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Equal Pay Act Frequently Asked Questions
What does the Equal Pay Act say?
What is the difference between the Equal Pay Act and Title VII ?
Why you might file under the Equal Pay Act instead of Title VII?
What does an employee need to prove under the Equal Pay Act?
What remedies do I have under the Equal Pay Act
What will the EEOC do after I have filed a charge of discrimination?
What relief is available if there is a finding of sex discrimination by the court?
What cases provide more information about Title VII?
What does the Equal Pay Act say?
The EPA states: "No employer having employees subject to any provisions of this section shall discriminate, within any establishment in which such employees are employed, between employees on the basis of sex by paying wages to employees in such establishment at a rate less than the rate at which he pays wages to employees of the opposite sex in such establishment for equal work on jobs the performance of which requires equal skill, effort, and responsibility, and which are performed under similar working conditions, except where such payment is made pursuant to (i) a seniority system; (ii) a merit system; (iii) a system which measures earnings by quantity or quality of production; or (iv) a differential based on any other factor other than sex: Provided, That an employer who is paying a wage rate differential in violation of this subsection shall not, in order to comply with the provisions of this subsection, reduce the wage rate of any employee." Back to Top
What is the difference between the Equal Pay Act and Title VII?
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964, a year after the EPA. Title VII states, in part:
It shall be unlawful employment practice for an employer to discriminate "against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin." (42 U.S.C. § 2000e)
Thus, while EPA only prohibits wage discrimination based on sex, Title VII bars all discrimination in employment (including hiring, firing, promotion, etc. as well as wage) on the basis of race, color, religion, or national origin in addition to sex. Back to Top
Why might you file under the Equal Pay Act instead of Title VII?
Individuals experiencing sex-based pay inequity may file under Title VII or the EPA. Filing under the EPA may be advantageous because:
- You can file a lawsuit under the EPA without first filing a complaint with the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Under Title VII, you must file a complaint with the EEOC and the EEOC must issue you a "Right to Sue" letter before you can file a lawsuit in federal court.
- The EPA has a longer statute of limitations than Title VII. EPA wage discrimination claims must be brought within two years of the first act of discrimination, however the statute of limitations is extended to three years if the employer's EPA violation is willful/intentional.
- If you work for an employer with fewer than 15 employees, you fall outside of Title VII's requirements but you can still file under the EPA.
- Under the EPA, you can collect liquidated damages – double back pay can be awarded as liquidated damages unless the employer can show that wage discrimination was in good faith.
HOWEVER, there are also disadvantages to filing under the EPA. For example, under the EPA, you cannot collect punitive damages such as pain and suffering. Also, unlike the EPA, Title VII does not require that the claimant's job be substantially equal to that of a higher paid person of the opposite sex or require the claimant to work in the same establishment.
Many people file claims under both the EPA and Title VII in order to preserve their sex discrimination claims under both laws. Back to Top
What does an employee need to prove under the Equal Pay Act?
An employee needs to show that a man and a woman working in the same place and doing equal jobs are receiving unequal pay. It is the employee/plaintiff's burden to establish a prima facie case. To do this, she must show:
- same establishment;
- unequal pay;
- on the basis of sex; and
- equal work.
The jobs do not have to be identical; they must just be substantially equal. Job content (what duties are actually being performed), not job title determines whether the jobs are substantially equal. (Schultz v. Wheaton Glass Co., 421 F.2d 259 (3rd Cir. 1970))
Two jobs are equal for the purpose of the EPA when both require equal levels of skill, effort, and responsibility and are performed under similar working conditions within the same establishment.
- Skill
Measured by factors such as the experience, ability, education, and training required to perform the job. The key issue is what skills are required for the job, not what skills the individual employees may have.
- Effort
The amount of physical or mental exertion needed to perform the job.
- Responsibility
The degree of accountability required in performing the job.
- Working Conditions
This encompasses two factors: (1) physical surroundings like temperature, fumes, and ventilation, and (2) hazards.
- Establishment
The prohibition against compensation discrimination under the EPA applies only to jobs within any establishment. An establishment is a distinct physical place of business rather than an entire business or enterprise consisting of several places of business. However, in some circumstances, physically separate places of business should be treated as one establishment. For example, if a central administrative unit hires employees, sets their compensation, and assigns them to work locations, the separate work sites can be considered part of one establishment.(http://www.eeoc.gov/facts/fs-epa.html)
Importantly, a woman pursuing a claim under the EPA must have an actual male comparator, not a hypothetical or composite male.
Once the prima facie case has been established, the burden shifts to the employer/defendant, who can justify the pay differential under one (or more) affirmative defenses:
- seniority systems;
- merit systems;
- systems which measure earnings by quantity or quality of production; and
- a differential based on any factor other than sex.
The affirmative defenses have been interpreted differently, by different appellate courts. The fourth defense in particular has received varying treatment by judges. The fourth affirmative defense "is a broad catch-all exception [that] embraces an almost limitless number of factors, so long as they do not involve sex." (Fallon v. Illinois, 882 F.2d 1206 (7th Cir. 1989)) Some circuits have read the factor "any other factor other than sex" to mean that it is any other factor which also has a legitimate business need. (Aldrich v. Randolph Cent. Sch. Dist., 963 F.2d 520 (2nd Cir. 1992)) (where the court held that an employer cannot justify a pay differential, between cleaners, who are all female, and custodians based on a civil service test and a classification system in they are not business-related factors other than sex); EEOC v. J.C. Penney Co., Inc., 843 F.2d 249 (6th Cir. 1988) (where the court upheld an employer's wage differential based on a "head of household" clause, which provided spousal health insurance only to spouses who earned less than the employee, as a business-related factor other than sex); Glenn v. General Motors, 841 F.2d 1567 (11th Cir. 1988) (where the court found that a market force theory contending that the force of supply and demand in the market required employers to pay men higher wages than women was not a valid business-related factor other than sex); Kouba v. Allstate Ins. Co., 691 F.2d 873 (9th Cir. 1982) (where the court finds that use of prior salaries to set wages that resulted in women earning less than men could be considered a valid business-related factor other than sex)) Other circuits do not require an employer to justify a wage differential by setting forth a business related factor other than sex, they read the factor "any other factor other than sex" to mean simply any other factor. (Fallon v. Illinois, (in a case where women claimed discrimination because only wartime veterans were eligible for Veterans Service Officer positions, the court held that an employer can justify a pay differential by merely showing that the factor other than sex is gender neutral);) Strecker v. Grand Forks County Social Serv. Bd., 640 F.2d 96 (8th Cir. 1980) (the court found that it did not need to consider whether a classification system, which took into account plaintiff's lower education and experience level, was business-related because there were gender neutral criterion)) Back to Top
What remedies do I have under the Equal Pay Act?
Unlike Title VII, you do not need to file a claim with the EEOC before filing a complaint in federal court, therefore, there is no time deadlines for filing with the EEOC. However, because EPA claims generally raise Title VII claims as well, it is best to file a claim with the EEOC under both laws with in the 180 day deadline required for Title VII claims in order to preserve your rights to the fullest extent.
It is important to be aware of the statue of limitations on bringing an EPA suit in court. Cases must be filed with in two years for non-willful violations of the EPA and with in three years for willful violations of the EPA. Back to Top
What will the EEOC do after I have filed a charge of discrimination?
The employer will be notified that a charge of discrimination has been filed and the EEOC will begin an investigation. The EEOC may attempt to settle the charge of discrimination or may refer the charge to its mediation program, which is a voluntary, confidential process requiring the consent of both parties. If the EEOC is unable to reach a settlement agreement, and it is a private employer, the EEOC may file a lawsuit in federal court. If the employer is a public employer, the EEOC will refer the matter for litigation to the Employment Litigation Section of the Civil Rights Division at the U.S. Department of Justice.
The EEOC may also choose to dismiss the charge. With an EPA claim, you do not need to wait for a right to sue notice from the EEOC. You may initiate a lawsuit at any time with in the two years following the violation of the EPA. Back to Top
What relief is available if there is a finding of sex discrimination by the court?
If there is a finding of sex discrimination, relief is intended to make the individual "whole" – in other words, to put the individual in the place she or he would have been had the discrimination not occurred. In the case of the EPA damages may include back pay and 'liquidated damages', an additional amount equal to the back pay awarded. Compensatory and punitive damages are not available under the EPA. Back to Top
What cases provide more information about Title VII?
Key Court Cases
Corning Glass Works v. Brennan, 417 U.S. 188 (1974)
The Court ruled that employers cannot justify paying women lower wages because that is what they traditionally received under the "going market rate." A wage differential occurring "simply because men would not work at the low rates paid women" was unacceptable. The Court adopted a burden-shifting analysis analogous to the McDonnell Douglas scheme employed in Title VII cases.
Schultz v. Wheaton Glass Co., 421 F.2d 259 (1970)
The Third Circuit ruled that jobs need to be substantially equal but not identical to fall under the protection of the EPA. An employer cannot, for example, change the job titles of women workers in order to pay them less than men. Back to Top
Still need help?
If you have any questions, would like to learn more, or would like to make a contribution to LAF, send an e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com or call 202.785.7750.


