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Navy living out its 'heyday,' but rough seas ahead
Friday - 1/18/2013, 6:12am EST
With several serious budget puzzles on the table and no immediate solution at hand, there are a lot of gloomy faces in the Pentagon at the moment. Robert Work, the undersecretary of the Navy, is not one of them — he thinks the Navy's better off than at any point since World War II.
Work often makes the case that, yes, today's Navy is smaller than it was a few decades ago when counted by its numbers of ships and sailors, but it's also vastly more capable. He made that argument in forceful fashion Wednesday to an audience at the Surface Navy Association's annual symposium in Arlington, Va.
"Yes, things might get worse. In fact, they probably will get worse. But this is the heyday of the U.S. Navy," he said. "And, if you're not excited, you ain't breathing."
In the 1980s, the Pentagon wanted to build a fleet of ships numbering 600 in size. It never got there. By Work's reckoning, the size of the surface fleet topped out in 1989. DoD's 2014 budget, he said, will call for a fleet of about 300.
But Work unleashed a barrage of figures over the course of about 30 minutes, making the case that it's time to stop worrying about sheer numbers. He said it's the characteristics of the ships that matter, not just how many there are.
For instance, he said, the Navy has focused its surface fleet dollars on building high-end cruisers and destroyers, and across the fleet, ships are more standardized than ever before, leading to lots of efficiencies in resourcing and training. They're also linked together in cyberspace in a way that no potential adversary's fleet can match.
"People say we're having a lot of problems. But they forget that back then, you had to worry about steam power plants, you had to worry about all different types of maintenance paths. I cannot imagine an officer saying they would rather fight in the 1989 surface fleet over the fleet we have now, given the capabilities we have," he said. "Yes, we are down by a total of about 28 ships, which buys you about seven ships present all the time. We have fewer ships, but we're building up."
"They'll wake up crying every two hours"
Even while cheerleading the Navy's current capabilities, Work freely acknowledged the future is likely to be less rosy, with Congress and the President facing March deadlines to come up with an alternative to sequestration and to deal with an expiring continuing resolution.
With so many moving parts to the various budget deadlines that will come together in March, it's foolish to make predictions about what the political process will yield, Work said, but he did so anyway.
His guess is that DoD will remain under a continuing resolution for the rest of the year, but that there will be a deal to avert the automatic budget cuts.
"I can't imagine that Congress will let [sequestration] happen," he said to the audience in attendance. "It could. But we are planning as if sequestration occurs and a year-long continuing resolution occurs. And if that happens, ladies and gentlemen, the world as we know it will end. There's just no way that you'll be able to keep the Navy whole or the Marine Corps whole if that happens. No way. So if anybody tells you just take the shave, we're bloated, blah, blah, blah. Tell them to come sit in my shoes for maybe half an hour. They'll sleep like a baby. They'll wake up crying every two hours too."
The Pentagon already has directed the Navy to make plans to cancel all ship maintenance availabilities in the second half of the fiscal year in case the impact of the two pending budget emergencies coincide. If sequestration happens, procurement budgets would be immediately reduced by roughly 9 percent as with all other accounts in the DoD budget. The Navy believes it would have to cancel hard-fought, multi-year agreements for shipbuilding, since it would no longer have sufficient funds to pay suppliers under the original terms of the competition.
But like the other military services, the Navy's also worried about the readiness impacts of a sudden funding cut in the middle of the fiscal year. Work said the Navy's people are stretched thin as it is.
"Operational tempo right now is killing the Navy," he said. "We do not have enough time to do the maintenance we need to do, we do not have enough time to train. We need to exercise and test, we just don't have the time to do so. There's a very major push to keep more carriers out all of the time, and that kind of sucks [operations and maintenance funding] out that way. And you cannot scrimp on maintenance. So what's the right mix between manning, operations and training? It is tough."


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David A. Calderwood PhD
Associate Professor of Pharmacology and of Cell Biology
Research Interests
Integrin; Cell adhesion; Cell migration; Cytoskeleton; Structural biology
Research Summary
Integrins, transmembrane adhesion receptors, mediate cell adhesion and permit
bidirectional transmission of mechanical force and biochemical signals across
the plasma membrane. Integrin-dependent cellular activities such as adhesion,
migration, proliferation, and survival rely upon the dynamic interaction of
integrin cytoplasmic tails with intracellular integrin tail-binding proteins.
We use cell-biological, biochemical, and structural techniques to identify and
characterize the interactions of integrin cytoplasmic tails with intracellular
ligands, and to decipher how these interactions are regulated. This has allowed
us to establish talin as a key regulator of integrin activation; to show that
integrin binding to the actin crosslinking protein filamin controls cell
migration and modulates integrin-talin interactions; to reveal that kindlins
modulate talin-mediated integrin activation in an integrin-specific fashion;
and to characterize interactions of the integrin-linked kinase. Ongoing studies
aim to extend these observations, to characterize the molecular basis and
functional significance of new interactions between integrin cytoplasmic tails
and cytoskeletal and signaling proteins, and to identify novel mechanisms by
which specific integrin-associated proteins are regulated.
Extensive Research Description
Integrins are essential heterodimeric adhesion receptors formed by the non-covalent association of a and ß subunits. Each subunit is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein that has relatively large extracellular domains and a generally short cytoplasmic tail. Humans contain 18 a and 8 ß subunits that combine to produce at least 24 different heterodimers, each of which can bind to a specific repertoire of cell surface, ECM or soluble protein ligands. Cell-cell and cell-substratum adhesion is mediated by the binding of integrin extracellular domains to diverse protein ligands, however, cellular control of these adhesive interactions and their translation into dynamic cellular responses, such as cell spreading or migration, requires the integrin cytoplasmic tails. These short tails bind to intracellular ligands that connect the receptors to signaling pathways and cytoskeletal networks. Hence, by binding both extracellular and intracellular ligands, integrins provide a transmembrane link for the bidirectional transmission of mechanical force and biochemical signals across the plasma membrane.
We have found that talin binds to integrin ß subunit cytoplasmic tails through the FERM domain within the talin head. Integrin binding occurs via a variant of the classical PTB domain-NPxY interaction and, in addition to linking integrins to actin stress fibers, this interaction induces conformational changes in the integrin ectodomains that regulate integrin ligand-binding affinity (integrin activation). Tight regulation of integrin activation is essential because it controls cell adhesion, migration, and assembly of an extracellular matrix. Hence integrin activation is a critical step in angiogenesis, tumor cell metastasis, embryonic development, cardiac function and the immune response, and cellular control of integrin activation plays important roles in health and disease throughout development and during the course of adult life.
More recently we have investigated the binding of another class of FERM domain
proteins, the kindlins. Kindlins, like talins, contain an atypical FERM domain and we predict them to be structurally closely related to the integrin-activating talin head domain. We find that kindlins bind integrin ß tails and regulate integrin activation and signaling. The molecular and structural basis for kindlins effects on integrins are the subject of ongoing work.
We have also found that actin cross-linking proteins of the filamin family (filamin A, B and C) bind integrin ß tails, that tight association of filamin with integrin ß tails inhibits cell migration and that filamins can inhibit integrin activation. The regulated binding of filamin to integrin ß tails may therefore provide a control point for regulation of cell migration. Our structural analyses of filamin-integrin interactions revealed the basis for integrin binding and identified regulatory mechanisms including, competition with talin (which provides a mechanism by which filamin binding can suppress integrin activation), auto-inhibition by adjacent filamin domains (which may be released by mechanical stretching) and competition with other filamin-binding proteins. Recently we have shown that filamins are important for initiation of cell migration and that during cell differentiation filamin levels can be controlled by poly-ubiquitinylation and proteasomal degradation. Investigations of the molecular bases for these effects are underway.
Finally we have initiated structural and functional studies on the integrin-linked kinase (ILK); a signaling protein implicated in both integrin activation, possibly through interactions with kindlins, and in signaling downstream of integrins. In collaboration with the Boggon Lab (Pharmacology, Yale) we have solved the structures of a complex between the ILK ankyrin-repeat domain and the 1st LIM domain of the ILK-binding protein PINCH1 or PINCH2. These structures revealed the molecular basis of ILK-PINCH interactions, which are essential for targeting of ILK-PINCH-parvin heterotrimeric complexes to adhesion sites where they act as key signaling nodes. Ongoing structural and functional studies focus on other ILK domains as well as larger multi-domain complexes.
Selected Publications
- Goult B. T, Bouaouina, M., Elliott, P.R., Bate N, Patel B, Gingras AR, Grossmann JG, Roberts GC, Calderwood DA, Critchley DR, Barsukov IL. (2010) Structure of a double ubiquitin-like domain in the talin head: a role in integrin activation. EMBO J. 29(6):1069-80.
- Harburger DS, Bouaouina M, Calderwood DA. (2009) Kindlin-1 and -2 directly bind the C-terminal region of ß integrin cytoplasmic tails and exert integrin-specific activation effects. J Biol Chem. 284(17):11485-97. Epub 2009 Feb 23.
- Chiswell B. P., Zhang R., Murphy J. W., Boggon T. J. and Calderwood D. A. (2008) The structural basis of integrin-linked kinase-PINCH interactions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 20677-20682
- Evans, E. A., and Calderwood D. A. (2007) Forces and Bond Dynamics in Cell Adhesion. Science 316, 1148-1153
- Kiema, T., et al. (2006). The molecular basis of filamin binding to integrins and competition with talin. Mol. Cell 21:337-347.
