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Joe Meringolo is the best in his field! His level of professionalism and effectiveness with preparing the home for the market is to be commended. We followed his advice on how to stage our home and we received multiple offers within a day of listing our home. Joe works hard to get the best results for his clients. Joe is very personable and responsive. We highly recommend Joe and would use his services again and again!
Joe Meringolo
14 Recent Sales (last 12 months)
- Specialties:
- Buyer's Agent,
- Listing Agent,
- Relocation,
- Consulting
Ratings & Reviews
Joe was an absolute professional from the first moment we met him until our house closed. Not one detail escaped his careful attention. He came in and staged our house with amazing taste and expertise that would rival anyone on HGTV. He also has a heart for educating his clients and kindly and clearly explained all aspects of the house selling process to us. His quick responses to questions and open communication made our house sale very smooth. Only six weeks after listing, we had a very decent offer and closed about six weeks later. That's awesome for the Tucson market now. I have already sent emails to recommend him to all of our friends in Tucson and hope that this review lets Zillow readers know that they will have an excellent realtor if they choose Joe.
Joe sold our house and our daughter's' home. He also assisted us with buying a new home.
Joe is the epitemy of professionalism. From day one, he helped us with great ideas on improving our house design, advising us on price, and all aspects of getting our home sold. He is truly knowledgeable on all the "ins and outs" of these processes.
In both transactions that Joe has helped us with, he was extremely on top of all the many aspects of selling, closing, buying, and making sure all was done on time.
On top of being very competent, Joe has a wonderful, wonderful sense of humor. This sense of humor often makes the whole "house" thing much more enjoyable and easier.
I have sold real estate previously and know the difference between a realtor who knows what they are doing and one who doesn't. You will be very fortunate, indeed, if you use Joe as your agent.
Kit and Neil Turner
Joe Meringolo is a pleasure to work with. He is knowledgeable about property and the area and was able to anwser all the questions I had about the properties. He is very patient with me and was able to explain the home buying process. Thanks to Joe I am confident I will soon be a happy and satisfied first time home owner. Alicia Batson.


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The maestro and his muse: Karl Lagerfeld and Cara Delevingne at the Chanel show in Paris on March 4. / Jacques Brinon, AP
Karl Lagerfeld is known as much for what comes out of his mouth as what walks down his runway. (Remember his barb about Pippa Middleton looking better from behind?)
And in a new interview with Britain's The Guardian, he doesn't disappoint in the zingers department.
Regarding model-of-the-moment Cara Delevingne, one of Lagerfeld's catwalk favorites known for her nearly Frida Kahlo-thick brows, he doles out some pretty tough love: "She is not a standout beauty. Was it Bacon who said, 'There is not beauty without some strangeness in the proportions'?"
He doesn't mince words when it comes to his take on the selfie, either: "They are this horrible thing where you are distorted. The chin is too big, the head is too small. No, this is electronic masturbation."
He gets downright poetic when talking about tattoos: "It's like sleeping in a printed T-shirt, you will never get clean again."
Wonder what the increasingly inked Delevingne would say to that?
Copyright 2015
Read the original story: Lagerfeld: Top model Delevingne 'not a standout beauty'

subset: commoncrawl


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April 26, 2015
ATLANTA (AP) - Chipper Jones kept up his torrid hitting with a two-run double, and the Atlanta bullpen shut down Philadelphia over the final four innings of a 4-to-3 victory by the Braves Wednesday night.
Ryan Howard hit a three-run homer with no outs in the sixth, but that was it for the Phillies' offense.
The Braves reclaimed the lead on Willie Harris' run-scoring single in the bottom of the sixth, and the bullpen made it stand up. Harris also made a diving catch in the ninth that prevented a hit.
Chad Paronto (1-0), Tyler Yates, Mike Gonzalez and Rafael Soriano each pitched a scoreless inning. Soriano, filling in for injured closer Bob Wickman, earned his second save.
For the second night in a row, the Braves jumped to a 3-nothing lead. Kelly Johnson led off the third with a double and Edgar Renteria surprised the Phillies by dropping down a bunt single, just beating the throw to first. Jones, the National League home run leader with 10, brought both runners home with a double to left-center.
The Braves jumped ahead in the first against Freddy Garcia (1-2). Renteria doubled with one out and went to third on a wild pitch. Chipper Jones walked and Andruw Jones hustled down the line to beat the relay throw on a potential inning-ending double play.
Braves starter Chuck James scattered five hits over the first five innings but failed to get an out in the sixth. Aaron Rowand singled, Chase Utley doubled and Howard hit a towering drive over the center-field wall for just his fourth homer of the season.
(Copyright 2007 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)
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Thread: EMT-I online?
EMT-I online?
Now I always planned to take the EMT-Intermediate course before I ever go to medic school. I have been looking into a few things and with the intermediate slowly going away I have found it hard to find a course near me that I wouldn't have to drive 45 minutes to. Now its not the drive that gets me its the time. I am currently a volunteer firefighter and working 2 emt jobs.
I am normally against taking such a hands on class online. However I am not planning on ever working as an Intermediate. Just take the class and at most get my NREMT-I. To just prepare myself better for medic school while getting my basic skills down pat.
Any thoughts or ideas of what I should do?
ThanksRIP Hela
"You have to do better then your best."
BUD's instuctor Class 234
"A man who won't die for something is not fit to live."
Martin Luther King, Jr
Hey Man,
Well, I understand where you're coming from. But here's my 2 cents. I did my fire academy online and it was the best experience I've ever had.
Now, I'm doing my EMT-I online at a local college and I'm really excited. The bottom line is that online classes are going to be the future of most educations.
The question is, are you a self-starter? Are you motivated? Are you able to comprehend what you read without an instructor to ask all your questions?
If so, online classes are right up your alley. If not, maybe you should look into a traditional classroom-style course.
Take care,
Dude!! I wouldn't even worry about EMT-I!! Unless there's some immediate pay raise that's attached to EMT-Intermediate that you need, FORGET ABOUT IT!! This is purely my opinion and I'll tell you why: I'm a 24-year veteran of the fire service and began my career as an EMT-B (or EMT-Basic). The majority of EMS calls (about 80%) that the emergency responder community goes to are non-ALS (non advanced life support) calls. These are the "sickies" at 2 in the morning, back pains, non-traumatic falls (<10 feet), runny noses, "I can't sleep and haven't been able to for a week now", ....(I think you get the idea....)
Just because you go to paramedic training, the calls don't change. You're just a little bit better trained for the same ole' crap!! I was an EMT for four years and then my department put me through paramedic training. I work for a very large department and EMT is the level of training that all of us have going into paramedic school. So to answer your question: The only difference between EMT-Basic and EMT-Intermediate is being able to start intravenous lines, a couple of basic cardiac drugs, and EKG Monitoring. SO WHAT!!! My opinion is don't waste your time with EMT-I, and get ready for medic school now. Pick up a couple books on pharmacology, pathophysiology and EKG Monitoring, register for medic school and then call it a day!!!!
"The Axeman"
"Purpose, Truth and Passion Yield Power and Dominion IN ACTION!!!"
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Now in their fifth season, the High Function Line from Oakley maintains its innovative approach and the Spring/Summer 2011 collection shows no sign of it slowing down. Each item is full of technical enhancements and are more than adequate for the streets. All of the Re Field Jackets, Re AP Vests, Combination Sweaters, Translucent Pants and Expand Pants are all made from water resistant materials that is also highly breathable. It goes without saying that all of the pieces are equipped with ample pockets and compartments that would make the SWAT team happy. Additionally, each item is designed with simplicity and functionality in mind, increasing visual appeal and practicality. via: hayabusa
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Modular Homes
Modular homes have come a long way from the types of prefab houses that you're probably familiar with. Many modular home companies are creating kit houses with a modern look and an environmental twist. Some buy the smaller kits to build guest houses or outdoor offices, but for minimalists and do-it-yourselfers, modular homes make perfect primary residences.
Eco-friendly modular homes are often smaller than traditional homes, so they use less energy to heat and cool. Also, since the pieces are all manufactured to fit together perfectly, prefab homes minimize the waste that goes along with a typical construction project.
To learn more about green construction and eco-housing options, check out the links on the next page.
Cite This!
Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks article:
Striepe, Becky. "Top 10 Alternative Housing Ideas" 14 February 2011. HowStuffWorks.com. <http://home.howstuffworks.com/home-improvement/construction/green/10-alternative-housing-ideas.htm> 28 April 2015.
Citation & Date


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First of the Border Newspapers to Close Down
Jan 16th, 2009 | By Michel Marizco | Category: General News, PoliticsEmail Facebook Twitter Post to Delicious Stumble This Post Buzz This Post Digg This Post
The Tucson Citizen, Arizona's oldest newspaper, is going to close down by March 21 unless a buyer is found before then. And frankly, nobody's buying newspapers these days.
The Gannett-owned newspaper is run under a joint operating agreement with the Arizona Daily Star and is the first U.S.-Mexico border newspaper to announce its impending demise. Three other newspapers along the border have cut back operations, laid employees off and cut back benefits in an attempt to save themselves. This morning, the San Antonio Express-News announced it's going to offer employees a one year unpaid leave of absence, institute a hiring freeze, darken positions, and shorten the news hole. The newspaper gave up its Mexico City correspondent more than a year ago, shutting down that bureau and using its sister paper's, the Houston Chronicle's, to write the copy. This morning, the San Diego Union-Tribune announced it's lost more than 40 percent of its advertising revenue and promises layoffs. That paper's already gone through rounds and rounds of buyouts, they're out of options – and quietly started looking into selling itself last summer.
At the Citizen, employees were told of the potential shutdown in a meeting, Friday afternoon. I'm not privy to details from the meeting nor do I really care, the paper's going to shut down in two months unless it can find a buyer, what else was there to say?
The reality of newspapers is such that Gannett likely won't find a buyer for the Citizen. Last month, the Rocky Mountain News announced it was being put up for sale by its parent company E.W. Scripps. The company had lost something around $10 million last year alone with the Rocky Mountain News.
A few weeks later, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer (Hearst) announced it was going up on the block or shutting down.
I don't think anybody is particularly surprised by Gannett's decision to close the Citizen; but it was a bit of a shock coming on yesterday's news. You see, this week, Gannett announced it was requiring its employees to take a week off of work. Everyone assumed this was being done to save some positions and prevent more layoffs. So today's news was quite a surprise to most. And today's news tells me Gannett has some more unpleasant surprises in store for its employees.


