless undertaking,
because there are type checking and code generation takes place simultaneously
and are already in phase INSTRUCTION_SELECTION.
For me it was enough to see the editor for Groovy++
by Inlellij IDEA. Errors associated with the type checking is not displayed
in the editor, and visible only after compilation.
Where can I report bugs ?
Please report them on JIRA (http://jira.codehaus.org/browse/GROOVY) using the "static type checker" component. If you can, give a try on current master, some bugs are already fixed.
Hi Cedric.
Has the idea of some form of "mixed mode" been considered? I think many groovy programmers would appreciate an additional mode (or alternative) to the "all or nothing" approach to static checking at the method/class level, that would allow static and dynamic calls to coexist. This would be particularly helpful for those developing idiomatic groovy, such as code including builders, or grails dev, etc...
How about this interpretation... What if a mixed mode meant that undeclared (dynamic typed) method overloading was not allowed at compile time for variables whose type can be determined at compile time (type explicitly declared or inferred)? Overloading in all cases would still be allowed at runtime as well as all other current runtime semantics would be preserved.
In that case if someone declares the type of a variable (or it can be inferred), then any use of a declared method name for that type would be statically checked? It is as if the use of declared method name (for a typed variable) would be a signal of intent to statically type check (no need for any additional keyword/annotation).
Thank you.
Is there any consideration of static type checking wrt primitives?
In STC mode, will any distinction be made between:
int x
Integer x
I'm assuming not, but with all of the focus on improving "primitive" operation performance, I get a little lost


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Orange County's public school students made modest gains for the ninth straight year on a slew of standardized tests aimed at measuring how well they are learning math, English, science and social studies, according to figures released Friday.
Results of the California Standards Tests show that about 66 percent of students countywide in grades 2 through 11 tested proficient or advanced in English, and 71 percent of students in grades 2 through 7 passed in math. Last year, 63 percent passed in English and 70 percent passed in math.
More local students are also succeeding in algebra, physics, chemistry and other higher-level courses, as schools continue to place a stronger emphasis on preparing students for college and careers in science, technology, engineering and math, known as STEM, educators said.
"I am pleased to see that students continue to make steady progress with academic achievement. This shows that our teachers, support staff, administrators and board members are committed to serving students with the highest degree of integrity and that they remain passionate about their work," county Superintendent Al Mijares said. "It is clear that Orange County is on the right track, and our educators are dedicated to ensuring the success and well-being of all students."
More than 361,000 students in Orange County were administered the CST in the spring. The tests are one of main tools used by the state to measure student achievement. They are a key ingredient of the state's Academic Performance Index and help determine whether schools meet testing targets required by the federal No Child Left Behind Act. API and No Child Left Behind scores are scheduled for release in October.
The number of tests each student took depended on his or her grade level. For example, second-graders took two tests, in second-grade English and math. Meanwhile, high school students may have taken four or five tests, depending on their enrolled courses, in subjects like algebra, U.S. history, biology or chemistry.
Statewide, more than 4.7 million students in California took the CST, with 57 percent testing proficient or advanced in English and 63 percent passing in math. Last year, 54 percent of students statewide passed in English and 62 percent passed in math.
Orange County scores in English have increased by a combined 24 percentage points since 2003, the first years of the tests, and by 22 percentage points in math. Statewide, students have made similar improvements.
Many educators credit the steady improvement on the tests each year on California's standardized curriculum, called content standards, developed 10 years ago so teachers can prepare students for testing by following daily lesson plans.
"In less than a decade, California has gone from having only one student in three score proficient to better than one student in two. That's nearly 900,000 more students reaching proficiency now than in 2003 – a remarkable achievement that represents real, sustained improvements in learning," state Superintendent Tom Torlakson said in a statement.
School in Irvine Unified and Los Alamitos Unified on average had the highest passing rates in English and math, with many schools in these districts having passing rates between 85 percent and 100 percent across all grade levels.
In contrast, some schools in Santa Ana Unified and Anaheim City school districts had among the lowest scores. At Patrick Henry Elementary in Anaheim, 16 percent of third-graders passed in English, while at Santa Ana's Carver Elementary 18 percent of third-graders passed in English. These schools also had among the highest rates of English learners and low-income students countywide, the two students groups that often struggle the most on standardized tests.
But officials in these districts point to steady gains across all their schools to show that even struggling schools are moving in the right direction. Since 2010, all schools in Santa Ana have had a combined 5.6 percent increase in English passing rates, meaning an additional 1,222 students have scored proficient and advanced. In math, schools have recorded a 5.5 percent increase, meaning an additional 1,314 students have passed.
"The continuous improvement of our student's performance on assessments is showing that we have a clear focus on learning and that we are on the right track to ensuring all of our students are college and career ready," said Santa Ana Superintendent Thelma Meléndez de Santa Ana.


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Everything your favorite celebs wore the week of May 24.
Hot Shoes That Take You From Summer to Fall
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Tag Archives: Mike Thomas
NFL Week 10 Recap, News, and Notes
The 2010 NFL betting campaign wrapped up Week 10 on Monday night. Here at Bang the Book, we've got you covered for all of the most important news and notes from Week 10 betting action! Garrett Proves to Be a Gamer: Interim HC Jason Garrett is probably well on his way to getting the "interim" tag removed from his title. The Dallas Cowboys, who had won just on.....


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I have several pages with "No Parent" that show up on the Nav Bar and when that page that has no parent has child pages in the drop down then clicking on the Nav Bar for that item does not show.
There is a page that is refererenced on the Nav Bar (Far Right). When I click on "Our Team" the two child pages
Any ideas?