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Map and Directions
For the buses that serve this location, please use Metro's Trip Planner.
Contact InformationMap & Directions
Network of locations
Cardiovascular services are provided at our main facility at Cherry Hill and at multiple locations in King, Snohomish, Clallam and Grays Harbor Counties.
Are you at risk for heart disease?
More people are seeking the advice of a cardiologist before something bad happens. Let us help you evaluate and minimize your risk. Hear from a cardiologist and watch videos of heart patients and their journey through treatment.
What to expect during your hospital stay
Take a personalized interactive tour, click here. Also see: Patient Guide for Cardiac Surgery
Watch and learn
Educational videos on our innovative cardiovascular conditions and treatment options.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Avant/Garde Diaries
The current moment is one of unprecedented change, opportunity, and innovation across all industries. Emboldened by this landscape,The Avant/Garde Diaries presents a wide-ranging exploration of the extraordinary — the people, places, and ideas that inspire, fascinate, and encourage us to push the boundaries of the possible. Our perspective is global, and our mandate inclusive. We work with the world's most talented emerging filmmakers to find the world's most compelling stories in art, science, sport, cuisine and technology that daily propel the conversation forward.


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Item # 3011002
- Perfect amount of stretch
- Adjustable shoulder straps
- Built-in shelf bra
Fabric care & other information
- Cotton / Spandex
- Machine wash
- Imported
may we also suggest
Item # 2068734
- Super soft fabric
- Short sleeve, scoop neckline
- Aquamarine and french navy are web exclusive
Fabric care & other information
- 95% Cotton / 5% Spandex
- Machine wash
- Imported
Item # 3147783
- Ribbed knit lightweight material
- The perfect amount of stretch
- Scoop neckline and back
Fabric care & other information
- 95% Cotton / 5% Spandex
- Machine wash
- Imported
Strappy Cami 38 44
Not enough you have to wear a bra with it if you are bigger than a training bra. I wear this to bed. its comfy January 2, 2013
Sporty These camis look soooo great when you wear them with yoga pants!! I have these in six colors. I wore one of the colors of these with a pair of gray yoga pants I have. I outfit was so great on me! I'm interest in sports, and wearing these makes me feel even more sporty! If you're a girl, and you're interested in sports, BUY THESE!!! August 27, 2012
Color Fades a Little After Washing I have 2 of these camis. My mom has washed them many times, and the color is just getting lighter, and lighter. But overall, good product. July 23, 2012
So comfortable(: I bought this Cami for my Dance recital(: it fit just right and was so comfortable, i recommend this Cami to everyone! June 5, 2012
doesn't fit well Its too tight especially at the bottom. The top is really itchy. It is always falling down. The color fades really fast. Its horrible. DON'T BUY IT! May 14, 2012
Best Tank Top Ever! I got this in the color Aqua, and it is soooo pretty! I also really like the feeling of the fabric, and the logo at the bottom. This is really comfy and smooth. It's real soft and doesn't itch. I'm definitively recommending this to a friend! April 18, 2012
very berry cute!!! i love these cami's but my only concern is the built-in shelf bra it doesnt help so i put another bra underneath they are comfortable cute and go with almost everything :) thanks justice -emi101 March 25, 2012
Very Pretty When I bought this in pink it was amazing. I love this cause you can wear it with anything: Crop Tops Cardigans Jacket Sweater, Almost anything!!!!!! February 19, 2012


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- Set up the site for this season (site administrator only)
|Copyright © 1999 - 2015 Web Teams | Pitchero.com


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Animal-Zip Front Caftan
This silky caftan with leopard and floral print design features a trapunto-stitched V-neck and sleeves, gentle shirring and a step-in zip front. Side seam pocket. Polyester. Machine wash and dry. Imported.
|Colors: Brown,Teal
Sizes: Small,Medium,Large
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Stan Schroeder
Stan has been writing for Mashable since 2007, and having the benefit (or the curse) of working in a European time zone, he's taken the post of European Editor. He's been a pro IT journalist in Croatia for over 9 years, having written for numerous IT publications there. Interested in writing for a global audience he started his (now defunct) blog, FranticIndustries, and he also co-founded (and subsequently sold) whoishostingthis.com, a simple tool for determining the hosting provider of any website. He lives in Zagreb, Croatia, and spends his free time pursuing his many interests, which include speaking at conferences, startups, mobile development, cryptography, collecting band t-shirts, tinkering with gadgets and hardware and generally leading a frantic lifestyle.
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About Jamie Glazov
Jamie Glazov is Frontpage Magazine's editor. He holds a Ph.D. in History with a specialty in Russian, U.S. and Canadian foreign policy. He is the author of the critically acclaimed and best-selling, United in Hate: The Left's Romance with Tyranny and Terror. His new book is High Noon For America. He is the host of Frontpage's television show, The Glazov Gang, and he can be reached at email@example.com. Visit his site at JamieGlazov.com.


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Supervisor leaves county business behind to help orphans in Africa
Ray Sockwell Jr. took off his Lafayette County supervisor hat for three weeks and replaced it with his U.S. Marine reservist helmet when he went to Morocco in May. 1st Sgt. Sockwell helped raise money for medical supplies for an orphanage.. (June 18, 2010, Page 2A)


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'Tis the season…to pat yourself on the back! Thanks to our awesome supporters, thousands of animals are home for the holidays—for the very first time.
These animals include one of our favorite cats ever, Dasher.
The ASPCA removed Dasher from a hoarding situation. Though he had been suffering for a long time when we met him, he was still cheerful and outgoing. He loved all people. He loved other cats. Heck, he even loved dogs. Everyone loved him right back.
Even so, Dasher had a hard time finding a home. In addition to being FIV-positive, Dasher had very sensitive skin. He needed prescription food, medication and regular dental care at the vet.
But things turned around for Dasher in September, when Ben P. and Jenn Q. walked in to the ASPCA. Dasher confidently marched up to them for a snuggle, and Ben and Jenn fell in love with him on the spot. Magical!
Today, Dasher is Jenn's constant shadow, cuddling on her lap or following her around the apartment, unless he's busy batting around toy mice or a stray bottle cap. Whatever he's doing, Jenn says, he's always adding an extra dose of happiness to her home and putting a smile on everyone's face.
We never forget that without you, Dasher would have never received this second chance. Thanks for being there for him!
If you'd like to help us create more happy endings for animals like Dasher, you can donate to the ASPCA here. (Hurry! Donate before January 1 to get a last-minute tax break.)
I just wanted to drop a line and say how your adds are not only in bad taste , but the images you put in mind when you play the backround music in your adds is just distroying the beautifuf music. When your latest add came out with silent night in the backround it was to much. You are not only ruining the music , you are turning people against your cause. Whoever got the idea to do this kind of add should be fired. I will never give a dime to any orginasation that distroys beauti to say they are protecting something else.


