text:
Type: New Feature
Status: Closed
Priority: Major
Resolution: Fixed
Affects Version/s: 0.9.7, 1.1, 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 126.96.36.199, 1.2
Fix Version/s: 1.3 rc1
Component/s: XML code generator
Number of attachments :
"XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes Second Edition" document (http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/) specifies validity constraints on facets. For example: "It is an error for both minInclusive and minExclusive to be specified for the same datatype."
These constraints need to be checked during schema validation and generation must be aborted when the constraints are violated.
Issue Links
- is duplicated by
CASTOR-1106 minExclusive does not override minInclusive of the base simple type
I have prepared the first incomplete implementation, which checks validity constraints on minExclusive, minInclusive, maxInclusive, maxExclusive. I had to introduce facet factory and provide specific validation code in the implementation of the specific facet.
The attached code is an update to 0.9.6 stable codebase.
Attached is a collection of test cases for minExclusive facet.
The attached implementation also fixes "
CASTOR-1106 minExclusive does not override minInclusive of the base simple type" bug. These two issues are linked in terms of implementation (in both cases a factory of facets was required).
I am ready to continue the implementation (introduce checks for the remaining facets) if there's any interest among Castor principal developers.
Unifed diffs (diff -u) are always welcome from the community. It's also nice to have JUnit test cases that fit into the CTF-XML to prove patches, otherwise we have to create these test cases ourselves which takes longer.
Sergei, though the reply is a bit late, I hope you'd still be interested to see this your work integrated into the cpdebase. If that's the case, is there any chances you could provide us with a new patch against the current codebase ?
I am no longer working on the original project (the one where we needed the patch), but I am ready to continue my contribution to Castor's codebase. Though I am a bit time-constrained at the moment, I'll try to rebase the patch as soon as I've got enough spare time.
Thanks, Sergei, in advance. And there's non need to rush .,,,
Modifications against version 1.0.4
You may use the originally attached mini test suite (facets.zip). The XML source generator must generate valid code from test cases named 'pass*.xsd' and must fail with validation exception on cases named 'fail*.xsd'.
Sergei, how difficult would it be for you to supply me with a unified patch against SVN trunk ?
Hmmm... Never used SVN before. Probably it's time to try it out.
I'll try to do that, but it may take time.
Simply install the svn client binaries on your computer, and in the Castor root directory (or even better in src), type
> svn diff > some/path/patch.file
Please note that for any new files you add as part of your patch, you should run >svn add file first, otherwise it won't be included in the patch.
I hope this makes life easier for you ....
All right. It turned out to be much simpler than I expected.
Please find attached a patch file aginst head revision (6384).
I haven't tried the patch, but from eyeballing it it certainly looks like A Good Thing. I like the idea of classes to represent facets, which means that the simpletypes don't have to know as much about the facets and redundant logic can be moved to a single location.
Thank you for your appreciation. I did not went that far to create classes for all facet types (mainly because I was not sure if the patch would be accepted and it took over a year indeed), but that was the intention. If there is interest, I'll dedicate some of my time to provide a complete implementation.
Sergei, the appreciation is really fully warranted. First off, I will try to integrate your patch this week (if time permits). Second, I think switching all factes would make sense indeed. In other words, your contribution would be appreciated.
PS Castor (XML) is a different project now from what it used to be a few months ago. This should not be an excuse, as it is an open source project where committers tend to come and go. In other words, we'll do out best to integrate your contributions as quick as possible.
Sergei, I just had a look at your patch, and I think it's a very good step forward. As the CTF suite still runs without any problems, I think this can be committed once all your tests have been converted to proper CTF tests.
A few of your tests converted to the required format (relative to src/tests/xml/MasterTestSuite/sourcegenerator).
The provided tests cover perhaps only 10% of cases. The reason behind was the same - I did not want to spend more time and effort until the changes were accepted. Now I'll have a look at the converted tests and I'll try to come up with more test cases.
Thanks in advance, Sergei. Please have a look at my latest patch, which includes an addition to the Castor test suite, taking some of your original tests, and moving them to the required format. I hope that this is self-explanatory .. . If not, feel free to ask us any questions, and/or join us at the IRC channel.
Can I take it that there are no questions with regards to the tests attached by myself .. serving as a kind of recipe ?
Looks OK to me.
Had a look at them before... everything seems clear and simple.
Sergei, just wondering whether you'd need any additional help ?
All I need is some spare time, which I haven't had yet
I shall try to come back to this issue, but cannot guarantee that it is going to be soon. Sorry about that.
Just wondering how soon 'soon' really is .. ?
Hi Werner,
'Soon' has finally arrived I've got some spare time now and I would like to clear my backlog. I've just pulled the complete trunk out of svn and I am now going to put the test cases in place and reapply the patch against the current head revision.
Do I understand it right that the location of the test cases in the trunk should be:
As I understand it, I will need to build the main module + xmlctf module and then use CTFRun script to run the test cases.
Sergei, I am happy soon has finally arrived .. . Anyhow, to answer your questions ....
a) yes, the xmlctf suite happens to live in the module xmlctf, within which the tests reside in tests/MasterTestSuite.
b) to run the tests from the CTF suite, simply build the complete project issuing a 'build tests' from the bin directory, and then a 'CTFrun' from the same place
If you happen to be using Maven, things are even simpler. Let me know whether you need any help.
Cool, got the whole thing up and running.
Looking at the structure of the master test suite, I think the best place for the new test cases will be xmlctf/tests/MasterTestSuite/sourcegenerator/generationOnly/facets.
It's a pity that I can't bundle a number of test cases with different schemas into OnlySourceGenerationTest (in a similar way to SchemaTest). That means I'll have to place related test cases into separate directories (one test schema per directory). Nevermind, I am on my way to convert them all and add more, based on the w3c schema specification.
> It's a pity that I can't bundle a number of test cases with different schemas into OnlySourceGenerationTest (in a
> similar way to SchemaTest). That means I'll have to place related test cases into separate
> directories (one test schema per directory).
Hmm, it should not be too hard to have this changed in the XML schema for the test descriptor and associated (generated) classes. Let me know whether we should have a look into this .. . Other than that, thanks for your effort.
Hi there,
Here's a big patch, which contains:
1. the original fix, rebased against the HEAD of the trunk;
2. minor enhancements to the existing code (e.g. using declared constants instead of hard-coded strings);
3. a bunch of test cases to validate schema constraints (they are named to match the corresponding sections in the schema spec).
Please review and hopefully it gets integrated soon. I plan to add more tests to the suite and introduce validation for the remaining facets.
NB You will have to insert a proper copyright header in each of the new files.
Thanks, Sergei. I will definitely be having a look at this in the next few days.
