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Abraham (Ashkenazi Avrohom or Avruhom ; ابراهيم, Ibrāhīm ; Ge'ez: አብርሃም, ʾAbrəham) is a man featured in the Book of Genesis, as well as in parts of the Qur'an and Book of Abraham in the Pearl of Great Price. Jewish, Christian and Muslim traditions regard him as the founding patriarch of the Israelites, Ishmaelites and Edomite peoples. He is widely regarded as the patriarch of Judaism and Monotheism.
Abraham was the son of Terah and the grandson of Nahor. Abraham's brothers were named Nahor and Haran. According to Genesis, Abraham was brought by God from Mesopotamia to the land of Canaan. There Abraham entered into a covenant: in exchange for sole recognition of YHWH as supreme universal deity and authority, Abraham will be blessed with innumerable progeny. According to Jewish tradition (based on the Anno Mundi era), Abraham lived AM 1948–2123 (1812 BCE to 1637 BCE). Christian traditional dates are about 2000 BCE to 1825 BCE.
Judaism, Christianity and Islam are sometimes referred to as the "Abrahamic religions", because of the progenitor role Abraham plays in their holy books. In the Jewish tradition, he is called Avraham Avinu or "Abraham, our Father". God promised Abraham that through his offspring, all the nations of the world will come to be blessed interpreted in Christian tradition as a reference particularly to Christ. Jews, Christians, and Muslims consider him father of the people of Israel through his son Isaac (cf. , ). For Muslims, he is a prophet of Islam and the ancestor of Muhammad through his other son Ishmael - born to him by his wife's servant, Hagar. Abraham is also a progenitor of the Semitic tribes of the Negev who trace their descent from their common ancestor Sheba ().
'brm (no. 72) represents 'abram, with which Spiegelberg (Aegypt. Randglossen zum Altes Testament, 14) proposes to connect the preceding name (so that the whole would read "the field of Abram."). Outside of Palestine this name (Abiramu) has come to light in Babylonia (e.g. in a contract of the reign of Apil-Sin, second predecessor of Hammurabi; also for the aunt (!) of Esarhaddon 680-669 BCE). Ungnad has recently found it, among documents from Dilbat dating from the Hammurabi dynasty, in the forms A-ba-am-ra-ma, A-ba-am-ra-am, as well as A-ba-ra-ma.
Until this latest discovery of the apparently full, historical form of the Babylonian equivalent, the best that could be done with the etymology was to make the first constituent "father of" (construct -i rather than suffix -i), and the second constituent "Ram," a proper name or an abbreviation of a name. (Yet observe above its use in Assyria for a woman; compare ABISHAG; ABIGAIL). Some were inclined rather to concede that the second element was a mystery, like the second element in the majority of names beginning with 'abh and 'ach, "father" and "brother." But the full cuneiform writing of the name, with the case-ending am, indicates that the noun "father" is in the accusative, governed by the verb which furnishes the second component, and that this verb therefore is prove him (though hitherto childless) a great nation. Trusting this promise, Abram journeyed down to Shechem, and at the sacred tree (compare , , ) received a new promise that the land would be given unto his seed (descendant or descendants). Having built an altar to commemorate the theophany, he removed to a spot between Bethel and Ai, where he built another altar and then called upon (i.e. invoked) the name of God (.
Josephus, Islamic tradition, and Jewish authorities like Maimonides all concur that Ur of the Chaldees was in Northern Mesopotamia — now southeastern Turkey (identified with Urartu, or claiming Abraham was born in Urfa), or the nearby Urkesh, which others identify with "Ur of the Chaldee."
Abram migrated to Haran, apparently the classical Carrhae, which lay on the Balikh river, a branch of the Euphrates. Thence, after a short stay, he, his wife Sarai, Lot (the son of Abram's brother Haran), and all their followers, departed for Canaan. Moreover, the names of Abram's forefathers Peleg, Serug, Nahor, and Terah, all appear as names of cities in the region of Haran suggesting that these are eponymous ancestors of these communities. God called Abram to go to "the land I will show you", and promised to bless him and mankind. In the Old Testament, when applied to the patriarch, the name appears as "Abram", up to Genesis 17:5; thereafter, always as "Abraham". Two other persons are named "Abhiram". The identity of this name with "Abhram" cannot be doubted in view of the variation between "Abhiner" and "Abhner", "Abhishalom" and "Abhshalom", etc. "Abraham" also appears in the list at Karnak of places conquered by Sheshonk I.
One interpretation of the original Hebrew account includes Abram's explanation that Sarai was literally his sister since she was his father's daughter, but not his mother's, i.e., a half-sister. However, the kinship pattern of the Semitic chiefs listed in Genesis followed an established protocol that involved betrothal to half-sisters, so Abram may not have lied when he said that Sarai was his sister. On the other hand, there have been ancient tablets recently recovered from the ancient city of Mari that may suggest otherwise. These ancient Semite legal records show that when a woman is married to a man, she is then formally adopted by his father as a full daughter as well. Like Abram, many ancient Semites were Nomads and it was customary for the daughter-in-law to be officially adopted as a full daughter in case her husband is to die while she is traveling with his family. According to , Sarai left her family to set out for the land of Canaan, which puts her in this same position as suggested in the ancient tablets of Mari (an ancient Semite city of Abram's time). It is possible that Sarai may not have been Abram's half-sister, but adopted sister by law. However, marriage to half sisters was common throughout the ancient middle east and inheritance in the nomadic Semitic tribes was matrilineal. This gave a powerful incentive to marry a half sister and thus retain property within the family.
In any case, this did not save her from the Pharaoh, who took her into the royal harem and enriched Abram with herds and servants. But when Yahweh "plagued Pharaoh and his house with great plagues" Abram and Sarai left Egypt. There are two other parallel tales in Genesis of a wife confused for a sister (and 27), describing a similar event at Gerar with the Philistine king Abimelech, though the latter is attributing it to Isaac not Abram.
When Abram, along with Sarai and his nephew Lot left Egypt, they returned to Ai. Here he dwelt for some time, until strife arose between his herdsmen and those of his nephew, Lot. Abram thereupon proposed to Lot that they should separate, and allowed Lot the first choice. Lot preferred the fertile land lying east of the Jordan River, while Abram moved down to the oaks of Mamre in Hebron. After receiving reaffirmation and clarification of the promise from Yahweh, he built an altar there.
At his return, while passing near Salem (supposed to be the city afterwards called Jerusalem), Melchizedek, king of that city, and priest of the Most High God, came out and blessed him, and presented him with bread and wine for his own refreshment and that of his army; or as some have thought, offered blessed bread and wine to him, as part of a sacrament of thanksgiving on Abram's behalf.
After this, the Lord renewed his promises to Abram, with fresh assurances that his descendants would possess the land of Canaan and that his posterity should be as numerous as the stars of heaven.
As Sarai continued to be infertile, God's promise that Abram's seed would inherit the land seemed incapable of fulfillment. His sole heir was his servant, a certain Eliezer of Damascus (). Abram, however, was promised one of his own flesh as heir.
The passage recording the ratification of the promise is remarkably solemn (see ).
Sarai, in accordance with custom, gave to Abram her Egyptian handmaid Hagar as his wife (). But, Sarai seeing Hagar with child, was unable to endure the reproach of barrenness (cf. the story of Hannah, 1 Samuel 1:6), and dealt harshly with her and forced her to flee (). God heard Hagar's sorrow and promised her that her descendants will be too numerous to count, and she returned.
Her son, Ishmael, Abram's firstborn, was born when Abram was 86 years of age (). Hagar and Ishmael were eventually driven permanently away from Abram by Sarai ().
