text:
Planning the storage of scientific information in such a way as to optimize the efficiency of retrieval requires, above all, a knowledge of the needs of the user of this information. What kind of information does the user want? How much does he already know about the information he is seeking before he begins his search? Even if he knows his best strategy for retrieval, will he be willing to use it, or will he be held back by habits, prejudices or any other of the innumerable irrational motives which are known to influence human behaviour?
Once stated in this form, the problem is seen to involve the treatment as a single unit of the information storage system and its user. Further, the user has his own storage system, the human brain. Though the storage capacity of this organ for technical information is small compared with that of a library, it is extremely well organized for rapid retrieval. The problem therefore becomes that of the optimum allocation of the load between two very different types of system, one mechanical, the other biological. In solving it, the former system may be regarded as variable, but almost everything about the latter system is virtually fixed, including the nature of its lines of communication with the former system. This may appear pessimistic, but it follows simply from the fact that human brains live in societies with a high degree of inertia. In more concrete terms, any practical plans for changing the mechanical storage system must not presuppose a radical change in the habits of the user of scientific information. No doubt over a period of generations he can and will be modified; but if we are interested in the next decade or two we had better take the scientist broadly as we find him and build our system of information storage around him.
It thus becomes of crucial importance to study the working scientist and technologist and to examine the role of scientific information in his work. The present paper is offered as a contribution to this field; it is an account of some
CHRISTOPHER SCOTT Central Office of Information, The Social Survey, London.
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The Use of Technical Literature by Industrial Technologists
Planning the storage of scientific information in such a way as to optimize the efficiency of retrieval requires, above all, a knowledge of the needs of the user of this information. What kind of information does the user want? How much does he already know about the information he is seeking before he begins his search? Even if he knows his best strategy for retrieval, will he be willing to use it, or will he be held back by habits, prejudices or any other of the innumerable irrational motives which are known to influence human behaviour?
Once stated in this form, the problem is seen to involve the treatment as a single unit of the information storage system and its user. Further, the user has his own storage system, the human brain. Though the storage capacity of this organ for technical information is small compared with that of a library, it is extremely well organized for rapid retrieval. The problem therefore becomes that of the optimum allocation of the load between two very different types of system, one mechanical, the other biological. In solving it, the former system may be regarded as variable, but almost everything about the latter system is virtually fixed, including the nature of its lines of communication with the former system. This may appear pessimistic, but it follows simply from the fact that human brains live in societies with a high degree of inertia. In more concrete terms, any practical plans for changing the mechanical storage system must not presuppose a radical change in the habits of the user of scientific information. No doubt over a period of generations he can and will be modified; but if we are interested in the next decade or two we had better take the scientist broadly as we find him and build our system of information storage around him.
It thus becomes of crucial importance to study the working scientist and technologist and to examine the role of scientific information in his work. The present paper is offered as a contribution to this field; it is an account of some
CHRISTOPHER SCOTT Central Office of Information, The Social Survey, London.
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results of an enquiry carried out in the United Kingdom by the Government Social Survey for the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.1
Design of the Survey2
One of the primary difficulties in a study of this kind is the wide variety of activities in which different scientists and technologists are professionally engaged. A reasonable homogeneity in the population studied is essential for meaningful results. The present enquiry was severely limited in its coverage, and was thereby enabled to probe more deeply into motives and attitudes. Thus, the population studied was that of technologists in the British electrical and electronics industry. This industry was chosen as one employing a high proportion of technical personnel and known to have a high consumption of technical literature. Industrial technologists were chosen rather than theoretical scientists because they are much more numerous and, even if their per capita consumption of technical information is lower, taken together almost certainly account for the greater part of the demand for such information. Data on academic scientists, in some respects comparable with our own on technologists, were obtained by Bernal in a well-known study in 1948.
Despite the above severe limitations of coverage, the population so defined was still very far from homogeneous in its activities, as will be seen below.
The needs of the user of technical information have been examined in many studies in the United States and Britain, but among these a direct approach to the user himself has been comparatively rare. In the present enquiry the user was approached by interview. A set form of questions was employed by trained interviewers, who were individually briefed and tested on their understanding of the instructions. The duration of the interview was up to one hour.
The sample of establishments was limited to those of medium size (200–1,000 employees). All such establishments in the industry concerned were
Responsibility for the views expressed in this paper is that of the author alone.
