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Kaepernick fans invited to pre-game party in Turlock
By this point, there's no question that Colin Kaepernick's hometown is supporting the Pitman High graduate as he leads the San Francisco 49ers into the Super Bowl. Bakeries are offering Kaepernick cookies and cookies, a hot dog has been named after him, and there's even a signature drink reportedly from Kaepernick's own recipe at a local bar.
Now the Turlock Education Foundation is inviting everyone to show support all at once with a "Turlock Believes" tailgate party Feb. 2 at No. 7's alma mater.
Billed as a family-friendly party. "Turlock Believes" is set from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. at Pitman High School, 2525 W. Christoffersen Parkway.
Fans from throughout the area are invited to attend, bringing their own barbecues. What they can't bring are propane, tobacco and alcoholic beverages.
For those who don't want to cook their own, food vendors will be on hand. The foundation also will offer fans of all ages the opportunity to record videos and notes of encouragement for Kaepernick.
For updates, follow the hashtag #TurlockBelieves on both Twitter and Instagram.
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Microtubule-like properties of the bacterial actin homolog ParM-R1. | |
MedLine Citation:
PMID: 22908230 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE |
In preparation for mammalian cell division, microtubules repeatedly probe the cytoplasm to capture chromosomes and assemble the mitotic spindle. Critical features of this microtubule system are the formation of radial arrays centered at the centrosomes and dynamic instability, leading to persistent cycles of polymerization and depolymerization. Here, we show that actin homolog, ParM-R1 that drives segregation of the R1 multidrug resistance plasmid from Escherichia coli, can also self-organize in vitro into asters, which resemble astral microtubules. ParM-R1 asters grow from centrosome-like structures consisting of interconnected nodes related by a pseudo 8-fold symmetry. In addition, we show that ParM-R1 is able to perform persistent microtubule-like oscillations of assembly and disassembly. In vitro, a whole population of ParM-R1 filaments is synchronized between phases of growth and shrinkage, leading to prolonged synchronous oscillations even at physiological ParM-R1 concentrations. These results imply that the selection pressure to reliably segregate DNA during cell division has led to common mechanisms within diverse segregation machineries. |
David Popp; Akihiro Narita; Lin Jie Lee; Mårten Larsson; Robert C Robinson |
Publication Detail:
Type: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Date: 2012-08-20 |
Journal Detail:
Title: The Journal of biological chemistry Volume: 287 ISSN: 1083-351X ISO Abbreviation: J. Biol. Chem. Publication Date: 2012 Oct |
Date Detail:
Created Date: 2012-10-29 Completed Date: 2013-01-07 Revised Date: 2013-11-05 |
Medline Journal Info:
Nlm Unique ID: 2985121R Medline TA: J Biol Chem Country: United States |
Other Details:
Languages: eng Pagination: 37078-88 Citation Subset: IM |
Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore. email@example.com |
Export Citation:
APA/MLA Format Download EndNote Download BibTex |
MeSH Terms | |
ultrastructure Adenosine Triphosphate / chemistry Amino Acid Substitution Escherichia coli* Escherichia coli Proteins / chemistry*, genetics, ultrastructure Fourier Analysis Guanosine Triphosphate / chemistry Hydrolysis Light Microtubules / chemistry* Mutagenesis, Site-Directed Protein Multimerization Protein Structure, Quaternary Scattering, Radiation |
Chemical | |
Reg. No./Substance:
0/Actins; 0/Escherichia coli Proteins; 0/ParM protein, E coli; 56-65-5/Adenosine Triphosphate; 86-01-1/Guanosine Triphosphate |
Comments/Corrections |
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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Frabill® Seine Net - 4' x 15' 1/4" Black Poly
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" In Premgit's exquisite photographs we have an invitation to see how India sees herself. To be, as it were, inside some of the many worlds of India, looking out at the world looking in. They capture something of the India 'spirit of place', fascinating and familiar to travellers and seekers alike, and so hard to describe. Even if you have never been to India, you will find in these poetic impressions, the pleasure of sensing that same spirit of place"
Anand Dhiren
Comentario publicado.
FestivalKidz dice
Amazing powerful book.
Read our review here: http://festivalkidz.com/product-reviews/india
publicado 08 de jun. a las 15:17 PST
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"The world is my lobster.
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Jared Polis hopes to reverse "pizza is a vegetable" loophole
Representative Jared Polis wants to introduce legislation that promises to reverse Congress's controversial decision to keep pizza lsbeled a "vegetable" in school lunches. "What Congress has done, believe it or not, is defied logic," Polis said in front of a crowd of lunchtime students at Louisville Middle School on Monday. "Congress said that eating pizza is the same as eating peas, or green beans, or broccoli."
Last November, Congress blocked the U.S. Department of Agriculature's efforts to update school lunch nutrition standards, including ensuring that the tomato paste on pizza would no longer qualify the entire pie to be considered a vegetable. Polis maintains that frozen-food industry lobbyists pressured Congress to ""artificially inflate" the amount of tomato paste in one slice of pizza.
"Agri-businesses should never dictate the quality of school meals," he added. "Will Twinkies be declared a vegetable next?"
The appropriately named SLICE Act (School Lunch Improvements for Children's Education) would restore the USDA's power to set standards in school nutrition, including creating goals for sodium reduction, implementing a whole-grain requirement and allowing the agency to accurately count the amount of tomato paste in a slice of pizza as 1/8 of a cup -- not the 1/2 cup that allows it to qualify as a vegetable.
Both Polis and Boulder Valley School District Food Service Director Ann Cooper , who joined the congressman at the announcement, said they had no intention of demonizing pizza.
"I think pizza can be part of a healthy diet in school," Cooper said -- and proved it by providing an example of a healthy school lunch that included 'za. "I'm fine with serving pizza. But not instead of vegetables."
Polis said he hopes to include the amendment in an agriculture bill that may come before Congress this session.
More photos of Monday's announcement and Cooper's healthy lunch are on the next page.
Photos by Chris Utterback |
To read the full text of the SLICE act, click here.
More from our Politics archive: "Jared Polis and Diana DeGette try to tighten regulations on fracking -- again."
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See the latest updates & guidance information on Ebola
Why closing gaps in the Tokyo Convention will be a deterrent to unruly passenger behavior.
The trusted source to prepare and document dangerous shipments in compliance with international regulations.
Improve baggage performance. From quick wins to strategical options, custom solutions for airlines, airports and ground handlers.
We're adding new IATA training centers, partner locations and distance learning options to bring our training closer to you.
Join us on 26-29 April in Istanbul at the premiere event bringing together the entire ground handling value chain.
Tony Tyler's remarks at AVSEC World, which took place in Washington, on 27 October
The ICAO Air Transport Regulatory Panel, comprised of 27 ICAO member states, was able to agree on a draft text of core principles on consumer protection.
All things considered, the outcome was a positive one for the industry. Key elements of the industry principles agreed upon at the 2013 AGM—namely consistency with MC 99, recognition of market forces and the principle of proportionality—are in the draft ICAO principles. Other inclusions or elements of the principles that are consistent with the industry position include:
In addition, IATA attempted to include our industry core principle on extraterritoriality during the discussions but it was rejected by the European States and others. We understand European member states rejected it for political reasons, due to sensitivities about extraterritoriality in the context of EU ETS discussions.
The US Department of Transportation has issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) on Consumer Rule III. DOT is proposing to require that airlines and agents display ancillary information when selling base fares. DOT has proposed a number of scenarios by which airlines and agents might meet this requirement.
IATA and A4A were successful in convincing DOT not to require airlines to sell ancillaries through the agent network. We are assessing the rule internally as well as reaching out to member airlines to understand what it means from an operational and business perspective, and at the same time will request an extension to the DoT's 90-day response deadline.
© International Air Transport Association (IATA) 2015. All rights reserved.


