text:
University of al-Qarawiyyin
University of al-Qarawiyyin | |
Jāmi`at al-Qarawīīn (جامعة القرويين) |
Interior of al-Qarawiyyin Mosque and university; note the similarity of the architecture to the Alhambra (الحمراء)
Established | Mosque 859[1] |
Type | Madrasa & centre of learning for non-vocational sciences (859 to 1963) State university since 1963[2][3][4] |
Affiliation | Sunni |
Location | Fes, Morocco |
Campus | Urban |
Website | www.alquaraouiyine.com |
The University of al-Qarawiyyin or al-Karaouine (Arabic: جامعة القرويين) is a university located in Fes, Morocco. It is the oldest existing, continually operating and the first degree awarding educational institution in the world according to UNESCO and Guinness World Records[5] and is sometimes referred to as the oldest university.[6] The al-Qarawiyyin mosque-religious school / college was founded by Fatima al-Fihri in 859 with an associated school, or madrasa, which subsequently became one of the leading spiritual and educational centers of the historic Muslim world. It was incorporated into Morocco's modern state university system in 1963. The claim of the university being the oldest in the world are subject to discussions as other institutions, such as the Zaytouna mosque-school founded in 703 in Tunis, predated the founding of al-Qarawiyyin. Al-Qarawiyyin itself is named after the Qairaouan Mosque in Tunisia, the oldest mosque in the Maghreb and the cradle of the Muslim Maliki rite.
Education at al-Qarawiyyin University concentrates on the Islamic religious and legal sciences with a heavy emphasis on, and particular strengths in classical Arabic grammar/linguistics and Maliki law, although a few lessons on other non-Islamic subjects such as French, English, and even IT are also offered to students. Teaching is delivered in the traditional method, in which students are seated in a semi-circle (halqa) around a sheikh, who prompts them to read sections of a particular text, asks them questions on particular points of grammar, law, or interpretation, and explains difficult points. Students from all over Morocco and Islamic West Africa attend the Qarawiyyin, although a few might come from as far afield as Muslim Central Asia. Even Spanish Muslim converts frequently attend the institution, largely attracted by the fact that the sheikhs of the Qarawiyyin, and Islamic scholarship in Morocco in general, are heirs to the rich religious and scholarly heritage of Muslim al-Andalus.
Most students at the Qarawiyyin range from between the ages of 13 and 30, and study towards high school-level diplomas and university-level bachelor's degrees, although Muslim males with a sufficiently high level of Arabic are also able to attend lecture circles on an informal basis, given the traditional category of visitors 'in search of [religious and legal] knowledge' (zuwwaar li'l-talab fii 'ilm). In addition to being Muslim and male, prospective students of the Qarawiyyin are required to have memorized the Qur'an in full as well as several other shorter medieval Islamic texts on grammar and Maliki law, and in general to have a very good command of Classical Arabic.
Successive dynasties expanded the al-Qarawiyyin mosque until it became the largest in Africa, with a capacity of 22,000 worshipers.[7] Compared with the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul or the Jameh Mosque in Isfahan, the design is austere. The columns and arches are plain white; the floors are covered in reed mats, not lush carpets. Yet the seemingly endless forest of arches creates a sense of infinite majesty and intimate privacy, while the simplicity of the design complements the finely decorated niches, pulpit and outer courtyard, with its superb tiles, plasterwork, woodcarvings and paintings.
The present form of the mosque is the result of a long historical evolution over the course of more than 1,000 years. Originally the mosque was about 30 meters long with a courtyard and four transverse aisles. The first expansion was undertaken in 956, by Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba, Abd-ar-Rahman III. The prayer hall was extended and the minaret was relocated, taking on a square form that served as a model for countless North African minarets. At this time it became a tradition that other mosques of Fes would make the call to prayer only after they heard al-Qarawiyyin. In the minaret of al-Qarawiyyin mosque there is a special room, the Dar al-Muwaqqit, where the times of prayer are established.
The most extensive reconstruction was carried out in 1135 under the patronage of the Almoravid ruler sultan Ali Ibn Yusuf who ordered the extension of the mosque from 18 to 21 aisles, expanding the structure to more than 3,000 square meters. The mosque acquired its present appearance at this time, featuring horseshoe arches and ijmiz frames decorated with beautiful geometrical and floral Andalusian art, bordered with Kufic calligraphy.
In the 16th century, the Saadis restored the mosque, adding two patios to the northern and southern ends of the courtyard.
Al-Qarawiyyin was founded with an associated school, or madrasa,[1][8][9][10] in 859 by Fatima al-Fihri, the daughter of a wealthy merchant named Mohammed Al-Fihri. The Al-Fihri family had migrated from Kairouan (hence the name of the mosque), Tunisia to Fes in the early 9th century, joining a community of other migrants from Kairouan who had settled in a western district of the city. Fatima and her sister Mariam, both of whom were well educated, inherited a large amount of money from their father. Fatima vowed to spend her entire inheritance on the construction of a mosque suitable for her community.
In some sources, the medieval madrasa is described as a "university"[10][11][12][13][14][page needed] in one Rough Guide book even as vying with Al-Azhar in Cairo "for the title of world's oldest university".[15]
Some scholars, noting certain parallels between such madrasas and European medieval universities, have proposed that the latter may have been influenced by the madrasas of Islamic Spain and the Emirate of Sicily.[16][unreliable source?] Other scholars have questioned this, citing the lack of evidence for an actual transmission from the Islamic world to Christian Europe and highlighting the differences in the structure, methodologies, procedures, curricula and legal status of the "Islamic college" (madrasa) versus the European university.[17][18][19]
Al-Qarawiyyin gained the patronage of politically powerful sultans.[when?] It compiled a large selection of manuscripts that were kept at a library founded by the Marinid Sultan Abu Inan Faris in 1349. Among the most precious manuscripts currently housed in the library are volumes from the famous Al-Muwatta of Malik written on gazelle parchment, the Sirat Ibn Ishaq, a copy of the Qur'an given by Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur in 1602, and the original copy of Ibn Khaldun's book Al-'Ibar.[20] Among the subjects taught, alongside the Qur'an and Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), are grammar, rhetoric, logic, medicine, mathematics, astronomy.
The twelfth century cartographer Mohammed al-Idrisi, whose maps aided European exploration in the Renaissance is said to have lived in Fes for some time, suggesting that he may have worked or studied at al-Qarawiyyin. The madrasa has produced numerous scholars who have strongly influenced the intellectual and academic history of the Muslim world. Among these are Ibn Rushayd al-Sabti (d. 1321), Mohammed Ibn al-Hajj al-Abdari al-Fasi (d. 1336), Abu Imran al-Fasi (d. 1015), a leading theorist of the Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence, Leo Africanus, a renowned traveler and writer. Pioneer scholars such as Al-Idrissi (d.1166 AD), Ibn al-Arabi (1165-1240 AD), Ibn Khaldun (1332-1395 AD), Ibn al-Khatib, Al-Bitruji (Alpetragius), Ibn Hirzihim, and Al-Wazzan were all connected with the madrasa either as students or lecturers. Among Christian scholars visiting al-Qarawiyyin were the Belgian Nicolas Cleynaerts and the Dutchman Golius[20] and Pope Sylvester II.[citation needed]
State University[edit]
At the time Morocco became a French protectorate in 1912, Al-Qarawiyyin had witnessed a decline as a religious center of learning from its medieval prime.[2] However, it had retained some significance as an educational venue for the sultan's administration.[2] The student body was rigidly divided along social strata; ethnicity (Arab or Berber), social status, personal wealth and the geographic background (rural or urban) determined the group membership of the students who were segregated on the teaching facility as well as in their personal quarters.[2] The French administration implemented a number of structural reforms between 1914 and 1947, but did not modernize the contents of teaching likewise which were still dominated by the traditional worldviews of the ulama.[2] At the same time, the student numbers at Al-Qarawiyyin dwindled to a total of 300 in 1922 as the Moroccan elite began to send its children instead to the new-found Western-style colleges and institutes elsewhere in the country.[2]
In 1947, Al-Qarawiyyin was integrated into the state educational system,[21] but it was only by royal decree after independence, in 1963, that the madrasa was finally transformed into a university under the supervision of the ministry of education.[2][3][4] The old mosque school was shut down and the new campus established at former French Army barracks.[2] While the dean took its seat at Fez, four faculties were founded in and outside the city: a faculty of Islamic law in Fez, a faculty of Arab studies in Marrakech and a faculty of theology in Tétouan, plus one near Agadir in 1979. Modern curricula and textbooks were introduced and the professional training of the teachers improved.[2][3] Following the reforms, al-Qarawiyyin was officially renamed "University of al-Qarawiyyin" in 1965.[2]
In 1975, the General Studies were transferred to the newly founded Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University; al-Qarawiyyin kept the Islamic and theological courses of studies.[citation needed]
In 1988, after a hiatus of almost three decades, the teaching of traditional Islamic education at the madrasa of al-Qarawiyyin was resumed by king Hassan II in what has been interpreted as a move to bolster conservative support for the monarchy.[2]