The study was designed and supervised by Leslie T.Wilkins, formerly of the Social Survey. The present author is responsible for the analysis and report. Acknowledgment is due in particular to Mr. Saul Herner, who originated some of the questions used in the interview.
The full report of this Survey is the property of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. It was too long for submission as a paper to this Conference. In drawing up the present abstract a choice had to be made between giving enough information to allow the reader to judge the validity of the conclusions but limiting the conclusions themselves to a selected one or two, and reporting all the main conclusions with no more than a sketch of the evidence supporting them. As this was an exploratory study and the evidence could not in any case be more than suggestive, it was felt that the second procedure would be of more interest. It must be emphasised, however, that the conclusions cannot at present be regarded as fully confirmed. The most that is claimed is that they are of sufficient interest to warrant the carrying out of further and more intensive studies.
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sampled, but the sample was confined to certain regions of the country, which together contained about one-half of the total national population of such establishments.
One hundred and sixty establishments were approached in this first stage of the sampling, of which 127 agreed to cooperate. A response bias in favour of the use of technical literature seems a likely result, though the probable effect on the individual interviewee would be small. A random sample of the technologists within each establishment was selected, giving a total sample of 1,082 persons.
The term "technologist" was broadly interpreted, and covered all persons engaged in research, whether qualified or not, all those with technical qualifications, and all those responsible for planning and development work. A detailed definition of this population was drawn up, and the administration of the establishment selected was asked to prepare a list of all such employees at the establishment. From this list the sample of individuals was drawn by means of random numbers, using a fixed (except for rounding) sampling fraction of 1/40.
Some details of these sampling arrangements were dictated by administrative considerations. It cannot be claimed that the resulting sample strictly represents any "population" in any rigorous proportional way; it does, however, have a wide geographical spread and covers the whole range of technical activities from foreman level to research director.
The principal characteristics of the sample so selected were the following:
Median age: 35. Those engaged in management duties averaged about 10 years older than those in research and development.
Median time in the present post up to date: 3 to 4 years. Median time in the present firm up to date: 7 to 8 years.
Median experience in present category of employment: 8 to 9 years.
In the whole sample, 17% held degrees, 22% held some technical qualification but no degree, while 61% had no academic or technical qualifications. Management were about average in this respect. Among research workers 28% had degrees; among the production-supervision group, 6%.
It will be seen that the level of qualifications is low. It can be safely said, however, that every person in the sample was involved in duties to which the possession of technical information would be relevant.
The Findings
It is hoped to publish the detailed findings of this survey in due course. In the present paper we can give no more than a brief summary.
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A large number of the findings of this study can be summarized by listing those characteristics of the individuals in our sample which were found to intercorrelate positively. The list below contains 24 items. Not all the possible correlations between pairs of items were examined; nevertheless a considerable number were, and there are very few items whose inclusion in the list depends on a correlation with only one other item. Thus there is good reason to suppose that if the full 24×24 correlation matrix had been calculated it would contain very few negative values.3
Characteristics of technologists found to be positively intercorrelated4
Holds academic or technical qualifications
Below average age
Sees many journals regularly
Has read or scanned many journals in last year
Can recall a useful article read
Knows of abstracts
Would refer to literature as first step to get technical information
Did refer to literature as first step to solve current problem
Are not strictly within the electrical and engineering field
Are difficult
Appear at relatively long intervals
Contain many pages of text
Contain few pages of advertising
Contain reports of fundamental work
Do not contain review articles, book reviews, etc.
Do not contain news of equipment
Item 24 on this list is known to have three small negative correlations with certain of the journal characteristics (10, 12, and 16). Items 2 and 3 are also negatively correlated (because managers tend both to be older and to see more journals). These are the only instances of correlations between two items on the list which are known to be negative.
The brief descriptions in this list do not adequately define the form in which the information was obtained. For fuller information reference should be made to the interview schedule, which is reproduced as an appendix to this paper. Items 1 to 20 in the list are based on the informants' claims. Items 9 to 18 are based on assessments by a qualified librarian of the particular journals which informants claimed to have read or scanned. Item 22 was based on an independent assessment of the "current problem" as described by the respondent.
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Do not contain social news (appointments, meetings, etc.)
Do not contain advertisements for jobs
Attends meetings of technical or scientific societies
Attends conferences or courses
Claims to be currently working on a problem
Current problem is of a research (as opposed to production or administrative) nature
Quotes source external to himself when asked main stimulus for new ideas
Recalls useful ideas or information arising from chance event
The existence of a positive relationship between so many variables implies a general factor common to them all,5 and it seems reasonable to regard this as a factor representing the degree of activity of a technologist in his work. If this is so, then it is justifiable to regard a positive position on any of these variables as the desirable position, in the sense of the position characteristic of the more active technologist. This gives us a tentative framework within which to judge other results.
