text:
Redistricting in Alaska
|Redistricting in Alaska
|General information
|Partisan control:
Alaska Redistricting Board
End of 2011-2012 Session
|Total seats
|State Senate:
|State House:
|Redistricting in other states
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|Redistricting on Policypedia • State legislative and congressional redistricting after the 2010 Census • State-by-state redistricting procedures
- 1 Process
- 2 Leadership
- 3 Census results
- 4 Legislative maps
- 4.1 Process begins with public meeting
- 4.2 Juneau representation
- 4.3 Deadline looming for Redistricting Board
- 4.4 Board releases preliminary redistricting plan
- 4.5 Anchorage board controversy
- 4.6 Redistricting Board adopts plans for Southeast
- 4.7 Redistricting Board adopts statewide plan
- 4.8 Board submits plan to DOJ
- 4.9 DOJ approves redistricting plan
- 5 Citizen Activism
- 6 Legal issues
- 6.1 Fairbanks borough lawsuit
- 6.2 Petersburg lawsuit
- 6.3 Aleutians consider litigation
- 6.4 Mat-Su challenge vetoed
- 6.5 Democrats decide against lawsuit
- 6.6 Court consolidates lawsuits
- 6.7 Ketchikan seeks to intervene in favor of maps
- 6.8 Board to defend map via VRA
- 6.9 Plaintiffs inquire into board meetings
- 6.10 Fairbanks Borough out, Petersburg repositions
- 6.11 Withdrawal challenged, permitted
- 6.12 Borough assembly to fund lawsuit
- 6.13 Petersburg challenge rejected
- 6.14 No appeal for Petersburg, Fairbanks residents remain
- 6.15 Preliminary ruling issued
- 6.16 Redistricting trial begins
- 6.17 AK Supreme Court rules on maps
- 6.18 Revised maps thrown out
- 6.19 Supreme Court rejects revised maps
- 6.20 Supreme Court picks interim map
- 6.21 Federal lawsuit filed, but maps can go forward
- 6.22 State challenges pre-clearance requirement
- 7 Timeline
- 8 Partisan Registration by District
- 9 History
- 10 Ballot measures
- 11 Constitutional explanation
- 12 See also
- 13 External links
- 14 References
Alaska's population grew at its slowest rate in 80 years, according to 2010 census figures. Alaska's one member in the U.S. House of Representatives will represent 710,231 people. Don Young (R) has been the Alaska representative for 28 years.[1]
The Alaska Redistricting Board is responsible for redistricting. Alaska is one of 9 states that appoint a commission to carry out redistricting. Alaska's redistricting commission is comprised of 5 members, chosen by the following:
- 2 by the Governor
- 1 Appointed by the Senate president
- 1 Appointed by the House Speaker
- 1 Appointed by the Chief Justice of the Alaska Supreme Court
Note: Alaska is one of nine states which require federal approval of redistricting plans as mandated by the Voting Rights Act.
Cost of redistricting
Shortly after the completion of legislative maps, Alaska had spent $1.5 million on the redistricting process. The Redistricting Board budgeted another $1.4 million for defending the plan against lawsuits and pursuing Department of Justice approval of the plan under the Voting Rights Act. In total, three lawsuits were filed over the plan -- two in the Fairbanks area and one by the city of Petersburg.[2]
In October 2010, the Alaska Redistricting Board hired Ron Miller to serve as its executive director and provide direction to the board. However, Miller passed away on May 8, 2011 due to a heart attack. He was 65. The board hired Taylor Bickford as its new executive director.[3]
According to Board Chairman Torgerson, "The State Constitution mandates we adopt one or more proposed redistricting plans within thirty (30) days of receiving the census data from the federal government. We will get the data no later than April 1 of next year and we must have a final plan within ninety (90) days of receipt of the data. Before then we need to get a small staff together, along with independent counsel and other experts, train staff and Board members in the redistricting software and finish setting up the Board's office in Anchorage, so we need Ron to get started right away."[4]
In early January, the official state redistricting site was launched.[5] Included on the site was an event calendar, contact information, board updates and a form to join the board's email list.[6] Once local census population data was released, the Alaska Redistricting Board had 30 days to complete its map drawing process. The census data in question was to be delivered by April 1, 2011.[7]
In late February, Albert Clough resigned from the Redistricting Board after taking a position with the state Department of Transportation. Gov. Sean Parnell appointed PeggyAnn McConnochie to replace Clough.[8]
Redistricting board members
The five members of the 2011 Redistricting Board were:[9]
- Robert Brodie (appointed by Senate President)
- PeggyAnn McConnochie, Vice Chairman (appointed by governor)
- Jim Holm (appointed by House speaker)
- Marie Greene (appointed by Chief Justice)
- John Torgerson, Chairman (appointed by governor)
Schedule of public meetings
The Alaska Redistricting Board held a series of public hearings throughout its work on legislative redistricting. The official schedule can be found here.
Final board meetings streamed live
The Alaska Redistricting Board streamed audio on alaskalegislature.tv from its final meetings, May 23 - June 4.
Census results
2010 Census
Census data showed slowing growth for Alaska in the previous decade. While the state showed the 15th highest growth rate in the nation, 13.3%, this was the lowest growth rate for the state in 80 years, and much of that growth was homegrown. The state showed a net loss to emigration. Overall, the state of Alaska retained its single congressional seat.[10]
Local Data
On March 14, 2011 the state redistricting board received Alaska's local census data. This data was to guide mapmakers as they redrew state legislative districts.[11] According to earlier Department of Labor estimates, Southeast and rural Alaska would have been the hardest hit. The greatest increases were said to be in the Matanuska-Susitna area. Fairbanks was also predicted to see an increase in representation. Both central Kenai Peninsula districts were said to remain close to their current populations.[12][13]
Legislative maps
Process begins with public meeting
The redistricting board held a public meeting on Wednesday, March 16, officially beginning the work of legislative redistricting. The board took comments from the public via teleconference before beginning the meeting. Democratic attendees expressed distrust of the GOP controlled process and questioned whether the Republican party chairman was having an influence on redistricting through "back door" meetings. The panel members called the suggestions hasty since data had only just been received, and they further denied private meetings with the GOP chair.[14]
Juneau representation
According to estimates, the city of Juneau grew at a slower rate than the rest of the state. Census population figures set ideal state senate and house districts at 17,755 and 35,510, respectively. For this reason, Juneau's 30,661 residents are insufficient to maintain its two house seats and one senate seat. Thus, Juneau's districts will require 5,000 additional voters from surrounding districts.[15]
The City of Juneau and its surrounding borough submitted two maps to the Alaska Redistricting Board to guide the board as it redraws political lines in the Southeast. Details of the plans can be found here.
Deadline looming for Redistricting Board
The Alaska Redistricting Board was to have preliminary maps drawn by April 14, 2011. In the run-up to the plan's release there were several public meeting and work sessions.
Board releases preliminary redistricting plan
On April 13, 2011, the Alaska Redistricting Board released its preliminary redistricting maps for the Alaska State Legislature. The board released two distinct plans along with several regional alternatives, presenting different options for redistricting. Each senate district will continue to be composed of exactly two house districts.[16] Indeed, at least one controversy surrounding the plans is which house districts ought to be paired together. For example, some argued that the plans, which pair Ketchikan with either Kodiak or Valdez, ignored the lack of shared community interests in the districts. As expected, the plans reduces representation in the state's Southeast.[17]
Others were concerned that the plans split some Native Alaskan lands and combine Anchorage and Fairbanks suburbs with rural districts.[18][19] Still others were concerned about the splitting of the so-called "Senate Loop" and the pairing of State Senators Joe Thomas (D) and John B. Coghill (R).[20]
Due to a pairing of Republican senators near Anchorage, the Chairman of the Alaska Republican Party, Randy Ruedrich, called the plan "troubling at best" and anti-incumbent.[21] In addition, the left-leaning Alaskans for Fair Redistricting charged that the plan deliberates pairs incumbents through small adjustments to legislative boundary, a tactic the group calls gerrymandering. However, Ron Miller, late executive director of the board, argued that the locations of legislator residences were not a factor in drawing the new maps. Overall, the plan is believed to benefit Republican interests.[22]
The Alaska Redistricting Board held several hearings to gather public input on the new plans, concluding with a statewide teleconference on May 6, 2010.[23] The board then began work on the final plans.
|Alaska Redistricting: Preliminary Redistricting Plan[24]
|Note: Numbers denote house districts, and letters denote senate pairings.
