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O'Brian, John Lord, 1874-
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|Collection Title:
|UB Oral Histories
|Collection ID:
|Departmental Affiliation:
|University Libraries. University Archives
|State University of New York at Buffalo
|Item ID:
|Person Interviewed:
|O'Brian, John Lord, 1874-
|Member of UB Council
|Finnegan, Shonnie
|Date of Interview:
|July 10, 1968
|Interview with O'Brian conducted by Mrs. Shonnie Finnegan July 10, 1968 concerning civic support for the University; the selection of Samuel P. Capen as Chancellor; the greater University movement; and O'Brian's campaign for election as mayor of Buffalo in 1913.
Capen, Samuel Paul, 1878-1956
Buffalo (NY)--Campaign for Mayor
Cooke, Walter P., 1869-1931
Norton, Charles P., 1858-1922
University Council
|DCMI Type:
|Link to PDF of documentation:
|As interviewed by Mrs. Shonnie Finnegan, University Archivist, on July l0, 1968. Present were Miss Emily Webster, Assistant Vice-President for Business Affairs and a long time friend of Mr. O'Brian 's, and Mrs. Harriett Straus, manuscript cataloguer and reference assistant in the Archives, whose work on the S. P. Capen and Julian Park papers led to our correspondence with Mr. O'Brian, and his gracious acceptance of our invitation to come and talk with us about the period of University history in which he played such a significant role. Present briefly were a feature writer and photographer from the press. As Mr. O'Brian came into the room, Mildred Spencer of the Buffalo Evening News asked him about an aspect of his biography which puzzled her; What was the purpose of the legislation which he introduced in the State Assembly in 1909 regarding the University? Mr. O'Brian: The original Charter of 1846 provided for the issue of stock, and that was the way the money was raised when the Medical School was founded. As the years went on, nobody exercised any rights as stockholders. It was just a scheme for raising money really. So when we undertook to organize the college, as we called it, the question arose as how to handle it. Some of this stock was outstanding, some of it had been turned back to the University, but there were still quite a number of shares floating around, or else been destroyed. Nobody knew who held the stock, so that legislation had to be very carefully drawn in order to meet the Constitutional requirements. I was the unpaid counsel for the University from about the time I was elected in 1903 and I was a Trustee for 29 years. As a matter of fact, I was very young. I was just out of Law School and I handled that legislation. I was a member of the powerful Cities Committee in the Assembly of the State Legislature representing Erie County. In those days we were very well represented by a very intelligent group of men in the legislature. There wasn't any real opposition to it in the legislature. It was just a question of getting a cleaning up of the old charter in a way that would be constitutional and starting with a clean slate. It was just to wipe out the missing stock, and that was all there was to it. Mrs. F: This particular piece of legislation that you introduced was to simply make it possible for the institution to assume a new form that wouldn't be possible under a proprietary arrangement? Mr. O'B: That is correct. Mrs. F: By the way, we have copies of this old Medical School stock among Julian Park's papers. Miss S: Were the other schools proprietary? Mr. O'B: No, the Law School and the other schools were not. Pharmacy had a mercantile motivation. That was a very good school and along about the turn of the century the Dental School had an extraordinarily high reputation. In fact there were four or five dentists who were at the European Courts who were graduated. They had very high standards. The backbone of the University, though, up to 1920 was the Medical School. That was very well run. The Faculty was composed of very competent men, and they were the men who really gave the push to the college. They were the men to whom we looked for help and who gave help. They were very much interested in the Extension movement. They wanted to see the University expand. The expansion of the University would enhance the importance, naturally, of the Medical School. (Miss Spencer mentions the Flexner report) Mr. O'B: That was later. Mrs. F: In 1910 and its recommendations became requirements for class A rating by the committee on Medical education of the A.M. A. in 1913. Mr. O'B: Yes, I remember that incident well. Well, there is a good deal to remember from that time…What was the year that they tried to raise money by making a deal with the City Board of Aldermen for scholarships? Mrs. F: That was 1911 --when it became apparent that no time could be .lost in raising money to fulfill the clause in the 1909 deed for the County property requiring that the land be put to University use within 10 years. Mr. O'B: Yes, that was a very bitter struggle and led to very unhappy memories. We were the only people for it. Really, it's impossible to realize now the situation. We had no University. These were a group of schools that were created because of necessity, like the Law School. One had to go to Cornell, or go farther away, to study law; and so Mr. Moot and his associates got together, gave their time and started a small Law School. That was the way things were done in those days. This whole modern attitude toward education to which we all profess allegiance was not in existence at that time. There weren't so many teachers, very few Universities and there was no substance to the idea of a college in Buffalo. There wasn't any college, but we hit on the idea of making a contract with the city, by which the city would pay a fixed stipend per year, and we would create a fixed number of scholarships. That was bitterly attacked. The Regent of this territory, Western New York, was Mr.Smith, a very distinguished man, who was the agent of Carnegie Steel interests here. He was not an educator. He had a wastrel son who had studied medicine in the Medical School, and frankly, he was notably unsuccessful. He became dissolute and he never did have any substantial practice. He said he had a theatrical practice in an office, way down on Pearl Street, in a poor section, and he got embittered against the Medical School because he was such a failure. He was one of the men who led the fight to kill this plan, and he certainly was a nuisance with his wild_charges. Mrs. F: Yes, I think we've come across records about that. Mr. O'B: There must have been something in the newspapers. Mrs. F: Oh yes, some berating the University Council, some lending support. Chauncey Smith apparently persuaded one Alderman that Roswell Park's medical text was anti-Catholic, and he read an out-of-context section at the hearings. We have here, I really can't get them out, because they are so crumbling, two big broadsides that were put out attacking the University for being anti-religious. It seemed to engage a great deal of religious controversy when the University Council petitioned the Board of Aldermen for the $75,000 annually in return for 300 scholarships. Mr. O'B: There was another phase of the opposition. We had, at that time here, a very extraordinary character, Rowland B. Mahany. He had been a teacher at the High School. He had the most extraordinary gift of rhetoric. He was an Episcopalian, and I knew him very well, but he was more or less associated with Father Cronin, the Editor of the Catholic Union and Times. He turned up at the hearings, and he was quite a rhetorician. He wasn't like Chauncey Smith. His bitterness led to the unproven rumor that he was really favoring Canisius. Mahany was a Congressman. He was, at one time, Ambassador to Ecuador, and later went away and lived in Washington. I knew all these people. Mrs. F: It was Chauncey Smith and Mahany who led the opposition to the Council's proposal? Mr. O'B: Yes, they were the two men who carried the fight in the open, but that raised suspicions that they were being supported. Mrs. F: We've wondered how much of this opposition was based on Catholic bias for Canisius. Mr. O'B: Well, I can't throw any more light on that than I already have. Rowland B. Mahany, as I say, although he was an Episcopalian, was a very close friend and ally of a very gifted man, who was Editor-in-Chief of the Catholic Union and Times, and he had on other occasions shown an interest in something or other that indicated that he was really representing Fr. Cronin. Mrs. F: I see. Mr. O'B:· I don't know whether it was true or not, but I do know that that was the rumor that was circulating at the time. Mrs. F: I think that this is something that would be relevant to Buffalo's social history. The reaction of various groups to the University could be a useful index of ethnic attitudes. Mr. O'B: Well, there was no overt demonstration or evidence of this, other than what I have said; that Mahany was so vicious and so persistent, and it was obvious that he personally had no reason for having any interest in it. Mrs. F: What about Chauncey Smith? Mr. O'B: Well, with Smith, it was personal bitterness. He was getting even. He didn't get along with his father, and he was very bitter about the Medical School. He was a failure as a doctor. Mrs. F: He evidently influenced the Board of Aldermen. Mr. O'B: Oh, yes, he spoke there. He was very vocal. Both of these men appeared publicly at those meetings and there were debates between us on the subject, but in none of those debates was the subject of religion mentioned. Mrs. F: Perhaps that explains why we have found so little to explain the oppositin. It was never an open issue. Mr. O'B: You're very right. That was the case. Mrs. F: And yet, it seems that if there had been a great deal of support for the idea of building a College, the Aldermen would have ignored these men. Mr. O'B: Yes, but there was not such support at the time. What year was Mr. Norton appointed? Mrs. F: That was 1905. He was Vice Chancellor, and later on, when the site was chosen, he became Chancellor. Mr. O'B: One fact that I don't think is made clear historically, was that during all those first years between 1905 and the first drive in 1920, Norton was the dominating figure. He devoted his life to the University. He was a lawyer and a Harvard man, and I think he was a classmate of Theodore Roosevelt. Mrs .. F: Graduated in the famous class of 1880. Mr: O'B: Yes, and he devoted his whole life to this work. There was no popular support for it when he took over. He was very imaginative and because he devoted all his time to it, people listened to him. He was the one who designated Washington's birthday as the day of the University. Then he brought in speakers for that occasion. One of the speakers was Dr.