Historians of the university, encyclopedias and dictionaries of the Middle Ages consider that the university (from Latin universitas) was an institution unique to Christian Europe, that the first universities were all located in Western Europe with Paris and Bologna often cited as the earliest examples.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]
These sources therefore consider that al-Qarawiyyin was founded[1][9] and run[4][21] as a madrasah (Arabic: مدرسة) or a mosque school until after World War II. They consider institutions like al-Qarawiyyin to be higher schools of Islamic law where other subjects were only of secondary importance.[31][32][33] They also consider that the University was only adopted outside the West, including into the Islamic world, in the course of modernization programmes since the beginning of the 19th century.[34][35][36][37][38] They date the transformation of the madrasa of Al-Qarawiyyin into a university to its modern reorganization in 1963.[2][3][4] In the wake of these reforms, al-Qarawiyyin was officially renamed "University of al-Qarawiyyin" two years later.[2]
In contrast according to UNESCO[39] and a number of other sources, al-Qarawiyyin is considered to have been a university since its founding and therefore that it is the oldest university in the world.[10][11][12][13][page needed][15] According to Yahya Pallavicini, the university model did not spread in Europe until the 12th century, and was found throughout the Muslim world from the founding of al-Qarawiyyin in the 9th century until at least European colonialism.[40][author missing]
Famous alumni[edit]
At Al-Karaouine, students have studied theology, jurisprudence , philosophy, mathematics , astrology , astronomy and languages. The university had among its students since the Middle Age notorious people from all around the Mediterranean sea such as the Moorish Muslim philosopher Averroes, the geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi, the Jewish philosopher Maimonides or even Pope Sylvester II and later during the XV century the Flemish Nicolas Cleynaerts or the Dutch orientalist and mathematician Jacobus Golius.[citation needed]
List of alumni
- Ibn Khaldun - Historian
- Maimonides - Jewish philosopher
- Muhammad al-Idrisi - geographer
- Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali
- Abdullah al-Ghumari
- Imam al-Bannani
- Pope Sylvester II - Pope
- Leo Africanus
- Nicolas Cleynaerts
- Jacobus Golius - Dutch orientalist and mathematician
- Abd el-Krim el-Khattabi
- Allal al-Fassi
See also[edit]
- Dar al-Muwaqqit (the 'clock-house' of al-Qarawiyyin)
- List of universities in Morocco
- Education in Morocco
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Al-Qarawiyyin Morocco. |
- ISESCO: Fez 2007 [2]
- UNIVERSITE QUARAOUIYINE - Fes (French)
References and notes[edit]
- ^ a b c Petersen, Andrew: Dictionary of Islamic Architecture, Routledge, 1996, ISBN 978-0-415-06084-4, p. 87 (entry "Fez"):
The Qarawiyyin Mosque, founded in 859, is the most famous mosque of Morocco and attracted continuous investment by Muslim rulers.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Lulat, Y. G.-M.: A History Of African Higher Education From Antiquity To The Present: A Critical Synthesis, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, ISBN 978-0-313-32061-3, pp. 154–157
- ^ a b c d Park, Thomas K.; Boum, Aomar: Historical Dictionary of Morocco, 2nd ed., Scarecrow Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-8108-5341-6, p. 348
al-qarawiyin is the oldest university in Morocco. It was founded as a mosque in Fès in the middle of the ninth century. It has been a destination for students and scholars of Islamic sciences and Arabic studies throughout the history of Morocco. There were also other religious schools like the madras of ibn yusuf and other schools in the sus. This system of basic education called al-ta'lim al-aSil was funded by the sultans of Morocco and many famous traditional families. After independence, al-qarawiyin maintained its reputation, but it seemed important to transform it into a university that would prepare graduates for a modern country while maintaining an emphasis on Islamic studies. Hence, al-qarawiyin university was founded in February 1963 and, while the dean's residence was kept in Fès, the new university initially had four colleges located in major regions of the country known for their religious influences and madrasas. These colleges were kuliyat al-shari's in Fès, kuliyat uSul al-din in Tétouan, kuliyat al-lugha al-'arabiya in Marrakech (all founded in 1963), and kuliyat al-shari'a in Ait Melloul near Agadir, which was founded in 1979.
- ^ a b c d Belhachmi, Zakia: "Gender, Education, and Feminist Knowledge in al-Maghrib (North Africa) – 1950–70", Journal of Middle Eastern and North African Intellectual and Cultural Studies, Vol. 2–3, 2003, pp. 55–82 (65):
The Adjustments of Original Institutions of the Higher Learning: the Madrasah. Significantly, the institutional adjustments of the madrasahs affected both the structure and the content of these institutions. In terms of structure, the adjustments were twofold: the reorganization of the available original madaris, and the creation of new institutions. This resulted in two different types of Islamic teaching institutions in al-Maghrib. The first type was derived from the fusion of old madaris with new universities. For example, Morocco transformed Al-Qarawiyin (859 A.D.) into a university under the supervision of the ministry of education in 1963.
- ^ Oldest University
- ^ Verger, Jacques: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-521-54113-8, pp. 35–76 (35)
- ^ Fauzi M. Najjar (April 1958). "The Karaouine at Fez". The Muslim World: Volume 48, issue 2. Wiley. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
- ^ Meri, Josef W. (ed.): Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, A–K, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7, p. 257 (entry "Fez")
- ^ a b Lulat, Y. G.-M.: A History Of African Higher Education From Antiquity To The Present: A Critical Synthesis Studies in Higher Education, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, ISBN 978-0-313-32061-3, p. 70:
As for the nature of its curriculum, it was typical of other major madrasahs such as al-Azhar and al-Qarawiyyin, though many of the texts used at the institution came from Muslim Spain...Al-Qarawiyyin began its life as a small mosque constructed in 859 C.E. by means of an endowment bequeathed by a wealthy woman of much piety, Fatima bint Muhammed al-Fahri.
- ^ a b c Esposito, John (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 328. ISBN 0-1951-2559-2.
- ^ a b Joseph, S, and Najmabadi, A. Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures: Economics, education, mobility, and space. Brill, 2003, p. 314.
- ^ a b Swartley, Keith. Encountering the World of Islam. Authentic, 2005, p. 74.
- ^ a b Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World, Publisher: Marshall Cavendish, 2010 [1] p.161
- ^ Civilization: The West and the Rest by Niall Ferguson, Publisher: Allen Lane 2011 - ISBN 978-1-84614-273-4
- ^ a b "The Kairaouine Mosque". Rough Guides. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
and vies with Cairo's Al-Azhar for the title of world's oldest university
- ^ Alatas, S. F. (2006), "From Jami`ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue", Current Sociology 54 (1): 112–132 [123–4], doi:10.1177/0011392106058837
- ^ George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages", in: Studia Islamica, Vol. 32 (1970), S. 255-264 (264):
Thus the university, as a form of social organization, was peculiar to medieval Europe. Later, it was exported to all parts of the world, including the Muslim East; and it has remained with us down to the present day. But back in the middle ages, outside of Europe, there was nothing anything quite like it anywhere.
- ^ The scholarship on these differences is summarized in Toby Huff, Rise of early modern science, 2nd ed. p. 149-159; p. 179-189.
- ^ Norman Daniel: Review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 104, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1984), pp. 586-588 (587)
- ^ a b see R. Saoud article on http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=447,
- ^ a b Shillington, Kevin: Encyclopedia of African History, Vol. 2, Fitzroy Dearborn, 2005, ISBN 978-1-57958-245-6, p. 1025:
Higher education has always been an integral part of Morocco, going back to the ninth century when the Karaouine Mosque was established. The mosque school, known today as Al Qayrawaniyan University, became part of the state university system in 1947.
- ^ Ferruolo, Stephen C.: The Origins of the University: The Schools of Paris and Their Critics, 1100–1215, Stanford University Press, 1985, ISBN 978-0-8047-1266-8, p. 5
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: "University", 2012, retrieved 26 July 2012)
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: "University", 2012, retrieved 26 July 2012
- ^ Pace, Edward: "Universities", The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 15, Robert Appleton Company, New York, 1912, retrieved 27 July 2012)
- ^ Brill's New Pauly: "University", Brill, 2012)
- ^ Lexikon des Mittelalters: "Universität. Die Anfänge", Vol. 8, Cols 1249–1250, Metzler, Stuttgart, [1977]–1999
- ^ Vauchez, André; Dobson, Richard Barrie; Lapidge, Michael (eds.): Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, Vol. 1, Routledge, 2000, ISBN 978-1-57958-282-1, p. 1484 (entry "university")
- ^ Verger, Jacques: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-521-54113-8, pp. 35–76 (35)
- ^ Makdisi, George: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages", Studia Islamica, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255–264
- ^ Pedersen, J.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R.: "Madrasa", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition, Brill, 2010:
Madrasa, in modern usage, the name of an institution of learning where the Islamic sciences are taught, i.e. a college for higher studies, as opposed to an elementary school of traditional type (kuttab); in mediaeval usage, essentially a college of law in which the other Islamic sciences, including literary and philosophical ones, were ancillary subjects only.