The median number of journals claimed as "seen regularly" was 4 per person. Ten percent claimed to see none. The median number claimed as "read or scanned in the last year" was 6 different journals. The latter is based on a prompt list of 98 of the most widely read journals in the field of electricity, electronics, and general engineering, and we shall use this question as the basis for our further conclusions about readership. The journals listed were classified by a librarian, and journal characteristics were cross-tabulated against reader characteristics. The type of journal found to be read by the more "active" technologist has already been described in the preceding section. It was found that the "better" journals, in this sense, were also the least popular; in other words, the number of readers and the level of reader bear opposite relationships to the type of journal. The journals thus follow roughly the same pattern as general newspapers and magazines.
The average journal on the list was read by 8% of the sample. The average percentage readership varied, of course, with the journal characteristic. Among those characteristics examined, that which corresponded with the highest readership (15%) was "contains 60 or more pages carrying advertisements
A formal factor analysis was in fact carried out on part of the data and the existence of a general factor demonstrated.
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only" (which perhaps shows no more than that advertisers know their business), while the lowest (4%) was "appears less often than monthly."
Respondents were asked to say how thoroughly they read the journals they claimed to see regularly. Did they read at least one article, scan, search the index, or look only at the advertisements? Only a very slight tendency was found for those who saw more journals to read them less thoroughly. This seems to suggest that a technologist's reading is not seriously limited by shortage of time.
Depth of reading was, however, closely related to the source of supply of the journal. Journals paid for by the reader were more likely to be read thoroughly. From these data, and by making some further assumptions, it was possible to arrive at a tentative estimate of the importance to the technologist of the journals supplied to him by his firm. Thus, among journals seen, but not paid for by the reader, in about one-half of the cases he reads at least one article per issue; in about one-sixth he averages less than one article per issue but nevertheless believes that he derives appreciable value from what he does see; and in about one-third he derives little value from the journal and apparently only sees it because he does not have to pay for it.
The place of reading was also asked, and the responses are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 "Where do you do most of your technical reading?"
Place of reading
At home
At place of work
At home or at place of work
In a library
In trains
Does no technical reading
Scientific, technical or trade journal
Books, handbooks
Abstracts, digests
Reprints, offprints
Cannot recall such article
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Respondents were further asked: "Can you recall the most recent article in any paper, journal, pamphlet, etc., that was of direct use or special interest to you?" The source of the article was asked, and the answers are shown classified in Table 2. It will be noted that 29 percent could recall no such article.
When a reference was given, the respondent was asked to state how his attention had been drawn to the article. Table 3 shows a classification of the replies. The 309 who could recall no article are excluded.
TABLE 3 "How was your attention drawn to this article?"
Colleagues within the establishment or firm
Persons outside
Persons unspecified
Reference in journal or book
Mass media
Attention was not drawn:
Searched in literature
Came across it by chance
Note. A response was classified in one of the first three categories only if the article itself had been recommended.
These results would appear to have considerable importance. Note first that, despite the wording of the question, more than 40 percent denied that their article had been specifically sought and stated that it had been met with "by chance" in the course of routine reading. This emphasizes the value to a technologist of maintaining a high level of activity in technical reading.
Secondly we see that nearly one recalled article in three was specifically recommended to the respondent by some other person. It seems to follow that personal contacts between technologists should be encouraged to the maximum, and that the value of these contacts lies not merely in the passing on of technical information itself but in the communication of references to sources of information.
A series of questions was asked on the use of abstracts. These are shown in Table 4 with the number of persons giving each response.
A considerable majority said that they knew of no relevant abstracts; of those who did know of them many said they did not use them; of those who claimed to use them one-third could give no evidence of having done so recently. We are left with 224 individuals, or 21% of the sample, who were able to give at least one identifiable title of an abstracting periodical in their
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own field which they had used during the last quarter year. In reality it is probably safe to say that, for the great majority in the sample, abstracts relevant to their work were in existence.
This percentage did not vary significantly between different age groups, but
Percent of total asked
Percent of sample
Do you know of any abstracts in your special field?
Total asked
If yes
Do you make use of abstracts?
Total asked
If yes
Which have you used in the last quarter year?