Anchorage board controversy
Achorage Mayor Dan Sullivan and Anchorage Assembly Chair Debbie Ossiander submitted proposals to the Alaska Redistricting Board intended to guide the state's redistricting of the area. However, at least two Assembly members expressed anger over the submission of the plans. Elvi Gray-Jackson and Harriet Drummond claimed that the submissions did not reflect the consensus of the non-partisan Assembly and instead represented Republican partisan interests. The plans, which appeared similar to those proposed by the Republican group, Alaskans for Fair and Equitable Redistricting, would have paired several incumbents. However, Republican Party of Alaska Chair Randy Ruedrich argued that the plans were not partisan but intended to restore political boundaries to their earlier positions. Mayor Sullivan further argued that the plan better matches the geography and local political boundaries of Anchorage. Ossiander apologized, saying that while she identified herself as chair, she did not claim that her submission was the Assembly's official position.[25][26]
Redistricting Board adopts plans for Southeast
The Alaska Redistricting Board adopted plans for the state's Southeast. As several leaders in the area had requested, the plan placed two Senate districts in the Southeast. House districts, however, were less in keeping with local requests. The plan paired downtown Juneau and Petersburg. In addition, Skagway was paired with some northern Juneau neighborhoods, and Prince of Wales Island lay in two House districts.[27] Redistricting board member Peggy Ann McConnochie argued that the pairings reflected similar local interests in the fishing and cruise industry.[28]
The plan paired four state representatives in two districts. Kyle Johansen (R) and Peggy Wilson (R) were to be paired in one district, and Bert Stedman (R) and Albert Kookesh (D) were to be paired in another.[29][30][31] The plan also created a minority influence district in House District 2, with a 37% native population. Although Juneau Mayor Bruce Botelho (D) argued that the maps appeared to follow constitutional principles, he still expected litigation over the final plan. The plans were not final until the full state plan was adopted.[28]
Redistricting Board adopts statewide plan
The Alaska Redistricting Board adopted statewide redistricting plans in June 2011. The plan removed a house seat from the Southeast and adds one in Mat-Su. In order to comply with the provisions of the Voting Rights Act and create a native-influence district, the plan created a sprawling Senate district which includes Cordova, Dillingham, and Kodiak. The district ranges from the Yukon-Kuskoskwim Delta to Yakutat.[32] The plan also splits the Aleutian Islands into different house districts, a move ruled unconstitutional by the Alaska Supreme Court in 1992. In total, the plan creates six House districts and six Senate districts where Native representatives stand a good chance of being elected. Given population shifts, these districts are largely rural.[33]
Democrats criticized the plan, which threatened to jeopardize the 10-10 partisan tie in the Alaska Senate. Democrats contended that the new plan could hurt the re-election chances of several Democratic lawmakers, including Bettye Davis, Bill Wielechowski, Joe Paskvan, and Joe Thomas. According to Alaska Democratic Party Chairperson Patti Higgins, the state party was considering a court challenge. Alaskans for Fair Redistricting, a coalition of labor unions and Native American groups, also announced they were mulling a lawsuit.[34] In response, Alaska GOP Chairman Randy Ruedrich argued that maps were fair, noting that the plan only pairs 5 sets of incumbents, with similar numbers of Republican and Democratic legislators affected.[33]
In addition, the plan significantly re-numbered/re-lettered the state's legislative districts, beginning in Fairbanks rather than Ketchikan.[35] Ordinarily, half (10) of Alaska's senators would be up for election in 2012, and half would be up for election in 2014. Alaska senators serve staggered four-year terms. However in 2012, every senator except Dennis Egan (D) will face re-election due to substantial changes in their constituency. (Egan's district saw only marginal change.) Senators scheduled for the 2014 election will be elected to two-year terms in 2012, preserving Alaska's staggered Senate elections.[36] The final plan and legal documentation were officially completed on June 14, 2011.[37]
|Alaska Redistricting: Statewide Redistricting Plan[38]
|Note: Numbers denote house districts, and letters denote senate pairings.
Board submits plan to DOJ
On August 11, the Alaska Redistricting Board submitted the state's redistricting plan to the Department of Justice for pre-clearance. Alaska is one of several states that require Department of Justice approval prior to implementation. Although the VRA most often applies to states with a history of discrimination against African Americans, it applies to Alaska due to its significant native population.[39]
Earlier in the same week, the board released an internal review of the state redistricting plan in light of the Voting Rights Act.[40] The report was included in the state's submission to the DOJ.
- The full submission can be found here.
DOJ approves redistricting plan
On October 11, the US Department of Justice approved Alaska's legislative redistricting plan. However, the plan must still survive a pending legal challenge in state court. In August, the Redistricting Board announced that it would defend the districts at issue in the lawsuit on the basis of Voting Rights Act requirements.[41][42]
Citizen Activism
Groups formed to influence redistricting
Two groups, Alaskans for Fair Redistricting and Alaskans for Fair and Equitable Redistricting, were formed to influence state redistricting. Both planned to submit maps to the Redistricting Board. The former is a left-leaning coalition, including unions, Native corporations, the Alaska Conservation Voters, Planned Parenthood, and the YWCA. The latter is a conservative group formed by the Alaska Republican Party and interested businesses.[43]
Interest groups release maps
The Alaskans for Fair and Equitable Redistricting and Alaskans for Fair Redistricting both released maps to the Redistricting Board for consideration. AFFR released their map on their website. AFFER also released maps on their website. These and other public map proposals were also found on the Alaska Redistricting Board homepage.
Native representation
The Alaska Federation of Natives has speculated that increased cost of living has caused an influx of Alaska residents to cities and towns. This, argues the group's co-chair Albert Kookesh (D), could lead to decreased representation for native and rural Alaskans. He also expressed concerns that the Redistricting Board contained no Democrats and only one native.[44] Kookesh speculated that his own seat may be lost to redistricting.[45]
Legal issues
Note: July 14, 2011 was the deadline for challenges to the state's redistricting plan.
Fairbanks borough lawsuit
On June 24, the Fairbanks North Star Borough Assembly voted 8-1 to sue the state over its new redistricting maps. The suit was officially filed on July 13, 2011.[46] The community argues that the map impermissibly dilutes Fairbanks voters by placing a significant portion of northwest Fairbanks in a expansive house district which includes communities along the Bearing Sea coastline. In addition, the Borough Assembly argued that some of the city's voters had been unnecessarily split into two house districts.[47][48] The Alaska Constitution requires that, "Each house district shall be formed of contiguous and compact territory containing as nearly as practicable a relatively integrated socio-economic area." The Assembly's resolution can be found here.
Fairbanks voters file separate suit
A group of Fairbanks residents filed a similar but separate lawsuit challenging the redistricting plan.[49]
Petersburg lawsuit
On July 12, the City of Petersburg filed a complaint against Alaska's legislative redistricting map. Joining the suit as plaintiffs are a board member of the Petersburg Indian Association and a local resident. The complaint argues that the map violates the Alaska Constitution by including Petersburg and part of Juneau in a single district. The plaintiffs argue that the regions are not socio-economically integrated.[50]
Aleutians consider litigation
The Aleutians East Borough had considered litigation against the state over the new legislative redistricting plan. As it stood, the plan split the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutians Islands into different house districts. A similar move was ruled unconstitutional by the Alaska Supreme Court in 1992. The community argues that the region shares social and economic ties and should not be divided.[51] However, after further considering its legal options, the borough decided against the suit.[52]
Mat-Su challenge vetoed
After a unanimous vote by the Borough Assembly in favor of challenging the state's redistricting plan, the Mat-Su mayor vetoed the resolution. The Assembly attempted to override the veto, but could not get the required supermajority.[53] In passing the original resolution, the Assembly was primarily motivated by the wide-ranging House District 6 which includes Fishhook, Sutton-Chickaloon, and Delta Junction.[48]
Democrats decide against lawsuit
The Alaska Democratic Party decided against challenging the state's redistricting plans. Party Chair Patti Higgins said that while the party would not sue over the maps, they would support others who choose to challenge the maps.[54]
Court consolidates lawsuits
Judge Michael McConahy of Alaska's Fourth District Superior Court decided to consolidate the three challenges to the state redistricting plan into a single case. The trial was set for January 2012 in Fairbanks.[55][56]
Ketchikan seeks to intervene in favor of maps
The Ketchikan Gateway Borough sought to join the lawsuit over state redistricting. However, unlike the three groups challenging the plans, Ketchikan attempted to join the state in defending the new maps. Ketchikan Borough attorney Scott Brandt-Erichsen argued that if the court agreed with the City of Petersburg's complaints, it could force the state to divide Ketchikan among multiple districts.[57]
Board to defend map via VRA
One of the main points at issue in Alaska's consolidated redistricting lawsuit was the shape of District 38, the subject of the original Fairbanks lawsuits. The Alaska Redistricting Board announced that it would not defend the district on the basis of social or economic factors. Rather, the Board will defend the district under the Voting Rights Act, which mandates fair representation for minorities. Counsel for Fairbanks residents, Mike Walleri, welcomed the move, arguing that it simplified the facts at issue in the case.[58]
Plaintiffs inquire into board meetings
Attorneys for plaintiffs in the consolidated redistricting lawsuit looked into into whether Redistricting Board meetings followed Alaska's Open Meetings Act. Attorney Michael White, who defended the state's 2001 maps, called the move a "red herring."[59]
Fairbanks Borough out, Petersburg repositions
On October 25, the Fairbanks North Star Borough filed a motion to have itself removed from the consolidated redistricting lawsuit. The borough cited cost overruns as the reason for backing out of the suit. Following the Fairbanks decision, the City of Petersburg decided to consolidate its position, dropping some of its more tenuous arguments and focusing on the new districts' lack of compactness. The recent DOJ pre-approval made several of the city's claims harder to litigate. Petersburg was split by two districts under the new plan.[60][61]
Withdrawal challenged, permitted
On October 31, the attorney for the group of Fairbanks citizens challenging the state's redistricting plan filed a partial opposition to the request for withdrawal. The decision to withdraw has caused a significant controversy among Fairbanks residents since it was made in a private executive session and an original supporter (specifically named as a plaintiff in the borough lawsuit), Fairbanks Assemblyman Tim Beck, voiced opposition to the withdrawal. The partial opposition seeks to block the withdrawal unless the vote is public and Beck consents. The borough argues that is does not need the consent of the other parties to withdraw, but the opponents argue that, since the cases have all be consolidated, other plaintiffs should have input on the decision.[62]
Ultimately, the court decided to allow the Fairbanks Borough to withdraw, deciding on November 3 to permit the move. The judge noted that the Fairbanks Assembly's open meeting rules are not at issue in the case and that the remaining plaintiffs are free to argue points raised by the borough's filings without amending their own.[63]
Borough assembly to fund lawsuit
Although the Fairbanks Borough Assembly officially withdrew from the consolidated redistricting lawsuit on November 3, the Assembly voted to provide $25,000 in legal services for the remaining plaintiffs. The Assembly was deadlocked on the issue, but freshly sworn-in Assemblyman John Davies broke the tie. He was on vacation and missed the ordinary swearing-in date for borough assembly members. Davies is a former Democratic member of the Alaska House of Representatives. Opponents suggest that the decision was politically motivated -- a charge Davies denies.[64]
Petersburg challenge rejected
On December 12, Judge Michael McConahy of Alaska's Fourth District Superior Court ruled against the city of Petersburg's redistricting challenge. The city argued that the 32nd District did not meet the compactness requirements of the Alaska Constitution. However, the Redistricting Board ultimately prevailed, arguing that the district's shape was required to accommodate a minority influence district for native Alaskans.[65][66]
No appeal for Petersburg, Fairbanks residents remain
After a legal defeat, the City of Petersburg decided against appealing the decision. However, a group of Fairbanks residents -- the only plaintiffs remaining -- continued their fight against the state's legislative districts. The residents contend that the state failed to consider differences within the Native Alaskan community that impact the calculation of how many VRA districs the state should have. The Fairbanks residents argued for four VRA districts instead of the new map's five. Attorneys for the state disagreed, arguing that these differences were not relevant to the calculation.[67][68]
Preliminary ruling issued
On Friday, December 23, Judge Michael McConahy of Alaska's Fourth District Superior Court issued a preliminary ruling, siding with several Fairbanks residents on a number of key issues concerning their pending redistricting challenge. He ruled that Districts 1, 2, 37, and 38 all violated the Alaska Constitution's compactness requirements. However, since the Voting Rights Act trumps this provision, the board had another avenue to defend its map. McConahy did rule that District 2 had no credible VRA defense. The trial was scheduled to begin on January 9.[69][70]
Redistricting trial begins
On Monday, January 9, a trial began for the remaining Alaska redistricting challenge. The chairman of the redistricting board, a redistricting expert, and two state senators testified.[71][72][73]
Redistricting trial ends
Approximately a week after after it got underway, the trial for the remaining Alaska redistricting lawsuit drew to a close on January 17. A final decision in the case was expected to be issued by the Fairbanks Superior court by February 6. However, observers believed that the case would ultimately be decided by the Alaska Supreme Court.[74]
Judge orders four districts redrawn, appealed
On February 3, Judge Michael McConahy of Alaska's Fourth District Superior Court ruled that state House Districts 1, 2, 37, and 38 violate the Alaska Constitution. McConahy found that Districts 1, 2, and 37 violated the compactness criterion of the state constitution. In addition, he found that District 37 violated the contiguity condition and that District 38 violated the socio-economic integration condition. McConahy was less sympathetic toward the plaintiffs' claims of partisan gerrymandering, but he noted that the Voting Rights Act justifications offered for the districts were wanting. The Alaska Redistricting Board appealed the decision on Districts 37 and 38. Plaintiffs plan to appeal McConahy's decision on Districts 6 and 38, arguing that the problems with District 38 were not fully recognized in the ruling. Oral arguments before the Alaska Supreme Court were set for March 13.[75][76]
- The full ruling can be found here.
