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Plastic Surgery on the down low
Over the years, plastic surgery has gone from a somewhat taboo subject to something that many people are open about.
April 16, 2013
Categories: Plastic Surgery News
Reuters showcases beautiful photos of plastic surgery
Last year, more than 10 million cosmetic surgical and nonsurgical procedures were performed in the US, an increase of more than 3 percent over the previous year.
April 11, 2013
Categories: Plastic Surgery News
2012 Statistics: A Cut Above for Cosmetic Surgery
The 2012 National Totals for Cosmetic Procedures, hot off the press from the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS), tells you exactly which facial features and body parts Americans spent their hard-earned dollars on last year.
April 10, 2013
Categories: Infographics
Four ways to improve your self-esteem
Low self-esteem can cause a host of problems. It makes you more prone to depression, can interfere with your personal and professional lives and negatively impact the way others perceive you.
April 5, 2013
Categories: Lifestyle
Beauty and fitness tips for spring
Spring is officially here, and soon the temperatures will begin to rise, flowers will start to blossom and the days will last a little longer.
April 4, 2013
Categories: Lifestyle
About ASAPS
The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS), is recognized as the world's leading organization devoted entirely to aesthetic plastic surgery and cosmetic medicine of the face and body. ASAPS is comprised of over 2,600 Plastic Surgeons; active members are certified by the American Board of Plastic Surgery (USA) or by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada and have extensive training in the complete spectrum of surgical and non-surgical aesthetic procedures. International active members are certified by equivalent boards of their respective countries. All members worldwide adhere to a strict Code of Ethics and must meet stringent membership requirements.
Website: www.surgery.org
Follow ASAPS on Twitter: www.twitter.com/ASAPS
Become a fan of ASAPS on Facebook: www.facebook.com/AestheticSociety
Join Smart Beauty Guide: www.smartbeautyguide.com
Locate a plastic surgeon in your area: http://www.surgery.org/consumers/find-a-plastic-surgeon


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Youth week 30 June - 7 July 2006
"Escape for your life" Gen 19:17
Text summary of sermon by Rev Friedel Stegen, 6 July 2006, 10:00
Lk 15:12 - "And the younger of them said to his father, Father, give me the portion of goods that falls to me. So he divided to them his livelihood"
The problem with the prodigal was the "give me" mentality. He demanded things for himself and this desire drove him out of his father's house and eventually to the pigs. Don't isolate yourself when you return home after this Youth Conference. Stay in fellowship with Christians who truly love the Lord. Be quick to make right with God if sin troubles you.
back to main July 2006 Youth Conference page
Last edited on: Monday March 19, 2007

subset: commoncrawl


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Mon-Fri: 7am-1am EST / Sat-Sun: 7am-11pm EST
If you placed an order on ApplianceHelp.com the order is still valid and you can check on its status and make changes here on PartSelect.com. Click here for more details.
PartSelect Number PS557298
This part works with the following brands: Whirlpool, Admiral, Estate, Inglis, Kenmore, KitchenAid, Roper, Maytag, Crosley, Jenn-Air, Hardwick, Magic Chef, Amana, Caloric & Glenwood.
This part fixes the following symptoms:
Level of DifficultyReally easy
Time to do repair:Less than 15 mins
ToolsScrew drivers, Socket set
Customerpaul from trumbull CT
Turned off electricity! Pulled stove out -lifted up glass top(carefully) simply removed burned out coil and replaced it with new one.
Help other customers find the most helpful instructions.
Were these instructions helpful?
Time to do repair:30 - 60 mins
ToolsScrew drivers
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First discount Ac from wall, then take out 2 screws on the front of the range top and lift up the top of the range surface, then while holding up the surface top take out the front burner and replaced new burner element.Let the surface top down and screw in the two screws. the surface top of the range is hinged so it would be good to have someone to hold the top up while you replace the element or use a piece of wood to hold it up,this is a piece of cake to repair. would like to thank parts select for their service. I have ordered from them before and they back up their products Robert
Level of DifficultyEasy
ToolsWrench set
CustomerEduardo from Lenexa KS
I used the digital multimeter for measure the voltage in the burner and in the digital part,I saw the electric cables


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Batman: Arkham City Steelbook Edition Revealed
By admin
Posted on July 27, 2011 AT 07:00am
Posted on July 27, 2011 AT 07:00am
Last week the Batman: Arkham City Collectors Edition was revealed to the world, well today we get our first look at the Steelbook Edition.
Inside the Steelbook edition is the following;
- Batman Arkham City Steel Book Case
- Joker Carnival Challenge Map DLC
- 70s Batsuit skin DLC
- Batman Under the Red Hood DVD (Blu Ray for PS3)
At the moment this edition is exclusive to EB Games in Australia but expect it to be made available in other regions exclusive to certain retailers.
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Parents, guardians and employees are reminded that California law requires that students entering grades 7-12 must be immunized with a pertussis (whooping cough) vaccine booster called TDaP.
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The California Department of Public Health's website, Shots for School, provides extensive immunization information in both English and Spanish. Visit http://www.shotsforschool.org/.
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In The Backseat
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Regional economic integration in Southern African development community : problems and prospects
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Regional economic integration in Southern African development community : problems and prospects
Tau, L. M.
The rationale for economic integration is that countries combine to form regional groupings with the belief that this is a more effective way to improve their well-being politically and economically. Theories of economic integration show that integration may have both positive and negative outcomes. Despite the long standing debates on the negative consequences of regional integration, the dominant views indicate that regional integration may improve the welfare of member nations. The political decision has already been made in favour of trade integration within the SADC region. It is for this reason that this study has been undertaken to determine prospects and problems of economic integration in the SADC. Despite the anticipated problems and challenges for economic integration within the region, some studies and findings show positive prospects. The major findings of this study are that the region is on the right path to economic recovery, and has an opportunity to play a meaningful role within the world economy. The dominant and most industrialized, South Africa, will serve as an economic power within the region. The reform process that have been initiated by the SADC member countries have now put the regional economies on the right track. The region also had a remarkable economic performance as a result of the implementation of the positive macroeconomic policies and strategies. Although Africa is not the main player within the world economy, the region has a meaningful role to play, especially if the region's foreign trade increases by the estimated 18 percent. The role of South Africa as an economic power within the region is expected to serve as a spring-board of economic development within the region. It is also anticipated that economic growth within South Africa may spill-over into the whole region. The smaller SADC economies are likely to benefit from the relocation of South African industries into the region as a result of external tariffs vis-a-vis non member states, as well as higher South African wage levels. It is, however, acknowledged that integration would benefit some countries more than others. What is of paramount importance is that integration will leave all the countries either better off or not worse off, inside the grouping than the country would have been outside the grouping. This means that the economic welfare increases within the region as long as no member country will not be worse off than before joining the union. To remedy the possible unequal benefits of economic integration, compensatory and transfer-of-funds strategies will have to be adopted to minimize all the negative impacts of the imbalance between member countries. The SADC's global competitiveness changed lately as a result of initial steps toward integration and some member countries, are now ranked higher than most countries in the continent of Africa.
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If you liked this, check these out!
Over There: Segment 3 by Dustball
- Movie
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- 37,333 Views
16 Color Showcase by Dustball
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Peoplemation: Spin by Dustball
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Story Tag 2a: Mt. Windy by gel
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Plenty more like this here!
Over There Full length clay animation from Dustball and gel!
Author Comments
We continue our story with Trip setting off to rescue Nita. This segment has much more animation for you to enjoy! Don't forget to watch part 1 if you haven't yet!
Rated 4 / 5 stars
hey, thats some nice work you got there, say..who had that voice telling....voice..? if u could tell me add my hotmail nox_90@hotmail. com
cause i want that voice in a movie!:P
Rated 4 / 5 stars
im a great fan of knox's corner as im sure alot of the people viewin your submisions are and i think what your doing is wonderful aswel. i dont think people actually appreciate how sucesfully you managed to make the camera pan whilst makin the figures move, i feel you carried this off VERY well... you must have alot of patience.
i'll look out for more claymation by you in the future... good luck (",)
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Maties, nice job. I love the storyline, and the bit with all the toys was funny..especially with buzz lightyear going "to infinity..and beyond!" in the background..haha.
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Great 2nd episode.
I was really amazed by this one,i also got a good laugh at the part with the toy story charcters,great job yet again now i'm gonna go check out part 3. =)
Rated 5 / 5 stars
I entirely agree with the last review.
When Rufus falls is a great piece of animation.
Gel and Dustball sould get an award made of gold for that.


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Symphony of Gardens brings classic cars and music to Bellevue
On June 28, the Symphony of Gardens is set to bring a collection of classic cars and live music to Bellevue. The Symphony of Gardens presents the opportunity to stroll through five private gardens in Bellevue, Kirkland and Yarrow Point open to the public for the first time ever. The garden tour benefits the Bellevue Philharmonic, the only professional orchestra in East King County founded in 1967.
The Bellevue Botanical Garden at 12001 Main Street will host live music and refreshments from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m.