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The College of Liberal Arts honored its largest class ever, 502 graduates from 30 states and two countries. The most popular majors included economics (48), biology (45), politics and Spanish (both at 39). The College of Law awarded 109 JD and LLM degrees, and the School of Education presented 98 MAT degrees. The Atkinson Graduate School of Management recognized 47 Early Career MBA graduates at their commencement; 18 Professional MBA graduates were honored in January.
Helen Vendler, the A. Kinsley Porter University Professor at Harvard University and a noted poetry critic (top right), received an honorary doctor of humane letters and delivered the CLA commencement address. The Honorable Wallace P. Carson Jr. JD'62, former chief justice of the Oregon Supreme Court (bottom left), received an honorary doctor of laws degree.
Oregon Supreme Court Justice Paul De Muniz JD'75 (shown following President M. Lee Pelton and College of Law Dean Symeon Symeonides, below) delivered the law commencement address, and Jack McGowan, recently retired executive director of SOLV, spoke at the Atkinson ceremony. The School of Education commencement speaker was Dean Nakanishi '98, MAT'00, who teaches at a special education academy near Seattle and has researched and lectured on the history of Salem Japanese-American students sent to concentration camps during World War II.
Visit the Hallie Ford Museum of Art this fall to view a groundbreaking exhibition of historic and contemporary regalia from Oregon's Native American tribes, some of which is rarely seen by the general public.
"The Art of Ceremony," on display Sept. 27 through Jan. 19, was chosen by the Oregon Arts Commission as the state's 2008 National Endowment for the Arts American Masterpieces project. Tribes consider regalia, the items they wear and use in private ceremonies and rituals, their finest artwork. Regalia is exceptionally diverse between tribes, from the Plateau area's buckskin and beadwork to the Great Basin's use of rabbit skins to the coastal area's abalone shell decoration.
The exhibition opens Sept. 27 at 3 p.m. with a public Procession of Nations from Jackson Plaza to the museum. The procession will be followed by an opening ceremony at the museum and a traditional feast in Goudy Commons. Regalia-makers will give free public presentations at the museum the following day from 1 to 5 p.m. The museum will host numerous other events, including tours, films, lectures and demonstrations throughout the exhibition. Check the website for details: www.willamette.edu/museum_of_art.
The museum also celebrates its 10th anniversary Oct. 3. In just one decade, the Hallie Ford Museum of Art has had numerous accomplishments, including raising more than $4 million toward an endowment fund; publishing 10 major books; creating 14 exhibitions that have traveled regionally, nationally and internationally; and increasing visitation from 10,000–15,000 visitors the year it opened to more than 30,000 annual visitors today. Look for information on the website this fall about an anniversary celebration.
Willamette hosted its third celebration of Africa in late February with a week of films, workshops, displays of African art and presentations by students who studied on the continent. The campus community tasted African cuisine all week in the University's dining facilities and browsed through an African market on the final day.
In previous years, the University hosted one day of Africa-related events, but with growing interest among students and faculty, the program was expanded to an entire week. The goal of the event is to educate the community about the true nature and diversity of Africa.
The most interactive and visual event was the creation of a 15' by 15' Africa puzzle map. Student groups from residence halls, sororities and Tokyo International University of America each decorated a blank puzzle piece to represent the ethnic makeup, geography, history and culture of an African country.
Undergraduate students and faculty traded places in mid-April for the eighth annual Student Scholarship Recognition Day. College of Liberal Arts classes were canceled that day as students gave oral, performance and artistic presentations across campus.
The student panels represented a wide array of topics, including "Living Sustainably in the Willamette Valley," "Art: Modern Installations and Traditional Ceramics," "Social Issues in Modern France," "Wal-Mart, Justice Movements and Inequality," and "Cell Signaling Pathways and Cancer Prevention."
Willamette President M. Lee Pelton is among nearly a dozen college and university presidents who have signed on to the American College and University Presidents Commitment to Civic Engagement.
The initiative recognizes that "voting is the cornerstone of our democracy, the means of a representative government," and it seeks to encourage higher education leaders to create institutional structures that support and encourage all forms of civic engagement among their millennial generation students, especially voter registration and "get out the vote" programs.
In addition to Pelton, leaders who have committed to the initiative include the presidents of Oberlin, Haverford, Bryn Mawr, Kenyon and the University of Colorado.
Runs to Beijing
Nick Symmonds '06 earned the top spot on the 2008 U.S. Olympic 800-meter team by running the second-fastest time ever recorded on American soil. At the final trial in Eugene, Ore., he drafted behind, running most of the two laps in sixth place. Only when he reached the final turn did he suddenly cut to the outside and blaze ahead with his powerful trademark kick, leaving America's top runners nearly a full second behind. The crowd at Hayward Field went wild as Symmonds crossed the finish line with a personal best 1:44.10. Andrew Wheating from the University of Oregon finished second (1:45.03), and Christian Smith of the Oregon Track Club/Nike finished third (1:45.47). All three will compete on the U.S. Olympic team. View the race online at www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcVN5PjmaDs.
" I've been working on that kick for a couple years now, and I was going to wait until the last 100 meters to flip the switch," Symmonds says. "It felt so good to burn it on the last 100. I dreamed of this. It just felt amazing."
The New York Times, Washington Post, USA Today and hundreds of other newspapers, television programs and blogs raved about the unknown who came from a small Division III school to lead the Olympic team. A news program in Symmonds' native Boise, Idaho, said he "has been proving that college size doesn't matter." Read the USA Today story online at www.usatoday.com/ sports/olympics/beijing/track/.
Symmonds majored in biochemistry and won four national titles in the 800 meters and three in the 1,500 meters. He helped the Bearcats earn four Top 10 team finishes in NCAA Division III between 2003–06, including a tie for third place in 2004 and fourth place in 2005.
The Olympic Games began in Beijing Aug. 8, with the 800-meter prelims and finals scheduled for Aug. 20–23.