Sergei, what's the reason behind using the generation only test case in the CMLCTF. Why not use the 'vanilla' source generation test case and include a few unit test cases that drive the generated and compiled classes against sample input documents, correct and incorrect ones ?
Actually, my last comment is only valid for those test cases where generation does succeed, indeed. For those cases, one could enhance the test suite by checking that valid documents complete successfully, and invalid ones cause the test case to fail. Just my 0.02 cents ....
Hi Werner,
Considering the current issue, we only need to verify the validity of the schema definition itself. If the schema is internally inconsistent, the generation must fail. Here we are not interested in validating XML documents against the schema (especially against an invalid schema).
There could be another bunch of test cases, which tests XML document validation against various facet combinations, but it's a different story. We also need tests to check that facets are correctly overridden in subtype definitions (this functionality is included in the patch, but there are no test cases to cover it). I shall have a look into it.
Sergei, it looks like there's a problem with constraint checking for non-number data types. Can you please run the complete test suite and have a look at the errors show. In particular, the test case in sourcegenerator/facets/DateTimeNoTimeZone has a schema that clearly has a problem with conversion to BigInteger/BigDecimal values where it should not.
Here's a stack trace as exhibited when trying to generate classes from that XML schema:
java.lang.NumberFormatException: Illegal embedded minus sign at java.math.BigInteger.<init>(BigInteger.java:287) at java.math.BigInteger.<init>(BigInteger.java:447) at java.math.BigDecimal.<init>(BigDecimal.java:216) at org.exolab.castor.xml.schema.Facet.toBigDecimal(Facet.java:199) at org.exolab.castor.xml.schema.facets.MaxInclusive.checkConstraints(MaxInclusive.java:95) at org.exolab.castor.xml.schema.SimpleType.validate(SimpleType.java:494) at org.exolab.castor.xml.schema.ElementDecl.validate(ElementDecl.java:836) at org.exolab.castor.xml.schema.Schema.validate(Schema.java:2218) at org.exolab.castor.builder.SourceGenerator.generateSource(SourceGenerator.java:646) at xml.c1207.TestSourceGenerator.testGeneration(TestSourceGenerator.java:25) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:324) at junit.framework.TestCase.runTest(TestCase.java:164) at junit.framework.TestCase.runBare(TestCase.java:130) at junit.framework.TestResult$1.protect(TestResult.java:106) at junit.framework.TestResult.runProtected(TestResult.java:124) at junit.framework.TestResult.run(TestResult.java:109) at junit.framework.TestCase.run(TestCase.java:120) at junit.framework.TestSuite.runTest(TestSuite.java:230) at junit.framework.TestSuite.run(TestSuite.java:225) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.junit3.JUnit3TestReference.run(JUnit3TestReference.java:130) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.TestExecution.run(TestExecution.java:38) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:460) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:673) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.run(RemoteTestRunner.java:386) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.main(RemoteTestRunner.java:196)
Personally, I think that storing the base type (name) of the 'enclosing' simple type|content definition with the Facet instance should provide you with enough information to distinguish between numeric and non-numeric types.
Hi Werner,
Honestly speaking, I had a suspicion that date/time based types may become a problem. It looks like there is a serious regression indeed.
I looked at the Facet implementation, and there was no hint about the base type of the element, for which the facet is specified. If we had this information, we should be able to use parse() methods of GDay, Duration and alike. Then we should be able to use DateTimeBase.compareTo() or Duration.isGreater() to compare values (similarly to e.g. DateTimeValidator).
So, you are right again, we need some information about the enclosing base type in the Facet. Is it possible to add it there?
> we need some information about the enclosing base type in the Facet. Is it possible to add it there?
Sure. I had a look at some code, and it is easy to add a setBaseType(Name) method to Facet, and change Simple[Type|Content]RestrictionUnmarshaller code to set the base type (name) on the Facet before adding it to the SimpleTypeDefinition/SimpleContentDedinition instances. Does this make sense ?
It probably does, but I shall leave the decision to you, simply because you know the library better. Can you see any potential adverse effects or design flaws here?
No, go ahead. I don't think there's side effects. If you need help, simply shout at me .. .
While I am trying to find a better solution to the problem, I propose the following scenario (to avoid wasting the effort completely):
1. I will create a smaller patch with "clean-up" changes only, which will not affect the functionality. We check this patch in.
2. I will temporarily back out the functional changes, update the failing test cases with <Skip>true</Skip> and we check them all in.
3. Then I will restore the functional changes locally and will try to add date/duration handling.
What do you think?
A follow-up to the last comment: two patches.
1. Minor code clean-up (any existing functionality preserved)
2. Test suite for facets, some tests marked with <Skip> for now, until facet constraint validation is implemented
All this can be immediately committed and must not cause any regression.
Just committed the clean-up patch as is.
Sergei, just committed the extension(s) to the XML CTF test suite as well. I think that - after some thinking - I agree with your step-by-step approach. And I just want to add that I really appreciate your efforts.
Sergei, I think I have got a new patch ready where I have added some code to the *Facet classes so that all tests pass, incl. the ones that define restriction of date/time types. I will attach this new patch early next week. I basically added some methods to XMLType so that one can check whether the type is derived from a numeric type or a datetime tyoe, and modified the *Facet.checkConstraints() methods to work with numeric types only (for the time being).
Updated patch, as discussed. Please have a look, and don't hesitate to provide me with feedback. Please note that all CTF tests complete just fine.
Werner, I've just had some time to apply the proposed patch locally and review your changes (and run the entire test suite). They look absolutely fine and I would proceed with applying them.
One suggestion:
instead of adding two static methods to SimpleTypesFactory, I would make isNumericType() return false by default and override it to return true in classes DecimalType and RealType (same for isDateTimeType() and class DateTimeType). That would be more elegant and OO. Apart from that I am quite happy with the resulting patch and it provides a good starting point for further enhancements (e.g. possible inclusion of the date/time/duration data types in validation checks).
> Instead of adding two static methods to SimpleTypesFactory, I would make isNumericType() return false by default ...
Yes, you are right, and I shall introduce that change.
Looking at this again, how about the logic that exists within SimpleType.isNumericType() that deals with base types ?
/** * Indicates whether this {@link SimpleType} is a numeric type. * @return True if this SimpleType is a numeric type **/ public boolean isNumericType() { SimpleType toStart = this; while (!toStart.isBuiltInType()) { toStart = (SimpleType) toStart.getBaseType(); } return SimpleTypesFactory.isNumericType(toStart.getTypeCode()); }
Where should this go in your opinion ?
How about this:
/* SimpleType */ public boolean isNumericType() { if (!isBuiltInType()) { return ((SimpleType) getBaseType()).isNumericType(); } return false; }
overridden as
public boolean isNumericType() { return true; }
in DecimalType and RealType.