The Pacific Northwest Region of the Classic Car Club of American will offer an exclusive viewing of classic cars throughout the day. The Pacific Northwest Region of the Classic Car Club of America is one of the most active purveyors of information on the greatest automobiles ever built.
The Symphony of Gardens is sponsored by Viking Bank, Wells Medina Nursery, Bellevue Nursery, Davis Wright Tremaine & Sherwood Investment Services.
To purchase tickets for $25 plus a service charge, visit http://www.bellevuephil.org or call 1.800.838.3006.
Tickets may also be purchased at Bellevue Nursery, Wells Medina Nursery or Ravenna Gardens in Kirkland anytime through June 28, and at the Bellevue Botanical Garden on June 28. For more information on the event, call 425.990.1011.
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Cross-voting by Left and Congress MLAs on Friday helped the Trinamool Congress gain an extra seat in West Bengal, while similar action by Congress MLAs in Andhra Pradesh saw the Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) make its debut in Rajya Sabha.
In Odisha, Opposition leader and IPL chairman Ranjib Biswal managed to come out triumphant when the ruling Biju Janata Dal (BJD) failed to ensure the win of an Independent candidate backed by it, as six of its MLAs did not transfer their surplus votes in his favour. The Congress and another candidate, backed by the party, swept all three Rajya Sabha seats in Assam. — PTI
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Author and Page information
- This page: http://www.globalissues.org/article/43/deregulation-or-protectionism.
- To print all information e.g. expanded side notes, shows alternative links, use the print version:
For the neo-liberal, individuals make rational economic and social choices only through the market. For the statist, the state is the sole custodian of society's interests, and its decisions their only reliable expression, with or without free elections. While the one ideology seeks to subordinate state to market, and the other the market to the state, what both succeed in doing is subordinating society's will and the means of its expression. The alternative is that both state and market should be the servants of society rather than society being the servant of either. Whether the next century will be marked by unity and harmony rather than division and conflict depends in no small part on what democracy and citizenship are to mean in the age of globalization.
— Brendan Martin, In the Public Interest? Privatization and Public Sector Reform, Zed Books (London), 1993. (Quote used on a Bretton Woods Project report on globalization.)
This web page has the following sub-sections:
- Protectionism: evil; Economic Liberalization: good — an oversimplification
- Industrialized nations developed by protecting and nurturing their industries
- For poor countries careful and temporary protectionism can help nurture industries
- Rich countries preaching liberalization to poor countries
- Rich countries practicing protectionism at home when it suits
- Rich countries using protectionism as trade bargaining chip
- Can developing countries avoid rich country strangle-hold?
Protectionism: evil; Economic Liberalization: good — an oversimplification
Protectionism is an economic policy to restrain certain trade through measures such as tariffs, quotas and regulations. It is often used to discourage imports of certain goods and to protect domestic markets in various ways.
Protectionism is often regarded as a barrier to free trade. The word seems to conjure up negative images of isolationism and subsidizing industries that could otherwise not compete fairly against others. (This can help indicate why some industries would strongly support protectionism for themselves.)
Deregulation attempts to free economic activity from binding rules from the state. As a basis of free trade amongst nations, the idea is to allow competition to ensure the most efficient practices prevail, which should average out and benefit everyone.
However, deregulation, when applied to wider parts of society can be at the expense of people in that nation or region if that deregulation means relaxation of environmental rules, health and educational services, etc. In the context of corporate globalization it also risks stifling domestically grown industries as multinational corporations are more likely to have the resources to outcompete local ones. (This hints at the powerful lure that the "freeing" of trade and liberalization of access to resources from regulation has to some proponents.)
[The] moving of money through an economy is why there is so much wealth in a high-wage manufacturing and exporting country and so little within a low-wage country that is "dependent" on imports. With centuries of mercantilist experience, developed societies understand this well.
— J.W. Smith, The World's Wasted Wealth 2, (Institute for Economic Democracy, 1994), p. 66
Neither seems to answer the notion of fairness, though. Often those nations that promote free trade for all, want protectionism for themselves.
While free trade could be a possible way forward for fair trade, it can only be fair and free if large, developed nations do not continue protectionist practices for some of their industries, while hypocritically requiring (sometimes forcing) developing nations to abandon such measures, to the effect that it tips the trading balance unfairly in their favor.
Some aspects of how protectionism can be used by rich countries include
- intervention in things like technology transfer, or distorting market functions
- providing vast subsidies to local industries (for example, textiles, agriculture, footwear even intellectual property as this report mentions) while asking others to deregulate and become subject to the market's natural force of supply and demand
- one-sided trade agreements
- even military expeditions to open and expand resource access.
For young industries, protecting and nurturing them can be a positive step, and historically this is how practically all industrialized nations have developed.
It is a much more complex situation that this section could describe alone, but many examples and issues are discussed throughout this web site but the concern is that the same developed nations are pressuring developing nations to aggressively abandon any protectionism, before their economies are ready to enter the global markets (even though protectionism has helped the US and Europe to prosper).
A common misconception in the mainstream (and even dissenting circles) is that one has to be either pro-market or against markets. However, less discussed is how power conflict affects the ideals of a market-based approach or what some of the fundamental problems are in a market or state approaches. Free Trade as an ideology or theory has many valuable and powerful points that have attracted countless supporters. The reality (or what politicians and others might call free trade) can be very different as was suggested in the criticisms of free trade section on this site. Hence, especially in the third world, the form of "free trade" being pushed by rich countries is coming under considerable criticism.
The following quote summarizes quite well that a fundamental issue, such as being pro-poor, transcends a limited debate of being simply pro-market or pro-state:
Consider, for example, the work and philosophy of SEWA, the Self Employed Women's Association, which operates in Gujarat State in India. SEWA grew out of the long history of organizing textile workers in Ahmedabad, but applied and modified those lessons to organizing women in the informal sector. Starting from an urban base, it has now also expanded to organizing in rural areas (http://www.sewa.org). SEWA's ground level campaigns, and their national advocacy work, reflects a pragmatism which eschews ideological positions on "state versus market". They have supported certain types of trade liberalization because they increase the demand for the output and labor of their members. But they have opposed other types of trade liberalization when they hurt, for example, the employment and incomes of the husbands and brothers and fathers of their members. They are strong supporters of deregulating the control of the Gujarat State Forestry Commission on the livelihoods of their members. But they oppose deregulation of the pharmaceutical industry because of the devastating impact of these on basic drug prices, and they support increased regulation in Export Processing Zones to ensure that labor standards are met. Is SEWA pro-state or pro-market? It is difficult to say. What is clear is that SEWA is pro-poor. One of their best known pamphlets is in fact entitled "Liberalizing for the Poor."
— Ravi Kanbur, Economic policy, distribution and poverty: the nature of disagreements, January 2001
Adam Smith, often regarded as the founder or father of modern free market capitalism with his famous 1776 book, The Wealth of Nations describes England at that time undergoing a transformation and identifying how free markets in some scenarios were very beneficial to prosperity. He also described how mercantilism, big business as well as big government were often detrimental in many cases. Yet, while Imperial Britain may have claimed to take on free market ideology, the free trade imperialism that it was, was to the detriment of other nations, including America, that suffered under its policies of imperialism abroad, which allowed free trade to flourish somewhat domestically.
Depressions resulting in part from laissez faire capitalism and mercantilism led to many European nations turning to protectionism in order to keep competing between themselves. World Wars erupted when their rivalry got too intense and destructive. The American-funded rebuilt Europe, and even the emerging "Asian Tigers", all followed protectionist measures, and once stable moved towards free markets.
It seems difficult to get the right balance between deregulation and protectionism especially between developed and developing nations. Too much deregulation of certain vital services, some of which could be seen as fundamental rights (such as health and education services) could lead to the inability to provide standards for the full range of the population and less protection for domestic industries against often larger or transnational corporations. On the other hand, too much protectionism could stifle innovation and even foreign investment. The reverse could sometimes occur as well, as many other issues come into play. For example, a regime that might be protectionist but not democratic may still ignore the needs of all the people.
World markets are a source of technology and capital; it would be silly for the developing world not to exploit these opportunities. But globalization is not a short cut to development. Successful development strategies have always required a judicious blend of imported practices with domestic institutional innovations. Policy makers need to forge a domestic growth strategy, relying on domestic investors and domestic institutions. The most costly downside of the integrationist faith is that it is crowding out serious thinking and efforts along such lines.
— Dani Rodrik, The Developing Countries' Hazardous Obsession with Global Integration, The South Centre, January 8, 2001
Industrialized nations developed by protecting and nurturing their industries
J.W. Smith is quite critical of the current form of free trade and how it is pushed to poor countries:
That current free trade is just as unequal as the mercantilist trade it replaced is easily demonstrated. The structural adjustments imposed upon weak nations as necessary for free trade are the opposite policies under which every successful nation developed. Virtually every nation successfully developing did so under Friedrich List's philosophy of protection of tender new industries and markets. That they developed under the philosophies of Adam Smith is a myth designed to hide a continuation of plunder through unequal trades.
— J.W. Smith, Economic Democracy: The Political Struggle for the 21st Century, (4th Edition, 2005)
Even the likes of China, South Korea, and others became more developed using measures to protect their industries and so on, with various forms of controls.