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Posts by Sam
Investigating an Ainsdale shipwreck
25 April 2014 by Sam
Mark Adams, Senior Archaeological Project Officer at the Museum of Liverpool's archaeology department, has been uncovering a mystery hidden by the sand on a nearby beach. He explains:
"Last Wednesday and Thursday I swapped the office for Ainsdale Beach to conduct a geophysical and auger survey of a shipwreck off the Ainsdale coast with volunteers from the Sefton Coast Landscape Partnership. The wreck is the remains of a wooden vessel, last seen in the early 1980s before it was exposed again by last winter's storms. Read more…
Making three new guns for Oceanic 2
14 April 2014 by Sam
Here's the latest update from ship and historic models conservator David Parsons, in a blog series about conserving the model of Oceanic 2:
"The last of the major pieces of work that I have done for the conservation of the builder's model of Oceanic 2 was the making of three replacement guns, similar to Bofors guns, or 12 pounder Quick Firing guns.
Originally the model had eight guns but three of these were missing. Read more…
Guardians of the dawn: the Liverpool Pilots
27 March 2014 by Sam
Ben Whittaker, curator of port history at Merseyside Maritime Museum, has news of a special free talk next week:
"Who ensures the safe passage of shipping into and out of the Port of Liverpool? The Liverpool Pilots!
The sea approaches to Liverpool have always been difficult waters to navigate, so the Liverpool Pilot Service was established in 1766 to safely guide ships into the port. For almost 30 years our own ship the Edmund Gardner – the largest object in our collections – provided a base for the service in the Irish Sea. Read more…
5 years on twitter – a look back
25 March 2014 by Sam
As it's #MuseumWeek on twitter it felt like an appropriate time to reflect on our oldest and most popular twitter account.
The Museum of Liverpool's twitter account was set up on 23 February 2009, just over 5 years ago. It was our first venue to start tweeting, in fact not many other museums were even on twitter at the time. As you can see from this photo taken the previous week, the museum looked very different back then as it was still under construction. Read more…
Microfade testing of light sensitive collections
19 March 2014 by Sam
Siobhan Watts, Head of Conservation Science at the Conservation Centre, has news about some of the vital behind-the-scenes work that she does to protect our collections:
"What do a watercolour by Burne-Jones, regimental colours, Native American quillwork moccasins, and silk furniture covers have in common? Answer – they are all sensitive to light, and will fade to a greater or lesser degree when they are on display. Read more…
Inspiring women photographers
Marilyn Monroe famously claimed "Give a girl the right shoes, and she can conquer the world". However, two exhibitions that have opened recently on Liverpool's waterfront show that if you give a girl a camera then she can change the world.
Brutal Exposure: the Congo at the International Slavery Museum features photographs taken by Alice Seeley Harris when she and her husband were working as missionaries in the Congo Free State in the early 1900s. They became active human rights campaigners after witnessing first hand the atrocities carried out in the name of King Leopold II. Read more…
Ford Escort with top gear from the 1970s
3 February 2014 by Sam
Sharon Brown, curator of land transport and industry at the Museum of Liverpool, has news of a brand new arrival that you may have spotted in the window today:
"Question: What's yellow and shiny and new to the Museum of Liverpool?
Answer: A 1975 Ford Escort 1100L, 1975 Read more…
To Bath and beyond
29 January 2014 by Sam
National Museums Liverpool handling and transport technician Danny John writes about his recent courier trip:
"The Holburne Museum in Bath is currently hosting the exhibition Joseph Wright of Derby: Bath and Beyond. Two paintings from the Walker Art Gallery's collection 'The Girandola' and 'Death and the old man' are on loan to the exhibition, so I travelled to Bath with them as the courier. Read more…
Turkey leftovers
26 December 2013 by Sam
On the day that many of us will be raiding the fridge for the remains of Christmas dinner, Chris Moseley, head of ship and historic models conservation at National Museums Liverpool, has a very creative suggestion for what to do with some of it:
"At Christmas we all wonder what to do with the turkey leftovers – turkey sandwiches, curried turkey or turkey ship model? Read more…
Christmas e-cards
18 December 2013 by Sam
As I'm sure you're aware if you've been counting down the days on our lovely advent calendar, time is passing and Christmas is only a week away. It's always the same, each year I say that next year I'm going to be organised, start my Christmas shopping in June and then enjoy a nice relaxed December. Hmm… Maybe 2014 could be the year that actually happens.
Today is the last day to send your cards by second class post in the UK, if you splash out on first class stamps then you've got until Friday. If these deadlines seem like impossible dreams to you the don't worry, there is an alternative. Read more…


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In the pre-Web days, the main point of a marketing message often got lost. A mailer would have a bold line at the bottom of a letter or include a postage-paid postcard that risked getting lost before a customer thought about filling in a request. Now we have a much easier, powerful tool – the call to action (CTA) button. These simple and straightforward buttons funnel visitors to where you want them to go, such as your shopping cart or your registration page.
Read the rest of this entry »


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Roads promise plagued with problems: Labor
Western Sydney MP Michelle Rowland says the infrastructure rhetoric of the government isn't matching the outcomes.
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Labor transport spokesman Anthony Albanese says Prime Minister Tony Abbott is poised to break an election promise to begin building work on two key roads projects within a year of the election.
In an October 2012 opinion piece in The Australian Financial Review, Mr Abbott wrote that ''there'll be cranes over our cities and bulldozers working on big infrastructure projects such as WestConnex in Sydney and the East West Link in Melbourne that will be under way within 12 months of a change of government''.
But with less than three weeks until the one-year anniversary of the election of the Abbott government, construction work has not begun on either the approximately $13 billion WestConnex project or the $15-17 billion East West Link for the two stages.
Labor transport spokesman Anthony Albanese. Photo: Alex Ellinghausen
Melbourne's East West road project is not due to start until late 2014, according to the project's website, while Sydney's WestConnex road is slated to start in early 2015. Mr Albanese said that with the one-year anniversary approaching ''there are no cranes at work on either of these projects despite the government having handed over funding to start …
''Tony Abbott is about to celebrate his first year in office with yet another broken election promise.
''There are no bulldozers either - just clouds of bulldust from Mr Abbott and bungling Infrastructure Minister Warren Truss … no work has commenced on the handful of new projects put forward by his government.''
But Assistant Infrastructure Minister Jamie Briggs said the projects were well under way to being delivered as promised. ''The Coalition has reformed Infrastructure Australia by taking the politics out of it and commissioned a comprehensive review of public infrastructure in Australia to ensure we build more for less more quickly,'' he said.
''We are investing a record $50 billion in world class infrastructure that will leverage over $125 billion of public and private investment in infrastructure over the next decade.''
The Coalition's $50 billion infrastructure spending commitment includes about $36 billion that was initially committed to by the former Labor government. In Melbourne, it has helped bring forward the second stage of the East West Link and promised about $3 billion to the project.


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text:
FastFWD graduates cited as examples of why Philadelphia is one of the most innovative cities in America.
After our first cycle of entrepreneurs and pilots with the city, here is what worked and what we can still work to improve.
"The data is there; the technology is there. The markets and entrepreneurs, however, are not."
Forbes Recognizes Climate Ventures 2.0: where climate data will be translated into tools that can inform and enable resilient action around the world.


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BEHRENVILLE, TEXAS. Behrenville (or Behrnville) is eleven miles northeast of Georgetown in northern Williamson County. It was named after H. T. Behrens, an early settler. German, Austrian, Moravian, Bohemian, and Silesian immigrants settled in the Behrenville area in the 1880s and 1890s. The locality had its own post office from 1901 to 1906 and is closely associated with the nearby community of Theon. Behrenville had an estimated population of thirty-five from 1933 to 1946. From 1947 to 1965 the population was estimated at sixty. From 1966 to 1990 the population estimate remained steady at thirty. In 2000 the community was not shown on maps, and no population estimates were available.
Clara Stearns Scarbrough, Land of Good Water: A Williamson County History (Georgetown, Texas: Williamson County Sun Publishers, 1973).
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.
Tim Davis, "BEHRENVILLE, TX," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hnb20), accessed May 06, 2015. Uploaded on June 12, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.


text:
If active collaboration with U.S., European, and Japanese scientists is key to the ISTC's longer-term viability, as the committee believes it is, a new approach may be required. The U.S. science community should play a larger role in working with Russian institutes toward proposing and funding proposals that are in areas of specific U.S. interest. In some cases, scientists and engineers in the FSU may have a technical or financial comparative advantage in particular research projects that would complement research already funded in the United States. This would serve to bring about closer face-to-face contacts by U.S. and Russian scientists and serve U.S. scientific and technological interests. To a certain degree, the other ISTC parties are moving toward this approach—for example, Japan's focus on nuclear energy projects.
In addition to increasing contacts between ISTC project participants and their Western collaborators, the scope of Western contacts should be expanded. To date, U.S. collaborators have primarily been national weapons laboratories. This is natural in view of the required involvement of Russian weapons institutes as well as desirable given the nonproliferation goals of the ISTC. However, there are good reasons for increased contacts with university scientists, which could further the center 's civilian and conversion objectives. The National Science Foundation and other scientific societies and organizations already are taking steps to facilitate and fund communication and collaboration between scientists in the FSU and U.S. universities. Because of their ties to the U.S. academic community, those organizations are in a good position to further communication between former weapons scientists and engineers and U.S. universities. While the costs of active collaboration can be high and often more difficult for universities to bear, from the U.S. standpoint, the longer-term benefits of expanding contacts between our scientists and those in Russian institutes would be valuable.
There are also good reasons for expanding contacts and collaboration with U.S. industrial laboratories. In the long run, wealth for the FSU in large measure will be generated by applied science and engineering, rather than basic research. The ISTC can promote the future economic viability of the FSU and, with it, increase domestic funding sources for scientific research by encouraging FSU scientists and engineers, especially from the closed cities, to collaborate with U.S. industrial researchers. Industrial researchers have more experience in market-oriented research and venture capital formation.
The ISTC's priority has been, and must continue to be, reaching scientists and engineers from FSU weapons institutes. However, there are certain emerging areas of science and technology that are not necessarily found in weapons institutes but that are likely to be "wealth generators " in the near future—for example, microelectronics, biotechnology, and computer and information technology. The ISTC, while maintaining its focus on the weapons institutes, can encourage those institutes to collaborate and seek partnerships with institutes with strengths in these emerging technologies.
RECOMMENDATION: The ISTC should place more emphasis on involving biological and chemical warfare institutes in its activities.
As noted in the previous chapter, only 7 percent of the scientists funded by ISTC grants at the end of 1995 had a background in chemical or biological warfare research. Because of the lingering suspicion and secrecy surrounding these institutes, it is particularly important that the ISTC continue its efforts to increase integration of these scientists. The specific challenge for the ISTC and other agencies is to establish communications across former Biopreparat and Ministry of Defense institutes. A very positive example of how the ISTC has made progress in this area is the symposium it sponsored on biological warfare issues in Pokrov in December 1995. The symposium was attended by a number of scientists, including some from the Ministry of Defense. The committee believes that the ISTC should continue its efforts in this area through similar meetings and activities.
In addition, based on the committee's conclusion that U.S. biotechnology firms can benefit from collaborating with former biological warfare institutes in the FSU, the ISTC can make a difference by bringing in representatives from the biotechnology industry as partners in precompetitive research.
RECOMMENDATION: The ISTC should allow grants to fund communications equipment.
Computer networking and access to the Internet are no longer a luxury but an essential need. They facilitate the exchange and retrieval of information, conferencing among colleagues in different locations, and remote execution of programs. Access to computer networks is particularly important in countries such as Russia, where other means of communication remain unreliable. Yet in many institutes, particularly those outside Moscow, the committee was told that lack of adequate communications systems remains a significant problem. Scientists at the Research Center for Applied Microbiology in Obolensk, for example, admitted they have trouble communicating not only with colleagues in the West but also with other institutes in Moscow and Russia.
The ISTC has funded several projects that are intended to improve communications abilities in the FSU. For example, researchers at the Scientific Production Association Luch in Podolsk are developing hardware and software for transferring medical data.6 Such projects are important, but the committee also recommends allowing grant recipients to request and allocate a percentage of funds to buy communications equipment. This will assist individual researchers and institutes in gaining access to the Internet, communicating with colleagues, and developing collaborations and thus will have an exponential impact on their future economic viability.
6 |
ISTC Project #52, "Hardware and software for medical wide area network," NPO Lutch, Podolsk, Russia. |