Willamette has produced four Olympians since 1936, including an honorary graduate who served as interim university president.
Andrew Hermann '93 set an American record in the 25K race walk in 2000 and placed second in the U.S. time trials for 50K race walking, qualifying for the 2000 U.S. Olympic team. He finished 31st in the Sydney Olympics.
Dan Foster '75 played team handball with the U.S. Olympic team in 1980. Foster was a football player and wrestler at Willamette who went on to work for the Blackfeet Tribe in South Dakota.
Joe Story '75 was an Athletic Hall of Fame football player who helped organize team handball as a club sport at Willamette. The newly formed team won the collegiate division national championship in 1975. Story played for the U.S. Team Handball squad from 1978– 88, served as team captain from 1986–88, and competed in the 1984 and 1988 Olympics. The 1986 U.S. team won the silver medal at the Goodwill Games, and the 1987 squad won the gold at the Pan-American Games. Story was twice named the U.S. Team Handball Player of the Year.
James Corson won a bronze medal in the discus throw at the 1928 Olympic Games in Amsterdam. He was proud of his ties to Willamette, where he served as interim University president from 1972–73. The alumni association named him an honorary member of the Class of 1973, and he received an honorary degree in 1974.
Dean Benson '56 placed fourth in the high hurdles at the Olympic trials in 1956, missing a place on the U.S. team by inches. He set the Willamette high hurdles record and won an NAIA championship in 1955. As a coach at Medford High, Benson helped lead the football and track and field teams to five state championships.
Rachael Yocom '37 was invited to participate in the 1936 Olympic trials during her junior year. She placed sixth in the javelin and 5'2" in the high jump. A Willamette Hall of Famer, Yocom participated in every sport available at the University in the mid-1930s, including basketball, softball, soccer, tennis and volleyball. After graduation, Yocom taught dance at schools and universities in four states and trained many noted New York dancers.
The Collegian won the Oregon Newspaper Publishing Association's award for general excellence in the Collegiate Newspaper Contest. In competition against all college newspapers in the state, the Willamette student paper received what is considered to be the ONPA's most prestigious collegiate award.
Best writing:
Tatiana Mac '08 ("New York Times' Associate Editor Reveals Secrets, Protects Civil Liberties," "Explore the Unexpected," "Blind Grading Ensures Objectivity")
Best news story:
Lauren Gold '11, "Students Mourn Sudden Death of Kaneko Cook"
Best editorial:
Editorial Board, "The Cost of Education"
Best columnist:
Tom Ackerman '10, Opinions section
Best sports photo:
Stephen Scott '10, photo of rugby club
Best cartooning:
Patrick Willgohs '10
Robert Hawkinson, dean of campus life, will step down as dean at the end of the 2008–09 academic year. He will stay on for three years on a part-time basis to teach in the politics department and provide leadership in residential commons programming.
Hawkinson has been instrumental in bringing the residential commons system to life at Willamette. When Kaneko Commons, the first of four commons, opened in fall 2006, he said, "The development of this innovative, on-campus living community will distinguish Willamette from other universities in the West. While the design components are distinctive, it's the integration of the curricular and co-curricular lives of our students that sets it apart."
Hawkinson manages the largest administrative unit on campus, one that includes athletics, career services, community outreach, health and counseling services, multicultural affairs, residential life and student activities, among others. He has been dean of students since 1999, previously serving as vice president for student affairs for a year, as associate dean of the College of Liberal arts for three years, and as a member of the politics department for 26 years.
The Willamette Journal of the Liberal Arts will celebrate its 25th anniversary this fall. Conceived in 1983 as an interdisciplinary journal for an educated but not exclusively academic audience, the journal publishes articles from a broad array of fields. The forthcoming anniversary issue will highlight the interests and work of Lane McGaughy, professor emeritus of religious studies and one of the journal's founders.
The University will host a conference in honor of McGaughy in October. In recognition of his lifelong work on the historical Jesus, the symposium will explore the relationship between the early Christian Gospels and the ancient biographical genre. The Gospels have long been considered a unique literary form, but recent scholarship points to compelling comparisons between the Gospels and ancient biographies of religious and philosophical sages and reformers. Several scholars at the conference will reflect on the implications for such a shift in perspective.
The anniversary issue, due out this fall, will highlight the work of conference presenters. For information on the conference, contact the Center for Ancient Studies and Archaeology. For information on the journal, contact Jennifer Jopp, managing editor, at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Japanese-American students at Willamette during World War II were forced to say an abrupt goodbye when federal prosecutors sent them to concentration camps. In February, the University invited them to return for a series of events in their honor.
The families of four students returned to campus on the 66th anniversary of President Franklin Roosevelt signing Executive Order 9066 authorizing the removal of people deemed a threat to national security from the West Coast to relocations centers further inland.
They were honored with a dinner and an evening of poetry and jazz featuring Oregon Poet Laureate Lawson Inada, who was sent to a concentration camp as a boy. Other honorary events included a visit from author Shizue Seigel, who discussed cross-racial alliances to protect civil liberties during wartime, and the showing of two films related to Executive Order 9066.
Willamette and the Salem community celebrated the 10th annual Wulapalooza, the University's music, art and Earth festival, in late April on Brown Field.
In addition to performances from local bands and a student art show, the festival featured four performers on the main stage: Mobius Band from New York, and Portland groups The Blow, Blitzen Trapper and Panther.
In the past decade, Wulapalooza has evolved from a small festival providing a creative outlet for students on campus into a community event that attracts nationally recognized talent. As part of the anniversary celebration, Willamette alumni enjoyed a gathering on the second floor balcony of Putnam University Center.
Three guitarists who are exploring the instrument in unique ways performed in April as part of the Grace Goudy Distinguished Artists Series.