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10 January 2011
I am in love
the impossible project folks were kind enough to send me a few packs of film to test a few months ago and I'm telling you, I wanted to cry happy tears of joy when the camera spit the first PX600 UV+ shot out. gorgeous gorgeous tones and a major improvement in stability. I mean it, I AM IN LOVE.
hey impossible project folks-- thanks so much for all your hard work. you do us instant film loving peoples proud.
(PX70 color shade test shots coming soon, yay)
18 comments:
I've been trying to work with the sx-70 impossible film and it's been giving me some issues. if the picture comes out at all I am in luck so i don't know if it's something I am doing or my camera or what. I've seen samples of people that made the color really work, I want to know the trick!!!
any suggestions would be oh so helpful. I have the sx-70 with rainbow stripes and the folding sx-70Hi Andrea!
Have you or any of your readers ever disassembled your PX? The mirror detached (not broke, just detached) from mine and my camera repair man wants as much as I paid for the camera to fix it. Seems like all it needs is new glue, the trouble is just getting in there!
I have film from IP waiting to be used and an "ill" camera. Driving me mad.


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Whalen Furniture Pays $725K in CPSC Penalty Suit
By Karen Koenig | Posted: 01/31/2013 1:11PM
LaJolla boat bed WASHINGTON, DC – Whalen Furniture Manufacturing, dba Bayside Furnishings, has agreed to pay a civil penalty of $725,000 with regards to faulty children's furniture.
The decision, announced Jan. 30 by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), resolves "allegations that the firm knowingly failed to report to CPSC immediately, as required by federal law, a defect involving two models of its boat-style children's beds with toy chests." At least one death resulted when a 20-pound lid on the toy chest of the LaJolla boat bed fell onto the head of 22-month-old, "entrapping his neck on the edge of the toy chest." CPSC claims Whalen learned about the death in November 2007, but failed to report it until March 2008 after the agency contacted the company regarding the matter.
Pirates of the Caribbean twin trundle bed The other recalled model involved in the suit is Whalen's Pirates of the Caribbean twin trundle bed. According to CPSC, the lid supports on the toy chests in both models "fail to prevent the lid from closing too quickly, posing an entrapment and strangulation hazard to young children." Federal law requires manufacturers, distributors, and retailers to report to CPSC within 24 hours if a product contains a defect that could create a hazard, serious injury or death.
By agreeing to the settlement, the CPSC statement says, "Whalen denies staff's allegations including, but not limited to, that the recalled beds contained a defect that could create a substantial product hazard or created a serious risk of injury or death. In addition, Whalen denies staff's allegations that it failed to timely notify the Commission, in accordance with Section 15(b) of the Consumer Product Safety Act."
Whalen sold the beds between January 2006 and May 2008 at Costco, furniture stores and online, for approximately $700 to $1,000. A recall of approximately 7,700 of the LaJolla boat beds and Pirates of the Caribbean beds was announced in July 2008.
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Patna/Lakhisarai, Aug. 3: Realtor Anil Kumar Sharma, one of the richest contestants in the last Lok Sabha polls, is now a murder accused.
Anil, who unsuccessfully contested the general election from Jehanabad on JDU ticket, has been accused of murdering Kumar Sharad Chandra, the former secretary of Lakhisarai's Balika Vidyapeeth. The realtor refuted the allegation but Lakhisarai superintendent of police (SP) Ashok Kumar Singh said the role of Anil, the chief managing director of Amrapali Group, was under the scanner of police.
The realtor in his affidavit filed before the district returning officer of Jehanabad during the Lok Sabha polls had revealed that he owned movable and immovable assets worth Rs 850 crore. He had also tried his luck in the Rajya Sabha polls.
Usha Sharma, the widow of Chandra, named Anil — the chief managing director of Amrapali Group — and six others as accused in the FIR she lodged yesterday with the Town police station in connection with the murder in Lakhisarai, around 125km east from Patna.
But Anil in a statement claimed, "I have resigned from the trust of Balika Vidyapeeth and also from its official position on March 9, 2014. I have been falsely framed and the allegations of conspiracy against me in the murder of Chandra are completely false and ill-motivated."
Chandra was shot dead at his residence on the institute premises on Saturday around 6am when he was reading newspaper.
Dispute over the institute's property is believed to be the reason behind his murder. He was killed two days before a team from Delhi was scheduled to visit the institute to inquire into the dispute over its trusteeship, a source in the school claimed.
Singh, the Lakhisarai SP, said Praveen Kumar, a treasurer of the 15-member trust of the residential school exclusively for girls, had been arrested. He said a special police team had been constituted to arrest the rest. "The team has been given specific task," he said.
Besides Anil and Praveen, the names of Dr Shyam Sunder Singh, Anita Sharma, Shambhu Sharan Singh, Rajendra Prasad Singhania and Radheshyam Singh figure as accused in the FIR.
Anita is the principal of the institute set up way back in 1947. Others are the president and the members of the school trust. The police said they had gone into hiding after the incident.
The SP did not rule out the involvement of contract killers in daylight murder. "The case is being probed from all angles and the truth will come out shortly," he told The Telegraph today over phone.
Usha, the widow of Chandra, alleged that a dispute cropped up after Anil opened an engineering institute on the school premises in 2009. "My husband was ousted from the trusteeship at the behest of Anil, who has been eyeing the school's property for long," she said.
Usha said she and her domestic help Godawari Devi came out of the kitchen after hearing gunshots and found her husband lying in a pool of blood on the veranda. The assailants had fled by the time the duo came to the spot.
Narendra Kumar, a social activist of Lakhisarai, said: "Chandra was very energetic and Balika Vidyapeeth had become popular in the field of promoting female education because of him."
A source in the school disclosed that two groups of people had indulged in confrontation on the campus last month.
Sughandha Sharma, the eldest daughter of victim Chandra, disclosed that Anil had established Amrapali Engineering College on the same campus and subsequently established a separate managing committee. It became the bone of contention between Anil and Chandra.
The managing committee captured the school management sidetracking Chandra. The latter moved court and filed a complaint case, which is pending in Patna High Court.
Sughandha claimed that her father had recently won the case but could not produce any document to buttress her point.