AK Supreme Court rules on maps
On Tuesday, March 13, the Alaska Supreme Court heard oral arguments in a lawsuit against the state's new legislative districts. Last month, Judge Michael McConahy of Alaska's Fourth District Superior Court ruled that state House Districts 1, 2, 37, and 38 violate the Alaska Constitution. McConahy found that Districts 1, 2, and 37 violate the compactness criterion of the state constitution. In addition, he found that District 37 violated the contiguity condition and that District 38 violate the socio-economic integration condition. The Alaska Redistricting Board appealed the ruling with respect to Districts 37 and 38, defending the districts as drawn to comply with the Voting Rights Act.[77]
On Wednesday, March 14, the High Court ruled that the redistricting board must redraw the plan with a priority on following the Alaska Constitution. The court did not specifically rule on Districts 37 and 38. Instead, it instructed the Board to first attempt to square the districts with the state constitution, then adjust for compliance with the Voting Rights Act. Only then, argued the court, will the justices be able to evaluate which deviations from the constitution were truly necessary.[78]
If the map is not altered in advance of the 2012 elections, the board could petition to use the contested plan as an interim map, redrawing the districts after the election season. However, since the changes ordered to Districts 1 and 2 were not contested in the appeal, these changes must be made to any interim map. The case was remanded to Judge McConahy who set a April 2 deadline for submission of a new plan. The plaintiffs and other interested parties were invited to submit their own proposals. The Board scheduled meetings from March 26-31 to work on a new plan.[79][80]
- The Supreme Court's ruling can be found here.
Timeline dropped
After the Alaska Supreme Court remanded the redistricting challenge to the superior court, Judge McConahy set an April 2 deadline for submitting new plans and an April 13 deadline for review and adoption by the Board. Opponents were also invited to file their own map submissions by April 2 or file objections to the adopted plan by April 23. The board was given until April 27 to respond to any objections. McConahy set a May 7 court date for revisiting the plans. [81]
Although the Alaska Redistricting Board had already scheduled meetings to make the necessary revisions, it questioned McConahy's authority to establish the timeline. On March 16, attorneys for the Board asked McConahy vacate the order establishing the deadlines. On March 21, McConahy agreed to vacate the order. The board now plans to complete the revised map by June 1--Alaska's filing deadline for legislative candidates. The board held a series of meetings each day the following week to begin work on the new map. Citizens unable to attend the meetings in person were able to participate via streaming video or teleconference.[82][83]
- Dates and other information on the meetings can be found here.
Board works on new map
On March 14, the Alaska Supreme Court ruled that the redistricting board must redraw its first map with a priority on following the Alaska Constitution. Only when a constitutional map was drafted could the board adjust it for compliance with the Voting Rights Act. On Tuesday, March 27, the board approved a preliminary plan in compliance with the state constitution. On Thursday, March 29, the board approved adjustments to the Fairbanks area to satisfy the VRA. The board aimeds to have all the necessary adjustments made by that Saturday. Most notably, Thursday's tweaks restored a Senate seat to Fairbanks.[84][85]
Revised maps approved
On April 5, the Alaska Redistricting Board approved a pair of revised legislative maps. One was the revised redistricting map. The other was an interim plan approved in case the revised plan was rejected by the courts or the DOJ. The interim map was quite similar to the original, overturned map.[86]
- The current map can be found here.
- The original redistricting map can be found here.
- The interim map can be found here.
- The revised map can be found here.
Deadline for objections set
On April 5, the Alaska Redistricting Board approved revised redistricting maps, following a lawsuit which overturned the original plans. Judge Michael McConahy gave the plaintiffs until April 16 to file complaints regarding the revised map. The board must submit its response to any complaints by April 18. The revised plan must also face DOJ vetting under the Voting Rights Act. The filing deadline for Alaska legislative candidates is June 1, 2012.[87]
Revised maps thrown out
On April 20, Judge Michael McConahy of Alaska's Fourth District Superior Court struck down the state Redistricting Board's revised map. He found that the plan still failed to ensure compliance with the Alaska Constitution. Earlier this year, McConahy and (upon appeal) the Alaska Supreme Court overturned Board's original plan. The Board held a public meeting on April 24 to consider an appeal.[88][89]
Board appeals, asks for interim map
On May 3, the Alaska Redistricting Board petitioned the state Supreme Court to allow the original redistricting plan to remain in place for the 2012 elections. The original plan, along with a revised plan have been struck down by the courts. The Board is currently appealing the latest ruling to the Supreme Court. However, with the candidate filing deadline approaching on June 1, a ruling in that appeal may not come in time, and a provisional map may be required. Even once a final plan is approved, the Department of Justice must still clear the plan.[90][91]
Supreme Court rejects revised maps
On May 10, the Alaska Supreme Court rejected the Alaska Redistricting Board's revised redistricting map. A previous version of the map had already been struck down by the court. Although the ruling reiterated the need to more closely adhere to the Alaska Constitution, it also gave more specific instructions regarding the map. The court ordered the Board to redraw House Districts 31 through 34 and Senate Districts P and Q. The court had previously instructed the Board to make Voting Rights Act adjustments only after the state constitutional requirements were satisfied. However, the court has now instructed board not to make VRA adjustments since, according to the court, the Act does not justify diverging from the state constitution for the districts in question. The Board has until May 15 to revise the plans. Objections must be filed by May 18.[92]
Board revises plan
On May 14, the Alaska Redistricting Board approved changes to the state legislative map in an effort to satisfy instructions issued by the state Supreme Court. The plan is the Board's third attempt to redraw Alaska's legislative districts.[93]
Supreme Court picks interim map
On May 22, the Alaska Supreme Court selected an interim redistricting plan for the 2012 elections. The Alaska Redistricting Board's first revised plan was approved as the interim plan. The Board's second and latest revision was not selected. While the court did not formally rule on the latter plan, it is expected to issues instructions for revising the plan's southeast districts. The court expressed concern that the latest version would not pass muster under the Voting Rights Act. [94]
On May 25, the Redistricting Board submitted the interim redistricting plan for DOJ pre-clearance. Plaintiffs in the redistricting lawsuit have asked the court to stay the implementation of the plan until the DOJ reaches a decision.[95][96]
On June 15, a U.S. District Judge ruled that Alaska's election plans could move forward while the state's interim redistricting map waits to be evaluated by a three-judge federal panel. The lawsuit was filed by a group of Alaska natives. They argue that the map may not be implemented until it is precleared by the DOJ. Specifically, they asked the judge to suspend implementation of the map until their case can be heard by a planned, three-judge panel. While this request was denied, the maps could still be suspending by the panel, placing the state's August 28 primary elections in jeopardy.[97]
Federal lawsuit filed, but maps can go forward
On June 15, a U.S. District Judge ruled that Alaska's election plans could move forward with the state's interim redistricting map. The lawsuit was filed by a group of Alaska natives. They argue that the map may not be implemented until it is pre-cleared by the DOJ. Specifically, they asked the judge to suspend implementation of the map until their case can be heard by a planned, three-judge panel. While this request was denied, the maps could still be suspended by the panel, placing the state's August 28 primary elections in jeopardy.[98]
State challenges pre-clearance requirement
With a three-judge panel set to consider on June 28 if the elections could proceed with final approval from the DOJ pending, the state challenged the pre-clearance requirement. In a press release, Lt. Gov. Mead Treadwell (R) stated, "Under Section 5, if the state wants to move a polling place across the street, it has to get federal permission. If it wants to change the wording on a form, it has to get federal permission. This federal intrusion into our state elections is unnecessary, burdensome, and unconstitutional. Congress has no basis to micromanage Alaska's elections. It's time to get out from under this yoke."[99]
Attorney General Michael Geraghty stressed that the state was only challenging the requirement that federal permission is necessary prior to making any changes to the state's electoral process, not the entire Voting Rights Act.[99]
On August 21, 2012, the state of Alaska filed suit arguing that Sections 4 and 5 of the Voting Rights Act are unconstitutional and should not be enforced. According to the lawsuit, "no such evidence exists" that Alaska should be on the list of states required to get approval from the U.S. Department of Justice for redistricting plans or proposed election changes.[100]
Preliminary plans are due 30 days after local census data is received by the state, and final plans are due 90 days after receipt. Litigation contesting the plan must be filed within 30 days of the final plan in the Alaska Superior Court. The redistricting timeline for Alaska is as follows:[101]
|Alaska 2010 Redistricting Timeline
|April 1, 2010
|U.S. Census
|August, 2010
|Alaska Redistricting Board Appointed
|March 14, 2011
|U.S. Census Releases Alaska Local Redistricting Data
|April 14, 2011
|Preliminary Plan Due
|June 14, 2011
|Final Plan Due
|July 14, 2011
|Litigation Deadline
Partisan Registration by District
Alaska's One Congressional District in November 2010 [102]
|Partisan Registration and Representation by Congressional District, 2010
|Congressional District
|District Total
|Party Advantage*
|111th Congress
|112th Congress
|73.9% Republican
|State Totals
|73.9% Republican
|*The partisan registration advantage was computed as the gap between the two major parties in registered voters.