The era of globalization can be contrasted with the development path pursued in prior decades, which was generally more inward-looking. Prior to 1980, many countries quite deliberately adopted policies that were designed to insulate their economies from the world market in order to give their domestic industries an opportunity to advance to the point where they could be competitive. The policy of development via import substitution, for example, was often associated with protective tariffs and subsidies for key industries. Performance requirements on foreign investment were also common. These measures often required foreign investors to employ native workers in skilled positions, and to purchase inputs from domestic producers, as ways of ensuring technology transfers. It was also common for developing countries to sharply restrict capital flows. This was done for a number of purposes: to increase the stability of currencies, to encourage both foreign corporations and citizens holding large amounts of domestic currency to invest within the country, and to use the allocation and price of foreign exchange as part of an industrial or development policy.
— Mark Weisbrot, Dean Baker, Egor Kraev and Judy Chen, The Scorecard on Globalization 1980-2000: Twenty Years of Diminished Progress, August 2001
But even in the 19th century, industries were protected as core countries were industrializing. Furthermore, "all Western European core economies had higher industrial protection than Brazil, China and India today when they had similar per capita income levels" as noted by Yilmaz Akyüz, former Director of Division on Globalization and Development Strategies at UNCTAD. Akyüz goes at length to look at how tariffs have been used in positive ways for industrialization, but how the rich nations are now "kicking away that ladder" that helped them progress, and making poor countries abandon such practices. He is quoted at length several times below:
Compared with the historical experience of mature and newly industrialized countries, trade policy in developing countries today appears to be unduly liberal. …a comparison of the historical experience of the three core Western European economies [Germany, France, United Kingdom] and the United States with the current situation in developing countries and LDCs, and three large developing economies [shows a number of things including]:
- At the end of the 19th century when per capita income (measured in purchasing power parity) in the United States was at a similar level as that in developing countries today (that is, some $3.000 in 1990 dollars), its weighted average applied tariffs on manufactured imports was close to 50 per cent, compared to 8.1 per cent in developing countries and 13.6 per cent in LDCs today.
- In 1950 when the United States was already an undisputed industrial hegemon with a per capita income of almost three times the per capita income of developing countries today, its average applied industrial tariff rate was higher not only than the average rate applied by developing countries but also by LDCs today. This is also true, to varying degrees, for Germany, France and the United Kingdom.
- When the United States had the same levels of per capita income as Brazil or China today, its applied tariff rates were four times higher. When its per capita income was similar to India today (that is, around the mid 19th century), its average tariff was twice as high. Again, all Western European core economies had higher industrial protection than Brazil, China and India today when they had similar per capita income levels.
[The figures presented for the above], however, do not fully reflect the extent of protectionism in industrial countries in the past in comparison with developing countries today. High tariffs in the earlier period came on top of much higher transportation and information costs than today, which provided natural protection from imports, particularly for the European offshoots. More important, the underlying rationale for tariffs in followers is the productivity gap with the more advanced economies. As argued by Chang, "the productivity gap between today's developed countries and developing countries is much greater than that which used to exist between more developed and less developed NDCs [now–developed countries] in earlier times. This means that today's developing countries need to impose much higher rates of tariff than those used by NDCs in the past, if they are to provide the same degree of actual protection to their industries as that once accorded to the NDC industries." For instance, even though the United States in 1913 had the same per capita income as Brazil today, it was already one of the most developed economies in the world with effectively no productivity gap with the industrial leader of the time, the United Kingdom.
… Since Brazil now faces a larger income gap with industrial leaders, the same level of tariffs would provide much less protection to its industry today than it did for the United States in the earlier period.
— Yilmaz Akyüz, The WTO Negotiations On Industrial Tariffs: What Is At Stake For Developing Countries?, Third World Network, May 2005, pp. 10—13
If history can be any indicator, developing nations of today could benefit from some aspects of protectionism until they are at the point where they have a good foundation from which to start deregulating certain aspects (not always all) and trade more freely with other nations and regions with a similar foundation, adhering to rules of fairness and some forms of regulation that would ultimately benefit everyone, not just greedy elites!
But, as hinted to further above, economics does not act alone. Military power and politics also come into the mix. Akyüz again:
Political and military power also exerted a strong influence over the tariff policies of independent but weak states through the so-called unequal treaties. This includes the gunboat diplomacy in Asia forcing Japan and China to open up their markets to the United States and Britain respectively, as well as the 1860 trade agreement imposed on the Ottoman Empire by Britain when the country defaulted on its external debt, and public finances were effectively taken over by the creditors. Since the main objective in such instances was to make the weaker states open their markets, such treaties did not always promote harmonization, particularly when the imposing countries were protectionist. This was certainly the case when the United States forced Japan to open its markets while protecting vigorously its own.
— Yilmaz Akyüz, The WTO Negotiations On Industrial Tariffs: What Is At Stake For Developing Countries?, Third World Network, May 2005, p. 14
Hans Rosling, Professor of International Health, and a founder of an organization to improve use and understanding of information, Gapminder, looks at the past 150 years of development contrasting US, UK, China, India and Japan, looking at how life expectancy (an indicator of health) and average income per person changed over the years.
While it doesn't specifically talk about protectionism and liberalization, it is interesting to note in the 1970s when US and UK liberalized even more, their growth rate slowed (but still grew), while China's and India's increased, and then exploded in the 1990s after liberalization. (It may be that after a certain level of industrialization, growth will begin to level.) What the video doesn't show (and it wasn't its purpose) is that the effect of UK and USA's geopolitical power over the past 150 years is also a factor in growth, so bearing in mind Akyüz's observations, this video can be of interest:
Power politics continue to play out today, as Akyüz continues:
An important factor that favors greater harmonization is that once countries establish industrial dominance behind protectionist walls, they tend to advocate free trade in order to kick away the ladder from the followers and consolidate their dominance…. this was certainly the case for Britain in the mid 19th century which led the liberalization drive in Europe. The United States followed a similar path a hundred years later.
— Yilmaz Akyüz, The WTO Negotiations On Industrial Tariffs: What Is At Stake For Developing Countries?, Third World Network, May 2005, p. 14 [Emphasis Added]
J.W. Smith also notes similar things:
Instead of developing the Third World, it is clear that the Third World dependency is a policy of the major powers, and the world leaders insist on restricting consumer buying power in the Third World as a price for what is essentially maintenance loans. Meanwhile, these same leaders easily agreed that West Germany must put $1 trillion into the former East Germany to simultaneously build industry, social infrastructure, and markets. And when the relatively poorer countries of Greece, Portugal, and Spain wanted to join the Common Market, these leaders "implemented a 15-year plan which included massive transfers of direct aid, designed to accelerate development, raise wages, regularize safety and environmental standards, and improve living conditions in poorer nations."… Emerging former colonies receive no such care for their economies to become viable.
— J.W. Smith, The World's Wasted Wealth 2, (Institute for Economic Democracy, 1994), p. 150
For poor countries careful and temporary protectionism can help nurture industries
In some regards, economic policies could be more destructive than weapons of mass destruction, as Akyüz also notes (p.15) that "the application of the non-linear Swiss formula [a way to reduce higher tariffs by greater rates] in current WTO negotiations could take 'harmonization' between developed and developing countries much further than was ever achieved under imperial rule or gunboat diplomacy."
Akyüz describes at length the importance of different stages of development and their needs:
In examining this issue, it is important to bear in mind that successful industrialization is a cumulative process involving movements from one stage to another through the establishment of new industries with higher value-added and technology contents. In the earliest stages of economic development, production and exports consist largely of primary commodities while imports comprise mainly manufactures, both capital and labour-intensive products. Exporting at such a stage provides a vent for surplus; that is, it allows production to increase by making use of formerly unemployed resources because of lack of domestic demand.
…However, evidence strongly suggests that rich natural resources, even when combined with a well-developed human resource base, do not automatically lead to processing and diversification. Without active policies designed to promote and support such activities, being rich in natural resources can be detrimental to diversification away from unprocessed commodities…. Manufactures offer better growth prospects [over commodity processing] not only because they allow for a more rapid productivity growth and expansion of production, but also because they avoid the declining terms of trade that have frustrated the growth prospects of many commodity-dependent economies.
— Yilmaz Akyüz, The WTO Negotiations On Industrial Tariffs: What Is At Stake For Developing Countries?, Third World Network, May 2005, pp. 16-17
Akyüz notes a number of different stages (p.18):
- Sectoral specialization
- An early stage of industrialization, exploiting natural resources and typically requiring unskilled labor
- Diversification
- This occurs as technologically more advanced activities are undertaken
- Increased internal integration
- This follows on from the continual diversification, through a dense set of linkages among sectors
- Industrial maturity
- When this finally occurs, there is almost a completion of a circle, where there is again a move towards sectoral specialization, but this time at the top end of the technology ladder.
Support and protection for industries varies at different stages (pp.18-19):
- During the initial expansion in resource-based and labor-intensive manufactures, the support and protection provided to industry will likely be phased out after a relatively short period of learning and expansion in world markets, since such sectors tend to be technologically less demanding.