Very reasonable .. and far better than pulling this logic outside of SimpleType, as I was considering. I guess I will commit this patch (post this small change) , and work with change requests from here.
Updated and final patch.
I am really glad that this change will finally go live (this defect probably has one of the longest lifespans in the project!). This is a good starting point for further enhancements in the area and I hope I'll be able to contribute again. Many thanks, Werner.


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The WAXPN management portal provides a convenient web-based portal interface with advanced reporting capabilities for customers to monitor and customize their services, which include:
- Page views per second
- Dynamic route optimization
- Error reporting
- Traffic handling (hits/sec)
- Performance monitoring tool
WebSphere Application Accelerator for Public Networks resources
- White paper: Accelerate Web application delivery
Learn how to deliver the best possible Web experience with improved end-user performance of Web sites and Web applications.
- Datasheet: Accelerate Web application delivery (390KB)
Attract and retain customers by accelerating your web presence.
WebSphere Application Accelerator for Public Networks
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- Tarjouksen pyytäminen
- Lähetä sähköpostia
- tai soita: (09) 459 5151
Ensisijainen Koodi: 109HE03W
Not in Suomi?
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Me voimme auttaa
Helppoja tapoja saada haluamasi vastaukset.
- Lähetä sähköpostia
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tai soita: (09) 459 5151(09) 459 5151
Ensisijainen Koodi: 109HE03W


text:
Main Content
Mother Nature always tries her best to give us humans the most beautiful earthly sights. Reminding us that we need to embrace the green earth, not destroy it. It's not always easy for Mother Nature, so she needed someone to help her with her fight for nature awareness. Sport your love for the great outdoors and Mother Nature's significant other with this Father Nature T-shirt. This LRG tee features "Father Nature" lettering below a printed graphic of him. Enjoy earth.
- 100% Cotton
- Imported
- Premium fit
- Screen print graphics
- Woven brand tag
LRG Customers also liked:
Special event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


text:
BANNER ELK, N.C. - Lees-McRae College shot a lights out 63% in the first half while limiting Pfeiffer University to just 27% during a 70-61 win in Conference Carolinas men's basketball action on Saturday afternoon. The Bobcats improve to 2-9 overall, 2-1 in league play snapping a 17-game losing streak against the Falcons while the black and gold fall to 8-5, 2-1.
The Bobcats converted 17 of their 27 shots, six of which were from behind the arc, as BJ Battle led the way with 11. Pfeiffer managed just six made field goals for the first 20 minutes. The Falcons made a strong push late in the second half getting as close as three with 2:10 remaining after a fastbreak layup by Danny Smith, but an ensuing Falcon technical foul and three free throws by Lees-McRae pushed the lead back out to six en route to the nine point win.
DJ Brown led LMC with 14 points as one of three in double-figures. Reggie Hollinger led all scorers with 21 points.
The Falcons will look to rebound on Wednesday night getting back inside division play with a trip to Queens at 7:30 p.m. Due to a new gym facility being constructed at Queens, Wednesday's game will also be at the nearby Grady Cole Center.


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|Father's Day Feast
Fit for a Kosher Culinary King
Dear old dad, granddad, husband, son, or son- in- law. You get the idea! Most want to forgo the salads and enjoy a different type of Father's Day feast. We are sharing a menu along with some recipes that will please most dads. Some are KosherEye culinary copycats from popular eateries – all converted to kosher.


text:
- Home
- News
- Sports
- Classifieds
- Obituaries
- Special Sections
- Local Guide
- Games
By Bryan Davis
Sports Editor
Make it 13 in a row for the West Point Lady Green Wave (14-2; 1-0). On Tuesday night, the girls hosted the Lady Yellowjackets of Starkville High School, and though Starkville made a push in the second half, West Point held on to win the non-district game 55-46.
Starkville jumped out to an early 2-0 lead, but Adrianna Billups quickly tied things up with a lay-up. Wilma Davis followed with a two-point shot.
With the game tied at four, Kelsei Ewings got in her first shot of the night, a tone-setting three-pointer that swished the net to make it 7-4. Davis, Ewings and Billups exchanged shots for the rest of the quarter and sent West Point into the second, leading 15-8.
Both teams remained consistent into the second period.
Ewings led things off with two points, and Davis followed with another shot. Ewings added another before Alexandria Morgan got her first two points of the night. Billups and Davis accounted for the final four points of the quarter, as the Lady Wave took a 27-19 lead into the half.
In the third quarter, Starkville came out with a little more fire than in the first two periods. Ewings, Morgan and Billups continued to put up shots for West Point, which scored a dozen in the third, while allowing 14 to the Starkville girls.
The Lady Yellowjackets had brought the score to within six, but they needed a really big quarter to overcome the West Point girls.
They would not get that, as Ewings took control of the game, scoring 10 points in the final eight minutes of the game. Davis scored six points in the fourth to complete the nine-point victory.
Ewings ended up with 26 total points on the night for West Point. Davis scored 14 points.
Billups scored eight, Morgan netted five points, and Taylor McCrary threw up two points.
The Lady Wave will be back on the court tomorrow night, as they host Oxford High School in a crucial division match.


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Laurie Mains has rejoined the Cats coaching staff for the Vodacom Super 14.
The former All Black coach, who guided the Cats to successive Super 12 semi-finals in 2000 and 2001, is to take up a mentoring role for franchise coach Frans Ludeke.
"It's a massive coup for us," Cats manager Mac Hendriks told Sunday News. "Laurie Mains is one of the greatest coaches in the history of rugby. His experience at the highest level and his ability to get the best out of people will be invaluable. Laurie is the perfect fit for Frans and the Cats."
Mains will spend this week helping Ludeke plan for the tournament and he will be "on call" to the Cats coaching staff throughout the tournament.
"Frans is someone who isn't afraid to surround himself with experience," Hendriks said. "Too many coaches think they know it all. But we know the value of Laurie is too high to ignore."
Mains's reintroduction to top flight rugby comes less than three months after a scathing attack on him in the biography of Highlanders and All Black hooker Anton Oliver.
"Just because certain people don't know the value of Laurie Mains doesn't mean we don't," he Hendriks. "Laurie Mains in one of the best coaches in rugby anywhere in the world. What has been written means nothing to us. His record speaks for itself. Rugby is a sport where people aren't always going to get along with each other."


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Leukemia Center - Porterville, CA
Porterville Oncologist Doctors for Leukemia
Type of Physician: Oncologist
What is a Oncologist?
A subspecialty certification by the Board of Internal Medicine; the oncologist specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of all types of cancer and other benign and malignant tumors. These subspecialists decide on and administer chemotherapy as well as consult with surgeons and radiotherapists on other treatment for cancer.