The Lord said to Abraham " go from the country and your kindred and your fathers house to the land that I will show you." And I will make of you a great nation and I will bless you and make your name great, so that you will be a blessing. I will bless those who bless you. And by you all the families of the earth shall bless themselves. At this time Abraham was promised not only many descendants, but descendants through Sarah specifically, as well as the land where he was living, which was to belong to his descendants. The covenant was to be fulfilled through Isaac, though God promised that Ishmael would become a great nation as well. The covenant of circumcision (unlike the earlier promise) was two-sided and conditional: if Abraham and his descendants fulfilled their part of the covenant, Yahweh would be their God, give them the land, and make a great nation and kings out of Abraham's line.
The promise of a son to Abraham made Sarah "laugh," which became the name of the son of promise, Isaac. Sarah herself "laughs" at the idea because of her age, when God appears to Abraham at Mamre and, when the child is born, cries "God has made me into laughter; every one that hears will laugh at me" ().
Due to the enormous sins of Sodom, Gomorrah, and the neighboring cities, being now filled up, two angels were sent to inflict upon them the divine vengeance. After visiting Abraham, they were ready to depart and Abraham accompanied them towards Sodom, whither two of them (who proved to be divine messengers) continued their journey. The third remained with Abraham, and informed him of the approaching destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. Abraham interceded, praying that if fifty righteous persons were found therein, the city should be spared; he reduced the numbers gradually to ten; but this number could not be found (or God, in answer to his prayers, would have averted his design). Lot, his wife, and their 2 daughters were preserved from the disaster, either because they were the only righteous, or because of Abraham's intercession on their behalf. His wife was turned to salt on their escape from the destruction when she disobeyed God's command not to look back at the destruction.
After? or before Sarah conceived, according to the divine promise, she and Abraham left the plain of Mamre and went south, to Gerar, where Abimelech reigned. Fearing that Sarah might be forced from him, and himself put to death, Abraham again called Sarah 'sister,' just as he had done in Egypt. Abimelech took her to his house, with intentions to marry her. According to scripture, God informed Abimelech, through a dream, that Sarah was Abraham's wife. Abimelech returned Sarah to Abraham with great presents.
About the same time, Abimelech came with Phicol, his general, to conclude an alliance with Abraham, who made that prince a present of seven ewe-lambs out of his flock, in consideration that a well that he had opened should be his own property; and they called the place Beer-sheba or "the well of swearing". Here Abraham resided some time.
The near sacrifice of Isaac is one of the most challenging, and perhaps ethically troublesome, parts of the Bible. According to Josephus, Isaac was 25 years old at the time of the sacrifice or Akedah, while the Talmudic sages teach that Isaac was 37. In either case, Isaac was a fully grown man, old enough to prevent the elderly Abraham (who was 125 or 137 years old) from tying him up had he wanted to resist. The narrative now turns to Isaac. To his "only son" (22:2, 12) Abraham gave all he had, and dismissed his other sons, as Abraham himself had been dismissed by Terah after Terah had given his territory to Nahor.
In Christian theology this event is sometimes interpreted as a foreshadowing of the crucifixion of Jesus, where Abraham is represented as God, and Isaac as Jesus Christ. Key elements from the stories given as symbols of this foreshadowing include: Both of their births were believed to be miraculous (Isaac to a woman who was far too old to have children, Jesus to a virgin). According to scripture Abraham was told by God that he would be the father of many nations, and in the Christian faith God is the seen as the father of all people. In both stories Jesus and Isaac had the wood laid upon their backs and were forced to carry it up to the hills where they were to be sacrificed. Although according to scripture Abraham had fathered a son previously, namely Ishmael with Hagar, Isaac was the only son of Abraham through Sarah, as Jesus was the "only begotten son" of God (see John 3:16)(Isaac is also referred to as "his [Abraham's] only begotten son" in Hebrews 11:17). They both made their way up hills to be sacrificed (Isaac up Moriah, and Jesus to Golgotha, which may be located on the same hill, but with Golgotha on the North end). The exact location referred to is currently a matter of some debate. They both were laid on the wood alive, and it was allegedly voluntary on both their parts (this theory would explain why Isaac, possibly a full grown man at the time would not have resisted when his father tied him down). The difference in the stories comes when Abraham was stopped from sacrificing his son, and God provided an alternative to Isaac. For Jesus, there was no "ram caught in the thicket" (Gen. 22:13) and the "sacrifice" was carried out to completion.
He was buried by his sons Isaac (aged about 76 years) and Ishmael (aged about 89 years), in the Cave of the Patriarchs, where he had deposited the remains of his beloved Sarah.
As the father of Isaac , Abraham is ultimately the common ancestor of the Israelites. As the father of Ishmael, whose twelve sons became desert princes (most prominently, Nebaioth and Kedar), along with Midian, Sheba and other Arabian tribes (25:1-4), the Book of Genesis gives a portrait of Isaac's descendants as being surrounded by kindred peoples, who are also more often enemies. This is because the clans practiced intermarriage. are in the descending scale, perhaps of purity of blood, or as of purity of relationship, or of connectedness to Sarah: Sarah, her servant, her husband's other wife. The Bible says of the Hebrew people: "Your father was a wandering Syrian". Yet to Abraham's face the Hittites said, "You are a great chief among us. Bury your dead in the choicest of our tombs." (Genesis 23:4 and 5)
As stated above, Abraham came from Ur in Chaldea to Haran and thence to Canaan. Late tradition supposed that this was to escape Babylonian idolatry (Judith 5, Jubilees 12; cf. Joshua 24:2), and knew of Abraham's miraculous escape from death (an obscure reference to some act of deliverance in Isaiah 29:22). The route along the banks of the Euphrates from south to north was so frequently taken by migrating tribes that the tradition has nothing improbable in itself. It was thence that Jacob, the father of the tribes of Israel, came, and the route to Shechem and Bethel is precisely the same in both.
Further, there is yet another parallel in the story of the conquest by Joshua, partly implied and partly actually detailed (cf. also Joshua 8:9 with Gen. 12:8, 13:3), whence it would appear that too much importance must not be laid upon any ethnological interpretation which fails to account for the three versions. That similar traditional elements have influenced them is not unlikely; but to recover the true historical foundation is difficult. The invasion or immigration of certain tribes from the east of the Jordan; the presence of Aramean blood among the Israelites; the origin of the sanctity of venerable sites — these and other considerations may readily be found to account for the traditions.
Noteworthy coincidences in the lives of Abraham and Isaac, such as the strong parallels between two tales of a wife confused for a sister, point to the fluctuating state of traditions in the oral stage, or suggest that Abraham's life has been built up by borrowing from the common stock of popular lore. More original is the parting of Lot and Abraham at Bethel. The district was the scene of contests between Moab and the Hebrews (cf. perhaps Judges 3), and if this explains part of the story, the physical configuration of the Dead Sea may have led to the legend of the destruction of inhospitable and vicious cities.
In the New Testament Abraham is mentioned prominently as a man of faith (see e.g., Hebrews 11), and the apostle Paul uses him as an example of salvation by faith, as the progenitor of the Christ (or Messiah) (see Galatians ).
Authors of the New Testament report that Jesus cited Abraham to support belief in the resurrection of the dead. "But concerning the dead, that they rise, have you not read in the Book of Moses, in the burning bush passage, how God spoke to him, saying, "I am the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob?" He is not the God of the dead, but the God of the living. You are therefore greatly mistaken" (Mark ). The New Testament also sees Abraham as an obedient man of God, and Abraham's interrupted attempt to offer up Isaac is seen as the supreme act of perfect faith in God. "By faith Abraham, when he was tested, offered up Isaac, and he who had received the promises offered up his only begotten son, of whom it was said, 'In Isaac your seed shall be called,' concluding that God was able to raise him up, even from the dead, from which he also received him in a figurative sense" (). The imagery of a father sacrificing his son is seen as a type of God the Father offering his Son on Calvary.