· Charles F. Thwing, the President of Western Reserve University, a very gifted man; another was Josephus Larned of Buffalo Mrs. F: His name is one that we've seen often. I was just showing Harriett a report, and I think it was sent to you, Mr. O'Brian, by Mr. Larned, on the cost of establishing the College. (Mr. O'Brian was shown a report of Larned's, and a letter of Norton's concerning the Extension movement.) Mr. O'B: These two documents realy give no idea of what was going on behind the scenes as soon as Norton got under way. First of all, I would like to make clear my connection. I was not one of the leaders of this enterprise. I had just been graduated from, Law School, and because I had gotten the highest prize, they made me an Instructor, and after a few years, they elected me to the Council. I was much younger than any of these people that we were talking about. They were glad to have a young man to help out and that's how I came into it. I was a helper, not a leader. Mr. Norton and I, by pure accident, had offices together for years, and we talked all the time about the University. Now, in connection with this Extension movement, I can remember we sold tickets for these lectures. One of these reports speaks of an endowed chair. That's a little misleading. There was a man here who was quite a rhetorician, a clergyman F. Hyatt Smith. He had a wealthy friend down east somewhere. Mrs. F: Mr. McGiffert in Troy? Mr. O'B: · Yes, who was trying to help him out. He offered to pay his salary, if he could be appointed, and that's how he came to be appointed. Later on, the friend died and that ended that. Mrs. F: It wasn't a true endowment? Mr. O'B: · It wasn't endowed at all. Now, at the same time, 1904 or a little later, we set out to advertise the University in the Community, and this Associated Alumni, (referring to a document) was just a title. There was very little substance behind it. We collected some money, not a great deal. I'm sorry to say, I sent those records to Julian Park and I can't recall the details. But we set out to make the University known. It sounds rather absurd, but we took the City Directory of Organizations, and we wrote letters to all these organizations offering to send a speaker to a meeting of theirs to deliver a lecture on the University of Buffalo. I think we paid some of the lecturers $10, not more than that. I handled all that money and I sent all the check stubs to Julian (Park). Well, it sounds rather amusing, but you would be astonished at the extent we spread that information. We talked to the Ladies of the Macabees and the Eastern Star and the YWCA, as well as the YMCA, and anybody who would listen to us. I spoke twice at the Twentieth Century Club. I had the impression that they didn't know what I was talking about, which was probably my own fault, but we went everywhere to try to put this thing on the road, without any capital, and without any faculty and with nothing to offer except a promise. This man, Norton, was indefatigable in turning up new ideas, and he carried on a great deal of the correspondence, as you indicated. This was his life, and so we went along, but it was the Flexner report that precipitated the first attempt to create a College, and that history, I think, is well known. Julian Park, in his history, gives a very complete account of that. Mrs. F: Here is a pamphlet that must have been part of the movement that you were talking about, a printed address of Larned's which, according to Park, was very much acclaimed, and then printed up by the extension movement to send around. It gives the rationale for creating a college for the University. I wondered whether this was typical of what was being said, or whether there was a divergence of opinion about why a college should be established. Mr. O'B: No, the only divergence of opinion among our own people, was whether it was worthwhile to print these speeches, where we would get the money, and whether it did any good. (1) Mrs. F: As usual, differences arise over procedures, not goals! Mr. O'B: But not until the Women's Union presented their gift of Townsend Hall (1915) did we have anything substantial. That was something that gave substance to our plan; the property was there . Mrs. F: Perhaps we could go back for a moment to the purchase of the Alms House site in 1909. The collegiate movement had acquired enough substance to make the choice of a site a realistic question. What was the climate of opinion? In the recent selection of a new location, which repeated that earlier history, the alternative sites represented differing concepts of what the University of the future was to be. Mr. O'B: Well, even back then, when we had no money at all, the question was: where would we locate the University, and everybody had different ideas. But gradually there seemed to be more or less of a consensus that across the road from the Historical Society, on Scajacquada Creek, where there is now a Technical High School, I believe, would be an ideal site--because the Teachers' College was on the other side of the Creek. The inquiry had got so far that without any official action being taken, informal inquiries were being made about the possibility of acquiring it. How much land was there, how much would it cost, and the rest of it. Just at that moment when it had reached that stage, Mr. Edward Michael came into my office(2)-- this is when Norton and I had the same suite of offices. He shut the door and tod me he had an idea. That was the possible acquisition of the Alms House site. We all knew that the Supervisors had already decided to move in the country and adopt a more modern system, but we hadn't realized the significance of it. At that time this was a farm and between the Hayes Building and the street was a cabbage patch and a cornfield, with very few people living around here. This was way out, away from everything. Well, that was a new idea. No one had ever suggested that. He said he had been out there quietly. He had walked all over it two or three times, paced it off, and he thought that we ought to be able to buy that from the county and at a reasonable price. He had no figures in his mind. I took him in to Mr. Norton's office, and he told Norton and the three of us discussed this. The more we discussed it, the more interesting it seemed, particularly, because on the practical side, there were a number of Supervisors, the more influential ones, who were graduates of the Law School! Sure enough, after a bit of dickering (I had no part in that) they got this figure of $50,000, for the first section, and to get the money was as big a job as the drive of 1920. The largest subscription made in that effort was $5,000, and it was contributed by the Sprague family. Their ancestor, old Mr. Carlton Sprague, had been Chancellor of the University, and I don't know precisely the provisions of his will, but he had left his money with some discretionary powers for its use. The rest of that money was raised from $5 to $50 to $100; and everybody went down in his pocket; we finally got the money, and that's how we came here. Mrs. F: I believe the Federated Women's Club contributed the first scholarship. Mr. O'B: Yes, now in that connection, that's another activity that not much has been said about. When Norton was at work, stirring up interest, we were having these speeches all over. We spread the idea that $2000 scholarships could be given. Mrs. John Miller Horton, who was head of the Daughters of the American Revolution, got interested in it. She stirred them up. Then, other organizations, little groups founded scholarships, and there are quite a number (aren 't there, Miss Webster) of them still in existence. This went on, but as you can see, looking back, we were very much discouraged. Nevertheless, all of this effort was building up interest … something beyond gossip, an interest in what this was all about, and it ripened in the end when the Women's Union property was given us, and also Mrs. Knox's money. Women created a great many of those Scholarships. Alumni Associations created them, and it was a nice way to be remembered. To be immortalized for $2000 wasn't so bad. Mrs. F: The acquisition of the site certainly required a great deal of foresight. Mr. O'B: Well, that was Mr. Norton's gift. It is rather sad, in a way, that more isn't known about him. Of course, that was due to the course of events. That's all. He was a pioneer and laid the foundation, and as nearly always happens, others came in and brought the project to fruition. And then the pioneers are gradually forgotten. Mrs. F: ·what motivated the Women's Union to present their building at Niagara Square to the University? Did the women feel that their work was done, some of it being assumed by the City, and some by the University extension courses in Arts and Sciences? Mr. O'B: I think that there was something more personal, also, involved. Probably the most useful man in public life in Buffalo at that time, and he wasn't a holder of any public office was Adelbert Moot, leader of the Bar. He was the one who began the Law School, and he taught in the Law School for forty years, without any compensation, and he was a very earnest man I needn't say that, because his career speaks for itself. He was very much interested in young people. He liked to push them forward. Now Mrs. Moot, his wife, had been a teacher in early life, and she had the same sense of devotion that he had to young people. They had a large family of boys, and Mrs. Moot was in a number of organizations. She and Miss Maria Love, I think, were two founders of the free kindergarten system, which met at the Women's Union. This Women's Union was quite old, and it was the first center in this area for women's activities. I remember, as a small boy, being sent there to a painting class on Saturday. They had. lecturers, and well, it was a center, to be sure, not a large center, for different kinds of women's activities. Gradually the city took over their activities; the free kindergarten was the first one taken over by the city. Other activities were gradually taken over, so that in the view of Mrs. Moot, when she was president of it, their work had largely been done, and she was the one herself who thought up this idea of persuading the women to give this property to the University. We hadn't been consulted about it. We were perfectly astonished, of course delighted; and so that transaction was carried out, one condition being that as long as the building remained on Niagara Square, it would be called Townsend Hall, and if that were ever replaced, there would always be a Townsend Hall. Mrs. Townsend was an elderly woman, very much beloved. She had a good deal of executive talent, and I never heard anyone criticize her. She was really the founder and operating head of the Women's Union, or what I would call the manager. And that is how we came to acquire that property. Of course, now we had something. We had this potential bequest of Mrs. Knox's(3), and we had this property. We then turned our attention to this question of a drive. Then in 1917 we entered the War. That stopped everything cold. And there was quite a debate about that. Mr. Crosby and a number of the Council thought we ought to go right ahead but it didn't seem wise, and so in the end, we just stopped and waited. At the close of the war, it turned out that Mr. Walter P. Cooke had been representing the Government in the raising of money by the sale of Liberty Bonds. He had built up an organization, quite a number of young men in it, very few of whom had ever had anything to do with the University. Glenni Bartholomew was one of the exceptions. He was a very useful idealist who taught at the Law School and was on the Council. And so when we then started, after the war was over, to resume our efforts to create a drive, it was perfectly obvious what Mr. Cooke had here. He had built up an organization with an extraordinary esprit de corps.· They were very proud of their work and justly so, and they were sort of high and dry. They were all through. They had nothing to do, and they wanted to do something. That was really the fact. So, he got them together and suggested that they take on the crusade. They agreed to that, and that is why that first drive, which was the first the University had in its history by way of popular subscription, was a success in a reasonably short space of time. Mrs. F: That was 1920? Mr. O'B: Yes, and Mr. Cooke was then the new leader. Mr. Norton retired. He felt that his work was done, and I guess he was right about it. He insisted on resigning both as Chancellor and as a member of the Council. We refused to accept his resignation from the Council. Emily Webster: I have often wondered about that. Was he feeling hurt? Mr. O'B: Well, that again is in the field of speculation. I can throw a little light on it. Miss Webster: This is off the record, but I'm curious about it. Mr. O'B: Well, it's a historical fact. When Mr. Cooke's organization took over, this was an entirely, to us, new group, and it held forth great promise. Nobody pushed Mr. Norton into the background, but these new men were running the drive. That was the chief activity and grew more so every day, and so he finally tended his resignation as Chancellor, and as a member of the Council. I remember very vividly, a long conversation that I had with him. I was no longer sharing offices with him. That companionship was a long time past, but we were very close friends, so I took him to task, and said I thought he ought not to resign, and there was no occasion for it, that everybody who worked in the organization was loyal to him. He said, oh well, he thought the time had come, and so on, but I gave him quite a talking to and the result was that when the Trustees in the Council took up the matter of his resignation from the Council, there was a division of opinion. I remember I took a very strong position-- naturally, having worked with him for so many years--that as long as he lived, he should be retained on the Council, because his advice was useful and he was the one who had built up the movement to where it was. The resignation was put to a vote and declined, so he did remain. But he never came to Council. After