Specialty: Oncology (Medical)
Common Name: Cancer Doctor
Oncologist Doctors in Porterville *
Comprehensive Blood/Cancr Ctr
Comprehensive Blood/Cancr Ctr
California Cancer Center
Childrens Hosp Centrl Calif Onc
Childrens Hosp Centrl Calif Onc
Porterville, California
Leukemia facts*
*Leukemia facts medical author: Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD
Other Related Leukemia Articles
Emergency Contact for Porterville
Nearby Porterville Hospitals *
Sierra View District Hospital
Porterville Developmental Ctr
Tulare Regional Medical Center
Kaweah Delta South Campus
Kaweah Delta District Hospital
Delano Regional Medical Center
Kaweah Delta Rehab Center
Corcoran District Hospital
California State Prison Hosp Cr
*Provider Directory Terms of Use:
The WebMD 'Provider Directory' is provided by WebMD for use by the general public as a quick reference of information about Providers. The Provider Directory is not intended as a tool for verifying the credentials, qualifications, or abilities of any Provider contained therein. Inclusion in the Provider Directory does not imply recommendation or endorsement nor does omission in the Provider Directory imply WebMD disapproval.


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This blog entry is on how to quickly create a custom wordlist to use with a password cracker. This is something I have been wanting to learn for a while but was unsure how to do it. I learned this technique from a video created by pur3h4t3. I link to his blog can be found at the bottom of this entry.
You may want to create a custom wordlist using a companies website. What the method I am demonstrating will do is take a website, synjunkie.blogspot.com in this example, and create a wordlist using all the words on that site. Hopefully these words may be relevant to my target.
I will cover how to use this list with a password cracker in a later blog entry.
All tools i use are on the backtrack3 CD.
- wget
- wyd.pl
- pw-inspector
Creating the Wordlist
1. First I create a directory that I am going to download a copy of the website into. After changing to that directory I quickly grab the site using wget.
wget - r http://synjunkie.blogspot.com
2. After grabbing the site I use wyd.pl to extract all the words from the site into a single file.
wyd.pl -n -o /root/sj/wordlist.txt /root/sj/synjunkie.blogspot.com/
3. I then cat the file that I have created out, piping it through sort and uniq, to put it in order and remove any duplicate words.
cat wordlist.txt | sort | uniq > wordlist2.txt
This then gives me a file called wordlist2.txt that is a bit smaller as the duplicates have been removed.
4. Next I use pw-inspector to go through the file and remove any words that do not meet the criteria.
cat wordlist2.txt | pw-inspector -m 1 -M 20 >customlist.txt
The criteria I have set here is words should be a minimum of 1 letter and a maximum of 20. If you know that your target hes a minimum password legnth of 8 characters you could remove all words with less than 8 characters using this tool.
6. The result is a file called customlist.txt that contains words that may be more relevant to a target.
cat customlist.txt


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Gynamo is a lightweight mechanism for extending classes with discrete packages of functionality similar to mixins in languages like Ruby.
To make things easier (hopefully) to understand, the following is a definition of terms used:
- Gynamee - A class that will be or has been Gynamized with a Gynamo
- Gynamo - A class that extends the gynamo.Gynamo abstract base class and specifies functionality that will be injected into to Gynamees
- Gynamize - The process of injecting the functionality specified by a Gynamo into a Gynamee
Hopefully that illustrates the point.
- Gynamo 1.0 (contains source)
You can also grab the buildable source from the SVN repository.
Gynamo is released under the same license terms as Groovy.
All classes in the Gynamo library are in the package "gynamo".
Gynamos can contain fields (which will be public when injected) and methods (which Gynamos define as closures). All methods and properties are attached via ExpandoMetaClass so all the usual rules apply there.
Methods and properties are attached via the '=' operator so any existing methods or properties with a matching name will be overridden. This is something to watch out for.
Writing a Gynamo
A Gynamo is any class that extends the gynamo.Gynamo class. Gynamo inheritance is not supported, all Gynamos must directly extend the Gynamo class.
Methods (as closures) or fields to be injected must be accessible via getters. Groovy makes this too easy by generating getters for any fields that you don't specify the visiblity of.
You can even add fields and methods statically to a class ...
Gynamo class defines the static method
gynamize which takes a Gynamee class and a Gynamo class and performs the injection.
Or alternatively using categories ...
Pre and Post Gynamize hooks
If your Gynamo needs to do anything before or after Gynamization of a class there are optional hooks for it
Gynamo Properties
Sometimes you want to add bean like properties to a Gynamee. This is a little awkward but you can make it work using the provided
GynamoPropertyStorage class. Another caveat is that you have to define the getter and/or setter for each such property. Here is an example ...
GynamoPropertyStorage is pretty simple. It contains a synchronized WeakHashMap. Take a look at the source for details.
You would use the above like so ...
Gynamo dependencies
If you have a gynamo that depends on another Gynamee being injected then you can specify that with annotations ...
@GynamoDependency annotation takes a single parameter of type
Class which must be another Gynamo. The specified Gynamo will be injected automatically *before* this Gynamo gets injected. Therefore, the methods and fields of the dependency are available on the Gynamee at time of Gynamization.
If your Gynamo depends on multiple Gynamos, you can use the
@GynamoDependencies annotation to specify a list of Gynamos that need to be injected before.
*Note:* Be careful of circular dependencies. The dependency handling is pretty simple so if you do have a a circular dependency, your code will blow up with a StackOverflowError. If anyone has any suggestions on how this can be improved please let me know.


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At a Glance
Why Get Tested?
To screen for and monitor kidney dysfunction in those with known or suspected kidney disease
When to Get Tested?
When a health practitioner suspects that you may have decreased kidney function; it may be ordered at regular intervals when you have known kidney dysfunction.
Sample Required?
A blood sample drawn from a vein in your arm
Test Preparation Needed?
The Test Sample
What is being tested?
Cystatin C is a relatively small protein that is produced throughout the body by all cells that contain a nucleus and is found in a variety of body fluids, including the blood. It is produced, filtered from the blood by the kidneys, and broken down at a constant rate. This test measures the amount of cystatin C in blood to help evaluate kidney function.
Cystatin C is filtered out of the blood by the glomeruli, clusters of tiny blood vessels in the kidneys that allow water, dissolved substances, and wastes to pass through their walls while retaining blood cells and larger proteins. What passes through the walls of the glomeruli forms a filtrate fluid. From this fluid, the kidneys reabsorb cystatin C, glucose, and other substances. The remaining fluid and wastes are carried to the bladder and excreted as urine. The reabsorbed cystatin C is then broken down and is not returned to the blood.
The rate at which the fluid is filtered is called the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). A decline in kidney function leads to decreases in the GFR and to increases in cystatin C and waste products such as creatinine in the blood.
When the kidneys are functioning normally, concentrations of cystatin C in the blood are stable, but as kidney function deteriorates, the concentrations begin to rise. This increase occurs as the GFR falls and is often detectable before there is a measurable decrease in the GFR.