2001 Redistricting
As one of seven states with an at-large Congressional District, Alaska's redistricting issues were always primarily focused on state legislative seats. When, in May of 2001, the Redistricting Board released its plans, two dissenting members released their report that frankly criticized the majority plan. One dissent cited that fact that several Republicans had been primed to be faced off against one another but no Democrats were cast in a similar position. The 30-day period for any Alaskan to file a challenge was enough time to birth nine lawsuits, all of which were consolidated into one case at the end of August 2011.
That lawsuit got a boost a week later, when the Republican-dominated legislature voted to join the lawsuit, again citing the allegation that the redistricting map unfairly made members of the GOP but not Democrats compete against fellow elected party members for seats. The lawsuit was set for January 2002. Meanwhile, the Department of Justice pre-cleared the already drawn redistricting map in early October, meaning the new boundaries legally took effect pending the outcome of the trial. Days later, a Superior Court judge allowed the state legislature to remain party to the consolidated lawsuit although they had technically missed the deadline to file as a plaintiff.
As the trial date neared and the Redistricting Board, facing the bill for the lawsuit, began to compute expected costs, a new worry arose. If the trial used up the funds allotted for redistricting, the Board would be legally required to petition the legislature for more money, but the legislature was already party to lawsuit, opposing the Redistricting Board. Ultimately, the Board voted to advance $300,000 to the law firm representing them, an amount they claimed wiped out everything they had left to cover the entire redistricting process.
A secondary concerned centered around Kevin Jardell, chief of staff to then-member of the Alaska House of Representatives Joe Green. Having failed in a bid to be named executive of the Redistricting Board, Mr. Jardell retained his staff position and, on behalf of Representative Green, sat in on at least 15 meetings of the Redistricting Board. Agreeing with Republican lawmakers that the Board's plan was biased, Mr. Jardell privately prepared his suggested map and presented it to the Board. In that capacity, he was working for the lawfirm representing the state legislature and the later body attested that Jardell was on unpaid leave when he worked on his own plan. Nonetheless, Jardell was subpoenaed and, on Rep. Green's request, legislative attorney's filed a motion to quash the subpoena and shield Jardell from future attempts to question him. Local editorial boards howled over the idea that Jardell was defended for work he had ostensibly undertaken as a private citizens by the legislature's staff attorneys, who drew a salary from the public treasury.
Around the same time, court employees were working through the objections and challenges filed against the approaching trial in a bid to minimize the complexity and time of the case. One significant challenge came from military personnel stationed in Anchorage, who been consolidated into one District. They claimed such an action diluted their political effectiveness and, by minimizing the number of civilians, in the District, lowered the pool of potential candidates so much as to infringe on their rights. Led by Paul Volland, chief attorney for the Redistricting Board, that challenge was thrown out. A mirror image of that complaint came from Little Delta Junction, a remote and tiny town by Alaskan standards. Residents claimed that, having been put into two Districts under the 2001 plan, what little legislative influence they had was wiped out. That complaint also was thrown out.[103]
Republicans won a few victories of their own shortly thereafter when Anchorage Superior Court Judge Mark Rindner, who also presided over the military base and Delta Junction hearings, ruled that the Chugiak District violated the compactness requirement and that District 16, around Peter's Creek and the Eagle River, violated a requirement to respect socioeconomic similarities. Nearly as soon as pretrial motions were settled, Judge Rindner again sat, this time presiding over the combined case challenging the Redistricting Board's 3-2 decision.
Over the trial's course, legislators testified that newly combined areas were, in fact, too disparate for one person to effectively represent and, on the ninth day, a member of the Redistricting Board admitted a lawmaker had pressured her to vote against the plan. Three weeks and 63 witnesses later, on February 2, 2002, Rindner upheld the plan with only two exceptions, where he agreed with Republicans on their earlier complaints about the Chugiak and Eagle River Districts. However, the Judge stayed his order pending the Alaska Supreme Court's ruling.[104]
On March 22, 2002, the Supreme Court went much further. 22 of 40 House seats, including all 17 in Anchorage, and 12 of 20 Senate seats, were sent back to the Redistricting Board to be redrawn. Republicans were thrilled with the holding and the Redistricting Board set a May 2002 hearing to begin reworking the Districts. However, they reported only $38,000 on hand, meaning it needed more money from the legislature. Ultimately, a supplemental spending bill gave the Board $50,000 for redrawing boundaries, a far cry from the $454,000 that had been requested, and an amount that allowed nothing for $200,000 in unpaid legal bills.
On April 14, 2002, the Board drew a new map and voted to pass it on unanimously. Sparing Alaska a second round of legalistic bickering, the Supreme Court dismissed all challenges to the new map on May 28, 2002.
Deviation from "Ideal Districts"
|2000 Population Deviation[105]
|Congressional Districts
|State House Districts
|State Senate Districts
|Under federal law, districts may vary from an 'Ideal District' by up to 10%, though the lowest number achievable is preferred. 'Ideal Districts' are computed through simple division of the number of seats for any office into the population at the time of the Census.
A single case came out of the 2001 redistricting process, and progressed through the Supreme Court and Redistricting Board on its way to resolution.[106]
- In re 2001 Redistricting Cases v. Redistricting Board, No. 3AN-01-8914CI (3rd Dist. Anchorage, Feb. 1, 2002) : Of Alaska's 40 House districts, a judge found two of them to be Unconstitutional. One was faulted for failing to be sufficiently compact. THe second was a more complex matter, not meeting the requirement in article 6, § 6 that districts be "as nearly as practicable a relatively integrated socio-economic area." Pending appeal to Alaska's Supreme Court, the ruling was stayed.
- In re 2001 Redistricting Cases, No. S-10504, 44 P.3d 141 (Alaska Mar. 21, 2002) : The Supreme Court vacated to lower Court's stay, affirming the decision with exceptions. The case was remanded to the superior court with instructions that it be further remanded to the Redistricting Board. Overall, the Supreme Court found two districts violated compactness, two violated § 6, a further 16 violated the equal rights guarantee, a level that occurred because Alaska's state Constitution requires a higher standard than Federal law. Lastly, the court found a 6.9% deviation from an ideal district was not justified under the Voting Rights Act.
- In re 2001 Redistricting Cases, No. S-10615, 47 P.3d 1089 (Alaska May 24, 2002) : The Redistricting Board followed the Supreme Court's instructions and submitted an Amended Final Plan to the superior court. On May 9, 2002, the latter approved the plan and the Supreme Court affirmed the decision.
Ballot measures
The following measures have appeared on the Alaska ballot pertaining to redistricting.
Constitutional explanation
With respect to redistricting, the Alaska Constitution provides authority for a redistricting commission in Article VI. All 11 sections of Article VI were altered by the Alaska Reapportionment Board, Measure 3 (1998).