text: Religious Services & OrganizationsChurches and religious organizations in the Warren area. Narrow your search: Category» City» A-Z» Results: 1-3 of 6 A) The Church Of Jesus Christ Of Latter-Day Saints2205 Tibbetts Wick Rd, Girard, OH 44420 B) Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church78 E Liberty St, Girard, OH 44420 C) Data has been provided in part by Localeze. | |


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1st JAVATab & Tree 1.0
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Deporting the PardonedJason A. CadeUniversity of Georgia Law School August 2012 46 UC Davis Law Review 355 (2012) NYU School of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 12-28 Abstract: Federal immigration laws make noncitizens deportable on the basis of state criminal convictions. Historically, Congress implemented this scheme in ways that respected the states' sovereignty over their criminal laws. As more recent federal laws have been interpreted, however, a state's decision to pardon, expunge, or otherwise set-aside a conviction under state law will often have no effect on the federal government's determination to use that conviction as a basis for deportation. While scholars have shown significant interest in state and local laws regulating immigrants, few have considered the federalism implications of federal rules that ignore a state's authority to determine the continuing validity of its own convictions. This Article contends that limitations on the preclusive effect of pardons, expungements, appeals, and similar post-conviction processes undermine sovereign interests in maintaining the integrity of the criminal justice system, calibrating justice, fostering rehabilitation, and deciding where to allocate resources. In light of the interests at stake, Congress should be required to clearly express its intent to override pardons and related state post-conviction procedures. A federalism-based clear statement rule for statutory provisions that restrict generally applicable criminal processes would not constrain Congress's power to set immigration policy, because Congress remains free to make its intent clear in the statute. But the rule would ensure that Congress, rather than an administrative agency, has made the deliberative choice to upset the usual constitutional balance of federal and state power. Number of Pages in PDF File: 67 Keywords: pardons, collateral consequences, Judulang v. Holder, Gregory v. Ashcroft, federalism, expungements, vacaturs, rehabilitation, immigration, deportation, removal, admissibility, state, criminal justice, clear statement rules, statutory construction, chevron, matter of pickering JEL Classification: K14, K19 Date posted: May 29, 2012 ; Last revised: November 4, 2013Suggested CitationContact Information
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Invest in Fort Bragg!! You can increase your sales through sponsorship and advertising.
What is Commercial Sponsorship?
The Commercial Sponsorship Program offers the opportunity to present your company's message in a variety of creative ways to the military community. Sponsorship gives you access to our customers and helps you build goodwill, as well as brand recognition among this loyal and growing market. By partnering with Fort Bragg you are helping offer an increased variety of high quality programs, events and services to a greater audience. All activities and events operated by the Family & Morale, Welfare, and Recreation (MWR) organization are eligible for sponsorship support.
What is Commercial Advertising?
The Commercial Advertising Program offers the opportunity to display your company's information in a variety of print publications and materials, as well as within the facilities. Advertising gives you the opportunity to hit our community. The awareness of advertising is powerful; by partnering with MWR you will see a difference once you advertise.
How much will I need to invest?
The amount and kind of support you provide, as well as the opportunities offered to you are negotiable and are based on a fair and equitable exchange of values. Sponsorship investment varies by events, as does the amount and type of exposure you receive. Your sponsorship may be in the form of cash, products or services, or a combination of all three. Sponsorship is NOT charitable donation. We will do our part to ensure you receive the value you desire from your investment in MWR. Our goal in every sponsor relationship is win-win!
Examples of Sponsorship:
- Surveys, drawings, or contests
- Prize giveaways
- Product sampling (non-alcoholic beverages)
- Company logo on all print materials (if submitted in a timely manner)
- Booth display at events (We provide tables, tents, chairs and electricity)
Examples of Advertising:
- MWR publications
- MWR website
- LCD's located throughout various MWR locations
- Banner placement at MWR locations
View our Rate Cards:
We would like to extend a special thanks to our Community supporters, who continue to support our soldiers and their families:
Crown Coliseum
DECA – North and South
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First Command
Fort Bragg Federal Credit Union
Great Wolf Lodge
Harris Teeter
Healy Wholesale – Miller, Miller Light
Leith Auto Mall
R.A. Jeffries – Budweiser
Refuel Marketing – formerly Alloy Media Marketing
Trees for Troops
University of Phoenix
VA Mortgage


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HI people!
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High School Financial Planning Program
Studies concerned with the financial knowledge of teens have reported that teenagers are progressing into adulthood without the basic skills and knowledge it takes to make educated financial decisions once they are on their own. Additionally, the spending power of teens continues to increase. According to a 2000 survey by Teenage Research Unlimited (TRU), Northbrook, IL, teens spent $155 billion of their own and family money, an increase of 1.3 percent over the previous year.
Since 1991 the University of Arizona Cooperative Extension in partnership with the National Endowment for Financial Education (NEFE), and local teachers, has educated high school students about basic money management and financial planning concepts. A new national partnership was formed with the Credit Union National Association (CUNA) that will provide additional support for expansion of the program through training models for credits union professionals interested in working with high schools in their local communities.
Approximately 65,481 Arizona high school students and other youth have increased their knowledge of money management skills since this program began. As a result of participating in the NEFE High School Financial Planing Program (HSFPP), 86 percent of students demonstrated an increase in financial knowledge or behavior when dealing with money; 92 percent reported three months later that they believed the way money is managed affects their future; 84 percent felt confident in making financial decisions, 47 percent said they knew more about the cost of credit, 45 percent knew what questions to ask when shopping for auto insurance, 35 percent began tracking their expenses.
Establishing a savings account was identified by the greatest number of students when asked about the most important thing they did as a result of participating in the HSFPP. This finding is particularly noteworthy since a recent study from the National Bureau of Economic Research indicates that if you teach a teen to save, he or she will save more as an adult.
"I compare prices when I shop. I know more about credit an insurance, and I feel more confident about money." –participant
"I've been saving it up and using it [money] when I really need it and not spending it on impulses. I put it in the bank. I have time to think about each thing I want to purchase." –participant
University of Arizona Cooperative Extension; National Endowment for Financial Education (NEFE); Arizona Credit Union League, Inc.
La Paz County Extension
P.O. Box BL The University of Arizona
Parker AZ 85344-4064
Tel: (928) 669-9843, FAX: (928) 669-9763


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The Myth of ADHD and Other Learning Disabilities Quantity in Basket: None Code: B56 Price: $14.99 Shipping Weight: 1.00 pounds Author: Dr. Jan Strydom and Susan duPlessis Quantity: The Myth of ADHD and Other Learning Disabilities By Dr. Jan Strydom and Susan duPlessis If your child has been diagnosed with ADHD or some other behavior disorder, be careful. This diagnoses might be false. The authors of this book explain how parents can teach their children the skills of concentration and self-control without drugging them into submission. This book is about parenting with out using harmful drugs. OUT OF PRINT, SUPPLY IS LIMITED 298 Pages. Paperback


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Scholarships >> Browse Articles >> Merit Awards
How to Score a Fulbright Scholarship
Fulbright Scholarship recepients are exposed to global learning.
By Bridget Kulla
April 21, 2009
Typically, graduating college seniors and recent graduates supplement their independent work with regular university lectures. Graduate students usually work independently on theses and dissertations without close supervision. Projects may focus on most fields of study, although some countries limit eligible subjects. No matter what your field of study, you must be self motivated and have a strong interest in your project topic. "The Fulbright is among the more autonomous programs, in that it allows absolute freedom to pursue knowledge," says Adam Ellick, a Fulbright Scholar who studied journalism in Indonesia.
With more than 1,000 applicants each year, the Fulbright is a competitive award. If you are serious about winning, get started on your application early. "The application is demanding, and it's highly selective, so don't waste your time unless you are going to do it right," Ellick says. For application advice, attend an IIE guidance session, which are held around the country. Talk with a local Fulbright program advisor and your academic advisor as you work on your proposal.
When preparing your Fulbright proposal, consider:
- With whom do you propose to work?
- What is unique, new or exciting about your project?
- Where will you study or research? Why is it important to go abroad to carry out your project?
- Why do you want to do it?
- How will your project help further your academic or professional development?
The Fulbright program selects winners based on: academic/professional record, language preparation, feasibility of the proposed project, personal qualifications, and extent to which the project will further the Fulbright aim of promoting mutual understanding among nations.
Some countries receive more project proposals than others. The number of available positions for Fulbright scholars varies from country to country. Last year, for example, 182 students applied to undertake projects in Argentina where only 24 positions were open. In contrast, eight students applied for seven open positions in Bulgaria. If the country where you hope to study with your Fulbright is very competitive, consider selecting another country where your odds of being accepted are higher.