The performances, titled "Beyond Six Strings," explored significant trends in the development of the guitar, which has a history that often is narrowly interpreted to include only six-stringed instruments.
The series opened with Grammy Award nominee Paul Galbraith performing on the eight-string Brahms guitar of his own invention, which is held upright like a cello. The second concert featured Emmy Award nominee John Doan, associate professor of guitar, performing on the 20-string harp guitar and on a rare 1829 three-necked harpolyre. The series concluded with Ronn McFarlane, considered one of the world's leading performers on the 13- course (18-string) lute.
A grand opening in April marked the establishment of four new academic centers and the reestablishment of the Center for Governance and Public Policy Research.
"The creation of these centers, rare for a small independent university with a liberal arts focus, will establish Willamette as a place of distinction," President M. Lee Pelton said. The centers have already promoted cross-disciplinary interaction between departments, schools and institutions; hosted conferences and speakers; and provided new opportunities for faculty and student research and scholarship. Each center will build on already existing core strengths of the University.
Center for Ancient Studies andArchaeology
Lane McGaughy, religious studies professor emeritus, CLA
Center for Asian Studies
Juwen Zhang, Chinese, CLA
Center for Religion, Law and Democracy
Steven Green, College of Law
Center for Sustainable Communities
Joe Bowersox, environmental science, Dempsey Environmental Chair, CLA
Center for Governance and Public Policy Research
Fred Thompson, Atkinson Graduate School of Management
Willamette professors have been visible during this election season, with Law Professor Paul Diller and Politics Professor Melissa Michaux serving as liaisons with KATU Channel 2 television news, covering issues related to state and national politics. Law Professor Steven Green is a regular guest columnist with The Oregonian, offering insights about democracy, politics and religion, while Atkinson professors and students publish monthly columns in the Inside Business section of the Salem Statesman Journal.
Willamette professors have been quoted extensively in local, national and international news outlets, with the University receiving more than 2,450 mentions this year. The University, professors, students and alumni have been featured or mentioned in The New York Times, USA Today, Newsday, Washington Monthly, Boston Globe, Seattle Times, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Sacramento Bee, CNN Money, The Christian Science Monitor, Houston Chronicle, Rocky Mountain News, The Chronicle of Higher Education and CollegeNews.org. Willamette also made MSNBC and ABC national news, ESPN, Oregon Public Broadcasting, Time magazine's website and the "Today Show." The University was even the topic of a recent $600 answer on Jeopardy: "For fun at Willamette University, you can take a course on this; foils, masks and protective jackets are provided." (Question: What is fencing?) Read Law Professor Steven Green's Oregonian editorials at http://blog.oregonlive.com/.
The School of Education was honored by the Salem-Keizer School District as its "Business Partner of the Month" at the district's April board meeting. The award recognizes the University's many contributions to local schools, especially through the School of Education. MAT students have hosted Saturday Exploration workshops on campus and volunteered at fundraisers, in the classroom, and as reading club assistants and mentors.
Debra Ringold, professor of marketing and dean of the Atkinson Graduate School of Management, was named the first holder of the JELD-WEN Endowed Chair in Free Enterprise, effective May 1.
The JELD-WEN Chair, funded by the JELD-WEN Foundation of Klamath Falls, Ore., was established in 2007 to advance scholarship and research opportunities for Willamette students, academic institutions and community groups committed to the study of free enterprise. The $2.5 million gift from JELD-WEN is the largest gift in the history of the Atkinson Graduate School of Management.
"In her 14 years at Atkinson," says Willamette President M. Lee Pelton, "Debra has earned significant recognition for her exceptional teaching and research and for her leadership skills and community service. With the unanimous support of her colleagues at AGSM, she was the clear choice for this honor."
Rod Wendt, president and chief executive officer of JELD-WEN Inc., says Ringold received the honor for her work in public policy issues and its implications for target marketing, consumer beliefs about advertising, and health claims in advertising, stating, "Her work has focused on issues that have real consequences for consumers."
In his annual address in April, President M. Lee Pelton said, "New gifts to the University, effective management of the operating budget, and a prudent and conservative debt management program for capital projects have allowed us to continue to move forward on several important initiatives during the last three years."
Strong revenues mean a 20 percent increase in CLA faculty and reduced teaching loads. Four new academic centers opened this year, and an existing center was revived. MBA for Professionals programs in Salem and Portland saw their first graduating classes this year, and the School of Education began the process of accreditation with the most recognized teacher education association in the U.S. Applications to CLA were up 35 percent, as were multicultural applications. Applications were also up for AGSM's two-year Early Career MBA program, with a record 38 percent increase this year.
The president reported that one of the greatest challenges for higher education will be making college affordable and accessible for a changing demographic. "Eighty percent of America's college students will soon be ethnic minorities, many from low-income families. There is also increased pressure for liberal arts colleges to educate to the competencies 21st century employers need. Willamette must balance workplace readiness with a traditional commitment to core liberal arts values," he said.
Construction of Ford Hall, the renovation of Carnegie Library to accommodate the new Oregon Civic Justice Center, and the renovation of Kresge Theatre are all on schedule.
Pelton said, "Future goals include full implementation of the residential commons program, expansion of the Hatfield Library footprint, Atkinson and College of Law expansions, a larger facility for the School of Education, athletics facility upgrades, a new or renovated admissions center, and a performance arts center."
Oregon travel guides rave about Willamette University's natural beauty, and The Oregonian named the campus one of the most beautiful urban walks in the state.
New grounds manager Jim Andersen and crew are pioneering a greener way of caring for Willamette's landscape. Adjacent lawns served as large-scale test plots last year. One received the traditional treatment of synthetic fertilizers and weed killers; the other was sprayed with organic compost tea. "The natural lawn is more lush now," Andersen says. "Traditional fertilizers work quickly, but they may not be as good for the long-term health of the soil. Now crews mow higher, leave lawn clippings as natural sources of nitrogen, water less and let some corner lawns go dormant in the summer. We want lawns that take care of themselves."