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Liza Minnelli On 'Song Travels'
Born into Hollywood royalty, Liza Minnelli has made her own name on the stage and screen. Her role in the 1972 film version of the Broadway musical Cabaret made her an international sensation and won her the Academy Award for Best Actress. She continues to wow audiences the world over with her iconic presence and powerful voice.
Here, Minnelli joins her good friend and Song Travels host Michael Feinstein for an enlightening discussion of her life and the evolution of her approach to song. And, in a sweet moment, Feinstein opens the show by singing the Ira Gershwin song for which Minnelli was named.
Subscribe to the Song Travels Express podcast.
This program originally ran May 11, 2012.
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Baker, E.A. and Leaper, D.J. (2003) Pressure-relieving properties of a intra-operative warming device. Journal of Wound Care, 12, (4), 156-160.
Baker, Elizabeth A., El-Gaddal, Sanaa, Aitken, Douglas G. and Leaper, David J. (2003) Growth factor profiles in intraperitoneal drainage fluid following colorectal surgery: relationship to wound healing and surgery. Wound Repair and Regeneration, 11, (4), 261-267. (doi:10.1046/j.1524-475X.2003.11405.x).
Baker, R., Holloway, J., Holtkamp, C.C.M., Larsson, A., Hartman, L.C., Pearce, R., Scherman, B., Johansson, S., Thomas, P.W., Wareing, L.A. and Owens, M. (2003) Effects of multi-sensory stimulation for people with dementia. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 43, (5), 465-477. (doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02744.x).
Bennett, G., Clark, M., Schols, J., Benati, G., Langer, G., Jackson, P. and Kerry, B. (2003) EPUAP guidelines: On the role of nutrition in pressure ulcer prevention and management. European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, 5, (2), 50-63.
Croft, R.P., Nicholls, P.G., Steyerberg, E.W., Richardus, J.H., Withington, S.G., Cairns, W. and Smith, S. (2003) A clinical prediction rule for nerve function impairment in leprosy patients: revisited after 5 years of follow-up. Leprosy Review, 74, (1), 35-41.
Ersser, S. (2003) Book review: Review of Freshwater, D (ed) Therapeutic nursing-improving patient care through self-awareness and reflection. Nurse Education Today, 23, (8), p.640. (doi:10.1016/S0260-6917(03)00125-4).
Ersser, S. (2003) Case Study 2. In, Freshwater, D. and Bishop, V. (eds.) Nursing Research in Context: Appreciation, Application and Professional Development. Basingstoke, Palgrave/Macmillan, 124-128.
Ersser, S. (2003) Meet the expert event. At RCN Congress Fringe Event, Harrogate, UK, 27 Apr - 02 May 2003.
Ersser, S. (2003) Nursing management of dry skin and pruritis. At ISNG Annual Meeting. European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, Malta, Feb 2003.
Ersser, S. (2003) Re-examining routine skin care practices: Lanolin: Potential myths and misconceptions. At RCN Congress Fringe Event, Harrogate, UK, 27 Apr - 02 May 2003.
Ersser, S.J., Latter, S., Sibley, A., Satherley, P.A. and Welbourne, S. (2003) Psychological and educational interventions for atopic eczema in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, (CD004054), 1-33. (doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004054.pub2). (PMID:17636745).
Fader, M., Clarke-O'Neill, S., Cook, D., Dean, G., Brooks, R., Cottenden, A. and Malone-Lee, J. (2003) Management of night-time urinary incontinence in residential settings for older people: an investigation into the effects of different pad changing regimes on skin health. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 12, (3), 374-386.
Fader, Mandy, Clarke-O'Neill, Sinead, Cook, Dawn, Cottenden, Allen and Malone-Lee, James (2003) An investigation into night-time self-turning by nursing home residents. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 12, (1), 147-148. (doi:10.1046/j.1365-2702.2003.00734.x).
Girot, E.A., Watkins, M., Latter, S., Goodman, B. and Jackson, D. (2003) A South West regional survey of factors affecting the future development and education of nursing and midwifery educators. Journal of Research in Nursing, 8, (4), 264-277. (DOI: 10.1177/136140960300800404).
Grandis, S., Long, G., Glasper, E.A. and Jackson, P. (2003) Foundation Studies for Nursing: Using Enquiry-Based Learning, Basingstoke, UK, Palgrave Macmillan, 482pp.
Green, Sue M., Voegeli, David, Harrison, Maureen, Phillips, Jackie, Knowles, Jess, Weaver, Mike and Shephard, Kerry (2003) Evaluating of the use of streaming video to support student learning in a first-year life sciences course for student nurses. Nurse Education Today, 23, (4), 255-261. (doi:10.1016/S0260-6917(03)00014-5).
Harris, Neil M., Anderson, William R., Lwaleed, Bashir A., Cooper, Alan J., Birch, Brian R. and Solomon, Lemke Z. (2003) Epirubicin and meglumine γ-linolenic acid: a logical choice of combination therapy for patients with superficial bladder carcinoma. Cancer, 97, (1), 71-78. (doi: 10.1002/cncr.11055).
Jackson, Pam (2003) Insights into meeting nutritional needs. In, Grandis, Sue, Long, Garth, Glasper, Alan and Jackson, Pam (eds.) Foundation Studies for Nursing Using Enquiry-based Learning. Basingstoke, GB, Palgrave MacMillan, 304-332.
Latter, S., Speller, V., Westwood, G. and Latchen, S. (2003) Education for public health capacity in the nursing workforce: findings from a review of education and practice issues. Nurse Education Today, 23, (3), 211-218. (doi:10.1016/S0260-6917(02)00230-7).
Nicholls, P.G., Croft, R.P., Richardus, J.H., Withington, S.G. and Smith, W.C.S. (2003) Delay in presentation, an indicator for nerve function status at registration and for treatment outcome: the experience of the Bangladesh Acute Nerve Damage Study cohort. Leprosy Review, 74, (4), 349-356.
Nicholls, P.G., Wiens, C. and Smith, W.C.S. (2003) Delay in presentation in the context of local knowledge and attitude towards leprosy: the results of qualitative fieldwork in Paraguay. International Journal of Leprosy and other Mycobacterial Diseases, 71, (3), 198-209. (doi:10.1489/1544-581X(2003)71<198:DIPITC>2.0.CO;2). (PMID:14608815).
Noble, M., Voegeli, D. and Clough, G.F. (2003) A comparison of cutaneous vascular responses to transient pressure loading in smokers and nonsmokers. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 40, (3), 283-288.
Richardus, J.H., Withington, S.G., Anderson, A.M., Croft, R.P., Nicholls, P.G., van Brakel, W.H. and Smith, W.C.S. (2003) Adverse events of standardized regimens of corticosteroids for prophylaxis and treatment of nerve function impairment in leprosy: Results from the TRIPOD trials. Leprosy Review, 74, (4), 319-328.
Richardus, J.H., Withington, S.G., Anderson, A.M., Croft, R.P., Nicholls, P.G., van Brakel, W.H. and Smith, W.C.S. (2003) Treatment with corticosteroids of long-standing nerve function impairment in leprosy: a randomised control trial (TRIPOD 3). Leprosy Review, 74, (4), 311-318.
Shiu, A.T.Y, Kwan, J.J.Y.M. and Wong, R.Y. (2003) Social stigma as a barrier to diabetes self-management: Implications for multi-level interventions. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 12, (1), 149-150. (doi:10.1046/j.1365-2702.2003.00735.x).
Shiu, A.T.Y., Wong, R.Y.M. and Thompson, D.R. (2003) Development of a reliable and valid Chinese version of the Diabetes Empowerment Scale. Diabetes Care, 26, (10), 2817-2821.
Smoker, A. (2003) Fungal skin infections. In, Barnes, K. (ed.) Paediatrics – A Clinical Guide for Nurse Practitioners. London, UK, Butterworth-Heinemann, 64-70.
Smoker, A. (2003) Practice nursing basics: management of acne. Nursing in Practice, 11, 30-33.
Voegeli, D. (2003) Age related changes in skin. Dermatological Nursing, 2, (4), 5-6.
Voegeli, D. (2003) The effects of smoking on the cutaneous vascular response to pressure loading in humans. At Developing Scholarship Through Partnership, the Second Annual Scholarship Conference, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, --- 2003.
Voegeli, D. (2003) Exploring and Developing the Evidence Base for Basic Nursing: An Outline of a Study Investigating the Role of Skin Hygiene Practices in the reduction of Skin Vulnerability. At Developing Scholarship Through Partnership, the Second Annual Scholarship Conference, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, --- 2003.
Walker, J. and Sofaer, B. (2003) Loss and the experience of back pain. At Developing Scholarship Through Partnership, the Second Annual Scholarship Conference, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, --- 2003.
Walker, J. and Sofaer, B. (2003) Randomised controlled trials in the evaluation of non-biomedical therapeutic interventions for pain: The gold standard? Journal of Research in Nursing, 8, (5), 317-329. (DOI: 10.1177/136140960300800502).
Walker, J. and Tilman, J.B. (2003) Music lessons on prescription? At Developing Scholarship Through Partnership, the Second Annual Scholarship Conference, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, --- 2003.
van Brakel, W.H., Anderson, A.M., Withington, S.G., Croft, R.P., Nicholls, P.G., Richardus, J.H. and Smith, W.C. (2003) The prognostic importance of detecting mild sensory impairment in leprosy: A randomised controlled trial (TRIPOD 2). Leprosy Review, 74, (4), 300-310.