Because cystatin C levels fluctuate with changes in GFR, there has been interest in the cystatin C test as one method of evaluating kidney function. Tests currently used include creatinine, a byproduct of muscle metabolism that is measured in the blood and urine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and eGFR (an estimate of the GFR usually calculated from the blood creatinine level). Unlike creatinine, cystatin C is not significantly affected by muscle mass (hence, sex or age), race, or diet, which has led to the idea that it could be a more reliable marker of kidney function and potentially used to generate a more precise estimate of GFR.
While there are growing data and literature supporting the use of cystatin C, there is still a degree of uncertainty about when and how it should be used. However, testing is becoming increasingly more available and steps are being taken toward standardizing the calibration of cystatin C results.
How is the sample collected for testing?
A blood sample is obtained by inserting a needle into a vein in the arm.
NOTE: If undergoing medical tests makes you or someone you care for anxious, embarrassed, or even difficult to manage, you might consider reading one or more of the following articles: Coping with Test Pain, Discomfort, and Anxiety, Tips on Blood Testing, Tips to Help Children through Their Medical Tests, and Tips to Help the Elderly through Their Medical Tests.
Another article, Follow That Sample, provides a glimpse at the collection and processing of a blood sample and throat culture.
Is any test preparation needed to ensure the quality of the sample?
No test preparation is needed.
The Test
Common Questions
Ask a Laboratory Scientist
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Due to a dramatic increase in the number of questions submitted to the volunteer laboratory scientists who respond to our users, we have had to limit the number of questions that can be submitted each day. Unfortunately, we have reached that limit today and are unable to accept your inquiry now. We understand that your questions are vital to your health and peace of mind, and recommend instead that you speak with your doctor or another healthcare professional. We apologize for this inconvenience.
This was not an easy step for us to take, as the volunteers on the response team are dedicated to the work they do and are often inspired by the help they can provide. We are actively seeking to expand our capability so that we can again accept and answer all user questions. We will accept and respond to the same limited number of questions tomorrow, but expect to resume the service, 24/7, as soon as possible.
Article Sources
NOTE: This article is based on research that utilizes the sources cited here as well as the collective experience of the Lab Tests Online Editorial Review Board. This article is periodically reviewed by the Editorial Board and may be updated as a result of the review. Any new sources cited will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used.
Sources Used in Current Review
Lerma, E. (Updated 2012 May 17). Novel Biomarkers of Renal Function. Medscape Reference [On-line information]. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1925619-overview through http://emedicine.medscape.com. Accessed July 2013.
Sinert, R. and Peacock, P. (Updated 2013 June 20). Acute Renal Failure Complications. Medscape Reference [On-line information]. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777845-overview#a1 through http://emedicine.medscape.com. Accessed July 2013.
Malone, B. (2012 August 23). Refining the Role of Cystatin C in Estimating GFR New Combined Cystatin C –Creatinine Equation More Accurate. Clinical Laboratory Strategies [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.aacc.org/publications/strategies/archives/2012/Documents/082312CLS.pdf through http://www.aacc.org. Accessed July 2013.
(© 1995–2013). Cystatin C with Estimated GFR, Serum. Mayo Clinic Mayo Medical Laboratory Interpretive Handbook [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/interpretive-guide/?alpha=C&unit_code=35038 through http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com. Accessed July 2013.
Paxton, A. (2012 September). Cystatin C and creatinine—using both found to be best. CAP Today [On-line information]. Available online through http://www.cap.org. Accessed July 2013.
Shah, A. (Revised 2013 May). Evaluation of the Renal Patient. Merck Manual for Healthcare Professionals [On-line information]. Available online through http://www.merckmanuals.com. Accessed July 2013.
Pagana, K. D. & Pagana, T. J. (© 2011). Mosby's Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 10th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO. Pp 326-333.
Clarke, W., Editor (© 2011). Contemporary Practice in Clinical Chemistry 2nd Edition: AACC Press, Washington, DC. Pp 363-366.
McPherson, R. and Pincus, M. (© 2011). Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods 22nd Edition: Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. Pp 177.
Zhou H, Hewitt SM, Yuen PS, Star RA. Acute Kidney Injury Biomarkers - Needs, Present Status, and Future Promise. Nephrol Self Assess Program. Mar 2006;5(2):63-71. Available online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2603572/ through http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Accessed August 2013.
National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearninghouse. Kidney Disease Research Updates, Winter 2013. NIH-funded Study Finds More Precise Way to Estimate Kidney Function. Available online at http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/About/ResearchUpdates/KidneyWin13/5.aspx through http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov. Accessed October 2013.
National Kidney Foundation. Cystatin C: What is its role in estimating GFR? Available online at http://www.kidney.org/professionals/tools/pdf/CystatinC.pdf through http://www.kidney.org. Accessed October 2013.
National Kidney Disease Education Program. Estimating GFR. Available online at http://nkdep.nih.gov/lab-evaluation/gfr/estimating.shtml through http://nkdep.nih.gov. Accessed October 2013.
National Kidney Disease Education Program. Update on Cystatin C: Cystatin C Standardization (Update as of July 2010). Available online at http://nkdep.nih.gov/lab-evaluation/cystatin-c.shtml through http://nkdep.nih.gov. Accessed October 2013.
UCSF (Karin Rush-Monroe on September 04, 2013). Kidney Function Can Be Assessed by Measuring Cystatin C in Blood. Available online at http://www.ucsf.edu/news/2013/09/108666/relationship-kidney-function-estimates-risk-improves-measuring-cystatin-c-blood through http://www.ucsf.edu. Accessed October 2013.
Shlipak MG et al. Cystatin C versus Creatinine in Determining Risk Based on Kidney Function. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:932-943, September 5, 2013. Available online at http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1214234 through http://www.nejm.org. Accessed October 2013.
Sources Used in Previous Reviews
Thomas, Clayton L., Editor (1997). Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, PA [18th Edition].
Jeffrey, S. (2006 August 16). Cystatin C May Identify Pre-CKD in Elderly With Normal eGFR. Medscape Medical News [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/543019 through http://www.medscape.com.
Jeffrey, S. (2005 September 6). Cystatin C is a sensitive marker of prognosis acute heart failure. Medscape Medical News [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/538789 through http://www.medscape.com.
Shlipak, M. (2005 May 19). Cystatin C and the Risk of Death and Cardiovascular Events among Elderly Persons. NEJM v 352(20) 2049-2060 [On-line journal]. Available online at http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/352/20/2049 through http://content.nejm.org.
Sarnak, M. (2005 April 5). Cystatin C Concentration as a Risk Factor for Heart Failure in Older Adults. Annals of Internal Medicine v142(7) [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/abstract/142/7/497?ct through http://www.annals.org.