- ^ Meri, Josef W. (ed.): Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, A–K, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7, p. 457 (entry "madrasa"):
A madrasa is a college of Islamic law. The madrasa was an educational institution in which Islamic law (fiqh) was taught according to one or more Sunni rites: Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanafi, or Hanbali. It was supported by an endowment or charitable trust (waqf) that provided for at least one chair for one professor of law, income for other faculty or staff, scholarships for students, and funds for the maintenance of the building. Madrasas contained lodgings for the professor and some of his students. Subjects other than law were frequently taught in madrasas, and even Sufi seances were held in them, but there could be no madrasa without law as technically the major subject.
- ^ Makdisi, George: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages", Studia Islamica, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255–264 (255f.):
In studying an institution which is foreign and remote in point of time, as is the case of the medieval madrasa, one runs the double risk of attributing to it characteristics borrowed from one's own institutions and one's own times. Thus gratuitous transfers may be made from one culture to the other, and the time factor may be ignored or dismissed as being without significance. One cannot therefore be too careful in attempting a comparative study of these two institutions: the madrasa and the university. But in spite of the pitfalls inherent in such a study, albeit sketchy, the results which may be obtained are well worth the risks involved. In any case, one cannot avoid making comparisons when certain unwarranted statements have already been made and seem to be currently accepted without question. The most unwarranted of these statements is the one which makes of the "madrasa" a "university".
- ^ George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages", Studia Islamica, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (264):
Thus the university, as a form of social organization, was peculiar to medieval Europe. Later, it was exported to all parts of the world, including the Muslim East; and it has remained with us down to the present day. But back in the Middle Ages, outside of Europe, there was nothing anything quite like it anywhere.
- ^ Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp. XIX–XX:
The university is a European institution; indeed, it is the European institution par excellence. There are various reasons for this assertion. As a community of teachers and taught, accorded certain rights, such as administrative autonomy and the determination and realization of curricula (courses of study) and of the objectives of research as well as the award of publicly recognized degrees, it is a creation of medieval Europe, which was the Europe of papal Christianity...
No other European institution has spread over the entire world in the way in which the traditional form of the European university has done. The degrees awarded by European universities – the bachelor's degree, the licentiate, the master's degree, and the doctorate – have been adopted in the most diverse societies throughout the world. The four medieval faculties of artes – variously called philosophy, letters, arts, arts and sciences, and humanities –, law, medicine, and theology have survived and have been supplemented by numerous disciplines, particularly the social sciences and technological studies, but they remain none the less at the heart of universities throughout the world.
Even the name of the universitas, which in the Middle Ages was applied to corporate bodies of the most diverse sorts and was accordingly applied to the corporate organization of teachers and students, has in the course of centuries been given a more particular focus: the university, as a universitas litterarum, has since the eighteenth century been the intellectual institution which cultivates and transmits the entire corpus of methodically studied intellectual disciplines.
- ^ Verger, Jacques: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-521-54113-8, pp. 35–76 (35):
No one today would dispute the fact that universities, in the sense in which the term is now generally understood, were a creation of the Middle Ages, appearing for the first time between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It is no doubt true that other civilizations, prior to, or wholly alien to, the medieval West, such as the Roman Empire, Byzantium, Islam, or China, were familiar with forms of higher education which a number of historians, for the sake of convenience, have sometimes described as universities.Yet a closer look makes it plain that the institutional reality was altogether different and, no matter what has been said on the subject, there is no real link such as would justify us in associating them with medieval universities in the West. Until there is definite proof to the contrary, these latter must be regarded as the sole source of the model which gradually spread through the whole of Europe and then to the whole world. We are therefore concerned with what is indisputably an original institution, which can only be defined in terms of a historical analysis of its emergence and its mode of operation in concrete circumstances.
- ^ Sanz, Nuria; Bergan, Sjur (eds.): The Heritage of European Universities, Council of Europe, 2002, ISBN 978-92-871-4960-2, p. 119:
In many respects, if there is any institution that Europe can most justifiably claim as one of its inventions, it is the university. As proof thereof and without wishing here to recount the whole history of the birth of universities, it will suffice to describe briefly how the invention of universities took the form of a polycentric process of specifically European origin.
- ^ Makdisi, George: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages", Studia Islamica, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255–264 (264):
Thus the university, as a form of social organization, was peculiar to medieval Europe. Later, it was exported to all parts of the world, including the Muslim East; and it has remained with us down to the present day. But back in the Middle Ages, outside of Europe, there was nothing anything quite like it anywhere.
- ^ "Medina of Fez". UNESCO. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
- ^ Aslan, Ednan, ed. (2009), Islamic Education in Europe, Wiener islamisch-religionspädagogische Studien 1, Böhlau Verlag Wien, pp. 220–221, ISBN 9783205783107,
The Muslim community maintained, favoured, and organized the institutions for higher education that became the new centres for the diffusion of Islamic knowledge. These centres were places where teachers and students of that time would meet and also where all intellectuals would gather and take part in extremely important scientific debates. It is not a coincidence that around the 9th century the first university in the world, the Qarawiyyin University in Fez, was established in the Muslim world followed by az-Zaytuna in Tunis and Al-Azhar in Cairo. The university model, that in the West was widespread starting only from the 12th century, had an extraordinary fortune and was spread throughout the Muslim world at least until the colonial period.
- Buildings and structures completed in 1135
- Madrasas in Morocco
- Universities in Morocco
- Islamic universities and colleges
- Educational institutions established in the 9th century
- 859 establishments
- Buildings and structures in Fes
- Almoravid dynasty
- Moroccan architecture
- Berber architecture
- Arabic architecture
- Mosques in Morocco
- University of al-Qarawiyyin


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Colorado Women's Shelters
Welcome to our Colorado page. We provide listings of shelters, transitional housing, residential treatment centers and women's residential services.
On the lower right we have listed all of the cities in Colorado where we have shelters. Search using the list on the right or using our search box below.
Where possible we found other services such as government and non profit agencies to help women in need. We hope you find this information helpful.
If you are looking to donate to these shelters, we also provide the phone numbers and contact websites. Unfortunately this list is not all inclusive. If you see we are missing a shelter, please help us by adding it to our list.
Crisis hotline 303- 838-8181. Services: domestic violence and family crisis intervention a residential shelter for female domestic violence victims, their children and pets violence prevention education and support for families in crisis Service location: The Rocky Mountain foothills encomp
View Full DetailsGunnison/Hinsdale Confidential Advocacy Center (serving Gunnison and Hinsdale County) Administrative number: (970) 641-2712 Crisis number: (970) 275-1193 Services: 24-hour crisis line, access to counseling and peer support groups, help establishing independence and utilizing community resou
View Full DetailsProvides a house of hospitality for homeless women, couples and families.
View Full DetailsWoman\'s Residential Program The approximate duration of the program is six months, unless special circumstances dictate longer. Our residents live in a home like environment. During their stay with us, women will: -Find and maintain full-time employment -Become an active member of a church of
View Full DetailsA shelter for women and children of Domestic Violence.
View Full DetailsThe primary purpose of the organization is an outreach program for women in crisis. The organization leads women and their children to the saving knowledge of Jesus Christ by providing long-term housing, clothing, Christian counseling and personal needs
View Full DetailsTESSA's mission is to help women and their children achieve safety and well-being while challenging communities to end sexual and family violence. The address provided for this shelter is the administrative offices of TESSA. We do not provide the address of the shelter due to it being at an undiscl
View Full DetailsTHE ORGANIZATION PROVIDES A FAMILY CRISIS SHELTER, A THERAPEUTIC SWIMMING POOL, CHILDCARE AND OUTREACH SERVICES TO THE CITIZENS OF SO. COLORADO; AS WELL AS A SAFEHAVEN FOR INTERVENTION SERVICES.
View Full DetailsWe offer treatment for problems that need to be addressed within the homeless community. Providing cost-free rehabilitation and counseling programs to men, women and youth.
View Full DetailsThe mission of The Gathering Place is to support women and their children experiencing homelessness or poverty by providing a safe daytime refuge and resources for self-sufficiency.
View Full Details


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Connect with Us
Coupeville gets ready for Thanksgiving feast
Friends, neighbors, families and visitors are welcome to join the 11th Annual Community Thanksgiving potluck meal Thursday, Nov. 26, at the Coupeville Rec Hall on the corner of Alexander and Coveland.
A traditional spread will be served buffet-style from noon until 2:30, or whenever the food runs out.
Turkey and ham are provided by the organizers, while the rest of the tasty menu is up to those who attend. This is the perfect opportunity to showcase a favorite family recipe or try something new. Sign-up sheets are located at Coupeville Dental Clinic, Mosquito Fleet, the County Deli and Branch Business Services.
The Community Thanksgiving is a smoke-and-alcohol-free event that just gets better every year. Why sit home alone, fix a huge meal for a few or dine out at a restaurant when you can spend the holiday with like-minded folks in a convivial atmosphere, and stuff yourself into the bargain? The community feast is free, fun and friendly. Make it your new tradition.