- Tadokoro, S., et al. (2003). Talin binding to integrin tails: a final common step in integrin activation. Science 302:103-106.

subset: commoncrawl


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Genre: Action, Sci-Fi, Adventure
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Plot Summary:
Based on Epic Games' award-winning video game. The game thrusts players into humankind's epic battle for survival against the Locust Horde, a nightmarish race of creatures that surface from the bowels of the planet. The story unfolds as a ragtag group of soldiers use every last ounce of strength to survive the onslaught from the forces of evil, which begins on the historic Emergence Day.


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Home Horton, John T., 1902-
Horton, John T., 1902-
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|Collection Title:
|UB Oral Histories
|Collection ID:
|Departmental Affiliation:
|University Libraries. University Archives
|State University of New York at Buffalo
|Item ID:
|Person Interviewed:
|Horton, John T., 1902-
|Professor of history
|Peterzell, Jenny
|Date of Interview:
|March 7, 1978
|Professor of history at the University of Buffalo and the State University of New York at Buffalo, 1926-1973; Chairman of the department, 1948-1967; alumnus of the University of Buffalo. Tape of an interview with Horton conducted by Jenny Peterzell, March 7, 1978. Concerns his family history, student years, career as historian, faculty members, chair of Department of History; views on education; people connected with the University, particularly Julius William Pratt.
University of Buffalo. Department of History--History
Capen, Samuel Paul, 1878-1956
Sound recording
|DCMI Type:
|Link to PDF of documentation:
|http://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/item/pdf/LIB-UA014/Horton_John_Obs19780307.pdf http://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/item/pdf/LIB-UA014/Horton_John_Index19780307.pdf http://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/item/pdf/LIB-UA014/Horton_John_Trans19780307.pdf
|Dr. John T. Horton (Emeritus professor of History), interviewed by Jenny Peterzel1 (student) on March 7,1978. SIDE 1 000 Born in Bolivar, N.Y. during Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902. Ancestors lived in New York state since 1790 census; Stueben, Yates, Schulyer, Allegheny and Erie counties. 030"Folk of the Finger Lake Country" During the Presidential Campaign of 1868; 11 article edited by Dr. Horton based on diary of grandfather. Grandfather born in Pultney in August 1845. Grandfather' s grandfather born in Dutchess County in 1763, was so1dier in American Revo1ution and later moved to Finger Lakes region, purchasing farm from Sir William Pultney. 064 Family history of farming; general farming of the "old fashioned sort;" fairly Self-sufficient. 094 Dr. Horton's father raised on farm, worked as Accountant for old Pierce Arrow Company. 104 Dr. Horton' s decision to study history- interest since boyhood, inspired by history teachers at Hutchinson Central High School. 127 Enrollment as undergraduate in autumn of 1922, same year Dr. Capen was inaugurated. 134 Description of inauguration ceremony of Dr. Capeni held at old Teck Theater on Main and Edward St. Persons participating in ceremony include: Dr~ Charles H. Brent, Bishop of Western New York; Father O'Hern, president of Canisius College; Walter Platt Cooke, first citizen of Buffalo; John Lord 0 1 Bri~:n; Dr. Livingston Ferrand (spelling?) president of Cornell University; the pres&dent of the University of Toronto; and the Honorable Nathan Miller, governor of New York State. 174 Memorable points from Cap,en 1s inaugural address; need for Arts and Sciences college, importance of "buying brains rather than buildings." 197 Dr. Horton's reaction to Capen's speech. 213 Opinions o.n John Lord 0 1BI•ietn; great orator, wel~rounded lawyer interested in growth of College of • Arts and Se:iences. 254 Department of History and Government headed by Dr. Julian Park when Dr. Horton was undergraduate; emphasized European history. Dr. Pa1~k conducted classes in a conversational manner; brought in distinguished professors. 298 Dr. Augustus Hunt Shearer ~elling!), librarian at Grosvenor Library on faculty of History and Government. 310 Raymond Chambers, another faculty member and teacher of Dr. Horton during undergrEtduate years ( 1922-26). Mr. Chambers taught '!festei•n Civilization course. 321 Dr. Wilfred B. Kerr joined faculty of History and o.Government in 1924 ( aprox.); instructor and later colle~ue of Dr. Horton's. • 336 Dr. Helen Dwight Reid; in::1tructress in department of History and Government whose career ended tragically in an automobile accident. 358 Dr. Horton's decision to D:take a profession out of History; influenced in part by professors listed above, also.• towards end of his senior year Det:m Park asked him to substitute for teacher on leave of absence. Stayed on faculty until retirement in 1973. 381 Interest in Department of Classics; structured curriculum at University of Buffalo 1ihat had strict language requirement. Dr. Horton studied German and Latin. 411 Carl Sieckmann, Professor of German; intensified Dr. Horton's interest in literature. 420 Miss Ortha Wilder; Latin t;eacher with whom Dr. Horton studied Vi~gil. Mr. Phillip Becker Goetz, Chairman of Department and instrumental in development of College of Arts and Scltences. Edward G. Schauroth, another faculty member of this department who descended from Prussian gentry. 457 Dr. Horton studied Latin prose composition, Roman comedy. 478 Relationship between faculty and students during 19201s "right mix" distance but mutual good will. 493 Student activities between 1922 rP 1.926;-drama group, debate team. Daniel Katzj, now Emeritus Professor of Psychology at University of Michigan, leading team member. Justin Morgan, another leu.ding member later became Federal Judge in Western New York district. 527 Popular topics for debate between 1922~26,-.listed. • Teamc most frequently debated; Hobart. Debates held in auditorium of Hutchinson High School. Miss Wilder. coach. 590 lfuse and Mask; ld:terary society, published magilzine with essays and short stories. 62~ Greek letter fraternities and sororities flourished , ministered to student soc:Lal lif'e. 654 Cap and Gown : &: Bisonhead; two honorary societies; recruited members at Junior Prom. Dr. Horton pinned in 1925. 710 Athletic organizations exlsted but Dr. Horton not involved. 720 Pl.easure in debating desCJribed. 002 Reflections on the joy of teaching. 039 Former students of Dr .. HoJ:>ton now faculty members of History Department; Dr. Selig Adler, Dr. Robert L._rfanyard. Dr. Paul Pfretszchner, Chairman of Department o-f Pqa.tical Science at Lafayette Coll«~ge in Pennsyl~t~) another former student of Dr. Horton's. 093 Careers open to students of Histo~; law, journalism, public service. Fields tt1;ightened over the years, not as many jobs available. 121 Buffalo newspapers of the 1920's listed. 150 Leave of absence from University of Buffalo; studied at Harvard. Attachment to Western New York area. 170 Met Mrs.Horton in Muse and Mask society; she was enrolled in Law School. Mrs. Horton practised Real Estate law with mortage firm during New Dc~al era. Home Owners Loan Corp.~ sponsored by federal goveJrnrnent. 20'7 Dr. Julian Park described; convivial, dignified. Onetime French consol in Buffalo. Brought e~inent French scholars to university through Jonc!t's bequest. Political interests of Dr. Park enumerated. 280 Dr. Horton and Dr. Park involved in Nias.ra Defense Co~ittee, pre- World War III collaborated with William Allen White Committee in promoting aid. to Great Britian and France and prohibiting Nazi growth. Hamlin organized local co~ttee. 322 Citizens of Buffalo responded to above committeewith nastfy letters and threats. 339 Nazi activity in Buffalo, pre-World War II; German theater on Fillmore showed propag:anda :films, camp in Porterville, outside Buffalo. 377 Faculty socialization de~H~ribed. 398 Comments on current trend:s in History; more specialization today~{in teaching). 460 Chaired History departmen•t from 1948 - 196'7; smooth transition back to teaching position for Dr. Horton, expansion of facultyo 497 Final retirement in 1973. Comments on student uproars of that time. 522 Authored book on 17th Cerrbury Puritan migration; Dr. Horton descended from Barnibus Horton, strict Puritan from Leicestershire who came to America in 1639 on the ship "Swallow" landed in Sou•thhold, Long Island. 568 John Williams, Lord Bishop of Lincoln- diocese to which Leicestershire belonged (England). ~Bishop of Bath and Wells, Bishop of Exeter and Bishop of' Narge; all subject of Dr. Horton's study. 6G7 Present activities of. Dr•;; Horton's mentioned. Some especially good friends include: Dr. Arther BrriieP, Dr. Robert Pope, Sean Murray. 703 CanneDts on the importance of a liberal arts education and the necessity of a college of Arts and Sciences in which all disciplines are brought together. 786 End of interview.
|Interviewer's Observations:
|Interviewer's observations: Dr. John T. Horton, 3-7-78 Dr. Horton and his wife reside in a large ,rose-colored stucco house in an old Buffalo neighborhood. Their home is reflective of its surroundings as it stands with a well-preserved aura of dignity. Entering the home the interviewer was greeted by a warm handshake and a small grand piano, alone in an alcove nearby. Dr. Horton's chivalrous reception and Mrs. Horton's hospitality were received in an atmosphere of refined charm. The rectangular living room was spotlessly polished, with furnishings and Elizabethan-style paintings arranged with precision. Upstairs, the study in which the interview took place was decorated in Early American Colonial wall-paper and furnished similarly. Photographs adorned the walls, portraying families in turn-of-the-century garb; obviously ancestors of the Hortons. Dr. Horton's enthusiasm and tremendous enjoyment in participating in the interview is evidenced by the length and fine quality of the recording itself. After each side of the tape was completed, Mrs. Horton joined us as we listened to the recording. She added these comments: 1. In mentioning student activities of the 1920's, Dr. Horton failed to mention the glee club, of which she was a member. 2. That Dr. Horton had many job offers after completion of his Master's and Doctorate degrees. 3. That Dr. Horton used to get standing ovations from his students during his last years of teaching; the years he described as growing "sour" towards the students. 4. That Dr. Horton was a fine swimmer and if UB had had a pool during his undergraduate years, he would have taken advantage of it. Dr. Horton is of medium stature and wears glasses and a big white moustache. His eyesight is poor and his hearing is somewhat weakened. Mrs. Horton is very attentive to his needs. Both Dr. and Mrs. Horton were dressed in formal attire.