- As traditional industries mature and become competitive, a new generation of infant industries would need to emerge and establish themselves. Indeed, an effective industrialization strategy should recognize that currently successful industries may, over time, confront difficulties in competing in international markets as domestic wages rise, low-cost competitors emerge, and the limits of learning and productivity growth are reached.
- Hence, more dynamic and skill—and technology-intensive industries would need to be promoted simultaneously as resource-based and labor-intensive manufacturing successfully carries the economy forward.
- Such an approach underpinned successful modern industrializers such as Korea…. Rather than seeking to maintain competitiveness by keeping down wage costs or protecting traditional industries with high tariffs, they chose to upgrade rapidly as a way of raising productivity, exports and incomes.
- Entry into maturer markets against entrenched competitors can be slow and expensive, and an uphill battle "if left entirely to free market forces." Support tools such as industrial tariffs, various forms of subsidies, may be required, sometimes for longer periods compared to less demanding, resource-based and labor-intensive manufacturing.
As new and more dynamic industries emerge, the traditional ones are phased out and may even be left entirely to countries at earlier stages of development. This pattern of modern industrialization has been dubbed "the flying geese paradigm."
Yet, as Akyüz stresses (p.20) where these processes have been used (e.g. Japan on its way to industrialization), these are not market-driven; there is policy intervention in the form of infant industry support and export promotion in an attempt to even the playing field with more advanced economies.
Overlapping industries on the way to industrialization then seems to be the pattern.
Akyüz then accuses the WTO negotiations of failing to consider these intricacies in tariff discussions, instead going for simplistic and blanket reductions which may harm poorer countries that may require higher tariffs in some situations for certain periods of time. Furthermore,
More recently the tendency has been towards indiscriminate liberalization adopted in many low-income countries as a result of conditionality attached to adjustment lending by the Bretton Woods institutions [the World Bank and the IMF], and in some middle-income developing countries seeking access to markets in the North through bilateral or regional trade agreements.
… A key conclusion is that in a process of sequential build up of competitive industries under temporary infant industry protection, the optimal level and structure of tariffs would change over time. Consequently, focussing on the needs of existing industries or taking current levels of tariffs as the basis for commitments in the WTO could subsequently present serious setbacks to technological upgrading…. emphasizing short-term benefits to the neglect of longer-term industrialization could lock it into the current pattern of industrial specialization, making it difficult to move up on the technology ladder. Similarly an LDC can remain dependent on primary production and exports if it is denied the space to develop industries for labour-intensive manufactures. [Emphasis Added]
… the proposed tariff cuts in the WTO negotiations would erode flexibility of developing countries in using trade policy for industrial development.
… The key issue here is how to reconcile multilateral discipline with policy flexibility needed for industrial development. As shown above, developing countries do not need high tariffs for all sectors and all the time. But they should have the option of using tariffs on a selective basis as and when needed for progress in industrialization. They should not be expected to keep moving tariffs downward from one trade round to another, but be able to move them in both directions in different sectors in the course of industrial development.
— Yilmaz Akyüz, The WTO Negotiations On Industrial Tariffs: What Is At Stake For Developing Countries?, Third World Network, May 2005, pp. 23, 25, 26
As an alternative then, Akyüz suggests (p.28) that allowing countries to have a bit more say over their policies within a framework of an average bound tariff as opposed to a line-by-line prescription per industry/product, would have a number of benefits:
- Policy flexibility while maintaining multilateral positions;
- Encourage countries to view tariffs as a temporary instrument by ensuring infant-industry protection succeeds in establishing competitive industries;
- Encourage country trade negotiators to take a long term view rather than focusing on immediate needs of their industries.
Rich countries preaching liberalization to poor countries
As noted on this site's criticisms of free trade section, the elite, even of poorer countries, often pressure poorer countries to liberalize and enter the global market before they are ready. Akyüz also notes this, adding the cost of doing so:
Developing countries are once again facing intense pressure to liberalize trade in industrial products even though the extravagant benefits claimed from the Uruguay Round [of trade talks] have been belied by subsequent experience. According to one estimate, the Uruguay Round's combined liberalization increased global economic welfare by $75 billion, of which almost $70 billion went to developed countries, $5 billion to Newly Industrialized Economies (NIEs; Korea, Singapore and Taiwan), and none to developing countries taken together. Despite this, recent years have seen a proliferation of similar exercises, claiming large benefits from further trade liberalization for the world economy in general and for developing countries in particular. The gains estimated by various studies from full liberalization of goods and services trade, or trade in goods alone, range from a couple of hundred billion dollars to more than $2.000 billion. On some accounts, the incidence of gains to developing countries reaches as much as 65 per cent of the total.
… [such estimates] are one-off static gains expected to result from reallocation of resources after trade liberalization. They are derived from computable general equilibrium (CGE) models based on the neoclassical paradigm of competitive equilibrium where markets [are] always clear and resources are fully employed. These estimates do not provide a reliable guide to what might happen in reality because of two interrelated shortcomings of the CGE models:
- … a theory that assumes away various imperfections and rigidities that pervade developing economies and lead to market failures, including externalities, incomplete markets, imperfect and asymmetric information, monopolies or imperfect competition. The incorporation of any of these could lead to problems … leading to uncertainty about the outcome of trade liberalization.
- … From the way the economies are assumed to work follows the prediction that the equilibrium state with lower tariffs will have higher income and welfare. But even then, this does not mean that a reduction in tariffs would necessarily lead to another equilibrium state with a higher level of income. This depends on how the economy will react to disequilibria generated by liberalization.
— Yilmaz Akyüz, The WTO Negotiations On Industrial Tariffs: What Is At Stake For Developing Countries?, Third World Network, May 2005, pp. 29, 31-32
What Akyüz is noting is that from one flawed basis, more conclusions are drawn, and then from that, even more, and so on, leading to a number of conclusions — and worse, policy prescriptions — that have little bearing on reality. It is similar to the game "Chinese whispers", or the "snow ball effect" where one basis leads to another which appears to reinforce itself. When it is too big, the original is often forgotten and less likely to be questioned.
"Adjustment" policies are then introduced to get poor countries to liberalize. As seen on this site's section on Structural Adjustment, these policies have been devastating, leading to further poverty for many millions. Such costs are often minimized as Akyüz notes:
There is a tendency to underplay adjustments costs on grounds that they are relatively small compared to (potential) benefits from reallocation of resources, as maintained in a recent WTO paper: "Although the economy may be worse off in the short-run, the gains from trade will outweigh short-run adjustment costs in the medium to long-term … Existing studies find that the benefits from trade exceed adjustment costs not only in the long-run where the cost to benefit ratio is estimated to be lower than 4 per cent, but even during the adjustment period." However, as the authors themselves recognize "measures of adjustment costs in existing empirical work are crude and imprecise" and "the empirical evidence … is restricted to industrialized countries", and "may not be representative for the case of other countries" since "the institutional settings and the functioning of domestic markets will affect the size of adjustment costs."
— Yilmaz Akyüz, The WTO Negotiations On Industrial Tariffs: What Is At Stake For Developing Countries?, Third World Network, May 2005, p. 34
Given the enormous cost in lives and poverty of adjustment costs imposed on most of the Third World, and given that the WTO implies that the trade benefits outweigh these costs, then the third world should be the first world by now, as these policies have been prescribed for decades.
Fundamentally, Akyüz notes (p.34), "the real question is whether a sound analysis of trade liberalization can be undertaken in models premised on the neoclassical tradition." The answer seems to be no. However, worse than that, given the neoclassical tradition is the mainstream in economics, the implications for the third world are chilling:
Thus, the mainstream theory and the CGE models tell us that at the current levels of technological capability, firms in developing countries cannot compete with those in advanced industrial countries in skill—and technology-intensive products so that any rapid move towards free trade implies that developing countries would withdraw their resources from these sectors and redeploy them to low value-added, resource-based and labour-intensive industries.
… [despite claims otherwise, ] more recent experience also shows not only that import liberalization does not guarantee a strong export performance, but also that improved export performance is not always mirrored by acceleration of industrialization and growth.
— Yilmaz Akyüz, The WTO Negotiations On Industrial Tariffs: What Is At Stake For Developing Countries?, Third World Network, May 2005, p. 36
In other words, there may be growth, but no "progress" in the technological sense or development in the more general sense. Also, the above, in effect, describes a similar pattern of inequality as seen in colonial times. One can understand a bit more why some call the current global system a form of neo-colonialism or neo-mercantilist/monopoly capitalism.
Rich countries practicing protectionism at home when it suits
At the beginning of March, 2002, U.S. President George Bush announced tariffs on imported steel from the European Union. He said "We're a free-trading nation, and in order to remain a free-trading nation, we must enforce law. And that's exactly what I did. I decided that imports were severely affecting … an important industry." This is quite remarkable a series of sentences, because on the one hand he is supporting "free trade" but on the other hand, he wishes to protect his industries (which can be an understandable concern), which goes against the notions of free trade! In Europe, this of course has raised a lot of concern, especially when the U.S. has been most vocal in the international arena about getting other countries to open up their markets and embrace free trade.