The traditional view in Christianity is that the chief promise made to Abraham in Genesis 12 is that through Abraham's seed, all the people of earth would be blessed. Notwithstanding this, John the Baptist specifically taught that merely being of Abraham's seed was no guarantee of salvation. The promise in Genesis is considered to have been fulfilled through Abraham's seed, Jesus. It is also a consequence of this promise that Christianity is open to people of all races and not limited to Jews.
The Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates him as the "Righteous Forefather Abraham", with two feast days in its liturgical calendar. The first time is on October 9 (for those churches which follow the traditional Julian Calendar, October 9 falls on October 22 of the modern Gregorian Calendar), where he is commemorated together with his nephew "Righteous Lot". The other on the "Sunday of the Forefathers" (two Sundays before Christmas), where he is commemorated together with other ancestors of Jesus. Abraham is also mentioned in the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil the Great, just before the Anaphora. Abraham and Sarah are invoked in the prayers said by the priest over a newly married couple at the Sacred Mystery of Crowning (i.e., the Sacrament of Marriage).
Abraham, known as Ibrahim in Arabic, is very important in Islam, both in his own right as a prophet as well as being the father of Ishmael and Isaac. Ishmael, his firstborn son, is considered the Father of the Arabised Arabs, and Isaac is considered the Father of the Hebrews. Islam teaches that Ishmael was the son Abraham nearly sacrificed on Moriah. To support this view Muslims use various proofs, including the belief that at the time Ishmael was his only son. Abraham is revered by Muslims as one of the Prophets in Islam, and is commonly termed Khalil Ullah, "Friend of God". Abraham is considered a Hanif, that is, a discoverer of monotheism.
Abraham is mentioned in many passages in 25 Qur'anic suras (chapters). The number of repetitions of his name in the Qur'an is second only to Moses.
Abraham's footprint is displayed outside the Kaaba, which is on a stone, protected and guarded by Mutawa (Religious Police). The annual Hajj, the fifth pillar of Islam, follows Abraham, Hagar, and Ishmael's journey to the sacred place of the Kaaba. Islamic tradition narrates that Abraham's subsequent visits to the Northern Arabian region, after leaving Ishmael and Hagar (in the area that would later become the Islamic holy city of Mecca), were not only to visit Ishmael but also to construct the first house of worship for God (that is, the monotheistic concept and model of God), the Kaaba -as per God's command. The Eid ul-Adha ceremony is focused on Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his promised son on God's command. In turn, God spared his son's life and instead substituted a sheep. This was Abraham's test of faith. On Eid ul-Adha, Muslims sacrifice a domestic animal — a sheep, goat, cow, buffalo or camel — as a symbol of Abraham's sacrifice, and divide the meat among the family members, friends, relatives, and most importantly, the poor.
Classical Arab historians traced the true Arabs (i.e., the original Arabs from Yemen) to Qahtan and the Arabicised Arabs (people from the region of Mecca, who assimilated into the Arabs) to Adnan, said to be an ancestor of Muhammad, and have further equated Ishmael with A'raq Al-Thara, said to be ancestor of Adnan. Umm Salama, one of Muhammad's wives, wrote that this was done using the following hermeneutical reasoning: Thara means moist earth, Abraham was not consumed by hell-fire, fire does not consume moist earth, thus A'raq al-Thara must be Ishmael son of Abraham.
The interesting discovery of the name Abi-ramu on Babylonian contracts of about 2000 BCE does not prove the Abraham of the Old Testament to be an historical person, even as the fact that there were Amorites in Babylonia at the same period does not make it certain that the 'patriarch' was one of their number. A fairly lucid treatment of the subject is given by Michael Astour in The Anchor Bible Dictionary (s.v. "Amraphel", "Arioch" and "Chedorlaomer"), who explains the story of Genesis 14 as a product of anti-Babylonian propaganda during the Babylonian captivity of the Jews:
"After Böhl's widely accepted, but wrong, identification of mTu-ud-hul-a with one of the Hittite kings named Tudhaliyas, Tadmor found the correct solution by equating him with the Assyrian king Sennacherib (see Tidal). Astour (1966) identified the remaining two kings of the Chedorlaomer texts with Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria (see Arioch) and with the Chaldean Merodach-baladan (see Amraphel). The common denominator between these four rulers is that each of them, independently, occupied Babylon, oppressed it to a greater or lesser degree, and took away its sacred divine images, including the statue of its chief god Marduk; furthermore, all of them came to a tragic end.
3. Relationship to Genesis 14. All attempts to reconstruct the link between the Chedorlaomer texts and Genesis 14 remain speculative. However, the available evidence seems consistent with the following hypothesis: A Jew in Babylon, versed in Akkadian language and cuneiform script, found in an early version of the Chedorlaomer texts certain things consistent with his anti-Babylonian feelings." (The Anchor Bible Dictionary, s.v. "Chedorlaomer")
Another scholar, criticizing Kitchen's maximalist viewpoint, considers a relationship between the tablet and Gen. speculative, also identifies but identifies Tudhula as a veiled reference to Sennacherib of Assyria, and Chedorlaomer, i.e. Kudur-Nahhunte, as "a recollection of a 12th century BCE king of Elam who briefly ruled Babylon." ("Finding Historical Memories in the Patriarchal Narratives" by Ronald Hindel, BAR, Jul/Aug 1995)
The Anchor Bible Dictionary suggests that the biblical account was in all probability derived from a text very closely related to the Chedorlaomer Tablets, and this in a publication which can be said to do at least a reasonably good job of getting good scholarship. The Chedorlaomer Tablets are thought to be from the 6th or 7th century BCE, well after the time of Hammurabi, at roughly the time when Gen. through Deu. are thought to have come into their present form (e.g. see the Documentary Hypothesis). While Astour's identifications of the figures these tablets refer to is certainly open to question, he does cautiously support a link between them and Gen. 14:1. Hammurabi is never known to have campaigned near the Dead Sea at all, although his son had. Writes Astour, "This identification, once widely accepted, was later virtually abandoned, mainly because Hammurabi was never active in the West." The Chedorlaomer Tablets, then, appear to still be the closest archaeological parallel to the kings of the Eastern coalition mentioned in Gen. 14:1. The only problem is, that in all probability, they refer to kings that were from widely separated times, having conquered Babylon in different eras. Linguistically, it seems, there is little reason to reject the identification of Hammurabi with Amraphel, but the narrative does not make sense in light of modern archeology when it is made. A number of scholars also say that the connection does not make sense on chronological grounds, since it would place Abram later than the traditional date, but on this, see the section on chronology below.
If Gen. ch. 14 is a historical romance (cf., e.g., the Book of Judith), it is possible that a writer who lived in an exilic or post-exilic age (i.e. during or after the Babylonian Captivity), and who was acquainted with Babylonian history, decided to enhance the greatness of Abraham by claiming his military success against the monarchs of the Tigris and Euphrates, the high esteem he enjoyed in Canaan, and the practical character displayed in his brief exchange with Melchizedek. The historical section of the article Tithe deals more extensively with the historicity of the meeting with Melchizedek.
Many scholars claim, on the basis of archaeological and philological evidence, that many stories in the Pentateuch, including the accounts about Abraham and Moses, were written under King Josiah (7th century BCE) or King Hezekiah (8th century BCE) in order to provide a historical framework for the monotheistic belief in Yahweh. Some scholars point out that the archives of neighboring countries with written records that survive, such as Egypt, Assyria, etc., show no trace of the stories of the Bible or its main characters before 650 BCE. Such claims are detailed in "Who Were the Early Israelites?" by William G. Dever (William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, MI, 2003). Another similar book by Neil A. Silberman and Israel Finkelstein is "The Bible Unearthed" (Simon and Schuster, New York, 2001). Even so, the Moabite Stele mentions king Omri of Israel, and many scholars draw parallels between the Egyptian pharaoh Shoshenq I and the Shishaq of the Bible (1 Ki. 11:40; 14:25; and 2 Chr. 12:2-9), and between the king David of the Bible and a stone inscription from 835 BCE that appears to refer to "house of David"--although some would dispute the last two correspondences.