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OCR for page 118
Recreation and Nonuse Values
Much of the research under the Glen Canyon Environmental Studies
(GOES) was physical and biological. Economic research also became an
integral component of the research program. Economic research had three
foci. First, economic tools were used to quantify, in monetary terms, the
effects of dam operations on the quality of river recreation. Second, econ-
omic tools were used in analyzing the effects of dam operations on values
held by those who do not directly use resources affected by dam operations
(i.e., nonuse values). Third, economic analysis was used in quantifying the
linkage between operating criteria and value of the electricity generated atthe
It is important to keep in mind that the economic studies focus on valuing
the effects of alternative dam operations, not on the river as a whole. This
chapter acldresses the use of economic methods to document changes in the
value of recreational opportunities associated with changes in dam op-
erations. It also explains the concept of nonuse values, their relevance to
dam operations, and the results of nonuse value studies. Chapter 9 sum-
marizes and evaluates GCES work on the economics of power generation at
Glen Canyon Dam.
Use and Nonuse Values Defined
Recreation and power values are use values because they stem from the
direct use of river resources to produce electrical and recreational benefits.
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Recreation and Nonuse Values
Policymakers, economists, and the public question whether the economic
values of environmental resources should be limited to use values (HBRS,
1991, Harpman et al., 1995~. For example, those who have not visited the
Grancl Canyon may place an economic value on the preservation of its
resources for future generations or their own option to use the canyon in the
future. Such values are often called nonuse values. They are motivated by
value attached to the continued existence or preservation of a resource or the
resource's for future generations (Chapter 3~. Nonuse values are not held
only by "nonusers." Visitors to the river corridor below the clam may hold
nonuse value in addition to use value. Environmental economists have
developed a theory of total value, which consists of use and nonuse values
(HBRS, 1991, Harpman et al., 1995~.
Questions about the effects of dam operations on the total value of the
resources downstream from Glen Canyon Dam are appropriate because
federal law requires, as part of the environmental impact statement (EIS)
process, consideration of the economic implications of alternatives.
The economic theory and empirical measurement techniques relevant to
nonuse values in resource valuation studies have evolved rapidly during the
past decade (HBRS, 1991, Harpman et al, 1995~. As a result, nonuse values
have been included in a variety of policy analyses for which changes in the
quality or availability of natural resources are an issue. Perhaps the most
important example is the rules for assessing damages to natural resources
from spills of oil and toxins under the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act and the Clean Water Act (U.S.
Department of the Interior, 1991~. A U.S. Court of Appeals decision in 1989
strengthened the role of nonuse values in such cases, and nonuse values
were important in arriving at a negotiated settlement on liability for the Ewon
Valdez oil spill. More recently, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration convened a blue-ribbon panel that evaluated the validity of
methods for measuring nonuse values and developed guidelines for mea-
suring nonuse values in natural resource damage assessment (NOM, 1993~.
In addition, several federal agencies are writing administrative rules for the
measurement and application of nonuse values to public policy processes.
Measurement of Nonuse Values
While the validity of nonuse values is well established in theory, such
values cannot influence policy decisions unless they can be measured
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River Resource Management in the Grand Canyon
accurately. Measurement of nonuse val ues relies on the contingent valuation
method (CVM), which quantifies willingness to pay. There has been sub-
stantial debate among economists and other social scientists over the
quantification of willingness to pay. Although contingent valuation continues
to be controversial, there is a growing body of evidence that supports its
practical usefulness (Harpman et al., 1995~. Contingent valuation is routinely
applied with confidence to estimates of use values, and earlywork on nonuse
values is encouraging.
Whether nonuse values can be measured with sufficient accuracy to meet
high scientific standards is a question still widely discussed among policy
analysts and economists. There is, however, a theoretical economic frame-
work sufficient to form a foundation for their use in the GCES. The literature
on CVM indicates that accuracy is sufficient to make quantification of nonuse
value useful in understanding the balance of values at stake in managing Glen
Canyon Dam. This is particularly true given all that can be learned in the
nonuse valuation process regarding public views of the resource issues being
addressed under GCES. To neglect total values in favor of more narrowly
defined use values would be to leave a major gap in the economic studies
under GCES and in the Glen Canyon Dam EIS. This would be unjustifiable
given that nonuse values can be estimated.
Recreation is an important use of the Colorado River below Glen Canyon
Dam. Each year over 20,000 anglers, 33,000 day-trip rafters, and 15,000 to
20,000 white-water boaters use this section of the river. The GCES examined
recreational use patterns and values in considerable detail and focused on
those types of recreation most likely to be affected by changes in the dam's
The 15-mile segment of the Colorado River immediately below Glen
Canyon Dam is located in the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area. It is
used by a variety of recreationists, including fishermen, boaters, day rafters,
campers, bird watchers, and hikers. Below the Glen Canyon reach the
Colorado River flows through Marble and Grand canyons for 277 miles,
including over 160 recognized rapids. Some of the world's most challenging
and exciting white waters occur here. Below the Grand Canyon, Hoover Dam
holds back the Colorado River to form Lake Mead, which is one of the largest
reservoirs in the western United States. The dam's operation affects the
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Recreation and Nonuse Values
experience of recreationists using the Colorado River in Glen Canyon and the
Grand Canyon.
In 1987 a study of river-based recreation between Lakes Powell and Mead
was completed by Bishop et al. The goals of the study were to document the
quantity and pattern of river-based recreational use, to identify factors having
a significant effect on the net economic value of recreational use, and to
estimate the net economic value of river-based recreation. The authors
identified four major categories of river-based recreational use: (1) day
(scenic) rafting in Glen Canyon, (2) angling in Glen Canyon, (3) commercial
white-water boating in Grand Canyon, and (4) private white-water boating in
-Grand Canyon.
Bishop et al.'s early survey work (Bishop et al., 1987) involving anglers
and boaters determined that the value of angling and white-water boating is
affected by river stage and daily fluctuations but that day rafters are not
particularly sensitive to these aspects of dam operations. Consequently, the
economic effects of operational alternatives on day rafters are negligible;
Fishing in Glen Canyon
The Glen Canyon trout fishery is a by-product of Glen Canyon Dam.
Discharge from the dam is colder, carries less silt, and is more stable on an
annual basis than prior to construction of the dam. This altered environment
supports a good trout fishery. The Arizona Department of Game and Fish
(ADGF) stocks up to 100,000 rainbow trout in some years; in more recent
years, brook trout and cutthroat trout also have been stocked. Surveys of
Arizona anglers conducted by ADGF indicate that trout are the most desired
sport fish in the state, but preferences among trout species and between
native and stocked trout have not been well documented, as pointed out in
1987 by the NRC committee (NRC, 1987~.
The introduced trout have created an important fisherythat is considered
to be of high quality. Glen Canyon is one of only two blue-ribbon stream
fisheries in Arizona. Each year more than 19,000 anglers fish for rainbow
trout in the 1 5-mile reach below the dam.
Bishop et al.'s (1987) study also revealed that the attributes most strongly
affecting the Glen Canyon fishing experience are the site and number of fish
the respondent expected to catch. Fishing success is believed to be related
to flow in two ways. Rising water may improve fishing as fish begin to feed
on invertebrates that are dislodged in this way. In addition, flows of 10,000
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River Resource Management in the Grand Canyon
cubic feet per second (cfs) and less provide gravel and rock bars for fishing
and some room for bank fishing between the water's edge and shore
vegetation. Low flows limit boaters ability to get upstream.
Fishing in Grand Canyon
Fishing in Grand Canyon is likely an activity incidental to white-water
boating or backpacking, except in some side canyons around Marble
Canyon. The National Park Service (NPS) controls access to these wild trout
fisheries by issuing back-country and river permits. Commercial river com-
panies are not allowed to offer trips that are primarily for fishing in Grand
Canyon, even though fishing is allowed as an incidental activity on river trips.
Day Rafting
In 1991 more than 33,000 visitors took half-day tours of the Glen Canyon
reach. Bishop et al. (1987) found that the only flow-sensitive attribute of a
Glen Canyon clay-raft trip may be from where the trip originates. At low-to-
moderate flow levels (generally less than 29,500 cts), the 20-person tours
depart from a dock near Glen Canyon Dam and float or motor downstream
to Lee's Ferry. When releases are above 29,500 cfs and outlet works are in
use, departure from the base of the dam is unsafe due to the volume and
turbulence of the water. In these cases, rafts normally depart from Lee's
Ferry carrying fewer people (10) and motor part way upstream before floating
back downstream.
White-Water Boating
White-water boating in Grand Canyon is a major industry; 21 companies
have permits to conduct commercial raft trips in the park. Also, the Hualapai
Tribe conducts river trips from Diamond Creek to Lake Mead. Each year
15,000 to 20,000 commercial and private boaters annually run the river. The
number of user-days is restricted to 1 15,500 for commercial trips and 54,450
for private parties. White-water boating use is limited to 166 visitors per day
during the primary season (May 1 through September 30~. These limitations
were designed to maintain boating safety, reduce crowding on the river, and
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Recreation ant! Nonuse Values
minimize damage to riparian resources. The regulations preclude any
increases in use of the river for white-water boating. Motorize trips are
allowed to launch from mid-December through mid-September. Oar-powered
craft can be used throughout the year. The size of private groups averages
less than the limit of 16, while commercial group size usually is 36 people.
The lower gorge, which begins at Diamond Creek, is used by the Hualapai
Tribe concession as well as by other commercial and private rafters. Most
commercial and private raft trips take place between May and October.
Bishop et al. (1987) asked white-water boaters to identify the attributes
that contribute most to an excellent Grand Canyon white-water trip. Of the
attributes listed by at least 1 5 percent of all respondents, four are potentially
affected by dam operations: time for layovers and stops at specific sites,
rapids, wilderness experience, and not feeling crowded.
Rivertrips make planned stops at attractions located along the tributaries
and side canyons and also include scheduled short or extended day hikes.
These stops are important attributes of white-water trips. During low flows,
both commercial and private trip passengers may miss one or more sites
because of the additional time needed on the river to maintain a trip schedule.
Rapids are also important attributes of white-water boating trips (Bishop
et al., 1987~. Rapids are flow related because a number of small-to-medium
rapids become less exciting to run at high flows, while larger rapids generally
become more exciting to run at high flow. Also, guides and trip leaders are
more likely to have passengers walk around major rapids at the highest flows
(above 35,000 cfs). At low flows (5,000 cfs or less), it often becomes ne-
cessary to either walk passengers around some rapids or to wait for higher
One of the attributes of an excellent river trip most often identified by river
runners is a wilderness experience. Enjoying a wilderness experience is more
important to private rafters and oar trip passengers and less important to
commercial and motor passengers. Most river runners are aware of wide
daily fluctuations, and most feel that the fluctuations make the setting for the
trip seem less natural (Bishop et al., 1987~.
White-water boaters may feel most crowded at high flows because the
number and size of beaches for camping are significantly reduced. In
addition, during daily fluctuations in flows, boaters may congregate above
rapids as they wait for the water level to rise. Flows affect the usable area of
a camping beach. The rise and fall of water levels that result from fluctuating
discharges (Chapter 4) inundate portions of beaches, strand boats, and
influence the character of the setting. Daily fluctuations influence campsite
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River Resource Management in the Grand Canyon
selection in that many river runners will not choose a campsite that does not
offer protection against changes in water level (Bishop et al., 1987~. An
average of 35 percent of potential campsite area is inundated when releases
increase from 5,000 to 25,000 cfs.
Bishop et al. (1987) asked white-water boaters and commercial white-
water guides to provide reports on the quality of their Grand Canyon white-
water trips. Both the guides and the passengers reported the highest quality
for trips during periods of constant flows in the range of 25,000 to 30,000 cfs.
For a variety of reasons, however, it is impractical to release 30,000 cfs over
long periods of time to increase the quality of white-water trips (Chapter 4~.
River levels affect accident rates; flood flows and low flows are believed
to be the most hazardous. Fluctuating flows are not considered a significant
factor in river safety. At low flows, major rapids become difficult to navigate.
Kearsleyand Warren (1992) analyzed mooring conditions forwhite-water
boaters at 129 campsites. Mooring conditions were influenced by large
fluctuating flows at all sites. This study indicated that better mooring quality
exists under constant flows than under fluctuating flows.
Recreation at Lakes Powell and Mead
Lake Powell is the second-largest reservoir in the western United States.
Glen Canyon Dam and its power plant were designed to operate between the
water levels of 3,490 and 3,700 feet above sea level. In this range the lake has
a water surface area of 52,000 to 163,000 acres and a shoreline that is 990 to
1,960 miles long. Lake Powell provides several major categories of re-
creation: lakeshore and back-country camping, campground use, fishing,
boating, beach use, and picnicking. Fluctuations in water level are un-
avoidable for Lake Powell (Chapter 4~. The highest water levels generally
occur between April and June and the lowest levels between February and
Lake Powell has five marinas, and some expansions and additions are
being planned. Normal lake fluctuations influence recreational boating
because changing water levels affect access to the water via developed
facilities. A change in reservoir levels requires adjustments in facilities,
including marinas, docks, buoys and buoy lines, breakwater barriers, channel
markers, and ramps.
Boaters use the stretch of Luke Mead where the Colorado River enters the
lake for scenic boating, fishing, water skiing, and other recreational pursuits.
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Recreation and Nonuse Values
Navigability in this interface between Lake Mead and the river may be affected
by dam operations.
Recreation and Native American Tribes
A substant al portion of the Hualapai Tribe's gross revenue is clerived from
river-based recreational activities. The largest of these activities iswhite-water
boating. The Hualapai Tribe owns and operates Hualapai River Runners, a
commercial white-water boating company. Hualapai River Runners is one of
four enterprises operated by the Hualapai Tribe and was the major source of
tribal income in the 1980s. In addition to offering white-water boating trips,
Hualapai River Runners provides shuttle services, tows across Lake Mead,
and access for river takeouts at Diamond Creek. In 1987 it earned 49 percent
of the Hualapai Tribe's gross income.
The tribe has diversified its business interests and now depends less on
river-based recreational activities than it did in the past. Nevertheless, the
tribe earned about 33 percent of its total 1991 income from such activities.
The net economic value of commercial white-water trips that launch at
Diamond Creek by arrangement with the Hualapai Tribe was estimated by
data from Bishop et al. (1987) on commercial white-water boating in the
Grand Canyon. No separate economic value study was conducted for
commercial trips launched by the Hualapai Tribe at Diamond Creek.
The Navajo Reservation borders portions of Glen Canyon National
Recreation Area and Grand Canyon National Park. There has been little
development of business enterprises in this region because of a federal
statutory freeze that has precluded construction or development on this
portion of the reservation, pending resolution of a territorial dispute. The
development ban was l fled recently, and river-based enterprises may develop
in the near future. At the present time, however, no river-based enterprises
owned or operated by the Navajo Nation have been documented.
Although several other tribes have land bordering Grand Canyon National
Park or have current and historical ties to the Grand Canyon, no river-based
enterprises owned or operated by these tribes have been documented.
The effects on recreational activities of various operational schemes for
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River Resource Management in the Grand Canyon
the Glen Canyon Dam are summarized in the operations EIS (BOR, 1994~.
The EIS gives numerical values where possible; otherwise, it gives qualitative
assessments. Assessments are based on rankings of alternative operational
scenarios in a study of visitor preferences by Bishop et al. (1987~. Each
alternative was ranked as more or less favorable for recreation overall and for
each of several indicator activities. Indicator activities in the EIS include
fishing, day rafting, white-water boating, and lake facilities and activities.
Effects of habitat maintenance flows (Chapter 5) are discussed in the EIS
under the three alternatives that include such flows.
Background on Economic Methods Used
Two economic measures-the net economic value of recreation and the
regional economic impact of recreation-were used in GOES to estimate the
national and regional economic effects of proposed alternatives for dam
Table 7.1 summarizes the net economic value of various recreational
activities under different types of water release years. The net economic
value of an activity is its net addition to the nation's output of goods and
services, measured in clollars. The net economic value is a measure of the
value of an activity above the actual costs of participating in the activity.
Bishop et al. (1987) used the contingent valuation technique to analyze
the economic effects of dam operations on recreation. They presented
recreationists with descriptions of recreational opportunities at several dif-
ferent flow levels and asked them to state their willingness to pay for these
recreational opportunities at different flow levels. Bishop et al. found that the
value of angling and white-water boating was related to flow and that there
were significant differences between the effects of flow on commercial and
private white-water boaters.
Statistical models for angling and commercial and private white-water
boating were developed by Bishop et al. (1987) and HERS (1993~. These
statistical models describe the relationships among the economic benefits of
each recreational activity, the average flow during the month, and the
occurrence of fluctuations exceeding 10,000 cfs during the month. For each
type of activity, the model calculates net economic benefits per trip and then
aggregates benefits over the actual distribution of trips recorded in 1991.
The statistical models predict the same economic benefits for several of
the alternatives in the EIS because some alternatives have the same average
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Recreation and Alonuse Values
TABLE 7.1 Net Economic Value of Recreation (annual benefits in 1991 nominal $ millions)
Commercial White- Private
Commercial Water Boating White
Type of Release White- Below Diamond Water
{year) Anglers Water Boating Creek Boating Total
Low (1989) 1.3 5.4 0.104 1.1 7.904
Moderate (1987) 1.2 6.4 0.122 1.2 8.922
High (1984) 1.1 12.4 0.230 2.0 15.730
monthly flows and the same degree of fluctuations over 10,000 cfs. For
example, both the Interim Low Fluctuating Flow and Existing Monthly Volume
Steady Flow Alternatives have the same average monthly flows. There would
be nofluctuations underthe Existing MonthlyVolume Steady Flow Alternative
and no fluctuations over 10,000 cfs under the Interim Low Fluctuating Flow
Alternative. Consequently, the statistical models do not distinguish between
these two alternatives. Likewise, the No Action, Maximum Power Plant Ca-
pacity, and High Fluctuating Flow Alternatives all allow daily fluctuations
exceeding 10,000 cfs and have identical average releases.
Much of the white-water boating use occurs during the summer months.
Most of the angling use occurs during the spring and fall. These patterns of
use have important effects on the generation of net economic benefits. To
the extent that net economic benefits are directly determined by flow, chan-
ges in flow during periods of high recreational use produce larger changes
in net economic value than similar changes in flow occurring at other times
of the year.
Regional economic impact is a measure of the importance to the local
economy of the expenditures. Since expenditures made by recreationists
reflect the costs of participation, they are not considered benefits from the
national point of view end are not included in the calculation of net economic
River-based recreationists, such as anglers and white-water boaters,
spend large sums of money in the Grand Canyon region. Such expenditures
provide some measure of the local impacts of recreational users. Direct
expenditures alone, however, do not fully measure the effects of spending by
visitors to the region. Local businesses and residents spend part of the
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River Resource Management in the Grand Canyon
money they receive from anglers and white-water boaters to purchase goods
and services from other individuals and local businesses. These individuals
and businesses, in turn, spend a portion of their revenue in the region, and so
on. Because a portion of each dollar spent by nonresident recreationists is
respent over and over in the region, the effect of each dollar of direct
expenditure by visitors is greater than $1. A multiplier relates the amount of
nonresidential expenditure to the total amount of local economic activity
produced by the visitor's spending. Multipliers allow the effect of nonresident
expenditures to be more fully assessed. The U.S. Forest Service's Impact
Analysis for Planning model (Taylor et al., 1992), a sophisticated framework
for assessing regional effects of expenditures, was used to estimate multi-
pliers for this analysis.
Estimates of average expenditures by anglers and white-water boaters
were obtained by Bishop et al. (1987~. Commercial white-water boaters
generate most of the economic activity in the region. In total, river-based
recreational users generated some $23 million in local economic activity in
1991. Because the number of white-water boating trips is not expected to
change and the number of angling trips taken is held constant for this an-
alysis, there is no change in regional economic activity for any of the altern-
atives listed in the EIS.
Economic Effects of Dam Operations on Anglers
The quality of a fishing trip for most anglers in the Glen Canyon reach is
highest during moderate steady discharges because such discharges appear
to improve several attributes of fishing trips. Presently, there are no con-
straints on the number of anglers permitted to fish in Glen Canyon. The
number of fishing trips to the area in any given year varies with general
economic conditions, fishing regulations, and the quality of the fishery.
Anglers using the Glen Canyon trout fishery place a high value on large
fish. Under the EIS fluctuating flow alternatives, including no action, trout
were assumed to be less likely to reproduce and survive until they reach
trophy size. Underthe Moderate, Modifiecl Low, and Interim Low Fluctuating
Flow Alternatives, the potential for catching large fish was assumed to
increase, and therefore fishing trip quality also would have the potential to
increase. The underlying validity of this assumption is questionable (Chapter
6), but the economic analysis does show the sensitivity of the value of the
fishing to fish population size and age structure.
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Recreation and Nonuse Values
Rapid changes of stage put wading anglers in Glen Canyon at risk of
inur~ation. This risk would be reduced under the alternatives with ramp rate
restrictions and would be eliminated in the steady flow alternatives.
Downstream in the Grand Canyon, angler safety is not believed to be
significantly affected by dam operations, primarily because most fishing
activities take place from boats or from shore.
Studies in other basins have documented a relationship between angling
quality and the number of trips taken. In these studies, angling quality has
been related to the species, number, and size of fish caught as well as by the
presence of native fish in the catch. Some ways of operating Glen Canyon
Dam may change these factors for anglers who fish below the dam. A
change in the quality of the fishery might result in the total amount of fishing
that takes place. Biological models that could predict angling quality are
unavailable, however, and economic models that could predict the amount
of fishing based on the quality of the fishing have not been developed. As a
result, it is not possible to predict changes in the economic value of angling
as a function of dam operations.
Economic Effects of Dam Operations on Day Rafting
Boaters in the Glen Canyon reach, most of whom are anglers, have
d fficulty navigating around sand bars when discharge is 3,000 cfs or less.
Most boaters are unable to move up or downstream, and some of those
attempting to do so hit rocks and sustain boat and motor damage.
Minimum flows of 5,000 cfs eliminate navigation and safety considerations
for most day rafters and other boaters. Steady flows make sand bars
passable to all boaters.
All EIS alternatives were treated as having similar influences on day
rafting. Also, habitat maintenance flows (occasional high flows) are unlikely
to have any effect on the quality of day rafting below Glen Canyon Dam.
Because the alternatives do not differ significantly for day rafters, the
economic effects of changing operations are estimated as zero.
Economic Effects of Dam Operations on White-Water Boating
White-water boaters prefer moderate fluctuations and steady flows
because of their influence on itinerary, character of rapids, wilderness values,
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River Resource Management in the Grand Canyon
and boat management at camp. White-water boaters were asked to rank
several operational scenarios in the study by Bishop et al. (1987~. Of the EIS
alternatives, the steady flow would be most preferred by this group. Fluc-
tuating flow alternatives with daily range and ramp restrictions and 5,000-cfs
minimum flows are more acceptable than those without such restrictions.
Wilderness values are influenced by daily fluctuating flows. When the
river undergoes wide daily fluctuations, most river runners are aware of these
fluctuations and think they make the setting seem less natural (Bishop et al.,
1987~. Fewer river runners would be aware of more moderate daily fluc-
An index of white-water accident risk (Brown and Hahn, 1987) was used
to compare the safety of alternatives. At low flows, accident potential is
greatest for commercial motor and small oar-powered craft. Risk is reduced
most by steady flow; restricted fluctuating flow reduces risk half as much as
steady flow.
The accessibility of the river to the handicapped was raised as an issue
for the EIS and is a concern for NPS, which issues permits preferentially for
trips with handicapped individuals. Effects on accessibility follow the same
pattern as general accident risk.
The number, size, and character of camping beaches in the Grand
Canyon have a direct effect on the total recreational capacity of the river
corridor and the experience for white-water recreationists. Under the fluc-
tuating flow alternatives, the distribution of sites within power plant capacity
would be 0.7 sites per mile in narrow reaches and 1.1 sites per mile in wide
reaches. Steady flow alternatives would support 0.9 sites per mile in narrow
reaches and 1.1 in wide reaches.
The size of a particular camping beach is highly variable in relation to
flow. In most years the area suitable for camping would average 7,720 ~2 or
less under the fluctuating flows and up to 9,200 ft2 under steady flows.
Fluctuating flows influence mooring and cause boat management problems
and stranding. Under the fluctuating flow alternatives, mooring would be fair
to good at 64 percent of camping beaches; under steady flow, 92 percent
would be fair to good.
Economic Impacts of Dam Operations on Native American Tribes
A number of commercial and private white-water boating trips launch
from Diamond Creek on the Hualapai Reservation. White-water boating use
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Recreation and Nonuse Values
below Diamond Creek, as measured by the number of trips taken, is expected
to increase over time until use reaches capacity limits. The nature and timing
of this increase cannot be reliably predicted. Changes in the number of trips
are expected to be unrelated to clam operations.
The majority of recreational benefits are derivecl from commercial whRe-
water rafting, which in general is positively related to average daily flows and
negatively related to fluctuations. Alternatives that increase average summer
flows or eliminate daily fluctuations in excess of 10,000 cts tend to increase
recreational benefits. The estimates of net economic benefit are based on the
statistical relationship between flow and recreation holding all other factors
constant at the time of the study. Therefore, these benefit estimates do not
accountforanylong-term changes in the recreational environment/hat might
affect value. Table 7.2 shows expected changes in the equivalent annual
value of recreation under different alternatives, as estimated in the EIS (BOR,
1 995~.
The final EIS (March 1995) includes a brief but useful discussion of the
conceptual basis for nonuse values, their potential magnitude, the reasons
why people hold nonuse values, the resources to which nonuse values may
apply, and methods used by GOES to assess nonuse values. Preliminary
studies indicated that quantification of nonuse values associated with Glen
Canyon Dam operations is feasible. Participants were able to distinguish
effects on the river corridor from effects on the Grand Canyon in general and
indicated that they, as nonusers, would be affected by changes in dam
operations. A full-scale nonuse value study was completed in mid-spring
1995. Findings from the survey of 2,550 households in the Colorado River
Storage Project power marketing area and 3,450 households in the United
States as a whole have been made available as a GOES report (Welsh et al.,
1995~. The results, summarized below, show that substantial nonuse values
are at stake with regard to managing dam operations.
The nonuse value work examined public values associated with only three
main alternatives for operating the Glen Canyon Dam, even though the EIS
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River Resource Management in the Grand Canyon
TABLE 7.2 Change in Equivalent Annual Value of Recreation for the 50 year Planning Period,
as estimated by BOR for the operations ElSa
Changes in Equivalent Annual Value Compared to No Action
(1991 ~ millions)
Commercial Below
White-Water Private White- Diamond
Alternative Anglers Boating Water Boating CreekTotal
No Action 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0
Maximum power
plant capacity 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0
High fluctuating
flow 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0
fluctuating flow 0.40 0.10 ~.10 0.00.40
Modified low
fluctuating flow 0.90 2.60 0.20 0.043.74
Interim low
fluctuating flow 1.00 2.70 0.20 0.043.94
Existing monthly
volume steady
flow 1.00 2.70 0.20 0.043.94
adjusted steady
flow 0.80 3.60 0.30 0.064.76
Year-round steady
flow 1.00 1.70 0.20 0.032.93
�The net economic benefits in each year were inflated by the projected gross national product
price deflatorforthatyear (Power Resources Committee, 1993) and were discounted using the
federal discount rate of 8.5 percent). The equivalent annual value was then calculated using
the same rate. SOURCE: BOR (1995~.
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Recreation and Nonuse Values
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River Resource Management in the Grand Canyon
TABLE 7.3 Annual Values Associated with Alternative Dam Operations ($ millions)
Nonuse Values
Power Recreation National Area
Moderate fluctuating flow 36.7 to 54.0 +0.4 +2,286.4 +62.2
Low fluctuating flow 15.1 to 44.2 +3.7 +3,375.2 +60.5
Seasonally adjusted -88.3 to -123.5 +4.8 +3,442.2 +81.4
steady flow
SOURCE: Adapted from Tables 7-1, 7-2, and 7-3 in Welsh et al., 1995; and as corrected in
Table 7-1 in Welsh, 1995.
marketing area. The national nonuse values, however, are about 30 times
larger than the foregone power revenues for seasonally adjusted steady
Studies of recreation economics were designed and conducted using
state-of-the-art economic methodologies that are appropriate for the task of
measuring the economic impacts of EIS alternatives on recreationists. The
CVM was applied in a manner that maximizes the reliability of the recreational
value results. Surveys were extensively tested prior to being administered,
sample sizes were adequate, and statistical results were robust and
consistent with economic theory (Chestnut et al., 1991~.
It is important to keep in mind several issues when interpreting the
economic analysis of recreation. The analyses focused on the relationship
between recreational benefits and the immediate effect of river flows on the
quality of recreational experiences. For both the white-water rafters and
anglers, other long-term factors are related to the various alternatives and to
the quality of the recreational experience. For anglers the implications of
alternatives are very uncertain over the long term.
Factors such as the availability of camping beaches play a role in the
quality, and thus the net benefits, of rafting trips. The economic analyses,
however, focused on benefits associated with trips in which the number and
OCR for page 118
Recreation and Nonuse Values
sizes of beaches were fixed, and so the recreational benefits underestimate
the long-term benefits associated with alternatives that would maintain larger
numbers or sizes of beaches (Chapter 5~.
The GCES nonuse value studies are one of the-most comprehensive
efforts to date to measure nonuse values and apply the results to policy
decisions. The studies were subject to extensive scrutiny by the interests
(agencies, advocacy groups) participating in GCES and also to intensive
review by a panel of professional economists with no stake in the outcome of
the studies. While the CVM was applied in a manner consistent with current
professional practice for measuring nonuse values, there is no objective
standard of benefits against which the CVM results can be compared. If there
were, the CVM exercise would not have been necessary. While not com-
pleted in time to be reported in the final EIS, the nonuse value results are an
important contribution of GCES and deserve full attention as decisions are
made regarding dam operations.
Bishop, R. C., et al. 1987. Glen Canyon Dam Releases and Downstream
Recreation. GCES Technical Report, Bureau of Reclamation, Salt Lake
Brown, C.A. and M.G. Hahn. 1987. Effect of flows in the Colorado River on
reported and observed boating accidents in Grand Canyon, Glen Canyon
Environmental Studies Technical Report. Bureau of Reclamation, Salt
Lake C ty, Utah.
Bureau of Reclamation. 1994. Operation of Glen Canyon Dam. Draft
Environmentallmpact Statement, U.S.Departmentofthelnterior,Wash-
ington, D.C.
Bureau of Reclamation. 1995. Operation of Glen Canyon Dam. Final
Environmental ImpactStatement, March, U.S. Departmentofthe Interior,
Washington, D.C.
Chestnut, L., R. Raucher, and R. Rowe. 1991. A Review of the Economic
Studies Conducted in Phase I of the Glen Canyon Environmental Studies.
Prepared for the Glen Canyon Environmental Studies by RCG/Hagler,
Bailly, Inc.
Harpman, D.A., M.P. Welsh, and R.C. Bishop. Nonuse Economic Value:
Emerging Policy Analysis Tool." Rivers 4 No. 4 (March 1995~:280-291.
OCR for page 118
River Resource Management in the Grand Canyon
HBRS, Inc. 1991. Assessing the Potential for a Total Valuation Study of
Colorado River Resources. Final Report, prepared for the Glen Canyon
Environmental Studies by HBRS, Inc., Madison, Wisc.
HBRS, Inc. 1993. Analysis of the Impact of GCDEIS Alternatives on Rec-
reational Benefits Downstream from Glen Canyon Draft Report. Prepared
for the Glen Canyon Environmental Studies by HBRS, Inc., Madison,
Kearsley, L.H., and K. Warren. 1992. (1993 in EISJ River Campsites in Grand
Canyon National Park: Inventories and Effects of Discharge on Campsite
Size and Availability. Final report. Grand Canyon National Park Division
of Resource Management, National Park Service.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOM). 1993. Report of
NOM Panel on Contingent Valuation. U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington D.C.
National Research Council. 1987. River and Dam Management: A Review of
the Bureau of Reclamation's Glen Canyon Environmental Studies.
Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Power Resource Committee. 1993. Power Systems Impacts of Potential
Changes in Glen Canyon Power Plant Operations. Glen Canyon
Environmental Studies Technical Report, Stone and Webster Man-
agement Consultants, Inc., Englewood, CO.
Taylor, C., S. Winter, G. Alward, and E. Siverts. 1992. Micro IMPlAN User's
Guide. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Land Man-
agement Planning Systems Group, Fort Collins, Colorado.
U.S. Department of the Interior. 1991. Notice of proposed rulemaking:
Natural resource damage assessment. Federal Register 56~82J : 19752-
1 9773.
Welsh, M. 1995. Memorandum on corrections to the GCES Non-use Values
Study Draft Final Report, July 28. Prepared by Hagler Bailly Consulting,
Madison, Wisc.
Welsh, M.P., R.C. Bishop, M.L. Phillips, R.M. Baumgartner. 1995. GCES
Nonuse Value Study. Draft final report, prepared by RCG/Hagler Bailly,
Inc., Madison, Wisc. July 12.