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Account | Description | FY2012 Spending |
1775-0200 | Supplier Diversity Office For the operation and administration of the supplier diversity office; provided, that the office shall provide training and other services to supplier diversity office certified minority- and women-owned businesses, which allows those businesses to better compete for state contracts and also ensures that equitable practices and policies in the public marketplace are maintained; provided further, that the office shall administer an electronic business certification application which shall be accessible to business applicants through the internet; provided further, that the office shall ensure the integrity and security of personal and financial information transmitted by electronic application; provided further, that the office shall, using all existing available resources, provide certification services to all supplier diversity office qualified applicants, within or outside of the commonwealth, as applicable; and provided further, that the office shall develop and implement measures and procedures to continue to improve the efficiency and the timeliness of the certification process |
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Zumiez Couch Tour 2010
A Other video by yournewbestfriend - 5,175 views
The Skullcandy crew headed to the Northwest this past weekend to kick off the 2010 Zumiez Couch Tour. There was live music, giveaways, tricycle races, and the Zero and Fallen teams put on killer demos. Check out couchtour.zumiez.com to see when the tour swings by your neighborhood.
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Cimetidine as an adjunct to oral enzymes in the treatment of malabsorption due to cystic fibrosis. | |
MedLine Citation:
PMID: 6908433 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE |
The effects of two doses orally administered Cimetidine on gastric and acid production and on intestinal absorption in 13 patients with cystic fibrosis who were treated with pancreatin supplementation were studied. Although both doses of Cimetidine reduced the acid secretion significantly, no reduction in the steatorrhea and creatorrhea or increase in weight were found, although less pancreatin seemed to be inactivated while on cimetidine. It is concluded that pancreatic extract supplementation alone is not sufficient to normalise the digestion in cystic fibrosis. |
F de Biéville; H J Neijens; J Fernandes; M van Caillie; K F Kerrebijn |
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Publication Detail:
Type: Journal Article |
Journal Detail:
Title: Acta paediatrica Scandinavica Volume: 70 ISSN: 0001-656X ISO Abbreviation: Acta Paediatr Scand Publication Date: 1981 Jan |
Date Detail:
Created Date: 1981-05-26 Completed Date: 1981-05-26 Revised Date: 2009-11-11 |
Medline Journal Info:
Nlm Unique ID: 0000211 Medline TA: Acta Paediatr Scand Country: SWEDEN |
Other Details:
Languages: eng Pagination: 33-7 Citation Subset: IM |
Export Citation:
APA/MLA Format Download EndNote Download BibTex |
MeSH Terms | |
Administration, Oral Adolescent Body Weight Celiac Disease / drug therapy Child Cimetidine / therapeutic use* Cystic Fibrosis / drug therapy* Drug Therapy, Combination Feces / analysis Gastric Acid / drug effects Guanidines / therapeutic use* Humans Intestinal Absorption / drug effects Lipids / analysis Malabsorption Syndromes / drug therapy*, etiology Nitrogen / analysis Pancreatin / therapeutic use* Secretory Rate / drug effects |
Chemical | |
Reg. No./Substance:
0/Guanidines; 0/Lipids; 51481-61-9/Cimetidine; 7727-37-9/Nitrogen; 8049-47-6/Pancreatin |
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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Bottega Veneta
Silver and Leather Bracelet
Unfortunately, this item will not be back in stock.
Each solid silver bead on this Bottega Veneta bracelet has been worn and burnished, lending this piece the feeling that it already has a story to tell. They have been threaded onto black leather for a look that's down-to-earth and luxurious - exactly the sort of cool, understated design that this Italian label is appreciated for. Shown here with a Hanro T-shirt, James Perse sweater, Bottega Veneta trousers, Luis Morais bracelet and Common Projects sneakers.
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Galatasaray Rescues Season With $129 Million Deal: Turkey Credit
May 9 (Bloomberg) -- Turkey's Denizbank AS is helping soccer team Galatasaray salvage its season with a $129 million debt agreement.
The Istanbul-based club reached an accord on May 5 with Denizbank to restructure its debt a week after its hopes of overtaking rival Fenerbahce to retain the league title vanished. The deal extended the maturity of short-term liabilities, lowered interest-rate payments on dollar loans and converted 73 percent of Galatasaray's total borrowings into liras, the club said in a filing to the stock exchange.
While the club will still pay salaries to players such as former Chelsea striker Didier Drogba in foreign currency, the deal helps "minimize the risk of currency volatility," board member Adnan Nas said May 7. The team's debt-to-capital ratio of more than 200 percent is the highest among members of Turkey's benchmark Borsa Istanbul 100 Index of stocks, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.
"Galatasaray was forced to do this," Tugrul Aksar, a soccer economist in Istanbul who writes for financial daily Dunya, said in a May 7 phone interview. "All soccer clubs have high short-term borrowings from banks in foreign currencies. The depreciation of the lira is putting significant pressure on their balance sheets."
Lira's Depreciation
The lira's 13.5 percent drop over the past year is the most among emerging-market currencies in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.
Galatasaray hired former Manchester City manager Roberto Mancini last year on a $17 million three-year contract, and pays Drogba 10 million euros ($14 million) a year.
"We're even paying most of our Turkish players in foreign currency," Nas said by phone from Istanbul. "It would in fact be beneficial to at least convert their salaries into liras as much as possible in time. But it's a market problem."
The accord with Denizbank reduced short-term liabilities to a third of Galatasaray's total debt, from 73 percent in February, the club said. Denizbank's communications department didn't immediately return a request for comment.
Before the agreement, Galatasaray's short-term debt was 14 times higher than its cash resources, with almost 168 million liras ($81 million) due in a year or less.
Manchester United
That ratio, though, paled in comparison with some Turkish peers. Black Sea team Trabzonspor had 90 times more short-term debt than cash last year while Istanbul rivals Besiktas had a multiple of 57, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.
Manchester United, the English defending champion ending the season without a trophy, had 4.7 times more cash and near-cash items than short-term debt at the end of 2013, according to Bloomberg data.
Galatasaray was ordered to pay 123.6 million liras in taxes and fines last month after an investigation by the Finance Ministry. The club said at the time it will seek a settlement.
"No sports club, including Galatasaray, will get financial amnesty," Finance Minister Mehmet Simsek said on Twitter May 7. "They pay millions of dollars in transfer fees. They must also pay taxes."
Nas, the board member, said the imbalance between the club's foreign-exchange revenue and expenditures is a common problem among Turkish clubs.
"Sport in Turkey doesn't make as much money as in England or Spain, everyone knows this," he said.
To contact the reporters on this story: Onur Ant in Ankara at email@example.com; Selcan Hacaoglu in Ankara at firstname.lastname@example.com
To contact the editors responsible for this story: Andrew J. Barden at email@example.com Alaa Shahine, Benjamin Harvey


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JetBoil Coffee PressItem #: COF075
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Sumo is big & fast, powering through cooking chores while sipping fuel daintily. When used with the allseason Sol burner, 1.8 liter Sumo is a snow-melting power-house. Sumo locks directly onto your compatible Jetboil burner base* for ultra-qui... Learn More
Jetboil Joule Cooking SystemItem #: JOULE
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Liquid-Fuel PERFORMANCE, Canister-Fuel CONVENIENCE...10,000 BTUs worth of cooking power for your 3 to 5 person Expedition! The Jetboil Joule Group Cooking System offers unparalleled cold weather performance and ease of use for expert backpacking gro... Learn More