Other interpretations of Biblical chronology place Abraham's birth at 2008 AM (Anno Mundi). In Genesis 11:32 : Abraham was the youngest son of Terah who died in Haran aged 205, in year 2083 AM. In Gen.12:4 we learn that at that time Abraham was 75 years old. In other words Abraham was born when his father Terah was 130 years old. (205-75 = 130). Therefore Abraham was born in year 2008 AM.
In 1887, Schrader then was the first to propose that Amraphel could be an alternate spelling for Hammurabi (cf. the ISBE of 1915, s.v. "Hammurabi").
Vincent Scheil subsequently found a tablet in the Imperial Ottoman Museum in Istanbul from Hammurabi to a king of the very same name, i.e. Kuder-Lagomer, as in Pinches' tablet. Thus are achieved the following correspondences:
|Name from Gen. 14:1
|Name from Archaeology
|Amraphel king of Shinar
|Hammurabi (="Ammurapi") king of Babylonia
|Arioch king of Ellasar
|Eri-aku king of Larsa (i.e. Assyria)
|Chedorlaomer king of Elam (= Chodollogomor in the LXX)
|Kudur-Lagamar king of Elam
|Tidal, king of nations (i.e. goyim, lit. 'nations')
|Tudhulu, son of Gazza
By 1915, many scholars had become largely convinced that the kings of Gen. 14:1 had been identified (cf. again the ISBE of 1915, s.v. Hammurabi, which mentions the identification as doubtful, and also The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1917, s.v. "Amraphel", and Donald A. MacKenzie's 1915 Myths of Babylonia and Assyria, who has (p. 247) "The identification of Hammurabi with Amraphel is now generally accepted"). The terminal -bi on the end of Hammurabi's name was seen to parallel Amraphel since the cuneiform symbol for -bi can also be pronounced -pi. Tablets were known in which the initial symbol for Hammurabi, pronounced as kh to yield Khammurabi, had been dropped, such that Ammurapi was a viable pronunciation. Supposing him to have been deified in his lifetime or afterwards yielded Ammurabi-il, which was suitable close to the Bible's Amraphel.
Albright was instrumental in synchronizing Hammurabi with Assyrian and Egyptian contemporaries, such that Hammurabi is now thought to have lived in the late 18th century, not in the 19th as assumed by the long chronology. Since many ecumenical theologians may not hold that the dates of the Bible could be in error, they began synchronizing Abram with the empire of Sargon I (23rd century in the short chronology), and the work of Schrader, Pinches and Scheil fell out of favor with them.
The objection resurfaced that Amraphel could not be derived from Khammurabi, in spite of the Ammurabi/Ammurapi spelling for Hammurabi that had already been found. More substantial objections were later made, including the finding that the days of the Kuder-Lagomer of Hammurabi's letter preceded the writing of the letter early in Hammurabi's reign led some to speculate that the Kuder-Lagomer of Gen. 14:1 should be associated with later Hittite or Akkadian kings with similar names. These scholars thus generally considered the passage anachronistic - the product of a much later period, such as during or after the Babylonian Captivity. Others pointed out that the Lagomer of Kuder-Lagomer was an Elamite deity's name, instead of the king's actual name, which some believe referred to a king that must have preceded Hammurabi. Other misreadings of the Chedorlaomer Text were pointed out, causing them to be associated with entirely different personages known from archaeology. It seemed that the theory of Schrader, Pinches and Scheil had fallen utterly apart.
Mainstream scholarship in the course of the 20th century has given up attempts to identify Abraham and his contemporaries in Genesis with historical figures. While it is widely admitted that there is no archaeological evidence to prove the existence of Abraham, apparent parallels to Genesis in the archaeological record assure that speculations on the patriarch's historicity and on the period that would best fit the account in Genesis remain alive in religious circles. "The Herald of Christ's Kingdom" in Abraham - Father of the Faithful (2001) implies a historical Abraham by stating "At one time it was popular to connect Amraphel, king of Shinar, with Hammurabi, king of Babylon, but now it is generally conceded that Hammurabi was much later than Abraham."
A traditional chronology can be constructed from the MT as follows: If Solomon's temple was begun when most scholars put it, ca. 960-970 BCE, using e.g. 966, we get 1446 for the Exodus (I Ki. 6:1). There were 400 years reportedly spent in Egypt (Ex. 12:40), and then we only need add years from Jacob's going into Egypt to Abraham. So, we can add that Jacob was supposedly 130 when he came to Egypt (Gen. 47:9), Isaac was 60 years old when he had Jacob (Gen. 25:26) and Abraham was 100 when Isaac was born, and we get 1446 + 400 + 130 + 60 + 100 = 2136 BCE for Abram's birth.
A considerable variety of scriptural chronologies is possible. For example, unlike most modern translations, according to all the oldest Bible versions not dependent on the mediaeval rabbis -- the Septuagint, the Samaritan Pentateuch, and the Dead Sea Scrolls -- the 430 years of the sojourn is the period "in Canaan and Egypt" (probable text of Exodus 12: 42), thus reckoning from the time of Abraham. Cf Paul's belief in Gal 3:17. Therefore the figure is more than two hundred years less (1446 + 430 = 1876 BCE).
Thus, if one adheres to an Early Exodus theory, then Abram is usually synchronized with Sargon I, or sometimes other figures in the Sumerian Empire. If one favors a Late Exodus theory, and then Abraham's life could overlap that of Hammurabi's empire.
Gen. 10:10 has it that Babel was the beginning of Nimrod's empire. Before the location of Sargon's capital city, Agade, was identified, it was sometimes supposed that Nimrod was Sargon I, and that Agade was Babel. But even so, there are reasons to prefer the equation of Hammurabi with Amraphel. The Nimrod of Gen. ch. 10 precedes the Amraphel of ch. 14, and Nimrod's kingdom began with "Babylon, Erech, Akkad, and Calneh, in Shinar" (Gen. 10:10). Mentions of Nimrod both precede and follow those of Abram. Furthermore, Nimrod is associated with the Tower of Babel, not the Tower of Agade, in the Bible.
Rabbinic materials are full of an accounts of Abram being thrown into the furnace used for making bricks for the Tower of Babel by Nimrod, but Abram was miraculously unharmed, while the furnace spread to the rest of the city, causing the "Fire of the Chasdim". The conclusion then, based on these assertions, would be that Nimrod and Abram were more or less contemporaries. But only during the time of Hammurabi did Babylon become the beginning of an Empire in its own right.
If one insists that Gen. Ch. 14 reads as a testament of historical authenticity, then the Old Babylonian Empire, like Nimrod's, extended into the Trans-Jordan, but only during the reign of Hammurabi's son; whereas the Sumerian Empire by contrast did not. The city of Babel was not only the beginning of the Old Babylonian Empire, it was its capitol. After the end of the Old Babylonian Empire with the defeat of Hammurabi's son by the Elamites, there was not another empire ruled from the city of Babel until the Neo-Babylonian Empire, which was much too late to be synchronized with Abraham.
There are no archaeological correlates for the life of Abram, whereas the Exodus can be correlated with traces of a Semitic presence in Egypt, as per Bietak, as well as numerous transitions in Israel from Egypto-Canaanite material culture to proto-Israelite. An Early Exodus would preclude synchronizing Abram with Hammurabi's empire, pushing him back to Sumerian times.
The Book of Abraham is a scriptural text for some denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement (also know as Mormons). The LDS version of the Abrahamic story includes material not present in Genesis. For example; Abraham is described as seeking the "blessings of the fathers" (priesthood), using the Urim and Thummim to receive a vision of the history of the universe and humanity's relationship to God, being saved by an angel from being sacrificed on an altar by Pharaoh's priests, and teaching Pharaoh's court about astronomy. Chapters 1 and 2 include details about Abraham's early life and his fight against the idolatry of Egypt (under rule of Pharaoh) and within his own family. Chapter 2 includes information about God's covenant with Abraham and how it would be fulfilled.