text:
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text:
Terahertz radiation fits into the electromagnetic spectrum between infrared waves and microwaves and can be used for all manner of extraordinary things. One application is medical imaging–terahertz waves can penetrate a short distance beneath the skin and so spot tumors. Another use is surveillance–terahertz waves pass through most types of clothing, allowing "intimate" body searches at a distance. Terahertz radiation also shows promise for real-time spectroscopy–molecules can be identified by the way they reflect short pulses of terahertz waves.
So how best to create and detect terahertz waves? We'll leave the creation aside and talk in this post about detecting terahertz waves for real-time video images.
That's been a tough nut to crack until recently. The current state of the art is to use an array of microbolometer pixels, consisting of tiny slabs of vanadium oxide that change their resistance when hit by infrared photons and heat up. Although designed for infrared up to wavelengths of 14 micrometers, these devices have a residual sensitivity at terahertz frequencies, and in the last couple of years, they've been used to make terahertz videos.
But a new kid on the block is set to take the microbolometer's crown. In the early 1990s, Michel Dyakonov at the University of Montpellier in France and a pal calculated that a sufficiently small field-effect transistor ought to be able to produce and detect terahertz radiation.
The idea is that if a transistor is small enough, the electrons in the channel between its source and drain can be thought of as a 2-D plasma. And if the properties of this channel are tuned just right, the plasma can resonate when hit by terahertz waves. This, in turn, influences the current passing through the channel and allows the terahertz waves to be detected.
Of course, the size of these transistors is measured in nanometers, which is why it's taken so long to actually build them.
However, Dyakonov is now part of a group that has not only built transistors that detect terahertz waves, but also created the first images with them (see above).
That's impressive for several reasons. First, these transistors detect terahertz waves at room temperature (although nobody is quite sure how–something that will have to be worked out before scientists will want to use them). Second, the read-out rate is good enough for video. And finally, the transistors can be built into arrays using standard silicon CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) technology, which means they have the potential to be as cheap as conventional video cameras.
Dyakonov and his colleagues say "the experimental and theoretical results clearly indicate that nanometer transistors are promising candidates for a new class of efficient terahertz detector."