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Lebanon hostage crisis
The Lebanon hostage crisis was the systematic kidnapping in Lebanon of 96 foreign hostages of 21 national origins—mostly American and western European — between 1982 and 1992. At least eight hostages died in captivity; some were murdered, while others died from lack of adequate medical attention to illnesses.[1]
Those taking responsibility for the kidnapping used different names, but the testimony of former hostages indicates almost all the groups were actually one group of about a dozen men, coming from various clans within the Hezbollah organization.[2] Particularly important in the organization was Imad Mughniyah.[3] Hezbollah has publicly denied involvement.[4] The Islamic Republic of Iran played a major role in the kidnappings,[5] and may have instigated them.[6] Syria also had some involvement.
The original motive for the hostage-taking is thought to have been to discourage retaliation by the U.S., Syria, or other powers against Hezbollah, which is thought responsible for the killing of 241 Americans and 58 Frenchmen in the Marine barracks and embassy bombings in Beirut.[7][8] Other reasons for the kidnappings or the prolonged holding of hostages are thought to have involved Iranian foreign policy interests, including a desire to extract concessions from the Western world, the hostage takers being strong allies of the Islamic Republic of Iran.[9]
The tight security measures taken by the hostage-keepers succeeded in preventing the rescue of all but a handful of hostages,[10] and this along with public pressure from the media and families of the hostages led to a breakdown of the anti-terrorism principle of "no negotiations, no concessions" by American and French officials. In the United States, the Reagan administration negotiated a secret and illegal arms for hostage swap with Iran known as the Iran-Contra Affair.
The hostage crisis ended with the need for Western aid and investment by Syria and Iran following the end of the Iran-Iraq war and the collapse of the Soviet Union, and with promises to Hezbollah that it could remain armed following the end of the Lebanese Civil War and that France and America would not seek revenge against it.[11]
25 victims were Americans, 16 were Frenchmen, 12 Britons, 7 Swiss, and 7 West Germans.[12][13] Among the names the hostage takers used were Islamic Jihad, Organization for the Defense of Free People, Organization for the Oppressed of the Earth, Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine.
- TWA Flight 847. On June 14, 1985, TWA Flight 847 from Athens to Rome was hijacked by "Organization for the Oppressed of the Earth." Passengers underwent a three-day, 8,300-mile (13,400 km) ordeal shuttling back and forth between Beirut and Algiers. Groups of passengers were freed over the course of event. One passenger, a U.S. Navy diver, Robert Dean Stethem, was beaten, shot and his body dumped on the runway. Another 39 passengers were held hostage in South Beirut for two weeks, as Lebanese army troops withdrew from the Beirut airport on June 16 leaving Hezbollah and Amal militias to control the area and hold the hostages. On June 30, they were driven to Syria and released. The liberation of the hostages was followed over the next several weeks by the release of 735 Lebanese Shiite militants by Israel. Although this was one of the key demands of the hijackers, Israel maintained the release was unconnected to the hijacking.[14]
With the exception of a few hostages such as CIA Bureau Chief William Francis Buckley and Marine Colonel William Higgins, (who were both killed) most of the hostages were chosen not for any political activity or alleged misdeeds they had committed, but because of the country they came from and the ease of kidnapping them. Despite this, they were often treated quite cruelly, with repeated beatings and mock executions.[15]
Some of the victims include:
- David S. Dodge. Among the first victims whose case was widely publicized was American University of Beirut president David Dodge, abducted 19 July 1982 and freed on July 21, 1983. According to Lebanese journalist Hala Jaber, "Dodge was abducted initially by pro-Palestinian Lebanese" in hopes of pressuring the Americans to pressure Israel which had invaded Lebanon to stop Lebanon-based PLO attacks. After the PLO evacuated Lebanon, Dodge was taken into Iranian custody, and moved him from Beqaa Valley to Tehran. The Iranians hoped to use Dodge to gain the release of four Iranian officials who had been kidnapped by Christian militia Lebanese Forces in July 1982. The four Iranians were never found.[16]
- Dodge spent the next three months in Evin Prison, and was asked for information about the kidnapped Iranians whenever he was interrogated.[16]
- Dodge was released reportedly because Syrian President Assad was angered by Iran's involvement in the kidnapping. Dodge was released from captivity and driven back to the airport by an official of the Iranian Revolutionary Guards. He flew to Damascus, and was handed over to the American embassy on arrival there.[17]
- Benjamin Weir. The Presbyterian minister was kidnapped in May 1984 by three armed men while strolling with his wife. Weir may have thought he was safe from harm from Muslims because he lived in Shiite West Beirut working with Muslim charities, and had lived in Lebanon since 1958. Two days after his abduction, a telephone message claimed: "Islamic Jihad organization claims it is responsible for the abduction ...in order to renew our acceptance of Reagan's challenge [to fight "state terrorism"] and to confirm our commitment of the statement...that we will not leave any American on Lebanese soil".[18] He was released mid-September 1985.
- Terry A. Anderson, chief Middle East correspondent for the Associated Press, was the longest held hostage believed to be captured by Shiite Hezbollah or Islamic Jihad Organization. Anderson was seized on March 16, 1985, finally being released December 4, 1991.[14]
- Charles Glass. American television correspondent Charles Glass was seized on June 17, 1987, by a previously unknown group, the "Organization for the Defense of Free People", believed to be one of Hezbollah's aliases. He escaped 62 days later.[14]
- Rudolph Cordes and Alfred Schmidt, two citizens of West Germany abducted in January 1987 by an organization calling itself "Strugglers for Freedom". The West Germans were seized shortly after the West German government arrested Mohammed Ali Hamadi, a Shia terrorist leader who allegedly masterminded the 1985 TWA Flight 847 hijacking and killed diver Robert Dean Stethem. Mohammed Ali Hammadi was not released at that time but was in 2006, apparently in an exchange for a German hostage then held in Iraq.[19] Schmidt was released in September 1987. Cordes was released in September 1988.[20][21]
- Thomas Sutherland, former Dean of Agriculture at the American University of Beirut in Lebanon was kidnapped by Islamic Jihad members near his Beirut home on June 9, 1985.[22] He was released on November 18, 1991, at the same time as Terry Waite,[23] having been held hostage for 2,353 days.[23]
- Terry Waite. Anglican Church envoy Terry Waite, who disappeared on January 20, 1987, while on a negotiating mission to free the other kidnap victims, spent almost five years in captivity, nearly four years of it in solitary confinement, after he was seized by Islamic Jihad from a go-between's house in Lebanon on January 20, 1987. Before his release in November 1991 he was frequently blindfolded. He was beaten early in his period of imprisonment and subjected to a mock execution. He was chained, suffered desperately from asthma, and was once transported in a refrigerator as his captors moved him about.[24]
- William Francis Buckley. Former CIA Bureau Chief, Beirut, taken hostage by Islamic Jihad, Mar 16, 1984.[24] and held at the village of Ras al-Ein.[25] On October 3, 1985, the Islamic Jihad Organization claimed to have killed him. The Islamic Jihad Organization later released to a Beirut newspaper a photograph purporting to depict his corpse. Press reports stated that Buckley had been transferred to Iran, where he was tortured and killed. Former American hostage David Jacobsen revealed that Buckley actually died of a heart attack brought on by torture, probably on June 3, 1985.[26][27] His remains were found in a plastic sack on the side of the road to the Beirut airport in 1991.[28]
- Alec Collett, a British employee for UNRWA, was kidnapped along with his Austrian driver on March 25, 1985. The Austrian was only briefly held then released. In a videotape released in April 1986, Collett was shown being hanged by his kidnappers. Collett's body was not found until November 2009.[29]
- Four Soviet diplomats were kidnapped on September 30, 1985. Arkady Katkov, a consular attaché, was killed by his captors; the other three (Oleg Spirin, Valery Mirikov, and Nikolai Svirsky) were released a month later.[14]
- Michel Seurat. On February 10, 1986, the Islamic Jihad Organization released a photograph that claimed to show the body of French sociologist Michel Seurat, who had been kidnapped earlier. On 5 March 1986 Islamic Jihad claimed it had executed Seurat. His fellow hostages revealed on their release that Seurat had died of hepatitis. His body was found in October 2005.[30][31]
- Peter Kilburn, Leigh Douglas, and Philip Padfield. On April 17, 1986, the bodies of these three American University of Beirut employees, American citizen Peter Kilburn and Britons Leigh Douglas and Philip Padfield, were discovered near Beirut. The Revolutionary Organization of Socialist Muslims claimed to have executed the three men in retaliation for the United States air raid on Libya on April 15, 1986.[14]
- Another American military man killed by Hezbollah abductors was Colonel William R. Higgins. He was captured February 17, 1988, and taken hostage while serving on a United Nations (UN) peacekeeping mission in southern Lebanon. A year and a half after his capture, a videotape was released by his captors showing his body hanging by the neck. On December 23, 1991, his body was recovered from a Beirut street where it had been dumped.
