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Supreme Court of the United States
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The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the country and leads the judicial branch of the federal government. It is often referred to by the acronym SCOTUS.[1]
The Supreme Court consists of nine justices: the Chief Justice of the United States and eight Associate Justices. The justices are nominated by the president and confirmed with the "advice and consent" of the United States Senate per Article II of the United States Constitution. As federal judges, the justices serve during "good behavior," which means that justices have tenure for life unless they are removed by impeachment and subsequent conviction.[2]
The Supreme Court is the only court established by the United States Constitution (in Article III); all other federal courts are created by Congress.
The Supreme Court meets in Washington, D.C., in the United States Supreme Court building. The Supreme Court's yearly term begins on the first Monday in October and lasts until the first Monday in October the following year. In mid-June, the court generally releases the majority of its decisions.[2]
Active Justices
Article III Justices
|Appointed by
|Law school
|Associate justice
Samuel Alito
|Trenton, NJ
|W. Bush
|Sandra Day O'Connor
|Yale Law, 1975
|Chief justice
John Roberts (Supreme Court)
|Buffalo, NY
|W. Bush
|William Rehnquist
|Harvard Law, 1979
|Associate justice
Clarence Thomas (Supreme Court)
|Savannah, GA
|H.W. Bush
|Thurgood Marshall
|Yale Law School, 1974
|Associate justice
Antonin Scalia
|Trenton, New Jersey
|William Rehnquist
|Harvard Law School, 1960
|Associate justice
Stephen Breyer
|San Francisco, CA
|Harry Blackmun
|Harvard Law School, 1964
|Associate justice
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
|New York, NY (Brooklyn)
|Byron White
|Columbia Law School, LL.B., 1959
|Associate justice
Anthony Kennedy
|Sacramento, CA
|Lewis Powell
|Harvard Law School, 1961
|Associate justice
Elena Kagan
|New York, NY
|John Paul Stevens
|Harvard Law School, 1986
|Associate justice
Sonia Sotomayor
|New York, NY (Bronx)
|David Souter
|Yale Law School, 1979
- 1 Active Justices
- 2 Jurisdiction
- 3 Checks and Balances
- 4 Salary
- 5 Justices as Circuit Justices
- 6 Judicial posts
- 7 Opinions
- 8 Past Justices
- 9 Federal courthouse
- 10 See also
- 11 Further Reading
- 12 External links
- 13 References
The Supreme Court holds both original and appellate jurisdiction, with its appellate jurisdiction accounting for most of the court's caseload. The court's original jurisdiction is narrowly focused, as defined in Article III, Section 2:
|In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the Supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction.[3]
Article Three of the United States Constitution outlines the jurisdiction of the federal courts of the United States:
|The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority; to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls; to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction; to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party; to Controversies between two or more States; between a State and Citizens of another State; between Citizens of different States; between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.[2][3]
In 1795, the Eleventh Amendment was ratified, which limited the jurisdiction of the federal courts. It states:
|The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.[3]
Also, in individual circumstances, Congress has the authority to limit the court's jurisdiction. One recent example of this was discussed in the case Hamdan v. Rumsfeld. At issue was the Detainee Treatment Act, in which the Congress states "'no court, justice or judge' shall have jurisdiction to consider the habeas application of a Guantanamo Bay detainee."
The power of the Supreme Court to consider appeals from state courts, rather than just federal courts, was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789 and upheld early in the court's history, by its rulings in Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816) and Cohens v. Virginia (1821).
Under Article III of the United States Constitution, federal courts may only entertain "cases" or "controversies." Therefore, the court avoids deciding cases that are moot and does not render advisory opinions. This exception is not absolute; if an issue is "capable of repetition yet evading review," the court will address it even though the party before the court would not himself be made whole by a favorable result.
How a case moves through the Supreme Court
The vast majority of cases come before the Supreme Court by way of petitions for writs of certiorari, commonly referred to as "cert." The court may review any case in the Federal Courts of Appeals "by writ of certiorari granted upon the petition of any party to any civil or criminal case." The court may only review "final judgments rendered by the highest court of a state in which a decision could be had," if those judgments involve a question of federal statutory or constitutional law.
A cert petition is voted on at a session of the court called a conference. A conference is a private meeting of the nine Supreme Court Justices by themselves; the public is not permitted to attend, and neither are the justices' law clerks. If four justices vote to grant the petition, then the case proceeds to the briefing stage; otherwise, the case ends. Except in death penalty cases and other cases in which the court orders briefing from the respondent, the respondent may, but is not required to, file a response to the cert petition.
The Supreme Court grants a petition for certiorari only for "compelling reasons," spelled out in the court's Rule 10. Such reasons include, without limitation:
- to resolve a conflict in the interpretation of a federal law or a provision of the federal constitution
- to correct an egregious departure from the accepted and usual course of judicial proceedings
- to resolve an important question of federal law, or to expressly review a decision of a lower court that conflicts directly with a previous decision of the court.
When a conflict of interpretations arises from differing interpretations of the same law or constitutional provision issued by different Federal Courts of Appeals, lawyers call this situation a "circuit split." If the court votes to deny a cert petition, as it does in the vast majority of such petitions that come before it, it does so typically without comment. A denial of a cert petition is not a judgment on the merits of a case, and the decision of the lower court stands as the final ruling in the case.
When the Court grants a cert petition, the case is set for oral argument. At this point, both parties file briefs on the merits of the case, as distinct from reasons the parties may urge for granting or denying the cert petition. With the consent of the parties or approval of the court, amici curiae may also file briefs. The court holds two-week oral argument sessions each month from October through April. Each side has and half-hour to present its argument, and during that time the justices can and do interrupt the advocate and ask questions of their own. The petitioner goes first and may reserve some time to rebut the respondent's arguments after the respondent has concluded. Amici curiae may also present oral argument on behalf of one party, if that party agrees. The court advises counsel to assume that the justices are familiar with and have read the briefs filed in a case.
At the conclusion of oral argument, the case is submitted for decision. Cases are decided by majority vote of the justices. It is the court's practice to issue decisions in all cases argued in a particular term by the end of that term. Within that term, however, the court is under no obligation to release a decision within any set time after oral argument. At the conclusion of oral argument, the justices retire to another conference at which the preliminary votes are tallied, and the most senior justice in the majority assigns the initial draft of the court's opinion to a justice on his or her side. Drafts of the court's opinion, as well as any concurring or dissenting opinions, circulate among the justices until the court is prepared to announce the judgment in a particular case.
It is possible that, through recusals or vacancies, the court divides evenly on a case. If that occurs, then the decision of the court below is affirmed, but does not establish binding precedent. In effect, it results in a return to the status quo ante. For a case to be heard, there must be a quorum of at least six justices.[4] If, because of recusals and vacancies, there is no quorum to hear a case and a majority of qualified justices believes that the case cannot be heard and determined in the next term, then the judgment of the court below is affirmed as if the court had been evenly divided. For cases brought directly to the Supreme Court by direct appeal from a United States District Court, the chief justice may order the case remanded to the appropriate U.S. Court of Appeals for a final decision there.[5]
The Supreme Court's opinions are published in three stages. First, a slip opinion is made available on the court's website and through other outlets. Next, a number of opinions are bound together in paperback form, called a preliminary print of United States Reports, the official series of books in which the final version of the court's opinions appears. About a year after the preliminary prints are issued, a final bound volume of U.S. Reports is issued.
How cases are named
The party that lost in the lower court is called the petitioner, and the party that prevailed is called the respondent. All case names before the court are styled Petitioner v. Respondent, regardless of which party initiated the lawsuit in the trial court. For example, criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the state and against an individual, as in State of Arizona v. Ernesto Miranda. If the defendant is convicted, and his conviction then is affirmed on appeal in the state supreme court, when he petitions for cert the name of the case becomes Miranda v. Arizona.
The common shorthand name for cases is typically the first party (the appellant). For example, Brown v. Board of Education is referred to simply as Brown, and Roe v. Wade as Roe. The exception to this rule is when the name of a state, or the United States, or some government entity, is the first listed party. In that instance, the name of the second party is the shorthand name. For example, Iowa v. Tovar is referred to simply as Tovar, and Gonzales v. Raich is referred to simply as Raich because the first party, Alberto Gonzales, was sued in his official capacity as the United States Attorney General.
Checks and Balances
The Constitution does not explicitly grant the Supreme Court the power of judicial review; nevertheless, the power of the Supreme Court to overturn laws and executive actions it deems unlawful or unconstitutional is a well-established precedent. Many of the Founding Fathers accepted the notion of judicial review. In Federalist Paper No. 78, Alexander Hamilton wrote: "A constitution is, in fact, and must be regarded by the judges, as a fundamental law. It therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning, as well as the meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative body. If there should happen to be an irreconcilable variance between the two, that which has the superior obligation and validity ought, of course, to be preferred; or, in other words, the Constitution ought to be preferred to the statute." The Supreme Court first established its power to declare laws unconstitutional in Marbury v. Madison (1803), consummating the system of checks and balances.