|DR. JOHN T. HORTON (Tape 1, Side 1) Emeritus professor of History Interviewed by Jenny Peterzell (student} on March 7, 1978 JP: This is Jenny Peterzell. I'm at the home of Dr. Horton on Woodward Avenue. The date is March 7, 1978. Dr. Horton, to begin the interview, I wonder if you could tell me a little bit about your background. I understand that you're from this area •. the Buffalo area. JTH: Not exactly. I'm a native of Western New York, but I wasn't born in the vicinity of Buffalo. I was born in Allegheny County, one of the New York Counties along what we call the Southern Tier. And I was born in Bolivar in that county of .•. [Nicholas] ... 1902 when the great anthracite coal strike was raging. It didn't much affect us in Allegheny County, however because we weren't dependent on coal. Our fuel was gas and there was plenty of it. JP: What was the name of that coal strike? JTH: The anthracite coal strike--hard coal. I think the coal strike that's now going on is a strike among the miners of soft coal or bituminous coal. JP: .. and it was different at that time. Did your ancestors migrate here earlier .. much earlier than that part of •.. ? JTH: Well, I could say that most of them that lived in the state of New York since the first census of the United States in 1790, though my mother's fraternal grandfather was born in New Hampshire but he migrated into New York and all of my ancestors for about four generations have been residents of Western New York in such counties as Steuben, Yates, Schuyler, Allegheny and Erie County--some of my mother's people settled in Erie County in what are now the towns of Marilla and Elma but that was over a hundred years ago. JP: I was looking through a book .. it was actually an article that you edited in 1951. It was called "Folk of the Finger Lake County During the Presidential campaign of 1868. 11 And in that article were excerpts from a diary written by your grandfather. JTH: Yes. "Folk of the Finger Lake Country" I think the title was. Not "county". "Folk of the Finger Lake Country During the Presidential Campaign of 186811 • Yes, that was based on a diary written by my grandfather Horton who at that time was living in Schuyler County I think--Schuyler County or a nearby part of Steuben County. JP: And in the back of that article, you had very neatly listed different persons in your family that you got from a family Bible. You seem to have traced your lineage fairly well. JTH: Oh yes. Well, this .. this is true. My grandfather Horton was born in • . . a village in steuben County called Pultney in August 1845. And his grandfather--his paternal grandfather-had been born in the southeastern part of New York state 1 DR. JOHN T. HORTON (Tape 1, Side 1) JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JTH: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: in •. in Dutchess County in 1763 and had been a soldier in the American Revolution. Then after the war and .. well, in fact, in the nineties--1790s-- he moved out of that region and came up with his wife and his oldest children across the Catskills into the Finger Lake Region and bought a farm there in 1811 or 12 in Pultney from ... from the heirs of ... [?] ..• of Sir William Pultney who had been the great land owner in those parts. And this grandfather of my grandfather was named Thomas and he lived on that farm until he died in 1841. And he had a large family and his son, Thomas, had a large family, and my grandfather was the youngest child of the second Thomas. And they had been farming ever since? They were farmers. What did they farm? Pardon? What did they farm? And did they raise anything in particular? Well, they were farmers of the old fashioned sort. They ... their farms were .. oh they tended to be around a hundred and fifty, a hundred and sixty acres and the farm was a way of life. They ... they supported themselves, for the most part, on what they produced. And they had cattle, and horses and a cash crop of wheat for money to buy things at the store which they couldn't really make at home. But generally the farm supported them. And it was general farming; they didn't go in for one specialty, but it was general farming of an old fashioned sort. And that was the way other ancestors of mine did in Allegheny County. So they were pretty self sufficient then on their little farm. Yes, yes. Did the women in the family do their own spinning and things like making butter and milk? Oh yes. Yes. I remember my maternal grandmother's spinning wheel. It was stored away in the woodshed. I never saw her spin, but I've often heard my mother say that she saw her spin. Yes, they span and ... the older women among them had looms of wool too, but I don't think either of my grandmothers wove. But, I know that one of them did spin. But that was a long time ago. Do you have anything of what they made? My wife has one piece of what they call [drawed?] work. It .. the cloth is linen and the flax for it grew on the farm in Allegheny County that my grandmother Horton inherited from her people. And this .. this piece of linen was spun and woven from flax grown on that farm. And then my grandmother turned it into a piece of drawed work. This is a mystery which I can't quite explain but it makes a pretty ornamental piece of cloth. It must be beautiful. Now, did you say that your father also 2 DR. JOHN T. HORTON (Tape 1, Side 1) had a farm? JTH: Well, no, not exactly. He wasn't himself a farmer though he was brought up at a time when he learned a lot about farming first hand from farms that were in the family. But he was not primarily a farmer. I know he could swing a scythe with the best of them because I've seen him do it. And he was handy in the care of cattle and horses, but his calling was not that of a farmer. He was an accountant and when we came to Buffalo, he was an accountant with the old Pierce Arrow company which made the Pierce Arrow automobile. JP: And I'm interested in knowing what made you decide to pursue history. JTH: Well, I had always liked history and I liked to look at •. as a boy I liked to look at history books that had illustrations in them of various history or particularly English and American history. And in school I liked it and at Hutchinson Central High School in Buffalo from which I was graduated before I went to the University, there were some very good history teachers. And they not only kept alive the interest which I already had in history, but they managed to stimulate it. So it was quite a natural thing that when I went to college I should major in history. JP: Did your parents .. were they agreeable to that idea that you should pursue history or did they want you to go into something else? JTH: No... they were perfectly agreeable to it. My father had hopes, I think, that I become a lawyer. His notion of the great man and the successful man was the lawyer who swayed the juries and then stepped from the courtroom onto the [hustings?] and became a successful politician or a statesman. That was the type that my father most admired. But while I did at first intend to study law when I went to the University, it didn't turn out that way. JP: Would you like to talk a little about when you first came to the University, what life was like at that time? It was in the twenties? JTH: Yes, I became a freshman at the University of Buffalo in the autumn of 1922. That was the same autumn when Dr. Samuel P. Capen was inaugurated Chancellor of the University. That inauguration began a whole new epoch in the history of the University of Buffalo and I remember the inauguration very well. I was a student sitting up in the third gallery at the old Teck Theater at the corner of Main and Edward Streets-that's where the inauguration took place--and it was .. it was a very colorful and impressive affair. And on the platform there was an array of very famous men: Dr. Charles H. Brent, the Bishop of Western New York. JP: Brent? JTH: Brent ... brent. He invoked the divine blessing. And the President of Canisius College, Father O'Hern pronounced the 3 DR. JOHN T. HORTON (Tape 1, Side 1} benediction. And between those churchmen there were speakers who were very distinguished men also. One was Walter Platt Cooke who was .. I would say he was at that time the .. perhaps. the first citizen of Buffalo. He was known throughout the country. He later served, I think, on the [Dawes] Commission in reference to German reparations. And he had been in charge of the liberty loan campaigns in Buffalo which had all gone over the top and then he had used his teams in those campaigns to begin and finish a drive for endowment funds for the University of Buffalo. And that was a very successful drive. I think they raised something over five million dollars which was a handsome sum in 1920. And then having succeeded in this venture, they went out to find a professional educator to be Chancellor and the man in charge of that committee was the famous lawyer, John Lord O'Brien after whom O'Brien Hall on the new campus is named. And he it was who introduced the speakers at the inauguration of Dr. Capen whom he had been directly instrumental in persuading to take this job as Chancellor of the University of Buffalo. And, let me see, among other famous persons present was Dr. Livingston ... [Ferrand] ... the President of Cornell and Sir Robert Falconer, the President of the University of Toronto, and the Governor of the State of New York, the Honorable Nathan Miller. So you see there was really an array of notables to grace the inauguration of Dr. Capen who, of course, delivered the principle speech--his inaugural speech. And it was all very impressive and got the University off to quite a handsome start on this new phase of its history. JP: Do you remember what he talked about in that speech or particularly what impressed you as a freshman? JTH: I beg pardon? JTH: Do you remember what particularly impressed you in his speech when you were a freshman listening to it--in Dr. Capen's speech? JTH: I remember the principle topic of his speech, the principle theme of it. It was on the significance of a college of arts and sciences as--I think I am very close to quoting Dr. Capen's own words--as the core and nexus of a genuine University. You see, the University of Buffalo had had a rather peculiar history. Most Universities in the country had begun with the liberal arts, but the University of Buffalo began in 1846 with a school of medicine and the college of liberal arts in 1922 was a very recent growth--very recent. And Dr. Capen stressed the importance of developing that and, as he said, the importance of buying brains rather than buildings. He wasn't in favor of using the endowment fund that had just been raised primarily for buildings. But for retaining or bringing together an able faculty for the University as a whole, but particularly for the arts and sciences which he stressed as the core of a proper University. 4 DR. JOHN T. HORTON (Tape 1, Side 1) JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: Those were the points in his speech that I can best remember. How did you feel about that--those points that he brought out? Well, I was just a young fellow and here was a great man. I was prepared to take everything he said as gospel truth. And I think on the score of what he did say, as I remember it, I take it as gospel truth to this day. He was a very impressive man. One little human touch which might amuse you .. they .. the faculty and the council of the University and the famous visitors such as the Governor and the others whom I've made mention of, they [wrote?] in the old Grosvenor Library. And one or two other young fellows and I were roaming in and out watching. And I went by Dr. Capen just as he was about to put on his gown and I stopped and I helped him on with his gown. So I can properly claim that I had a share in his inauguration •.• [laughs] ..