that he went to Mr. Cooke and had Mr. Cooke draw up his will, which left everything he had to the University. He had no immediate relatives except a brother, Porter Norton. He had never married. I remember to our utter astonishment, his fortune amounted to $250,000, if I remember aright. I can't say his feelings were hurt, but he had the feeling that, well, the world was moving on and he wasn't going to be consulted much any more, you see. Then the Council set up the Committee to find a Chancellor, and that part of history you know about. Mrs. F: You were Chairman of the Committee? Mr. O'B: Yes, that committee on the Chancellorship. I can't remember all the members, but Phil Goetz was a member, and Mrs. Stephen Clement was a member. Mr. Crosby was a member, and I think Mr. Cooke was either a member, or an ex-officio member. He, in the meantime, had been elected to the Council. Mrs. F: Well, we did find a most informative 1956 memo from you to Julian Park, giving some of your recollections of the search for a Chancellor. Mr. O'B: Oh yes, he asked me to do that. Mrs. F: I can understand why he wanted your recollections for his history; because the Council Minutes shed so little light on the choice of Capen, and none at all on Capen's reasons for accepting. As we mentioned when we wrote you originally to ask your help in interpreting the records, one scholar who was working here was trying to understand the reasons behind the selection of Capen. Was the Council seeking a man with the educational theories Capen held; or was it simply a matter of filling the new office with the most reputable candidate who would accept? Mr. O'B: Well, the Council had appointed a sub-committee, and I was chairman of that, and so far as this was concerned, going out and trying to find somebody, I did most of that work under the direction of the sub-committee. There was one very painful episode that happened, and I don't think is recorded anywhere. We had a number of people come and visit us. Frank Aydeloff, who was head of the Rhodes Scholars, and later President of Swarthmore, was one. There was a man in NewYork University, well, there were a dozen or so, who came up and met the committee, but on one occasion, when I was not present, the President of Vassar, McCracken, came and he made a great impression. He was a very gifted man, and in every way desirable, so afterward, in talking matters over, they finally decided to make him the offer, and that resulted in what I call a very painful affair. On a Sunday morning, Mr. Cooke and Mr. Crosby and I met President McCracken in the Ten Eyck Hotel in Albany. We spent the day with him. He told us that he wanted to leave Vassar, and he would like very much to come to Buffalo. Mr. Cooke did all of the talking for us… Mr. Cooke told him that he had authority to offer him the Chancellorship and McCracken said he accepted. He said, however, that he would like one condition. He would like the matter kept secret until the Commencement, which would be two or three months later. This was in the spring. We had a long talk about details, and he asked Mr. Cooke to find him a place to live… that was before we bought the property, I think, on Linwood Avenue, and Mr. Cooke promised to do that. He described the location he would like to have, and so on… and we went away thoroughly rejoicing. It was all settled and we reported it to the Council and that it was a matter to be kept quiet. Our work was done. The next thing we knew, in June, the Evening News called up Mr. Cooke, and told him that that day at the Vassar Commencement, McCracken had made a speech in which he said he had received a very flattering offer from the University of Buffalo, but that the call of Vassar was too strong. He never communicated with us. We never saw him again. We never had any explanation, and I remember feeling, it was lucky that Mr. Cooke and not I had done the talking! But there is no record anywhere, I think of this incident. But we had offered the post and he had accepted it. It was perfectly apparent that it was an unscrupulous attempt on his part, to make some deal with his trustees, by threatening to leave them, a very familiar technique. We never forgave him, but we never saw him again. We began all over. Our chief advisory on this, at the time was Mr. Butterfield, who was the confidential advisor of Mr. Carnegie. For example, once when I went out to the west coast on business, l went way up to Portland and spent the day with Suzelow, President of Washington University, who, at that time, was one of the leading figures in the field of advanced thinking and education. Everywhere we went, we discussed a list of names. When we came to Capen's name, everybody said, "There is no use doing anything about that because he's declined two University offers. He is dedicated to the kind of work he's in and he won't leave it." After about a year we hadn't got what we wanted, so I went down and saw Butterfield again, and he said that he didn't think that Capen would take it. But, he said, "Why don't you try it on anyway. There's no harm in it." "Well" I said, "we didn't want to waste time and money." "Well" he said, "you never can tell." So I, as a result of that conversation was encouraged. t say all this was done through intimate conversations with the committee. And that is how I came to make a call on Capen.(4) Mrs. F: I'd like to ask you something, backtracking a bit. You ran for mayor of Buffalo in 1913 on a Citizens' Party Ticket? Mr. O'B: Well, it wasn't a party. The University had nothing to do with that campaign. The conditions in Buffalo in 1910, 11, 12 and 13, became very bad. There was a great deal of corruption, and nobody seemed to be able to deal with it. In particular, the schools had been neglected. Some of the physical conditions, particularly the buildings, were shocking. The condition was so bad that it activated a group of leading citizens. These men weren't educators. John B. Larkin was one; he was at that time president of the third largest mail-order business in America; Mr. Frank B. Baird, one of Buffalo's most useful citizens, Mr. Crosby, well, I can't recall them all; but there were 100. They organized a committee called the Committee of One Hundred, to try and clean up this situation, and the way to clean it up, was to run somebody for Mayor. Well, they raised some money and then they set out to find somebody to run, but nobody wanted to run. I was, at that time, United States attorney, and I was very active here. At the very last they came down on me and I took the position that the last thing in the world I wanted was to be Mayor. I wanted to stay in my profession. But they put it up to me on the theory that I had urged everybody else to make sacrifices: It was high time I did something. There wasn't much answer to that, so I consented to the amazement of all my friends. This was not a political group. It is true that just about this time, there were the beginnings of discontent that had led to the formation of the Progressive Party. This was following the campaign of 1912, and a great many people here, locally, who were members of the Progressive Party, voted, but they had no part in running the campaign. Mrs. F: You drew on Progressive support? Mr. O'B: Yes, but we didn't rely on them. This was just a shot in the dark. We realized fully the difficulties, because the East side Republicans… the Brewers and the Contractors, Simon Seibert's group … would not endorse me, although I was a life-long Republican. They named a Mr. Thomas Stoddard, who had a large drug store on Sececa Street and wasn't in politics at all. The Democratic Mayor ran for reelection, and so it was three cornered, hopeless fight and it was perfectly apparent from the outset that the Committee of 100 couldn't win. Nevertheless, we tried to carry out our mission, and that was to organize a lot of new young men on the theory that it was a matter of cleaning up the city. We organized a number of sub-committees, and I was the one who inaugurated the idea which now is a custom, I believe: of speaking at lunch-time to the men at all the plants. That had never been done before. The result was that this gathered a great deal of backing, but not enough. We didn't have women's suffrage at that time, and in the end, on Election day, Mr. Fuhrman, I think, received approximately 2000 more votes than I did. Reporter: That was the Democratic Mayor? Mr. O'B: That was the mayor. He received, I think, 27,000; I got 25,000 and Mr. Stoddard got 12,000. The reason it is interesting to me, looking back at it is that one phase of it has not been noticed. Mr. Kirchhofer has written an excellent account of this several times in the News, because it was an uprising of citizens. Although we were defeated, and Fuhrman was elected, the discontent that we stirred up was so severe that two years later the voters abolished the whole aldermanic system of government and established the Commission form of government. My supporters gave me a huge dinner at the Ellicott Club as a defeated candidate and presented me with a loving cup, which is still somewhere in the family, and Judge Wheeler presided. He and Ansley Wilcox, two of our most prominent citizens were in charge of this affair. This was the only occasion I've known when resentment was capitalized into something affirmative. Mrs. F: How much grass roots support was there? Mr. O'B: Well, the women were very vocal, and despite the fact that they had no vote they were tremendously aroused, especially about the schools. It was a terrible situation and they just kept on talking about it and the subject didn't die down. Mrs. F: Would you connect this with any other reform movement in American politics at the time? Mr. O'B: No, but this sort of thing must have happened in other places. It could happen anywhere when you have a group of idealists who are determined and stand by their convictions. Well, that's that, anyway. Mrs. F: Mr. O'Brian, this has been a delightful morning! You've given us a vivid sense of the personalities and events that shaped the development of the University, and we are very much moved to see you here in the Archives, and to realize that your interest in the University is still strong enough to bring you up to the third floor to help us understand its history. Will you come to lunch at the Faculty Club? We'd like to show you something of the University as it is now and really, we'd just like to prolong your visit. _________________________________ (1) When Mr. O'Brian was asked at lunch what it was that motivated the small group of men who persevered for over fifteen years in their efforts to establish a college at the University, he replied that their education, which had been classical, had imbued them with a belief in the responsibility of the privileged for community service. He emphasized that the dream they shared for Buffalo was not merely an opportunity for vocational training, but a local college embodying the highest ideals of a classical education. (2) Edward Michael, Chairman of Council Committee on Buildings and Grounds (3) Mrs. Seymour Knox's gift of $100,000, the amount which the Women's Union required that the University raise within a year in order to endow the College and acquire permanent deed to the property at Niagara Square. (4) When we returned to talk of Capen over lunch, Mr. O'Brian recalled: "I shall never forget Sam Capen's look of astonishment when he sat before his roll- topped desk in his Washington house, and I offered him the Chancellorship of the University of Buffalo." He added that Capen was impressed and encouraged by the widespread local support shown during the 1920 campaign; the sheer number of people who contributed… workers, for example, giving a dollar or so… was unparalleled in the history of American higher education. This grass-roots support encouraged Capen to regard Buffalo as a rare opportunity for leadership. Mr. O'Brian also told us that when Capen spoke of his firm conviction about academic freedom, he advised him to put his conditions in writing to Mr. Cooke, the Council Chairman. Walter Cooke doubted the likelihood of persuading the Council to accept Capen's strong written statement, and offered instead a gentleman's agreement that Capen as Chancellor would have full authority in all matters touching on academic freedom. This verbal agreement was accepted, honored and provided a practical basis for incorporation of Capen's ideas into the widely known tradition of academic freedom at Buffalo.