The natural approach extends to flower gardens, where pesticide use was reduced more than 80 percent last year. Weed treatment includes applications of vinegar and mulch rather than chemicals, and when time runs short, stray weeds in corner areas of campus are tolerated with mindful neglect. "It's important to preserve the history of the place, including the history of the plant life," Andersen says, "but sustainability gives us an exciting new avenue to explore."
United States Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg will deliver the fall Atkinson Lecture Friday, Sept. 12, at 5 p.m., in Smith Auditorium. The Willamette University Board of Trustees will present her with an honorary doctor of laws degree prior to the lecture.
Appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1993 by President Bill Clinton, Ginsburg has spent a considerable portion of her career advocating for equal citizenship status for women and men as a constitutional principle. She previously served as a professor at Rutgers University School of Law and Columbia Law School, and as a federal judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
Ginsburg's visit coincides with the College of Law's 125th anniversary celebration and annual reunion weekend, Sept. 12–14. The justice will join other dignitaries for the Sept. 12 ribbon-cutting ceremony to dedicate the law school's new Oregon Civic Justice Center. Located on the corner of State and Winter streets, the building served as Salem's first public library until it was purchased by the YWCA in the early 1970s. The University bought the building in 2003, and the law school has spent more than a year renovating the structure.
The Willamette community lost a notable and popular member June 8, when former interim president, AGSM dean and professor Bryan Johnston died suddenly. He was 59.
Johnston was elected Oregon state representative twice from 1995–99 and served as a strong advocate for human service legislation, leading to his most recent appointment at the Department of Human Services.
At Willamette, Johnston served as interim president from July 1997 to August 1998, then as dean of the Atkinson Graduate School of Management from 1998 to 2001. He was a founding faculty member and director of the Center for Dispute Resolution at the College of Law, where he served as a professor in addition to being a professor of conflict management resolution at AGSM.
"Bryan approached his life and work with passion and vigor, humor and warmth," said President M. Lee Pelton. "His enormous generosity of spirit, his razor-sharp wit and his infinite capacity to lead and inspire others were the hallmark of all he undertook as husband and father, college professor, Atkinson dean, interim Willamette president, mediator, legislator, and the top administrator of some of the largest and most complex agencies in state government."
"He was very versatile in the areas of education and public service," said Oregon Senate President Peter Courtney, D-Salem. "Those are two of the highest callings you can aspire to, if you're chosen, and he was chosen time and again."
Just weeks before his death, Johnston had accepted the position of president of St. Martins College in Lacey, Wash., and planned to relocate there over the summer. He cited his love for higher education as his reason for stepping down from his position with human services to return to academia.
In response to requests to share thoughts and memories with Johnston's family — including wife Anne and their four children — a forum has been set up on the Willamette MBA website. The site also includes information on the Bryan Johnston scholarship fund. See www.willamette.edu/mba/forum/johnston.htm for details.
MBA students participating in PACE (front-back, left-right): Andrea Cantu MBA'09, Benjamin Crop '08, MBA'09, Tai Nguyen MBA'09, Elizabeth Ross JD/MBA'11, Katie Rayfield MBA'09, Sara Ciardiello MBA'09, Gabriella Pop MBA'09, Raution Jaiswal MBA'09, Christopher Tenney '08, MBA'09, Daniel King MBA'09, Oswaldo Simental '07, MBA'09, Majed Alharbi MBA'09, Daniel Miley MBA'09
Six local nonprofit and government organizations benefited from special business consulting courtesy of Willamette MBA student teams participating in the Public, Private and Community Enterprise experiential learning program. PACE provides MBA students with the opportunity to design and present a for-profit business venture while serving local nonprofit community organizations.
All six teams delivered new venture and community impact presentations. Overall, the teams dedicated more than 2,000 hours of service to the six community organizations. Their business ideas were critiqued and judged for feasibility by the PACE board. Students may take these new venture ideas to market in their second year of studies through an elective course.
The PACE program is part of the first-year curriculum for all Early Career MBA students at Willamette. The program is recognized for its unique integration of business, government and not-for-profit management.
The Stanford Law Review recently published a laudatory review of Dean Symeon C. Symeonides' recent book, The American Choice-of-Law Revolution: Past, Present and Future (2006).
Authored by Hillel Y. Levin and published in 60 Stanford Law Review 247 (2007), the review stated the book "offers the finest, most rigorous account of conflicts doctrine as it functions in the courts, as well as a penetrating and thoughtful analysis on how the doctrine should evolve: [T]he conflicts giant Dean Symeon C. Symeonides presents his findings with marvelous clarity, which, standing alone, is a gift to anyone who grapples with conflicts theory. To lay plain what courts actually do with the doctrine is an enormous achievement, for it demystifies a complex doctrinal area and provides actual guidance for scholar, judge, and practitioner alike."
Revolution is Symeonides' 19th book. His 20th book, American Private International Law (2008), was released by Kluwer International in March. That same month, Symeonides delivered a lecture about his book at Stanford Law School.
In cooperation with the Salem Area Young Professionals, Willamette MBA students, faculty and staff hit the streets of downtown Salem to assist with a major clean-up effort on the first day of Atkinson's annual Brownwater festival. Mayor Janet Taylor, Willamette President M. Lee Pelton, and Atkinson Dean Debra Ringold welcomed more than 50 volunteers, who collected litter, pulled weeds, and spruced up the look of downtown streetscapes.
"People were honking, buying us pizzas and asking questions as they walked by," says AJ Nash '05, MBA'06 of Integrity First Financial. "We had more than 50 people there, and we ended up picking up more than 30 pounds of litter and 425 pounds of dirt and weeds."