The Supreme Court cannot directly enforce its rulings; instead, it relies on respect for the Constitution and for the law for adherence to its judgments. One notable instance of nonacquiescence came in 1832, when the state of Georgia ignored the Supreme Court's decision in Worcester v. Georgia. President Andrew Jackson, who sided with the Georgia courts, is said to have remarked, "John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it!"; however, this quotation is likely apocryphal. State militia in the South also resisted the desegregation of public schools after the 1954 judgment Brown v. Board of Education.
The Constitution provides that the salary of a justice may not be diminished during his or her continuance in office. This clause was intended to prevent Congress from punishing justices for their decisions. Together with the provision that justices hold office for good behavior, this clause helps guarantee judicial independence. However, as seen above, the president's practice of appointing justices with similar real, perceived or expected ideology can be seen to compromise judicial independence.
Justices as Circuit Justices
The United States is divided into thirteen circuit courts of appeals, each of which is assigned a "Circuit Justice" from the Supreme Court. Although this concept has been in continuous existence throughout the history of the republic, its meaning has changed through time.
Under the Judiciary Act of 1789, each justice was required to "ride circuit," or to travel within the assigned circuit and consider cases alongside local judges. This practice encountered opposition from many justices, who complained about the difficulty of travel. Moreover, several individuals opposed it on the grounds that a justice could not be expected to be impartial in an appeal if he had previously decided the same case while riding circuit. Circuit riding was abolished in 1891. Today, the duties of a "Circuit Justice" are generally limited to receiving and deciding requests for stays in cases coming from the circuit or circuits to which the justice is assigned, and other clerical tasks such as addressing certain requests for extensions of time. A Circuit Justice may (but in practice almost never does) sit as a judge of that circuit; when he or she does, however, a Circuit Justice has seniority over the Chief Judge of that circuit.
The Chief Justice is traditionally assigned to the District of Columbia Circuit, the Federal Circuit and the Fourth Circuit, which includes Maryland and Virginia, the states surrounding the District of Columbia. Each Associate Justice is assigned to one or two judicial circuits.
Judicial posts
The United States Constitution does not specify the size of the Supreme Court; instead, Congress has the power to fix the number of justices. Originally, the total number of justices was set at six by the Judiciary Act of 1789. As the country grew geographically, the number of justices steadily increased to correspond with the growing number of judicial circuits. The court was expanded to seven members in 1807, nine in 1837 and ten in 1863. In 1866, however, Congress wished to deny President Andrew Johnson any Supreme Court appointments, and therefore passed the Judicial Circuits Act, which provided that the next three justices to retire would not be replaced. Thus, the size of the court would eventually reach seven by attrition. Consequently, one seat was removed in 1866 and a second in 1867. By the Circuit Judges Act of 1869, the number of justices was again set at nine (the Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices), where it has remained ever since. President Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to expand the court (the Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937); his plan would have allowed the president to appoint one new, additional justice for every justice who reached the age of seventy but did not retire from the bench, until the court reached a maximum size of fifteen justices. Ostensibly, this was to ease the burdens of the docket on the elderly judges, but it was widely believed that the president's actual purpose was to add justices who would favor his New Deal policies, which had been regularly ruled unconstitutional by the court. This plan, referred to often as the Court Packing Plan, failed in Congress. The court, however, moved from its opposition to Roosevelt's New Deal programs, rendering the President's effort moot. In any case, Roosevelt's long tenure in the White House allowed him to appoint eight justices to the Supreme Court (second only to George Washington) and promote one Associate Justice to Chief Justice.[6]
Article II of the Constitution gives the President of the United States power to nominate justices, who are then appointed "by and with the advice and consent of the United States Senate." As a general rule, presidents nominate individuals who broadly share their ideological views. In many cases, a justice's decisions may be contrary to what the nominating president anticipated. A famous instance was Chief Justice Earl Warren; President Eisenhower expected him to be a conservative judge, but his decisions are arguably among the most liberal in the court's history. Eisenhower later called the appointment "the biggest damn fool mistake I ever made."[7] Because the Constitution does not set forth any qualifications for service as a justice, the president may nominate anyone to serve. However, that person must receive the confirmation of the Senate, meaning that a majority of that body must find that person to be a suitable candidate for a lifetime appointment on the nation's highest court.
In modern times, the confirmation process has attracted considerable attention from special-interest groups, many of which lobby senators to confirm or to reject a nominee, depending on whether the nominee's track record aligns with the group's views. The Senate Judiciary Committee conducts hearings, questioning nominees to determine their suitability. At the close of confirmation hearings, the committee votes on whether the nomination should go to the full Senate with a positive, negative or neutral report.
The practice of the nominee being questioned in person by the committee is relatively recent. The first nominee to testify before the committee was Harlan Fiske Stone in 1925. Some western senators were concerned with his links to Wall Street and expressed their opposition when Stone was nominated. Stone proposed what was then the novelty of appearing before the Judiciary Committee to answer questions; his testimony helped secure a confirmation vote with very little opposition. The second nominee to appear before the committee was Felix Frankfurter, who only addressed (at the committee's request) what he considered to be slanderous allegations against him. The modern practice of the committee questioning nominees on their judicial views began with the nomination of John Marshall Harlan II in 1955; the nomination came shortly after the court handed down the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision, and several Southern senators attempted to block Harlan's confirmation, hence the decision to testify.[8]
Once the committee reports out the nomination, the whole Senate considers it; a simple majority vote is required to confirm or to reject a nominee. Rejections are relatively uncommon; the Senate has explicitly rejected only twelve Supreme Court nominees in its history. The most recent rejection of a nominee by vote of the full Senate came in 1987, when the Senate refused to confirm Robert Bork.
Not everyone nominated by the president has received a floor vote in the Senate. Although Senate rules do not necessarily allow a negative vote in committee to block a Supreme Court nomination, a nominee may be filibustered once debate on the nomination has begun in the full Senate. A filibuster indefinitely prolongs the debate thereby preventing a final vote on the nominee. While senators may attempt to filibuster a Supreme Court nominee in an attempt to thwart confirmation, no nomination for Associate Justice has ever been filibustered. However, President Lyndon Johnson's nomination of sitting Associate Justice Abe Fortas to succeed Earl Warren as Chief Justice was successfully filibustered in 1968.
It is also possible for the president to withdraw a nominee's name at any time before the actual confirmation vote occurs. This usually happens when the president feels that the nominee has little chance of being confirmed. In 2005, President George W. Bush withdrew his nomination of Harriet Miers before committee hearings had begun, citing concerns about Senate requests during her confirmation process for access to internal Executive Branch documents resulting from her position as White House Counsel. In 1987, President Ronald Reagan withdrew the nomination of Douglas H. Ginsburg because of allegations of marijuana use.
Until the 1980s, the approval process of justices was frequently quick. From the Truman through Nixon administrations, justices were typically approved within one month. Since the Reagan administration, the process has taken much longer. Some speculate this is because of the increasingly political role justices are said to play.[9]
Recess appointments
When the Senate is in recess, the president may make a temporary appointment without the Senate's advice and consent. Such a recess appointee to the Supreme Court holds office only until the end of the next Senate session (at most, less than two years). To continue to serve thereafter and be compensated for his or her service, the nominee must be confirmed by the Senate. Of the two Chief Justices and six Associate Justices who have received recess appointments, only Chief Justice John Rutledge was not subsequently confirmed for a full term. No president since Dwight D. Eisenhower has made a recess appointment to the Supreme Court and the practice has become highly controversial even when applied to lower federal courts.
The Constitution provides that justices "shall hold their Offices during good Behavior" (unless appointed during a Senate recess). The term "good behavior" is interpreted to mean that the justices may serve for the remainder of their lives, although this is not compulsory as they may resign or retire voluntarily. A justice may also be removed by impeachment and conviction by congressional vote, but only one justice, Samuel Chase has ever been impeached by the House. In 1805 Chase was acquitted by the Senate, making impeachment as a restraint on the court something of a paper tiger. Moves to impeach sitting justices have occurred more recently, but none have reached a vote in the House.
Because justices have life tenure, it is impossible to predict when a vacancy will next occur. Sometimes vacancies arise in quick succession, as in the early 1970s when Lewis Powell and William H. Rehnquist were nominated to replace Hugo Black and John Marshall Harlan II, who retired within a week of each other because of health problems and died shortly thereafter. Sometimes a great length of time passes between nominations such as the eleven years between Stephen Breyer's nomination in 1994 and the departures of Chief Justice William Rehnquist and Justice Sandra Day O'Connor (by death and retirement, respectively) in 2005.
Despite the variability, all but four presidents so far have been able to appoint at least one justice. The exceptions are William H. Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Andrew Johnson, and Jimmy Carter. Harrison died a month after taking office, though his successor, John Tyler made an appointment during that presidential term. Taylor likewise died early in his presidential term and an appointment was made before the term ended by Millard Fillmore. Johnson succeeded the assassinated Abraham Lincoln, and he was denied the opportunity to appoint a justice by congressional action (see Size of the Court earlier in this article). Jimmy Carter is the only president to serve a full term without the opportunity to appoint at least one justice.