The gathering is loosely organized by locals, and help is always welcome. To get involved, call Peg and Gordon Burton at 678-1667 or Kathy Griggs at 678-6000.
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Radionuclide Release from Slag and Concrete Waste Materials, Part I: Conceptual Models of Leaching from Complex Materials and Laboratory Test Methods (NUREG/CR-7025)
On this page:
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Publication Information
Manuscript Completed: March 2010
Date Published: December 2010
Prepared by:
W.L. Ebert
Argonne National Laboratory
9700 South Cass Avenue
Argonne, IL 60439
M. Fuhrmann, NRC Project Manager
NRC Job Code N6669
Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Washington DC 20555-0001
The technical literature was surveyed to evaluate test methods and modeling approaches used to characterize the release of contaminants during the weathering of portland cement-based materials and slag wastes from metal processing and recycling operations. Data sets were selected to represent various approaches used to study contaminant leaching, mineral dissolution, and waste material corrosion, and both the testing methods and data interpretations were evaluated. Models were evaluated with regard to both interpreting the test results and predicting long-term behavior. This study concludes that test results can be misinterpreted if testing artifacts are not taken into account, such as the interval used in solution replacement tests, the flow rate used in dynamic tests, and failure to reach steady-state, or if an inappropriate process is modeled. Contaminant release may be controlled by a diffusion process (mass transport) or by the chemical reaction affinity, and oxidation reactions can affect the releases of multivalent contaminants, such as Tc. The mechanism controlling the release might not be identifiable by a single test method. While well-established models for each of these processes and standardized test methods are available, the challenge is to identify which process controls contaminant release under the conditions of interest and how the laboratory test results relate to the model and long-term material behavior.


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RT July 2013
Strength in Numbers (and Weights) For American ForkThe Utah team focuses on strength—both aerobic and muscular—to prep for cross country. |
Hills and Hills For The Cardinal O'Hara BoysThe Pennsylvania powerhouse builds mileage in three-week rotations. |
Endless Summer: Adapting for Altitude with Los AlamosThe New Mexico school fits their mascot's billing (The Hilltoppers). |
Endless Summer: St. Xavier Boys Use Time Trials For Training TargetsThe harriers of the Louisville, Kentucky, high school rarely take a day off during the summer. |
Endless Summer: Mountain Brook Puts Responsibility With AthletesThe Alabama school adjusts to the sticky heat of a southern summer while running up to 60 miles a week. |
Endless Summer: Tatnall School Builds Base by ExperienceMileage may range, but ten pull-ups is a minimum for the harriers of the Delaware program. |
The Little Race that CouldHow the Boston Marathon inspired the Bix 7 and generations of Midwest runners, too. |
Showcase Race: Grand Island Trail Marathon & Half MarathonJuly 27, Grand Island, Michigan |
The Real WorldA running career without sponsorship? How a recent grad makes ends meet. |
The Shape of ThingsNew models are challenging the traditional pyramid structure of training. |
Endurance for SpeedWith the help of a coach, Bill Zink has added more miles for success in racing just one. |
Good Enough for GoldGlobe-trotting ultrarunner Amy Sproston is a world champion. One day she might even believe it. |


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Cama, born to a convoluted and fabulous Bombay family, is, like Elvis Presley (and Philip K. Dick), the surviving sibling of a dead baby twin. He's also a paradigmatic child of rock and roll, born fingering an air guitar and mouthing nonsense lyrics that foretell the hit songs about to transform the culture of the far-off United States. Ormus is a godlike amalgam of Gatsby and Dylan and Orpheus, and by the end of the book he's a little bit of David Bowie's character in The Man Who Fell to Earth as well. His significant other is Vina Apsara, an orphan emigrant-in-reverse who ascends to Madonna-esque stardom singing lead vocals in Cama's music and dies in an earthquake, then becomes the center of a Princess Dianasized posthumous cult.
Can anyone say larger-than-life? The third leg of the triangle at the book's center is the narrator, another Bombayan, and a Weegee-like photographer who conquers the worlds of frontline wartime photojournalism, fashion, and high art in turn. He serves as footman, documentarian, and confessor for the rock-star couple, all the while carrying a torch for and carrying on an affair with Apsara. He's also Rushdie's mouthpiece for a series of ruminative discourses on exile and loss.
And so farewell, my country. Don't worry; I won't come knocking at your door. I won't phone you in the middle of the night and hang up when you reply....
I have walked your filthy streets, India, I have ached in my bones from the illnesses engendered by your germs. I have eaten your independent salt and drunk your nauseatingly sugary roadside tea.
These passages have a vibrant, humble reality that threatens to inadvertently expose the hot air of the rock-star characters' genius-is-pain, fame-is-hell concerns.
Because he's part Pynchon, Rushdie's language cascades and spirals, a cornucopia of referents, puns, and rhymes; because he's part John Irving, his narratives are clotted with backstory, genealogy, and momentum-slaughtering foreshadowing. The notion of telling us only what we need to know, of laying his royal flushes on the table one tantalizing card at a time, never seems to cross Rushdie's mind. Because he's both Pynchon and Irving at once he's never met a coincidence or doubling he didn't like.
Rushdie cues his alternate history by trotting out an old warhorse: in his reality, Kennedy survives the assassination attempt (Oswald's rifle jams, while Zapruder conks the grassy-knoll gunman on the head with his movie camera). But Rushdie's concerns are less political than cultural, and most of the subsequent embellishments are less JFK than The Doors or Natural Born Killers: Dionysian rituals of communion and hallucinatory ruptures in the fabric of reality. Ormus Cama is the reluctant witness to this gap between the worlds, and though his music is inspired by these visionary glimpses, hein one of the nicer touchestakes to wearing an eyepatch to cut down on the double vision.
The novel's sense of which historical moments are worth tweaking, as well as which rock and roll matters, reveals Rushdie as a real '60s guy. Punk (renamed "Runt") is dismissed in a brazenly silly one-page aside, and though Ormus's band has some glammish '70s overtones, Rushdie's notion of that decade clearly centers on '60s lions in maturity or decline: Andy Warhol, the Rolling Stones, and Lennon. The '80s and '90s are a summary blur. Rushdie only pauses to praise U2 (flimsily disguised as "Vox Pop"), who are, in the bizarre alternate reality we all inhabit, reportedly about to record one of Rushdie's fictional set of smash hit lyrics.
Ah, the lyrics. Rushdie can't avoid the trap that snared Don DeLillo, Scott Spencer, Norman Spinrad, and dozens of others: his genius's song lyrics die on the page. He shouldn't feel badso do many of Dylan's. The music's inaudible, for nearly 600 pages. This leaves Rushdie stranded in a protests-too-much valley of hyperbole, asserting the greatness of a soundtrack we'll never get to hear:
...it was the voice that did it, it's always the voice; the beat catches your attention and the melody makes you remember but it's the voice against which you're defenceless....Never mind what kind of voice. When you hear it, the real thing, you're done for, trust me on this.
In a sense Ground resumes Rushdie's interrupted fall toward the culture of the West, after the relative retreat into allegory and the East of Haroun and the Sea of Stories and The Moor's Last Sigh. The notorious earthward tumble that opens The Satanic Verses is recapitulated here, not once but many times: between earthquakes (which plague Rushdie's alternate present), helicopters, jets, and the upsweep of global fame, Rushdie's characters have ground beneath their feet less often than not. It's probably telling that several of the most closely observed and finely written passages take place on airplanes. Plenty of recent writers have turned out novels that show evidence of being written during grueling book tours; Rushdie has, by direst necessity, gone them all one better. If he now identifies mainly with martyrs and exiles, who can blame him?
Martyrs and exiles are one thing, but these characters are also practically pantheistic deities. They're exempt from the problems of just plain folks. Again and again Rushdie makes it clear that for Cama and Apsara the only real obstacles lie within; for these titans mortal dilemmas are shrugged off as easily as their thousands of discarded lovers. Maybe the photographer-narrator was meant as an audience surrogate, a paparazzo to play off against Princess Di. If so, Rushdie blew it by making him nearly as famous and as much a genius as his subjects.
The novel form, baggy and panoramic as it may be, thrives on privacies, on moments of humble particularity that play against the banners of history and legend. In Rushdie's breathless vision of worlds in collision his players touch gritty earth too infrequently, and his wide-screen spectacular finally has not quite enough in focus in the foreground. Earthquakes and the history of rock and roll: their scale ultimately defies fiction, unless tempered by the worm's-eye viewor the ignominious fan's. In The Ground Beneath Her Feet, as in the real world, the hits (of various kinds) just keep on coming, but we're left yearning for the story behind the top 40.


text:
My search for the best bin around has finally come to an end. And the winner is...
My kitchen bin mayhem began a couple of years ago when our council decided that we had to recycle food waste separately. This sent me on a bin quest that was to end in happiness. Here's how the route went...