See also
- State Legislative and Congressional Redistricting after the 2010 Census
- State-by-state redistricting procedures
External links
- Alaska Redistricting Board
- Alaska Redistricting Board, Meeting Schedule
- Alaska Redistricting Board Fact Sheet
- Alaska Official Redistricting Facebook Page
- Alaska Official Redistricting Twitter Page
- Alaska Redistricting Board, Pop. deviation in State House districts 2000 & 2010
- ↑ Alaska Dispatch "2010 census: Alaska's population growth continues to slow," January 2, 2011
- ↑ [http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/alaskas-redistricting-process-costing-millions Alaska Dispatch, " Alaska's redistricting process costing millions," July 18, 2011]
- ↑ Alaska Dispatch, "Redistricting Board chooses Bickford to replace Miller as director," May 17, 2011
- ↑ Alaska Business Monthly "Alaska Redistricting Board Announces Executive Director Hire," October 25, 2010
- ↑ Anchorage Daily News "Alaska Redistricting Board launches website," January 21, 2011
- ↑ Juneau Empire "Alaska Redistricting Board launches website," January 23, 2011
- ↑ Fairbanks Daily News Miner "Redistricting nears," January 28, 2011
- ↑ Anchorage Daily News, "Redistricting board member resigns," February 23, 2011
- ↑ Alaska Redistricting Board Roster
- ↑ Alaska Dispatch "2010 census: Alaska's population growth continues to slow," January 2, 2011
- ↑ US Census Bureau, "Census Bureau Ships Local 2010 Census Data to Alaska," March 14, 2011
- ↑ Homer News, "State's redistricting board waits for data to begin its work," March 9, 2011
- ↑ Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, "New map will revamp Alaska state House districts," April 14, 2011
- ↑ Alaska Dispatch, "Alaska redistricting board gets to work, " March 16, 2011
- ↑ Juneau Empire, "A reverse population bomb," February 08, 2011
- ↑ Alaska Dispatch, "Alaska redistricting plan offers 2 regional alternatives," April 13, 2011
- ↑ KSTK, "Redistricting plans reduce Southeast's clout," April 4, 2011
- ↑ HomerNews, "Redistricting plans need some work," April 20, 2011
- ↑ Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, "Redistricting board gets earful on new state House boundaries," April 20, 2011
- ↑ Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, "Redistricting director says map was not designed to target Thomas," April 30, 2011
- ↑ Alaska Dispatch, "Redistricting board gets an earful in Anchorage," April 19, 2011
- ↑ Alaska Dispatch, "Alaska's puzzling redistricting proposals," May 06, 2011
- ↑ KTUU.com, "Re-Districting Board Releases Draft Plan," April 14, 2011
- ↑ Alaska Redistricting Board Website
- ↑ KTUU, "Two Assembly Members: Anchorage's Redistricting Proposal is Unfair," May 11, 2011
- ↑ Anchorage Daily News, "Assembly redistricting tiff surfaces," May 10, 2011
- ↑ KFSK, "New Southeast redistricting plan released," June 1, 2011
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Juneau Empire, "Redistricting board links Skagway, Petersburg to downtown Juneau," June 1, 2011
- ↑ Juneau Empire, "Redistricting board sets stage for Senate clash," June 4, 2011
- ↑ Juneau Empire, "Redistricting board adopts Senate pairings," June 6, 2010
- ↑ KCAW FM, "Redistricting plan sets up election battles," June 1, 2011
- ↑ Anchorage Daily News, "Panel approves new district boundaries for Legislature," June 6, 2011
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Anchorage Daily News, "Democrats blast board's redistricting proposal," June 8, 2011
- ↑ Anchorage Daily News, "Redistricting pushes French to start campaigning a year early," June 23, 2011.
- ↑ KSTK, "Board relabels House and Senate districts," June 8, 2011
- ↑ Anchorage Daily News, "New legislative map forces early elections for senators," June 13, 2011
- ↑ Penninsula Clarion, "New lines drawn," June 15, 2011
- ↑ Alaska Redistricting Board Website
- ↑ The Arctic Sounder, "Final Alaska redistricting plan goes to Justice Department," August 11, 2011
- ↑ The Tundra Drums, "Voting Rights Act expert releases final report'," August 10, 2011
- ↑ Alaska Public Radio, "Redistricting Plan Approved by Justice Department," October 12, 2011
- ↑ Daily News-Miner, "Alaska Redistricting Board will use federal act to defend controversial district," August 26, 2011
- ↑ Anchorage Press, "The mapmakers," March 30, 2011
- ↑ Juneau Empire, "AFN officials bring concerns to lawmakers," February 11, 2011
- ↑ KFSK, "Rural senator airs redistricting concerns," February 11, 2011
- ↑ News Miner, "Fairbanks sues over Alaska redistricting plan," July 13, 2011
- ↑ Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, "Fairbanks borough to sue over Alaska redistricting plan," June 24, 2011
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 Anchorage Daily News, "Opposition builds over state redistricting plan," July 6, 2011
- ↑ News Miner, "Fairbanks sues over Alaska redistricting plan," July 13, 2011
- ↑ Petersburg Pilot, "Petersburg one of two communities to file complaint against Alaska Redistricting Board," July 15, 2011
- ↑ The Dutch Harbor Fisherman, "Aleutians East Borough opposes reapportionment plan," July 1st, 2011
- ↑ The News Tribune, "Fairbanks may have to lead fight against legislative redistricting," July 13, 2011
- ↑ KTUU, "Mat-Su Mayor Vetoes Assembly's Decision to Challenge Redistricting Plan," July 6, 2011
- ↑ KTUU, "Democrats Don't Plan to Sue Over Redistricting," July 12, 2011
- ↑ Daily News-Miner, "Alaska redistricting case set for January trial in Fairbanks," July 22, 2011
- ↑ KTNA, "Redistricting case moves forward," August 12, 2011
- ↑ Juneau Empire, "Petersburg opposes inclusion in Juneau-based districts," August 25, 2011
- ↑ Daily News-Miner, "Alaska Redistricting Board will use federal act to defend controversial district," August 26, 2011
- ↑ Newsminer, "Closed redistricting meetings under scrutiny," September 21, 2011
- ↑ Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, "Fairbanks borough's dismissal of redistricting lawsuit draws some criticism," October 26, 2011
- ↑ Juneau Empire, "Petersburg fights on in redistricting battle," October 26, 2011
- ↑ Fairbanks News-Miner, "Attorney files partial opposition to borough dropping redistricting lawsuit," October 31, 2011
- ↑ The News Tribune, "Judge lets Fairbanks borough out of redistricting lawsuit," November 4, 2011
- ↑ Daily News-Miner, "$25,000 approved for redistricting case legal services," November 18, 2011
- ↑ Juneau Empire, "Judge rules against Petersburg in redistricting," December 13, 2011
- ↑ KTVA, "Redistricting Plan Holding Up Against Lawsuits," December 13, 2011
- ↑ Alaska Public Radio, "Petersburg Drops Redistricting Challenge," December 20, 2011
- ↑ Daily News-Miner, "Alaska Native voting districts at center of redistricting lawsuit," December 22, 2011
- ↑ Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, "Attorney downplays rulings in Alaska redistricting lawsuit," December 27, 2011
- ↑ Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, "Judge rules in Fairbanks redistricting case," December 25, 2011
- ↑ Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, "Testimony: Alaska's redistricting plan was the best option available," January 10, 2012
- ↑ [http://newsminer.com/bookmark/17062611-Expert-points-to-flaws-in-state%E2%80%99s-redistricting-plan Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, "Expert points to flaws in state's redistricting plan," January 10, 2012
- ↑ Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, "Fairbanks senators testify redistrict plan is gerrymandering," January 9, 2012
- ↑ Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, "Alaska redistricting trial comes to a close," January 18, 2012
- ↑ The News Tribune, "Judge orders redistricting board to redraw 4 districts," February 4, 2012
- ↑ Achorage Daily News, "Arguments set in legislative redistricting case," February 9, 2012
- ↑ Anchorage Daily News, "Redistricting Board finds court mandate difficult to apply," March 13, 2012
- ↑ Anchorage Daily News, "Court orders redistricting plan be redrawn," March 14, 2012
- ↑ Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, "Alaska Supreme Court offers more insight into ruling to redraw political districts," March 16, 2012
- ↑ Anchorage Daily News, "Redistricting meetings set," March 17, 2012
- ↑ Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, "Alaska Supreme Court offers more insight into ruling to redraw political districts," March 16, 2012
- ↑ Anchorage Daily News, "Redistricting meetings set," March 17, 2012
- ↑ KTUU, "Alaska Redistricting: Judge Vacates Scheduling Order in Redistricting," March 21, 2012
- ↑ Anchorage Daily News, "Redistricting plan likely won't pass muster, consultant says," March 28, 2012
- ↑ Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, "Redistricting board says Fairbanks election map should appease Alaska Supreme Court," March 29, 2012
- ↑ KUCB, "Redistricting Board Approves Plan, Backup," April 5, 2012
- ↑ Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, "Court sets new deadlines for redistricting lawsuit," April 13, 2012
- ↑ KTUU, "Fairbanks Judge Rejects Revised Redistricting Plan," April 20, 2012
- ↑ Achorage Daily News, "Alaska judge rejects latest redistricting plan," April 20, 2012
- ↑ Anchorage Daily New, "Redistricting board seeks to use original plan for elections," May 4, 2012
- ↑ Petersburg Pilot, "Redistricting board files appeal with State Supreme Court," May 3, 2012
- ↑ Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, "High court sends Alaska redistricting plan back for work," May 11, 2012
- ↑ Real Clear Politics, "Redistricting board redraws southeast Alaska," May 14, 2012
- ↑ Alaska Journal of Commerce, "Alaska Supreme Court approves redistricting plan," May 22, 2012
- ↑ Juneau Empire, "Board submits election plan to Justice Dept.," May 27, 2012
- ↑ KTOO News, "Objections pile up to court's redistricting ruling," May 24, 2012
- ↑ Anchorage Daily News, "Judge won't bar state from implementing plan," June 15, 2012
- ↑ Anchorage Daily News, "Judge won't bar state from implementing plan," June 15, 2012
- ↑ 99.0 99.1 Alaska Dispatch, "More Alaska redistricting litigation? Attorney General challenges Voting Rights Act 'preclearance'," June 21, 2012
- ↑ ABC News, "Alaska Sues Over Provisions of Voting Rights Act," August 22, 2012
- ↑ Alaska Constitution, Article 6, Legislative Apportionment
- ↑ Alaska Official Voter Registration Counts
- ↑ Fairvote Archive, "Alaska's Redistricting News: (June 19, 2001 - January 17, 2002)", accessed January 31, 2011
- ↑ Fairvote Archive, "Alaska's Redistricting News", accessed January 31, 2011
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "Redistricting 2000 Population Deviation Table", accessed February 1, 2011
- ↑ Minnesota State Senate "2000 Redistricting Case Summaries"


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January 2010
The big chill
How the weather has changed since my last blog. Just before Christmas, we were reporting on the warm wet weather and how the bulbs had started to grow early as a result.
Since then, temperatures have dropped and snow has fallen all over the country! Most schools have been closed and our young scientists have had the chance to play in the snow. For schools that have been open, it's been difficult to record, with many reports of 'frozen thermometers' or bulbs deep below the snow.