Joseph Smith Jr., founder of the Latter-Day Saint movement, claimed to have translated the Book of Abraham from papyri scrolls which came into the church's possession in 1835. While the scrolls were reported to be longer than the Bible, only a portion was initially published in 1842, in the Latter-Day Saint newspaper The Times and Seasons. The Book of Abraham was incorporated into the canon of LDS scripture in 1880 as part of the Pearl of Great Price.
In addition to the text, there are three facsimiles of vignettes from the papyrus included in the Book of Abraham. The first and most disputed facsimile supposedly depicts Abraham about to be sacrificed by a priest; the second is in the form of a hypocephalus, which Smith said contained important insights about the organization of the heavens (Cosmos) and material associated with LDS Temple ordinances. Smith described the third vignette as showing Abraham teaching in Pharaoh's court.
The LDS Bible Dictionary states:
"Abraham is always regarded in the [Old Testament] as founder of the covenant race, which is personified in the house of Israel. He is the "father of the faithful." John the Baptist and Paul rebuked those holding the erroneous idea that natural descent from Abraham was by itself sufficient to secure God's favor (Matt. 3: 9; Rom. 9: 7). [...] Latter-day revelation has clarified the significance of the Abrahamic covenant and other aspects of Abraham's life and ministry. We learn that he was greatly blessed with divine revelation concerning the planetary system, the creation of the earth, and the premortal activities of the spirits of mankind. One of the most valiant spirits in the premortal life, he was chosen to be a leader in the kingdom of God before he was born into this world (Abr. 1 - 5). We also learn from latter-day revelation that because of Abraham's faithfulness he is now exalted and sits upon a throne in eternity (D&C 132: 29, 37)."
This name Bram, Abram, was famous in India and Persia: some learned men even allege that he was the same legislator as the one the Greeks called Zoroaster. Others say that he was the Brahma of the Indians.
Such arguments were taken up by later religious synchretists such as Godfrey Higgins, who argued in 1834 that "The Arabian historians contend that Brahma and Abraham, their ancestor, are the same person. The Persians generally called Abraham Ibrahim Zeradust. Cyrus considered the religion of the Jews the same as his own. The Hindus must have come from Abraham, or the Israelites from Brahma…
One may also consider noteworthy the similarity of the names of Brahma's wife Sarasvati compared to Abraham's wife Sarah.
The argument has been used by Biblical literalists to prove that Brahma is a corrupted memory of Abraham and by certain Hindu nationalists to suggest the converse.
The argument has been used by Muslim missionaries to prove that Brahma is a corrupted memory of Abraham. They also have claimed that other characters in Hindu scripture are actually people mentioned in the Quran. A. D. Pusalker, whose essay "Traditional History From the Earliest Times" appeared in The Vedic Age, claims a historical Rama dated to 1950 BCE. So hence this cannot be true, since the historical dating of these scriptures were long before the biblical age.


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|2010 Report to the Community
All Children's Hospital has released its 2010 Report to the Community that reviews the significant events and accomplishments of the hospital, as well as the total community benefit of our organization. Through treatment, research, education and advocacy, we actively invest in the health of Florida's children in many ways. The value of this investment in community benefit in 2010 was more than $33 million.
Highlights of the report include our brand new 259-bed hospital and adjacent Outpatient Care Center (OCC), which together occupy one million-square feet of space. Housed within the OCC is a Ronald McDonald House with nap and shower rooms for families with children in our hospital, and 14 private bedrooms for families with children in the Intensive Care Unit. In 2010, our Emergency Center handled more than 41,000 visits, and we continued our intensive research efforts towards better outcomes for premature infants, cancer patients and children with cystic fibrosis.
There are now eleven regional outpatient centers for children who need therapy services several times a week, when travel to our main campus isn't an option. Community-based programs surrounding children's safety, including our FloridaSafePools.com website, are helping to address our state's high rate of childhood drowning and other injuries. These and other programs that address issues of safety, exercise and nutrition education continue to extend our mission of Creating healthy tomorrows… for one child, for All Children.
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Tusculum's Offense Too Much to Much to Handle for Women's Soccer in 4-0 Loss
September 16, 2009
GREENEVILLE, Tenn. - Freshman forward Tramicka James (Wilson, N.C.) led the Tusculum College womens soccer team to a 4-0 victory over Pfeiffer University on Wednesday night, scoring a goal and adding a season-high three assists to pace the Pioneer attack. With the win, Tusculum improves to 5-2 on the season while Pfeiffer falls to 2-3-1.
Tusculum controlled the run of play for most of the match, out-shooting the Falcons 20-8 on the night, including an 11-4 margin in the second half. The sides played to a scoreless draw at halftime, with Tusculum holding a 9-4 advantage in shots at the interval.
James was the story of the match for Tusculum, recording a career-best three assists and scoring a late goal to give her a season-high five points on the night. The 5-4 freshman now leads the team in goals (5) and points (14), while ranking second in assists (4) behind Michelle Meade's (Greeneville, Tenn.) total of five.
The Pioneers scored the breakthrough in the closing moments of the 58th minute when James played a ball into the box for Ashley Bradford (London, Ky.), who controlled nicely before delivering a well-placed strike into the bottom corner for the finish and the 1-0 Tusculum lead. The goal was Bradfords third of the season, and would prove to be the match-winner, her team-leading third of the campaign.
Tusculum struck again midway through the 66th minute when Kourtney Kavic (Oakville, Ontario, Canada) took possession of a cross from James inside the area, and delivered an easy finish into the open net for her third goal of the season and a 2-0 Pioneer advantage. Kayla Durden (Taylor Mill, Ky.) extended the lead to 3-0 late in the 69th minute, redirecting a well-placed cross from James into the top corner for her second goal of the season.
James added a late goal, her fifth of the campaign off a brilliant through ball by Meade, beating the keeper and placing it neatly into the bottom corner to put the Pioneers up 4-0 in the 72nd minute. Rachael Jennings (Asheville, N.C.) made three saves for the Pioneers to record her third shutout of the season.
For Pfeiffer, Kaylie Lawing (Weston, F.L.) and Alyssa Wombwell (Grand Blanc, M.I.) led the way offensively with three shots apiece. Wombwell put all three of her shots on goal while Lawing did with one. Suzie Hinman (Idaho Falls, I.D.) made seven saves during her first half of play. The Lady Falcons get back to action on Saturday afternoon with a Conference Carolinas matchup at Queens in Charlotte. Game time for the women is set for 2:00 p.m.


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Our Luxury guest rooms have garden views whilst they are more spacious with more living area and added security of a safe. They also have a writing desk, complimentary WiFi, flat screen TV, organic Templespa toiletries, Lifestyle magazines, bath robes, slippers and complimentary bottled water. Our Luxury guest bathroom has both a walk in shower and a bath. We also offer 24 hour room service menu and an in house laundry service. Size: 350 sq. ft.
From the moment you arrive at the Bella Luce Hotel ,Restaurant & Spa you will experience a different pace of life ...slow , calm and very relaxed. After a taste of our home made lemonade we , will lead you to our Cellar Lounge where you can unwind whilst enjoying our complimentary refreshments . This allows you to catch up on local news , whats on in Guernsey and our highly recommended places to visit ( Galleries , Exhibitions , Theatre , Opera , Ballet & Dance , Shopping and the neighbouring islands ,we will only be delighted to share our local knowledge of this beautiful island .Recently , we have been fortunate enough to be invited as a proud member of Small Luxury Hotels Of The World ,received a Gold Award from Visit Britain , Acknowledged with a certificate of excellence from Tripadvisor and now a proud member of the elite based New York "Tablet Hotels " .