Villa, P. et. al. (2005 April). Serum cystatin C concentration as a marker of acute renal dysfunction in critically ill patients. Crit Care. 2005; 9(2): R139-R143 [On-line journal]. Available online at http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1175926 through http://www.pubmedcentral.gov.
Wu, A. (© 2006). Tietz Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests, 4th Edition: Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, MO. Pp 328-329.
Clarke, W. and Dufour, D. R., Editors (© 2006). Contemporary Practice in Clinical Chemistry: AACC Press, Washington, DC. Pp 312.
Lowry, F. (2009 February 27). Cystatin C, High Levels of Serum Cystatin C and Chronic Kidney Disease Linked to Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Medscape Medical News [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/588857 through http://www.medscape.com. Accessed October 2009.
Ma, Y-C. et. al. (2008 January 28). Improved GFR Estimation by Combined Creatinine and Cystatin C Measurements. Medscape Today from Kidney International [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/568609 through http://www.medscape.com. Accessed October 2009.
Craig, R. G. and Hunder, J. M. (2008 October 27). Recent Developments in the Perioperative Management of Adult Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Medscape Today from British Journal of Anaesthesia [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/581312 through http://www.medscape.com. Accessed October 2009.
(2009 January 27). New Equation Accurately Estimates GFR in Children With Kidney Disease. Medscape Today from Reuters Health Information [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/587379 through http://www.medscape.com. Accessed October 2009.
(Updated 2009 August). Renal Function Markers - Kidney Disease. ARUP Consult. [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.arupconsult.com/Topics/RenalFunctionMarkers.html?client_ID=LTD through http://www.arupconsult.com. Accessed October 2009.
(April 7, 2009) National Kidney Disease Education Program, Laboratory Professionals: Update on Cystatin C. Available online at http://nkdep.nih.gov/labprofessionals/update-cystatin-c.htm through http://nkdep.nih.gov. Accessed January 2010.
Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 21st ed. McPherson R, Pincus M, eds. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier: 2007, Pp 153-154.


text:
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The Petzl Tikka 2 is a highly versatile light that offers three light settings, including maximum, economic, and flashing. The battery compartment is hinged for easier access along with an easy to use closure system.
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Get free Standard Shipping with your $50 purchase today! Just choose Standard Shipping during checkout.
Please note this offer is only available to physical shipping addresses in the 48 continental United States (no PO Boxes), and oversize charges still apply on some heavy/large items.


text:
Stress Center - Oakland Park, FL
Oakland Park Psychiatrist Doctors for Stress
Type of Physician: Psychiatrist
What is a Psychiatrist?
A certification by the Board of Psychiatry & Neurology; practitioners are skilled in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of mental, addictive and emotional disorders. He or she is trained to understand the biological, psychological and social components of illness and is qualified to order diagnostic laboratory tests and to prescribe medications, as well as to evaluate and treat psychological and interpersonal problems. The psychiatrist is also prepared to intervene with individuals and families who are coping with stress, crises, and other problems in living.
Specialty: Psychiatry
Common Name:
Psychiatrist Doctors in Oakland Park *
Ventre Medical Associates
Atlantic Shores Hosp Psychtry
Fernando V Mata MD
Atlantic Shores Hosp Psychtry
Richard S Faulk MD
Zipora Arison MD
Dennis M Liston MD
Mariana Martinasevic MD
Jordan Consulting
Mariana Martinasevic MD
David B Rooney MD
Robert Antoine MD
Archways Inc
Archways Inc
Archways Inc
Archways Inc
Rajendra P Gupta MD
Archways Inc
Archways Inc
Southern Medical Services Group
Christopher B Mahon MD
Amy C Kosches MD
Florida Neuropsychiatric Inst
South Florida Counseling Inc
Christian Behavioral Health
Christian Behavioral Health
Henderson Beh Hlth Yth Fam Serv
Parents Information Resource
Parents Information Resource
Parents Information Resource
Ruben B Vallejo MD
Henderson Behavioral Health
Henderson Behavioral Health
Henderson Behavioral Health
Henderson Behavioral Health
Chrysalis Center
Armor Correctional Health Svs
Jaime Rejtman MD PA
Smith Community Mental Health
Smith Community Mental Health
Smith Community Mental Health
Insight Health Network
Insight Health Network
Ronald H Kurlander MD PA
Comprehensive Health Associates
Compass Health Systems
Compass Health Systems
Compass Health Systems
Child & Family Psychologists
Ignacio Lopez-Merino MD
Heather N Britton MD
Leonard S Lebow MD
Daniel E Chervony MD & Assocs
Keller Simon Health & Assoc
Keller Simon Health & Assoc
Keller Simon Health & Assoc
Keller Simon Health & Assoc
Sergio Badel MD PA
Lifeskills Of South Florida
Bhadresh Parikh MD
VA Primary Care Clinic
Jacqueline D Boutrouille MD
Mohammad J Latif-Jangda MD
Alvaro G Manotas MD
Neil H Edison MD PA
Memorial Regional Outpatient
Memorial Regional Outpatient
Memorial Regional Outpatient
Memorial Regional Outpatient
Memorial Regional Outpatient
Psychological Associates
Psychiatric Consulting Services
N Benjamin Barnea MD
H Barry Miller MD PA
Psychiatric Consultants
Stephen E Moskowitz MD
Broward Institute LLC
Kaplan Berdish Kirsch & Barrett
Francisco J Borges MD
Broward Psychiatric Services
Kaplan Berdish Kirsch & Barrett
Kaplan Berdish Kirsch & Barrett
Robert M Perovich MD
NOVA Southeastern Univ Psychtry
Bayview Center
Bayview Center
Bayview Center
Bayview Center
Allen J Teman MD
Psychiatric Emergency Eval Ctr
Elysee H Sinclair MD
Henderson Mental Health Center
Henderson Mental Health Center
Randolph J Swiller MD
Delray Family Practice Psychtry
Richard W Levin MD
Delray Family Practice Psychtry
Arnold S Zager MD & Associates
Boca Raton Psychiatric Group
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Montreal Canadiens (36-25-7) at Buffalo Sabres (19-40-8), 7 p.m.
(SportsNetwork.com) - The Montreal Canadiens look to build off a thrilling
victory Sunday night as they visit the struggling Buffalo Sabres.
The Canadiens had been outscored 13-3 over a three-game losing streak heading
into Saturday's matchup with the Ottawa Senators and were in danger of
matching their longest skid of the season.
Montreal trailed by three goals in the third period, but scored three times in
the final 3:22 of the frame. The Canadiens then won it 5-4 on Francis
Bouillon's goal 1:26 into overtime.