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Who do you trust to read your first drafts?
The Writer
Digital Editions / Renewals / Gifts
Does anyone speak as beautifully about writing as Stephen King?
Colum McCann shares expertise on the necessity of plot, intensity of language and the grand paradox of success.
"The most important thing I've learned is to stay curious, to stay open to what the characters bring to the story – don't be overly determined to control the story but rather let it evolve organically."
While studying for her master's degree at Stanford University, Alice Hoffman was approached by Ted Solotaroff, founder of American Review literary journal, and she quickly learned two cardinal rules of publication: Write often and write fast.
In a technological world, let us not forget that behind every virtuoso work is a human – and some sweat.
Mike Jung catapulted his career forward through social media. It helped that he was funny and talented.
Summer adds hours and inspiration to the writing day.
The options for understanding TV writing have increased with technology.


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MARK KEOHANE, in his weekly Business Day column, says the Super Rugby match at Newlands on Saturday evening was a great advertisement for South African rugby.
The Stormers and Bulls produced an electric contest, which was complemented by an electric atmosphere.
The Stormers were worthy winners and it would have been an injustice — on the night's performance — had the Bulls even left the stadium with a share of the spoils, which looked the likely outcome with the teams at 17-17 after 77 minutes.
The Bulls were courageous in everything they did, but the cleverness in tactical approach did not match the bravery in the collisions and at the breakdown.
The Stormers bullied the Bulls in contact and the manner in which the final three points were fashioned — from a scrum penalty — was befitting the home team's set-phase superiority. Young Stormers prop Steven Kitshoff, in particular, produced the effort of a veteran and emphasised his enormous potential.
Stormers coach Allister Coetzee and forwards coach Matthew Proudfoot got the selections right from numbers one to eight and each one of the starting pack contributed to a night worth remembering if you just happened to be at Loftus on that awful afternoon some years back when the Bulls scored 75 points against the Stormers.
The Cape Town franchise have come a long way since their lowest point in Super Rugby history and the Bulls have maintained a consistency that makes them SA's premier provincial and regional side.
The Stormers certainly are no longer the powder-puff brigade and no one can accuse them of being show ponies, although their attack certainly could do with a show pony or two. I had the Bulls to win by 10 because I backed their pack to do enough to give their impressive backs enough ammunition with which to fire.
I got it wrong and the Stormers got it very right because in this most brutal of contests the home team always held an advantage in every collision. Games of this nature are decided by who has an edge in every tackle or every attempt to break the tackle, and I was surprised at how decisively the Stormers dealt with the Bulls forwards-inspired attack.
The Bulls backs were not a factor because the forwards never built momentum and simply did not have any individual or collective ascendancy in determining gainline advantage.
Given the superiority in the contact and the quality of ball given to the backs, the Stormers still struggled to convince on attack and the backs, as a unit, were as impotent as the forwards were potent.
Ironically — and I use the word because he is seen as the glue that keeps the Stormers backs together — captain Jean de Villiers's structured style is a restriction to the Stormers attack when once he was a revelation in all things creative.
De Villiers shoulders so much defensive responsibility that the natural attacking instincts of his game have suffered.
The Bulls — and most definitely former Stormer Johann Sadie — will learn from the experience at Newlands and they left with a valuable bonus point, while the Stormers got four quality league points.
In a sense it was a win-win for the South African challenge in the competition.
Our two best teams each got something for their efforts, but the Stormers maximised the advantage of playing at home.
Elsewhere, the Cheetahs produced the most inspired performance in their Super Rugby history to turn a 32-11 deficit after 25 minutes into a 47-38 win against the Hurricanes in Wellington, and complete their most successful Super Rugby overseas adventure.
The victory was their second in four tour matches and with a bit of good fortune the Cheetahs could well have won all four matches overseas. They lost to the Brumbies in the last minute and had the chance to beat the Crusaders. It has been a brilliant month for the boys from Bloem, more so because they left SA after taking 50 points from the Bulls in Bloemfontein.
The Cheetahs' win was also another reminder that to be successful in Super Rugby you need a pack with grunt, as much as you need gifted game breakers. The Canes were feeble up front and the Cheetahs were colossal in the last hour of the match. It proved to be the difference in a fantastic match.
The Sharks continue to battle with the search for an imposing back five in their pack but they did well to beat a confident, if limited, Brumbies outfit in Canberra.
The Lions were again the disappointment of the weekend — and each week shows that they are not good enough. Coach John Mitchell has given them belief and structure and they are the team who best use the width of the park in attack, but they don't possess the class of player to make all these ingredients a winning recipe.


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Customer Suffers Severe Burns in Fast Food Restaurant Accident and Files Lawsuit. Is There Legal Liability?
In late May, a man in Aurora, CO filed a lawsuit against Arby's restaurants after he said he suffered severe burns from steam or very hot water that sprayed from a urinal in the men's room at a local restaurant. The incident allegedly happened two years ago at the Arby's in Monument, CO, but the man filed the lawsuit just recently.
Kenneth Dejoie claims his genitals suffered severe burns while he was using a urinal inside the Arby's men's room. The five-page lawsuit was filed in El Paso County District Court, and states that Dejoie was "using the urinal in the men's restroom when the urinal caused a jet of steam to shoot forth and burn his genitals."
Dejoie claims that he reported the incident to an employee who said, "we have that bathroom problem again" and that "this happens when the sink in the kitchen is running."
Dejoie's lawyers said that he's trying to settle the case with Arby's outside of court and couldn't comment further. The lawsuit is seeking damages for financial losses and for not being able to have intimate relations with his wife.
The store's manager hadn't heard about the lawsuit when asked about it. A spokesperson for Arby's issued a statement saying, "We want to reassure our customers that we are committed to providing quality food in a safe and healthy environment. Since this matter is in litigation we've been advised by our attorney that we are unable to discuss it."
Dejoie's lawyer did not specify exactly how much they're hoping to settle for, or why it took two years for them to file the suit.
If you or someone you know suffers an injury such as third degree burns or smoke inhalation, you should call Kramer & Pollack LLP in Mineola, New York so that the personal injury attorneys in that firm can determine whether another party has legal liability for injuries suffered, and if the injured party has a strong legal case.