Criticism of process
The process of nomination of Supreme Court Justices remains controversial in and of itself, and opposition to the current system because of beliefs of bias in appointments has existed since the creation of the court.
Historian Howard Zinn claimed in his book "A People's History of the United States" that the justices cannot be independent, as the members are chosen by the president and ratified by the Senate. Likewise, he says that they cannot be neutral between the rich and the poor, as they are almost always from the upper class. He points specifically to their handling of the Sherman Anti-trust Act, which favored monopolies while opposing labor strikes, as well as their use of the Fourteenth Amendment to protect corporations more so than blacks, as proof of this.[10]
Seniority and Seating
During court sessions, the justices sit according to seniority, with the Chief Justice in the center, and the Associate Justices on alternating sides, with the most senior Associate Justice on the Chief Justice's immediate right, and the most junior Associate Justice seated on the left farthest away from the Chief Justice. Therefore, the current court sits as follows from left to right when looking at the bench from the perspective of a lawyer arguing before the court: Sotomayor, Breyer, Thomas, Scalia (most senior Associate Justice), Roberts (Chief Justice), Kennedy, Ginsburg, Alito, and Kagan (most junior Associate Justice).
Political Leanings
While justices do not represent or receive official endorsements from political parties, it is common for justices to be informally categorized in legal and political circles as being a judicial conservative, moderate or liberal.
Five of the current justices of the court were appointed by Republican presidents, while four were nominated by a Democratic president. It is popularly accepted that Chief Justice Roberts and Justices Scalia, Alito and Thomas compose the court's conservative wing. Justices Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotamayor and Kagan are generally thought of as the Court's liberal wing. Justice Kennedy, generally thought of as a moderate conservative, is considered most likely to be the swing vote that determines the outcome of certain close cases.[11]
Major cases of the October 2013 term
- Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.; Conestoga Wood Specialties Corp. v. Burwell
- McCullen v. Coakley
- National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning
- Riley v. California; U.S. v. Wurie
- American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.
- Abramski v. United States
- Bond v. United States
- Town of Greece, New York v. Galloway
- Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action
- McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission
Major cases of the October 2012 term
- United States v. Windsor
- Hollingsworth v. Perry
- Shelby County v. Holder
- Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl
- Vance v. Ball State University
- Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin
- Arizona v. Inter Tribal Council of Arizona
- Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.
- Clapper v. Amnesty International USA
Historic cases
- District of Columbia v. Heller (2008)
- Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
- West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish (1937)
- Gibbons v. Ogden (1924)
- Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923)
- Lochner v. New York (1905)
- Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
- Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
- Sheldon v. Sill (1850)
- McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
- Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816)
- Marbury et al. v. Madison (1803)
Past Justices
Retired Justices
Research suggests that justices often strategically plan their decisions to leave the bench, with personal, institutional and partisan factors playing a role. The desire to maximize the court's strength and legitimacy through one retirement at a time, when the court is in recess, and during non-presidential election years suggests a concern for institutional health. Finally, if at all possible, justices seek to depart under favorable presidents and Senates to ensure that a like-minded successor will be appointed.
Retired justices may be designated for temporary assignments to sit with several United States Courts of Appeals. Nominally, such assignments are made by the Chief Justice; they are analogous to the types of assignments that may be given to judges of lower courts who have elected senior status, except that a retired Supreme Court Justice never sits as a member of the Supreme Court itself.
Former Chief Justices
The following individuals previously served as Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
Former Justices
Aside from currently serving justices, 103 justices have served on the Supreme Court of the United States.
For more information on those Justices, see former Justices of the United States Supreme Court.
Federal courthouse
Historical courthouses
The Supreme Court first met on February 1, 1790, at the Merchants Exchange Building in New York City, then the national capital. Philadelphia became the capital city later in 1790, and the court followed Congress and the president there, meeting briefly in Independence Hall, and then from 1791 to 1800 at Old City Hall at 5th and Chestnut Streets. After Washington, D.C., became the capital in 1800, the court occupied various spaces in the United States Capitol building until 1935, when it moved into its own home at One First Street Northeast, Washington, D.C.
Current courthouse
The four-story courthouse was designed in a classical style sympathetic to the surrounding buildings of the Capitol complex and Library of Congress by architect Cass Gilbert, and is clad in marble quarried chiefly in Vermont. The building includes space for the courtroom, justices' chambers, an extensive law library, various meeting spaces and auxiliary services such as workshop, stores, cafeteria and a gymnasium. The Supreme Court building is within the ambit of the Architect of the Capitol but maintains its own police force, separate from the Capitol Police.
See also
- Major cases of the Supreme Court October 2014 term
- History of the Supreme Court
- Associate Justice
- Federal judicial nominations by president
- Supreme Court: Major cases of the October 2012 term
- News: SCOTUS issues ruling overturning AZ immigration law and affirming Citizens United for MT state officials, June 25, 2012
Further Reading
- Beard, Charles A. (1912). The Supreme Court and the Constitution. New York: Macmillan Company. Reprinted Dover Publications, 2006. ISBN 0-486-44779-0
- Garner, Bryan A. (2004). Black's Law Dictionary. Deluxe 8th ed. Thomson West. ISBN 0-314-15199-0.
- Greenburg, Jan. (2007). Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control for the United States Supreme Court. New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-59420-101-1
- McCloskey, Robert G. (2005). The American Supreme Court. 4th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-55682-4.
- Toobin, Jeffrey. The Nine: Inside the secret world of the Supreme Court. Doubleday, 2007. ISBN 0-385-51640-1.
- Urofsky, Melvin and Paul Finkelman. (2001). A March of Liberty: A Constitutional History of the United States. 2 vols. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512637-8 & ISBN 0-19-512635-1.
External links
- Supreme Court official website list of all former and current justices
- Supreme Court of the United States. Official Homepage (dead link)
- Anchorage Daily News, "Police use of GPS is ruled unconstitutional by court," January 23, 2012
- JD Supra "U.S. Supreme Court Ruling Reaffirms Right of Religious Organizations to Hire, Fire," January 12, 2012
- ↑ The New York Times, "On Language' Potus and Flotus," October 12, 1997
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 SupremeCourt.gov, "A Brief Overview of the Supreme Court," accessed April 20, 2015
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributed to the original source.
- ↑ Caselaw.com, "28 U.S.C. § 1 : US Code - Section 1: Number of justices; quorum," accessed April 20, 2015
- ↑ FindLaw "U.S.C. Title 28, Section 1, " accessed October 30, 2007
- ↑ Justices, Number of. in Hall, Ely Jr., Grossman, and Wiecek (editors), The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. Oxford University Press 1992, ISBN 0-19-505935-6.
- ↑ Presidents, Picking Justice, Can Have Backfires, Purdum, Todd S., July 5, 2005
- ↑ United States Senate, "Nominations," accessed April 20, 2015
- ↑ Jurist Legal Intelligence, "The Passionate Intensity of the Confirmation Process"
- ↑ Zinn, Howard. A People's History of the United States. New York: Perennial, 2003. p.260-261 ISBN 0060528370
- ↑ The Washington Post, "Kennedy Seen as The Next Justice In Court's Middle," January 31, 2006
Portions of this article have been taken and edited from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Copyright Notice can be found here.


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Article Archive >> Spring Tourism
Allison-Antrim MuseumAllison-Antrim Museum
Allison-Antrim Museum, located in Greencastle, PA, provides a home for the artifacts, treasures, and history of Greencastle-Antrim. Many items of historical value to the area have already been "lost" for a variety of reasons. With the founding of AAMI, the future of their historical legacy will be more secure.
Allison is John Allison, the founder of Greencastle. Antrim is the surrounding township.
Greencastle History
The land on which Greencastle now stands was first owned by Samuel Smith, having been issued by the Penn proprietors through a land warrant in 1750. In 1761 the holding was conveyed to John Smith who, in 1762, sold the land to John Davison. William Allison purchased the holding in 1763 and in 1769 he transferred three hundred acres of the tract to his son, Col. John Allison.
A few of the Museum's Collections
Govenor Signatures- Allison-Antrim Museum's Brumbaugh Collection of Pennsylvania Governors' Signatures is a sizeable assemblage of about 80 different documents of Pennsylvania governors' signatures. Dr. Thomas Brumbaugh, a native of Greencastle who now lives in Tennessee, gave the collection to AAMI the week the museum opened on August 1, 1998. Signatures include John Geary and Benjamin Franklin. To enhance the collection, copies of illustrations, paintings, or photographs of each of the men have been gathered to accompany the signature pieces.
Greencastle's First Telephone- This phone was installed in Carl's Drug Store in 1896.
Baer's Piano- The late Professor Philip E. Baer, then a noted concert singer, founded Old Home Week. He suggested that an "Old Boys' Reunion" be held from August 10 to 20, 1902.
Walter Smith Paintings- Walter Washington Smith's paintings have hung in renowned galleries in both United States and France. Most of his work was done from the 1920's to the 1940's, by which time he was living near Philadelphia
Baggage Cart- This green baggage cart was used to transport luggage and mail between the train station, the McLaughlin Hotel (Antrim House), and the Post Office which was in the building currently occupied by the Willow Tree store.