text:
Family Friday – 24 June
ByMayhem at the breakfast table!
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Hi and welcome to my blog. Filled with images from my recent weddings, engagement shoots, portrait sessions and corporate work. Most importantly its a window into my world...a world where family takes an upper hand and I have the images to prove it. Hopefully you'll take a few minutes to browse and once addicted set the blog as a bookmark. If you have any comments please feel free to add them or just get in touch.
For The Record: The images that I put on the blog from recent weddings may not always be the best or even ones you might expect. They are things that I saw, that I like that I want to share. Sometimes they are part of a quirky story or show a tender or ironic side to a wedding.
Mayhem at the breakfast table!
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Videos >> Browse Videos
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Final Moments Before Fatal Shooting of Police Officer
In memory of slain Franconia Police CorporalSubmitted by jonboy304 | almost 7 years ago901 Views16 Comments -
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This happened in North Carolina. I couldn't find it on here already, but if its already been posted, please disregard.Submitted by checksixx | almost 7 years ago883 Views15 Comments -
Al Qaeda VS Navy Seals & Rangers
US army in iraq insurgency attacks clip guerrilla warfare insurgents wasted gunship action hellfire missile takes out terrorists apache kills 30mm terrorists al qaeda insurgents cut up lit up canno.Submitted by jortives1969 | about 6 years ago876 Views3 Comments -
Traffic stop gone bad
suspect shot in headSubmitted by nmguy | almost 7 years ago875 Views27 Comments -
SWAT kills drug dealer
Suspect tries to run and swat end up shooting the suspectSubmitted by Leandrod | over 5 years ago875 Views22 Comments -
Police in Houston Shooting CIA Agent
A Houston Police Officer Kills an CIA Agent!!!! The Houston Police Officer is being questioned why did he not use a taser!!! Lots of CIA Agents Mad About What Happen and THey Say The Officer Should Pay For WHat He did!!!!!!!!!!Submitted by miguelgm | over 5 years ago863 Views39 Comments -
A kill from 2,430 meters
Sniper uses he's .50 cal Rifle to kill a Taliban in 2.430 metersSubmitted by gpmoraitis | about 7 years ago856 Views2 Comments -
Breakup suicide
At least he waited for the door to close. Amazing what security cameras capture nowadays.Submitted by chimp0082 | almost 7 years ago850 Views6 Comments -
Man Shoots Ex-Girlfriend in Front of Police
Shreveport, La police stop a man from killing his ex-girlfriend with a sawed off shotgun.Submitted by Paladin644 | almost 7 years ago849 Views2 Comments -
Perp shot dead by officer
officer shoots perp and family now wants to sue, idiot family just look at the videoSubmitted by metallica202000 | over 6 years ago849 Views23 Comments -
Great Shot
What a great shot to defuse that situation...Submitted by cgregor12 | over 6 years ago848 Views8 Comments -
Traffic stop turns fatal for officer
Lets all learn from this video. This video is unedited from the officers dashcam. RIP Officer McKay.Submitted by texassilenthero | almost 7 years ago841 Views12 Comments