• as he couldn't have been inaugurated without his academic gown on, could he? No. Did you ever meet Lord John O'Brien? He was more a personage to me than a person of acquaintance. But I have met him and on one occasion I was a guest at a dinner party at which he was also a guest. But I have heard him speak several times and he was one of the most effective public speakers whom I have ever heard. And at my age I've heard a considerable number including some Presidents of the United States. And John Lord O'Brien was .. he was an orator in the best sense of the word. His words expressed his ideas very aptly and felicitously and my recollection is that he had his material so thoroughly in his head that when he uttered it--he was quite independent of any notes and he held the attention of people. He held it from start to finish in his speech. He was .. he was one of the--I think we could say without any hesitation--that though he was a lawyer by profession, he was like so many old fashioned lawyers. He was very liberally educated in literature and history and philosophy. And his liberal interests, I think, explain, why he devoted so much time to the development of the University and particularly to the growth of the college of arts and sciences. Dr. Capen was exactly the sort of man whom John Lord O'Brien would have found wonderfully compatible with his own tastes and interests and predilections. Is there anything that stands out in your mind about the time when you were a student at the University? Any major issues of the day? Do you mean public issues? Political issues in the country at large? Issues that .• affecting the particular department you were in, the college of arts and sciences. I beg pardon? Issues affecting the college of arts and sciences. I don't think I quite get the drift of your question. O.k. I think that's a little too vague. Let me re-phrase it. 5 DR. JOHN T. HORTON {Tape 1, Side 1) What was the Department of History and Government like when you were a student? JTH: Oh. It was one department. It was called the Department of History and Government. Now, of course, there are two departments: there's the Department of History and the Department of Political Science. But that division didn't take place until about the year 19 ... the year 1962. Before that, it was the Department of History and Government. When I was an undergraduate, the Dean of the College, Julian Park, was also the leading professor in the Department of History and Government. And he was particularly interested in European history and more especially in the history of Europe from the time of the French Revolution down through World War I and the Treaty of Versailles and the following events in the 1920's when I was in college. And I took .•. I took a course from him in the French Revolution and Napoleon. And then I took a course from him in European History-- General European History in the 19th and 20th Centuries. The classes were small and Dr. Park conducted them in a sort of conversational way. He didn't try to lecture to such a small group, but rather to draw the individual students out and engage them in the discussion of the material for the day. And I found them very interesting .. very interesting and instructive sessions. And occasionally he would bring to the University, and invite all his students to meet a very distinguished historian. For example, on one occasion, he brought the Harvard professor, ..• [Sidney Bradshaw Faye] .•. who had, I believe, started the whole business of revising the Verdict of the Peace of Versailles in his famous book, The Origins of the First World War. And Dr. Park brought his students all together to meet Faye and hear him talk informally about that subject. And there were other scholars of that sort whom he brought so that besides managing the College of Arts and Sciences, he also was king pin in the Department of History at the time I was an undergraduate. Now there were other persons in it. The head of the Grosvenor Library at that time, and for years before and years after, was Dr. Augustus Hunt Shearer. He was a famous librarian. I think he was ... End Tape 1, Side 1 6 DR. JOHN T. HORTON (Tape 1, Side 2) Page "'N Emeritus professor of History Interviewed by Jenny Peterzell (student) on March 7, 1978 JTH: ... scholars of that sort whom he brought so that besides managing the College of Arts and Sciences, he also was king pin in the Department of History at the time I was an undergraduate. Now there were other persons in it. The head of the Grosvenor Library at that time, and for years before and years after, was Dr. Augustus Hunt Shearer. He was a famous librarian. I think he was a Rutgers man. Dr. Park, I should have said, was a Williams man but Dr. Shearer was a Rutgers man, but he had got his doctorate in philosophy at Harvard University. And Dr. Shearer taught one of the courses in general European history-- the survey course which was commonly called Western Civ.-- he taught that. He taught one section of it. I came to know Dr. Shearer very well but I didn't as a freshman have his section of that course. But I had an instructor who also had got, or was getting his doctorate at Harvard, Raymond Chambers. And I took the course of Western civ from Raymond Chambers who, I think, also taught the general course in economics. And as I was a freshman the same year that Dr. Capen was inaugurated Chancellor, so Dr. Chambers became the instructor the same year. Now in the course of my years as an undergraduate, other persons joined the Department of History and Government. Dr. Wilfred B. Kerr ... he was a Canadian of Scottish descent. He had served in the Canadian artillery through World War I and then after the war had stayed in England and had studied at Oxford University and he had become an Oxford B.A. and M.A. Then he returned to Canada and got his doctorate at the University of Toronto. And he joined the faculty of the Department of History and Government, I should think, either in '24 or '25 or '25-6. But I know he was in the department before I graduated but I didn't take a course from him. He and I later became good friends. We shared the same office but I never had a formal course from him. Then, at this time also, an engaging young woman joined the department on the Government side. She was a Radcliffe woman who, a little later, got her doctorate at Harvard Radcliffe. And she taught a course in comparative government which I took and she taught a course-this doesn't seem to be government--but she taught a course in the History of the British Empire which I took. And I found her very engaging. JP: What was her name? JTH: Her name was Helen Dwight Reid. She was a very engaging woman and later she went to Bryn Mawr. She had an unfortunate end to her career. She was about to go to South America with some other persons in the State Department where she had her last years. And the day before they departed, she was killed in an 7 DR. JOHN T. HORTON (Tape 1, Side 2) Page "'N JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: automobile accident in Washington. Well those are the people I remember in the Department of History and Government when I was an undergraduate. Were they pretty influential in your decision to become a teacher of history? . Well they were indeed. Not only because I .. I liked them all and respected them and found their courses, when I took them, if I took them, very interesting, but there was a very direct relations between my becoming a member .. between my choosing history as a career and the department. I was intending to go to the law school at the University but in the spring of my senior year, Dean Park called me into his office and he told me that the following year Ms. Reid was to be absent on leave. And he asked me if I would like to substitute for her the following year. And I thought in a countrified way, a bird in the hand is better than two in the bush. So I accepted this offer from Dean Park. As it turned out, I remained [laughs] ... in the University until I retired in 1973. And I must say I've never regretted it. No. What aspect of teaching did you most enjoy? Before we come to that, could I make mention of another department ... Sure, by all means do. ... in the University which I greatly admired, and in which I almost might be said to have minored in. I majored in history and government. But the Department of Classics was a department that very much interested me. In those days the curriculum was a very structured one. One had to have a year at least of English. He had to have a year of mathematics. He had to have a year of a laboratory science. And he had to have some of those subjects that are called social sciences such as economics, psychology as well as history and political science. He also had to-- I forget the exact requirement--but it was something to the effect that he had to have . perhaps three years of a modern language and two years of classical language or three years of a classical language and two years of modern language. I forget the exact details. But one had to have to get his B.A. degree in those times both some competence in a modern language and a classical language. And since I had done pretty well at Hutchinson Central in both German and Latin, I elected to go on in college in those two subjects and enjoyed them both. The... the professor in German when I was an undergraduate, was Carl Sieckmann. Sieckmann? s i e c k m a n n. He was a very vigorous teacher and threw himself into the business of teaching German and German literature. And he greatly intensified my interest, particularly in German literature. But I think I was more drawn to the Department of Classics at that time. At the time that I was a freshman, there were two persons in that 8 DR. JOHN T. HORTON (Tape 1, Side 2) Page "N department, Ms. Ortha Wilder, with whom I continued the study of Virgil which I had begun at Hutch, and the Chairman of the Department, Philip Becker Goetz. He was a Harvard man and the son of an old and wealthy Buffalo German family. And along with John Lord O'Brien and Julian Park, he could be described as one of the makers of the College of Arts and Sciences. And he brought--this was after my freshman year, I think it was during my sophomore year--he brought into the department another Harvard man, a younger man than himself, Edward G. Schauroth. JP: Could you spell that for me? JTH: S c h a u r o t h. Schauroth. He was born in the United States but he was purely German on both sides of his family and the Schauroth's in Prussia were a really old family of the gentry. They are actually to this day the .•. [German word. Sounds like albedachstegupta] •.. Have you heard of the ..• [albedachstegupta] ... ? JP: No. JTH: •.. before? Well that, we might describe as the Blue Book of the European nobility and aristocracy. If you are in the ... [albedachstegupta] .•. to paraphrase an expression or to quote an expression from Oklahoma, 'you've gone about as fer as you can go' ..•. [laughs] ..• Well Schauroth was a great .. he was one of the greatest teachers I ever had. I took a course from him in Latin prose composition. And I think I learned in that course, more about what a sentence is than I ever learned in any other course. And then I also took from him a course in Roman comedy and we read some plays of [Tarods and Plautus?] ... and it was a ... [romp?] It was a [romp] ... We had to work at it because their .• their Latin is .. it's a more colloquial and so it's tougher than the Latin of cicero and Virgil but nevertheless it was a great delight. Dr. Schauroth used to read these old Roman writers of comedies because they could be, when taught by somebody like Schauroth, as comical as you can imagine. It was a kind of .•. [romp] ... and Schauroth and I in due course became good friends. But when I was an undergraduate there was a certain distance between student and professor. That distance was always kept, but at the same time the relation between faculty and the students in my undergraduate days, was .. it was a happy one. I think it was just right. There was distance but there was mutual good will and a real feeling of cordiality. I think it was just about the right mix. JP: Did that mix continue when you were a teacher between you as a faculty member and your students? JTH: Well, it continued in the institution for years after--for many years after. And I hope it did in the courses that I taught. But I can't testify as to that because that would be making me a judge in my own case which is contrary to the best law . . . [laughs] ... 9 DR. JOHN T. HORTON (Tape 1, Side 2) Page "N JP: ... [laughs] .•• O.k. Were you involved in any organizations when you were a student, like drama groups, debate, such as that? JTH: There were several organizations that were flourishing in those years between ' 2 2 and ' 2 6 . And there was a drama group. I remember I once tried out for a play but I was rejected, so I didn't get into the drama group. But there was a flourishing debating society. And one of the leading [men?] ..• in that in my undergraduate days was a chap named Daniel Katz who later went on to become a distinguished psychology. Now, like myself, he's an Emeritus Professor but for .•• he was at Princeton for some time, and then settled permanently in Ann Arbor where he was a member, for many years, of the psychology faculty at the University of Michigan. He was one of the leading members of the debating team. And another was a man in the law school. It was .