The Museum was founded in June 1994 and is open on the second Sunday of each month from 1-4PM, one Thursday each month Noon-3PM and any other time by appointment.
For more information about Allison-Antrim Museum call 717-597-9010; email email@example.com, or visit 365 South Ridge Avenue,
Greencastle, PA.
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Sharks hard man AJ Venter has urged the national selectors to pick veteran lock Johan Ackermann and not hold his age against him.
Venter, speaking to Keo.co.za, said Ackermann had been a revelation in the Sharks pack and had added grunt and granite to the unit.
"We call him the jaws of life when it comes to protecting or winning the ball in a maul. If he wraps his arms around an opponent that bugger is going nowhere and when he's got the ball in contact, no one is going to wrestle it from him," said Venter. "His presence also means guys like Britzie and I feel like youngsters. We are no longer veterans."
Venter said Ackermann was playing as well as he has ever seen the big guy perform and added that the match-up with Bakkies Botha in Saturday's Vodacom Super 14 showdown would be worth the admission fee alone.
"Ackers has added a dimension to our pack. He really gives us solidity and he has stabilized our tight five. His calmness and presence is also a great boost for the team. He is in great shape and his performances this season again show how important experience is and why we should never discard the so-called older brigade too soon."
Ackermann, after a fine season with Griquas in 2005, was drafted into Dick Muir's Sharks for the Super 14.
Venter, adding to captain John Smit's sentiments of Monday, said the Sharks had changed their approach for all the South African matches.
"In the past we have been guilty of turning every South African match into a derby and losing focus. We have worried too much about the other SA team and forgot to focus on our own strengths. Our approach on Saturday is that we prepare for the Bulls as we would any other team in the competition. If they want to motivate themselves on the derby element that's their issue. We don't see it as a Bok trial. We don't see it as individuals having to prove a point against another Bulls individual. We know we have to win to stay alive in the competition and that is our motivation, to be successful and still be in a position to challenge for the play-offs."
Venter said it was obvious that the Sharks would physically have to be on top of their game to beat the Bulls, but stressed there was so much more to the Sharks game plan than a physical presence.
"I'd like to think we have more to offer and I think people who have watched the Sharks this season would agree. We have played some very good rugby and there has been a balance in our approach. We have concentrated on patience when we have the ball and not rushing things. We know it will be physical, but that is the least of my concerns. I know physically what our pack and the team, collectively, is capable of. More importantly, this season we have seen how our players can attack space and play from depth. If we play like we train, we should be alright."
The Sharks have injury concerns around halfbacks Ruan Pienaar and Tony Brown, but Venter said any Sharks starting XV would be capable of leaving Loftus with a win.
"If we do the basics well and play as we have this season we will win. Obviously Ruan and Tony have been very instrumental to our success, but credit must be given to those guys who have also played at 9 and 10. They have been very good and the depth the coaches have built in the squad this season is a strength."


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Rihanna got a new makeover! Yes, she went from mid to short and she debuted a new short pixie cut at the NRJ Music Awards in France. Rihanna carries out this chic short pixie hairstyle to perfection. It's a fabulous and flexible haircut that suits her perfect heart shaped face. The hair has been layered and razored all over, closed-cropped layers frame the face, short and close around the ears and neck. Notice that nearly all of the layering on the top of the head is long. Long peek-a-boo bangs have been added to change the geomet... Read More
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Aubrey O'day, the former band member of Danity Kane girl group formed on P. Diddy's television show "Making the Band", was loved by the audience especially for her Cali-girl look and her petite figure. She has a great voice and great looks, a combo which made her stand out from the rest of the contestants and band members. Her beautiful long blonde tresses made her look very feminine and sensual. Long hair has always been considered very feminine and stylish. Aubrey's long wavy hairstyle helped create a glamorous and sophisticated look. Long... Read More
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TomTom and FUJITSU TEN announce second generation of semi-embedded portable navigation devices
Jan 06 2009
TomTom and FUJITSU TEN announce second generation of semi-embedded portable navigation devices
~ TomTom further strengthens automotive strategy with second generation device ~
Amsterdam, 6 January 2009 - TomTom, the world's leading navigation
solutions provider, today announces the availability of a second generation,
semi-embedded TomTom device, designed especially for use with the in-dash
FUJITSU TEN ECLIPSE AVN4430. With this product, a customer can enjoy all the
benefits of portable navigation, integrated fully into the dashboard of their
TomTom's partnership with FUJITSU TEN is a direct result of a continued focus on innovative navigation solutions. Users are able to seamlessly integrate the TomTom device into their vehicle using the ECLIPSE AVN4430 audio, video and connectivity system. Additionally, the TomTom device can easily be taken out of the dashboard and used as a stand-alone navigation device in a different car.
This second generation product, which was recently recognised as an Innovations 2009 Design and Engineering Award Honoree, is the ideal combination of a portable navigation device (PND) coupled with in-car integration through the double-DIN radio.
It remains the only product in its class to offer smart navigation as well as ease of use when driving. Users always benefit from the latest maps via TomTom's unique map technologies, including Map Share™. This allows drivers to instantly make map improvements on their device and share these with other car drivers. In addition, by using Bluetooth hands-free calling, users with compatible mobile phones can make and answer phone calls safely while driving. Additionally, the device's 4.3" touch screen can be used to control all navigation functions and to operate the car's entertainment system including CD/DVD player, iPod audio, iPod video and USB, when docked. This means drivers can enjoy their favourite music over their car speakers.
"We are pleased to offer our customers an alternative portable navigation option, said Wolfgang Reelitz, VP Sales Automotive. "Using our technology in a semi-embedded navigation device, customers are able to receive all of TomTom's exclusive features, with the added convenience of in-vehicle, audio-integration."
In addition to full audio-integration, the TomTom semi-embedded PND, has a sleek, high-quality finish and expanded Tele Atlas maps. It also comes equipped with all of TomTom's latest navigation features, including the following.
Best Maps
- TomTom Map Share™ technology, enabling users to make updates and corrections to their own maps instantly on the device and to benefit from improvements made by other users free of charge.
- Latest map guarantee so users always have free access to the latest map at time of purchase.
- 'Help Me' Emergency menu that gives drivers direct access to emergency services and roadside assistance
- Voice address input so that users can drive to millions of cities and street names by simply announcing the address of their destination
- Clear voice instructions and text-to-speech to enable street names, places, traffic alerts and SMS messages to be read aloud as part of the spoken instructions
- Enhanced hands-free calling with high-quality sound system via Bluetooth® to allow drivers to keep their eyes firmly on the road while making phone calls in the car
- Rear-view Camera Ready so drivers can expand their view outside of a normal field of vision.
Future Proof
- Free TomTom HOME software and content from the TomTom community to keep their device up to date at all times.
Easy to Use
- Large 4.3 inch touch screen with fresh icons and an updated user interface to navigate drivers to their destination even more easily.
TomTom and FUJITSU TEN, an inventive manufacturer of products which enhances
the in-car theatre entertainment information experience, partnered to develop
the first semi-embedded double-DIN radio navigation unit in January 2007. It
featured a PND – the ECLIPSE AVN2210p, which provides in-dash portable
navigation with a CD/ USB multi-source receiver. The ECLIPSE AVN4430, the
ECLIPSE AVN2210p's successor, is a secure dash-mount audio, visual and portable
navigation system, equipped with TomTom innovative technology and ECLIPSE
superior sound and visual quality.
The ECLIPSE AVN4430 will be available in the USA in January 2009 and will have a suggested retail price of 850 USD.
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About TomTom
TomTom NV is the world's leading navigation solutions provider. TomTom's products are developed with an emphasis on innovation, quality, ease of use, safety and value. TomTom's products include all-in-one navigation devices which enable customers to navigate right out of the box; these are the award-winning TomTom GO family, the TomTom XL and TomTom ONE ranges and the TomTom RIDER. Additionally, independent research proves that TomTom products have a significant positive effect on driving and road safety. TomTom offers a portfolio of content and services for TomTom's navigation products, which are easily available through TomTom HOME. TomTom also provides navigation software products that integrate with third party devices; the TomTom NAVIGATOR software for PDAs and smartphones. TomTom WORK combines industry leading communication and smart navigation technology with leading edge tracking and tracing expertise. TomTom's products are sold through a network of leading retailers in over 30 countries and online. TomTom was founded in 1991 in Amsterdam and has offices in Europe, North America, Asia Pacific and South Africa. TomTom is listed at Euronext Amsterdam in The Netherlands. For more information, go to http://www.tomtom.com.


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NORTHUMBERLAND -- Christine Stewart's life was celebrated by friends,...
Blatter says arrest of officials 'unleashed a storm' as he bids for...
Shawn Riggs first tried the sport at a camp near Heidelberg
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Takata airbag recall expanded to more than 1.5 million vehicles in Canada
OSHAWA -- There is "no proof at all" that Michael Monckton is responsible for the injuries that led to the death of an Oshawa toddler, a defence lawyer has declared in his final address to jurors.
In fact, the evidence presented during a month-long murder trial exonerates Mr. Monckton in the killing of two-year-old Keagan Davis, lawyer Ray Boggs said Friday.