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Economical gray easel that is both lightweight and made of sturdy plastic. No hardware--just adjust locking legs and stand. Durable ABS plastic. 61 in. high when legs are extended for use on floor. Legs telescope to half of height for use on tabletop. Folds into compact box 32 in. x 4 in. x 6 in. for storage or ease in transporting.
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they are a bit difficult to set up and you feel like you will break them because the easle is basically plastic. i wouldn't buy them again, spring for something a bit nicer and you won't regret not having...[more]
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how about Eau de Cartier? I always think this can be worn almost anywhere anytime (not for sexy times, though)
I know its simple and sometimes boring...
Thread: most versatile scents
the criteria
* projects really well, but not too strong
* can be worn all seasons, the hottest summers and harshest winters
* can be worn outdoors, indoors
* can be worn at any event
Aventus and Platinum Egoiste, IMO, are the most versatile.
Gucci Pour Homme II, believe it or not, is as well.
Any other contenders?
how about Eau de Cartier? I always think this can be worn almost anywhere anytime (not for sexy times, though)
I know its simple and sometimes boring...
There are zillions. I'll name one: Rafting by Galimard
Current Top Favorites:
1) Portrait of a Lady original formula (EdP Frédéric Malle)
2) Giorgio for Men vintage/V.I.P. for Men (Giorgio Beverly Hills)
3) Dia Man vintage edt (Amouage)
4) Anat Fritz Original Formula and Classical (Anat Fritz) - tie
4) Lalfeorosa (O'driù) - tie
6) Les Nombres d'Or Vetyver (Mona di Orio)
7) Captain vintage (Molyneux)
8) Tzora (Anat Fritz)
9) Javanese Patchouli (Zegna) - tie
9) Monsieur de Givenchy vintage (Givenchy) - tie
9) Coeur de Vetiver Sacré (L'Artisan) - tie
9) X for Men (Clive Christian) - tie
9) Patou pour Homme Privé (Jean Patou) - tie
9) Oud Shamash (The Different Company) - tie
Would have to go with Aventus also. A couple of honorable mentions would be GPHII, MI, DHI, D&G the one and Mugler Cologne.
terre d hermes isn't the safest cologne, but it is one of the most versatile.
millesime imperial is versatile, except for the fact that it just doesn't project in the winter at all.
Curve, which most here would scoff at, but it's amazingly versatile and a compliment catcher. I get far more compliments with Curve than Aventus. That shocked me since I love Aventus, but Curve is a people pleaser.
Bvlgari Aqva. I don't own it, but I can't help thinking it would work nicely in any season.
Bleecker Street.
Anybody have a sample of Martin Margiela Untitled or Untitled L'Eau? I'm dying to smell these and I've got lots of great niche samples to swap!
"Follow your nose. It always knows." -- Toucan Sam
Geir ness
Dior Homme Sport
Chanel Allure Homme Sport
YSL L'Homme
Aqua Fahrenheit
Bleu de chanel.
Chanel Allure Homme Sport
Blue de Chanel
Dior Homme Sport
GIT. The end.
YSL L'Homme
Can half of those listed above project in the winter?
Eau Sauvage, versatility since 1966.
by the time you can afford good speakers, you can't hear the difference
Aventus, Platinum Egoiste, Bleu de Chanel, YSL L'Homme.
Aventus and GIT comes to my mind immediately.
Bleu, Boss Bottled.
Rive Gauche Pour Homme would cover all your criteria nicely.
My current top 10 (subject to change) in no particular order:
Rive Gauche Pour Homme, Serge Lutens Cuir Mauresque, Armani Prive' Nuances,
Armani Prive' Bois d'Encens, Ermenegildo Zegna Indonesian Oud, Essenza de Zegna, Amouage Beloved Man, Fahrenheit Le Parfum, Dior La Collection Couturier Vetiver, and Rasikh Syed Junaid Alam.
Tried Silver Mountain Water last week, and it actually was solid in the cold. One of the colognes that came to mind is L'Homme by YSL, but it won't survive windy condition -- at least not on my skin.
Prada Amber Pour Homme Intense
Fahrenheit Absolute
Tsar by VCA
I'm not OLD...I'm VINTAGE!
Rive Gauche
Vintage Dolce & Gabbana Pour Homme
terre and platinum egoiste +
Seasonal favorites :
Winter : The Dreamer & Burberry London
Spring-Autumn : Bvlgari Pour Homme & Prada Man
Summer : Bvlgari Aqva & Aqua Fahrenheit
All-Rounders : Terre D'Hermes & Bleu de Chanel
These all work in really cold weather and intense heat.
Bleu de Chanel
Eau Sauvage
Mont Blanc Legend
Kenzo Pour Homme
Aventus if you dont wear more than 1 spray in summer. Yeah i use to love aventus until i sprayed 5 sprays (of a sample), during summer, and went to a family get-together to eat at a friends house. Little did i know wed be spending the whole day in the small dining room with everyone crowded in. I swear they were looking at me weird and half of them left not long after i arrived lol.
- - - Updated - - -
And also chanel allure homme sport's nickname is Mr Versatile so Ill go with that one
Of the ones I've tried so far...
-GIT is close. Projects better in warmer weather than colder weather.
-Bleu is a little closer. Doesn't project as well outside now that it's winter here, but holds up.
-Mont Blanc Legend is my best bet right now. For me, it completely fits all of your requirements. Projects less in winter than summer, but still projects well.
"We don't fail because we aim too high and miss, but because we aim too low and hit" - Les Brown
"When you're all alone, when no one is watching, and there's no one around to impress, that is who you are" - Greg Laurie
CREED Aventus
Frederic Malle Musc Ravageur
DIOR Homme Intense
Guerlain L'IDGExtreme
Chanel Platinum Egoiste
Chanel Allure Edition Blanche
Jean-Paul Gaultier Le Male
Thierry Mugler Pure Malt
Guerlain Vetiver
Canali Style
Oranger Alhambra
Great Jones
My Ultimate Top 5:
Fahrenheit (1988)
Paul Smith Man (2009)
Burberry London (2006)
Prada Amber pour Homme (2006)
Arpege pour Homme (2005)
It depends what you mean by project. I generally don't want people to really smell what I am wearing very much, so in the winter I don't overspray or anything like that to get people to notice me.
As for my collection of versatile stuff:
Himalaya (I sound like a broken record, but this is underrated)
TdH (EDT)
Armani code (not my favorite if I'm honest)
GIT. End of discussion. The swiss army knife of fragrance. Projects dandy in the winter and smells great in the summer, too. I find it much more versatile than Aventus. GIT beats out MI by a nose, and I don't have projection issues with MI. My batch is an older one right now that I was lucky enough to score from Ebay, and has gotten more than average compliments even after I stop smelling it (MI is notorious to me for olfactory fatigue, more than any other scent in my wardrobe).
I would personally add Dior Homme as well, but am aware that's a suspect choice to many basenoters. I'd also add Chanel Eau de Cologne, but it has notorious longevity issues, and doesn't project all that well unless you bathe in it. But it's a great scent that I enjoy year-round, day and night.
When you get right down to it, much of our labels are really artificial. What makes VIW a Summer cologne and not a Winter one? Why is a citrus scent a day but not a night cologne? Why is Van Cleef & Arpels Pour Homme considered a "classy work" scent, and not a "devil may care weekend scent"? And yes, I'm guilty of labeling my colognes just like the rest of us -- I have VIW in my Summer rotation but wear it only a handful of times when the temperature is below 60.
Current Top Five:
1. Creed Green Irish Tweed
2. Tom Ford Neroli Portofino
3. Hermes Concentre d'Orange Verte
4. Bond No. 9 New Haarlem
5. Creed Original Vetiver
In my opinion, a scent that meets all or most these requirements, is Rive Gauche by YSL.
Agree with all the suggestions of Rive Gauche and Bleu. There are probably lots of others that I'm just not familiar with.
Gendarme, mugler cologne, armani code, aqua d gio , Prada amber and infusion, co-sign geir ness, acqua azzurra
Rive Gauche & Mugler Cologne
Versace's The Dreamer would top that list for me.
Others that work year round for me include Versace Pour Homme, Chez Bond, Bvlgari Aqva, Mugler's Ice*Men, Swiss Army Classic, Cool Water (& its flankers), Burberry Sport, and Platinum Egoiste.
Mont Blanc Legend
Eau Sauvage
L'eau D'Issey
What about Dune? I find it very versatile.
Bleu de chanel
Boss Bottled
Terre D'Hermes
Mugler Cologne
Bleu De Chanel
- - - Updated - - -
Boss Bottled
Terre D'Hermes
Mugler Cologne
Bleu De Chanel
Or Black
Hummm... one more vote for Mugler Cologne...