So what does all this cold weather mean for our bulbs, farmers and global warming?
For the bulbs: If your bulb started to grow before Christmas, it will probably still be the same height today. In other words, it will have stopped growing – until it gets warmer again. Some plants may be damaged by the frost and as a result may not flower – but most should be ok.
Farmers from the Really Welsh farm reported: 'We should have started picking the earliest variety of Daffodils already and they are normally out in the supermarkets by now. If you look at the picture taken on the farm – you will see that they are nowhere near ready for picking.
The daffodils that were a week or two ahead at the end of November have not grown at all since before Christmas. This is because Daffodils need temperatures of above 6 degrees in order to grow. If this weather continues we will not have any daffodils for a few weeks.'
Is global warming still happening? You could be forgiven for questioning if our planet is warming when it's so cold outside, but sadly the overall temperature of our planet is still set to rise as carbon dioxide levels continue to increase. Global warming is about the overall temperature of the planet rising. There will always be some colder winters and hotter summers – that's a natural variation. But when we look at the average temperature of the planet over the last century it is definitely rising and scientists are in no doubt it will continue to rise.
For Wales, global warming doesn't mean more sunshine, but warmer and wetter summers and more erratic weather like flash floods and gales.
Daffodils from Taiwan. Here is a picture sent to us from Chao-mei an environmental teacher based in Taiwan. She says: Hello, Professor Plant, Do you know the daffodils have bloomed in Taiwan? It reminds me of the beautiful UK spring. I have shown children in Taiwan how to keep a nature diary by looking at your blog. It's very helpful. I teach children at the Cheng-long Wetland Education Centre and this is our blog page, it's only in Chinese sorry.
Feed the birds. Visit our woodland blog to see pictures of St.Fagans wildlife in the snow. Plus find out how to help your garden birds to survive this winter or take part in the Big Schools' Birdwatch.
Many Thanks
Professor Plant
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- Current Students
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Information For:
P.O. Box 5190
Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242
Phone: 330-672-2315 | Fax: 330-672-4867
Ask KSU Philosophy
Religion Studies Minor
David Odell-Scott, Coordinator
The Religion Studies program relates various approaches and topics to a study of religion and of the expressions and impact of religion within human societies and cultures. In addition to the required core courses, students must elect one of the two cognate options. In the general option, the student may choose from among a rich variety of courses ranging from fine arts to hard sciences. In the Catholic thought option, the student gains a more in-depth study of religion from an academic perspective.
No more than 6 hours of course work counted toward the student's major may be also counted toward the Religion Studies minor.
I. Core Studies. Student is to complete four courses (12 credits) selected from among at least three of the categories below:......
Judaeo-Christian Tradition:
*ENG 34075 The Bible as Literature (3)
Comparative Religion:
A&S 30095 Special Topics: Studies in the Eastern Christian World (3)
A&S 30095 Special Topics: Varieties of Religion (3)
PHIL 21020 Comparative Religious Thought I (3)
PHIL 21021 Comparative Religious Thought II (3)
PAS 30000 Intro. to African World View (3)
Social Patterns of Religion:
ANTH 38250 Religion: A Search for Meaning (3)
SOC 42561 Religion: Sacred and Secular Perspectives (3)
Philosophy of Religion:
PHIL 31065 Phil. of Religious Experience (3)
PHIL 41010 Problems in the Philosophy of Religion (3)
*Students selecting option B below must take this course.
II. Cognate Studies. A student selects either Option A (General) or Option B (Catholic Thought):......9-12
A. GENERAL (9 hours, at least two areas must be represented).
Religion and the Arts:
ART 22006 Art History I (3)
ART 22007 Art history II (3)
ART 42036 Medieval Art (3)
ENG 42038 Medieval Drama (3)
ENG 42048 Milton (3)
MUS 42271 Choral Literature: The Anthem (3)
MUS 42331 Music in Worship (3)
MUS 42111 African Music and Cultures (3)
MUS 42151 Asian Musics (3)
Religion and the Sciences:
GEOG 22061 Human Geography (3)
GEOL 11040 Earth Dynamics (3)
PHY 11030 Seven Ideas that Shook the Universe (3)
Religion and History:
HIST 31009 History of Byzantine Civilization (3)
HIST 31127 Ancient and Early Medieval Jewish History (3)
HIST 41012 Medieval Ideas and Institutions (3)
HIST 41016 The Protestant and Catholic Reformations (3)
Religion and the Classics:
CLAS 41301 Classical Mythology (3)
CLAS 41503 Greek Literature in Translation (3)
HIST 41004 Hellenic Cont. to Western Civ. (3)
PHIL 31001 Ancient Greek Philosophy (3)
B. CATHOLIC THOUGHT (11-12 hours, at least one course from each area).
ENG 31055 Literature and Other Disciplines (3)
A&S 3/40095 Special Topics: Classics of Christian Literature (3)
A&S 3/40095 Special Topics: Myth and Religion in Literature (3)
History/Arts and Sciences:
HIST 41016 The Protestant and Catholic Reformations (3)
A&S 3/40095 Special Topics: Modern Catholic Thought (3)
HEBR 12101 Elem. Hebrew I (4)
HEBR 12102 Elem. Hebrew II (4)
GRE 14201 Elementary Classical Greek I (4)
GRE 14202 Elementary Classical Greek II (4)
GRE 34351 New Testament in Greek (3)
21-24 Hours


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Easiest gift in the world! With this gift you get 1 lb. of Eggnog flavored coffee (whole bean or ground) already wrapped in a Coffee & Tea Exchange burlap bag tied up with a red ribbon. The eggnog coffee is only available this time of year, and is worth a try. It's rich, creamy, spicy, and sweet- just like its namesake! Try it with steamed milk, whipped cream, and top with a sprinkle of eggnog for a truly decadent treat!
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Dr. Grant joined the faculty of CIU's Seminary & School of Ministry after teaching Youth Ministry in the Bible College from 2001 until 2010; she has taught Youth Ministry, Family, and Culture from 2010 until the present. Before coming to Columbia, she served as senior high women's director and junior high director in congregations in Illinois. She has ministered cross-culturally in South Africa, the Dominican Republic, and Honduras.
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In English polite form of address is "You" which is second person singular and plural. In Russian it is "Вы" which is plural second person.
In Spanish (and probably French and Italian) polite address is the third person.
Why so?
In English polite form of address is "You" which is second person singular and plural. In Russian it is "Вы" which is plural second person.
Usted comes from Vuestra Merced (later Vuesarced), meaning "Your Grace". Since this was an indirect way of addressing someone, it was inflected in the third person. That is, strictly speaking, you are not addressing the person, but "Their Grace". As time went on, the person inflection was kept, even though its origins became opaque.
In a study entitled El desarrollo de las variantes de vuestra merced a usted, the author shows how this form of treatment developed in the 14th century. Some of its early recorded uses are:
"Vostede" (galego) & "vusté" (català) & "você" (português) all come from the same medieval expression "vo(ue)stra/vossa merced(e)/mercê," as it was customary in the Middle ages to speak to those with titles, honors or age in the third person (your honor, your highness, your grace).
"Vos" is original to Latin (vous in French & voi in Italian) and is both singular and plural. The Castilians invented "vosotros" (like the Americans invented "you all") to distinguish between the singular and the plural meanings in the pronoun "vos," which is still commonly used in many countries in Latin America.
The original verb endings for "vos" were "ades"(ar); "edes"(er); ides(ir). In the renaissance era, the "de" was dropped in favor of the tilde (fablades = hablás / habláis) (bebedes = bebés / bebéis) (venides = venís) and the "i" was added (ar/er) to distinguish between the singular "vos" and plural "vosotros" forms. The Castilians in Spain stopped using "vos" in the 18th century while it remains in use in Latin America, where "vosotros" is never used.


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Home Energy
Residential energy use accounts for 20% of greenhouse gas emissions in North America - the rest is from transportation, commercial and industrial use.
First, it's a question of increasing demand and decreasing supply. Fresh water is actually a pretty scarce resource - only 1% of the water on earth is drinkable.
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Inked Girls: Amanda Armstrong
Enable Nudity? You must be 18 years or older.
Myself in a sentence: outgoing and outragous!
Occupation: Accountant
Hometown: Leicester
The design and themes of my tattoos: lettering,memorial,japanese
My favorite tattoo and the story behind it: pheonix out of the flames - re start of new life
My next tattoo: tribal right arm 13!


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Studio Paris is a popular place to go out in Downtown Chicago, but I think Paris Club is discredited for how delicious their food is. I went there for dinner this past weekend with friends, and it is now one of my favorites. I recommend simply sharing their small plates. This way you can get a little taste of everything.
We started with their Drippings on Toast. This dish comes with five toasted slices of French bread situated next to a black iron bowl filled with tender brown short rib meat and an extremely flavorful short rib sauce. Wow! Great way to start the meal! The tenderness of the short rib meat paired perfectly with the crunch of the toasted French bread and the overall flavor of the sauce was meaty, salty, and delicious. Excellent selection overall!
We next tried the Lobster Crostini. Two large slices of toasted crostini pieces topped with a delicately prepared scrambled egg, large pieces of butter-poached lobster, and a light drizzle of white truffle oil. Incredible! This was by far the most memorable dish of the night. Each of the ingredients complimented one another perfectly. The smooth tender scrambled egg paired extremely well with the snap of the fresh lobster meat and the crunch of the crostini. The portion size is perfect for two people overall and the light drizzle of truffle oil added that great earthy aroma and flavor. If you go with a group I recommend ordering a few. Excellent! I would 100% order this again.