- A further victim was Dennis Hill, an English lecturer at the American University of Beirut, originally from Middlesex, UK. Hill, aged 53, had worked for the American University of Beirut on the Intensive English Language Program since October 1984. He was shot several times in the head on May 30, 1985, while attempting to escape from his captors, according to the Associate Press.[32][33] Islamic Jihad denied responsibility for the killing which it blamed on the CIA, (along with an attempted assassination of the Emir of Kuwait and bombing in Saudi Arabia).[34]
Escaped or rescued[edit]
- Frank Regier. American citizen Frank Regier, engineering professor at the American University of Beirut, was kidnapped in Feb. 1984 when he walked off the campus grounds. He was freed after several months in captivity by Amal militiamen, who raided the Beirut hideout of his extremist captors on April 15, 1984. Islamic Jihad responded by threatening Amal.[35]
- Jonathan Wright. British Journalist escaped from his captors in September 1984.[36]
- Jerry Levin. On February 14, 1985, American journalist Jeremy Levin escaped from his captors in the Beqaa Valley. Shia militants claimed they had allowed him to escape and the U.S. publicly thanked Syria for intervening on his behalf.[37]
- Michel Brillant. On April 11, 1986, French captive Michel Brillant escaped several days after his abduction when his captors were surprised by a party of hunters in the Beqaa Valley.[14]
- On July 16, 1986, a Saudi Arabian diplomat was freed when the Lebanese Army caught his captors.[14]
- David Hirst. On September 26, 1986, British journalist David Hirst escaped by bolting from his captors' automobile in a Shia neighborhood of Beirut.[14]
- Jean-Marc Sroussi several days later (from September 26, 1986) French television correspondent Jean-Marc Sroussi escaped from a locked shed days after his capture.[14]
Many other groups claimed responsibility for the kidnappings while Hezbollah denied it, proclaiming in 1987:
We look with ridicule at the accusations of Hezbollah in connection with the abductions of foreign hostages. We consider that is a provocation and hold America responsible for the results.[38]
Nonetheless, Hezbollah, sometimes described as the "umbrella group" of Shia radicalism in Lebanon, is considered by most observers to be the instigator of the crisis.
Analysis of the hostage-crisis in Lebanon yields that Hezbollah was undisputably responsible for the aforementioned abductions of Westerners despite attempts to shield its complicity through the employment of cover-names. Its organisational framework was not only sophisticated and assimilated according to Iranian clerical designs but also closely integrated with several key Iranian institutions which provided it with both necessary weaponry and training to successfully confront self-proclaimed Islamic enemies and invaluable financial support ...[5]
Another source claims that with the exceptions of six Iranians, all the hostages appear to have been seized by groups allied with Iran.[39]
The two main operatives of the hostage taking were reported to be Imad Mughniyah, a senior member of the Hezbollah organization, who was described by journalist Robin Wright as the "master terrorist" behind the campaign.,[3] and Husayn Al-Musawi (also spelled Hussayn al-Mussawi). The village of Ras al-Ein, in the Beqaa Valley of East Lebanon was a place were the victims were held.[25]
According to scholar Gilles Kepel "a few of the kidnappings were money-driven or linked to local concerns, but most obeyed a logic whereby Hezbollah itself was no more than a subcontractor for Iranian initiatives".[40] Motivation for the hostage-taking includes:
- Insurance "against retaliation by the U.S., Syria or any other force" against Hezbollah, for the killing of over 300 Americans in the Marine barracks and embassy bombings in Beirut.[8]
- The release of four Iranian officials who had been kidnapped on July 5, 1982, by Christian militia Lebanese Forces (aka Phalangists) 25 miles north of Beirut. In December 1988, Hashemi Rafsanjani publicly addressed the Americans just before he was elected president of Iran:
If you are interested in having your people [who are] held hostage in Lebanon released, then tell the Phalangists [Christian militia] to release our people who have been in their hands for years.[41]
- The Iranians included Ahmad Motevaselian, the Ba'albek commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard contingent, and Mohsen Musavi, the Iranian charge d'affairs to Lebanon.[42] (The other two Iranians were Akhaven Kazem and Taqi Rastegar Moqaddam.)
- Pro-Palestinian Lebanese believed they could use the first American hostage, David Dodge, "as a means of pressuring the American to do something about the Israeli invasion of Lebanon".[43]
- Lebanese Hezbollah member Imad Mughniyah wanted to free his cousin, brother-in-law Mustafa Badreddin, one of the "Kuwait 17" (the 17 imprisoned perpetrators of the 1983 Kuwait Bombing).[44]
- The hostage in captivity the longest, Terry Anderson, was told that he and the other hostages had been abducted to gain the freedom of their seventeen comrades in Kuwait convicted of perpetrating the 1983 Kuwait Bombing of six key foreign and Kuwaiti installations, "what might have been the worst terrorist attack of the century had the bombs' rigging not been faulty".[45]
- Another of the Kuwait 17, Hussein al-Sayed Yousef al-Musawi, was the first-cousin to Husayn Al-Musawi, leader of Islamic Amal, a sister militia to Hezbollah that was later merged with Hezbollah.[46]
- Islamist Shia wanted to use French hostages to free Annis Naccache, who was the leader of the Iranian backed assassination team attempting to kill former Iranian Premier Shapour Bakhtiar. Naccache was a Christian Lebanese who had converted to Islam and pledged allegiance to Khomeini following the success of the revolution. He was a "close personal friend" of "Ahmad Khomeini, son of the Iranian revolutionary" leader, "Mohasen Rafiqust, Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corp commander in Lebanon", and of the aforementioned Hezbollah operative Imad Mughniya.[47] They appear to have been completely successful in their efforts.
On 18 July 1980, Naccache was arrested for the attempted to kill Bakhtiar. A gendarme and a bystander were killed in the subsequent battle with the police. Naccache and three others were given life sentences...Naccache's release later became a condition for freeing the Western hostages in Lebanon.[48]
- French hostages were released by kidnappers at the same time. France denied reports that they had made a deal.[48]
By 1991 radical Shia operatives imprisoned in Europe had been freed. Islamic Dawa Party members convicted of terrorism in Kuwait had been freed by the Iraqi invasion. There was no need to pressure Western supporters of the Iraq because Iran-Iraq War was over. It was pretty well established that the four missing Iranians were no longer alive.[49]
More importantly Iran was in need of foreign investment "to repair its economy and infrastructure" after the destruction of the Iran-Iraq War, and Syria needed to "consolidation of its hegemony over Lebanon" and obtain to Western aid to compensate for the loss of Soviet support following the collapse of the Soviet Union.[11] Syria was actively pressuring Hezbollah to stop the abductions and a February 1987 attack by Syrian troops in Beirut that killed 23 members of Hezbollah was in part an expression of Syrian irritation with the continued hostage-taking.[50] Hezbollah had guarantees from Syria that despite the end of the Lebanese Civil War, it would be allowed to remain armed, while all other Lebanese militias would be disarmed, on the grounds that Hezbollah needed its weapons to fight Israeli occupation in the South.[51]
This combination of factors created a setting whereby UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar and his personal envoy, Giandomenico Picco (served on the Board of Governmental Relations for the American Iranian Council), could negotiate "a comprehensive resolution to the hostage-crisis". By December 1991, Hezbollah had released the last hostage in return for Israel's release of imprisoned Shi'ites.[52]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
- 1982 July 19 - Abduction: First Westerner abducted is David Dodge, the acting president of the American University of Beirut (AUB) (American).
Suggested motivation: the abduction of David Dodge came directly in response to the previous kidnapping of four employees of the Iranian Embassy in Beirut by the Israeli-backed Phalangist militia on July 5, 1982." [53] Dodge was the most prominent American citizen in Lebanon next to the U.S. Ambassador.
Declared abductor: Islamic Jihad Organization.[14]
Alleged abductor: "it seems clear that the abduction of David Dodge was initiated by the Pasdaran contingent in Lebanon...the operation was executed by Husayn al-Musawi's Islamic Amal".[54]
- 1983 July 21 - Release: David Dodge[14]
- 1984 February 11 - Abduction: Frank Regier, engineering professor at the AUB (American) and Christian Joubert (French) [55]
Suggested motivation: 25 arrested in Kuwait in wake of Dec. 1983 multiple terrorist attacks. three are Lebanese Shi'ites.
- 1984 March (late) - Abduction: Jeremy Levin, Bureau chief of Cable News Network (American), and William Buckley "diplomat" actually Station chief, Central Intelligence Agency (American).
- 1984 March 27 - Sentencing: Kuwait's State Security Court sentence Elias Fouad Saab to death...while Hussein al-Sayed Yousef al-Musawi receive life-imprisonment and Azam Khalil Ibrahim receives 15 years imprisonment.
Hezbollah threatens to kill hostages if bombers are executed.[55]
- 1984 April 15 - Release: Frank Regier by Amal militiamen, who raided the Beirut hideout of his captors.[14]
- 1984 May - Abduction: Presbyterian minister Benjamin Weir (American).
Suggested motivation: another effort to pressure Kuwait to accede to its demands of freedom or leniency for the prisoners.[55]
Declared abductor: "Islamic Jihad organization."
- 1984 August 29 - Abduction of British Journalist Jonathan Wright[56]
- 1984 December 3 - Abduction: Peter Kilburn.
Alleged abductor: "appears to have been perpetrated by Islamic Amal with close Iranian involvement." (p. 93)
- 1985 January 3 - Abduction: Eric Wehrli, Swiss charge d'affairs in Lebanon [55]
- 1985 January 7 - Release: Eric Wehrli.