"You've heard a mountain of evidence and that evidence proves absolutely nothing," Mr. Boggs said. "There is no proof at all -- whatsoever -- that Michael Monckton ever hit Keagan. Nothing. Zero."
Mr. Boggs urged jurors not to be affected by emotions when they retire next Monday to begin deliberations in the case of Mr. Monckton, who has pleaded not guilty to second-degree murder, aggravated assault and assault causing bodily harm. Mr. Monckton, the live-in boyfriend of Keagan's mother, was arrested two days after the little boy's death in early 2010. Court has heard the child suffered extensive physical abuse.
"Here what we are concerned with is evidence and truth, not anger and outrage," Mr. Boggs said.
"You don't have Keagan's life in your hands," the lawyer insisted. "But you've got Mike's."
Jurors spent Thursday and Friday at the Oshawa courthouse listening to final submissions by lawyers in the case. Lead prosecutor Paul Murray has acknowledged the case against Mr. Monckton is wholly circumstantial, but insisted that the sum of the evidence points to him alone as the person who repeatedly assaulted the child.
Mr. Monckton began living with Keagan's mother in an east Oshawa apartment in the fall of 2009 and became the boy's primary caregiver at the beginning of December, jurors have heard. By Jan. 5, 2010 Keagan was dead; an autopsy determined the cause of death to be abdominal trauma with internal bleeding, but Keagan suffered numerous other injuries including broken bones and vertebrae, contusions to his scalp and extensive bruising, court heard.
Evidence showed that while some of the injuries occurred within minutes and hours of Keagan's death, others, including broken arm bones and ribs and tears to an abdominal membrane occurred earlier and had healed or begun to heal.
It was those older injuries Mr. Boggs seized upon Friday, recalling for jurors expert evidence that indicated some of the injuries could have been months old. If that's true, they would pre-date Mr. Monckton's involvement with Keagan, Mr. Boggs said.
"If you're looking at six months, Michael's not in the picture," he said.
Many other people, including Keagan's mother and father, had access to Keagan over the final months of the child's life, Mr. Boggs said. He urged jurors to reject the Crown assertion that Mr. Monckton had exclusive opportunity to inflict the injuries.
He pointed to the testimony of Keagan's mother, Leigh-Ann Worrall, who said she'd never seen Mr. Monckton harm the child. Even after Mr. Monckton was charged with Keagan's murder, Ms. Worrall continued to support him, Mr. Boggs noted.
"It's consistent with the fact she knows he's innocent," he said. "How can she know? There's only one way to know."
During her testimony Ms. Worrall denied ever harming Keagan, and said no other family members had, either. In his closing arguments Thursday prosecutor Paul Murray said if Ms. Worrall is guilty of anything, it's failing to see the danger her new boyfriend, Mr. Monckton, posed to her son.
"She is guilty of turning a blind eye," Mr. Murray said. "But she did not do this. â?¨ She did not harm Keagan."
Mr. Murray said Keagan's injuries coincided with his association with Mr. Monckton.
Mr. Monckton did not testify during the trial; indeed, Mr. Boggs elected to call no evidence.
He told jurors Friday he didn't have to, because the case against his client was so flimsy.
"There is no case to meet here," he said. "There's nothing that points to my client."
Jurors return to court Monday, when they'll hear final instructions on the law from Superior Court Justice Alex Sosna. When that charge is finished the jurors will be sequestered until they reach a verdict.
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Brain Cancer Center - Coachella, CA
Coachella Oncologist Doctors for Brain Cancer
Type of Physician: Oncologist
What is a Oncologist?
A subspecialty certification by the Board of Internal Medicine; the oncologist specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of all types of cancer and other benign and malignant tumors. These subspecialists decide on and administer chemotherapy as well as consult with surgeons and radiotherapists on other treatment for cancer.
Specialty: Oncology (Medical)
Common Name: Cancer Doctor
Oncologist Doctors in Coachella *
21St Century Oncology
Desert Surgical Oncology
Delmar R Aitken MD
Beaver Medical Group
Wilshire Oncology
Wilshire Oncology
Theodore Affue MD Inc
Kaiser Oncology Hematology
Loma Linda Hlth Cntr ONC/HEM
Loma Linda Univ Med Sgy
Arrowhead Regional Medical Ctr
Arrowhead Regional Medical Ctr
Arrowhead Regional Medical Ctr
Vinod Kaura MD
Manorama M Reddy MD Inc
Kaiser Permanente Riverside Ctr
Kaiser Permanente Oncology
Kaiser Permanente Oncology
UCSD Orthopedic Surgery
UC San Diego Moores Cancer Ctr
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UCSD Moores Cancer Center
Genesis Urology Medical Group
San Diego Oncology Medical Clin
Moores Cancer Center
Coachella, California
Brain Cancer
Brain cancer facts
Other Related Brain Cancer Articles
Emergency Contact for Coachella
Nearby Coachella Hospitals *
Oasis Rehabilitation Center
John F Kennedy Memorial Hosp
Betty Ford Center
Eisenhower Medical Center
Desert Regional Medical Center
Hi-Desert Medical Center
Naval Hospital
*Provider Directory Terms of Use:
The WebMD 'Provider Directory' is provided by WebMD for use by the general public as a quick reference of information about Providers. The Provider Directory is not intended as a tool for verifying the credentials, qualifications, or abilities of any Provider contained therein. Inclusion in the Provider Directory does not imply recommendation or endorsement nor does omission in the Provider Directory imply WebMD disapproval.


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Written by Curt Popejoy on 04/13/2009
Every draft I am asked to list the 100 players I believe that will be drafted in the first 100 picks. This is always a difficult task, mainly because rather than simply consider who the best 100 prospects are, you have to take into consideration which teams are picking when. Good players, and I mean really good players slip out of those first 3 rounds, because they aren't positions of need or they are just plain missed by the league. I have always felt pretty good that I can usually pull about 80 of the first 100 picks and I will continue to do it and hope to improve. But this year, I am going to add a little something. This is my list of the 50 best prospects from what I've seen regardless of where or by whom they will be drafted. To make it a little easier to follow, I have broken the players into groups, based on where I rate them compared to their peers.Tier 1-The elite. It's normally not hard to get a group of ten guys you consider truly elite prospects and this year was no different. While I think that the next group of 20 or so, are a pretty considerable drop off, this ten are truly special players at their position and regardless of who drafts them will be great.1.Jason Smith OT Baylor2.Michael Crabtree WR Texas Tech3.Aaron Curry LB Wake Forest4.Matthew Stafford QB Georgia5.Knowshon Moreno RB Georgia6.B.J. Raji DT Boston College7.Andre Smith OT Alabama8.Alex Mack C Cal9.Jeremy Maclin WR Missouri10.Rey Maualuga LB USCTier 2-The really good. This group is a notch below the players I listed above, but nonetheless all have tons of NFL potential, and short of an unknown injury or meltdown should have great pro careers.11.Michael Oher OT Ole Miss.12.Eugene Monroe OT Virginia13.Donald Brown RB UConn14.Malcolm Jenkins CB Ohio State15.Tyson Jackson DE LSU16.Vontae Davis CB Illinois17.Duke Robinson OG Oklahoma18.Brian Orakpo DE Texas19.Beanie Wells RB Ohio State20.Brandon Pettigrew TE Oklahoma State21.Mark Sanchez QB USC22.Aaron Maybin DE/LB Penn State23.Percy Harvin WR Florida24.Alphonso Smith CB Wake Forest25.Max Unger C Oregon26.LeSean McCoy RB Pittsburgh27.Robert Ayers DE Tennessee28.Clay Matthews LB USC29.Larry English DE/LB Northern Illinois30.Jarron Gilbert DT/DE San Jose StateTier 3-The good. This group is rock solid, but in many cases will be drafted earlier than their skills would indicate. Some have injury or character issues that their talent cannot account for and may not end up playing to a level fans would like based on where their teams will draft them.31.Michael Johnson DE/LB Georgia Tech32.Everette Brown DE/LB Florida State33.Josh Freeman QB Kansas State34.Eben Britton OT Arizona35.D.J. Moore CB Vanderbilt36.Clint Sintim LB Virginia37.James Laurinaitis LB Ohio State38.Brian Cushing LB USC39.William Beatty OT UConn40.Peria Jerry DT Ole' Miss41.Darrius Heyward-Bey WR Maryland42.Hakeem Nicks-WR North Carolina43.Sean Smith CB Utah44.Fili Moala DT USC45.Ron Brace DT Boston College46.William Moore S Missouri47.Kenny Britt WR Rutgers48.Shonn Greene RB Iowa49.Macho Harris CB Virginia Tech50.Connor Barwin DE/LB Cincinnati
Last Edited: 04/13/2009
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|Amanda (Mandy) Burns, RN is the March 2012 DAISY Award Recipient
Congratulations to Amanda (Mandy) Burns, RN who is the March 2012 Daisy Award Recipient. Mandy is an RN on 8 North. The DAISY Award is presented monthly to an All Children's Hospital Nurse who has provided extraordinary service to our patients. Mandy was nominated by a parent who wrote:
Mandy was an amazing nurse! Seriously, the best we have ever had. Our son is on the Autism Spectrum and is sensitive to everything. She was so attentive to him and our family. He is a strong boy and quite the squirmer when you are doing something to him that he does not like. She held him during a procedure because of his sensitivities. He was not happy having this procedure after two days of EEGs and an MRI. Mandy was amazing with him. As a matter of fact, the staff was able to get a champagne tap (a blood draw that was essentially "perfect") thanks to her. You really are fortunate to have someone as amazing as Mandy on your staff. She truly made our stay here awesome. We have been here since Saturday and she really helped us make it through with a sensitive kiddo. We normally don't feel so compelled to compliment someone, but she is so amazing. Thank you Mandy. You really made all the difference in our stay, we love you!