My wife and I spent ten nights here and although the weather was less than kind we had a pwondefrul holiday. From the second we arrive we were treated like family, nothing was too much trouble and whatever we asked for they provided it. The accomodation,linen, towels, toiletries, cleanliness of the bedroom was excellent. The food was superb, all freshly prepared and cooked and well presented. The staff from owner to gardener could not do enough for you and came across in a friendly but totally professional manner. Having travelled on the finest cruise ships and in the best small hotels in the caribbean and the far east we can honestly say Bella Luce is amonst the best. The generosity and value for money was second to none. We are returning in December. Thyou everyone at Bella Luce!! ichael and Christine Redfern.
Reviewed 25 June 2013
What a great hotel. The staff were brilliant from the moment we walked through the door.The decor is perfect for the age of the hotel.The food was fantastic and great value.The breakfast has a great choice to chose from. The spa was lovely too, we both had an hr treatment and was value for money.Would recommend for a weekend break and would love to revisit Bella Luce again soon
Reviewed 24 June 2013
Second trip to this fabulous, intimate hotel in beautiful St Martins. We made a point of getting our favourite room, spacious and well-appointed. The staff here are a delight and have that happy knack of combining 5* service with personality & humour. The bar is great with a eclectic mix of locals and residents. The food is of great quality in both the bar and restaurant. But chilly for the pool on our visit but having lunch or cocktails in the garden is one of the delights. Superbly situated for amazing cliff top walks and about a £10 ride by cab into St Peter Port (walkable if you fancy a 30 minute hike). The downsides? Close to the airport (where isn't on Guernsey!) and planes tend to go out quite regularly straight overhead. Breakfast can be a drawn out if the restaurant is very busy. Not cheap but then nor is Guernsey so just go with the flow and relax! We'll be back at Bella Luce soonest
Reviewed 14 June 2013
An intimate and beautiful hotel. All staff courteous, friendly, attentive and helpful - nothing was too much trouble. Very comfortable and spacious room. Fantastic breakfast and extremely good dinner, at excellent value. No hesitation in recommending the Bella Luce to anyone who wants a quiet, relaxing and pampered break away from it all.
Reviewed 13 June 2013
Only a one night stay on business but so much nicer than other hotels in which we have stayed. The staff were very welcoming and showed up to our rooms. The room was spacious and the bathroom was lovely with soft towels and good quality shampoo, conditioners etc. We retreated to the bar and had a pot of tea to do some work and then we had supper from the bar menu - a really nice caesar salad followed by a yummy pud. The staff couldn't have been more helpful and this continued at breakfast the next morning - scrambled eggs and lots of tea and toast. We will be back - thank you
Reviewed 5 February 2013
Lovely hotel. Very comfortable room and bed. We stayed for two nights and slept extremely well. The whole hotel was extremely clean and our room was especially so. The bathroom was a good size and the supply of toiletries was a nice touch. The breakfasts were very good with choice of continental breakfast or English. my husband especially enjoyed the full English breakfast. We were also lucky enough to enjoy an evening meal at the hotel as they catered for my sister's wedding reception. The food was excellent and the service from the waiters can't be praised enough as they were so attentive. We loved the decor of the hotel, especially the room with the dog portraits, very unusual but all the rooms we saw were decorated very tastefully in the style of the hotel. It is obviously a very well cared for hotel. The staff were all helpful and friendly. We would certainly stay here again next time we come to Guernsey.
Reviewed 5 February 2013
Room big and clean, we were even offered a choice of rooms! Staff were very friendly and helpful. Ate 1 night in the restaurant and the food was excellent. Lots to see and do, just a shame we were there in January as most were closed, didn't stop us walking on cliff tops and watching Banger Racing on the beach! We will be going back!
Reviewed 30 January 2013
I visit the Bella Luce Hotel quiet regularly for lunch and dinner and have always been very happy. The food is superb and the service excellent! The staff is very welcoming and i'm looking forward to my next visit.
Reviewed 21 October 2012
We spent our honeymoon here last week. On arrival we were upgraded to a romantic 4 poster bedroom which was lovely, overlooking the garden. the hotel is very cosy and you feel special from the moment you arrive. Christian at reception was so helpful. We also had a free transfer into town to Hojo restaurant which belongs to the same owner. This was also a good experience. We had a bottle of champagne and a fruit plate in our room. The spa treatments were so relaxing. We had an amazing dinner too. The real plus here are the staff who really care.
Reviewed 20 October 2012
This is our 4th time staying at the Bella Luce and it is one of the best hotels we've ever stayed at anywhere. Staff are friendly and welcoming, food is amazing and rooms are clean, comfy and stylish. Lots of parking and a beautiful building. Bella and Luce are the hotel cats who are very friendly and like a cuddle. We will always choose Bella Luce when visiting Guernsey.
Reviewed 16 June 2012
We recently had the fantastic pleasure of staying at this Hotel. It must be one of Guernseys best kept secretes. Guernsey is a beautiful Island and this hotel is an excellent place to relax and enjoy your vacation. We spent a most delightful week being looked after and pampered by Michael and his brilliant team.
Reviewed 12 June 2012
My wife and I had a wonderful experience at the Bella Luce; his is a beautiful and well run hotel which I would recommend to anyone. Food and service are excellent and comparible to some of the best hotels in Europe but with an added cozyness and relaxing atmosphere. Great location for a special getaway.
5 of 5 stars Reviewed 10 June 2012
A very nice building, very comfortable, with courteous and considerate staff and very good food. Close enough to St Peter Port, but in the pretty corner of Guernsey. A surprise and a delight - as good as it gets, really, though far from flash. Solid, solid comfort and style. It shows that the staff make a decent property really memorable...an excellent experience
Reviewed 6 June 2012
We booked this hotel at short notice for Easter. From the moment we stepped in side the door, it was a excellent experience. The staff could not make us so welcome. They upgraded our room free of charge,the room was perfect. We stayed for three days. We had our meals there because the food was so good and service excellent we did want to go any where else to eat. The resturant was always busy with locals and hotel guest but they never wavered, the leval of service remained high. The managerment and staff were friendly helpful and always had the time to have a conversation with you. Would highly reccomend this hotel its a must visit, we will be going back.
Reviewed 10 April 2012
We have visited Guernsey many times in the last 25 years and stayed at various hotels. I have to say that The Bella Luce will be our preferred hotel in the future. The only problem was an incredibly small (but well appointed) room but I put that down to an economy rate established between the hotel and our agent and we will watch out the next time. The food was excellent and the staff from the affable GM down were always attentive and friendly. This place ticked all our boxes. The hotel is located in tranquil countryside, is quite close to St Peter Port but also 10 mins walk from the cliff paths.
Reviewed 10 April 2012
Just had to write and say this hotel was fantastic. Clean well appointed rooms very friendly helpful staff excellent food in a superb location Very reasonable rates and excellent value would return
Reviewed 9 April 2012


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Mel Blancactor, voice specialist
Born: 5/30/1908
Birthplace: San Francisco
Originally a musician, he entered radio acting in 1933 and later gained fame as the voice of hundreds of popular and beloved animated cartoon characters, including Bugs Bunny, Woody Woodpecker, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Tweety Pie, Sylvester, and others. He also provided voices in the feature films Who Framed Roger Rabbit? (1988) and Jetsons: The Movie (1990).Died: 7/10/1989
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Depression in Children Center - Laredo, TX
Laredo Psychiatrist Doctors for Depression in Children
Type of Physician: Psychiatrist
What is a Psychiatrist?
A certification by the Board of Psychiatry & Neurology; practitioners are skilled in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of mental, addictive and emotional disorders. He or she is trained to understand the biological, psychological and social components of illness and is qualified to order diagnostic laboratory tests and to prescribe medications, as well as to evaluate and treat psychological and interpersonal problems. The psychiatrist is also prepared to intervene with individuals and families who are coping with stress, crises, and other problems in living.