Suggested motivation: "evidence suggests that Hezbollah deliberately targeted Wehrli in order to obtain the release of Hosein al-Talaat, Hezbollah member arrested at Zurich Airport on December 18, 1984, with explosives in his possession intended for an attack on the American embassy in Rome.[57] and [58]
- 1985 January 8 - Abduction: Lawrence Jenco, Director, Catholic Relief Services charitable organization (American).
Declared abductor: "Islamic Jihad Organization".[14]
- 1985 March - Abduction: Geoffrey Nash and Brian Lebick (both British).
Suggested motivation: retaliation for March 8, 1985 unsuccessful assassination attempt on Sheikh Fadlallah.
- 1985 March/April - Release: Geoffrey Nash and Brian Lebick, two weeks after abduction.
Suggested motivation: "seems to indicate that their abduction had been made on the mistaken assumption that they were American citizens".[59]
- 1985 March 18 - Abduction: Terry A. Anderson, Chief Middle East correspondent, Associated Press (American)[14]
Suggested motivation: in retaliation for Fadlallah bombing and UNSC veto by the United States of the resolution condemning Israel's military practices in occupied southern Lebanon.[59]
Declared abductor: "Islamic Jihad Organization".[14]
- 1985 March 22 - Abduction: three French embassy employees.
Suggested motivation: "considerations more aligned with Iran's foreign policy, most notably related to Frances continued arms shipments to Iraq and outstanding financial debt to Iran ... [and] as a response to the presence of the French UNIFIL contingent in southern Lebanon and its perceived practice of failing to provide adequate protection to the local Shi'ite population".[59]
- 1985 May 20 - Release: Husayn Farrash, Saudi Arabian consul Husayn Farrash released by captors after over a year in captivity.[14]
- 1985 May 22 - Abduction: French journalist Jean-Paul Kaufmann and French sociologist Michel Seurat.
Suggested motivation: part of effort to obtain the release of Anis Naccache, imprisoned in France for the attempted assassination of the Shah's former Prime Minister Shapour Bakhtiar in Paris in July 1980.[60][61][62] and [63] Naccache was "head of the Iranian assassination team and...close personal friend...with both Ahmad Khomeini, son of the Iranian revolutionary" leader "and Mohasen Rafiqust, IRGC commander in Lebanon", and was a "close personal" friend of Imad Mughniya.[47]
- 1985 May - Abduction: Americans David Jacobsen, American University of Beirut hospital administrator.
- 1985 June - Thomas Sutherland, agronomist [64]
Suggested motivation: "Hezbollah focused its efforts on the release of 766 mainly Lebanese Shi'ites transferred to Israel in conjunction with it withdrawal from Lebanon, through the abduction of mainly American citizens. This was revealed most clearly by the [47]
Declared abductor: "Islamic Jihad Organization".[14]
- 1985 June 14 - Hijacking and abduction: TWA flight 847. Done immediately following the completion of Israel's departure from Lebanon.
Suggested motivation: release of 766 mainly Lebanese Shi'ites transferred to Israel in conjunction with its withdrawal from Lebanon [47]
- 1985 August - clandestine policy of providing armaments to Iran via Israel (aka Iran-Contra Affair) initiated by U.S. government.[65]
- 1985 mid-September - Release: Reverend Benjamin Weir, held hostage since May 1984 is freed by the "Islamic Jihad Organization".[14]
- 1985 September 30 - Abduction: four Soviet diplomats.
Declared abductor: "Islamic Liberation Organization".[14]
- 1986 March 3 - Abduction: Marcel Coudry and a French four-man Antenne-2 television crew.
Suggested direct motivation: retaliation for decision by France to expel two exiled members of al Dawa al-Islamiyya [Fawzy Harmza and Hassan Kheir al-Din] to Iraq.[66]
Other possible motivations: "Iraq owed $7 billion to France and absorbed almost 40% of all French arms export. Between 1977 and 1985, France sold more than $11.8 billion of high-technology weaponry to Iraq, including 113 Mirage F1 fighter aircraft and 3/4 of French total exports of Exocet missiles.[67] At the same time, Iran was particularly angered over the refusal by the French government to pay between $1-1.5 billion owed from the days of the Shah and supply Iran with military-related equipment". [source ftnt43: For Iranian claims, see:[68] and [69][70]
Declared abductor: "Revolutionary Justice Organisation".[71]
- 1986 April - Abduction: British citizensBrian Keenan(April 11) and John McCarthy (April 17th)
Motivation: reprisal for the American raid on Libya.[72]
Suggested motivation for keeping them: demands for the release by Israel of 260 Shiites held in al-Khaim prison in South Lebanon and the release of the three Iranian hostages taken in 1982.[72]
- 1986 April 17 Killed: Bodies of three American University of Beirut employees: Britons John Douglas and Philip Padfield and American Peter Kilburn, discovered near Beirut.
Declared motivation: The "Revolutionary Organization of Socialist Muslims" claims to have "executed" the three men in retaliation for the United States air raid on Libya on April 15, 1986.[14]
- 1986 May 7 - Abduction: Camilli Sontag Frenchman in Lebanon (accompanied by "the initiation of an armed campaign against the French UNIFIL contingent in southern Lebanon.")[citation needed]
Alleged motivation: "Iranian demands for the withdrawal of UNIFIL and abrogation of UNSCR 425".[73]
- 1986 June - Release: two French hostages in June 1986.
Alleged motivation: The expulsion of Iranian dissident Mahmoud Rajavi from France by French government in compliance with captors demands.
- 1986 July 26 - Release: Lawrence Jenco.[14]
- 1986 September 9, - Abduction: Frank Reed, Director, Labanese International School (American)
- 1986 September 12 - Abduction: Joseph Ciccipio, Acting controller, American University of Beirut (American)
- 1986 October 21 - Abduction: Edward Tracy, Writer (American) [74]
Alleged motivation: "replace American hostages released by the arms-for-hostages deals of the so-called Iran-Contra Affair", and undermine the arms-for-hostages deal[75]
- 1986 November 2 - Release: David Jacobsen after more than a year and a half in captivity.[14]
- 1986 November 3 - Revelation: Iran-Contra arms-for-hostage deal with Iran by Lebanese newspaper, Al-Shiraa, which reports that the United States sold arms to Iran.[76]
- 1986 November - Release: three more French hostages.[77]
Alleged motivation: the release by France of $330 million of the $1 billion loan to Iran [77]
- 1987 January - Abduction: Unprecedented number of abductions of foreigners by the Hezbollah organisation. (p. 99)
Declared motivation: "The hostages will perish in case of any military attempts against Muslims in the area and especially in Lebanon". (U.S. Navy warships in Mediterranean reportedly moving towards Lebanon.)[38]
Alleged motivation: "directly in response to the arrest of three leading Hezbollah member in Europe".[78]
Another alleged motivation: "clerical factionalism in Iran" in the aftermath of the Iran-Contra deal.[78]
Still another alleged motivation: Demand for the return of 400 Shi'ite and Palestinians imprisoned in Israel.
- 1987 January 24 - Abducted: Three American and one Indian Professors from Beirut University College in West Beirut: Alann Steen, Jesse Turner, Robert Polhill, Mithal Eshwar Singh[79]
Declared abductor: "Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine".[80]
- 1987 January - Abduction: West German citizens Rudolph Cordes and Alfred Schmidt.
Alleged motivation: retaliation for "the arrest of Mohammad Ali Hamadi in Frankfurt by West German authorities".[81]
- 1987 January 13 - Abduction: Frenchman Roger Auque.
Alleged motivation: Appears to have been "related to the previous day's arrest of Bashir Al-Khodour in Milan by Italian authorities",[78]
- 1987 January 20 - Abduction: Terry Waite. Waite, Anglican mediator negotiating independently to free captive Westerners, disappears January 20 on his fifth mission to Lebanon.[38]
Alleged motivation: "mainly a consequence of his inability to affect the fate of the imprisoned 17 al-Dawa prisoners in Kuwait".[78]
- 1987 June 17 - Abduction: Charles Glass, American television correspondent.
Declared abductor: previously unknown group, the "Organization for the Defense of Free People".[14]
- 1987 August 19 - Escape: Charles Glass escapes from his Hezballah captors in Beirut's southern suburbs and makes his way to the Summerland Hotel, where he calls friends to come to his assistance. The full story of his kidnapping is told in the final chapters of his book Tribes with Flags.
- 1988, February 17 - Abduction: Lt. Col William Higgins, American Chief of the UN Truce and Supervision Organisation's observer group in Lebanon (UNTSO)
Suggested motivation: Stop UNIFIL from interfering in Hezbollah's armed attacks against the Israeli occupation of the south.
Suggested motivation: Show solidarity with the revival of Islamic fundamentalism within the Palestinian intifada [82]
- 1989 Mid - Killing: Video of U.S Marine Lt. Col William Higgins, American Chief of the UNTSO being hanged distributed to press. Declared dead on July 6, 1990.
Alleged motivation: challenge to Amal militia's authority to maintain a stable security environment in southern Lebanon, Amal being the leading militia there.[83]
Alleged motivation: to sabotage the rapprochement between Syria and the American administration [84]
Further alleged motivation: retaliation for kidnapping of Sheikh Obeid, senior Hezbollah cleric and regional military commander of the Islamic Resistance, by elite Israeli military units on July 28, 1989 [85]
Another motivation: to help "Iranian radicals, most notably Mohtashemi", derail attempts to improve the U.S.-Iranian relationship.[86]
- 1989 May - Abduction: British citizen Jackie Mann
Declared abductor: previously unknown group, the "Cells for Armed Struggle"[87]
Suggested motivations are that he was kidnapped to demand the release of Palestinian prisoners that the kidnappers claimed were being held in Britain, accused of killing Palestinian cartoonist Naji al-Ali in 1987 or in retaliation against the UK government for providing Salman Rushdie with refuge and protection after Iran's Ayatollah Khomeini's fatwa death threat against Rushdie for the publication of book the Satanic Verses.[88] - 1989, October 6 - Abduction: Swiss citizens Emanuel Christen and Elio Erriquez
- 1990 August 24 - Release: Brian Keenan, Irish teacher of English[89]