The event was featured on the Salem Young Professionals website as well as on the front page of the Local section of the Statesman Journal April 19.
Angel G. Lopez JD'78 received the Honorable Paul J. De Muniz Award at the Oregon Hispanic Bar Association's second annual awards dinner. The De Muniz Award is presented annually to an individual who exemplifies the spirit of professionalism, enhances Oregon's legal community and makes significant contributions to the state's Latino community. The inaugural award was presented last year to its namesake, Paul J. De Muniz JD'75, chief justice of the Oregon Supreme Court.
Lopez is a partner in the firm of Squires & Lopez PC in Portland. The firm specializes in criminal defense and plaintiff personal injury work, with a subspecialty in assisting Spanish-speaking clients. Lopez has twice served as chair of the Commission of Hispanic Affairs of Oregon. He is past-president of the Oregon State Bar and the Multnomah County Library Board and was the first person of color to hold these positions in Oregon.


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New Materials in June 2015
Library updates
2015 Comic Con
Get ready for all your favorite heroes and villains at our second Annual Comic Con on June 6.
100 Books Before Kindergarten
Read to your child and win awesome prizes!
Upcoming Computer Classes
Get computer help for you or your loved ones from one of our experienced librarians. Register today!


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Heroes come in many shapes and sizes.
Standing 6 feet 11 inches tall, Tony "T.J." Brewer Jr. fits that bill and is an inspiration to all who come in contact with him.
Diagnosed at the age of 24 with a brain tumor and given just a few months to live, the Kenvir resident has outlived his diagnosis by almost nine years now.
"I was sent home with a little pamphlet detailing the stages of dying," said Brewer. "I told the doctor I wasn't dying, and he told me I was in denial. He told my mother to have me an early birthday party because I wouldn't live to see age 25. Here it is almost nine years later and I'm still going strong."
At age 33, and with five brain surgeries behind him, most recently having a pump inserted into his brain to pump spinal fluid off his brain, Brewer continues to be positive about living and life.
"I pretty much live a normal life," said Brewer. "My brother and I run Brewer's Gym in Verda where I'm a trainer. I work with a lot of middle and high school students free of charge hoping to help them get scholarships through athletics. I always have prayer with the kids and try to teach them a Godly lesson through the workouts we have together. "
An ordained minister, Brewer travels to different churches, First Priority clubs and other locations as a motivational speaker. A member of the River Ridge Baptist Church, Brewer said anything he can do for the Lord that he is going to do it.
Graduating from Evarts High School, Brewer attended the University of Virginia at Wise at Norton, Va. Later he enlisted in the U.S. Army, where he served his country for a period of six years before suffering a stroke and becoming disabled.
"When I had my first stroke is when they found the brain tumor," said Brewer. "They told me it left me 30 percent brain dead. They have continually cut away at the tumor, but the type of tumor I have is large and inside my brain and can't be totally removed. They have removed 30 percent of my brain so far. This type of tumor survival rate is listed as 1 percent."
In a wheelchair for six months, Brewer said he is now able to do most things others do.
"I help coach basketball at Black Mountain Elementary School," said Brewer. "I used to do a free senior citizens exercise class. I'm praying about starting a charity for children who are handicapped and unable to participate in sports. I'd like to be able to teach them ways to exercise and buy them all jerseys so they will know what it feels like to be a part of a team. I'd like to host games for them to compete in and hopefully make a difference in someone's life."
Defying a death sentence from the doctors, Brewer said he appreciates all the prayers, emails, letters and cards he has received during his surgeries and illness.
He said each thing sent or conveyed "has made a difference in his life."
"Never give up," said Brewer. "If the doctors give up, you have to go to the great physician — God. He can heal our problems, whether it be cancer, a broken heart, financial or loneliness no matter how great or small God is always able to help. We all have our giants, like David and Goliath, it might be fear or doubt or even illness, but God can give you that stone to slay your giant."
Brewer said one day he asked God why he had seen so many dark days in his life and he said he heard that small still voice telling him, "You see dark days so that others may see the sunshine through you. If you go outside and look up during the day you can't see the stars, but they are there. Sometimes it takes darkness before you can see the light."
The son of Vickie Moore and the late Tony Brewer Sr., T.J. is the stepson of Bill Moore. His brother Chris is a deputy with the Harlan County Sheriff's Office.
Reach Nola Sizemore at 606-573-4510, ext. 115, firstname.lastname@example.com


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No, everything isn't coming up roses as far as the United States' and local economy is concerned. The economy is still just puttering along, and signs still point to a slow recovery from the Great Recession.
The U.S. jobless rate hovers close to 10 percent, and here in Lancaster County, it's about 15 percent. Unfortunately, we ranked among the top 10 counties for unemployment in South Carolina.
When you consider facts such as these, it's easy to get discouraged.
History was made when South Carolinians chose their two major candidates for governor this month. Nikki Haley is the first woman from the Palmetto State to win a major political party's nomination for governor.
She clinched the Republican gubernatorial nomination in convincing fashion. She nearly locked up the nomination in the GOP primary on June 8, falling just shy of the 50 percent plus one vote needed to capture the nomination. She then easily defeated U.S. Rep. Gresham Barrett of Westminster in the June 22 runoff.
A recent donation by First Citizens bank is another example of local businesses and individuals' commitment to our university.
First Citizens pledged $100,000 toward building a new classroom building on the University of South Carolina at Lancaster campus.
The campaign to raise the $6.8 million needed to build the classroom building began last year. It may seem like an ambitious campaign given the state of our economy, but almost $3 million has been raised already.
I am writing in reference to an article about the initial steps of the health-care overhaul now under way. The article only tells part of the whole story of health care and what is kicking in the United States.
It is certainly virtuous that the new health-care bill does provide coverage for about 1 million uninsured Americans by next year.