Next was the Paris Chopped Chicken Salad – A Large portion of chicken chopped salad which included fresh iceberg and romaine lettuce, fresh green avocado slices, tender chicken pieces, halved grape tomatoes, green onion, cauliflower, croutons, and served with a sweet vinaigrette in a white bowl. Great fresh salad option overall! The crunch of the lettuce, tomatoes, croutons, and onion paired nicely with the tender chicken and the creamy smooth avocado slices. The addition of cauliflower was a unique touch to a common dish and complimented the other ingredients well. The sweet vinaigrette paired perfectly with the fresh salad ingredients and gave the dish a great sweet flavor. Excellent!
We went on to try their Tuna Tartare – An appetizer portion of fresh pink tuna tartare mixed with fresh green mint leaves, arugula, diced avocado, and tossed in a light vinaigrette and served on a white plate. Exceptional light refreshing dish overall. The fresh tuna pieces paired extremely well with the smooth creamy avocado and the lightness of the sauce added a great sweetness to the dish without being overwhelming.
We finished our meal with the Cheese Plate for dessert. Two long slices of toasted French bread situated next to three cheese selections – blue cheese, a light goat cheese, and a hard cow's milk selection – accompanied by nuts and small slices of fresh fig. Excellent presentation overall. Each of the elements complimented one another well in both flavor and texture. Great way to end the meal!
I would 100% return to Paris Club. This restaurant is an excellent value, the food quality and presentation is excellent overall, and it is a fun, welcoming, and elegant atmosphere. Can't wait to go back soon!


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The Martin Rikli Photograph Collection includes approximately 800 original images by Swiss documentary filmmaker Dr. Martin Rikli (1898-1969), taken on a voyage to and during his stay in Ethiopia during a German diplomatic and propaganda mission in the 1930s. The collection documents defensive military preparations in Addis Ababa, the capital, prior to and during the Italian invasion of Ethiopia (also known as the Second Italo–Abyssinian War). Included are three photo albums, each entitled Abessinien 1935-1936, along with a fourth album of Rikli's handwritten contextual "Notes for Photograph Collection" (Anmerkungen Zur Lichtbildsammlung). These albums are accompanied by Rikli's April 4, 1936 letter describing the situation in the capital, as well as a few miscellaneous items. The collection is particularly useful for research on mid-Twentieth Century Ethiopia, Ethiopian institutions such as the Coptic church, palace events and daily activities in the royal court, the European presence in Addis Ababa, military and diplomatic history, documentary photography, and visual history.
Rikli was educated in Switzerland and Germany, where he completed his dissertation in 1923 exploring the chemistry of photographic film. He captured many unusual images using exotic films and innovative techniques for educational purposes and contributed to the development of motion picture cameras, "most notably in the construction of the lightweight Kinamo, which revolutionized documentary filmmaking" (see: Buckland, Michael K. 2008. "The Kinamo movie camera, Emanuel Goldberg and Joris Ivens." Film History 20(1): 49-58. available in Project Muse). By the mid-1920s, he was employed by Zeiss Ikon and made movies in his spare time. In 1927, he travelled with a group to German East Africa (present day Tanzania). His documentary of the expedition and the plight of German settlers gained wide acclaim the following year as a work of nationalistic patriotism. Over the following 15 years he created dozens of films while working for the German Ufa (UniversumFilmAktiengesellschaft) movie studio in their cultural film department (many of which were widely distributed in US cinemas). In 1929, he traveled to North Africa to film a documentary on Italian colonization efforts in Tunisia, Libya and Tripoli.
Rikli wrote several books based on his work and travel, promoting German political interests as a war correspondent, and as a Nazi documentary filmmaker. His work focused on the successes of the German and Italian fascist states, supported the Japanese invasion of China and promoted German advancements in technology and science. He was widely recognized as a leading propaganda correspondent and remained a supporter of the Nazi party throughout World War II. In 1944, he anticipated the German defeat and returned to Switzerland, where he continued to create films especially for instructional purposes. He won a prize for his short film "Houles Célestes" at the 1949 Venice Film Festival. He died in Zurich on April 7, 1969.
For more information on the complete manuscript collection, see the finding aid. >>
Works in this collection are intended to be used in tandem with the literature, maps, art, and historical documents held in the Africa General Collections.
Rikli Albums:
For further research (related materials):
Related manuscripts/archival materials:
Related materials available elsewhere include:


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By GARY D. ROBERTSON
Associated Press
Doctors could face fines of $10,000 or more for performing an abortion that was requested because of the gender of the fetus, under Republican-backed legislation that won approval Wednesday in a North Carolina House committee.
A majority on a House judiciary panel sent to the full House a measure prohibiting what are called sex-selective abortions. It marks the first real activity on abortion rules since 2011 when a new Republican majority at the General Assembly passed new limits on the procedure over the objections of then-Gov. Beverly Perdue. Some of that law was struck down by a federal court.
Sponsors of the new bill said they believe more legislators could get behind a bill that would prohibit a medical provider from "knowingly or recklessly" performing an abortion when the child's sex is a "significant factor" in a pregnant woman's request for the procedure.
"It will keep abortion legal. It will keep abortion safe," said Rep. Ruth Samuelson, R-Mecklenburg, the chief sponsor of this bill and the 2011 restrictions. "It will just no longer be discriminatory."
Abortion rights supporters accused bill sponsors of bias against pregnant woman dealing with a painful decision about carrying to term and of stigmatizing immigrants from countries where the low status of women triggers gender-selective abortions.
"This bill is a bill that discriminates specifically against Asian American women," said Milan Pham, representing the National Asian Pacific American Women's Forum.
The United Nations has raised concerns about gender bias in favor of boys in parts of Asia that leads to abortions of female fetuses.
The problem in other countries is deeply rooted in gender inequity and abortion bans are ineffective in changing that, said Jina Dhillon, president of North Carolina Women United. She told the committee the bill attempts to cloak the ultimate goal of sponsors to end all abortions. Instead, said Dhillon, who describes herself as south Asian, "my elected officials are perpetuating stereotypes about Asian women."
Lawmakers should address racial disparities in health care, equal pay initiatives and domestic violence if they wish to solve the root of gender discrimination, Pham and others said.
Five states have sex-selective abortion bans, according to Barbara Holt with North Carolina Right to Life.
The bill's sponsors provided no evidence the practice is a problem in North Carolina, but Samuelson said bills have been filed in the past about sex discrimination in education and employment in North Carolina. "I would level the question that why wouldn't there be sex discrimination in abortion," she said.
Samuelson said the bill is no way "intended to discriminate against immigrants" and said she and her husband adopted their daughter "from a country where women were not favored."
The bill would allow the woman who received the abortion or the woman's spouse, parent, guardian or health care provider to sue the abortion provider. A judge could hold the doctor in contempt and fine the physician $10,000 for the first violation and $100,000 on the third and subsequent violations.
"This bill is about preventing discrimination in the womb, and affirming discrimination based on sex is not acceptable in this state," said Tami Fitzgerald, head of the conservative North Carolina Values Coalition. "There is nothing pro-woman about killing a baby girl simply because she is a female and putting her mother's health at risk in the process."
Physicians who perform abortions or treat women in high-risk pregnancies told the panel the restrictions would make both doctors and patients reluctant to speak frankly for fear of litigation and fines.
Dr. Joshua Nitsche of Winston-Salem said a woman may need to abort her fetus to protect her own health, but "a passing comment like 'I always wanted a girl,' could force me to refuse her this life-saving procedure or risk fines up to $100,000."
"I'm not sure what steps I would need to take in order to comply with this law," said Dr. Erika Levi, a Chapel Hill OB-GYN who performs abortions.
The bill passed on a voice vote, with two Democrats voting no. One of the Democrats, Rep. Deborah Ross of Wake County, unsuccessfully offered amendments narrowing the scope of the bill.


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Chicago, Illinois Bed & Breakfasts - A luxurious, pristine and modern guest house in the heart of Chicago's Lincoln Park neighborhood: perfect for business and leisure travelers. Located in the spot center of lively city life; minutes from the Loop, Millennium Park and Magnificent Mile.
Rockford, Illinois Bed & Breakfasts - Two riverfront B&B homes offer both Jacuzzi & fireplace luxury suites for couples or child-friendly lodging for family vacation travel; Packages for Romantic Getaway, Weddings, Group Retreats, Scrapbooking, Rent Entire Lodge.
Alton, Illinois Bed & Breakfasts - Voted "Best of Illinois" -Illinois Magazine Readers Poll. All private baths. Whirlpools for two. Fireplaces. Expanded cable TV/DVD/VCR. Wi-Fi. Need we say more?
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, United States Bed & Breakfasts - More than 130 unique inspected and approved B&Bs throughout Illinois, including rustic ranches, cabins, cottages, farms, classic mansions, historic inns, townhouses and sporting lodges.
Find a Illinois bed and breakfast for your romantic weekend getaway. Intimate b & bs are cozy, romantic accommodations that are perfect for a mini-vacation, honeymoon, or wedding anniversary celebration. You will love the unique charm of our Illinois inns. Many guesthouses include complimentary breakfasts and unbeatable hospitality. Browse our bed & breakfasts and plan your Illinois romantic getaway today!


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Zoo Med Digital Thermometer for Terrariums
|Zoo Med Digital Terrarium Thermometer can be used as a Wet or Dry thermometer. Ideal for terrariums, aquariums, or reptile incubators. The 39 inch long temperature probe can be placed throughout the terrarium for pinpoint accuracy. Termperature Range from: 10F to 140F (-23C to 60C) Battery and mounting suction cups included Can Switch between fahrenheit or celsius Uses a LR44 1.5v battery
Zoo Med Terrarium Thermometer Humidity Gauge
|The Zoo Med Thermometer Humidity Gauge allows precise monitoring of both the temperature and humidity of your terrarium from one unit. Temperature and humidity levels are very important for the long term health of your animals. Precise monitoring of both the temperate and humidity Monitor ideal levels for long term health of your animals Velcro backing enables easy removal for cleaning or relocation The Zoo Med Thermometer Humidity Gauge's Velcro backing enables easy removal for cleaning or relocation.