- 1991 August 8 - Release: John McCarthy - the longest held British hostage in Lebanon, having spent over five years in captivity
- 1991 October–December - Release: Jesse J. Turner, Joseph J. Cicippio, Thomas Sutherland, Alann Steen, Terry Waite.[76]
- 1991 December 4 - Release: last American hostage Terry Anderson.
Suggested motivation: Part of Hezbollah "volteface", and entering into a new era where it participates in Lebanese democratic process while continuing its fight against Israel.[90]
- 1991 December (late) - Return: bodies of William Buckley and Lt. Col. William Higgins found[91] dumped on Beirut streets.
- June 17, 1992: Two German relief workers held since 1989, Thomas Kemptner and Heinrich Struebig, are released. They were the last Western hostages in Lebanon.[92]
Mentions in popular culture[edit]
- Hostages, a 1993 HBO film based on the event, starring Colin Firth as John McCarthy
- Hostage (1999) three part UK documentary series for Channel Four, featuring interviews with Anderson, Keenan, McCarthy, Waite, Kauffmann, and with the politicians involved, including George Shultz and Oliver North.
- An Evil Cradling, Brian Keenan's memoir of his ordeal
- Blind Flight, a 2003 UK film focusing on McCarthy and Keenan
- Someone Who'll Watch Over Me a play by Irish dramatist Frank McGuinness about an American, an Irishman and an Englishman held as hostages in Lebanon
- American Top 40, during the show for week ending June 21, 1986 then hostage David Jacobsen was mentioned in a Long Distance Dedication letter from his daughter. She dedicated to him Long and Winding Road by the Beatles.
- Out of Life, a film directed by Lebanese filmmaker Maroun Baghdadi. Inspired by d'Un otage à Beyrouth, based on the events surrounding hostage Roger Auque, Special Jury Prize at Cannes in 1991
See also[edit]
- Foreign hostages in Afghanistan
- Foreign hostages in Iraq
- Iran hostage crisis
- 1983 Beirut barracks bombing
- 2011 Estonian cyclists abduction
- ^ Jaber, Hala. Hezbollah: Born with a Vengeance, New York : Columbia University Press, c1997, p.113
- ^ Los Angeles Times, 26 November 1989; Independent, 9 October 1991; and Le Figaro, 4 December 1989
- ^ a b Wright, Robin, Sacred Rage, 2001, p.270
- ^ "Talks in Iran Seek to Free Hostages", New York Times, March 17, 1991, p.18
- ^ a b Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997) p.108
- ^ Frontline. Interview. Robert Baer
- ^ Rise to Globalism by Stephen Ambrose, page 312
- ^ a b Explained by PLO's Salah Khalef, in Washington Post, 21 February 1987
- ^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah (1997), p.54
- ^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah (1997) p.147
- ^ a b Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.125
- ^ source: Maskit Burgin, `Foreign Hostages in Lebanon` in Ariel Merai and Anat Kurz, International Terrorism in 1987 (Boulder, CO, Westview Press, 1988), p.70
- ^ Hala Jaber, a journalist for British newspapers estimates at least 87 foreigners were kidnapped, including 17 Americans, 14 Britons, 15 French, 7 Swiss, and 7 West Germans. (Jaber, Hala. Hezbollah : born with a vengeance, New York: Columbia University Press, c1997, p.113)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Lebanon, the hostage crisis
- ^ "Terry Anderson Looks Back, Blindfold and Chains" New York Times, March 15, 1992, p.10
- ^ a b Jaber, Hala. Hezbollah : born with a vengeance, New York: Columbia University Press, c1997, p.100
- ^ Hostage: Complete Story of the Lebanon Captives by Con Coughlin, Time Warner, pp.36
- ^ Wright, Robin, Sacred Rage, Simon and Schuster, 2001, p.101–104
- ^ Justice Will Be Done
- ^ "West German Hostage Freed in Lebanon". Los Angeles Times. September 8, 1987.
- ^ "West German Hostage Is Released in Lebanon". The New York Times. September 13, 1988.
- ^ "Those who remain in captivity; John McCarthy release", The Times, 9 August 1991
- ^ a b Church envoy Waite freed in Beirut from bbc.co.uk
- ^ a b Galenet Biography Resource Center
- ^ a b In The Party Of God (Part I)
- ^ "5 Months Earlier Than Lebanon Captors Said: Buckley Died in June, 1985, Jacobsen Thinks". Los Angeles Times. December 3, 1986.
- ^ US Security Council, "U.S./Iranian Contacts and the American Hostages" -"Maximum Version" of NSC Chronology of Events, dated November 17, 1986, 2000 Hours - Top Secret, Chronology, November 17, 1986, 12 pp. (UNCLASSIFIED)
- ^ Gup, Ted; The Book of Honor, New York: Doubleday, 2000, p. 286.
- ^ Remains of missing U.N. worker found after 24 years
- ^ "Lebanon returns hostage's remains". BBC News. March 7, 2006.
- ^ Jaber, Hala. Hezbollah: Born with a Vengeance, New York : Columbia University Press, c1997, p.126
- ^ via the Gainesville Sun on May 30, 1985.
- ^ "British teacher found shot to death in Beirut". The Courier. May 29, 1985.
- ^ "Send photo of victim". The Press-Courier. June 3, 1985.
- ^ Wright, Robin, Sacred Rage, Simon and Schuster, 2001, p.102, 4
- ^ Salameh, Rima (September 26, 1986). "British reporter evades kidnapping in Moslem Beirut". Gainesville Sun. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
- ^ Wright, Robin, Sacred Rage, Simon and Schuster, 2001, p.102
- ^ a b c Reuters (3 February 1987). "Militia Leaders Report "Arrest" of Waite". New York Times.
- ^ Maskit Burgin, "Foreign Hostages in Lebanon" in Anat Kurz, Ariel Merari, International Terrorism in 1987 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1988), 70.
- ^ Kepel, Jihad (2002), p.129
- ^ Jaber, Hala. Hezbollah : born with a vengeance, New York : Columbia University Press, c1997, p.100
- ^ Middle East Reporter, 22 July 1983, 14 November 1990
- ^ Jaber, Hala. Hezbollah : born with a vengeance, New York: Columbia University Press, c1997, p.101
- ^ Bombs, Hostages: A Family Link, Washington Post, 24 July 1990.
- ^ Jaber, Hala. Hezbollah: Born with a Vengeance, New York: Columbia University Press, c1997, p.127-9
- ^ Ranstorp,, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p. 91
- ^ a b c d Ranstorp,, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.95
- ^ a b Jaber, Hala. Hezbollah: born with a vengeance, New York: Columbia University Press, c1997, p.127
- ^ "Hostages Fate Linked to Four Missing Iranians", New York Times, November 23, 1990, p. A11
- ^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997) p.100
- ^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.191
- ^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.167
- ^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon (1997), p.88-89
- ^ Middle East Reporter 22 July 1983
- ^ a b c d Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.92
- ^ "Britain Asks Lebanon To Look for Journalist". The New York Times. September 4, 1984. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ Jerusalem Post, 8 January 1985
- ^ E. Buchler, Terrorismus in de Schweiz: Waffen- und Sprengstoffbeschaffung fur den Internationalen Terrorismus?` Semiarabeit MSII/86, Zurich 1986: p.24-5
- ^ a b c Ranstorp,, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.94
- ^ Liberation, 5 June 1985
- ^ Le Matin, 29 January 1987
- ^ Ha'aretz, 30 January 1987
- ^ Ma'aretz, 8 May 1988
- ^ New York Times January 1987
- ^ Ranstorp,, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.119
- ^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.96
- ^ Wall Street Journal, 21 May 1987
- ^ Kayhan, 12 March 1983
- ^ Ettela'at, 23 August 1983
- ^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.116-7
- ^ New York Times, March 19, 1987. A9
- ^ a b Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.98
- ^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.97
- ^ Ranstorp,, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.98
- ^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.98-9
- ^ a b The Iran-Contra Time Line
- ^ a b Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.162
- ^ a b c d Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.99
- ^ New York Times, January 25, 1987, March 19, 1987. A9, September 28, 1988. A9
- ^ New York Times, March 19, 1987. A9, September 28, 1988. A9
- ^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.98
- ^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.102
- ^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah, (1997), p.100
- ^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah, (1997), p.124
- ^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah, (1997), p.144
- ^ Ranstorp,, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.146
- ^ "Briton in Lebanon Reported Dead", New York Times, September 9, 1989, p.2
- ^ Ranstorp,, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.103
- ^ "1990: Irish hostage released in Lebanon". BBC News. August 24, 1990.
- ^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah, (1997), p.105
- ^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah, (1997), p.107
- ^ "Two German Hostages are Freed in Beirut and Fly Home", New York Times, June 16, 1992
- Jaber, Hala. Hezbollah : born with a vengeance, New York : Columbia University Press, c1997
- Ranstorp, Magnus, Hizb'allah in Lebanon : The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis, New York, St. Martins Press, 1997
- Wright, Robin, Sacred Rage, Simon and Schuster, 2001
- Lebanese Civil War
- Hezbollah
- Islamic terrorist incidents in the 20th century
- Kidnappings by Islamists
- Hostage taking
- Terrorist incidents in Lebanon
- 20th century in Lebanon
- Lebanon–United States relations
- Iran–Contra affair
- France–Lebanon relations
- France–Iran relations
- Kidnappings in Lebanon
- Lebanon–United Kingdom relations


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How to Remove Mildew From Carpet?
Posted on Jun 14 2011 at 07:39:47 AM in How-To
When you moisten your carpet, the risk of mildew increases. After the mildew appears, it will stain the carpet while filling the room with a musty odor. Moreover, mildew growing in the carpet's fibers usually spread to other areas quickly and create a larger problem. However, you can remove the mildew from the carpet with a few inexpensive common household items and to prevent further damage to the carpet. Chiswick cleaners and they will show you how the job should be done.
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Created: Jun 14 2011 at 07:39:47 AM
Updated: Jun 14 2011 at 07:39:47 AM
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