"Mandy has worked as an RN on 8 North for nine years," said Lisa Moore, RN, Nursing Director. "She is kind, compassionate and extremely enthusiastic about her role as a nurse. She is able to care for very complex patients and their families with ease. Mandy goes above and beyond in making patients feel comfortable throughout their hospital stay. She definitely demonstrates the qualities that the Daisy Award reflects."
Thank you Mandy, for your service excellence to All Children's Hospital and your continued passion to pursue perfection.
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There's nothing like the sound of a friendly voice. With Home Phone from Oceanic Time Warner Cable, you have lots of ways to stay connected to the people who matter most. And minimize interruptions from those who don't. Get outstanding clarity, unlimited calling, simple, innovative calling features, plus reliable service – all for one low price. And you get to keep your current phone number and existing phone!
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Kirsten Matthews Wilkins MD
Associate Professor of Psychiatry; Clerkship Director
Departments & Organizations
Office of Student ResearchPsychiatry
Research Interests
Integration of basic and clinical science in the Psychiatry Clerkship; medical student mental health; novel applications of rTMS
- B.S., University of Tulsa, 1997
- M.D., University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, 2001
Selected Publications
- Nespoli M, Wilkins K. Chapter 1. Interviewing The Older Adult. 3-14. Tampi RR, Williamson DJ, Eds. Fundamentals of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2013. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. ISBN: 978-1-62618-691-0.
- Kirwin PD, Wilkins KM. Training requirements in North America. In Principles and Practice of Geriatric Psychiatry, 3rd Edition. Eds. Abou-Saleh M, Katona C, Kumar A. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. January 2011.
- Clinical Assessments in Psychiatry: Mastering Skills and Passing Exams. Tampi RR, Muralee S, Weder ND, Wilkins KM. Editors. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. February 1, 2010. ISBN: 0781799090.


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Reserve Pinot Noir Rosé
Winery Exclusive
Aging Profile: Minimum of 3 years on the yeast
92 Points Wine Spectator, December 15, 2008
Pinot Noir's seductive aromas and luscious berry fruit flavors are the inspiration behind Chandon Reserve Pinot Noir Rosé. With a heritage that includes centuries of growing Pinot Noir, and with over half of our vineyards planted to this variety, our expertise with Pinot Noir is extensive and our enthusiasm for creating innovative wine styles with this variety is unlimited. Chandon Reserve Pinot Noir Rosé showcases the lively fruit characters of Pinot Noir combined with the toasty qualities of reserve wines and extended aging.
Tasting Notes
This copper-hued rosé is as spectacular to look as it is to taste. Aromas unfold with layers of strawberry cream and freshly baked bread. The first taste sensation of a fresh, refreshing palate with strawberry and tart cherry flavors gives way to a creamy mid-palate of toasty raspberry and plum. True to the Reserve style, it offers seamless structure and a lingering finish.
Food and Wine Pairing
Domaine Chandon's winemaker Tom Tiburzi suggests pairing the richness of this wine with grilled salmon or strawberry shortcake.
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FAYETTEVILLE — Revenge wasn't just sweet for the Kinston girls, it also laid the groundwork for a possible state championship.
The Vikings avenged the loss that ended their season last year by stampeding Siler City Jordan-Matthews 56-37 in the 2A Eastern Regional finals at the Crown Arena on Saturday.
The victory sends Kinston (26-4) to the state title game for the first time in school history. The Vikings will battle perennial power Canton Pisgah, a 63-57 winner over Thomasville for the Western Regional title, this Saturday at noon at the Dean E. Smith Center in Chapel Hill.
"We're headed to Chapel Hill and that's what matters," Kinston coach Hubert Quinerly said. "I couldn't be prouder of what this team and this coaching staff has accomplished. We have a lot to be proud of, but that doesn't mean we're satisfied. We still have unfinished business."
The fact that the Vikings made it this far at the Jets' expense made the journey even tastier.
The defending state champions blitzed Kinston 61-28 in the regional finals last year en route to an undefeated season. The rematch was a 180-degree turnaround.
"We've been looking forward to playing them again ever since last year," Kinston senior Monique Lofton said. "They were the team we wanted to play, and the fact that we beat them to reach the state championship means so much."
Lofton did her part in the victory, garnering a team-high 16 points, sparked by a torrid 3 of 7 showing from behind the 3-point line.
Region MVP Brittany Drumgoole added 15 points, nine rebounds, five assists and six steals, while Lydia Rivers contributed 15 points, nine rebounds and five blocked shots.
"We got some outstanding individual performances and a great overall team effort," Quinerly said. "They're a great team and to be able to beat them like we did says a lot about our girls."
Kinston trailed just once in the contest, 7-6 with just over five minutes left in the first quarter. A Lofton trey put the Vikings back on top at the 4:13 mark, and Kinston was never headed again.
The only anxious moments came in the third quarter when the Jets (27-5) scored five quick points to trim a 14-point Kinston lead to nine with 3:06 remaining in the period.
But the Vikings answered with an 11-1 run that finished the quarter, and also finished the Jets.
"We responded every time they made a run, and I think that really frustrated them as the game went along," Quinerly said. "Defensively we didn't let the, get into any kind of rhythm."
Jets leading scorer Mylia Garner, who torched Kinston for 28 points last year, led all scorers this time with 19, but was harassed all game and hit just 5 of 20 shots.
"We played more zone than we usually like to do, but it was working," Quinerly said. "They never seemed comfortable in their offense against our zone."
The Vikings forced 23 turnovers, generated 17 steals, and held the Jets to just 26 percent shooting (12 of 46).
Kinston connected on 17 of 44 field goal attempts (39 percent), with Rivers making 6 of her 7 tries from the field.
She and Lofton joined Drumgoole on the all-region team.
Jordan-Matthews 9 11 8 9—37
Kinston 16 12 19 9—56
JETS (27-5) — Mylia Garner 19, Paige 8, Bristow 7, Nona 2, Dunn 1, Poe, B. Pyrtle, Aguirre, James, A. Pyrtle, Webster, Moffit.
VIKINGS (26-4) — Monique Lofton 16, Brittany Drumgoole 15, Lydia Rivers 15, Williams 6, Addison 4, Thi, Faison, Cannon, Vermillion, Washington, Harper, Clark, Tice.


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While bombing down a mountain at top speeds, the last thing you need is whimpy brakes. You need strong and reliable brakes. The Avid Code is just that, strong and reliable. A huge advance in the Code is the variable piston diameters. With variable piston diameters, braking does not result in a jolting movement; braking is smooth and power progression is felt throughout the pull of the lever. Weighing in at 410 grams, the Code is lighter than many XC brakes. The tri-Align positioning system makes it fast and easy to install your brakes. Brake pads are top- loading, and can be changed without even taking the wheel off. Get on the trail faster!
Reviewed by 3 customers
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Comments about Avid Code Disc Caliper w/ Lever '12:
I use these brakes on my DH bike and I love their ability to adjust the lever to exactly the right contact point. I used to use Shimano Saints but got frustrated with their limited lever adjustment. Both brakes have great stopping power!
Best Uses
Comments about Avid Code Disc Caliper w/ Lever '12:
My new bike came with Avid Elixirs. They were very powerful but had zero modulation - it was all or nothing, and this became very dangerous on steep descents. I replaced them with Avid Codes, which were just as powerful but have awesome modulation. The amount of extra control these give me has been awesome, makes all the difference.
These brakes have also been very reliable. I find with other Avid brakes (various elixir models) I am constantly having to re-set the pistons, adjust the reach, and even bleed them to keep the pads from contacting the rotors. I have not had to touch the Codes, they are very consistent in terms of performance. For me its worth the extra cash to upgrade to these over any other Avid brake. I've been using them for just over 1 year.
Comments about Avid Code Disc Caliper w/ Lever '12:
New bike, new brakes. I had the old version of the code and when I got a new frame I decided that it was time for new brakes. It only took 3 weeks to have issues with the master cylinder. Within a month they were leaking oil and completely blown.
For the looks the code wins, however once again Avid has failed to fix the major issue with their high end product. At least they warranty centre is great and they sent me a brand new set. I will be selling them and getting the new saints.
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Get free Standard Shipping with your $50 purchase today! Just choose Standard Shipping during checkout.