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Bowling for Books
Do you like to bowl? ALL AGES WELCOME! Bring the whole family! Support the Simpson Library by joining us at Bowling for Books on Saturday, November 2, 2013 at Noon. Enjoy two games of bowling, lunch and an opportunity to win door prizes.
Registration is $5 per person and you must register by October 15. Registration forms are available at the library service desks or download one online. Participants are asked to raise pledges which are used to purchase books for the library.
Children must be accompanied by an adult.
Bowling for Books Individual Registration Form (PDF, 1.6MB, 2 pages)
Corporate Sponsor Information
Support the Simpson Public Library by sponsoring Bowling for Books!
The 22nd annual Bowling for Books will be held on Saturday, November 2, 2013 at noon at Trindle Bowl in Mechanicsburg. Money raised from this event is used to purchase children's books and materials for the Joseph T. Simpson Public Library in Mechanicsburg.
Sponsors are needed to ensure the success of this event. Several sponsorship options are available and described in the document listed below. By supporting Bowling for Books, you are supporting learning and literacy.
Corporate Sponsor Information (PDF, 170KB, 6 pages)


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The 180's Women's Down HP Earwarmers boast a low profile design, and feature a breathable faux-shearling lining that blocks wind, whilst wicking away moisture to keep you dry. Filled with lightweight down feathers for maximum thermal insulation and weather resistance, the earwarmers can be adjusted for a comfortable fit, and feature built in headphones so you can enjoy your music when you're on-the-go. - L.M.
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'Laws are like sausages," Otto von Bismarck said. "It's better not to see them being made."
Too many of us take the great German statesman's advice. I suspect he gave it to keep the public's eyes out of his own political machinations. It doesn't serve anyone but the politicians who are making the sausage.
As ugly as the view can be, we need to be political junkies to some degree, because we need to know what our elected representatives are up to. Too often, they're up to no good, or at the very least, making laws that don't serve their constituents, but rather cater to special interests at their constituents' expense. Our lawmakers do serve the people who pay close attention to them. Most often, it's the well-heeled special interests who expect favorable treatment in return for their lobbying and generous contributions.
Here's a proposed change in law that every one of us — at least those of us who own a motor vehicle — needs to know about: Sen. Wesley Meredith's bill that would dramatically alter the way North Carolina regulates car insurance. The bill restricts the degree to which the state insurance commissioner can control insurance rates. Meredith says his bill will create "a more competitive, free-market system that reduces bureaucracy and eliminates unnecessary costs. Government has no business dictating how insurance companies set their rates and has no business requiring them to do so collectively."
Sounds good, doesn't it? The free market benefits us all. Just look at how cheap T-shirts became in the Big Box stores after we dropped trade protection and eliminated the American textile industry. We all benefited. Well, maybe not the textile workers, but hey, it's a changing world.
Seriously, we do over-regulate too many businesses, just as we overdo incentives and tax breaks. So in theory, what Meredith is doing (mirrored by a House bill filed last week) sounds about right, especially in an increasingly conservative state.
Except for one thing: North Carolina's insurance-regulation system gives us the lowest car-insurance rates in the South and on the Eastern Seaboard and the seventh-lowest in the country. That takes away a bit of the pain when the bill comes due, doesn't it?
And do you wonder what a free market will do? So do I. Because it's already a free market, except the insurance commissioner has the right to reject unnecessarily high rate hikes. But something like 160 insurance companies are already competing for our business here, and they're already free to set lower prices to attract more business, which is what many of them do.
Meredith and his supporters — most of the big insurance companies except Nationwide, which opposes the bill — say our present system has a hidden surcharge that has cost drivers hundreds of millions of dollars. It's a subsidy for liability coverage for high-risk drivers. But it's hardly a big hit. It tops out at $17 on current policies and will drop to a maximum of $12 in April. That's a pretty tiny slice of my premium. In 2010, according to the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, the national average premium was $907. In North Carolina, it was $707. So if we end up with the national average, my premium will go up $200 or more, but I'll be grateful that I'm no longer shelling out 12 bucks to subsidize lousy drivers? I don't like that tradeoff.
I'm not sure why Meredith chose to be so generous to insurance companies. His take from individuals and PACs in the industry was in the tens of thousands last year, but that's hardly the big-dog category of his backers, who tend more toward the real-estate and development businesses.
But I am sure the bill won't be nearly as good for drivers as it is for Big Insurance.
Fortunately, Meredith's Senate colleague, Tom Apodaca, filed a pair of bills last week that will compete with the Meredith measures. They leave the insurance commissioner's power in place but do allow insurers to offer more innovative and competitive products in this market.
Meredith and Apodaca are co-chairs of the Senate Insurance Committee. But Apodaca is also chairman of the Rules Committee, which has a big role in deciding which legislation lives and which dies. This is one time when Apodaca should be self-serving, move his bill forward and leave Meredith's for the cleaning crew.
So, there's your weekly sausage recipe. We saw the Senate make two of them. One will make us sick, and the other will make us healthy. Let's make sure the right one gets tossed out. And make sure the chef knows your choice, because the fat cats in the fancy dining room have already placed their orders.
Tim White is the Fayetteville Observer's editorial page editor. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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We thought our 25-month-old son was done teething, but lately he seems to be biting everything in sight — including my wife and me. What can we do?
- Nathan
Biting is pretty common for toddlers — whether they're dealing with fear or attempting to get what they want. Sometimes kids bite because they have seen another child bite.
The next time your son bites, tell him that biting is wrong and give him a time-out for a minute or two. Don't laugh or encourage his behavior, and then teach him other ways to ask for things or to get the attention he needs.
Reviewed by: Steven Dowshen, MD
Date reviewed: October 2012
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Albert C Shaw MD, PhD
Associate Professor of Medicine (Infectious Diseases)
Biographical Info
Dr. Shaw is a graduate of Harvard College who completed his M.D. training at Harvard Medical School and his Ph.D. in the laboratory of Philip Leder. After completing his clinical training in Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases at Massachusetts General Hospital, he was a postdoctoral fellow in the laboratory of Fred Alt. Dr. Shaw joined the faculty at Yale in 2001, and is currently Associate Professor of Medicine in the Section of Infectious Diseases. His research focuses on the immunology of aging, and his laboratory has interests in age-associated alterations in innate immune function and vaccine response in humans, as well as mechanisms mediating age-associated genomic instability and presenilin function in the immune system. He was a Howard Hughes Postdoctoral Physician Research Fellow, Brookdale National Fellow, and T. Franklin Williams Scholar, and he is a Fellow of the Infectious Disease Society of America.
Education & Training
- Harvard College (1983)
- Harvard Medical School (1991)
- Ph.D.
- Harvard University (1991)
- Intern and Resident
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Internal Medicine (1991 - 1994)
- Fellow
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Infectious Disease (1994 - 1997)
- Board Certification
- Infectious Disease, Board Certified (1997)
- Board Certification
- Internal Medicine, Board Certified (1994)


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Retired medical physicist, wounded in Monrovia Liberia during the "recent unpleasantness."
Here I am with "Wilbur," named after the porcine protagonist of "Charlotte's Web," mostly because of his appetite once I got him and his brother "Fritz" home.
They are a bit larger now . . ..
I believe I have found those lost records of Barrack Obama's brain scan . . . it was dificult to find. Or did the hospital confuse those of Homer Simpson? Or does that grant Homer Simpson excessive intelligence?