Lars Eller started the comeback bid and Brian Gionta scored with 2:04 in the
frame. David Desharnais then beat the buzzer with just 0.3 seconds on the
"The second period was not our period, but after Eller's goal, we believed we
could come back to win that game," Bouillon said.
On the game-winner, Max Pacioretty fired a shot from low in the right circle.
Ottawa goalie Robin Lehner made the save and felt the puck was covered up.
However, the referee didn't blow the play dead and Pacioretty dislodged the
puck and Bouillon put it into the open net.
P.K. Subban assisted on all three of Montreal's third-period goals, while
Carey Price made 30 saves in his return to the Canadiens' crease.
It was Price's first action since helping Canada win its second straight gold
medal at last month's Winter Olympics. He missed Montreal's first eight games
following the NHL's resumption of play with a lower-body injury he aggravated
in Russia.
Price did not travel with the team to Buffalo in order to get some extra rest,
meaning Peter Budaj is likely to start tonight. He is 4-1-2 with a 2.18 goals
against average in his career versus the Sabres.
Montreal's thrilling win kept it tied with the Tampa Bay Lightning for third
place in the Atlantic Division with 79 points. That is just one point back of
the second-place Toronto Maple Leafs.
The Sabres come in having lost five straight and six of their last seven
games. They have not scored more than two goals in any of those setbacks and
were bested 4-1 by the New York Islanders on Saturday.
Tyler Ennis supplied the lone marker for the Sabres, while Jhonas Enroth
allowed three goals on 37 shots in defeat.
Ennis has scored in two straight games and has tallied six goals in his past
nine games. Drew Stafford, meanwhile, did not score for the first time in four
games, but did assist on Ennis' goal.
Interim coach Ted Nolan would like to see the rest of his offense produce.
"We can't expect (Ennis) to score all the goals every game and expect to win,"
Nolan said. "Drew Stafford's the same thing. He's playing well. We need some
other people to contribute once in awhile."
Michal Neuvirth could get the start tonight for the Sabres and it would be his
third since being acquired from the Washington Capitals. He lost his first two
games with Buffalo despite giving up just five goals on 98 shots faced and he
came up with 51 stops versus Carolina on Thursday.
Neuvirth is 5-3-0 with a 2.25 GAA in his career versus the Habs, who have won
both of their meetings with the Sabres this season and three in a row in this
series overall.
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Jennifer Nichols graduated from the University of San Diego, where she majored in marine chemistry.
She was on track to become a Navy pilot before a series of shoulder problems derailed those plans. Nichols completed her five-year Navy career as a lieutenant while serving at the National/Naval Ice Center in Washington, D.C.
There, she analyzed ice samples (there's a need for such work, she said) from the Great Lakes and oceans around the world — providing information for the armed forces of the United States and its allies.
Nowadays, Nichols, 33, owns and operates Buy Me Cake, a Burlington cake and cupcake business. Her current vocation, she said, isn't as far removed from her previous endeavors as some might believe.
"Baking and chemistry go hand in hand," Nichols said. "You have to be very precise."
In both endeavors, she said, you have to include the exact amounts of a particular ingredient or you're in a world of trouble. Baking, Nichols said, isn't like cooking where you can adjust the recipe with a dash of this or a hint of that.
No, when it comes to baking, precision matters.
"Add too much baking powder," Nichols said, speaking from the voice of experience, "and you'll have runny cupcakes all over the place."
Buy Me Cake is at 2948 S. Church St., in a small string of shops in front of Country Club Lanes West, just south of Burlington Honda.
Nichols opened the 1,100-square-foot store two years ago after working out of her house the previous three years. The last year she worked from home, Nichols took orders for, and prepared more than 70 wedding cakes.
She joked that until she moved the operation to a store, her oldest son didn't know a garage was intended for cars.
"He thought you just kept baking items there," Nichols said.
Nichols and her husband, Jason, a Greensboro police officer, have two sons — Kaleb, 9, and Griffin, 6. Nichols is a native of Petersburg, Va., who attended the University of San Diego on a Navy scholarship. Her husband is a native of Jamestown. The two met in San Diego, where Jason was stationed in the Navy.
Nichols said she'd cooked and baked most of her life, but got especially interested in baking after preparing a cake for Kaleb's first birthday. The cake turned out well, Nichols said, and she began wondering if there was a market for the work.
She found there was, staying constantly on the go. Asked the slow time of year, Nichols replied, "There is none."
It's a nice predicament to have, with sales booming despite a recession that has adversely affected so many other businesses.
Nichols said her business sells far more cupcakes than cakes, but said most of her profit comes from cakes. Prices for a cake start at $30 for an 8-inch round. The majority sell for $30 to $80. Nichols has also baked and sold wedding cakes costing as much as $1,000.
Her cupcakes sell for $1.75 apiece. On Valentine's Day, Nichols and her workers prepared and sold more than 1,000 of the little creations. Each is served in its own box. Nichols remembered a customer telling her she could sell them cheaper if she ditched the boxes.
She said she kindly informed her critic the cost of the cupcakes isn't the result of the price of the box, but the ingredients that go into them. Like the cakes and everything else sold at Buy Me Cake, the cupcake ingredients are all fresh.
"It's not a cake mix, it's not shipped in frozen," Nichols said. "It's all made from scratch."
She said because of those ingredients, her goodies weigh more than those sold at many of her competitors. Butter, for instance, weighs more than oil. Nichols said she's had customers pick up their cake boxes and wonder aloud if she's placed bricks inside.
"I've had wedding cakes that weighed as much as 60 pounds," Nichols said.
Nichols said she's her own worst critic — observant of every flaw no matter how minute.
"The customers still love it," she said of her finished products. "They see the whole thing. I only see the little pieces."
One of Nichols' longtime customers is Graham's Jessica Hogan, who has been buying from her since she operated her business out of her house. Hogan said she always buys birthday cakes for her 4-year-old daughter, Mattie, from Nichols.
"Her cakes are always the centerpiece of the party," Hogan said. "Everyone wants to know who made them."
She said she typically gives Nichols an idea of what she's looking for in a cake, but said she also gives her some latitude to create what she wants.
"I let her do her thing," Hogan said. "She's awesome. It's amazing what she pulls off."
Nichols said her business has led to many new acquaintances and friends like Hogan. Most of her customers are repeat, she said, spreading word of her delicacies to their loved ones.
Nichols said her business success has led to her often being recognized outside the shop.
"I'll go to the grocery store and people will say, 'Oh, you're the cupcake lady,'" Nichols said.
Steve Huffman can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com or 336-506-3045.


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Surviving the ride
Gas retailers turn to carwashing and other offerings for security in today's up-and-down market.
All around the world, roller coasters frequently rest. Their cars sit silently as twisting tracks jut defiantly towards the sun and cast shadows longer than many farm fields. During slumber, the coasters can be appreciated as massive engineering marvels. But, when they awake, many seem to spawn nothing more than wholesale dread and anxiety.