First of all I bought a worktop food recyler like this kitchen caddy - it was nice looking and everyone used it, but we had too many peelings and teabags and ended up emptying it all the time.
I decided to try to find a pedal bin that was square and unobtrusive and would fit next to the bin I already had. I found one for £50 - it broke within two months. I was so angry at the waste of money. It seems to have gone off-sale now, but my moaning about it brought about the discovery that a lot of pedal bins (even pricey ones) are not strong enough and break easily.
Next I bought this rectangular pedal bin which was very good actually, but by now I had decided that I didn't really want two bins on the floor - it made the kitchen looked cluttered. The search for one perfect bin, with a food compartment and a rubbish compartment, began...
I started compulsively Googling 'slimline two-bucket pedal bins'; I carried the maximum measurements around with me and checked out bins everywhere - they were all just that bit two bulky. But eventually I found this beautiful bin - the simplehuman Deluxe Butterfly Recycler. I've had it over two months now and I am in love! Here's why...
1) It's slim enough to sit by my back door and still allow me to get a bike through.
2) It's very, very sturdy - it comes with a ten-year guarantee and I feel the two of us will be together for the decade!
3) It's beautiful - people actually comment: 'What a nice bin,' they say!
4) It somehow keeps smells in.
5) The food bin is big enough for me to only need to empty it once a week.
6) I don't fight it when I take the bin bags out - there's a clever little air hole that means there's no nasty suction to deal with.
7) I don't have to buy simplehuman bin liners, which are recommended for it - although they are neater with it and sometimes I treat my trusty bin to some.
The simplehuman Deluxe Butterfly Recycler costs £149.99, and I think it's worth every penny. Happily, my bin quest is well and truly over.
More kitchen fun on allaboutyou...
Editorial assistant on allaboutyou; Music lover, travel bee and food fanatic.
Read moreFood consultant of All About You, loves creating something out of nothing and decluttering.
Read moreEditor of All About You; an online journalist with a fetish for glossy magazines.
Read moreAssociate editor of All About You, loves life (mostly) and one-pan recipes (always).
Read moreFreelance food stylist, loves anything handmade and has a passion for DIY.
Read more


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Pop Culture
Downton Abbey Portrays Reality of Interfaith RelationshipsBy Gerri Miller
Go inside Season 5 Episode 9 where the story line of Atticus and Rose's interfaith relationship comes to a head.
Go To Pop CultureOpinion piece from a Reform congregant who is upset over new Reform guidelines that define a Jew not by lineage, but rather by life cycle events and Jewish communal participation.
Date: 07-25-2006Rachel Sarah was raised in a Jewish family with a non-Jewish mother, but when she was 16, a Hassidic rabbi told her she wasn't Jewish. After shunning the Jewish community for many years, she is now raising her child Jewish… but worri
Date: 08-01-2012Reprinted news article about a New Jersey synagogue that was "disaffiliated" from the Conservative movement after an investigation showed that the synagogue failed to meet Conservative movement "standards" by accepting p
Date: 11-27-2006Professional view by a rabbi and Liberal Judaism outreach worker in the UK who explains his movement's stance on interfaith marriage: it is the only branch in the UK that sanctions interfaith marriages and accepts interfaith fam
Date: 11-14-2006Reprinted news article about possible causes and meanings of the Conservative movement's dropping numbers and increasing level of observance.
Date: 07-25-2006Professional view and news article about different facets of Jewish adoption: the biblical precedents for intertility, the post-Holocaust Jewish need to repopulate, and the patrilineal descent issue for gay Jewish couples.
Date: 11-05-2006Personal narrative from a Jew of patrilineal descent remembering her short but influential meeting with Rabbi Alexander Schindler, former President of the Reform Movement, in which Schindler made her feel loved, accepted, and respected�as a�Jew.
Date: 07-20-2006Personal narrative from a Dutch-born child of intermarriage who feels 100% Jewish, and gets upset when people tell her she's not because her mother wasn't Jewish.
Date: 08-15-2007Professional view by Rabbi Arthur Waskow, who explains his approach to interfaith marriage--create "an entirely new wedding ceremony for marriages between a Jew and a member of another spiritual community"--and describes and explains the ce
Date: 08-14-2007Reprinted news article about a contentious essay written by Rabbi Paul Menitoff predicting the disappearance of the Conservative movement in a matter of decades because of the polarization of American Jewry, and the movement's "opposition to in
Date: 11-27-2006


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FiltersShow / Hide
- Anywhere In The UK
- Location: Anywhere in the UK
Radius: ... miles
Featuring: Dave J Giles, BriBry, Eddplant, Luke Cutforth
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The Upload Tour: Dave J Giles + BriBry + Eddplant + Luke Cutforth
This event takes place at O2 Academy Islington, which has achieved Silver Status for disabled access from Attitude Is Everything.
Dave Giles
Essex born singer-songwriter who is perhaps best known as the guitarist for the underground indie band The Rileys. Now solo, Dave has developed his own brand of largely acoustic folk-rock. His debut release 'The First Seven EP' contains both acoustic and full band versions of the first seven songs he wrote.
Dave Giles tour dates
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Venue Facts
Venue: O2 Academy Islington
Disabled Access: Silver Status
Website: o2academyislington.co.uk
Enquiries: 0905 020 3999 (25
Bookings: 0844 477 2000
→ Essex Road 12 min walk
→ Caledonian Road and Barnsbury 14 min walk
→ Kings Cross 15 min walk
→ Angel 2 min walk


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Help is All Around You! Many types of health care providers can help you quit smoking: your family doctor, dentist, pediatrician; nurses, psychologist, pharmacists, respiratory and physical therapist; and others.
Nicotine: A Powerful Addiction If you have tried to quit smoking, you know how hard it can be. Nicotine is a very addictive drug; for some people, it can be as addictive as heroin or cocaine. People make two or three tries, or more, before finally being able to quit. Quitting is hard work and takes a lot of effort, but you can quit smoking.
GOOD REASONS FOR QUITTING Quitting smoking is one of the most important things you will ever do:
FIVE KEYS FOR QUITTING Studies have shown these five steps will help you quit smoking and quit for good. You have the best chances for success if you use the keys together: 1. Get ready. 2. Get support. 3. Learn new skills and behaviors. 4. Get medication and use it correctly. 5. Be prepared for relapse or difficult situations.
1. Get Ready
2. Get Support and Encouragement Studies show you have a better chance of being successful if you have help. Support comes in many ways:
3. Learn New Skills and Behaviors
4. Get Medication and Use it Correctly Medications can help you stop smoking and lessen the urge to smoke.
5. Be Prepared for Relapse or Difficult Situations Most relapses occur within the first three months after quitting. Don't be discouraged if you start smoking again. Remember, most people try several times before they finally quit. Here are some difficult situations to watch for:
SPECIAL SITUATIONS OR CONDITIONS Studies show that everyone can quit smoking. Your situation can give you a special reason to quit.
Quitting is hard work and takes effort, but you can quit smoking!
American Heart Association 1212 W. Robinhood Drive Stockton, CA 95207 (209) 477-2683 www.americanheart.org 1800-NO BUTTS (California State Program)
American Cancer Society 207 E. Alpine Avenue Stockton, CA 95204 (209) 941-2676 www.cancer.org 1-800-YES QUIT 24hour/7days per week
American Lung Association 1231 W. Robinhood Drive Stockton, CA 95027 (209) 478-1888 Freedom from Smoking Course www.lungusa.org 1-800-LUNG USA
National Cancer Institute www.smokefree.gov 1-877-44 U QUIT
For pregnant women: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 1425 RiverPark Dr. Suite 235 Sacramento, CA 95815-4523 www.acog.org


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Fantasy baseball depth chart analysis
Once again, it is time for our weekly examination of the league's depth charts. There are still three-plus weeks remaining in the 2012 campaign, and I have identified 10 sources of potential at-bats as we head down the stretch.
Without further ado:
Blue Jays RF
In the mix: Moises Sierra, Anthony Gose
Anthony Gose's foot speed was not enough to keep him on the roster in the wake Jose Bautista's placement on the DL in mid-July, but he re-emerged from Triple-A Las Vegas on Sept. 4. Gose has started three of the Jays' five contests since his latest recall, and it looks like he has displaced fellow rookie Moises Sierra from the outfield. Gose has gone 6-for-12 with two extra-base hits at the plate and 4-for-4 on the basepaths in those contests. Sierra has slashed .193/.246/.386 with a 21:4 K:BB since Aug. 16. I would be much, much more interested in having Gose on my fantasy roster for the rest of the season, but Sierra is more likely to start against left-handed pitching.
White Sox DH
In Play: Adam Dunn (oblique), Dayan Viciedo, Paul Konerko, A.J. Pierzynski
Adam Dunn aggravated his oblique injury over the past week, so the White Sox's DH slot should be available for at least the next week, if it could be longer if the injury lingers (as oblique strains are apt to do). The team will likely rotate A.J. Pierzynski, Dayan Viciedo, and Paul Konerko in and out of the spot, which should avail time for Tyler Flowers, Dewayne Wise and Dan Johnson at catcher, left field and first base.