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Best Uses
Comments about Maxxis Crossmark 26" UST Tire:
I run this tire on the rear of my 26" FS. At higher pressures, it tends to lose traction with the loose rock/smooth rock terrain -- took a little bit to dial in the right pressure for my trails. If it's even a little bit wet, these things start sliding all over the place at my normal pressures. Difficult to mount these over my UST wheels, but when I did, they seated with a hand pump no problem. Solid tire that I'm continually beating up and they keep on turning.
Best Uses
Comments about Maxxis Crossmark 26" UST Tire:
I do a lot pavement/hardpack and was looking for something that worked better than the High Roller's I had.... the Crossmarks roll and turn really well on the street. Still work ok off-road on hardpack and rocks. When I shuttle I switch tires to Minion. If I had to use just one tire it would be Ignitor
Best Uses
Comments about Maxxis Crossmark 26" UST Tire:
I use this tire in the summer with about 30-32 lbs of air pressure on a Blur Classic. I am about 200lbs, never had pinch flat. It breaks traction predictably in a turn, and grips as well as any fast rolling tire I have tried. It was difficult to inflate and seat the bead initially and requires the air pressure be checked before each ride. Overall it is a great fast rolling tire, but would not recommend it on wet, muddy terrain.
Best Uses
Comments about Maxxis Crossmark 26" UST Tire:
These have been used primarily in the midwest, but I also run them during my yearly trips to the Rockies. For my endurance races or training rides I would prefer to use something that's a bit heavier, but will hold up and let me ride out of the woods. I've NEVER torn a sidewall in 2.5 years of using them, including playing around for 8 days on the Colorado Trail.
Minor complaints?
-Mud from creek crossings or puddles stays packed in the tread, making the following rocks and roots a bit tricky.
-They also seem to be limited to a 1000 mile/6 month lifespan. After that, the tread starts to separate from the carcass, causing half dollar sized portions of the tread to rise above the knobs. I've ridden them like that for an additional 100 ~ 200 miles in that condition without air leakage (running Stan's) or other issues. It's a shame, because the remaining tread is @ 75%, and they are still grippy enough to be fun to ride.
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Recruiting 101
Understanding Athletic Recruiting
There is no doubt that navigating through the recruiting process can be very difficult. It's hard to know what's expected of you and what your step-by-step action plan should be. If you have solid guidance and you are willing to learn everything that you can about recruiting you will succeed at earning a scholarship.
What you Need to Know
In This Section
What you Need to do
In This Section
5 Things To Know
Finding an athletic scholarship can be difficult, but it's easier if you know the steps.


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Splash News
BEST: Diane Kruger was a breath of fresh air at the Moonrise Kingdom premiere and Opening Ceremony, wearing a beautiful aqua-colored Giambattista Valli Couture one-shoulder gown.
Splash News
BEST: Freida Pinto rocked a feminine but fierce Michael Angel sweetheart strapless gown to the Moonrise Kingdom premiere and Opening Ceremony. The divine dress featured an embellished bodice and a thigh-high split.
Splash News
BEST: Jane Fonda is still fabulous at 74-years-old! The cinematic icon and workout guru showed off her hot bod in an Atelier Versace curve-hugger, finishing off the flawless look with Chopard jewels and a Versace clutch.
Splash News
BEST: Eva Longoria made a dramatic style statement at the Moonrise Kingdom premiere and Opening Ceremony, wearing a terrifically trained Marchesa gown.
WORST: Boring! Lana Del Rey donned a far from exciting Alberta Ferretti gown to the Moonrise Kingdom premiere and Opening Ceremony.
WACKY: Bill Murray had a bad plaid attack at the Moonrise Kingdom photocall, wearing four different plaid prints.
BEST: Diane Kruger flaunted her fab figures in a laced up Versus mini paired with Jimmy Choo heels at the Cannes Film Festival Jury Photocall.
Splash News
BEST: Tilda Swinton looked absolutely elegant at the Moonrise Kingdom premiere and Opening Ceremony, wearing a copper-colored Haider Ackermann gown.
Splash News
WACKY: At least Fan Bingbing's look inspired us to tend to our garden! The Asian actress went over the top in a Christopher Bu strapless number, which she paired with Cartierjewels.
Splash News
BEST: Jessica Chastain flaunted her assets at the Moonrise Kingdom premiere and Opening Ceremony in a feminine Alexander McQueen pale pink gown, which featured a plunging neckline.
Splash News
BEST: Marion Cotillard looked absolutely elegant in Christian Dior at the De Rouille et D'os photocall, pairing her pretty pink frock with yellow Versus heels.
Splash News
BEST: Jada Pinkett Smith steamed up the Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted photocall, wearing a studded Versace strapless dress with Ferragamo peep-toes.
WACKY: We aren't exactly sure what Redfoo is doing at Cannes, but the LMFAO rapper definitely made sure he was noticed, showing off his chest and his love for animal print.
Splash News
BEST: Jessica Chastain was sweetly styled in Dolce & Gabbana polka dots at the Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted photocall, pairing her fun frock with Jimmy Choo heels.
BEST: Freida Pinto electrified in a neon green Atelier Versace gown at the De Rouille et D'Os Cannes Film Festival premiere, showing some leg in the slitty, Swarovski crystal embellished number. She finished off the look with Ferragamo heels and a Ferragamo clutch.
BEST: Eva Longoria looked white hot in Emilio Pucci at the De Rouille et D'os premiere.
BEST: Marion Cotillard looked like a princess at the De Rouille et D'Os Cannes Film Festival premiere, wearing a belted Christian Dior sweetheart strapless gown with Cartier bling.
Getty Images
BEST: Eva Longoria showed off her hot bod in a cutout Emilio Pucci dress at the L'Oreal Paris 15th Anniversary Dinner, pairing the sexy number with Brian Atwood pumps.
BEST: Freida Pinto showed some skin in a sexy and sophisticated Salvatore Ferragamo ensemble at the Desert Dancer photo call.
BEST: Naomi Watts showed off her natural beauty in a sexy Calvin Klein slip dress at The IFP, Calvin Klein Collection & euphoria Calvin Klein Celebrate Women in Film sponsored by Belvedere at the 65th Cannes Film Festival.
Getty Images
BEST: Shailene Woodley showed some leg in a sexy slitty Jason Wu gown at the Trophee Chopard In Partnership with Variety Magazine event
Getty Images
WORST: Jada Pinkett Smith looked a little harsh in a sharp-shouldered Paco Rabanna dress at The IFP, Calvin Klein Collection & euphoria Calvin Klein Celebrate Women in Film sponsored by Belvedere at the 65th Cannes Film Festival.
BEST: Diane Kruger showed off her awesome assets in a sexy Calvin Klein dress paired with white Givenchy sandals at The IFP, Calvin Klein Collection & euphoria Calvin Klein Celebrate Women in Film sponsored by Belvedere event.
BEST: Diane Kruger sizzled in a sequin Vivienne Westwood strapless gown for the Amour premiere.
BEST: Erin Wasson looked supermodel sexy in Antonio Berardi at the premiere of Amour, pairing her red embroidered dress with Chopard jewels.
WORST: Naomi Watts donned a feathered and sequined Gucci dress to the Gucci and Vanity Fair dinner party, finishing off the look with a Gucci clutch, matching sandals and Chopard jewels.