In the retail world, there is one roller coaster ride that many people find particularly terrifying — undulating and upsetting gas pricing. Much like a thrill ride, gas prices roar up and down; quick pricing dips only exist to accentuate the next steep pricing peak. Much like the cranky, creaking coasters of old, this ride causes worry and confusion for consumers of all ages.
Pesky margins
For gas retailers, the price fluctuations cause multiple problems as well. In 2011, the average gross margin on fuel sold was approximately 18 cents per gallon, according to Jeff Lenard, vice president of industry advocacy with the National Association of Convenience Stores (NACS). From the 18 cents generated, about 5 cents of the margin went to credit card fees while another 7 to 10 cents went to operational costs. This left gas retailers with a scant 3 to 4 cent per gallon, pre-tax profit.
While gross margins have averaged 16 cents over the past five years, wholesale prices have jumped by 5 cents, 10 cents and even 20 cents in a single day. Assuming that a retailer can stay ahead of these pricing jumps and can average the 3 cent per gallon margin, how much profit do gas sales actually provide? Lenard said the average store sells about 4,000 gallons of gas every day, so profits run roughly $120 daily.
Along with the low margins and unpredictable pricing, gas retailers face other challenges including fierce competition and increased governmental regulation, Lenard noted. Also, gas demand has decreased every year since 2007. While the number of c-stores selling fuel has increased, fueling outlets in the U.S. have actually decreased from 172,000 in 2001 to 157,000 in 2011.
Succeeding … with a carwash
Due to the scary profit tight rope that gas retailers are now traversing, many are looking to drive customers to on-site services and products that are more profitable. Lenard stated that the most successful retailers use gas as a traffic driver for their c-stores and other offerings. Simply put, they hope to lure fuel customers inside the store to buy items or services that have more traditional profit margins.
Enter carwashing. "[A] carwash is certainly a great profit driver for a lot of retailers, and it can really tie into the one-stop shopping concept that convenience customers crave," Lenard said. Still, fuel retailers must often consider a number of factors before getting into the business.
- Do they have enough land for the wash?
- What type of carwash will offer the most profit?
- What is the locale's carwashing competition?
- How does it tie into a location's overall offerings?
If the factors fall in carwashing's favor, an owner may be able to encourage gas sales with carwash customers by promoting and focusing on the value of one-stop shopping. Further, gas prices may also be a tool for encouraging carwash sales. One common offer is a discounted fuel price per gallon with the purchase of a carwash, Lenard explained.
Case in point
One good example of a fuel retailer that encourages carwash sales with a fuel discount is Zarco 66 Inc. Owner Scott Zaremba said Zarco 66 currently has eight combination c-store, gas station and carwash locations in the Kansas City, KS, area. At Zarco locations, customers receive a 10-cent per gallon discount on fuel if they buy any carwash offering. This 10-cent discount is applied automatically at the gas pumps with a wash purchase.
Zaremba stated that Zarco 66 locations have included carwashes from the beginning. The company is in the process of converting their washes from touchless to touch washes, and, currently, three retail locations have touchless washes while five have touch washes. The stations provide carwash customers with free vacuums, and a few add-on offerings, like a spotless rinse and a hot wax treatment, are available as well.
Even so, carwashes are just one of the services Zarco 66 offers. Now the chain is entering the food service market with its own Sandbar Subs, and the stations feature the franchised Scooter's Coffee House. In addition to these offerings, the locations have a stand-alone Beach Dog hot dog program, the branded Hurricane Carwashes and the traditional and renewable fuel offerings. Zaremba revealed that this wide variety of selections has led to a change in Zarco 66's branding; these all-in-one stations are now known as the Oasis.
"We're an Oasis for the customer with everything," Zaremba said. "You can wash your car, you can fuel your car, you can buy food. There's a variety of things. You know it's one big package, but we work each one of them individually. And, you know, carwashing is a big part of our business. So we concentrate a lot on the carwash business."
Encouraging sales
Since carwashing is a major piece of Zarco 66's business, they utilize some marketing programs that many customers are used to seeing only in stand-alone carwashes. One example is a fundraising program. "Being in the business world, we get a million requests for those types of things. And so, you know, it's just a good fit," Zaremba stated. "And it gives them an opportunity, whoever that non-profit is, it gives them an opportunity to go out there and sell something of value that's not fattening." The chain now uses pre-sold tickets, but they are hoping to move to an automated system in the near future.
Zarco 66 also has carwash packages that let customers, families and groups pre-pay and buy carwashes in bulk. When the pre-paid washes are purchased, a discount is applied and the customer is given a code that is only good for that specific account. Here, individuals only need to input their code before they can wash their vehicle. Customers can add or subtract users from their bulk wash programs, and the chain gives municipalities and government institutions the option of tracking all their wash purchases.
One other marketing idea Lenard added was "POP" signage that retailers can use at the gas pumps or in the stores to communicate offers or couponing. Also, the last few years have given retailers a number of new options that involve social media or partnering with local groups and charities to sell coupon books.
Lenard again stressed the success gas retailers have seen with gas pricing discounts. Tying anything into the gas price is one strategy, and simple discounts like 5 cents off per gallon with carwash purchase or other in-store, discount items "really feel like a huge savings to customers and they will reward you."
Importance of upkeep
Two of most vital things that contribute to Zarco 66's carwash success are regular equipment maintenance and wash quality, according to Zaremba. "If you don't have the quality of the wash for the consumer, you know they're not going to come back. And so, we concentrate a lot on that. We concentrate on keeping our washes clean and making sure they're always operational," he said.
This includes not just operating, but functioning properly using good, quality soaps that will actually cut road grime. "I've seen a lot of people with touches, and they neglect the soaps and the chemicals and you end up with poor washes even though you're touching," according to Zaremba.
While the staff maintains the washes, the chain also keeps a maintenance contract with its carwash supplier. Zaremba said that Zarco 66 has a factory maintenance agreement with its carwash equipment supplier for every location.
Cooperation outlook
As carwashing has fallen in and out of favor with gas retailers many times over the past few decades, what does the future hold for c-store and carwash cooperation? "I think the future is bright. More municipalities have restrictions on how you can wash your car at home, so the value of carwash has increased," Lenard said. "While no one is rooting for a drought, we're in one in much of the country, and carwashes and their modern water recycling systems are very popular."
"Second, people spend more time in their cars, whether they like it or not," Lenard continued. "Carwashes can be a low-cost insurance policy to make sure [a vehicle] looks and acts just like the day you drove it off the lot."


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The well-equipped Business Center and free high-speed Internet access provide all of your corporate needs so you can work comfortably in an open office setting. We also offer a 600-sq-ft meeting room for your gathering of up to 25 guests.
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