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Laredo is the county seat of Webb County, Texas, United States, located on the north bank of the Rio Grande (R?o Bravo) in South Texas, across from Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Laredo's economy is based on international trade with Mexico. It is the largest inland port in the United States. Most major transportation companies have a facility in Laredo. Laredo's location along the southern end of I-35 close to the manufacturers in North Mexico promotes its vital role in trade between the United States and Mexico.
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text: I was at otter creek today playing leauges @ threw on hole 9 saw it land in the basket. Thought i had a ace only to walk up there @ find out it went through the side if the basket. Witnessed by 4 people so i pull my disc out of the basket where it came to rest and put in my deuce that sucks but its the rules. They still suck though so excited to r u serious. Damn it man


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Club competitions
National team competitions
Russia's dominance of the European Championship for U18 Women continues. For the 3rd time in a row and 4th time in 5 championships, Russia are European Champions at this age level.
They entered the final against Spain as the overwhelming favourites to win, having beaten all their opponents by an average margin of 31 points in the championship. A 2-point loss to Hungary withstanding, the Russians have looked like a team destined to be win the tournament.
Spain rode a dominant display from their backcourt to overcome Serbia & Montenegro in the second semi-final of the European Championship for U18 Women.
Guards Silvia Dominguez and Anna Cruz turned in great performances at both ends of the court to guide Spain to victory.
Spain will join Russia and Serbia & Montenegro in the semi-finals of the European Championship for U18 Women after a solid team performance gavem them a win over Ukraine.
In Olexandra Gorbunva, Ukraine possess the tournament's most potent offensive weapon. Her 31-point haul was the highest in all games so far, but Spain knew that if they couldn't shut her down, they would have to concentrate on her team-mates.
Spain have quietly established themselves as one of the teams to be reckoned with after 4 days of action at the European Championship for U18 Women.
Standing in second place in Group B, a place in the quarter-finals is all but assured. Fibaeurope.com caught up with coach Alberto Ortego after his side's 63:45 win over Israel to see just how happy he was with his team's performance so far in the championship.
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Events Calendar
Monday, April 15, 2013
5:00 pm - 7:00 pm
Knight Law Center Room 110
Contact: Abbie Stillie • Email
Angry Politics: The Role of (in)Civility in
American Democracy. Sponsored by the Wayne Morse Center for Law and Politics and the Department of Political Science.
Tuesday, April 16, 2013
12:30 pm - 1:30 pm
Wayne Morse Commons
Contact: Debbie Nehl • Email
Dean Moffitt invites Oregon Law students, staff, faculty and administrators to join him at this free-form, open meeting.
Wednesday, April 17, 2013
12:30 pm - 1:30 pm
Wayne Morse Commons
Contact: Catherine Jedlicka • Email
12:30 pm - 1:20 pm
Room 184
Contact: Marcus Walker • Email
Federalist Society Event
Speaker: Professor Renee Letow Lerner- George Washington University
Refreshments will be provided
12:30 pm - 1:30 pm
Room 142
Contact: Allison Apana • Email
Join the student members of the Diversity Committee for a conversation about sexual harassment and what we can do to prevent it.
Thursday, April 18, 2013
12:30 pm - 1:30 pm
Room 142
Contact: Catherine Jedlicka • Email
7:00 pm - 9:00 pm
Knight Law Center, Room 110
Contact: Kelsey Provo • Email
Sponsored by the Wayne Morse Center and the UO Department of Political Science.
Friday, April 19, 2013
All Day
University of Oregon School of Law, Room 175
Contact: Adam Schulz • Email
Drug criminalization imposes major social and economic costs upon the United States each year. The importance of a thoughtful evaluation of our nation's punitive approach is clear. Oregon Law Review's symposium will thoroughly examine this topic, discussing unresolved issues of federalism presented by recent state initiatives, the costs and benefits of our nation's drug laws, and the successful elements of alternative regimes of other nations. Speakers include Judge James Gray, Judge Steven Alm, Dr. Beau Kilmer, and Professor Mark Tushnet.
Thursday, April 25, 2013
12:30 pm - 1:30 pm
Contact: Aileen Carlos • Email
In 2011, Dean Amos returned to Oregon Law after serving in Washington, D.C. for two years as Deputy Solicitor for Land and Water Resources in the United States Department of the Interior. While in D.C., she worked directly on a water rights dispute in the Pacific Northwest, the Klamath Basin Conflict. She will discuss her experience as a federal attorney working on the Klamath Basin Conflict and the current outlook for an agreement. She will also highlight the many lessons this conflict can provide for law students.
Saturday, April 27, 2013
8:00 am - 11:00 am
Agate and 15th Streets
Contact: Rachel Kahn • Email
The Community 5K run benefits Oregon Law's Tom Foster Environmental Scholarship Fund. The scholarship is in remembrance of Thomas Foster III, who was a third-year law student at the time of his death in 1999. The scholarship is awarded to a third year Oregon law student who possesses the character traits of Tom Foster – integrity, honesty, passion, humor, motivation, dedication to the law school, and search for knowledge. A portion of your Eugene 5K entry goes directly to the Tom Foster Environmental Scholarship Fund.


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Building Services is responsible for the assessment and approval of building works within the City of Mandurah under the Building Act 2011. Building Services is also responsible for the assessment and approval of works under the Caravan Parks and Camping Grounds Act 1995, including Park Homes and Annexes.
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The City of Mandurah is a member of the CouncilsOnline portal. CouncilsOnline allows for the electronic lodgment of Applications to any member Council through a central portal. Full details of this system are available at the CouncilsOnline website.
It is managed by WALGA on behalf of Local Governments, with the CouncilsOnline portal hosted in Western Australia and supported by a Helpdesk located at WALGA.


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- Personalized
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Personalized Necklaces to Express Your Passion
Are you looking for a beautiful symbol of your passions, interests and loves? A unique selection of personalized pendant necklaces is closer than you think. Here at The Bradford Exchange Online, we pride ourselves on the creation of personalized pendant necklaces that celebrate a range of distinctive sentiments. Because you can easily carry a personalized necklace with you everywhere, the inherent value is always twofold. First, you can wear a personalized pendant necklace to express your passions, interests and loves to all who you meet, without speaking a single word. And last, but certainly not least, each of our personalized necklaces reflects our commitment to innovation, artistry and design of enduring value, so your sparkling keepsake is always lovely to behold.
One of the things that makes a personalized pendant necklace so unique is the personalization itself. Whether it's your selection of significant birthstones to represent loved ones, or your provision of names, or initials, to be inscribed on your engraved necklace, the addition of our FREE personalization can turn an already special pendant necklace into something that's even more special. Just imagine having the chance to own a personalized pendant necklace that celebrates the people and things you love in life, while, at the same time, honoring your individuality in a one-of-a-kind wearable work of art. And to make your personalized necklace even more attractive, we offer the best guarantee in the business - with returns up to 120 days, and FREE return shipping. Are you ready to select a personalized pendant necklace that's absolutely, and exquisitely, YOU? Just take a second and see the treasures we have to offer.
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$13.19 to $111.82
The first weatherproof, sweat-resistant, 17 day formula in fly control. Quick knockdown that kills and repels. Contains citronella, sunscreen, and Read More
The first weatherproof, sweat-resistant, 17 day formula in fly control. Quick knockdown that kills and repels.
Contains citronella, sunscreen, and coat conditioners, including aloe and lanolin.
- Brand: Absorbine,W.F.Young
- Type: Liquid,Spray,Continuous Spray
- Size: 2 Gallons (1 Gal Twin Pack),1 Quart,Gallon,15 oz
Reviews (8)
"Best I've Used"
I run a big boarding and training facility in which there are anywhere from 15 to over 20 horses here at any given time. We use what ever fly spray the owners provide so we get plenty of "research". The knats and mosquitoes are particularly bad this year and the ONLY horses on the farm that are not miserable are the ones we used this spray on. It only lasts a few days NOT the 17 that it claims but it at least lasts more than 30 minutes like the others. Rain and sweat does seem to dilute it some but it's by far the best we've used as far as duration. And their coats are all much softer and none are itchy like they get from some sprays. I used it a ton at shows and trail rides and even their mine will be the only horses that are not being bit. You do have to spray it on, let it sit a minute and then wipe it in.