BEST: Jessica Chastain looked angelic in Gucci at the Lawless premiere, wearing Chopard bling.
BEST: Mia Wasikowska looked elegant at the Lawless premiere in a perfectly plum J. Mendel gown.
WORST: Berenice Bejo's custom-made Prada gown at the Lawless premiere, was a little too bizarre for our liking!
BEST: Jada Pinkett-Smith smoldered in Emilio Pucci at the Haiti Carnival Benefit.
BEST: Brad Pitt looked dapper in Gucci at the Killing Them Softly photo call.
WACKY: That's one way to get attention! Lady Victoria Hervey left little to the imagination, showing off her nude thong under a sheer, sequined dress at the Chopard Mystery Party
BEST: Michelle Rodriguez looked anything but Lost, wearing a hotly hued coral gown to the Chopard Mystery Party.
Splash News
BEST: Cassie Ventura looked white hot at the Chopard Mystery Party.
WORST: Tara Reid managed to make her designer gown look like a trash bag, getting wasted at Eva Longoria's yacht party.
WORST: Air Jordans were not a great addition to Rita Ora's already bad look.
PHOTOS: The Best, Worst & Wackiest Dressed Stars At The French Film Festival


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Mark Seibel
VIDEO: McClatchy editor Mark Seibel discusses Syria on Democracy Now!
VIDEO: Chief of Correspondents and foreign editor Mark Seibel discusses Syria on Democracy Now! at 46:50
Archive by category ''Mark Seibel
To some, US case for Syrian gas attack, strike has too many holes
The Obama administration's public case for attacking Syria is riddled with inconsistencies and hinges mainly on circumstantial evidence, undermining U.S. efforts this week to build support at home and abroad for a punitive strike against Bashar Assad's regime.
U.S. says all but 2 diplomatic posts will reopen today
The U.S. embassy in Yemen will remain closed, as will the American consulate in Lahore, Pakistan, but 18 of the 19 diplomatic posts the State Dept. had ordered closed this week as a result of an unspecified terrorist threat will reopen Sunday.
Without support, UN reports civilians hit hardest in Syrian rebellion
The United Nations on Thursday reported that at least 92,901 people have been killed in Syria's civil war, according to a new study of casualty reports compiled by eight Syrian organizations.
McCain says Assad is winning in Syria, urges U.S. aid to moderates
President Bashar Assad is winning the civil war in Syria, Sen. John McCain said Thursday, saying the United States must rethink its policy there and in the rest of the Middle East if it wants to avoid a regional war that would weaken many of America's closest allies.
Kerry meets with parents of slain press officer Anne Smedinghoff on return from 10-day trip
Secretary of State John Kerry met Monday with the family of a 25-year-old Foreign Service officer who'd died in a suicide bombing in southern Afghanistan nine days earlier.
Obama agrees to let Congress see secret legal memo on drone program
President Barack Obama on Wednesday ordered the Justice Department to share with Congress a classified memo that explains the legal rationale that justifies the targeted killing of Americans suspected of being members of al Qaida.
Use of white noise to block sound at Guantanamo 9/11 hearing was an error, Pentagon says
The Pentagon on Wednesday acknowledged that a court security officer at Guantanamo last weekend erred when he activated a button that cut the audio feed during a hearing for five men accused of plotting the 9/11 terrorist attacks.
WikiLeaks: Stratfor emails reveal problems with Web security
On April 24, 2010, George Friedman, the CEO and founder of Stratfor, an Austin, Texas, company that specializes in writing analyses of international political developments, sent an email from his BlackBerry to one of his employees. It was a response to a suggestion that the company buy email encryption...
WikiLeaks announces suspension of 'publishing operations' to focus on fund raising
Nearly two months after it made public its entire unredacted file of purloined U.S. State Department cables, WikiLeaks announced Monday that it was suspending "publishing operations" to concentrate on raising money to keep the website in business.
Without credit card donations, WikiLeaks facing funding crisis
WikiLeaks, the whistleblower website that has been at the center of some of the world's most controversial news for the past 18 months, is facing dire economic times, largely, the website says, because Visa, MasterCard and PayPal have refused for more than 10 months to process donations made on ...


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Smooth and fluffy, sweet & salty! Enjoy Jif Whips Whipped Peanut Butter Spread in new Salty Caramel flavor.Learn More
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From cookies and treats to snacks and meal ideas, start pinning delicious recipes from our Pinterest boards!>> Start Pinning
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Women's Basketball Rank Among Nation's Best Teams; Rhoney and Cox Appear in Individual Categories
January 13, 2012
MISENHEIMER, N.C. - The Pfeiffer University women's basketball team finds themselves ranked high in five categories in the latest national rankings released by the NCAA on Friday afternoon. The Lady Falcons are top-50 in two major team categories, one inside the top-10, while individually seeing a pair of names inside the top-20 offensively.
As a team, Pfeiffer currently ranks eighth in the nation in three-pointers made per game out of 281 teams averaging 8.5 triples a contest. Oklahoma-Panhandle leads the country averaging 14.4. In total scoring offense, the Lady Falcons stand 38th overall dropping 73.3 points on opponents in each tilt. Glenville State leads the way with an impressive 97.8 points per game.
Individually out of the top 300 ranked, Kellie Rhoney finds herself currently ranked ninth in the country in assists per game averaging 5.7 helpers while standing 20th in assist to turnover ratio at 1.95. Brittany Cox enters the weekend 20th averaging 2.8 three-pointers made and just outside the top-20 in 21st in total points per game at 18.6.
Cox, Rhoney and the rest of the Lady Falcons are back in action on Saturday night hosting Limestone at 5:30 p.m. A battle of the league's top teams sees Limestone enter 10-4 overall, 4-0 in conference play while Pfeiffer stands at 8-5, 3-1.


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At a Glance
Why Get Tested?
To screen for and help diagnose a liver disorder or kidney disease; sometimes to evaluate nutritional status, especially in hospitalized patients
When to Get Tested?
Routinely as part of the blood tests done for a physical; when your doctor thinks that you have symptoms of a liver disorder or kidney disease; sometimes when you have an unintended weight loss, have symptoms associated with malnutrition, or prior to a planned surgery
Sample Required?
A blood sample drawn from a vein in your arm
Test Preparation Needed?
The Test Sample
What is being tested?
Albumin is a protein made by the liver. It makes up about 60% of the total protein in the blood and plays many roles. It keeps fluid from leaking out of blood vessels; nourishes tissues; and transports hormones, vitamins, drugs, and ions like calcium throughout the body. The concentration of albumin in the blood is a reflection of liver function and of nutritional status. This test measures the level of albumin in the blood.
Levels of albumin may decrease, to a greater or lesser degree, when conditions interfere with its production, increase protein breakdown, increase protein loss, and/or expand plasma volume (diluting the blood). Some of these conditions include:
- Acute liver disease, cirrhosis
- Nephrotic syndrome due to kidney disease
- Infection
- Chronic inflammatory diseases, inflammation
- Burns
- Surgery
- Malnutrition and malabsorption
- Shock
- Chronic illness
- Cancer
- Diabetes
- Hypothyroidism
- Carcinoid syndrome
- Plasma volume expansion due to congestive heart failure, sometimes pregnancy
Albumin levels can rise when a person is dehydrated. This is a relative increase that occurs as the volume of plasma decreases.
How is the sample collected for testing?
A blood sample is taken by a needle from a vein.
NOTE: If undergoing medical tests makes you or someone you care for anxious, embarrassed, or even difficult to manage, you might consider reading one or more of the following articles: Coping with Test Pain, Discomfort, and Anxiety, Tips on Blood Testing, Tips to Help Children through Their Medical Tests, and Tips to Help the Elderly through Their Medical Tests.
Another article, Follow That Sample, provides a glimpse at the collection and processing of a blood sample and throat culture.
Is any test preparation needed to ensure the quality of the sample?
No test preparation is needed.
The Test
Common Questions
Ask a Laboratory Scientist
This form enables you to ask specific questions about your tests. Your questions will be answered by a laboratory scientist as part of a voluntary service provided by one of our partners, American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science. If your questions are not related to your lab tests, please submit them via our Contact Us form. Thank you.
* indicates a required field
Article Sources
NOTE: This article is based on research that utilizes the sources cited here as well as the collective experience of the Lab Tests Online Editorial Review Board. This article is periodically reviewed by the Editorial Board and may be updated as a result of the review. Any new sources cited will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used.
Sources Used in Current Review
Dugdale, D. (Updated 2011 February 20). Albumin – serum. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003480.htm. Accessed January 2013.
Delgado, J. (Updated 2012 November). Proteins. ARUP Consult [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.arupconsult.com/Topics/Proteins.html?client_ID=LTD through http://www.arupconsult.com. Accessed January 2013.
Devaraj, S. (Updated 2012 January 5). Albumin. Medscape Reference [On-line information]. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2054430-overview#showall through http://emedicine.medscape.com. Accessed January 2013.
(© 1995-2013). Albumin, Serum. Mayo Clinic Mayo Medical Laboratories [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Overview/8436 through http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com. Accessed January 2013.
Pagana, K. D. & Pagana, T. J. (© 2011). Mosby's Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 10th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO. Pp 799-804.
Clarke, W., Editor (© 2011). Contemporary Practice in Clinical Chemistry 2nd Edition: AACC Press, Washington, DC. Pp 234.