• the debating team consisted almost entirely of men and women from the Colleges of Arts and Sciences and men from the Law School. There weren't very many women in the Law School at that time. And one of the leading men in debating was a chap named Justin Morgan who later became the Federal Judge for the Western district of New York and held court down here where Judge Curtin now holds court and Judge Elfvin. And I got interested in debating and in this I was much more successful than I was in the drama group and I thoroughly enjoyed debating. Let me see if I can recall what some of the subjects were that then were debated by college teams. One was whether the United States should adhere to an international court of justice at the Hague. That was a lively debating subject in the early 1920s. And another one that I remember was whether the Congress of the United States should have the power by a certain vote to override a decision of the Supreme Court declaring an act of Congress unconstitutional. That was quite a popular topic for college debating teams at that time. And a third one I remember, whether the Child Labor Amendment should be ratified. Those are the three debating topics that, so far as my recollection is concerned, were the most agitated in the years between '22 and '26. And one of the colleges we debated most frequently was Hobart. They had a very good team. And they came to Buffalo and we went to Geneva. Once a team from the University of Wyoming visited this part of the country and we had a debate with them in the auditorium of Hutchinson Central High School. I think that's where our debates usually took place with other teams. And I remember we sent a team once to Queens University in Ontario-Kingston. But I think that was the year after I graduated and I had become coach of the debating team. I don't think that was when I was an undergraduate. The coach of the team at that time was Ms. Wilder of whom I've already spoken. She was an instructress in Latin in the Department of Classics. But 10 DR. JOHN T. HORTON (Tape 1, Side 2) Page "N she was also the coach of debating. And then during, I think, in the latter part of my undergraduate years, she went to a college somewhere to the westward-- I don't know, perhaps she was going to the University of Chicago to complete her doctoral studies-- but she departed from Buffalo and I succeeded her as coach of debating when I became an instructor in the Department of History and Government the year after I graduated B.A. That was one society that I was very much interested int. Then there was another which had a rather short lived history. This was a group called the Muse and Mask. It sounds as if it might have been a dramatic society but it wasn't. It was a literary society. And this Muse and Mask Society published a magazine, I think, for two years in '25 and '26; and it consisted of essays and short stories written by members of the club. It was a very flourishing organization for only two or three years and I don't think it lasted much beyond the year 1927. But while it lasted, it was very active and students were coopted into it from the various divisions of the University: Law-- mainly Law and Arts and Sciences. Again, I think there was a very intimate relation for years between Arts and Sciences and Law. And there were some persons from some of the other schools in Muse and Mask, I'm sure, but I'm sorry I can't remember who they were. This was also an age when Greek letter fraternities were flourishing and there were quite a good many of these fraternities and sororities on the campus. And they administered very pleasantly to the social life of the students. I think they fulfilled a very useful purpose. From what I hear today, on the new campus, students feel somewhat isolated and there isn't a great deal of social intercourse. Is that true? JP: That's true. They're just trying to start up sororities and fraternities ~gain. JTH: Well, I hope they succeed. Now in the old days on the Main Street campus to which, by the way, we moved the same fall that Dr. Capen was inaugurated. We moved out to the Main Street Campus from downtown that same fall. On that Main Street campus there was a lively social life and a good deal of it was carried on through the fraternities and the sororities. And I'm all in favor of such groups. Though I was not myself a fraternity man, I still very much favor the old Greek letter fraternities and sororities. I think they really filled a place in college life that needs to be filled. There were two societies that were honorary, that is they existed with a personnel recruited from students--both male and female--who had more or less distinguished themselves in their undergraduate career in various things, whether athletics or dramatics or debating. For the women this society was known as the Cap and Gown. Have you heard of that society? 11 DR. JOHN T. HORTON (Tape 1, Side 2) Page "N JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: I believe I have. I don't know whether it exists any more. Does it? I don't think it does. I don't think so. Then for the men there was the Bison Head Society. Now the greatest social affair of the academic year was the Junior Prom. And it was at the Junior Prom that junior men were tapped for Bison Head to which then they would belong the rest of their junior year and throughout their senior year. And they had a very neat, handsome insignia consisting of the head of a buffalo, or a bison. And I was, I must say, I was thrilled when I was tapped at the junior prom in the 1925 Bison Head. And they carried on an active sort of life for many years. But I've heard nothing of them since we went State. And I'd be interested to know if you have heard anything of them. I hadn't heard of them until I began this oral history and in talking to some of the teachers that have been here for a while. As far as I know it doesn't exist any more. Well, that's too bad. It was purely local. But it was prestigious and it was a great honor for a girl to be tapped for Cap and Gown or a boy for Bison Head. So I lament the demise of those old fraternities. I think they mark a real loss to the student life of the University of Buffalo. There were, of course, the athletic organizations. Football was important. Were you involved in any athletics? No, no. I was not athletically inclined. I .• I preferred my books or I preferred debating. I preferred debating to ball playing. What did you enjoy most about debating? ..• Well I think the debater's greatest pleasure was when he was on the platform and knew--and you do know .. you do know when you're doing this--to know that he was refuting, very logically and unanswerably, the argument of an opponent. You knew when you were doing it. You could tell by what ... End Tape 1, Side 2 12 DR. JOHN T. HORTON (Tape 2, Side 1} Page ""N Emeritus professor of History Interviewed by Jenny Peterzell (student} on March 7, 1978 JP: This is side two of the recording with Dr. Horton. Now on the other side of the tape, I had asked you what you found most enjoyable about teaching. And we never got the answer to that question so I think that's a good place to begin. JTH: • . . What did I find most enjoyable about teaching? . . . I'm a little hard put to it to answer that. I suppose that one of the elements in that situation is the same as that that I was describing about the pleasure of debating though, to be sure, there isn't quite the same give and take between the teacher and the class that there is between opposing debating teams. But in teaching a class, when one gets a sense that he's going over--if I may use that expression--that what he's saying is .. is being received, and being received with interest, that gives one much the same kind of pleasure, I suppose, that a lawyer gets when he's pretty convinced that he's swaying the jury or a debater, when he's pretty well convinced that he's getting the judges on his side through the power of logic. Or that an actor or an actress experiences when this mystical play of spirits go over the footlights between the stage and the audience. That, I think, is something that has a good deal to do with the pleasure of teaching. And another element is the sense, when he's really doing his job, that he has got thorough mastery of a certain amount of material and is expounding it in a consequential and interesting way and has got it so thoroughly in his head that when he utters it he's a little bit like John Lord O'Brien, he's not much dependent on notes. I think that's the best way I could answer that question which is a tough one. JP: I know. I'm sorry that that was such a tough one at the beginning ... [laughs] ... of the second side. In relation to teaching, I'd like to ask you about the students. And I'm wondering if you had any students that you were especially proud of, that you've done some followup with and have gone on to some interesting and prestigious careers. JTH: Yes, yes I have had such students. There are two current members of the Department of History at the University of Buffalo. You'll excuse me if I keep referring to the University of Buffalo instead of the State University of New York at Buffalo. JP: That's alright. I do that too. JTH: There are two. . . two members of the Department of History there who were students of mine. I can't claim to have shaped their minds or to be the prime mover in their going on for careers as historians. But I think I could say that I didn't do anything to hinder that impulse in them. One of these is Dr. Selig Adler, who is Distinguished Service Professor in the 13 DR. JOHN T. HORTON (Tape 2, Side 1) Page "'N JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: Department and has been in the Department now for many years. He was a student of mine in a course that I taught in Medieval History. Oh I can't remember the year but I think it would have been around .. around 1927, '28 or 1930, '31. Another member of the Department whom I had as a student in a course of American Government, and then later in an advanced course in American .•. the American Colonies in Revolution, Dr. Robert L. Ganyard. He is a member of the Department of History and has been for some years. And it wasn't only that he took these courses from me as an undergraduate, but I was his guide and mentor in his ... in his Master's work .. in the work that did for his M.A. degree which he got quite a good many years ago now before he went to Duke to get his doctorate. Now those are two students ... two students of mine who have gone on for academic careers. I can think of some others. There is a man at ... at Lafayette College in Eastern Pennsylvania who has been Chairman of the Department of Political Science there. His field is American Government and Constitutional Law and he has an enviable career as teacher and scholar in that field. Dr. Paul Pfretszchner. Could you spell that one for me. Yes, that name is rather tricky to spell. It's like Schauroth, it's an old German name. It's a Prussian name. P f r e t s z c h n e r. Pfretszchner. Well, I think that Dr. Pfretszchner was .. became interested enough in American Government and Constitutional Law in this course that he took from me to think seriously of making the academic calling his own. I couldn't say that that was the sole factor and doubt it was, but I think it may well have been one of his .. may have well been one factor and these other two cases that I mentioned, and I can think of several others but perhaps those are enough ... I'm just wondering if people that study history, and some of your students, went into other fields in history--using their background in history--besides teaching. Oh yes. Yes. What were some of the types of fields open to people majoring in history? Most importantly, law. Many, many times in the course of past years, I have met downtown, just casually, lawyers, young lawyers, middle aged lawyers, lawyers who are now as ... [?] ... as I am, who tell me that in their course in American Constitutional Government that I taught, and which they took, they learned things that stood them in good stead when they undertook the study of law and expressed their appreciation of it in perhaps too generous terms. Some .