"Lasts maybe 1 hour!"
For two weeks, I applied and brushed in this product once per day following the instructions on the label hoping to build it up in my horses' coats. It didn't provide any better protection after all that than if I just sprayed it on. I'm currently using the last of the gallon I purchased spraying my horses 2X daily to help keep flies away at meal time. Also, my dark bay's coat faded in the sun even with this spray which claims to contain quite a bit of sunscreen and coat conditioners. I do like the smell!
"Wont buy again"
Certainly did not last 17 days. I had to reapply in less than a week. Continuous spray was difficult to use, I had to press the spray button extremely hard to create full spray. I got about 3 applications out of the 15 oz bottle. I'll try something else next time.
"All Around"
I love Ultra Shield EX it is the only product that is effective on my dog which is always with me and my 2 milk cows that cant stand still if there is even one fly on them. The horses love this spray and it keeps them free of ticks and flies in the field and on the trail.
"Great for flies!"
I tried this product last yr for my horses. It is WONDERFUL! It keeps the gnats at bay too.We continue to use the UltraShield EX this year too.
"Geography matters???"
I just recently moved from Oklahoma to Pennsylvania, this product worked FANTASTICALLY in Oklahoma, I brought 2 gallons with me to keep the horses covered-big surprise-not effective at all on flies here! As if I didn't even apply it. I know the formulation isn't different, I brought the bottles here. Very disappointing, the flies here are BAD and other than shade/masks/mechanical prevention we've still not found an effective spray.
"Did do nothing"
bought at my feed store was like spraying my horse with water, did nothing to the bugs. Used the 32oz in 2 days still bugs on my horse..wont waste that $20. again
"Best of the Bunch"
Of all the sprays I've tried, this is the best. Unless you follow the directions to the letter (spray, brush, spray - or something like that) I don't believe the claim of 17 days of protection. However it does a great job of keeping the flys away for play days, trail rides, etc. - about 6-8 hours. It has a pleasant smell, no oily residue and it doesn't seem to build-up on the coat. I've tried natural sprays and different long-lasting sprays and this seems to be the only one that gives my horses relief from the summer pests. It repeals the nasty horse flies as well as the green-headed flies.
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Statistical Profiles
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In the Outlands so far, there's been a persistent slavery sub-theme. The demons and the naga often have Broken slaves and they will force the slaves to attack you when you fight them.
Maybe it's just because I play a paladin, but I've always felt a little uncomfortable killing the slaves in places like Blackrock Mountain. I tend to go out of my way to avoid aggro'ing them.
So when I got to Outlands, and saw the linked overmasters and slaves, I had a sinking feeling that I was going to have to kill some of them to complete my quests. But I was pleasantly surprised to see that the slaves run away after you kill the overmaster, allowing you to complete the quests without killing the slaves. It even adds a bit more challenge to the affair, as you can't use reactive damage (Holy Shield, Ret Aura, etc.) safely.
It's a small touch, but it made me happy. In many ways, Blizzard excels at these small effects, and its a major reason I love their games.
Saturday, February 10, 2007
Killing Slaves
In the Outlands so far, there's been a persistent slavery sub-theme. The demons and the naga often have Broken slaves and they will force the slaves to attack you when you fight them.
6 comments:
- Kiryn said...
It's definitely nice to know that in situations like that where you might aggro three mobs, you only have to kill one of them because the others will go running off once the leader is dead. That is, as long as I remember to keep my pet on passive.... >_>
- 4:11 AM, February 10, 2007
- MB said...
I totally agree with your sentiment about the ethos of pally.
Pallies do not kill slaves that are forced to fight.
That's why it would have been better to call those BRD and searing gorge people Initiates or something.
- 7:58 PM, February 11, 2007
- Brocker said...
Overall I love this touch too, but the thing they *blew* in execution is that killing the slaves gives rep, but killing the slavemasters doesn't. What the heck is up with that?!
- 10:13 AM, February 12, 2007
- yunk said...
On my RP server, we went in the the warrior decided to free them from their humiliation by giving them merciful deaths. Pretty funny. I can see a Paladin having the same attitude.
- 10:40 AM, February 15, 2007
- Anonymous said...
I'm in pretty much the same situation. It is a problem game mechanic wise, but is a boon for advancing and defining your character in an RP manner.
I avoid killing any slaves (like the ones in Zangramarsh), avoid quests that advance magic in some way (I'm a Kaldorei and hate the arcane). I never take part in warlock summons either.
I always take up quests that involve fighting enemies of the night elves, like the ones where you have to kill naga/satyrs/orcs/demons.
BTW Yunk, I play in Kirin Tor too.
- 3:36 PM, February 19, 2007
- GSH said...
Heh, I actually don't mind the killing slaves giving Rep thing. It makes doing the "right" thing hard, and that makes it worthwhile.
It makes it an actual choice, rather than a no-brainer.
- 12:06 AM, February 20, 2007


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Great news, animal advocates! Yesterday U.S. Reps. Tom Marino (R-PA), Jim McGovern (D-MA), John Campbell (R-CA) and Jim Moran (D-VA) reintroduced the Animal Fighting Spectator Prohibition Act, an ASPCA-supported bill to strengthen our federal laws against animal fighting.
While it's already a federal crime to actively participate in an animal fight, it's the spectators who drive the enterprise and make it profitable. This bill would make it a federal offense to attend an organized animal fight and impose additional penalties for bringing a child to a fight.
The Senate passed this bill in the previous Congress, but even with over half the House in support, Congress was unable to pass a final bill. Reintroducing this bill in the early days of the new Congress gives us an opportunity to build on the momentum from the last Congress and help finally close the federal loophole for animal fighting spectators.
Ask your own House representative to support this important humane legislation! Visit the ASPCA Advocacy Center right now to quickly email your U.S. rep in Washington and urge him or her to cosponsor the Animal Fighting Spectator Prohibition Act.
To stop animal fighting is urgent need of the day
Anybody who enjoys animal abuse.........in my opinion has mental issues. This people are a menace to society. We have enough trash to deal with in todays society. People that think that this is entertaining.....only God knows what else they think is entertaining. We need to get rid of them. Punishment should fit the crime. We should do to them what they do to the poor innocent animals. Justice should prevail.
Given our loathsome history of war, violence against each other, and especially against animals I am thoroughly ashamed and embarrased to me a member of the human race. I do not wish bad in anyone because of my Karma. But when I viewed the Peta video of Ringling Circs workers beating elephants, I prayed the elephants would stomp these pathetic humans to death.
As adults we must speak for those that can't speak for themselves. We must be the VOICE for children,the elderly and animals. Our humanity depends on it!!
Martin Luther King Jr. is quoted as saying, "Never, never be afraid to do what's right, especially if the well-being of a person or animal is at stake. Society's punishments are small compared to the wounds we inflict on our soul when we look the other way."
These people need to start paying for their actions. They need to enact alot stiffer penalties for animal abuse in any form!!!
And while they're at it, PLEASE let's get the booksellers ~ mainly AMAZON ~ to stop selling the books and videos that teach people how to do it!!!
Those who participate in animal fighting should be punished and exiled from normal socirty.
When are we, as a civilized society (sometimes I wonder), going to stop torturing animals??? This is absolute madness!! We are their voice, people!! We must keep our legislatures feet to the fire until they pass MEANINGFUL laws to protect animals AND those laws are enforced! Please do all you can to support wonderful non-profit orgs like ASPCA, Humane Society and so many others out there that fight every day for the protection of animals.