Astros SS
Starter: Tyler Greene
Next: Marwin Gonzalez
Injured: Jed Lowrie
Tyler Greene has been an unsung rock at short since he arrived in Houston via St. Louis in mid-August. He already has more home runs in 93 at-bats as an Astro (six) than he did in 179 as a Cardinal (four), and his lineup position makes his sub-.300 OBP a bit more palatable. Injuries to Marwin Gonzalez (ankle) and Jed Lowrie (ankle) have helped Greene make 16 consecutive starts entering play Monday, but that monopoly on health may be coming to an end. Lowrie could return from his two-month stay on the disabled list over the course of the upcoming week, which could force Greene into something of an uber-utility role.
Yankees 1B
Starter: Mark Teixeira (calf)
In the mix: Nick Swisher, Steve Pearce, Casey McGehee
Mark Teixeira returned from a two-week calf strain Saturday, only to reinjure the leg while sliding into first base. Nick Swisher is the likeliest candidate to step in here on an everyday basis, but an 0-for-28 skid may induce a routine day off or two in the near future. That means the team with the highest payroll in the league could entrust first-base duties to either Steve Pearce, who has been released by the Twins this season, or Casey McGehee, who has produced sub-replacement level stats over the past two seasons.
Indians 3B
In the Mix: Lonnie Chisenhall, Jack Hannahan, Jason Donald, Brent Lillibridge
Lonnie Chisenhall returned from the disabled list Sunday after missing the past two-and-a-half months with a broken bone in his wrist. If he were 100 percent, the Indians would probably utilize the season's final few weeks to evaluate Chisenhall's standing for the 2013 roster. Unfortunately, the Indians do not believe he is ready for everyday duty quite yet, so we are bound to see a more-than-ample helping of Jack Hannhan and Jason Donald at the hot corner in Cleveland.
Phillies 3B
Starter: Kevin Frandsen
Next: Michael Martinez, Pete Orr, Ty Wigginton
Out: Placido Polanco
News came out over the weekend that Placido Polanco will miss the rest of the regular season, but Kevin Frandsen had long since wrestled away the Phillies' everyday third-base role. Frandsen slashed an uncharacteristic .336/.384/.398 with no steals and one home run since taking on the role toward the end of July (128 at-bats), but he has been slowed by a leg injury of late. Michael Martinez has been the sole starter in Frandsen's four-game absence, but Pete Orr and Ty Wigginton could become more involved before long.
Mets LF
In the mix: Jason Bay, Lucas Duda
The good news? The Mets are paying Jason Bay $2.15 million less than they did last season. The bad news? His salary for 2012 is still $16 million, and he is set to make another $16 million in 2013 and a likely $3 million buyout for 2014. Bay's grand slam on Sept. 2 seems to have won him a bit more playing time in left field, but he still remains in the short side of a timeshare with Lucas Duda. Duda has gone 9-for-39 with three extra-base hits since returning from Triple-A on August 26, so his hold on the left field gig is not exactly strong.
Orioles RF
In the mix: Xavier Avery, Lew Ford, Endy Chavez, Chris Davis
Out: Nick Markakis
Nick Markakis broke his thumb Saturday, and while the Orioles are evidently attempting to accelerate his recovery timetable, he stands virtually zero chance of playing another regular season game in 2012, and there is no available replacement to appease fantasy owners. Chris Davis filled in on Sunday, but he OPS'd .439 over his previous 16 games as a right fielder, so the O's might keep him at DH (where his OPS is .812). Lew Ford would be another obvious replacement from within the roster, and Endy Chavez could enter the mix once he returns from the minors Tuesday.
Cardinals SS
Starter: Daniel Descalso
Next: Pete Kozma
The Cardinals recalled Pete Kozma from Triple-A Memphis after Rafael Furcal suffered a Grade 2 tear of his UCL, but it looks like Daniel Descalso is the man at short in St. Louis. Kozma made the first start of the post-Furcal era, but Descalso has seven of the team's nine contests since the injury. He should now have eligibility at short (23 games), second (77 games) and third (21 games) in most fantasy formats, but this represents his first stream of regular playing time since Skip Schumaker took over at second. Regardless of who starts at short, whoever mans the position will also man the eighth spot in the lineup.
Giants LF
Starter: Gregor Blanco
Next: Xavier Nady, Francisco Peguero, Justin Christian
The Giants have played 23 games since Melky Cabrera was suspended for using prohibited substances. Gregor Blanco looks to be the preferred choice for the now-vacant left field slot, but he has only started 11 games there since the mid-August suspension. Twenty strikeouts in 51 at-bats over that stretch may be a factor in the sporadic playing time. Xavier Nady has also been a major actor here since the Giants brought him up Sept. 1, but a hamstring injury has slowed him of late. Francisco Peguero and Justin Christian might also see a spot start or two here before season's end, and Brandon Belt may make an appearance when Buster Posey plays first.
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Researchers determine genetic cause of Timothy syndrome
...ations may reduce arrhythmia and improve cognitive function in this disorder. "While there are devel...hy syndrome has implications for understanding the function and importance of calcium channels in general. "Our findings showed that the mutated region is requi...EMBO Gold Medal 2004 goes to Spanish scientist
...he made significant contributions to the structure function of a viral DNA polymerase involved in the replication of DNA ends. Blasco's next move took her to Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York City, where she investigated telomeres and telomerase. The scientist's research led to the landmark discovery...Researchers find color sensitive atomic switch in bacteria
...us orange photon absorption." Spudich said. That function makes the protein unusual among its family of ligh... the crucial role of cell membranes in normal cell function and disease states," said Spudich, who holds the Robert A. Welch Distinguished Chair in Chemistry an...Pack-MULEs are toting a new look at plant evolution
...er. Change the order of the genetic material and a function can be changed. Transposable elements are sort of the rowdy kids in a classroom their insertion may disrupt an orderly gene. Jiang offers Indian corn as an example. An ear of Indian corn can be mostly row after row of purple kernels. Then a yellow k...Alzheimer's disease is not accelerated aging
...long-term memory typical of Alzheimer's. Executive function involves the cognitive processes used to complete ...er says the data suggest that changes in executive function are due to age-associated influences on frontal-striatal circuits of the brain, including an area ca...New molecular link key to cellular proteins involved in cancer progression, other diseases
...tic regulation systems," said Zhang. PcG proteins function in protein complexes to repress transcription of genes that are likely to include key regulators of the cell cycle. The new study demonstrated that a gene normally silenced by the complex becomes switched on in cells when one of the PcG proteins esse...Safety of isoflavones in dietary supplements targeted by Illinois initiative
...and/or produce long-term changes in the amount and function of adipose tissue. Cooke previously has shown that genistein exposure causes thymic atrophy and immune dysfunction under certain conditions. Susan L. Schantz, professor of veterinary biosciences and of psychology, and Donna L. Korol, professo...16 APS exercise research highlights, from reduced flu mortality to proteomics & obesity
...G training improves blood pressure and endothelial function in persons medicated for hypertension. Reduced rea...rizona University, Flagstaff) Design of muscle for function as a spring. Titin may function as a major component in the vertebrate muscle spring and the "spring...Newly identified master gene key in baby's first breath
...ly known to exist, its role in lung maturation and function at birth were not known. When Foxa2 is missing ... able to orchestrate so many other aspects of lung function we know are critical for survival at the time of birth. The discovery of this gene and understanding...Veterans with Gulf War syndrome have damage in specific, primitive portion of nervous system
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...e tissue-derived regenerative cells improved heart function following myocardial infarction in a large-animal preclinical safety study. This study, performed in swine, confirms previous preclinical work by MacroPore Biosurgery and others suggesting that the Company's proprietary, patented technology is safe a...Marijuana use could cause tubal pregnancies
...n. "I feel that it has a fundamental physiological function in reproduction," said Dey, who directs the division of Reproductive and Developmental Biology at Vanderbilt. The current study began with the observation that mice commonly used in genetic experiments often fail to deliver pups, even though they bec......plement previous results, suggesting that proteins function is to interact with HAP specifically. The carboxyl terminus of the protein is later cleaved by an enzyme, disrupting the protein-HAP interaction and allowing the long, thin crystals to grow outward as well, in three dimensions. The protein is cleaved...New fossil sheds light on old mystery
...a newly discovered reptile species may explain the function of the extremely long neck for which some protoros... Scientists have never been able to figure out the function of the extremely long neck that characterizes some species of this group, including Tanystropheus lo...Florida Tech earns $50,000 grant to create coral database
...e of reef corals to environmental conditions, as a function of natural variability and human influence, will be a key element in the practical application of project results. Van Woesik, a noted expert on coral bleaching, has established a Web site for the International Society for Reef Studi...'Smart antibiotics' may result from UCLA research
...ut now, we think we can engineer bacteriophages to function as 'dynamic' anti-microbial agents. This could provide us with a renewable resource of smart antibiotics for treating bacterial diseases," said Miller, a member of both UCLA's David Geffen School of Medicine and the UCLA College. "It's a bit ironi......idual, they suggest that wolverine populations may function over a huge geographic scale. Sustaining wolverines in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem will benefit from efforts to maintain habitat between increasingly fragmented mountain ranges, as well as cooperation across a variety of agencies and private la...Scientists discover potential new way to control drug-resistant bacteria
...But now we think we can engineer bacteriophages to function as 'dynamic' anti-microbial agents. This could provide us with a renewable resource of smart antibiotics for treating bacterial diseases." Dr. Miller says that he and his team are continuing to study this genetic mechanism to learn more about i...A novel, safer strategy for regulating gene expression
...ng hundreds of known ribozymes, and found two that function well in human cells. One ribozyme was especially prone to cutting itself in two, and the researchers tweaked it to make it even more efficient. Next, they identified two compounds that strongly inhibit ribozyme self-cutting, and showed that they co...Study explores gene transfer to modify underlying course of Alzheimer's disease
...ty using two different doses. Memory and cognitive function will also be assessed regularly during the two-year period of the study. Six to 12 subjects with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease, based on the specific cognitive tests used to classify the disease stage, will be enrolled in the study. The first...