• some majors in history have gone into journalism. That is a good career for history majors. And others I can think of who have gone into the public service as archivists, as directors of historical museums. Those are some of the most natural avenues to 14 DR. JOHN T. HORTON (Tape 2, Side 1} Page "N JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: careers open to persons who have majored in history. And I did mention newspapers, didn't I? Right. Journalism. Yes. Were these fields open to persons open to persons majoring in history when you graduated in 1926 as well as today? Or are these relatively new fields for a history major? No, I think they were open to history majors when I was graduating and ... so they were for many years after. Now they are not, may not perhaps, be so many other professional opportunities as there were then. Newspapers, for example, are much less numerous. You heard just the other day about the Chicago Daily News is folding. And take Buffalo alone. When we moved to Buffalo in 1920 from Allegheny County, there was a Buffalo Evening News, the Buffalo Evening Times, the Buffalo Morning Express, the Buffalo Morning Courier--they were separate papers--the Buffalo Inquirer, the Buffalo Commercial. There was a very active Polish paper, the Polish Everybody's Daily, published in Polish at that time. There was .. there was an Italian paper and there was a German newspaper, the [Volksfreud] ... which was a religious cast. It was a Roman Catholic paper but it was published in German. There were all of those newspapers in this city alone. And a person who had had a good major in history and government was a good bet for a job on a newspaper. But in Buffalo now, we have just two papers of any consequence, the Courier Express and the Buffalo Evening News. So that is .. and through the country, newspapers are becoming less. So there is one avenue that seems to be closing up rather than remaining open. There are still .. there are still opportunities in the public service. But as far as teaching jobs are concerned which were always important considerations for majors in history and government, they are now, as they say, 'as scarce as hens' teeth', so that I fear it's altogether too painfully true that there is not the same opportunity for majors in history or in political science--but particularly history. As there aren't so many opportunities as there were in my ... [?] days. Perhaps in political science there are as many, but I'm sure there are not in history. When you graduated the University of Buffalo, you had taught for a year or so and then you went on to get your doctorate .. your masters and then your doctorate, at Harvard University. Now, you then decided to come back to the University of Buffalo. Had you had other offers from different schools at that time? What made you decide to come back to UB? I went to Harvard on leave of absence. I didn't cut loose. I didn't resign and go. I went on a leave of absence with the understanding that I return and I was bent upon returning because I never had any strong desire to live long out of 15 DR. JOHN T. HORTON (Tape 2, Side 1} Page "'N JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: Western New York. That's sounds hopelessly provincial, I suppose. But, I had expected to return to Buffalo and return I did. And though I have had offers to go elsewhere, I have stuck to Buffalo and Western New York. I like to be in visiting distance of old friends and old relatives and of [in a hushed voice] . . . moss grown tomb stones. How does that sound for the sepulchral ... ? ... [laughs] .•• Very good .•. [laughs] ... O.k. Let's see. O.k., this is an area that we haven't discussed yet. It's a little bit more personal than what we've been talking about. How did you meet your wife? Well, that is very easy to answer. I met her in Muse and Mask. She was in the law school and she was coopted into Muse and Mask and that's where we met. She got her law degree in '2 7 and I got my arts degree in '2 6 . And Muse and Mask was ... The literary group. ... the literary group which I was describing before. That was where we met. And then you were married soon after? Well, we weren't married for some years. She had other beaus and ... I would have to say I wasn't bereft of other belles. . . . [laughs] ... but . .. It worked out for the best. It worked out for the best. With persistence and patience, I won out over my competitors for her hand. But I had to work at it a bit. I'm sure .... [laughs] ... Did she practice law at all? Pardon? Did she practice law? She practiced Real Estate Law, yes. Yes, she was with an old firm of ... a mortgage firm. And then, during the days of the New Deal, she was... she left that private firm and was associated with H.O.L.C., the Home Owners' Loan Corporation, which was a New Deal agency in the Federal government to ease the plight of homeowners. And that was a time when it was very hard for them to borrow from the banks. Money was tight. And the homeowners often were short on income and the H.O.L.C. was an agency to help them in this pinch in making their payments on mortgages and generally keeping their equity in their house and home. And it was a very successful agency. And eventually, when it had done its work, it ended and never a breath of scandal of malfeasance or misfeasance. JP: That's good to hear. So your careers were very compatible then? JTH: Oh yes. But she didn't .. my wife didn't go on with her career very long after we were married. JP: Was that when your daughter was born? JTH: Yes. JP: I see. Julian Park you mentioned 16 before. He was the DR. JOHN T. HORTON (Tape 2, Side 1) Page "N JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: University historian? Yes, he was the official historian of the University. What type of person was he? What was he like? Well, physically he was a rather large man-- he was tall and portly. He had •.. a man of very dignified carriage. But he had a keen sense of humor and was a very convivial person. I always liked him a great deal. He was good company. He was a good man to have a drink with. And he often gave cocktail parties at his house and his martinis were among the best that I have ever drunk. So he was an all round person .•. Nice person to have ... He was a good scholar. And he was a clever raconteur and he was a man of the world too. He was a great Francophile. He had a marvelous affection for France and he spoke French like a native ... [and any] ... American can speak French like a Frenchman, he could. He was once the French Consul in Buffalo and •.. he received .. well before I go into that, there was a bequest left to the University. It was known as the [Jones?] ... bequest. And the purpose of it was to bring an eminent French scholar over to this side to the University of Buffalo at regular intervals. I'm not sure whether it was every year or perhaps at a ..• [lighter] ... interval. But Julian Park managed this bequest and he took a great deal of care about it and I'm sure he got a great deal of pleasure from it because he did succeed in bringing one eminent French savant to the University of Buffalo after another, year after year. And, of course, this got around in France and in due course Julian Park was invited to the University of Dijon where he received the degree, Doctor Honorus [Cosa] •.. That is an honorary degree of Doctor amidst all the ceremonies and festivities of [?] ... University. And I've heard him describe that event and he obviously, and justifiably, took a great deal of pride and pleasure in it. He was also-on the personal side--he was . . • he was interested in public affairs, in politics. He was a Wilsonian Democrat. He was a great admirer of Wilson, and a great advocate of the League of Nations in the 1920's. Oddly enough, and it doesn't seem quite consistent with this, he was also an avid admirer of Napoleon Bonaparte [laughs] And I don't think he taught any subject with more zest than he did French History and European History at the time of the Great Napoleon. And in my own mind, I've long since given up trying to reconcile his interest in world peace under the auspices of the League of Nations and his interest in one of the greatest military [laughs] •.. captains of all time. But the fact that there does seem to be that contradiction in his interests and temperament, I think, makes him all the more interesting. Did you ever have occasion to work with Dr. Park? To work with him? Uh hm. On a particular paper or some research? 17 DR. JOHN T. HORTON (Tape 2, Side 1) Page "N JTH: No. No, I never did. He did work with some members of the department on the political science side in that sort of enterprise, in producing a body of European government, but I was not involved in that enterprise. No, I never carried on as collaborator in any research with him. In the days just before we entered World War II in ... well '39, '40, about there, he and I were both involved in a committee in the city which had been organized by the late [Chauncey J.] ... Hamlin who was one of the magnificoes of Buffalo. JP: Was that Hamlin? JTH: Hamlin, Chauncey J. Hamlin. This committee was known as the Niagara Frontier Defense Committee. JP: Right. I wanted to ask you about that. JTH: And that name is somewhat misleading. It's real purpose was to collaborate with the William Allen White Committee. That was a committee formed on a national basis by William Allen White ... End Tape 2, Side 1 18 DR. JOHN T. HORTON (Tape 2, Side 2) Page "N Emeritus professor of History Interviewed by Jenny Peterzell (student) on March 7, 1978 JTH: •.• committee in the city which had been organized by the ... [Chauncey J.] ... Hamlin who was one of the magnificoes of Buffalo. JP: Was that Hamlin? JTH: Hamlin, Chauncey J. Hamlin. This committee was known as the Niagara Frontier Defense Committee. JP: Right. I wanted to ask you about that. JTH: And that name is somewhat misleading. It's real purpose was to collaborate with the William Allen White Committee. That was a committee formed on a national basis by William Allen White, the Kansas journalist and politic ian who was very prominent in progressive Republican circles, in TR's time and later, and was in the thirties terribly anxious about the growth of Nazi power and the threat of Nazi Germany. And he organized this committee called by the country at large, the William Allen White Committee but the name he gave to it was the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies. That's Great Britain and France, after the fall of France and then substantially just Great Britain. And Mr. Hamlin organized the local .• the local ... [?] ... had to do with the William Allen White Committee. And in this committee, Julian Park was active and I was active, so in that sense we collaborated in a rather ambitious propaganda effort to convince Buffalonians that the United States had better be prepared for the War which we were quite sure was coming before most people in Buffalo, I think, thought it was. And that was a pleasant experience that I think we both enjoyed. There were many other collaborators. It was a big civic committed. But Julian and I, I think, were the persons from the faculty of the University who were most active in it. JP: Do you think that you were successful in conveying some of the ideals of that committee to people in the city of Buffalo? JTH: Yes, I'm sure we were. And I am sure about it in a rather untoward sort of way. That is, one of the things that makes me sure that we were hitting home and striking the right nerve was a series of rather ugly letters that we got. They could not be called fan letters at all! But they were rather nasty letters and I remember one of them wound up thus, "If war comes, there will not be enough lampposts in Buffalo for the likes of you and Julian Park." ... [laughs] •.. JP: How did you feel when you received that letter? JTH: Well, I took it as flattery. I took it as real evidence that we were hitting home. JP: Do you think some of these letters came from the German population of Buffalo? 19 DR. JOHN T. HORTON (Tape 2, Side 2} Page "'N JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: I don't think so. My impression, at the time, was that most of the people in Buffalo who were of German descent, were completely antagonized by Hitler and the Nazis. Now there were probably some who weren't. I remember there was a German movie theater over on Fillmore Avenue to which I used to go to help keep up my German. And well, pretty late, I think, almost up to the time of Pearl Harbor, they exhibited to movies that were Nazi propaganda. And people went to that movie. But when Pearl Harbor came, they don't seem to have caused any trouble. There were some .. there were some Nazis in Buffalo and Erie County and out in Porterville in the countryside, they had a camp. But I don't think that they .. I don't think that they had in their numbers many old Buffalo Germans who were generally turned off by Hitler and all of his works. Who were these people that made up the following? Well, I think they were recent comers from Germany who had already been indoctrinated. Some of them were citizens of the United States. I know this because . . some of them were proceeded against by the United States here through the Attorney .. the United States Attorney. And there were denaturalization proceedings that were launched, and carried to conclusion. And several of these persons were officially deprived of their American citizenship. You' 11 find the records of those proceedings in the Federal Court House down on Court street. I read some of those. And at this camp in .