Bush said the US steel industry which has been hit by rising bankruptcies would be protected a little bit against cheap imports. But the EU, according to the British paper, The Guardian, says that the problems facing the US steel industry come not from imports, which have been declining, but from its failure to make itself competitive during the 1990s.
This highlights important concerns not only about the impacts of protectionism, but also the impacts of free trade, as both in their most literal forms can affect different segments of society in various ways. If other nations decided to impose such tariffs on U.S. or other imports, then there would be even more trade wars. On the one hand, there is an important need to protect developing industries, and create stable internal market economies, while on the other hand, protecting inefficient industries in the heat of competition can have detrimental international ramifications.
The U.S. Farm Bill that followed, likewise has also been a protectionist policy. The developing world has often criticized the double standards of rich regions such as Europe and the United States of demanding (and even forcing) free market ideology and liberalization of the economies of poor countries, but protecting their own industries. One major area of concern has been agriculture which impacts the developing world considerably. In fact while the E.U. rightly pointed out that the U.S. was being protectionist, the E.U. itself has long been highly protectionist itself. Oxfam captures some of this:
We now have the unedifying spectacle of two economic giants locked in a war of words and numbers over agricultural trade policies, each one accusing the other of being more protectionist, while the developing countries are trampled underfoot.
On 13 May 2002, it was the turn of the USA to bring the boot down on developing-country agriculture, when it agreed a Farm Bill which will dole out up to $190bn to US agri-business over the next ten years — an enormous increase of 70 per cent in payments. Before the Bill passed, White House officials admitted that it would greatly encourage overproduction, fail to help US farmers most in need, and jeopardise markets abroad. According to the European Commission, "there is no doubt that the vast bulk of payments under the Farm Bill will go to the largest agri-businesses". Third World producers will find it harder to sell to the US market and, since the USA exports 25 per cent of its farm production, they will find it harder to sell in other international markets or to resist competition from US products in their home markets. The disposal of increased US surpluses as 'food aid' is likely to compound the loss of livelihoods.
— Europe's Double Standards. How the EU should reform its trade policies with the developing world, Oxfam Policy Paper, April 2002, p.12 (Link is to the press release, which includes a link to the actual Microsoft Word document from which the above is cited.)
New York Times columnist and professor, Paul Krugman, a free market supporter, and often a harsh critic of anti-corporate globalization protest movements, has been quite critical of U.S. policies, which he describes quite bluntly as being protectionist:
Some months ago an academic colleague — a man with strong Democratic connections — urged me to write a couple of columns praising the Bush administration. "What should I praise?" I asked.
There was a long pause — funny, isn't it, how "balance" becomes a goal in itself? — but eventually he came up with something: "How about its commitment to free trade?"
Ahem. In fact, George W. Bush has turned out to be quite protectionist. The steel tariff and the farm bill attracted the most attention, but they are part of a broader picture that includes the punitive (and almost completely unjustified) tariff on Canadian softwood lumber and the revocation of Caribbean trade privileges. When it comes to free trade, the Bush administration is all for it — unless there is some political cost, however small, to honoring its alleged principles.
— Paul Krugman, The Rove Doctrine, New York Times, June 11, 2002
Chief researcher of the international development organization Oxfam, Kevin Watkins, has been very critical of U.S., European and Japanese trade policies, even charging them with hypocrisy for preaching free trade but practicing mercantilism:
Looking beyond agriculture, it is difficult to avoid being struck by the discrepancy between the picture of US trade policy painted by [US Trade Representative, Robert] Zoellick and the realities facing developing countries.
To take one example, much has been made of America's generosity towards Africa under the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). This provides what, on the surface, looks like free market access for a range of textile, garment and footwear products. Scratch the surface and you get a different picture. Under AGOA's so-called rules-of-origin provisions, the yarn and fabric used to make apparel exports must be made either in the United States or an eligible African country. If they are made in Africa, there is a ceiling of 1.5 per cent on the share of the US market that the products in question can account for. Moreover, the AGOA's coverage is less than comprehensive. There are some 900 tariff lines not covered, for which average tariffs exceed 11%.
According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the benefits accruing to Africa from the AGOA would be some $420m, or five times, greater if the US removed the rules-of-origin restrictions. But these restrictions reflect the realities of mercantilist trade policy. The underlying principle is that you can export to America, provided that the export in question uses American products rather than those of competitors. For a country supposedly leading a crusade for open, non-discriminatory global markets, it's a curiously anachronistic approach to trade policy.
— Kevin Watkins, Trade hypocrisy: the problem with Robert Zoellick, Open Democracy, December 12, 2002
Watkins lists a number of other areas, besides the AGOA that are beset with problems of hypocrisy, and concludes that "nihilism and blind pursuit of US economic and corporate special interest represents an obstacle to the creation of an international trading system capable of extending the benefits of globalization to the world's poor."
Rich countries using protectionism as trade bargaining chip
The albeit flawed 2005 G8 Summit, the accompanying Make Poverty History Campaign and the Live 8 concerts raised a little bit more awareness about the unfairness in First world subsidies and tariff protection for certain industries which end up harming poorer nations.
However, there seems to be a risk that up-coming WTO discussions will see tariffs and subsidies being used as a bargaining chip: an offer by rich countries to possibly remove some of theirs in return for poor countries to agree to perhaps a similar level of reduction. While that might sound fair and equal, it is the wrong type of equality because, as Akyuz has detailed (and quotes at length above), different countries at different stages of development and for different industries will require different levels of tariffs and other forms of protection/nurturing. Media spin that typically accompanies such trade discussions may not make this important clarification, which will be important noting.
Akyuz notes this concern as well, also observing that rich countries use other techniques such as claims of dumping and meeting certain high standards, while designed as a tool to allow protectionism (corporate welfare) to continue:
Developed countries are in effect offering to cut such tariffs [of their more inefficient industries that now need protecting behind high tariffs] in return for across-the-board cuts in tariffs by developing countries, including those protecting learning in skill—and technology-intensive industries that should eventually be removed with maturity. In any case, as recent developments in trade in textile and clothing clearly demonstrate, the value of these offers in practice is much less than what they appear to be because of the tendency and capacity of major industrial countries to restrict exports of developing countries through anti-dumping duties, safeguard measures and 'voluntary' export restraints.
Such a deal cannot be considered as an equitable exchange regardless of the percentage cuts involved. In this respect, the proposal made by the Chairman of the Negotiation Group on Market Access for zeroing tariffs in a number of labour-intensive products … as well as in technologically more demanding products … is perhaps the most blatant push for an unequal exchange between tariffs used to protect unviable industries in developed countries and those needed for infant industry promotion in developing countries.
UNCTAD estimated that rolling back [rich country] protectionism in this area could create additional export earnings of up to $700 billion for developing countries, to be realizable over a 10-year period. This is less than 5 per cent of the combined GDP of industrial countries, but could absorb an important part of unemployed labour in the South and generate a vent for surplus.
— Yilmaz Akyüz, The WTO Negotiations On Industrial Tariffs: What Is At Stake For Developing Countries?, Third World Network, May 2005, pp. 41—42
Can developing countries avoid rich country strangle-hold?
A strategy for developing countries may be in deciding which industries to nurture (temporarily) and which sectors to further liberalize sooner.
As Akyüz mentioned further above, a number of realities can impact the otherwise appealing free trade ideas, including externalities, incomplete markets, imperfect and asymmetric information, monopolies or imperfect competition.
Akyüz also added that even if liberalization was followed in the manner the rich countries asked, it is not guaranteed that it will result in progress for all within a nation. Higher income could result, but social inequalities could remain. The US and UK are arguably the most liberal in their domestic economic policies, and while there are clear advantages in some sectors, social inequalities and related problems are generally higher in these economies than most other industrialized nations.
Developing countries may have a case for nurturing some of their industries rather than opening their economies to competition with multi-nationals. However, in some scenarios this could also be inefficient.
For example, mobile phone companies are helping people throughout Africa to connect to each other and even stimulate economic activity. For most African countries it perhaps makes sense to let such businesses in, rather than trying to develop their own, due to lack of resources and technological base. Yet, at the same time, if this is followed, how will African nations break out of that chain? What if African nations could be more economically efficient with this technology?
There is often talk of technology transfer and partnerships between a multinational company and a local business/industry. However, would a multinational want to create real competition for itself and risk shutting itself out of a market, or having to compete with a local business that might be better placed to respond to the local customs and culture?
Political factors will also be prevalent. For example, many nations will see food security as crucial and even if other countries may be more efficient producers of some food items, a nation may decide to grow some of their own and support their farmers. Even if this seems inefficient from an economic perspective, factoring in geopolitics and actions by the rich nations such as food dumping, manipulative foreign aid and first world farm subsidies may make other nations factor in political terms.
The idea of breaking away from dependency, especially from the first world, was prevalent during the wave of anti-colonialism and the breaks for freedom post World War II. At the same time, many economists argue that inter-dependency through trade can also be a good thing; nations trading that which they are not themselves efficient at producing, and when done in a fair and just environment, leads to cooperation.