Please note this offer is only available to physical shipping addresses in the 48 continental United States (no PO Boxes), and oversize charges still apply on some heavy/large items.


text:
The State Pattern provides a structured approach to partitioning the behaviour within complex systems. The overall behaviour of a system is partitioned into well-defined states. Typically, each state is implemented by a class. The overall system behaviour can be determined firstly by knowing the current state of the system; secondly, by understanding the behaviour possible while in that state (as embodied in the methods of the class corresponding to that state).
Here is an example:
Here is the output:
This example was inspired from a similar Ruby Example. One of the great things about a dynamic language like Groovy though is that we can take this example and express it in many different ways depending on our particular needs. Some potential variations for this example are shown below.
Variation 1: Leveraging Interface-Oriented Design
One approach we could take is to leverage Interface-Oriented Design. To do this, we could introduce the following interface:
Then our
Online and
Offline classes could be modified to implement that interface, e.g.:
class Client implements State {
// ... as before ...
class Online implements State {
// ... as before ...
You might ask: Haven't we just introduced additional boilerplate code? Can't we rely on duck-typing for this? The answer is 'yes' and 'no'. We can get away with duck-typing but one of the key intentions of the state pattern is to partition complexity. If we know that the client class and each state class all satisfy one interface, then we have placed some key boundaries around the complexity. We can look at any state class in isolation and know the bounds of behaviour possible for that state.
We don't have to use interfaces for this, but it helps express the intent of this particular style of partitioning and it helps reduce the size of our unit tests (we would have to have additional tests in place to express this intent in languages which have less support for interface-oriented design).
Variation 2: Extract State Pattern Logic
Alternatively, or in combination with other variations, we might decide to extract some of our State Pattern logic into helper classes. For example, we could define the following classes in a state pattern package/jar/script:
This is all quite generic and can be used wherever we want to introduce the state pattern. Here is what our code would look like now:
You can see here the
startFrom and
transitionTo methods begin to give our example code a DSL feel.
Variation 3: Bring on the DSL
Alternatively, or in combination with other variations, we might decide to fully embrace a Domain Specific Language (DSL) approach to this example.
We can define the following generic helper functions (first discussed here):
Now we can define and test our state machine like this:
This example isn't an exact equivalent of the others. It doesn't use predefined
Online and
Offline classes. Instead it defines the entire state machine on the fly as needed. See the previous reference for more elaborate examples of this style.
See also: Model-based testing using ModelJUnit


text:
Set of 2 GoJo Headset
Make any phone a handsfree device with the GoJo headset. Simply attach your phone to the super-strong suction cup and slip it on. No wires, batteries or Bluetooth necessary. Headset is adjustable for a perfect fit. Set of 2.
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Set of 2 GoJo Headset Reviews
Reviewed by 2 customers
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- Set pulls at hair
- Too uncomfortable for me
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- Upgrade
Comments about Set of 2 GoJo Headset:
it does hold the phone .the band is too hard and I had breakage of my hair even when in a ponytail.easier for a man to wear and use than a woman.
- Primary use:
- Personal
- Was this a gift?:
- No
- Easy To Use
- Low Power Consumption
- Quality Construction
Best Uses
- Driving
Comments about Set of 2 GoJo Headset:
This is a great item. My bluetooth was too difficult to set up and I never used it. I bought this to ensure I complied with the handsfree driving laws and love it!!!
- Primary use:
- Personal
- Was this a gift?:
- No
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1 item in your shopping cart.


text:
(17 Reviews) Read Reviews
Questions & Answers
Low Price Guarantee
MEASURE YOUR HEAD. Determine the circumference of the widest part of your head by using a flexible tape measure. Generally, the widest part of a person's head is the area 2.5 cm (1") above the eyes and ears. However,
we suggest measuring at a few points both above and below that line to determine the greatest measurement before referring to our size tables. We also suggest testing the fit of a helmet one size smaller and one size larger then what the chart recommends.
No helmet can provide protection if it's too uncomfortable to wear. If you would like further detailed instructions on how to determine your correct size please look at our AFX Helmet Fitting Guide.
Size Chart
Comment: The helmet is comfortable and good quality for the money.
Delivery was impeccable as usual.
Thank you Guys !
San Jose, CA
Comment: Great Helmet, very comfortable and the price was right!! Arrived quicker than expected.
Wyoming, DE.
Comment: We have two her's and mine. Nice fit only one thing concerning is the strap clamp is too short and difficult to thread and terrible to snap closed
Comment: Nice helmet for the cost. You may still want to purchase some riding glasses for comfort, as air does enter beneath the lid.
Comment: Very comfortable to wear, easy on & off even with earrings, head does not sweat, I love the vents, the helmet is light in weight, and the snap on the chin strap makes an easy carry. However the face shield does scuff easily.
Elaine Comer
Miami, FL
Comment: Will do more with theses guys very help full.
Dodge City, Kansas
Comment: Helmet is comfortable, price is RIGHT, love the color (wine red), my husband and I each have one and we love them! Arrived quicker than expected, had to exchange one for size change, got new one quick and the refund for the one returned was done very quickly. Thank you for a great helmet and service!
San Benito, TX
Comment: When my helmet arrived, it was exactly as pictured and the fit was great. I am very pleased with my purchase and would recomend it to any one.
Meridian, MS
Comment: Great helmet, great color. Fits really good and came quick. Will definitely buy another through this website.
Patty G
Syracuse, NY
Comment: I purchased this helmet for my lady to wear on a 2000 mile bike journey, along the way we had an accident and landed in the hospital. Thankfully there were no head injuries and the only damage to the helmet was the face shield popped off. We are very pleased with this product. Top of the line helmet!
Rudolph Glass
Comment: It fits perfect even getting it on line. The measurment charts were right on and it is comfortable and not too heavy!
Comment: This is my third helmet in my life (now 68). It is by far the best one I have ever had.
Dewey, AZ
Comment: This helmet I bought a size too small and had to return it for that reason. However, if you're looking for full coverage with a lot of padding this is the helmet for you. Fits securely, and looks larger than it is. Good quality.
Rebecca Taylor
Chino, CA
Comment: I'm a new biker and bought this helmet for the New Riders Course. Summer in Texas is pretty hot but this helmet was very comfortable. It has vents on top and the fit was perfect. The other women asked where I got it so I gave them the jafrum website.
Comment: Great fit.Got just what I ordered.As Always the product and the quick delivery was great.
Comment: Nice fiting helmet very comfortable, good service
William Fleser
Wayland, Michigan
Comment: We haved owned AFX helmets for years and for value priced helmets I have never been disappointed!
The FX-43 has great padding, good venting and nice looks.
Paul Person
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text:
MS MR Biography & News
MS MR Details
|Official site
About MS MR
About MS MR
They've been labeled as the 'mysterious' New York City-based duo with the "Hurricane"-force debut. But Lizzy Plapinger and Max Hershenow, aka MS MR, are more than just hype.
Yes, their 2012 hit "Hurricane" was nothing short of an alt-pop masterpiece. Yes, it's unofficial video garnered millions of hits on YouTube. And yes, they were awarded 'Best New Track' on Pitchfork. But the pair showed it was more than a one-hit wonder when they used their Tumblr page to debut their EP, the critically acclaimed "Candy Bar Creep Show." It also included the tracks "Bones," "Dark Doo Wop," and "Ash Tree Lane" when it bowed in the fall of 2012, much to the delight of both the mainstream and underground press.
Before long, MS MR could be heard just about everywhere. The song "Bones" was included on the trailer for the television series "Game of Thrones," and "Hurricane" served as official soundtrack during Fashion Week. With all the exposure it sure didn't take them long to find a home on Columbia Records for the release of their debut album, "Secondhand Rapture." They even worked with Tom Elmhirst (Adele, Amy Winehouse) on the mix and overall production, with the finished product showcasing MS MR's love for everything from '80s to new wave to country.
You might've heard that MS MR is all different genres, all different time periods. It's true. Their sound has been compared to Florence and the Machine, Kavinsky, Lana Del Rey and more. Fans got a taste when MS MR toured extensively in 2013, and they're currently back on stage as part of 30 Days in LA. Get your MS MR tickets now!