McPherson, R. and Pincus, M. (© 2011). Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods 22nd Edition: Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. Pp 264-265.
Sources Used in Previous Reviews
Pagana, Kathleen D. & Pagana, Timothy J. (2001). Mosby's Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 5th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO.
Pagana, K. D. & Pagana, T. J. (© 2007). Mosby's Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 8th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO. Pp 775-780.
Clarke, W. and Dufour, D. R., Editors (© 2006). Contemporary Practice in Clinical Chemistry: AACC Press, Washington, DC. Pp 197-198.
Wu, A. (© 2006). Tietz Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests, 4th Edition: Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, MO. Pp 66-71.
Dugdale, III, D. (Updated 2009 February 23). Albumin – serum. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003480.htm. Accessed June 2009.
Shashidhar, H. and Grigsby, D. (Updated 2009 April 9). Malnutrition. eMedicine [On-line information]. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/985140-overview through http://emedicine.medscape.com. Accessed June 2009.
Peralta, R. et. al. (Updated 2008 June 17). Hypoalbuminemia. eMedicine Critical Care [On-line information]. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/166724-overview through http://emedicine.medscape.com. June 2009.
(Updated 2008 December). Proteins. ARUP Consult [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.arupconsult.com/Topics/GastrointestinalDz/NutritionalAssessment/Proteins.html through http://www.arupconsult.com. Accessed June 2009.


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At a Glance
Why Get Tested?
To detect and evaluate toxic concentrations of methotrexate
When to Get Tested?
At specific timed intervals after a high dose of methotrexate to monitor blood levels and guide treatment and whenever symptoms suggest methotrexate toxicity
Sample Required?
A blood sample drawn from a vein in your arm
Test Preparation Needed?
None, but timing of the sample for testing is important; when having your blood drawn, tell the laboratorian when you took your last dose of methotrexate.
The Test Sample
What is being tested?
Methotrexate is a drug that has been in use since the 1960s to treat childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoma, and cancers of the lung, head, neck, and breast. This test measures the amount of methotrexate in the blood.
Methotrexate prevents cells from using folate to make DNA and RNA, slowing growth of new cancer cells. Because it can also deter growth of new skin cells, methotrexate is also used to treat psoriasis. The drug blocks several enzymes involved in the immune system and can minimize joint damage associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
Methotrexate must be carefully monitored. Even when used correctly, it can cause significant side effects. Increased concentrations can be toxic, potentially damaging the liver, kidneys, and lungs and suppressing cell production in the bone marrow.
Methotrexate dosing depends upon the condition being treated. Methotrexate levels in the blood typically rise after a dose and then fall gradually. Methotrexate is eliminated from the body by the kidneys, so any condition that decreases kidney function or interferes with drug clearance has the potential to increase blood concentrations.
How is the sample collected for testing?
A blood sample is obtained by inserting a needle into a vein in the arm.
NOTE: If undergoing medical tests makes you or someone you care for anxious, embarrassed, or even difficult to manage, you might consider reading one or more of the following articles: Coping with Test Pain, Discomfort, and Anxiety, Tips on Blood Testing, Tips to Help Children through Their Medical Tests, and Tips to Help the Elderly through Their Medical Tests.
Another article, Follow That Sample, provides a glimpse at the collection and processing of a blood sample and throat culture.
Is any test preparation needed to ensure the quality of the sample?
No test preparation is needed, but timing of the sample for testing is important and a health practitioner may specify collection at a certain number of hours after a methotrexate dose.
The Test
Common Questions
Ask a Laboratory Scientist
Article Sources
NOTE: This article is based on research that utilizes the sources cited here as well as the collective experience of the Lab Tests Online Editorial Review Board. This article is periodically reviewed by the Editorial Board and may be updated as a result of the review. Any new sources cited will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used.
Sources Used in Current Review
Methotrexate. American Cancer Society. Available online at http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/guidetocancerdrugs/methotrexate through http://www.cancer.org. Last revised December 29, 2011. Accessed January 10, 2014.
Methotrexate (Rheumatrex, Trexall). American College of Rheumatology. Available online at http://www.rheumatology.org/Practice/Clinical/Patients/Medications/Methotrexate_(Rheumatrex,_Trexall)/ through http://www.rheumatology.org. Last updated May 2012. Accessed January 10, 2014.
Methotrexate for psoriasis. WebMd. Available online at http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/psoriasis/methotrexate-for-psoriasis through http://www.webmd.com. Last updated November 9, 2010. Accessed January 10, 2014.
Methotrexate (Injection Route, Subcutaneous Route). Mayo Clinic. Available online at http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/methotrexate-injection-route-subcutaneous-route/description/DRG-20064776 through http://www.mayoclinic.org. Last updated December 1, 2013. Accessed January 10, 2014.
Sources Used in Previous Reviews
(Revised 2009 April 1). Methotrexate. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a682019.html. Accessed April 2010.
(Reviewed 2008 September 1). Methotrexate Injection. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a682018.html. Accessed April 2010.
(Revised 2009 July). Patient Education, METHOTREXATE – ORAL. Medscape [On-line information]. Available online through http://www.medscape.com. Accessed April 2010.
Rotondo, N. (2008 August 13). When Is it Appropriate to Use Methotrexate for Ectopic Pregnancy in the Emergency Department? Medscape Today [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/576935 through http://www.medscape.com. Accessed April 2010.
Ranganathan, P. (2008 July 14). An Update on Methotrexate Pharmacogenetics in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Medscape Today from Pharmacogenomics. 2008;9(4):439-451. [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/576224 through http://www.medscape.com. Accessed April 2010.
(Updated 2009 November 1). Methotrexate (Oral Route, Injection Route). MayoClinic.com [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/drug-information/DR600919 through http://www.mayoclinic.com. Accessed April 2010.
Brauna, J. and Rau, R. (2009 July 29). An Update on Methotrexate. Medscape from Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2009;21(3):216-223.[On-line information]. Available online at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/706105 through http://www.medscape.com. Accessed April 2010.
Cannon, M. (Updated 2009 August). Methotrexate (Rheumatrex, Trexall). American College of Rhematology [On-line information]. PDF available for download at http://www.rheumatology.org/practice/clinical/patients/medications/methotrexate.pdf through http://www.rheumatology.org. Accessed April 2010.
Pagana, K. D. & Pagana, T. J. (© 2007). Mosby's Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 8th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO. Pp 361-364.
Clarke, W. and Dufour, D. R., Editors (© 2006). Contemporary Practice in Clinical Chemistry: AACC Press, Washington, DC. Pp 462-463.
Wu, A. (© 2006). Tietz Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests, 4th Edition: Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, MO. Pp 1400-1403.


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It's true. We don't think Michael Vick would make a good doggie parent. The NFL superstar recently claimed on Piers Morgan Tonight that he's interested in getting a dog. Call us crazy, but we don't think it's a good idea. Far from it.
Despite spending 19 months in prison for running an illegal interstate dog fighting business, Vick hasn't expressed a shred of empathy toward the dogs he brutalized and killed. And rather than talk about the horrors of dog fighting, he has consistently chosen to focus on the consequences of getting caught.
In a nutshell, his actions are self-serving. We've seen little remorse and even less compassion. And let's not forget, he caused unspeakable suffering to hundreds of innocent dogs. Frankly, the ASPCA has serious concerns about Vick's ability to be a responsible pet parent.
Don't you?
Personally, I don't think he deserves to be a pet parent again, but if they do let him, he needs to have either an animal cop or someone else in law enforcement make regular visits to check on the well being of the animal.
No pet adoption agency should allow him to adopt another animal. He's obviously shown he has no remorse for the dogs he killed that could have served as lovable pets for others, but they were instead used as sport for corrupt and evil people. I agree with you; if he's, by some miracle, allowed to adopt an animal, he should be treated like he's on parole and get regular checks. He should be required to attend classes too.
He shouldn't be allowed to have a pet. The same treatment pedofiles get he should get, no more hanging even closer to dogs.
I think instead of keeping him from owning pets they should force him to open an abused pets shelter where his wonderful fat funds goes to saving many abused pets.
For someone like him, I doubt working in a shelter would change his view on animals. Besides, he would need to be supervised. I volunteer at a shelter and they simply trust that you will be responsible with the animals, but a malicious person like Vick could easily take advantage of the opportunity.
Just like what some people have said, he should receive the same treatment as a pedophile and just never be allowed free access to animals and to never be alone with one.
I agree with the idea that the piece of puke should deal with animal shelters. But he should be scrubbing the cages with his bare hands on his knees. He should not be allowed anywhere near the little sweeties; he should just clean up after them.
I have been rescuing Shelties for over 20 years and have 3 fur babies who were neglected, abused and one of my boys was a puppymill rescue.
He is not sorry he did something wrong; he is sorry he got caught.
We already know that he's a remorseless, self centered, psychopath, murderer. How could he be so stupid as to announce that he plans on adopting a dog on national tv and not expect a huge backlash?
Oh wait...because we just gave him a ton of publicity.
Let's not waste taxpayer money by having to hire someone to monitor the likes of him with a pet. No pet, of any kind. Find a freakin' hobby instead.
He doesnt deserve the joy of owning a furbaby. Whut he does deserve is to be tossed in a ring with some hyena's and let them show him how his dogs felt. Serously i dont care how much buttkissing and public talking hes done. Its the same thing as a kid trying to pull one on their folks. Ill never do it again i swear give me another chance , I got kids. and sometimes that Another chance ends up being extermly regretful. And do i think a dog deserves to be trail test. Hell no. He wants a pet? Get a fish prick.