• it was near Porterville, they flew the swastika and they goose stepped and 'heil Hitler' ... [laughs] ... but ... I hadn't heard about that. Did that camp have a certain name or was it ... ? It may have, but if so, I've forgotten. You mentioned that Dr. Park made quite good martinis and he socialized ... Very good! [laughs] O.k. Very good. Did you socialize predominantly with people in the History Department, or with persons from other departments? Oh, with both. My .. my friends and acquaintances were some of them in the History Department, some in other departments. One of my best friends was this chap I mentioned, Dan Katz, who was .. I think he was a major in psychology. And that would be fairly typical. They were in the Department of History and Government and they were in other departments. You have to keep it in mind that the College of Arts and Sciences at that time was a small affair. In my class--the class of '2 6--how many do you think there were graduated B.A.? Do you want me to just guess? Yes. Ten maybe? 20 DR. JOHN T. HORTON (Tape 2, Side 2) Page "N JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: Twenty-seven. O.k. Bigger than I thought. Twenty-seven. But that's pitifully small compared with a class today of students. So one was pretty well acquainted with almost everybody in the class. With some you struck up a friendship. With others it was just a passing acquaintance. But it wasn't limited solely to majors. There seems to be a trend in history, today at least, to be more specialized. Professors specialize in a particular era and it seems to be going away from general knowledge of a broad overview of history. Do you find that to be the case? I think that's a just observation. One of the reasons I think so is that in our own department, for example, the same man might teach quite unrelated eras or fields of history. I'll give you one illustration, Dr. Kerr of whom I've made mention before. He taught a course in the history of Ancient Greece; he taught a course in Russian History. The field in which he had specialized and in which he was known outside the University, was the French Revolution. He wrote a book on the Reign of Terror which was a standard book. Now, if he were living and a member of the department, he would teach one field of history, I suppose it would be the French Revolution, and not much else. If I may use myself as an example, I .. I taught a variety of courses. I taught a general course in American Government; I taught another one they had, American Constitutional Development; I once taught a course in the history of the State of New York. When Dr. Kerr died very suddenly in the winter of 1950, I took his course-- his survey course in English History-- and I taught that. Then in my later years, I concentrated pretty much in the Renaissance and the Reformation and the Middle Ages. I became a sort of jack of all trades. And that is frowned on today. And there are reasons why it should be. One makes a much more distinguished career for himself if he sticks to one field of historical learning and gets a wide reputation in that rather than if he covers widely several fields and knows them all well enough to teach but not well enough to get a wide reputation as a scholar in them. So I have sympathy for the tendency today to specialize. But, at the same time, I think that as far as teaching is concerned, teaching may lose something as that ... [?] ... goes from ... [?] ... to specialization. Do you think it loses something in the continuity of bringing different points in history together and relating them? I think it might well do so. But if I were to answer that question thoroughly, I think I would have to think more .. a longer time than you would have a tape for . ... [laughs] ... O.k. You were the Chairman of the History and Government Department, and later it became just the History Department when it split. Until 1967 was it? And 21 DR. JOHN T. HORTON (Tape 2, Side 2} Page "'N then you took a sabbatical? JTH: Well, let me see. I was Chairman of the Department of History and Government from 1948 to 1962 when the Department of History and Government was divided and the Government people became an independent and separate department of political science. I remained as Chairman of the Department of History until 1967 when I had to retire because by that time I was seventy and over. JP: How did you find the transition from being the Chairman of a Department to going back to teaching? JTH: No problem. In fact, I was very happy ... [laughs] ... about this. JP: You were? JTH: Yes. I had been Chairman nineteen years and I had had enough of it. I had enjoyed that time and had been, I think, reasonably successful as a Chairman. As a result of our becoming a part of the State University, we had much more money to do things with so that I was able to augment the Department. When I became Chairman in '48 I think we had nine fulltime, full fledged members of the Department of History and Government. And when I retired as Chairman of the Department of History in 1967, in History alone we had twenty-seven. JP: Quite an expansion. JTH: So there was a considerable expansion which had been made possible by our merger with the State and hence more funds. JP: Let me go on about the transition. The transition from teaching to your final retirement, how was that? JTH: Well, when I finally retire--that was in '73 when I retired from the University--! was quite ready to retire. I didn't regret retirement at all. I would have regretted it at 65 and I think I probably would have resented it. But between '65--1965--and 1973 came that dreadful period of hubbub and upheaval and I must say, I didn't enjoy that and I didn't care much about the students who were ring leaders of it. And I didn't care much about faculty colleagues who were parties to it. And I think, in honesty, I must say that I grew a bit sour. So that when '73 came and I was over 70 and had to retire from the job, I was quite happy to. JP: What type of activities are you engaged in now? I notice particularly you have some plans to write a book on 17th Century Puritanism. JTH: Yes ... It was on the ... on the Puritan migration of the years from 1629 to 1640. And I had got interested in this migration originally because I am descended from one of those Puritans who migrated. He came in 1639. He was a Leicestershire man who came over in the ship, "Swallow" to Hampton, Massachusetts, as it then was. I think the place is now in New Hampshire. But in those days it belonged to Massachusetts jurisdiction. And then the next year he went 22 DR. JOHN T. HORTON (Tape 2, Side 2} Page "'N to Long Island to Southold, a plantation that was within the jurisdiction of New Haven. His name was Barnabas Horton and he was a very strict Puritan who had no love for Quakers or Episcopalians or any others who dissented from the Puritan way. And he represented Southold in the general . . . [court] ... of New Haven. And then after New Haven and Connecticut were merged, the general court of Connecticut. Incidentally, he also had a license to sell wine and spirits ... [laughs] ... don't you think his being a Puritan would bother him in that respect at all. Well, it was through him that I got interested in this subject--the general subject--of the Puritan migration. And I began to read the history of Leicestershire. That's a county right in the middle of England. And as I read, I came again and again upon the name of Dr. John Williams, who was the Lord Bishop of Lincoln. That was the Diocese to which Leicestershire belonged. And from the context, I got the impression that this Anglican Bishop, though he was an Anglican and a Bishop, was rather easy going on Puritans. And I noticed that from Leicestershire there wasn't a very heavy immigration of Puritans. And then I looked up one or two other Bishops and then began seriously to study four Bishops and their records. I went to England to do this in '68. And I studied the records of four Bishops: the Bishop of Lincoln, Dr. Williams, the Bishop of Bath and Wells, the Bishop of Exeter and the Bishop of Norwich--all four Bishops. And I found that where the Bishop was wholly in accordance with the king and the Primate--the Archbishop of Canterbury--and enforced the laws of the church, the migration was heavy. Where the Bishop was like Williams--the Bishop of Lincoln--rather lax in enforcing the laws of the church, the immigration of Puritans was relatively light. And so I had a thesis at .. I finished that. I did write the book; I have the manuscript. But the manuscript is somewhat like the bride who was left on the porch of the church by the bridegroom who doesn't appear to lead her to the altar, I had no publisher. JP: I see. O.k. What else are you doing these days? JTH: Well, I have .. I am very fortunate in that I have some good friends who read to me. I am afflicted with very bad eyesight, so I can't read myself. But I'm also very fortunate in that my wife reads to me endlessly. And a colleague in the Department of History, Dr. Bohler--Arthur Bohler--reads to me every week a wide variety of history and literature; and Dr. Robert Pope has read to me what I should be ashamed to confess I had never read before. And that is the Pickwick Papers. He hadn't read it and he offered to read the Pickwick Papers to me. And so he read them. Both Bohler and Pope are expert readers. They read almost as if they were actors on the stage. It's a great pleasure to hear them. And then there's a young man who got his doctorate at 23 DR. JOHN T. HORTON (Tape 2, Side 2) Page "'N JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: JP: JTH: UB under Professor •.. [Ganyard?] teaches at •. at D'Youville College. excellent reader. And he comes in ... You have some wonderful friends. , Sean Murray, who now And he also is an So I have some very good friends. And between them and my wife, I'm reading about as much as I could read then ... [laughs] •.. when I was blessed with better eyesight. So my days pass uneventfully but pleasantly. Are you involved in the Emeritus Center? Not very much. Occasionally I go, but not very much. Their next program is .. sounds interesting. I think it's an exhibition of the slides of some European travels, but I can't see them well enough to bother to go. Dr. Horton, we're coming close to the end of the tape and I would like to get some comments from you, or anything you'd like to say in terms of advice that you would like to bestow upon the University • .•. I think I must beg you to excuse me from doing that. An old man giving advice is very likely to appear in a somewhat bizarre and comic light and I think I would just •.. [leave or] ... not do that ••. [laughs] ... if you don't object. I'm kind of taken aback by that. I know you've been at the University for a while--for a long while--and you have quite a bit of experience that would enable you to be in a position to give such comments, just in terms of student teacher interaction, University policy in general, the new expansion ... Is there anything you want to say along those lines? Well, if one is not actually on the scene and involved, I wonder how valid his counsel would be. You can perhaps, if your withdrawn, you can perhaps see things in perspective as you can't if you are involved; but if you are withdrawn and not involved, you may not include in your perspective some very vital elements which have to be included by those who are involved who are on the scene and doing the day's work. O.k. Then I withdraw the question. I could .. I could give you some of my own very strong beliefs. That's what I mean. O.k. .•• and in that respect, I would end about as I began, with an expression of my very lively ... End Tape 2, Side 2 24
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Sunday, February 19, 2012
Reader Ideas - Week of 2/19/2012
30 comments:
- Stephanie said...