I believe that subscribers to The Lancaster News look in each issue for the coverage on the major events that happen around the county. I, for one, was disappointed that there was no coverage of the TEA Party of July 3 until July 9, or until the third paper after the event.
After the wait, the coverage consisted of two faded black and white photos that failed to provide any coverage of the meeting. The people of Lancaster County need to be informed that the TEA Party is not a political event.
I want to thank everyone who stopped to help me when I was hit in the rear turning in my driveway on Grace Avenue on July 7.
The driver didn't stop. She just kept going. It was a black car and has front-end damage from the wreck. Two men got the tag number and gave the number to the Fort Lawn Police Department. We still need that tag number. I was so addled I didn't get the names of the men who got the tag number. If you have information about the tag number or have seen a car fitting this description, please call and share that information.
My first thoughts after reading the aviation corridor public hearing notice and glancing at the map overlay was that it won't impact me because I don't do much flying. But then reading that it's a rezoning effort by the county raised at least one eyebrow.
I am a Lancaster native. I have had my own brick masonry business since 1994 and I've been a brick mason for 25 years.
I have never had trouble getting work, but it is different now. I have four other brick masons working for me.
There has been much discussion about saving Lancaster's historic jail. There are those who think it is not worth saving for a number of reasons. Probably the prime reason for some is the repair costs.
Other reasons include a lack of understanding of the significance of the jail. Therefore, there is no appreciation for its history nor the noted architect who designed it.
I am writing this response to Robert Ostram's letter, "Don't bother saving old jail." Ostram wrote, "The editorial mentioned Robert Mills, the architect who designed the jail. I have never heard of him. Now, if he was Frank Lloyd Wright, that would be different."
Please allow me to enlighten Mr. Ostram. Robert Mills (Aug. 12, 1781 – March 3, 1855) is sometimes called the first native born American to become a professional architect. Charles Bulfinch perhaps has a clearer claim to this honor.
This letter is in response to the gentleman who has the opinion that the historic Lancaster County jail is not worth saving. He seemed to take great pride in knowing about the great architect, Frank Lloyd Wright, but admitted not knowing anything about another great architect, Robert Mills, who was born almost 100 years before Wright.
South Carolinians have a right to know the answer to this question from the candidates in the 5th Congressional District: "If elected in November, whom will you support as the next speaker of the House?"
Considering the divisiveness and partisan struggles currently running through Congress, it's crucial to know where congressional candidates stand on this important issue.
When Jed Clampett was shooting at some food and some crude came gushing out of the ground instead, he achieved by accident what almost all Americans dream of – instant wealth.
Often Jed, the patriarch of the 1960s show "The Beverly Hillbillies," showed the sophisticated city slickers that he was the one with true wisdom – a wisdom that comes from living, not from a fancy college degree or from reading The Wall Street Journal every day or working in a high-rise office building.
I am writing to express my appreciation of Brenda Parker, the children's librarian at the Lancaster Library.
My grandchildren started coming to the library for Teddy Bear Time in 2005 when they were 3 and almost 2 years old. They were introduced to music, stories and educational games. They sang and heard stories using puppets.
They experienced Rhyme Time and were introduced to picking up and putting away using song as a way of encouragement.
Due to frustrations about the endless wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as the country's continued bleak economic situation, being an incumbent officeholder has become a dicey proposition.
No matter what you stand for, if you're currently a governor or in Congress, you're in trouble because you're an insider and thereby part of the problem.
Everybody has an opinion and I am expressing mine which no doubt will leave me wide open to the regulars who load up the The Lancaster News' Web page comments. One detractor suggested I return to my "Remember when" days and leave the governing to adults.
Well, sir, look at the kind of job the adults are doing.
The year 1959 is best remembered in Lancaster as the year the University of South Carolina at Lancaster was founded. That same year, however, Wylie Park was created by the Richards-Wylie family as part of the development of Forest Hills in the city of Lancaster.
House Democrats announced they will not submit a budget for 2011. Congressman John Spratt is the lead person with responsibility for the House budget. Budgeting is a fundamental responsibility of governing and without budgeting there is no way to get the national debt under control.
Without a budget, there is a spending spree in Washington. Americans are demanding fiscal responsibility and this is the answer from the Democratic leaders in Washington?
If I told you that, in a year when most state agencies saw cuts of 30, 40 or even 50 percent, there was one agency that got almost a 50 percent increase, would that strike you as being, well, wrong?
It certainly struck me that way. And last week I voted to sustain S.C. Gov. Mark Sanford's veto of that expenditure. But not enough other senators agreed and that funding increase was approved.
What agency got that extra money this year? The South Carolina Senate.
Here is how it happened:
Happy Birthday, America! This year, there will be 234 candles on your red, white and blue cake.
We celebrate our freedom going back to July 4, 1776.
That's the day our young nation adopted the Declaration of Independence, which declared our independence from Great Britain.
During the American Revolution, the legal separation of the American colonies from Great Britain occurred on July 2, 1776, when the Second Continental Congress voted to approve a resolution of independence proposed in June by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia.
Copyright © 2015
The Lancaster News is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Lancaster County and Lancaster, South Carolina, and the surrounding area..


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I have always wondered what techniques directors use to get amateur actors, especially young ones, to cry. How can someone surrounded with so many film crew and cameras can concentrate enough and feel so sad that s/he can possibly burst into tears?
In general, is crying in a movie scene (with real tears) something that can be learned by practice or is it something that only talented people can perform?
I have always wondered what techniques directors use to get amateur actors, especially young ones, to cry. How can someone surrounded with so many film crew and cameras can concentrate enough and feel so sad that s/he can possibly burst into tears?
It's the same for professional as well as amateur actors - I've known some pros that have a hard time reaching the crying point.