That this man would even utter the words "adopt a dog" is more angering than anything I've heard from him since he got caught. I am disgusted by his "public service" announcements and want to punch him in the face every time I see him but there isn't a shelter in the country who would adopt an animal out to him! He should never be allowed contact with a dog again. I'm with you, he wants a pet, get a fish, you heartless prick!


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short features for timeouts during volleyball about the great history of the NU Coliseum
live streaming schedule & on demand videos
|09:00 am
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For those of you that believe that Okafor is too small to be our Center, don't forget that Dwight Howard is only an inch taller than Okafor.
Okafor is a better defender and scorer than Chandler.
I really hope that this deal goes through.
Will have to respectfully disagree. Championships are won with chemistry, coaching, the right talent level of the day, and a little luck. The Bulls teams (tho with the greatest of all-time), never quite had a game changing 7 footer. The Pistons during their runs a few years ago didn't have one. To call Chris Paul a "below average" anything is just ludicrous.Originally Posted by CP3 & 11 others
I simply cannot believe that height wins championships. It's nice to have, but chemistry, coaching, and talent trump all else.
Okafor has the length, athleticism, footwork, and savvy to handle some of the best 7 footers out there defensively.
For those of you that believe that Okafor is too small to be our Center, don't forget that Dwight Howard is only an inch taller than Okafor.
Okafor is a better defender and scorer than Chandler.
I really hope that this deal goes through.
That is ridiculous. Does talent have anything to do with it, or just "length"?Originally Posted by CP3 & 11 others
Cause i'm pretty sure talent has something to do with it
I think we need to aquire a 7footer to bolster the bench, Okafor is fine as a center.
President of the New Orleans Bucs Rebrand Campaign
Actually, I am not really familiar with him. All I know is that TC has been hurt and could not get above the rim for much of the season. Sad. Those were fun days when the team came back full time after the evacuation. I wish TC the best.Originally Posted by Napoleon Solo
Time for some football!!!
That's why I said "somewhat" athletic. He's not Chris Wilcox or Kenyon Martin or anything, but he's no plodder either.Originally Posted by stbviper22
I almost went off on youOriginally Posted by CP3 & 11 others
You have to be clear and title that paragraph, "As far as size goes." I thought you were talking talent.
I'm against picketing, but I don't know how to show it.
-Mitch Hedberg(R.I.P.)
"Still here dancing with the Googrux King, we'll be drinking Big Whiskey while we dance and sing..."
-R.I.P. LeRoi Moore(1961-2008)
no offense to CP3&11 others but the argument that you need a 7 footer to win a championship is nonsense
so you need a 7 footer and you need a top 5 player based on the past 25 years in order to wn a championship you say except for one excepton being the 2004 Pistons
well based on the past 25 yrs, then we should also TRADE CP3 with that logic, because in the past 25 yrs the best player on the champion was at least 6-6 i read in some article with the lone exception being isiah thomas; so based on past history we dont have much of a chance to win a title with those odds; so trade paul or no title
i dont get your logic
Originally Posted by the big H
Okay, this is why I left in the first place. You make a valid point and then people add their own rediculous clauses onto it. Of course talent trumps all and it is not like I said that the tallest teams win titles. Did I say that? No, so dont add that clause in.
The fact is that teams have won with defense, teams have won with offense. Some with a great bench, some with a average bench. Some with a great coach, some with a makeshift coach. On and on. But according to the statistical analysis- the one common thread is the teams all had above average length at multiple starting positions and were as a whole a top tier team with respect to length.
Go ahead, look into the past if you dont believe me. Lakers of the early decade with a 6'10 Horry at SF, a 6'7 kobe, a big PG in Fish, a big Center in Shaq. The Bulls of the 90's had above average size and length at every spot in their early run and the second 3 pete Rodman was undersized for the position but Kucoc was a quasi starter and when Harper, Jordan, Pippen, and Kucoc were on the floor they were super long.
The Showtime Lakers had a 6 9 PG- need I say more. A 7-3 center, etc. The Celtics had a front line of 6-10, 6-11, 7-1 in the 80's. The 2007 Celtics had an abover average PG, SF, and PF with regard to height and length.
I can go on forever. This past Lakers team had above average size at all 5 positions and if you consider Odom the real SF on the team they were super long.
So yes, great observationalists, talent wins. But history show us talent plus length beats talent for the BIG prize. Why do you think the Magic- the runners up in the Finals made size such a priority this offseason and paid so much to resign Gortat? Why did Cleve get Shaq, etc. My buddy spent months on this analysis and it is over 57 pages long so excuse me if I believe his conclusion over the brilliant one sentence deduction you came up with.
Man, you try to help and these are the people that you are bombarded with. I cant take it.
I would agree that a serviceable big over 7' would probably be a big plus for us or any team. I can see Okafur moving to the 4 if DX leaves or is shipped AND we got a serviceable big. As for this being THE PLAN, I think it is too early to suggest that. At any rate, I appreciate that insight from CP3&11. Thanks.
I don't have any inside information, but I believe if Okafor comes in and is obviously best suited as a PF, then I would expect to see D. West traded sometime. He would be a valuable trade chip and if we just let his contract expire, then we get nothing for him. Trading him might get us a valuable C in return. Just my two cents.Originally Posted by NBA Champs
yea but i would like to hear what you have to say about history showing that in most cases you can't win with with your best player being under 6-6
does that mean we need to trade paul??
you can give your opinion, but we are allowed to respectfully disagree with it; i don't think anyone would want a board where everyone agrees with the same thing
CP3 The U.S. has the same problem as this board. Most people think they know and definitely have an opinion, when what they should do is listen and say thank you for the knowledge.
So, Thank you!!!
Originally Posted by CP4MVP
Again- READ MY POSTS before trashing them. Not one place did I say we need a 7 footer to win a title. The statistical analysis done by a man in an organization that knows more about the NBA than all of us combined, says that the common thread of champions is above average size and length at multiple positions. If we have CP3, West, and Okafor at 1,2, and 5 we could only meet that requirement with a super long 2 and 3- neither of which we have currently.
Of course someone could break the trend and I am sure someday someone will, but to ignore thepast is foolish. No team has ever won a title without superior length at multiple positions. I didnt conduct this study- I just had a very long conversation with a few people after reading it, and trust me people in NBA circles know this.
I still think it is a great trade but I dont know how anybody could argue that we could be a title team with a West/Okafor frontcourt if you look at history. Our best chance at a title is with Okafor as our 4 or with Okafor as our 5 and a 6'11 PF who can hit from the outside like West and plays Defense. A 6 foot PG, a 6'8 PF, and a 6'10 center wont win a title according to the past. That is not being a hater, but I have tons of evidence to back up my logic and I dont see the counter arguments you all have unless it is just to get mad and say it is nonsense.
The bad boys Pistons won with a smaller team. PG was small, same with the 2-4, until you got to the 5. But they never had a starter over 7'. They were tough and challenged the enemy for every board. For that team, position was key on both ends of the floor. So, the template is there if you want to follow it. You can win in the NBA with a smaller team.
CP3 & 11 Others did not posit that argument...that was an article from somewhere, so I don't know why you are attacking him.Originally Posted by CP4MVP
To answer your question, there were a few exceptions to that case, correct? Can't you just accept that Chris Paul may be one of the exceptions to that rule? The article summarizes many different teams and scenarios and was likely written just as a conversational piece. You can't base all arguments on trends...that would be like claiming every single person has an IQ of 100 because that is average. Trends and averages are created by fluctuations around the norm.
Can we now start to consider deals where West and fillers are packaged for a package centered around a legit big man???
I'm reading the thread. It's a decent thread. No one is attacking anyone. Let's keep that part out of it, please.
Oh, and let's not get into trading the rest of the team now. That is way premature.
Originally Posted by CP4MVP
But it has been done with Isiah and I think Paul will be better than Isiah when it is all said and done so I wouldnt trade him for anyone.
The reason why no PG has led a team to a title is for several reasons and the main one is that there hasnt been one talented enough to do it in a while. Other than Isiah, the only PG in the last 20 years I think was ever a top 5 player in the NBA at a given time was J Kidd who led an average team to two Finals. And again, I think CP3 is and will be better than Kidd.
But the main thing is that you have to build around the PG accordingly. See, the Suns did it the wrong way with Nash (who wasnt top 5 despite two MVP's,m bu the was close). A great PG can make an average offensive player good, a good one great, a great one elite, etc. So you dont surround them with great offensive players and try to outscore other teams. Instead, you surround them with defense and hustle and try to make every game close with 5 minutes left, then you know you have the better defense and offensively your PG will give you a good chance to score everytime down.
Thats how the 80's Pistons did it. They didnt blow people out. They knew that at the end of games refs swallow their whistle and they would find a way to score on offense while shutting you down. Give me a team like that around Paul- again with great length on the front court and length on the bench and we can win games 95-91 and win titles.
Cp3 can lead us to a title but we have to get tough, long players around him at 2-3 positions, and make defense the #1 priority. 2-3 guys who can get their own like Dumars, Aguire, and the microwave did (Thornton is a great addition for this purpose) and we are good.