However, many developing countries are suspicious of first world nations' intentions, whether it is geopolitics, help with debt, foreign aid, or more.
Could regional free trade, whereby trade is amongst nations of similar levels of development, be an even better option in that context?
These and many other options all need consideration by policy makers in developing countries. However, they need to make those decisions in an accountable manner. Even though many developing countries are democracies, or democratizing, there are many problems such as corruption, inappropriate influence from outside (including from rich countries), lack of resources, and so on. In so many cases, as discussed in this site's sections on debt, G8, and foreign aid, rich nations and institutions end up leading or dictating the manner in which developing countries should develop, leading to less accountable, and often inappropriate, decisions.
Much of the above has been written many years ago. During 2009 and 2010, a global financial crisis, starting in the US, has hinted at a shift in economic and geopolitical power. Some emerging nations such as China, India and Brazil have gained more voice, and developing countries on the whole have gained more courage to speak up against unfair policies from wealthy nations.
At the same time, reactions to the crisis has led many of these wealthier nations to urge countries not to resort to protectionism even though they themselves are resorting to such measures to try and stimulate their economies or fight off growing political discontent (see previous link for more information).
The sound bytes and summary agreements (between the wealthier countries and richer emerging nations) again ignore whether protectionism is equally bad or good for different countries at different levels of development and whether "business as normal" is applicable during a crisis of such magnitude. The next few years will be important to see how the effects from the global financial crisis change or maintain the status quo for poorer countries.
Where next?
Related articles
- Global Financial Crisis
- A Primer on Neoliberalism
- Criticisms of Current Forms of Free Trade
- The WTO and Free Trade
- WTO Doha "Development" Trade Round Collapse, 2006
- Deregulation or Protectionism?
- Some Regional Free Trade Agreements
- The Mainstream Media and Free Trade
- Public Protests Around The World
- WTO Protests in Seattle, 1999
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Anup Shah, Deregulation or Protectionism?, Global Issues, Updated: January 17, 2010
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Shah, Anup. "Deregulation or Protectionism?." Global Issues. 17 Jan. 2010. Web. 19 Apr. 2015. <http://www.globalissues.org/article/43/deregulation-or-protectionism>.
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ND - Bismarck-Mandan
Bismarck-Manda, North DakotaTen Year Plan | July 3, 2008Files: PDF | 429 KB | 83 pagesTo solve long-term homelessness in the cities of Bismarck and Mandan, the area's 10-Year Plan aims to create 130 permanent supportive housing units, which will be utilized along with existing units to follow the "Housing First" model that rapidly places homeless people. Through additional units, better acility to pay for housing and better services and advocacy, homelessness will be solved and prevented. With a secure 10-year plan, leadership, sources of funding and data the program can eliminate homelessness. |


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[Apologies for any duplication]
User Interface Engineering is hosting a happy hour in Portland, OR on Thursday, February 16 for user experience professionals, information architects, knowledge managers, designers, usability specialists, and other members of the Portland UX community.
Christine Perfetti, UIE's Director of Client Instruction will be your host. Christine is in Portland teaching a on-site course at one of UIE's client and wants to take this opportunity to meet others in our field.
The happy hour takes place 7:00-8:00 pm at Saucebox in downtown Portland.
What are offshoring design firms that specialize in doing visual design/production xthml & CSS/and user experience?
I am looking to talk to some firms to discuss outsourcing design. I am looking for larger firms with experience in all 3 competencies and strong project management.
Send any inquiries to wendy.fischer at motricity.com.
-Wendy Fischer User Centered Design
So Yahoo! have released the Yahoo! User Interface Library ( http://developer.yahoo.net/yui/), the Yahoo! Design Pattern Library ( http://developer.yahoo.net/ypatterns), as well as a User Interface blog ( http://www.yuiblog.com/).
It's great that someone is trying to standardise UI, and offering for free some pretty hefty tools to enable that standardisation.
What does everyone here think about this?
In my previous post about the impending end of early registration, I pointed out that the post early registration date was not really all that expensive anyway.
Well!!! I have even better news today.
I have secured for IxDA list subscribers (discussion or announcement list subscribers) a member rate.
Dear All,
Sorry to be asking such a basic question, but I don't have any research to back up my belief so I throw myself on the collective wisdom of this list:
Should 'Back to top' - or equivalent - anchor links be translated into each language of a multi-language site?
My instinctive reaction is 'yes': it would provide a consistent language experience throughout the page and sitelet, and avoid any miscommunication in something that should be a straight-forward navigation element.
I'm looking for someone who can point me to a kick-butt recruitment agency to help me get people for some validation work I'm doing right now (maybe again in the future). The main issue is numbers and timing. I don't want to put too many details in this message.
Experience with the business side of the financial community is a big plus.
We will actually be supplying a whole lot of the contacts and can supply you with a good chunk of background information.
Our February IxDA event is tomorrow, February 14th. We have about 6 spaces left, so sign up today to secure your space. Bring your date and go to any number of restaurants in the area after the event!
If you register and pay today (we'll send you payment information once you RSVP), you'll be guaranteed a spot and you'll only pay $25.
Hi! I'm posting this on behalf of some friends at Flock; please see below for contact information.
LOCATION: Mountain View, CA POSITION TITLE: Interaction Designer DURATION: Full Time CONTACT: Eli Goldberg, eli at flock dot com
We don't use the Internet like we did in 1995. The web is no longer about Pets.com and your home page. Today, it's increasingly about collaborating, sharing and socializing.
I'm the Technical Program Chair for CHI2006, and I thought this list would be interested in some of the new things we are doing this year that should make CHI a "can't miss" experience.
First, CHI is in Montreal, a beautiful city, full of French food, old world ambience, and beautiful spring weather. The dates are April 24-27, plus two days of preconference activities (workshops and a Doctoral Consortium).
We've made a lot of changes to the conference this year, primarily to make it more attractive to practitioners.
Most of my career so far has been spent designing and developing products for speciific audiences, like the HR department at an airline or something, so I've always had quick access to a product's target users.


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Lower rated player playing line 1 singles
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Join Date: Aug 2006
Posts: 15,051
Originally Posted by
The truth is that you give yourself the greatest opportunity to improve your rating by playing with the weakest partner possible as the expected result is lower and thus there is more upside, and even a loss could improve the losing teams ratings. Playing with a strong partner can actually hurt your rating if you don't win by enough.
Your ladies looking to get bumped up should be looking for the weakest partner that they can carry to a win and that will help both of them a lot.
Fat chance!
Bottom line: I don't know anyone who successfully "managed" their rating to achieve a higher rating.
By that I mean that the people I know who are desperate to move up but do not channel that desperation into better strokes and fitness seem to fail year after year.
When one of my tennis buddies is bumped up, I can often tell you with great specificity what they are now doing differently to yield better results. It shows in their results, it shows in their play.
For purposes of this thread . . . OP says she gave up two games to a player who is possibly at the very bottom of the next lowest rating level. Yikes.
The ladies I know who cannot seem to bump up tend to "leak" games to vastly inferior opponents. Sometimes the problem is that they cannot handle the lack of pace or wonky spins that the inferior player is sending. Sometimes they cannot handle the pressure or play with a lead. That "game leakage" -- not their partners, court assignment, etc. -- is why they do not move up.
Clearly, someone who is 3.0-3.5 should not lose games to someone who rarely wins games at the 2.5 level. If OP's rating dips because of those two games she coughed up, well . . . that shows OP has work to do on her game and needs to serve up a double-bagel next time.
-- Random Error Generator, Version 4.0
-- Master Moonballer
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We have published some papers on the XRadar and our Cynical Reengieering method for saving systems from increasing entropy:
There are some articles and papers about metrics, quality and XRadar itself:
Author | Year | Title | Description |
André Fleischer | 2007 | Metriken im praktischen Einsatz | An article about metrics and quality wihtin software projects. (German language) |
Olaf Kossak | 2007 | Java-Architektur-Management: vier leistungsfähige Werkzeuge vorgestellt | A comparision of four different architecture management tools. Compared tools are Lattix LDM, SonarJ, Sotograph and XRadar (German language) |
Martin Lippert | 2005 | Elementares Handwerkzeug | An article about refactoring using eclipse. It also covers XRadar for doing reviews on the refactored code (German language) |
There are several books that we recommend to interested readers. These books especially inspired the making of the XRadar.
Author | Name | Comments | ISBN |
Fowler et. al. | Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code | The code refacotring bible | 0201485672 |
Demeyer et. al. | Object Oriented Reengineering Patterns | A good reference on reengineering strategies | 1558606394 |
Evans | Domain Driven Design: Tackling Complexity in the Heart of Software | Fantastic and inspiring reference on good OO architecture. The final part includes a vital discussion of subsystems and modularization. | 0321125215 |
Fenton et. al. | Software Metrics: A Rigorous and Practical Approach | A decent overview of classical softare metrics | 0534954251 |
Brown et. al. | AntiPatters: Refactoring Software, Architectures, and Projects in Crisis | Ideas on what to avoid in your design. The book is not great, but introduced a lot of the terms we use in the community to describe bad design. | 0471197130 |
Andrew Hunt et. al. | The Pragmatic Programmer - From Journeyman to Master | The Craftmanship of Programming - a must read for all serious software developers. | 020161622X |
DeMarco et. al. | Peopleware : Productive Projects and Teams | A classic on the software development process. | 0932633439 |
Martin | Agile Software Development, Principles, Patterns, and Practices | A great reference to the techniques within the agile domeain. We requere that all consultants should read this book. | 0135974445 |
Several resource sites may give you inspiration for using the XRadar.