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In the wake of their battle with Kumoi's assassins, Ichigo and Rukia follow Rurichiyo to the Soul Society to face the royal Kasumiohji Clan and stop Rurichiyo's sham wedding. They manage to win the new captain of Squad Three, Shusuke Amagai, to their side, but finding Rurichiyo will be no easy task with all Thirteen Court Guard Squads after them!
Contains episodes 180-193.
Spoken Languages: English, Japanese, English subtitles.
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Month-to-date figures of traffic accidents.more like this »
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As of 2009: 6,296,254more like this »
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The Mark Strollers by Maclaren
Starting this spring, The Mark captures the attention our youngest VIP's with our bespoke strollers designed by innovative stroller manufacturer, Maclaren. Our fleet of custom-designed strollers are ideal for a walk through Central Park or a shopping adventure along Madison Avenue. The strollers … Continue reading
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The main rival to Seattle's bid to land an NBA franchise is no longer in the running, according to a statement issued Tuesday by the Comcast-Spectator and the mayor of Virginia Beach.
Officials in the coastal Virginia city were lobbying for state backing to build a new sports arena that would likely be the new home for the Sacramento Kings franchise.
The joint statement said they still want to bring a major sports franchise to the heavily populated southeastern Virginia region. The full statement:
The city of Virginia Beach and Comcast-Spectacor are working diligently to reach an agreement to build an entertainment-and-sports arena at the Virginia Beach resort. Both parties remain committed to the concept of an arena in Virginia Beach and continue discussions with a potential anchor tenant.
That said, we have not reached a level of progress that will allow the city to go before the General Assembly to request the necessary funding. If the city is to secure support from the state, which is critical to this project, we must have a firm proposal for the legislature to consider. We must make more progress with our discussions.
We both continue to firmly believe that Hampton Roads is ready for a large sports-and-entertainment venue.
This is still the largest market in the nation without a major-league sports team.
The Virginia Beach economy is strong and attractive to major entertainment acts and pro sports leagues.
The Oceanfront is an ideal location for the project with its proximity to the highway system, hotel infrastructure, Convention Center and parking.
Therefore, it is in the best interests of the city and Comcast-Spectacor to continue their discussions about how to make this happen.
With Virginia Beach out of the bidding, Seattle's chances for landing the Kings improves. Investor Chris Hansen and his partners have secured approval -- and public financial support -- for a $490 million arena project in Seattle's existing stadium district. The Maloof family, owners of the Kings franchise, failed to secure a new arena deal in Sacramento last year, and it's an open question how long the family can maintain its ownership of the team.
Asked for comment on the Virginia Beach announcement, a Maloof family spokesman said: As we have said for nearly a year, we have been contacted by several cities and parties interested in the Sacramento Kings organization. The announcement today from Virginia Beach does not change our long-held position that we will not comment on rumors or speculation about the franchise.
NBA Commissioner David Stern is reportedly keen to return professional basketball to the Pacific Northwest, and Hansen's arena project makes that move much more likely.
Reporting by KING 5's Chris Daniels.


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GasBuddy Blog
Automotive News reported this week that American Suzuki Motor Corp., plagued by plummeting sales volume while the industry has climbed back from recession, is ending U.S. auto sales after nearly 30 years. It has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.The company said it will maintain its motorcycle and marine engine business units and will continue to honor auto customers' warranties. Japanese parent Suzuki Motor Corp. is not seeking protection from creditors, the company said.In its filing, American Suzuki said it "has exhausted all available means to reduce the cost of operating the Automotive Division for it to operate profitably." The automaker joins Daihatsu, Isuzu and Daewoo as smaller Asian brands...
Read the Full Article


text: ArticleRelated DiseasesImages & Quizzes smallermediumlarger 1 2 3 4 5 Next Low Potassium(Hypokalemia) Essential Screening Tests Every Woman Needs Slideshow Men's Health Essential Screening Tests Slideshow Medical Author: Benjamin Wedro, MD, FACEP, FAAEM Benjamin Wedro, MD, FACEP, FAAEM Dr. Ben Wedro practices emergency medicine at Gundersen Clinic, a regional trauma center in La Crosse, Wisconsin. His background includes undergraduate and medical studies at the University of Alberta, a Family Practice internship at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario and residency training in Emergency Medicine at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. View Full Profile Medical Editor: Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, is a U.S. board-certified Anatomic Pathologist with subspecialty training in the fields of Experimental and Molecular Pathology. Dr. Stöppler's educational background includes a BA with Highest Distinction from the University of Virginia and an MD from the University of North Carolina. She completed residency training in Anatomic Pathology at Georgetown University followed by subspecialty fellowship training in molecular diagnostics and experimental pathology. View Full Profile What is potassium? What are the causes of low potassium (hypokalemia)? What are the symptoms of low potassium? How is low potassium diagnosed? What is the treatment for low potassium? How can low potassium be prevented? Patient Comments: Low Potassium (Hypokalemia) - DiagnosisPatient Comments: Low Potassium - Symptoms and SignsPatient Comments: Low Potassium (Hypokalemia) - PreventionFind a local Internist in your town What is potassium? Potassium is one of the primary electrolytes (crucial chemicals for cell function), and is concentrated within the cells of the body. Only 2% of the body's total potassium is available in the serum or blood stream. Small changes in the serum levels of potassium can affect body function. One of the more important functions of potassium is to maintain the electrical activity of the cells in the body. Cells with high electrical activity (for example, nerves and muscles, including the heart) are particularly affected when potassium levels fall. Normal serum potassium levels range from 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/liter in the blood. Normal daily intake of potassium is 70-100 mEq (270 to 390 mg/dl), and requires the kidneys to remove that same amount each day. If more is removed, the body's total potassium store will be decreased, and the result is hypokalemia (hypo=low + kal=potassium +emia= in the blood) occurs. Potassium enters the body through dietary intake. Examples of potassium rich foods include: Fresh fruits: bananas, cantaloupe, oranges, strawberries, kiwi, avocados, apricots Fresh vegetables: greens, mushrooms, peas, beets, tomatoes Meats: beef, fish, turkey, Juices: Orange, prune, apricot, grapefruit What are the causes of low potassium (hypokalemia)? Hypokalemia is not commonly caused by poor dietary intake. The most common reason that potassium levels fall is due to the loss from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the kidney. Potassium loss from the GI tract may be caused by: Vomiting Diarrhea Ileostomy: In some patients who have had bowel surgery and have an ileostomy, the stool output can contain significant amounts of potassium. Villous adenoma (a type of colon polyp that can cause the colon to leak potassium) Laxative use Causes of potassium loss from the kidney: Diuretic medications (water pills) like hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) or furosemide (Lasix) Elevated corticosteroid levels, either from medication like prednisone or from an illness like Cushing's Syndrome Elevated levels of aldosterone, a hormone that can increase with renal artery stenosis or adrenal tumors Renal tubular acidosis Low body magnesium levels Low potassium levels may result from side effects of some medications: Aminoglycosides like gentamicin (Garamycin) or tobramycin (Nebcin) Amphotericin B Prednisone Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 9/2/2014Next: What are the symptoms of low potassium?1 2 3 4 5 Next Low Potassium (Hypokalemia) Index Find a Local Doctor Patient Comments Viewers share their comments Low Potassium (Hypokalemia) - Diagnosis Question: How was the diagnosis of your low potassium (hypokalemia) established? View 24 Comments • Submit » Low Potassium - Symptoms and Signs Question: What are your hypokalemia symptoms and signs? View 17 Comments • Submit » Low Potassium (Hypokalemia) - Treatment Question: What kinds of treatments were recommended after being diagnosed with low potassium? • Submit » Low Potassium (Hypokalemia) - Prevention Question: If you have low potassium, in what ways do you try to prevent it? View 3 Comments • Submit » Share this Article: Facebook Twitter Email Print Article Suggested Reading on Low Potassium (Hypokalemia) by Our Doctors Related Diseases & Conditions 11 articles Muscle Cramps Muscle cramps are involuntarily and forcibly contracted muscles that do not relax. Extremely common, any muscles that have voluntary control, including Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) Congestive heart failure (CHF) refers to a condition in which the heart loses the ability to function properly. Heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, Diarrhea Diarrhea is a change is the frequency and looseness of bowel movements. Cramping, abdominal pain, and the sensation of rectal urgency are all symptoms Dehydration Dehydration is the excessive loss of body water. There are a number of causes of dehydration including heat exposure, prolonged vigorous exercise, and Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs) Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are premature heartbeats originating from the ventricles of the heart. PVCs are premature because they occur Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu) Gastroenteritis (or stomach flu) is a term referred used to describe a variety of gastrointestinal problems. The most common signs and symptoms of gastroenteritis Hyperkalemia (High Blood Potassium) Hyperkalemia is an abnormally high level of potassium in the blood. Symptoms of hyperkalemia include nausea, fatigue, tingling sensations, or muscle weakness. Palpitations Palpitations are uncomfortable sensations of the heart beating hard, rapidly, or irregularly. Some types of palpitations are benign, while others are more Myofascial Pain Syndrome Myofascial pain syndrome is muscle pain in the body's soft tissues due to injury or strain. Symptoms include muscle pain with tender points and fatigue. Abnormal Heart Rhythms (Heart Rhythm Disorders) Heart rhythm disorders vary from minor palpitations, premature atrial contractions (PACs), premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), sinus tachycardia, Nausea and Vomiting Nausea is an uneasiness of the stomach that often precedes vomiting. Nausea and vomiting are not diseases, but they are symptoms of many conditions. The Medications 7 articles Procedures & Tests 3 articles Pictures, Images & Quizzes 1 articles Doctor's & Expert's Views 1 articles Health News 6 articles Health Features 0 articles STAY INFORMED Get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to your inbox!