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I went to the range yesterday and shot about 100 rounds with my Glock 21. I can't seem to bring my grouping more to the right. I always shoot left. The first time I shot my grouping was high and left (second picture [15 yards]). Now I shot yesterday and this is what I got (first picture [12.5 yards]) Any suggestions as to how I can correct the problem?
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Dead Bears, the only good kind.
Change your POA, till your POI is where you want it to be?
Grouping is fine, so it is not your shooting basics. A lot of new Glock owners shoot low and to left. They are anticipating recoil of a light polymer gun. You are just shooting left. You would miss the target to the left further down range though. Adjust rear sight more to the right. I would like to add that I personally have some crazy eyes, and have to add a little Kentucky windage when firing guns. My irons, Holographic, red dot and scope are adjusted further right for me to hit dead center. Most people would shoot left of dead center with my guns.
Yep, I often times hit low and left too. It happens when I rush the shot. But on a more serious note regarding handguns, try loosening your grip a bit. It's hard to describe...but your finger tips should not be tight on the grip but rather more the palms and your fingers out to the first knuckle (out from your palm). Low and left is common with a grip that is too tight. When I get in a hurry, mine start doing that too and I have to really focus on my grip. I also had a slight problem with my stance. I was blading off too much to the right, which also contributed to my shooting left (not realizing that I was pulling too hard with my support hand while my strong arm was too compressed). An instructor at my last class corrected me on that one. Anyway, you'll get it....it just takes time and practice. Sometimes a lesson or two with a good instructor can be well worth the $$ spent when compared to lots of bullets flying down range and you still not getting it right while experimenting on your own. Something to consider.
I agree with Jagermiester. That is not a bad group. There are only a few fliers. As long as your rounds are all going the same place, I would be prone to think it was your sights. I would adjust the rear sight just a tiny bit at a time until you are centered. Then I would move it out a little further, say 25 yards...just to see if you are still in the ball park.
Romans 1:16 I am not ashamed of the gospel, because it is the power of God for the salvation of everyone who believes: first for the Jew, then for the Gentile.
You could try putting more trigger finger around the trigger. It's what I have to do with every hand gun I pick up, especially guns with a long double action pull. But your group is good, judging by a 100 round group, so simply adjusting your sights like has already been mentioned might be a better route. It would be a great idea to get a critique on your stance like your talking about doing. Simply pointing the toes on one foot at a slight angle can make a world of difference, good or bad.


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Harrison City parishioners prepare for two upcoming Uganda trips
A team of parishioners from the Community United Methodist Church is preparing for two mission trips to Uganda next year to continue the work they started in the African nation in 2009.
Since church members began their biennial trips through the McKeesport-based Uganda Christian Solutions, they've contributed to the construction of a church and a school.
A trip that's scheduled for January will have about 15 people from Southwestern Pennsylvania focusing on continuing improvements to the new buildings, including the installation of a sound system at Mt. Olives United Methodist Church in Mukono.
Another trip in March will concentrate on medical needs, including health exams, wound care, child immunizations and instruction on good hygiene.
The missionaries partner with doctors in Uganda to provide care, said Jeanine Rasky, who will make her third trip to the country in January.
"We're not taking western technology to them," she said. "We are meeting them where their needs are. We listen to their needs."
Team members began holding monthly fish frys at the Harrison City church last week to help raise the estimated $3,500-per-person price for airfare, food and expenses related to the project. Fish lunches and dinners also will be served on the first Fridays of November, December and January from noon to 7 p.m.
In just a few years, the team has watched as the church members there moved from a thatched hut to a brick building that features a congregation of more than 100 people. The school in Banga, which still needs a cement floor, has five classrooms.
"Their priorities are their faith, their family and survival, in that order," Rasky said. "It's amazing."
Chris Foreman is a staff writer for Trib Total Media. He can be reached at 412-856-7400 ext. 8671 or email@example.com.
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Care Bears Good Luck Bear Tween Costume
Online Only
Select a Size
Add some luck to your ensemble with this officially licensed Care Bears Good Luck Bear tween costume. The green and white dress with four leaf clover insignia represents Good Luck Bear's responsibility of spreading good luck to everyone. Dress comes with glovelettes and matching hat to complete this lucky look.
- The officially licensed Care Bears Good Luck Bear tween costume consists of a green and white dress, petticoat, pair of matching glovettes and a clever character hat
- Velcro closure
- Materials/ Fabrics- N/A
- Wash/Care Instructions- Hand Wash Cold. Do Not Bleach. Line Dry. Cool Iron If Needed. Do Not Dry Clean
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[3 of 3 customers found this review helpful]
Cute but not correctly sized
By Mrs. Horan from Santa Clarita on 10/23/2012
Irregular Fit
Best Uses:
Trick Or Treating
Was this a gift?:
Bottom Line:
No, I would not recommend this to a friend
Comments about Care Bears Good Luck Bear Tween Costume:
I bought this for my 6th grader. It was a Tween size 14/16.
She could barely get it over her head. It would be more appropriate for a 3rd grader. Terribly mis-sized.
It was very cute though.
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text: May 2011Lago di Carezza and Latemar Many times in mountaineering literature I have heard mention of the Dolomites. A desire to visit this range and climb there has grown steadily over the years. Gentiana clusii Flowers On Rittner Horn In 2011 I had the opportunity to visit but only for a short time. I hope to return in the future and try the via ferrata. A Rainbow Over The Castle ImagesLago di CarezzaGentiana clusiiCampanili di LatemarSassolungo GroupRainbow Over The CastleAlpine MeditationPiz Ciavazes Cloud BandColàc North FaceRodelheilspitzenArraba PeakRosengarten From BozenRittnerhorn HütteLatemar Seen From RittnerhornAlpine FlowersViewing Geisler Odle Group[ View Gallery - 11 More Images ]


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The proliferation of human civilization's contribution to the 3D surface of the Earth continues in the virtual world. That's right we are getting more 3D buildings. GE's widespread adoption as a free and easy way to experience geospatial data, combined with 3D modeling and conversion tools supporting GE's formats, means we continue to see more of Google Earth represent reality.
Here's a collection of the new models I liked the most at the Google Earth Community 3D model forum:
- Panama Canal Control Tower (633 KBytes) – posted by 'jpwade'. This model blends well with the GE 3D terrain. Make sure the "Terrain" layer is turned on, and Elevation Exaggeration is 1.0, when loading this model. He's added two ships, and other buildings.
- Peregrine Winery – Queenstown, NZ. This winery's building has been getting international attention and recently was named one of five winners of a prestigious architectural award from London. Posted by 'pivnice'.
- Croix de Provence – Near Aix-en-Provence, France. A cross on a mountain, beautiful view. You may have to raise altitude a bit after loading. Make sure "Terrain" layer is on. Posted by 'Lexoulefou' .
- Ski Dubai – A huge snow ski resort in the desert has been built in Dubai. Read the post for pictures and details. Posted by 'pivnice'.
- Leaning tower of Pisa – this link is just to the post by 'pivnice' The models he's posted for the Leaning tower are preliminary and are very large (2.7MB and larger). He has both a leaning and a non-leaning version of the building in very high detail. However, I found they really tax GE unless you have a lot of video and computer memory. Maybe he'll post smaller versions soon.
For many more 3D models, read the stories in the 3D Models category here.
About Frank Taylor
Frank Taylor started the Google Earth Blog in July, 2005 shortly after Google Earth was released. He worked in 3D graphics for many years and was very impressed with this exciting product. Frank left in 2009 to circumnavigate the earth by sailboat as part of the Tahina Expedition.


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COLUMBIA — The Hannibal-LaGrange women's basketball team that stepped on the court Saturday at The Arena of Southwell Complex was a drastically different team from the one Columbia College blew out by 25 points last year.