Some complementary or in some way related tools to use in your toolkit follows:


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First woman to head major US intelligence agency
Letitia Long to become first woman in charge of a major US intelligence agency
The United States has had three female secretaries of state  but until now has never had a woman lead one of its 16 major intelligence agencies.
Letitia A. Long is being elevated Monday to director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency in a ceremony at the agency's half-built, high-tech campus in Springfield, Va.
The "Jetsons"-style rounded wedge of buildings is rising from a vast construction site at Fort Belvoir. The NGA's staff, now spread across the Washington metropolitan area, is slated to relocate there by fall 2011.
Long's 32-year career has led to a series of senior management positions: deputy director of Naval Intelligence, deputy undersecretary of defense for intelligence and, most recently, second in command at the Defense Intelligence Agency.
Long represents the vanguard of women in the intelligence community.
Women represent 38 percent of total intelligence work force, according to Wendy Morigi, spokeswoman for the Director of National Intelligence. In six most prominent agencies, 27 percent of senior intelligence positions are held by women.
Long has taken over one of the "top computer geek shops" in the national security world. The NGA synthesizes satellite imagery, using everything from the number of electric lines a city has to the density of the soil, to create three-dimensional, interactive maps of every spot on the planet. They're used by everyone from invading troops gauging whether a country's roads or deserts can handle tank tracks, to oil spill cleanup crews trying to decide where to deploy resources.
Long has the science-and-technology credentials to do it, with a degree in electrical engineering from Virginia Tech, and a masters in mechanical engineering from the Catholic University of America.
Rep. Anna Eshoo, D-Calif., said Long's "experience and position make her an important role model for all the women in the intelligence community." Eshoo is a member of the House intelligence committee and a longtime proponent of women in top intelligence roles.
Some of Long's new women staffers at the NGA say her example will surely change how the largely male-dominated work force sees them. However, women in their thirties and forties at these agencies say the climb they face is small compared to Long's fight, against an older generation that hadn't yet witnessed women in combat or a woman come so close to capturing the nomination for U.S. president.
Yet some of those women out in the national security trenches say the fight's far from over.
Intelligence executive Carrie Bachner, a former Air Force officer, worked as the legislative adviser to Charles Allen when he was the Department of Homeland Security's top intelligence official.
That meant she advised him daily on how to deal with the 86 congressional committees responsible for DHS oversight.
Still Bachner says, when she'd walk into a room of intelligence officials or congressional staff with Allen, "they'd automatically ignore me, assuming I was the executive assistant or a note taker until they'd realize, 'Oh, wow, she's the person we're supposed to talk to.'"
Bachner is also Indonesian, which she believes is another reason she is often overlooked.
"I still get it, even though I'm the president of my company," she says. Her firm, Mission Concepts Inc., specializes in information sharing and serves the Pentagon and most of the intelligence agencies. "They are taken aback when I introduce myself. They're looking for the real president, and well, that's me."
And now, when "they" look for the director of the NGA, that will be Letitia Long.
Source: AP News
Mochila insert follows…


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WHEN THE WAR IS OVER by Stephen Becker. 240 pages. Random House. $5.95.
Like Diogenes, Stephen Becker has spent most of his career as a novelist searching for an honest manor at least a protagonist who can face a tough moral decision with honesty. In A Covenant with Death, a youthful judge must decide the fate of a man who kills his executioner after being convicted of a murder that he did not commit. Juice concerns a wealthy businessman fighting the machinery mobilized to exonerate him of the drunken-driving death of a pedestrian. Now, in...
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Arthur, once the shining head of the Knights of the Round Table, is, after decades of neglect, now being polished up and restored by some stylish parents.
In addition to its leading role in the Arthurian legends, Arthurs figure prominently in The Scarlet Letter, Poe's The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket, and George Eliot's Adam Bede. There are also countless Arthurs in children's literature, movies and TV--including The Fonz. Most recently, Arthur was the son of Mr. and Mrs. Santa in the eponymous movie Arthur Christmas.
Arthur has many notable namesakes, including playwright Arthur Miller, writer/astronomer Arthur C. Clarke, writers Arthur Conan Doyle, Rimbaud and Koestler, philosopher Schopenhauer, conductor Arthur Fiedler, and tennis great Arthur Ashe, the first African-American to win the U.S. Open. Queen Victoria's seventh child was Prince Arthur.
Arthur was a Top 20 name from at least 1880 through 1926. And in 2011, actress Selma Blair named her son Arthur Saint.
Lists containing Arthur:
- Baby Names Headed for Harvard
- Supermodel Baby Names
- Classic Baby Names for Boys
- Vintage Baby Names for Boys
- Mythological Baby Names for Boys
- Vintage Baby Names
- Royal Names for Boys
- Boy Names ALWAYS in the Top 1000
- Old Man Names
- Celebrity Baby Names Master List
- Boy Baby Names Moving Up Fast
- A+ Baby Names
- Cool Vintage Baby Names
- Names with Animal Meanings
- 1920s Baby Names
- Victorian Royal Baby Names
- Old-Fashioned Baby Names
- Harry Potter Names
- 1900s Baby Names


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Trader Rating: 33
Multiplex Easy Star with extras and Brushless Motor
I am selling a Multiplex Easy Star. Its an excellent foam trainer for someone who is just getting into the hobby or experienced pilots that want to catch thermals and fly forever. I have upgraded it with a brushless motor which makes it twice as fast and much more efficient. Here is the link to what motor I have in it: http://www.hobbycity.com/hobbycity/s...idProduct=5203 The body has been nose-dived a couple times and has been repaired with Epoxy, but it still flys excellent the way it is. I am including a new body ($25 value). I also have an extra horizontal fin, and one extra wing half. I have modified the rudder by glueing a piece of plastic on the end so it will turn better and faster. I also reinforced the wings with a carbon fiber rod so that the wings will not break during high speed turning. I may have to cut off the vertical fin in order to fit it into a box but it will easily be reglueable with epoxy. If I can get away with not cutting it off, I won't. I am including the motor and servos with the plane. I am keeping the ESC and receiver for another plane. I am asking $95 shipped firm. Thank you for looking. |
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Sunday, February 22, 2015
Jamestown heals a broken heart (ring)
Posted by Janet Crain at 2/22/2015 12:54:00 PM
Sunday, January 18, 2015
2015 Top 100 Genealogy Sites Announced
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Posted by Janet Crain at 1/18/2015 12:30:00 PM
Friday, September 5, 2014
Exciting New Discoveries at Jamestown
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Posted by Janet Crain at 9/05/2014 10:17:00 PM
Sunday, August 3, 2014
The Croatan Indians of Sampson County, North Carolina.
Herrings Township, Sampson Co., N. C.
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Posted by Janet Crain at 8/03/2014 10:08:00 AM
Saturday, July 26, 2014
Remains of the earliest European fort in the present day US interior discovered
The remains of the earliest European fort in the interior of what is now the United States have been discovered by a team of archaeologists, providing new insight into the start of the U.S. colonial era and the all-too-human reasons spoiling Spanish dreams of gold and glory.
"Fort San Juan and six others that together stretched from coastal South Carolina into eastern Tennessee were occupied for less than 18 months before theNative Americans destroyed them, killing all but one of the Spanish soldiers who manned the garrisons," said University of Michigan archaeologist Robin Beck.
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Posted by Janet Crain at 7/26/2014 12:58:00 PM
Sunday, March 30, 2014
Jennifer Gabriel Powell
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Posted by Janet Crain at 3/30/2014 06:37:00 PM
Monday, February 17, 2014
Jamestown Mysteries Solved By Archeological Finds
Published on Jan 28, 2014
The Jamestown Rediscovery archaeologists over the years have come across several instances of disarticulated human skeletal remains in trash pits. This short film documents one such find. A skull fragment found in the fort's west bulwark ditch demonstrated clear evidence of an attempt at trephination (a surgical procedure performed in response to head injuries, whereby surgeons remove a plug of bone form the skull to prevent a buildup of fluid that could cause pressure on the brain). The research that is presented in this film was the result of a collaboration between the Smithsonian Institution and the Jamestown Rediscovery Project. Senior Staff Archaeologist, Jamie May of the Rediscovery Project narrates the film.
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Posted by Janet Crain at 2/17/2014 11:07:00 PM
Thursday, February 13, 2014
Today's Nature Publication Refutes Possibility of a Solutrean Migration to the Americas
A very exciting and definite paper has just been published by Nature, today, titled "The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana," by Rasmussen et al. The authors conclude that the DNA of a Clovis child is ancestral to Native Americans. Said another way, this Clovis child was a descendant, along with Native people today, of the original migrants from Asia who crossed the Bering Strait.