And lastly, i never care if people disagree but post evidence. I talk to people who spend months on analysis like this and you counter with opinions that have no evidence behind them. Disagree- I love debate- but come strong with facts and cite proof, thats all I ask. Is that too much for a message board?
Originally Posted by NBA Champs
i wouldn't trade west right now. Okafor is a banger.. and west can operate from mid range. They should compliment each other nicely. Ther last thing you would want would be two low post guys that can't hit a 15 - 18 footer fighting for space down low and clogging up the paint on offense.
CP3 & 11 Others, I ,like everyone here, appreciates the inside information. But, I must say, as a warning, you might not want to reveal as much about your source as you currently are. We are not posting in a bubble here. More people read this site than you would believe. Do not jeopardize your friend's career here. I think you'd be better off keeping it strictly to what you hear and not so much where it came from. Just looking out...
Originally Posted by killah
Lambeer- 6' 11, Mahorn 6-10", Salley 6'11, Rodman (who played SF then) 6'8 and super long. Aguire and/or Dantley, along with Isiah were average for their positions while Dumars was small for his. However, the Pistons had, at that time, one of the biggest teams as far as the average height with regard to minutes played. Will take too long to explain, but this was the first team I brought up to my buddy and he basically showed me this formula in which he averaged the length on the court over the 48 minutes of the game for those seasons and the Pistons were the 3rd longest team in the NBA in those 2 title years. The smallest title team according to his analysis were the Spurs teams that won without DRob. They were the 7th longest team one year and the 8th the other year.
The average is 3.4- as far as the average length of the team for their title season. meaning that usually a team in the top 4 of length as far as the guys who actually get the minutes, will win the title. Like I said, this was a 57 page report and you can believe if the Cavs have him working on it, almosy every team has someone doing something similar. Why do you think horrible players with "great length and upside" get drafted high every year?
what i was saying was in every case but one a championship team's best player was at least 6-6 in an article i read;
your response was that is has been done, which i acknowledged with isiah thomas
well then it also has been done that you don't need a 7 footer or a top 5 playercuz it has been done; if you disagree with that statement then you are contradicting yourself
obviously there is a better chance to win a title with extra length or a top 5 player but there is also a better chance to win a title whn your best player isn't so small; at least that is what history shows, nd your whole argument has been based on ast results
Originally Posted by CP4MVP
Can I get a translator? Thank you.
Okay, you are right, my bad.
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Tuesday, April 15, 2014
The Loire Valley: view from the train
The cultural landscape of the Loire Valley (France) has launched a new promotion and interpretation tool: a geo localized application for Smartphones ...
Tuesday, April 15, 2014
Director-General offers UNESCO's support for Chile in the face of devastating fires in Valparaiso
The Director-General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova, today expressed deep concern over the destruction caused by fires that have been raging around the city ...
Monday, April 14, 2014
The first stage in the rehabilitation of cultural heritage of Timbuktu (Mali) is complete
Launched on 14 March 2014 in partnership with UNESCO, the rehabilitation work carried out on Sheik Baber Baba Idjé and Sheik Mahamane Al ...
Monday, April 14, 2014
'Managing Cultural World Heritage' reference manual published in French
This manual provides guidance for States Parties and all those involved in the care of World Heritage cultural properties on how to comply with the ...
Tuesday, March 25, 2014
UNESCO renews partnership with Our Place, photographer of World Heritage sites
UNESCO has announced the renewal of its partnership agreement with OUR PLACE Publishing Ltd. The New Zealand-based company will continue its mission ...
Monday, March 24, 2014
Director-General Opens International Conference in Bergen on UNESCO Culture Conventions
On 24 March, the UNESCO Director-General opened an International Conference in Bergen, Norway, on the UNESCO 1972, 2003 and 2005 conventions, entitled ...
Friday, March 21, 2014
Urban Regeneration for Historic Cairo Video Competition
The URHC project team invites young filmmakers and urban heritage lovers aged between 18 and 30 years to produce a video of 5 minutes or less, ...
Friday, March 14, 2014
Reconstruction of World Heritage mausoleums starts in Timbuktu (Mali)
Residents of Timbuktu today launched the reconstruction of World Heritage mausoleums damaged by the armed extremists who occupied the north and centre ...
Monday, March 3, 2014
Message from Ms Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO, for CITES communication campaign for the first edition of World Wildlife Day
Today, we celebrate the first World Wildlife Day, proclaimed by the UN General Assembly. Since time immemorial, humanity has marvelled at the wild ...
Thursday, February 27, 2014
3rd edition of 'The World's Heritage' by UNESCO Publishing and Collins features all 981 sites
The third edition of The World's Heritage is available now, published by UNESCO Publishing and Collins. Featuring all 981 entries on the UNESCO World ...
Monday, February 24, 2014
Policy-makers in Uzbekistan meet to discuss implementation of World Heritage Convention
On 20 February 2014 in Bukhara, Uzbekistan, a discussion on the requirements of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and ...
Thursday, February 20, 2014
UNESCO Director-General condemns military presence and destruction at World Heritage Sites in Syria
In the face of a deteriorating situation inside Syria, the UNESCO Director-General, Irina Bokova, made the following statement : "The situation in ...
Wednesday, February 19, 2014
Workshop increases community involvement in African natural World Heritage sites
Managers of natural World Heritage sites in Africa met with national coordinators of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Small Grants ...
Thursday, February 13, 2014
First mission to Gao since end of military occupation of northern Mali takes stock of serious damage to the city's cultural heritage
UNESCO, Malian and international experts have completed the first assessment of damage to cultural heritage in Gao, following the occupation by armed ...
Wednesday, February 12, 2014
Potential boundary modification to the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage site
The UNESCO World Heritage Centre has taken note of information provided by individuals and civil society organizations concerning the Tasmanian ...
Wednesday, February 12, 2014
Over 3 million USD pledged for the African World Heritage Fund at African Union Head of State Summit
On Friday 31 January 2014, UNESCO joined forces with the African Union Commission to raise awareness and funds for the African World Heritage Fund ...
Tuesday, February 11, 2014
Banc d'Arguin National Park and Wadden Sea sign historic Twinning Arrangement
The Banc d'Arguin National Park (Mauritania) and The Wadden Sea (Germany /The Netherlands) are the most critical sites for migratory birds on ...
Tuesday, February 11, 2014
South Asia World Heritage Serial Nomination for the Silk Roads Project Launched with the Support of the UNESCO/Korea Funds-in-Trust
The UNESCO/Korea Funds-in-Trust project, "Support for the Preparation of the World Heritage Serial Nomination for the Silk Roads in South ...
Friday, February 7, 2014
The OWHC's Regional Secretariat for Northwest Europe publishes position paper
The Regional Secretariat Northwest Europe of the Organization of World Heritage Cities (OWHC), one of the organization's 8 regional ...
Monday, February 3, 2014
UNESCO welcomes growing commitment by oil, gas and mining corporations to keep out of World Heritage sites
UNESCO has welcomed confirmation from French-based oil and gas corporation Total that it will refrain from prospecting or exploiting oil and gas in ...


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Customer Reviews for Large Windows Blindsgalore Cellular / Honeycomb Window Shades
"Overjoyed with purchase"
By Beannie from Oakland, CA
I am very impressed with the quality and appearance of my new cellular shades.View this product
"Large blinds, but put them up myself"
By MarkC from Novi, MI
Bought these for a patio slider with a large transom window, so they were 10' wide, 9' tall. Took 4 hours as a 1-man job, not too bad. Lay out all the parts and read the instructions before starting! absolutely the same as the H-D Vertiglide(tm)View this product


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A specialized approach to cancer care
A cancer diagnosis changes everything. The Rush University Cancer Center offers expert care in an environment designed around your needs.
Cancer specialists at Rush focus on treating particular cancers. They understand the nuances of treating your type of cancer, even if it's rare.
The outpatient cancer center in Chicago places services and providers side by side in one location. It includes the following features:
- Technology that allows physicians and patients to review diagnostic tests together
- Private and semi-private chemotherapy infusion stations
- Resource center with educational materials and computers
Cancer Center programs are fully accredited by the Commission on Cancer of the American College of Surgeons. In the most recent survey, which took place in July 2014, Rush received the best-in-class distinction of gold commendation.
Read the 2013 annual report.


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Nancy Kim MD, PhD
Assistant Professor of Medicine (General Medicine); Academic Hospitalist
Departments & Organizations
Office of Student ResearchInternal Medicine: Center for Outcomes Research & Evaluation (CORE); General Internal Medicine: Yale Academic Hospitalist Program
Research Interests
Adherence to medications; Diabetes outcomes; Discharge optimization
- B.A., Yale University, 1992
- M.D., Temple University, 1997
- Ph.D., Yale University School of Medicine, 2008
Selected Publications
- Kim N, Agostini JA, Justice AC."Refill Adherence with Oral Hypoglycemic Agents and Glycemic Control in Veterans" Annals Pharmacotherapy 2010:44:800-8.
- Kim N, Justice AC. Diabetes care in HIV infected patients. [commentary] JW HIV/AIDS Clinical Care; Sep 21, 2009.
- Kim N, Agostini JA, Justice AC."Measuring Persistence to Oral Hypoglycemic Agents in Type 2 Diabetic Veterans" Journal Pharm Technol 2009:25:223-9.