Led by first-year coach Caleb Harrison and armed with big-name transfers, the Trojans kept the game close but fell to the Cougars 72-67.
"There's nothing a transfer from Purdue University and the University of Missouri can't change pretty quick," Columbia College coach Mike Davis said of the team's turnaround. "They have some very good players, and the coach has done a good job. They're not an easy team to play."
Led by 24 points from Purdue transfer 6-foot forward Ashley Wilson, Hannibal-LaGrange gave the Cougars a physical game, pulling back within striking distance every time it looked as if Columbia College was about to take control.
"She's just really good in the post, and it's hard for us to guard when we have a big person," Cougars guard Heather English said.
Former Missouri player Treenee Thornton added nine points and four assists for Hannibal-LaGrange.
For the Cougars, English had a strong game on both ends of the court, leading the team with 22 points and tying Julie Teeple with nine rebounds.
"Coach was having me work on rebounding, and that's what I was trying to do today, just get in there and get the ball," English said.
Sophomore forward Ashley Fisher helped secure the game with two 3-pointers late in the game.
Fisher, who rejoined the team for the second semester after quitting basketball at the end of last season, had a season-high 15 points in the game.
"This is the first time we've really gotten to see 'the Fish' we had last year," Davis said. "She was a shot-maker today, and that's what she was all year last year."
Davis said he was also pleased with his team's play late in the second half. Although the Cougars have a tendency to fade with seven or eight minutes left in the game, they had no issues at that mark Saturday.
"This is a spot we have to turn it on a little more," he said. "We called a timeout with about six minutes left in the game and really finished it on a good note."
Columbia College improved to 15-7 overall and 5-1 in the American Midwest Conference with the win. The Cougars will resume play Thursday when they play Harris-Stowe State in St. Louis.


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Woman Will Name Baby Megatron if Facebook Page Gets 1M Fans
Filed under: In The News, Weird But True
According to the page "MY SISTER SAID IF I GET ONE MILLION FANS SHE WILL NAME HER BABY MEGATRON," Mike Affinito, an uncle-to-be, "started this group like 12 days ago," in an effort to get his sister to name her baby after the leader of the Decepticons.
The baby is due Aug. 9 and the page already has 868,212 fans, so it's looking like Mom should start finding a middle name that flows well with Megatron. How about Irving?
While our childhood selves think naming a baby after a character from Transformers is totally awesome, our adult selves find this, oh, slightly irresponsible. But the real question remains: If she has another baby, will she name it Optimus Prime?
Click below for a touch of Transformers nostalgia:
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ReaderComments (Page 1 of 3)
tese42s said...That would go right along with the crazyness of the times now days.
Fulch said...Does anyone honestly believe this. If I get 1 million people to be fans my sis will name her baby Megitron?
Seriously , ? Who honestly believes this ?
maxiesmom067 said...Who believes this? Unfortunately Fulch, probably the same people who clear out their bank accounts to share in a "found winning lottery ticket" or agree to put up good faith money to secure a huge chunk of interest for hiding a million dollars "to be deposited in their account" from Somolia, and let's not forget the sheeple who believe our government actually works for us!
john o'donnell said...By comparison, Megatron is a step up from many I've collected. How 'bout girls named 'Felon', 'Trivia', 'Utopia', 'Anima', 'Ethanity', 'Elite', 'Prescious'(sic),'Strangenae', 'Shrieka', 'Glorius'(sic), 'Epsilom' (sic), 'Magnum', 'Tancrasha', 'Suntana', 'Messiah', 'Zas-Zsia', 'Cappucino'(sic), 'Charmin' and 'Elbony'
boys named 'Blase', 'Carvel', 'Mazda', 'Astute', 'Curtly', 'Winsome', 'Raider', 'Maverick', 'Colonel', 'Mister', Yourhighness',' Lavoris', 'Pontius', 'Marx', 'Lenin', 'Thunder', 'Innocent', 'Modest', 'Sir James', 'Gorgeous', or 'Demon'.
Bonnie said...The level of ignorance has gone to a new high!!!! Which is what these people are if they tag that innocent child "Megatron". There are so many uncommon, yet beautiful, names to choose from. Why ever would you name your child after something that is a "FAD" at best? Whose baby is it? Yours, or your brothers? With that mentality, maybe it's both. Too bad that these children have NO SAY in the name they will be tagged with for the rest of their life. You, my dear, are obviously not playing with a full deck. THIS IS YOUR CHILD!!!! Not people that watch you on the internet, OR your brother's. Make a decision and stick to it. Stand up to the plate for goodness sakes. I hope your baby is healthy and happy in spite of what you're thinking of doing!!!
Linda said...What is she a nut?? Didn*t she think of what it will do to the little one when he or she grows up? I think she just wants her name on AOL or Facebook and is not thinking of the future of that baby at all.. shame on her she is being very selfish.. What is her mother called her Orca?? would she like it? I hope she rethinks this for the sake of the baby..
AJ said...If it's a girl she can call it Meg. A boy could be Tron, or even use his initials for Megatron and whatever middle name she picks. To me, this is not nearly as stupid and harmful as some of the ridiculous names I have seen. I had a student named Tiff'ni (Tiffany), and another named Budha but pronounced "Bud- (as in rosebud) uh" (like a kid who can't say brother), and a few years earlier a girl named W'acha' (pronounced as Wuh-shay). And I saw a story in a paper down south once about a family that consisted of a mother named Terri, her husband named Terry, and their 3 kids, Terry, Jr., Terri Ann and girls Terry Lynn. Heaven help all these poor kids!
tom morse jr. said...over the years celebrities have always named thier child a wierd name. why can't regular people do it? one of my friends is named taz. he was named after the tazmanian devil. hollywood actress gweneth paltrow named her daughter apple. nuff siad. the way i see it, i would rather name my child after my favorate character growing up then name it after a piece of fruit.
FERNANDA said...they already have the million and more fans, come on, this is funny !!!
Amber said...Kids have a hard enough time not being bullied these days. If you are considering a name for your child for which you are already having to find a nickname, this should be a sign that it's a bad idea. This poor kid is going to have to deal with the effects of his different name and not the crazy uncle and mom.
JT said...Really the name isn't as important as how you raise your child. I would have much rather heard crazy names on children then heard the were abused sexually or physically. Get the F over it people. A rose by any other name would still smell as sweet..
Bonnie Stewart said...There are truly some strange names parents have given their children, although it is their choice, they should try to put themselves in the childs place and really think how they would feel about having that same name themselves. Other children outside the family, like neighborhood children and children in school can be quite mean, they may tease and even bully someone with the strange or different name. Even many adults in the world can be just as bad as children when it comes to teasing others about things. Why not spare the unborn that possibility.
sabrina said...Who care? Its not your kid right?? Unfortunately we do not require a license to have kids lol So parents are allowed to do whatever idiocy they want to with their child...like AJ said...if its a girl they can call her Meg and if its a boy call him Tron. I actually had friend in elementary school named Tron and I never thought anything of it.
Also people all over are trying to be "unique" by giving their kid some random name. Jason Lee (My name is Earl) named his kid Pilot Inspektor. There was another lady who tried to get her son, Hitler, a cake at stop n shop lol Oh n theres Bronx Mogli, Apple, CoCo, Calico (Alice Coopers daughter), Satchel (Spike Lees daughter), Scout and Rumer Willis...and the list goes on...So I dont think Megatron is thaaat bad hahaha
Brandon said...Oh come on. There is no harm at all in naming the kid Megatron. Like it or not, Megatron is an idol. People name their kids after idols all of the time. Let's not forget all of the animal and occupation related names that have become so f'n popular over the last few years! You know, "Tucker", "Cooper", "Hawk", "Taylor", "Colt", oh yeah, and names like "Destiny", "Precious" and "Lexus". Just remember, the publicity this is getting, and it's apparent success will only mean that more and more kids will be named after such characters, and lessen any "negative" impact on the child's life. Grow up, people. The world is not a prairie, so you no longer have to be sheep! Not to mention kids will tease each other over their names no matter which one they get stuck with. Especially "John"...
John F.C. Taylor said...I sincerely hope that this is going to turn out to be some huge joke perpatrated by the person opening that facebook page. People mention odd names. How about the ball player - Chone Figgins. Chone being pronounced Sean or Shawn. Imagination is fine in most cases, but this is insanity.
maxiesmom067 said...Don't forget Dick Trickles! (And I went to elementary school with a girl named Candy Barr).
Jordan said...While I do not agree with this mother's choice of name, it's not my kid and therefore, not my problem. When we strip the rights of a parent to name their child, we are stripping them of their actual parental rights. Would any of you parents want your rights removed from you just because someone didn't agree with the way you wanted to go about things? It is not as if this mother is being mentally or physically abusive, it's just a name! People who do not like their names change them legally all the time. I would never name my child Megatron but, I think this woman has every right to name her child as she wishes. It's time for us to mind our own business on these types of issues.
Becki said...In the medical field I came across a child named Lil'Angel. Compared to this Megatron doesn't seem to bad to me.