All four types of DNA were tested; Y chromosome, mtDNA, autosomal and X. Everything tested as having come through the Bering Strait from Asia. There was no European admixture.
This information is very important to a number of academic disciplines. I am sure much more remains to be explored and explained, but we can rest assured in this fact:
"The researchers concluded that the Clovis infant belonged to a meta-population from which many contemporary Native Americans are descended and is closely related to all indigenous American populations. In essence, contemporary Native Americans are "effectively direct descendants of the people who made and used Clovis tools and buried this child," covering it with red ochre.Furthermore, the data refutes the possibility that Clovis originated via a European, Solutrean, migration to the Americas."
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Posted by Janet Crain at 2/13/2014 11:54:00 AM
Sunday, December 22, 2013
Please sign this petition to preserve Hatteras Lighthouse Keeper Stones
Letter by Dawn Taylor
We the descendants of those who manned the Historic Cape Hatteras Light Station located on North Carolina's Outer Banks and citizens of the United States,are petitioning NC Congressman Walter Jones and the National Park Service to preserve and protect the original granite foundation stones which bear the names and dates of our forefathers who honorably gave of themselves to provide those at sea a beacon in which to safely navigate the dangerous waters known as the Graveyard of the Atlantic.
In 1999, the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse was moved back 1,600 feet to protect it from the encroaching Atlantic Ocean.After the move the Outer Banks Lighthouse Society spent almost $12,000 to have the original granite stones which had been cut away from the lighthouse foundation, engraved with the names and dates of all of the keepers of the Hatteras light. The stones were then arranged in a circle to mark the original location of the historic lighthouse.
Over the years, due to coastal storms,this historic site which mean so much to the keeper descendants and lighthouse enthusiast alike,has been covered with sand and the stones scattered around by waves. Just as the lighthouse was moved for preservation's sake, we want these stones to also be maintained and protected from the sea.They represent such a large part of our island's heritage and history.
In May of 2013, in a letter to the Outer Banks Lighthouse Society, seashore superintendent Barclay Trimble said, "Because of coastal processes, namely shoreline erosion and dune migration, the stones have routinely become covered with sand requiring substantial effort to keep them uncovered."
The National Park Service has also responded by stating that it no longer intends to keep maintaining the stones due to it being no longer practical to keep uncovering and rearranging the stones after each storm. To most, this is an unacceptable answer.
Each year,especially through peak tourist season, thousands visit the lighthouse per day and purchase Climbing Tour Tickets at $8 for adults and $4 for senior citizens. It is not hard to do the math and to see that indeed, there are funds out there to preserve the site we are petitioning.
These original Cape Hatteras Lighthouse Foundation Stones located at the original lighthouse site,with the names of our forefather's etched in their remembrance, should be preserved. We the lighthouse descendants and all who cherish and honor it's existence are hereby joining together by the creation of this petition to make our voices heard and to see that these cherished stones will still be there for future generations to visit, just as we have.
Dawn Farrow Taylor
President - Cape Hatteras Genealogical and Preservation Society
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Posted by Janet Crain at 12/22/2013 12:10:00 PM
Sunday, November 24, 2013
Which First Thanksgiving?
No. 1. In 1586, the first thanksgiving held by Englishmen on the North American continent took place on Roanoke Island, North Carolina. This celebration was by the company of 100 men from Cornwall, England that Sir Walter Raleigh had brought to America to found a colony. After a year when the relief ship arrived, they held a thanksgiving dinner, and fed-up with the hardships and perils, they all went home.
No. 2. In 1609, at Jamestown, Virginia, the starving remnants of the first settlers held a thanksgiving dinner while awaiting the arrival of their relief ship.
No. 3. In 1612, also at Jamestown, Virginia, a dinner was held after the arrival of Governor Dale with a ship-load of girls intended to become the wives of the settlers.
No. 4. In 1619, a dinner of thanks was held at Berkley Plantation on the James River in Virginia.
No. 5. In 1621, at Plymouth Plantation, a great dinner of thanks was held. Pilgrim Edward Winslow in a letter of December 11, 1621, to a friend in England, described their First Thanksgiving (as printed in Mourt's Relation) as follows.
"Our harvest being gotten in our Governor sent four men on fowling, so we might after a more special manner rejoice together, after we had gathered the fruit of our labors. They, four, in one day killed as much fowl as with a little beside, served the company almost a week. At which time amongst other recreations, we exercised our arms, many of the Indians coming amongst us, and amongst the rest their greatest King Massasoit with some 90 men, whom for three days we entertained and feasted. And they went out and killed five deer which they brought to the Plantation, and bestowed on our Governor, and upon the Captain and others."This latter Thanksgiving dinner is the one that has survived and became the National Holiday.
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Posted by Janet Crain at 11/24/2013 02:02:00 PM


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by Linc Wonham
Posted on 06.24.2010
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Launched today in Australia, Visa's new online transaction service is aimed at making it easier for teenagers to purchase their favorite music, games and movies on the Web. A pre-paid "payclick" account can be funded from any Visa, MasterCard or bank account and used for online transactions similar to the way many consumers currently use PayPal.
It is a major addition to the micropayment processing space, which focuses on online transactions under $20, and targets the sector of the buying community under the age of 18. Visa's new service was developed and launched in Australia, where it is estimated that nearly $650 million of online micropayments will occur in 2010 across the gaming, music and bargain retail sectors.
There is no integration yet with PayPal, and payclick accounts have to be "sponsored" by a parent in order for children under 18 to use them. The service started today in Australia with businesses such as BigPond Games and BigPond Music, Apple's iTunes and Habbo offering the payclick option.
On the merchant side, payclick does not require the e-commerce site to store any personal details or financial information. Although it is initially focused on digital content, Visa has indicated that the service can also be used for goods.
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BASKETBALL BOX BREAKS Post your BASKETBALL Box & Case Breaks Here ! |
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01-22-2013, 10:08 AM | #1 (permalink) |
A couple packs Panini Triple Threads...
Went to Wal Mart to see if they had any Prizm and of course they didn't but went ahead and bought a couple packs of Threads. Got a Justin Harper auto. Will upload picture later. I don't know much on the product but it's not numbered. I'm assuming it's not worth much and a common find any knowledge would be appreciated.
Sorry not triple don't know why I put that in title.
Basketball - All past KU players Baseball - KC Royals Football - Just love to collect all Last edited by mugsey15; 01-22-2013 at 10:47 AM. Reason: Attach photo... |
01-22-2013, 05:30 PM | #3 (permalink) |
It's just Panini Threads, not triple threads
Omri Casspi, Sketches, Movie/TV Autos & Relics UPDATED: http://s1020.photobucket.com/user/MemorabiliaCraze/library/ *check subs!* Find me on FB under Memorabilia Craze 4 Contests & Specials, Twitter @ Memorabilia_Now |
01-24-2013, 01:49 PM | #6 (permalink) |
I have looked For prizm at three local wal-marts and none have any
I am looking for Tayshaun Prince and other UK players LOW number, PATCH, or auto cards. Also Kenneth Faried SUPERCOLLECTOR! My Bucket is http://s569.photobucket.com/home/lovebrittneys |
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UPDATEDB (Locate etc)
see also tips->locate
From Mike Andrew
'locate' and 'updatedb' are the front runners in
searching for the existence of any file on a Linux system.
In order to operate efficiently, 'locate' uses a
database rather than hunting individual directory paths.
For this to operate, and remain current, it means the database
itself must be updated.
To do to this, 'updatedb' is invoked.
You can invoke updatedb manually any time you feel like
it. However, it is quite the norm, for this binary to be
executed in a cron. Cron.daily at5 am to be exact.
The two bottom line questions you will be asking, is
The piece of magic you are interested in is
This is a soft link to the common pool of cron scripts in
/etc/cron.d/lib The '50' tells the background cron job
the order in which to execute this, and other scripts found in
the same directory. All 'objects' found in the Daily directory
are executed at the same time each day. (see below)
Don't worry overly much about what soft links are,
essentially, this mechanisism is a very "Linux way of doing
things". A pool of common scripts are maintained in a ?lib
directory, and they are linked to, from various other parts of
the Linux file system. In this way, redundant copies of
binaries are minimised and only ONE script needs to be altered
to affect all players. In this case, of all the scripts
availaible for use by cron, in the cron library, we are
interested in the update-locatedb script.
While we are on the subject of cron libraries, do not be
overly impressed with the name. It is not for gurus only, they
are simple-enough bash shell scripts that anyone, you and i,
can write.
When is updatedb
5:05 a every morning.
How do I change it?
Edit /etc/crontab
change the Daily script time to something other than 55 5,
edit the hashed out entry for updatedb so that it runs
separately any time you like.
See cron for explanation of this
what directories get
ALL mounted file systems, including dos,
_if_ mounted.
How do i exclude some
edit /etc/cron.d/update-locatedb
Add whatever file paths you wish to the OMIT paramater
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