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Snowflakes in the Universal Sky
December 25, 2007
Like cascading snowflakes un the instellar night, the strange shapes and textures of the stars in the Snowflake Cluster abound in the Cone Nebula. These patterns result from the tumultuous unrest that accompanies the formation of the open cluster of stars known as NGC 2264. Bright stars from the cluster dot the field and they soon heat up and destroy the gas and dust mountains in which they formed. One such dust mountain is the famous Cone Nebula, visible in the above image on the left, pointing toward a bright star near the center of the field.
Environment, Monoceros constellation, Open clusters, Astronomy, NGC 6820 and NGC, Snow, Universe, Astrophysics, NGC, Nebula, Diffuse nebulae, Dark nebulae, Cone Nebula


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Thursday, December 1, 2011
guildwars 2 art work done with the wonderful kekai kotaki, and the idea is from Daniel Dociu. These were done for the trade shows to show 5 of the iconic characters, some drawings and then more of kekai's work also blended in. they wanted a very stylized, but very clear depiction of the characters:) super fun to do!! check the links here.
15 comments:
- Rob McMaster said...
These are awesome, especially love the faces before the paint over!
- December 1, 2011 at 9:32 AM
- Mark Behm said...
Very nicely done.
- December 1, 2011 at 12:50 PM
- Ben J Greene said...
- December 1, 2011 at 7:45 PM
- Sarita K. said...
Omg it's beautiful!!! Stunning work!!
- December 2, 2011 at 10:51 PM
- steve molyneaux said...
- December 3, 2011 at 3:51 AM
- flaptraps said...
hey thanks a bunch guys!
Steve we'll kick it again soon dog! that dance party was awesome!
Sarita! hope your good, still loving the emails i get! its always motivational!! when do i get to go to dubai? - December 3, 2011 at 9:48 AM
- Ericka The Artist said...
Extremely awesome!
- December 4, 2011 at 9:40 AM
- Jparked said...
amazing!!!!!!! man, your work is killer.
- December 5, 2011 at 2:14 AM
- Eytan Zana said...
AWESOME stuff! Those skyrim pieces are making me loose my shit right now.
- December 7, 2011 at 4:37 PM
- garagarape said...
Your work is awesome.
suggesting more than going into the details is really a tricky thing to me. Respect! - December 30, 2011 at 2:43 AM
- - said...
Latest News Updates Bollywood, Hollywood, Dating & Fashion
Online Bollywood News and Reviews
http://www.onlinebollywood.net/ - January 14, 2012 at 6:49 PM
- Artwork by CJ said...
These are amazing, love the general style of them, how are they done? obviosly you've drawn them to start off with, but are they painted or photoshoped afterwards.
cant wait to see some more, great stuff. - February 8, 2012 at 10:57 AM
- Kais said...
I love all your work! I've been looking forward to Guild Wars 2 for some time and your art is just phenomenal!
- February 12, 2012 at 3:26 PM
- Spoiler50p said...
I have to say your work is absolutely stunning, I love these images and they have been my desktop in rotation for ages but for the life of me I can't find the Rytlock image anywhere :(
- May 9, 2012 at 4:08 AM
- Tim said...
You're art is really amazing! It's a shame I you weren't present at GamesCom 2011...
Looking forward to release though :) - August 9, 2012 at 8:34 AM