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|Kristen Kelly, RN is the DAISY Award Recipient for July, 2010
|Kristen Kelly, RN is the July, 2010 DAISY Award recipient. Kristen started at All Children's Hospital in 2003 as a Patient Care Assistant, and became an RN in 2003. Kristin works in 8-North.
The DAISY Award is presented monthly to an All Children's Hospital Nurse that has provided extraordinary service to our patients -- Kristen received her award at the DAISY Award Recipients recognition event.
The mother of one of Kelly's patients recently wrote:
Kristen's director Cindy Driscoll added:
Kristen demonstrates the service excellence principles on a consistent and ongoing basis in her daily practice. She is an extremely competent nurse, able to handle any type of patient care situation and she does so while always remaining calm. Families often comment on her caring approach and can do attitude.
Thank you Kristen , and congratulations!


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Bolt is described as M6x22 but is actually only M6x14. Therefore, there is not enough thread engagement to adequately secure the brake.
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At a Glance
Why Get Tested?
To help diagnose infectious mononucleosis (mono); to distinguish between an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and another illness with similar symptoms; to help evaluate susceptibility to EBV
When to Get Tested?
When you have symptoms of mono but a negative mono test; when a pregnant woman has flu-like symptoms; occasionally when an asymptomatic person has been exposed to someone with mono
Sample Required?
A blood sample drawn from a vein in your arm
Test Preparation Needed?
The Test Sample
What is being tested?
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a virus that typically causes a mild to moderate illness. These tests detect antibodies to EBV in the blood and help establish a diagnosis of an EBV infection.
Epstein-Barr virus causes an infection that is very common. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as many as 95% of people in the United States will have been infected by EBV by the time they are 40 years old. The virus is easily passed from person to person. It is present in the saliva of infected individuals and can be spread through close contact such as kissing and through sharing utensils or cups.
After initial exposure to EBV, there is a period of several weeks before associated symptoms may appear called the incubation period. During the acute primary infection, the virus multiplies in number. This is followed by a decrease in viral numbers and resolution of symptoms, but the virus never completely goes away. Latent EBV remains in the person's body for the rest of his life and may reactivate but usually causes few problems unless the person's immune system is significantly weakened.
Most people are infected by EBV in childhood and experience few or no symptoms. However, when the initial infection occurs in adolescence, it can cause infectious mononucleosis, commonly called mono, a condition associated with fatigue, fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, an enlarged spleen, and sometimes an enlarged liver. These symptoms occur in about 35% to 50% of infected teens and young adults and usually resolve within a month or two.
People with mono are typically diagnosed by their symptoms and the findings from a complete blood count (CBC) and a mono test (which tests for a heterophile antibody). About 10% to 20% of those with mono will not produce heterophile antibodies and will have a negative mono test; this is especially true with children. Tests for EBV antibodies can be used to determine whether or not the symptoms these people are experiencing are due to a current infection with the EBV virus.
Sometimes, it can be important to distinguish EBV from other illnesses. For instance, it may be important to diagnose the cause of symptoms of a viral illness in a pregnant woman. Testing can help to distinguish a primary EBV infection, which has not been shown to affect a developing baby, from a cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus, or toxoplasmosis infection, as these illnesses can cause complications during the pregnancy and may harm the fetus. It can also be important to rule out EBV infection and to look for other causes of the symptoms. Those with strep throat, an infection causes by Group A streptococcus, for instance, need to be identified and treated with antibiotics. A person may have strep throat instead of mono or they may have both conditions at the same time.
Several tests for different types and classes of EBV antibodies are available. The antibodies are proteins produced by the body in an immune response to several different Epstein-Barr virus antigens. During a primary EBV infection, the level of each of these EBV antibodies rises and falls at various times as the infection progresses. Measurement of these antibodies in the blood can aid in diagnosis and typically provides the doctor with information about the stage of infection and whether it is a current, recent, or past infection.
|Timing of when the antibody is typically detected in the blood
|Viral Capsid Antigen (VCA)-IgM antibody
|Appears first after exposure to the virus and then tends to disappear after about 4 to 6 weeks
|VCA-IgG antibody
|Emerges during acute infection with the highest level at 2 to 4 weeks, then drops slightly, stabilizes, and is present for life
|Early Antigen (EA-D) antibody
|Appears during the acute infection phase and then tends to disappear; about 20% of those infected will continue to have detectable quantities for several years after the EBV infection has resolved.
|Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen (EBNA) antibody
|Does not usually appear until the acute infection has resolved; it develops about 2 to 4 months after the initial infection and is then is present for life.
How is the sample collected for testing?
A blood sample is obtained by inserting a needle into a vein in the arm.
NOTE: If undergoing medical tests makes you or someone you care for anxious, embarrassed, or even difficult to manage, you might consider reading one or more of the following articles: Coping with Test Pain, Discomfort, and Anxiety, Tips on Blood Testing, Tips to Help Children through Their Medical Tests, and Tips to Help the Elderly through Their Medical Tests.
Another article, Follow That Sample, provides a glimpse at the collection and processing of a blood sample and throat culture.
Is any test preparation needed to ensure the quality of the sample?
No test preparation is needed.
The Test
Common Questions
Ask a Laboratory Scientist
This form enables you to ask specific questions about your tests. Your questions will be answered by a laboratory scientist as part of a voluntary service provided by one of our partners, American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science. If your questions are not related to your lab tests, please submit them via our Contact Us form. Thank you.
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Article Sources
NOTE: This article is based on research that utilizes the sources cited here as well as the collective experience of the Lab Tests Online Editorial Review Board. This article is periodically reviewed by the Editorial Board and may be updated as a result of the review. Any new sources cited will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used.
Sources Used in Current Review
Bennett, N. and Domachowske, J. (Updated 2012 May 30). Pediatric Mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr Virus Infection. Medscape Reference [On-line information]. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/963894-overview through http://emedicine.medscape.com. Accessed November 2012.
Vorvick, L. (Updated 2011 August 24). Epstein-Barr virus test. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003513.htm. Accessed November 2012.
Delgado, J. et. al. (Updated 2012 August). Epstein-Barr Virus – EBV. ARUP Consult [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.arupconsult.com/Topics/EBV.html?client_ID=LTD through http://www.arupconsult.com. Accessed November 2012.
(© 1995-2012). Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Antibody Profile, Serum. Mayo Clinic Mayo Medical Laboratories [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Overview/84421 through http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com. Accessed November 2012.
Cunha, B. and Levy, C. (Updated 2011 September 21). Infectious Mononucleosis. Medscape Reference [On-line information]. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/222040-overview through http://emedicine.medscape.com. Accessed November 2012.
Mayo Clinic Staff (2010 June 26). Mononucleosis. Mayo Clinic [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.mayoclinic.com/print/mononucleosis/DS00352/DSECTION=all&METHOD=print through http://www.mayoclinic.com. Accessed November 2012.
Pagana, K. D. & Pagana, T. J. (© 2011). Mosby's Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 10th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO. Pp 407-409.
Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL eds, (2005) Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th Edition, McGraw Hill, pp1046-1048.
Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 21st ed. McPherson R, Pincus M, eds. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier: 2007, pp 555-556.
Hess R. Mini Review: Routine Epstein-Barr Virus Diagnostics from the Laboratory, Perspective: Still Challenging after 35 Years. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Aug. 2004, Vol. 42, No. 8., Pg. 3381–3387.
Sources Used in Previous Reviews
Thomas, Clayton L., Editor (1997). Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, PA [18th Edition].
Pagana, Kathleen D. & Pagana, Timothy J. (2001). Mosby's Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 5th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO. Pp 373-375.
Ebell, M. (2004 October 1). Epstein-Barr Virus Infectious Mononucleosis. American Family Physician [On-line journal]. Available online at http://www.aafp.org/afp/20041001/1279.html through http://www.aafp.org.
Levy, D. (2004 January 19, Updated). Epstein-Barr virus test. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003513.htm.
(© 1995-2005). Epstein-Barr Virus Infection. The Merck Manual- Second Home Edition [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec17/ch198/ch198f.html through http://www.merck.com.
(© 2005). Epstein-Barr Virus. ARUP's Guide to Clinical Laboratory Testing [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.aruplab.com/guides/clt/tests/clt_a238.jsp#1147825 through http://www.aruplab.com.
Schmid, S., Leader Herpesvirus Group (2005 September 13, Updated). Epstein-Barr Virus and Infectious Mononucleosis. CDC, National Center for Infectious Diseases [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/ebv.htm through http://www.cdc.gov.
Pagana, Kathleen D. & Pagana, Timothy J. (© 2007). Mosby's Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 8th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO. Pp 401-403.
Wu, A. (2006). Tietz Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests, Fourth Edition. Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, Missouri. Pp 1556-1557.
Thomas, Clayton L., Editor (1997). Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, PA [18th Edition]. Pp 663.
Smith, D. S. (2007 August 6). Epstein-Barr virus test. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003513.htm. Accessed on 11/23/08.
Bennett, N. J. and Domachowske, J (2008 August 12). Mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr Virus Infection. EMedicine [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.emedicine.com/ped/TOPIC705.HTM through http://www.emedicine.com. Accessed on 11/23/08.
(© 2006-2008). Epstein-Barr Virus – EBV. ARUP Consult [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.arupconsult.com/Topics/InfectiousDz/Viruses/EBV.html through http://www.arupconsult.com. Accessed on 11/23/08.
Mayo Clinic Staff (2008 June 28). Mononucleosis. MayoClinic [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/mononucleosis/DS00352 through http://www.mayoclinic.com. Accessed on 11/23/08.
(2005 November). Infectious Mononucleosis. The Merck Manual for Healthcare Professionals [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec14/ch189/ch189f.html?qt=EBV&alt=sh through http://www.merck.com. Accessed on 11/23/08.
Peridin F, et. al (Published online 2007 March 28). Comparison of commercial and in-house Real-time PCR assays for quantification of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in plasma. BMC Microbiol. 2007; 7: 22. Available online at http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=pmc1852802 through http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov. Accessed January 2009.
(Updated Feb 2, 2009) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Epstein-Barr Virus and Infectious Mononucleosis. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/ebv.htm through http://www.cdc.gov. Accessed February 2009.