Zoo Med Precision Analog Reptile Thermometer
|Zoo Med Precision Analog Thermometer is for precise temperature monitoring in terrariums or small animal cages. It offers an extreme temperature range from 20 degrees to 140 degrees F (-28 degrees to 60 degrees C). For precise temperature monitoring in your terrarium or small animal cage Made with precision German movement Unique Velcro backing enables removal of the gauge for thorough terrarium cleaning Extremely high/low range from 20°-120°F Add additional thermometers, one in each temperature zone in your terrarium (for heat gradients).
Zoo Med Digital Aquatic Turtle Thermometer
|Zoo Med's Digital Aquatic Turtle Thermometer is a waterproof and completely submersible temperature reader to maintain a comfortable and healthy environment for your shelly aquatic friend. Waterproof & completely submersible Easy-to-read digital display Spare battery included Suction cup secures to glass Maintain your tank at 70 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit to maximize your turtle's metabolism and digestion, and to better facilitate the natural molting process. The attached suction cup holds the thermometer securely to the tank walls with the digital display facing the glass for easy reading. Suitable for fresh and saltwater tanks.
Zoo Med High Range Reptile Thermometer
|Zoo Med High Range Thermometer for all types of reptile, amphibian or invertebrate enclosures. Scale from 70 degrees to 105 degrees F (21 degrees to 40 degrees C), with easy to read crystal coloring. For all types of reptile, amphibian or invertebrate enclosures Easy to read crystal colorin Aids digestion and metabolic functions in reptiles and amphibians Proper temperatures are a necessity for digestion and metabolic functions in reptiles and amphibians.This is the ideal first time thermometer for any cage.
Exo-Terra Hygrometer
|The Hagen Exo-Terra Hygrometer measures humidity levels in your terrarium to help ensure that your pet reptiles have a safe, comfortable environment. Mount it on your aquarium walls for easy monitoring. For monitoring terrarium humidity levels Color coded for easy reading Easy to install
ReptiTemp Digital Infrared Thermometer
|ZooMed ReptiTemp Digital Infrared Thermometer is a small pocket sized thermomter. This easy to use tool just takes a simple point & click to use! Use the ReptiTemp Digital Infrared Thermometer to measure the following below: Terrarium & Incubation Temperatures Basking Area / Thermal Gradients Hibernation / Brumation Temps
Zilla Digital Infrared Thermometer
|The Digital Infrared Thermometer by Zilla is a safe and easy way to check for proper temperature. Easy point and press action and a large, clear LCD display allow you to quickly monitor the temperature of your reptile's basking spot to ensure a healthy environment. Measures in any spot...even on a pet's skin! Easy point and press action Large, clear LCD display Maintain proper temperature throughout the reptile's habitat. Reptile owners can test basking spots, caves, even herps themselves for safe and healthy temperatures with a Digital Infrared Thermometer. LCD display measures both Fahrenheit or Celcius. Accurate (+/- 2.5°F) infrared technology runs on two 1.5V cell batteries and measures temperatures from -27°F to 230°F. Healthier reptile living environments start with a Digital Infrared Thermometer!
Zoo Med Hygrotherm - Humidity & Temperature Controller
|The Zoo Med Hygrotherm is a thermostat and humidistat all in one, it controls up to 1000 watts of combined temperature and humidity control devices. Humidity & temperature controller in one Controls up to 1000 watts of combined devices Works great with any humidifier and or automatic misting machine The Hygrotherm has a two-in-one temperature/humidity sensor remote that works great with any humidifier and or automatic misting machine. The Hygrotherm includes a night time temperature drop feature that is controlled by a photocell, a built in memory to help store settings in case of a power outage, and an alarm that can be set to flash when temperature or humidity reaches extreme low levels or high levels.
Zoo Med Precision Analog Reptile Thermometer & Humidity Gauge
|Zoo Med Precision Analog Thermometer and Humidity Gauge Thermometer and Humidity Gauge allows for precise monitoring of both the temperature and humidity of your terrarium from one unit! Precisely monitor both temperature & humidity of terrarium in one unit Made with precision German movement Unique Velcro backing enables removal of the gauge for thorough terrarium cleaning Thermometer scale: 20 degrees to 140 degrees F (-6 degrees to 60 degrees C). Humidity scale: 0 to 100%.
Rept-O-Meter Thermometer
|The Hagen Exo-Terra Rept-O-Meter Thermometer measures your terrarium temperature in Fahrenheit and Celsius to help ensure that reptiles are safe and comfortable. It mounts easily on smooth surfaces, is accurate and easy to read. For monitoring terrarium temperature levels Easy to read, color-based display shows Fahrenheit & Celsius scales Mounts easily on smooth surfaces
Terrarium Thermometer-Hygrometer
|At a single glance, a terrarium owner can monitor the two most critical environmental variables in reptile health and comfort. Both temperature and relative humidity are displayed on a large digital readout. A built-in calendar and alarm reminds pet owners to check conditions, make feedings or administer medications. Precise digital readout for both temperature and humidity Clock with alarm and calendar Designed for fast, easy installation The thermometer keeps track of maximum and minimum temperatures in a range from 23°F to 122°F (-5°C to +50°C), the hygrometer reads relative humidity from 30% to 90%. A separate probe for each parameter means more accurate positioning; 57" long probe wires suit even the largest terrariums. A set of included suction cups and a built in stand for the processing unit make setup easier.
Coralife Battery-Operated Digital Thermometer for Aquariums & Terrariums
|The Coralife and ESU Reptile Battery Operated Digital Thermometer can be used to obtain accurate temperatures in aquariums or reptile terrariums. Readings in 0.1 degrees Fahrenheit or Celsius. Maintain safe, healthy environments for your pets. Use in aquariums or reptile errariums Mounting suction cups & battery included 39" long temperature probe cord & digital display Temperature range: -10°F to 140°F (-23°C to 60°C)
Zoo Med Precision Analog Reptile Humidity Gauge
|Zoo Med Precision Analog Humidity Gauge accurately reads the amount of water vapor saturation (humidity) in the air of your terrarium. Accurately reads humidity in terrarium air Monitoring humidity helps reduce stress, dehydration, respiratory issues, infections & shedding problems Unique Velcro backing for easy removal Simple to use Made with precision German movement Monitoring humidity is very important for all types of reptiles as it helps in preventing stress and dehydration, which can lead to respiratory, bacterial or fungal infections, skin shedding problems, etc.Besides, proper humidity levels make your herps happy!
Exo-Terra Liquid Crystal Thermometer
|The Hagen Exo-Terra Liquid Crystal Thermometer contains an extended upper range (68°F to 107°F) for heat-loving reptiles, and is horizontally oriented with a liquid crystal display for easy reading. Ideal for terrarium, vivarium & aquarium use. Extended upper range for heat-loving reptiles Liquid crystal display & horizontal orientation for easy reading Ideal for terrariums, vivariums & aquariums The thermometer installs easily and has a range that extends from 68°F to 107°F (20°C to 42°C).


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The fuel level sensor can fail causing erratic or inaccurate fuel gauge readings. The Check Engine Light may also illuminate. Nissan has recalled 2006 - 2008 vehicles only for this fuel gauge issue. For more information on the recall, please click here»
Nissan Frontier Problem Reports
Most Reported Nissan Frontier Problem Reports
A whining or buzzing type noise may develop from the timing chain area caused by excess slack in the secondary timing chains. Nissan has issued a service bulletin (NTB09-128) regarding this issue. Replacement of both secondary timing chains and their tensioner shoes will be necessary to repair this concern. As part of this repair, the engine oil and filter should also be replaced.
The distributor shaft bearing can become rusty, and seize causing the engine to stall or not start. The failed distributor will commonly require replacement.
The EGR valve can become clogged with carbon, which causes the Check Engine Light to illuminate. This can result in moderate to severe misfires on acceleration and the EGR valve and passages will need to be cleaned.
The Check Engine Light may illuminate due to a defective charcoal canister vent control valve. The charcoal canister is a component in the Evaporative emissions (EVAP) system. Our technicians tell us a failed vent valve will require replacement.
The coolant outlet on the front of the lower intake manifold may develop a coolant leak.
The fuel injectors can fail and cause drivability problems. Often there is no Check Engine light and the failures can be caused by corrosion of the connector, clogging beyond the point of cleaning, and/or internal failures.
Truck was in for routine service and service told me I had coolant leaking into transmission. Over $1.000 to repair!
The coolant outlet on the front of the lower intake manifold may develop a coolant leak.
The vehicle accelerates real slow and has vibration in the engine. Ran a OBD2 scanner and got the scan trouble codes. There were two codes detected, a P0300 and a P0328. The P0300 was a multiple misfire problem and the other was the knock sensor code. These parts are both killers on a person's wallet. Now I see why the dealer repairs are so expensive. To replace the knock sensor on a V6 VG33 engine you gotta move the whole intake to include th...
About 3 months ago the right front control arm broke while I was pulling out of a parking lot and the right front wheel buckled under the truck. Yesterday the left front control arm broke while I was going at 45 mph. The left wheel blew out and the whole left front of the truck buckled. This truck has never carried heavy loads or been off road.
Screws inside the intake manifold can become loose causing internal engine damage if they fall out completely. Our technicians report that using a strong thread locker on the power valve butterfly screws can help prevent them from becoming loose.
The Sunroof would not properly close and open. After the second try it would just open in vent position and would not close.
Depress the close button until slowly the sunroof closes and then it is a trip to the dealership to get it repaired. Beware that this problem took Nissan 2 months to repair and you are without a truck. The solution was a whole new liner from Japan to fix the issue. The fix does not repair it 100% as Nissan...
The rear universal joint failed when I was driving.
I took my truck into a shop and dealership to have a full maintanence and I told them it was starting to have a hard time shifting between 40-60 mph and sometimes acts like it won't shift then when it will its a hard jerk. They didn't seem worried