Just an FYI.........Something is wrong with your Mister Linky. I was amazed to see so many entries so soon and even more amazed to see MY name there. It links me to a post I made on 2/24/11. Not sure what happened.......or maybe I'm doing something wrong.
- Sun Feb 19, 06:41:00 AM CST
- Monika Wright said...
Such wonderful contributions from your DT using The Twinery baker's twine!
- Sun Feb 19, 09:09:00 AM CST
- Jamie Lane [Cripps] said...
Beautiful projects, love how the CPS team used The Twinery's baker's twine!!
- Sun Feb 19, 10:04:00 AM CST
- Julie said...
Thanks for another fun sketch challenge!
- Sun Feb 19, 12:47:00 PM CST
- Arnoldo L. Romero said...
I love twine and knots.
- Sun Feb 19, 05:48:00 PM CST
- landerson213 said...
Love this sketch, super cute! :)
- Sun Feb 19, 09:53:00 PM CST
- Sandi said...
Always love you sketches and had fun with this one today!
- Sun Feb 19, 11:18:00 PM CST
- Neva said...
Super fun sketch again this week. Thank you for all you do for challenge junkies like me. LOL
- Mon Feb 20, 04:57:00 AM CST
- Anita said...
Love this sketch. So fun.
- Mon Feb 20, 08:59:00 AM CST
- Carolyn King said...
Great sketch---love all the wonderful cards the cps dt came up with and the great use of twine!
- Mon Feb 20, 09:47:00 AM CST
- Anita said...
This was a fun one and I loved seeing the DT work from CPS and The Twinery.
- Mon Feb 20, 01:41:00 PM CST
- Papercrafting Beach Bum said...
Thanks for the cool sketch challenge! Loved seeing the DT inspiration from both teams.
- Mon Feb 20, 04:36:00 PM CST
- Natalie said...
Fun sketch and wonderful inspiration from everyone!
- Mon Feb 20, 11:11:00 PM CST
- UnikeByYes said...
Thank you for the sketch, It did help me a lot to put my card together!
Lovely work with the twine.
Have a great day!
- Tue Feb 21, 08:33:00 PM CST
- maria f. said...
Great sketch. Was a perfect fit for the Moxie Fab Trigger Chiclectic, too.
Love The Twinery. Great stuff. Don't have too many colors... yet :)
- Wed Feb 22, 10:20:00 AM CST
- Cheryl said...
Great sketch and samples! I'm so glad I found your blog.
- Wed Feb 22, 08:40:00 PM CST
- Mary Jaminski said...
Another fun sketch and love The Twinery! Thank you!
- Wed Feb 22, 10:31:00 PM CST
- Broni said...
I love this sketch! It was perfect for my image and some yummy twine!
- Fri Feb 24, 07:44:00 AM CST
- Lena said...
I had so much fun playing along! I love this sketch!!!
- Fri Feb 24, 02:09:00 PM CST
- Vickie O'Dell said...
When I saw that you this week was sponsored by the Twinery, I knew that Baker's twine would give my card the finishing touch that it needed. Thanks for all the inspiration.
- Fri Feb 24, 02:15:00 PM CST
- Kathy Skou said...
LOVE how everyone is using Twinery Twine! Fab Sketch and great interpretations!
- Fri Feb 24, 04:13:00 PM CST
- Caroline said...
Thanks for this chance to win great prizes from The Twinery!
- Fri Feb 24, 09:41:00 PM CST
- Borqna said...
Thanks for the cool sketch challenge!
- Sat Feb 25, 05:30:00 AM CST
- Ioanna Maria said...
Beautiful sketch and i love the cards you made following this sketch to show us! They're all wonderful! :)
- Sat Feb 25, 05:37:00 AM CST
- Stephanie said...
I really enjoy your sketches. Thanks for the weekly challenge.
- Sat Feb 25, 08:14:00 AM CST
- Leah said...
thank you for the inspiration! love all of that fabulous twine!
- Sat Feb 25, 09:26:00 AM CST
- Cynthia B. said...
Thanks for this fun sketch, and thanks to the Twinery for the chance to win some fabulous twine!
- Sat Feb 25, 12:52:00 PM CST
- Linda Suarez said...
Great sketch! Thanks!
- Sat Feb 25, 02:51:00 PM CST
- Kimberly said...
Thanks for another super fun Sketch!! :)
- Sat Feb 25, 05:50:00 PM CST
- Nitasha said...
another awesome sketch!
- Sat Feb 25, 10:10:00 PM CST


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NWS could furlough 5,000 employees to cover budget shortfall
Friday - 6/8/2012, 9:45am EDT
The National Weather Service said it will have to furlough as many as 5,000 employees for 13 days — unless Congress allows the agency to move around funds within its budget.
NWS, part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, faces a $35.5 million budget shortfall in funds for field operations, according to the union representing NWS employees.
The furloughs would save the agency $26 million and occur before this fiscal year, which ends Sept. 30.
"National Weather Service employees are paying for the mistakes of the agency's leadership," said Dan Sobien, president of the NWS Employees Union, in a statement. "Their misguided plan to furlough all agency employees is another example of the short- sighted thinking that has put them in such dire straits."
NWS submitted a "reprogramming" package to Congress that would begin July 1. This plan would allow the agency to maintain its current operations without furloughs by reappropriating funds from one department budget to another.
A NOAA spokesman told The Washington Post that the reappropriated funds would pay for technology upgrades and local forecasting.
Last month, an internal investigation found agency employees had moved millions of dollars between NWS programs without notifying employees. NWS head Jack Hayes abruptly retired, although there was no evidence of fraud.
A union official says the shortfall was due to the Office of Management of Budget requesting a 2 percent increase in NWS operating costs from year-to-year over the last decade. Except for recent years, pay for federal employees has increased more than the budgeted increase, creating a "structural gap," said NWSEU general counsel Richard Hirn, in an interview with In Depth with Francis Rose.
Payroll makes up a large part of NWS operations, about $2 million per day.
"There was this growing gap, and you had to pay the salaries or you had to close offices because they're so thinly staffed," Hirn said. He said the 122 forecast offices nationwide have about two people on a shift at any given time, fine for normal day-to-day operations but not sufficient when severe weather hits.
Hirn said it appears the agency chief financial officer and Hayes became "fall guys because the political people did not ask from Congress for sufficient funds to cover really basic operational expenses of the National Weather Service."
Without congressional approval, one possible scenario is NWS employees would have to take 2-3 unpaid furlough days per pay period, according to the union.
NWS must give employees a 30-day notice if it is to furlough staff, unless the agency can prove the situation was an emergency.
"Furloughs would reduce staff available and would potentially impact critical weather operations, including those at the the National Hurricane Center and Storm Prediction Center, during the peak hurricane season," according to the union.