One technique includes allowing the actor to focus on the saddest memory they have, in solitude, then pull them out for the take. I recall seeing a documentary that showed Gary Oldman looking through a book of photos of his family (he had just split from Uma Thurman) on the set of Dracula that got him to the point of sorrow that Coppola wanted.
I have worked with some amazing amateur actors that would work themselves up into a state before filming. One actress imagined something terrible happening to her sister, and she delivered a very powerful performance (that got the crew all choked up).
If all else fails, the vapors from an onion can induce tears (but also cause redness), or a few drops of glycerin in the corners of the eyes can be released - but nothing beats real tears.
I have also heard of directors bullying/belittling actors to the point of melt-down, just to get the shot they want. But that's a pretty extreme way to go about it.
Wikipedia leads back to Constantin Stanislavski and the Stanislavski system, a system of acting techniques to access emotions. He prefered to refer to it as system (little 'S'). The system is the result of Stanislavski's many years of efforts to determine how someone can control in performance the most intangible and uncontrollable aspects of human behavior, such as emotions and art inspiration. The most influential acting teachers, including Richard Boleslavsky, Vsevolod Meyerhold, Michael Chekhov, Lee Strasberg, Stella Adler, Harold Clurman, Robert Lewis, Sanford Meisner, Uta Hagen, Ion Cojar and Ivana Chubbuck all traced their pedigrees to Stanislavski, his theories and/or his disciples.
Sir John Gielgud said, "This director found time to explain a thousand things that have always troubled actors and fascinated students." Gielgud is also quoted as saying, "Stanislavski's now famous book is a contribution to the Theatre and its students all over the world."
Not wanting to detract from Nobby's excellent answer I's like to add that very often directors don't use techniques in that sense, but just rely on their actors to know what they're doing.
Two days ago I saw an interview with Yorick van Wageningen about a rape scene with Rooney Mara in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo. I was impressed by this young actress's professionalism. Contrary to what actors usually do, meticulously go through a scene prior to shooting it, she told him not to talk about it in advance, but to just let her suffer the rape as if it really happened to her. He said that between the cuts she was still crying.


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Flat-panel TV prices stable as manufacturers add features
Strategy shift aims to avoid a repeat of last year's price wars
After steep declines in 2011, flat-panel TV prices in the United States have remained stable this year as retailers and manufacturers seek to avoid a rerun of last year's price wars.
Industry research firm IHS said flat-panel TV makers are piling extra features into their 2012 models, such as LED backlighting and Internet connectivity. Those features, which cost more, have helped keep prices up.
The average retail price for flat-panel TVs rose from $1,120 in December to $1,250 in April, according to IHS.
"TV manufacturers and retailers are charging a premium for these features, boosting their pricing and protecting their revenue," said Tom Morrod, head of television technology for IHS. "This represents a shift in strategy among brands and retailers to hold the line on pricing and encourage consumers to buy more expensive sets."
Flat-panel prices fell in 2011, thanks in part to overly optimistic forecasts of U.S. demand. Too many sets were shipped early in the year, forcing sharp discounts in the third and fourth quarters to clear out inventory, analysts say.
That led to some staggering deals during the holidays. For example, a 42-inch Sharp LCD TV was advertised at Best Buy on Black Friday for $200. A 47-inch LG flat-panel LCD set with 3-D and a Blu-ray player was on sale at Walmart for $800.
Last year's discounting contributed to losses for some TV manufacturers. Sony, the third largest TV maker, lost about $1.8 billion on its flat-panel TV business worldwide. Sony Electronics, which overseas sales of the Japanese giant's electronic gadgets in the North America, is based in San Diego. Panasonic, Toshiba and Sharp also suffered last year, analysts say.
Samsung and LG Electronics fared somewhat better, posting profit margins in their TV businesses of about 2 percent in 2011, according to NPD DisplaySearch.
While prices are stable so far this year, the data is a bit misleading, said Paul Gagnon, director of North America TV Research for NPD DisplaySearch.
"What happens this time of the year is you have new models coming in," he said. "The effect is the new models come in higher prices than the old models."
Still, TV makers are trying to hold the line. Analysts forecast that the number of flat-panel sets shipped to the United States this year will decline by about 5 percent – the first drop in shipments since the market began.
In addition, Sony and Samsung have implemented more strict pricing policies with retailers in hopes of discouraging price wars, Gagnon said.
"Manufacturers are not allowed to set the price a product is sold for, but they can impose penalties on retailers" who discount too much, Gagnon said. Sanctions might include delaying deliveries of certain popular products, changing credit terms and so on.
In an interview with UT-San Diego last month, Sony Electronics President Phil Molyneux said Sony is encouraging U.S. retailers with a strategic investment program. "It's not just the commercial terms," he said, "it's promotional activity as well as discounts we may offer on the product side to retailers for great retailing."


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Article Last Updated: Friday, February 01, 2013 4:24pm
Courtesy Photo
Brandon and BJ Lee, formerly of Cortez, are proud to announce the birth of their daughter, Tayvia Star Lee. Born in Midland, Texas at 1:57 a.m. on Dec. 19, 2012, she weighed 8 pounds, 10 ounces, and was 20 inches long at birth. Tayvia's siblings are brother, Antonio; sister, Justiss; and brother, Mataes. Her happy grandparents include Scott and Patti Bell of Cortez, Matt and Tami Vanderheiden of Beaumont, Texas, and Scott and Arlese Smith of Farmington, N.M.
By By Carrie Smith Dunham
Email announcements to email@example.com and include "Community Calendar" in the subject field. Items submitted less than two weeks in advance will be less likely to be published. Entries and the calendar may be edited for length and content.Monday, June 1The Mt. Lookout Grange (680 Grange Ave, Mancos) hosts a free presentation at 7 p.m. about the biology of bees and their importance in...