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« September 2009 | August 2009 | July 2009 » |
21/08/09 |
Two upcoming open days |
The Porscheshop are holding two open days in the coming months. Firstly, there is the annual open day on Saturday September 5th, click here for more details. Then on Saturday October 12th, there is the Front Engine Open day, click here for more details. For photos and info of past open days, click here. |
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12/08/09 |
Tom's Testimonial is now on the site |
We have added Tom's testimonial to the In Print & Testimonials section. |
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Two new articles added to the In Print section |
We have added two new articles added to the In Print & Testimonials section. |
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The shrine of knowledge.
Ukrainian Cuisine Desserts
A selection of articles related to ukrainian cuisine desserts.
Original articles from our library related to the Ukrainian Cuisine Desserts. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Ukrainian Cuisine Desserts.
- Yarylo
- Belarus and Ukrainian equivalent of Yarila. In Belarus, he gradually evolved into a female deity....
Deities & Heros >> Slavic
- Baba Yaga: A Demon or A Goddess?
- Growing up in Kiev, Ukraine, I loved reading and listening to fairy tales. These stories, filled with Slavic flavor, were opening up a new world for me, a world where one is to learn lessons and always to succeed, a world in which no matter how many hardships...
Deities & Heros >> Slavic
Ukrainian Cuisine Desserts is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Ukrainian Cuisine Desserts books and related discussion.
Suggested Pdf Resources
- Catering Services Why choose St. Michael's Heritage Hall for your
- accredited Red Seal Chefs. • Mouthwatering desserts. • Handmade pyrohy, cabbage rolls and other Ukrainian food available.
- www.smhg.ca
- Кухня Бабусі
- Unique Ukrainian Foods to Send Home ............ 7. Big City Important Ukrainian and Russian Translations .........
- www.peacecorps.gov
- Sector Report Ukraine
- Jul 15, 2009 Erste Group – Sector Report Ukraine: Food and Beverage ..
- www.usubc.org
- Ukraine - THE INTERNATIONAL SERVICE CENTER WEBSITE!!!
- Ukraine 7. Ukrainian food is well seasoned with rich spices. The dishes the country.
- www.isc76.org
- Smithsonian Folklife Festival
- Teaching & Learning. Ukrainian Cooking. Peace Corps Families.
- www.festival.si.edu
Suggested Web Resources
- Ukrainian cuisine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Desserts. Syrniki, fried quark cheese pancakes, garnished with sour cream, jam, honey, or apple sauce.
- en.wikipedia.org
- Food in Ukraine - Ukrainian Food, Ukrainian Cuisine - traditional
- www.foodbycountry.com
- Ukrainian Apple Cake (Yabluchnyk) Recipe - Allrecipes.com
- Recipe Buzz; Request recipes, get cooking questions answered, or offer .
- allrecipes.com
- Recipes, Ukrainian Traditional & International | Olga Drozd's
- We have traditional Ukrainian recipes (food) like Varenyky (Perogies), use up egg whites after Paska/Babka baking (5 pages of egg white dessert recipes) Etc.
- www.ukrainianclassickitchen.ca
- Ukrainian Cuisine Desserts | RM.com ®
- Ukrainian Cuisine Desserts articles, reference materials. Need more on Ukrainian Cuisine Desserts?
- www.realmagick.com
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.


text:
How to say AN in Dutch ən; when stressed æn
Would you like to know how to translate AN to Dutch? This page provides all possible translations of the word AN in the Dutch language.
- eenDutch
Discuss this AN Dutch translation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"AN." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2015. Web. 25 Apr. 2015. <http://translate.definitions.net/AN/NL>.


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Beautiful curves and soft lines make up this elegant two light bath wall light from Minka Lavery.
Elegant curving lines and bowl shaped etched white glass make this two light bath wall light a graceful addition to your bath area. With sparkling chrome accents and backplate it picks up the soft light beautifully. It can work in a more traditional home or it even can help soften a more contemporary decor.
Our associates are standing by to assist you.


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The oldest creative writing program in the country, and still regarded the best. More than forty Pulitzer Prize winners. North America's only UNESCO 'City of Literature'. How did the midwestern college town of Iowa City, Iowa become the capital of creative writing in America? It's an unlikely story of literary ambition, academic innovation, and a promising young poet who became a cultural entrepreneur. The documentary features scholars, historians and artists, interwoven with noted authors discussing the writing life in ways hilarious and profound. Produced and directed by Iowa City filmmaker Ben Hill for The University of Iowa, City of Literature tells the story of a community of writers while providing a window into the creative process itself.
Watch Video
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posted on October 12, 2012
City of Literature
posted on October 11, 2012
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- City of Literature Film
The City of Literature film tells the story of a community of writers while providing a window into the creative process itself. Find background information on the film and its creators. - City of Literature USA
For 80 years, Iowa City has been teaching the world to write. The newest chapter in this tradition is the city's designation as a UNESCO City of Literature. - Explore Literature in Iowa History
Explore the history of literature and the arts in Iowa with IPTV's Iowa Pathways educational website.
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text:
Christopher Jacques
Christopher Jacques
Degree(s) earned and location:
Bachelor of Arts, Franklin & Marshall College
Research Interests:
19th century American literature, the political and political theory, aesthetics
Select Publications:
Select Conference Presentations:
"The London Charter and the Biopolitical State" ("Turning on Rights: Politics, Performance and the Text": University at Albany, April 2010)
Select Fellowships and Awards:
Select Teaching Experience:
AENG100Z: Analytical Writing.
AENG102Z: Introduction to Creative Writing.
AENG240Z: Growing Up in America.


text:
Originally written on
Fox Sports North
Last updated 11/12/14
MINNEAPOLIS No one wants to talk about anything but Ricky Rubio. When's he coming back? (Yet to be determined.) What does he do best? What does he bring to the team? How will he change it? How does he look in practice.
And for a week, the Timberwolves have been waxing poetic, with so few new details and so much praise. On Tuesday, Andrei Kirilenko put it perfectly.
When asked about playing with the rookie point guard in practice, Kirilenko came so close to launching into typical the laundry list of praise. He makes everyone around him better, Kirilenko said. He can
And then the veteran stopped and laughed. The list was silly.
"I'm just trying to give compliments for everything he is doing," he said. "He is just a great player."
What a great perspective. Theres nothing new to praise, not two weeks into Rubio practicing as everyone awaits his arrival with bated breath. Hes good, great even. Thats it.
In terms of a return date, after Adelmans rare candid details yesterday (theyd be me...
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text:
Antenatal corticosteroid therapy and risk of osteoporosis. | |
MedLine Citation:
PMID: 9637126 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE |
OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of maternal osteoporosis associated with antenatal corticosteroid administration for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome prophylaxis. DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal study. SETTING: Maternity unit of Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London. POPULATION: Fourteen pregnant women who received dexamethasone therapy for fetal lung maturation in anticipation of delivery before 34 completed weeks of gestation. METHODS: Blood samples were collected before dexamethasone administration, 24 hours and 48 hours after the course of dexamethasone, and within 24 hours of delivery. Serum levels of carboxy terminal pro-peptide of type I pro-collagen (PICP) were measured to monitor the rate of bone formation, and serum levels of cross-linked carboxy terminal telopeptide (ICTP) were measured as a marker of bone resorption. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in the markers of bone turnover following dexamethasone administration. RESULTS: Serum PICP levels dropped 24 hours after dexamethasone therapy (P = 0.001), but partially recovered by 48 hours (P = 0.014) to reach higher than pre-therapy levels at delivery (P = 0.044). Although there were no corresponding changes in the serum levels of ICTP after 24 and 48 hours of therapy, levels increased from pretherapy to delivery (P = 0.006). CONCLUSION: Antenatal corticosteroid therapy leads to a transient suppression of, followed by an increase in, bone formation without any significant alteration in the pattern of bone resorption expected during pregnancy. |
O Ogueh; G Khastgir; J W Studd; J Jones; J Alaghband-Zadeh; M R Johnson |
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Publication Detail:
Type: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
Journal Detail:
Title: British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Volume: 105 ISSN: 0306-5456 ISO Abbreviation: Br J Obstet Gynaecol Publication Date: 1998 May |
Date Detail:
Created Date: 1998-07-09 Completed Date: 1998-07-09 Revised Date: 2006-11-15 |
Medline Journal Info:
Nlm Unique ID: 7503752 Medline TA: Br J Obstet Gynaecol Country: ENGLAND |
Other Details:
Languages: eng Pagination: 551-5 Citation Subset: AIM; IM |
Section of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Imperial College School of Medicine at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK. |
Export Citation:
APA/MLA Format Download EndNote Download BibTex |
MeSH Terms | |
Biological Markers
blood Bone Remodeling Collagen Collagen Type I Cross-Linking Reagents Dexamethasone / adverse effects Female Fetal Organ Maturity Glucocorticoids / adverse effects* Humans Infant, Newborn Longitudinal Studies Lung / embryology* Obstetric Labor, Premature Osteoporosis / chemically induced* Peptide Fragments / blood Peptides Pregnancy Prenatal Care Procollagen / blood Prospective Studies Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / prevention & control* Risk Factors |
Chemical | |
Reg. No./Substance:
0/Biological Markers; 0/Collagen Type I; 0/Cross-Linking Reagents; 0/Glucocorticoids; 0/Peptide Fragments; 0/Peptides; 0/Procollagen; 0/collagen type I trimeric cross-linked peptide; 50-02-2/Dexamethasone; 9007-34-5/Collagen |
Comments/Corrections | |
Comment In:
BJOG. 2000 Mar;107(3):434-5
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
Previous Document: Optimising maternal-fetal outcomes in preterm labour: a decision analysis.
Next Document: Antenatal glucocorticoid administration increases corticotrophin-releasing hormone in maternal plasm...


text:
BHUBANESWAR: In order to clear extra rush of waitlisted passengers, East Coast Railway has decided to augment one additional Sleeper Class coach in Purusottam Express.
2801 Puri–New Delhi Purusottam Express leaving Puri on November 12 and 2802 New Delhi–Puri Purusottam Express leaving New Delhi on November 14 will be augmented with one additional Sleeper Class coach.
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