MS MR Ticket PricesFind Tickets
Past 12 Months
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Past Tour Dates for MS MR
MS MR Tour Dates 2015
date city state venue 05/28/2015 Denver CO Ogden Theatre 05/07/2015 San Francisco CA Rickshaw Stop 05/05/2015 Los Angeles CA Hollywood Forever Cemetery 05/04/2015 San Diego CA The Casbah 04/29/2015 Brooklyn NY Rough Trade NYC 04/27/2015 Toronto ON The Drake Underground 03/28/2015 Columbus OH Lifestyle Communities Pavilion
MS MR Tour Dates 2014
date city state venue 11/02/2014 West Hollywood CA The Roxy Theatre 10/25/2014 Las Vegas NV Downtown Las Vegas 08/30/2014 Calgary AB Fort Calgary 08/29/2014 Edmonton AB Edmonton Northlands Grounds 07/19/2014 Englewood CO Fiddler's Green Amphitheatre 07/18/2014 Toronto ON Echo Beach 06/21/2014 Dover DE Dover International Speedway 06/19/2014 Dover DE Dover International Speedway 06/19/2014 Brooklyn NY Prospect Park 06/19/2014 Dover DE Dover International Speedway 06/14/2014 Chicago IL Metro 06/10/2014 Washington DC 9:30 Club 06/01/2014 Mountain View CA Shoreline Amphitheatre 05/30/2014 Chula Vista CA Sleep Train Amphitheatre 05/28/2014 Denver CO Ogden Theatre 05/06/2014 Atlanta GA The Tabernacle 05/03/2014 New Orleans LA House of Blues New Orleans 05/02/2014 Memphis TN Tom Lee Park 04/30/2014 Kansas City MO Power & Light District 04/28/2014 Oklahoma City OK Diamond Ballroom 04/27/2014 Tulsa OK Brady Theater 04/26/2014 Frisco TX Toyota Stadium 04/24/2014 Tucson AZ Rialto Theatre 04/23/2014 Tempe AZ Marquee Theatre 04/18/2014 Indio CA Empire Polo Field 04/17/2014 Las Vegas NV Live At The Chelsea Ballroom, Cosmopolitan Las Vegas 04/17/2014 Las Vegas NV Live At The Chelsea Ballroom, Cosmopolitan Las Vegas 04/15/2014 San Francisco CA The Fillmore 04/14/2014 San Francisco CA The Fillmore 04/11/2014 Indio CA Empire Polo Field 04/09/2014 Denver CO Bluebird Theater 04/06/2014 Austin TX Stubbs BBQ 04/03/2014 Atlanta GA The Tabernacle 04/01/2014 Washington DC 9:30 Club 03/31/2014 Washington DC 9:30 Club 03/30/2014 Washington DC 9:30 Club 03/29/2014 Columbus OH Lifestyle Communities Pavilion 03/29/2014 Columbus OH Lifestyle Communities Pavilion 03/27/2014 New York NY Terminal 5 03/26/2014 New York NY Terminal 5 03/23/2014 Boston MA Paradise Rock Club 03/22/2014 Buffalo NY Town Ballroom 03/11/2014 Austin TX ACL Live at The Moody Theater 03/11/2014 Austin TX Empire Control Room & Garage 02/01/2014 Brooklyn NY Barclays Center
MS MR Tour Dates 2013
date city state venue 12/16/2013 Baltimore MD Rams Head Live 12/14/2013 Richmond VA The National 12/13/2013 Charlotte NC Neighborhood Theatre 12/12/2013 Norfolk VA Constant Convocation Center 12/10/2013 Chicago IL Aragon Ballroom 12/07/2013 San Diego CA Soda Bar 12/05/2013 Portland OR Crystal Ballroom 12/04/2013 Sacramento CA Sleep Train Arena 12/01/2013 Rochester NY Main Street Armory 11/26/2013 Norwich Nfk Norwich Waterfront 11/25/2013 Oxford Oxf O2 Academy Oxford 11/24/2013 Manchester Gtm Manchester Academy 2 11/23/2013 Dublin D The Academy 11/21/2013 Leeds Yorkshire The Cockpit 11/20/2013 Glasgow Dby Oran Mor 11/18/2013 Nottingham Ntt The Rescue Rooms 11/17/2013 Bristol Bst Bristol Trinity Centre 11/16/2013 Hove Bnh The Old Market 11/13/2013 Berlin Berlin Astra Kulturhaus 11/12/2013 Hamburg HH Kampnagel 11/10/2013 Cologne NW Live Music Hall 11/05/2013 London Lnd O2 Shepherds Bush Empire 11/02/2013 Amsterdam Nhl Paradiso 11/01/2013 Brussels La Botanique 11/01/2013 Amsterdam Nhl Paradiso 10/24/2013 Seattle WA The Crocodile 10/23/2013 Vancouver BC Venue 10/21/2013 San Francisco CA The Independent 10/19/2013 San Diego CA Soda Bar 10/18/2013 West Hollywood CA The Troubadour 10/17/2013 West Hollywood CA The Troubadour 10/16/2013 San Francisco CA The Independent 10/15/2013 San Francisco CA The Independent 10/12/2013 Mexico City ?? Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez 10/11/2013 Austin TX Zilker Park 10/09/2013 New Orleans LA House of Blues New Orleans 10/08/2013 Houston TX Warehouse Live 10/07/2013 Dallas TX House of Blues Dallas 10/04/2013 Austin TX Zilker Park 10/02/2013 Tulsa OK The Vanguard 09/30/2013 Chicago IL Lincoln Hall 09/29/2013 Madison WI Majestic Theatre 09/28/2013 Minneapolis MN 7th Street Entry 09/27/2013 Kansas City MO Richard L. Berkley Riverfront Park 09/25/2013 Columbus OH Newport Music Hall 09/24/2013 New York NY Webster Hall 09/22/2013 Washington DC Black Cat 09/21/2013 Boston MA Brighton Music Hall 09/19/2013 Philadelphia PA First Unitarian Church 09/17/2013 Toronto ON Phoenix Concert Theatre 09/16/2013 Montreal QC Cafe Campus 08/23/2013 Leeds Yorkshire Bramham Park 08/12/2013 Portland OR Crystal Ballroom 08/10/2013 Redmond WA Marymoor Park 08/09/2013 San Francisco CA Golden Gate Park 08/04/2013 Chicago IL Grant Park 08/03/2013 Chicago IL House of Blues 08/02/2013 Chicago IL Grant Park 07/29/2013 Melbourne Vic Hi-Fi 07/17/2013 London London Electric Ballroom 07/16/2013 Birmingham War The Institute 07/15/2013 Manchester Msy Manchester Academy 3 07/12/2013 Kinross ?? Balado Airfield 07/08/2013 Munich Ampere 07/07/2013 Zurich ZH Plaza 07/04/2013 Berlin BE Berghain 07/02/2013 Paris Ville De Paris La Maroquinerie 06/26/2013 Pilton Som Worthy Farm 06/22/2013 Denver CO Summit Music Hall 06/19/2013 Portland OR Crystal Ballroom 06/16/2013 San Francisco CA The Independent 06/15/2013 Los Angeles CA Fonda Theatre 06/14/2013 Santa Ana CA The Observatory 06/08/2013 New York NY Randalls Island 06/07/2013 New York NY Randalls Island 05/25/2013 Boston MA Boston City Hall Plaza 05/25/2013 Boston MA Boston City Hall Plaza 05/22/2013 Toronto ON Wrongbar 05/21/2013 Columbus OH The Basement 05/19/2013 Chicago IL Schubas Tavern 05/16/2013 Philadelphia PA Johnny Brenda's 05/15/2013 New York NY Bowery Ballroom 05/11/2013 Columbia MD Merriweather Post Pavilion 05/09/2013 Washington DC U Street Music Hall 04/11/2013 San Francisco CA The Independent 04/09/2013 Seattle WA The Crocodile 04/08/2013 Vancouver BC Commodore Ballroom 04/06/2013 Toronto ON The Opera House 04/05/2013 New York NY Webster Hall 04/03/2013 Brooklyn NY Music Hall of Williamsburg 03/14/2013 Austin TX Hype Hotel 03/11/2013 London London XOYO 03/09/2013 Birmingham War The Institute 03/08/2013 Norwich Nfk Norwich Waterfront 03/05/2013 Manchester Dby Club Academy 03/04/2013 Preston Lancashire 53 Degrees 03/02/2013 Glasgow Dby Oran Mor 03/01/2013 Edinburgh Edinburgh The Liquid Room 02/28/2013 Liverpool Lan O2 Academy Liverpool 02/07/2013 Northcote SA Northcote Social Club 01/22/2013 Los Angeles CA The Echo 01/17/2013 New York NY Mercury Lounge 01/16/2013 New York NY Mercury Lounge
MS MR Tour Dates 2012
date city state venue 12/19/2012 Washington DC 9:30 Club 12/15/2012 Brooklyn NY Music Hall of Williamsburg 12/07/2012 Rennes Transmusicales festival 12/04/2012 Utrecht UT Tivoli Oudegracht 11/29/2012 London Lnd Electrowerkz 11/28/2012 Manchester Man NQ Live 11/03/2012 Boston MA Royale Boston 11/02/2012 New York NY Terminal 5 10/30/2012 Washington DC 9:30 Club 10/29/2012 Washington DC 9:30 Club 10/26/2012 Pittsburgh PA Altar Bar 10/24/2012 Norfolk VA The Norva 10/18/2012 New York NY Bowery Ballroom 10/16/2012 Atlanta GA Masquerade 10/14/2012 New Orleans LA House of Blues New Orleans 09/19/2012 Amsterdam Nhl Paradiso 09/17/2012 Paris Ile Nouveau Casino 09/12/2012 London London Birthdays 08/18/2012 New York NY Webster Hall 08/16/2012 New York NY Webster Hall 08/14/2012 Washington DC 9:30 Club 07/11/2012 San Francisco CA The Fillmore 06/27/2012 New York NY Santos Party House 06/24/2012 Cambridge MA TT The Bears