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Alignment is Critical
The main garage door sensor that most people have trouble with is the sensor that monitors the threshold. These are typically light-based sensors -- older ones used a simple light bulb, newer ones use infrared beams. With a smaller, single-width garage, this alignment is not so difficult. However, larger, double-sized doors require more precision. It your sensor is not working properly it could be merely out of alignment. Loosen the mounting bolts on the garage door sensor and check the aim; often, an LED will light on the receiver side to show that signal is being received. An extra set of eyes can be very useful here if working in bright sunlight.
Another helpful tool is a long piece of string that can be stretched from garage door sensor to sensor. This can help with height adjustments. Once realigned and working properly, tighten the mounting bolts. Loose mounting bolts on garage door sensors are the result of normal vibrations during use. It's a good ideal to check these often.


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HAVELOCK -- After five non-conference games, Havelock coach Matt James has learned a key thing about his baseball team.
"The guys don't quit," James said after the Rams fell behind in the first inning but came back to handle East Carteret 9-4 Friday at Havelock High. "They don't get too down on themselves, which is good, because there's going to be some bad things that happen to them on the field, and they have to be able to turn the page. They have to be able to make the next play."
Trailing 1-0 in the second, Havelock (3-2) got going with Luke Magyar's single with two outs, Michael Finney's RBI single, and Justice Provencher's two-run bloop double to lead 3-1.
Havelock added to the lead in the third with the help of two East Carteret errors, a wild pitch and an RBI fielder's choice from Josh Little to lead 5-1. In the fourth, Cameron Carpenter had an RBI single, and in the fifth, Matt Gray had a long sacrifice fly to plate another run, giving the Rams a 7-1 lead.
"It was good to score some runs," said James, whose team lost to East Carteret 2-0 on Monday. "We played them Monday, and they did a good job mixing things up, and we only got one hit, so it was good to see us put the ball in play more. If we score every inning, that helps. It takes a lot of pressure off our pitching."
After allowing a first-inning run, Carpenter shut down East Carteret for the next three innings on the mound. He allowed just two hits while walking four and striking out six. Little finished for the Rams, allowing three runs on five hits but striking out eight over three innings.
"Cameron settled in and got us four quality innings," James said. "He hadn't been on the mound in over a week, and it took him a little while to get the ball down in the strike zone a little bit. He settled in and did a good job and really threw the ball well the second through the fourth innings.
"And, it's good to have Josh come in with a lead. If we can get a lead and are able to bring him in, we feel pretty good that he's going to hold that lead."
The Rams scored two more runs in the sixth, with Ryan Lewis coming home on a double steal and Travis Sabdo adding an RBI single. The Rams totaled eight hits, with Carpenter going 2-for-3 with an RBI, and Magyar going 2-for-4. Provencher, Sabdo, Finney and Billy Watkins collected Havelock's other hits.
East Carteret tallied seven hits, the biggest of which was Brennan Lewis' solo home run in the seventh inning.
The Rams are scheduled to open play in the Coastal 3A Conference at Richlands on Tuesday night.
Ken Buday is the editor of the Havelock News.


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