Identifiable title
No identifiable title
Total asked
it did depend on the nature of the informant's duties. Thus, for those engaged in research it was 28%, in management 24% and in production supervision 13%.
The claim to read abstracts was one of the most diagnostic items in differentiating technologists of high and low activity, in the sense defined in Section 1 above. It is perhaps disturbing, then, to consider that even among those employed in research duties less than half were aware of the existence of abstracts and less than one-third had used them recently.
Finally we inquired how abstracts are used by those who do use them. The 335 persons who claimed to use abstracts were asked: "Do you use these for searches or for news of current developments?" Table 5 shows the responses. We shall be referring to these results in the next section.
TABLE 5 Use made of abstracts
Searches wholly or mainly
News wholly or mainly
Both about equally
No answer
Attendance at meetings of scientific and technical societies was also ex-
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amined. The percentage claiming to attend at least sometimes varied from 62 among those with academic or technical qualifications to 25 among those without, the mean for the whole sample being 40%.
Those who claimed to attend meetings were asked: "Would you say that you obtain a significant amount of information or ideas from these meetings?" Of those asked, a total of 32% said that they did not obtain significant information from meetings. This figure rises to 38% among the research group, compared with 24% among the management and production supervision groups. This seems to imply a rather high degree of dissatisfaction with such meetings, particularly among the research workers. It is interesting to contrast this with our previous findings regarding attendance at meetings: that attendance correlates positively with qualifications and many of the other characteristics of the more active technologist. Apparently the active technologist attends meetings, but does so, in many cases, without any faith in their value to him. On our present data we cannot say why this should be. Perhaps he attends from a sense of duty, perhaps to maintain personal contacts, or, more vaguely, to "keep in touch." Or it may be that those who answered negatively would not have denied that meetings were of value to them, but did not regard meetings as a significant source of information. It seems obvious that this would be worth further study; whether or not meetings are worth while, they appear to be fulfilling a function at least somewhat different from that which is conventionally supposed.
The survey examined the exposure of the technologist to a wide variety of other sources of information—newspapers, radio, television, exhibitions, books, etc. Here the results are less clear-cut and could not justifiably be quoted without lengthy discussion and reservations.
There would be little point in determining how much the technologist reads without also determining whether his reading is relevant to the work he does. To assume that because he reads technical literature during working hours his reading must help him in his work would be naive. It is crucial, in fact, to know whether (a) Some technologists read and others do not, irrespective of the technical problem on which they are working, or (b) Some problems induce reading and others do not, irrespective of the technologists working on them. These are, of course, two extreme hypotheses, and it seems likely even before we see the evidence that the truth lies somewhere between them; nevertheless they are worth mentioning here as possibilities in order to remind us how little we can take for granted in the present state of our ignorance in this field.
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This question was approached in the present enquiry by asking the technologist first to describe the problem on which he was currently working and then to say what was his first step in tackling it. Subsequently he described the second step, the third step, and the most recent step. Reference to the literature was given as the first step in 12% of cases, as the second in 5%, as the third in 3%, and as the most recent in 2%. The implications of these figures will be considered later; for the moment we are concerned with examining how the percentage varied with the type of problem and the type of person working on it. For this analysis we limited our attention to the "first step," as the only one in which reference to the literature was common enough to supply adequate data. Since the type of problem and the type of person are, inevitably, related the analysis was complex and cannot be given in detail here. The results were by no means conclusive and it must be emphasized that further confirmation will be required. However, for what they are worth, they suggested that whether reference was made to the literature depended both on the problem and on the problem solver, but rather more on the solver than on the problem.
The problems concerned varied widely—from pure research at one extreme to strictly administrative problems at the other. The fact that this variation had no more effect on reference to the literature than did the variation between people suggests as a possible thesis that the value of the technical literature in the solution of particular problems was by no means self-evident to the technologists themselves.
Returning now to the figures just quoted, we note that reference to the literature as a reported first step in the solution of a problem was far from common. When it did occur, it was nearly always the first step; as a later step it was so rare as to be almost negligible. It is interesting to contrast this finding with the results of another question in which respondents were asked by what
Number of responses
Percent of responses
Percent of persons
Written material of any kind
Intuition, "thought"—no external source admitted to
Personal contacts (informal)
Observationa or experiment
Lectures, meetings—formal contacts
Trade exhibitions
Requirements of job, or of customer
Don't know, no answer
a Includes observation of other firms' products, processes, etc.
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means they got most of their ideas or stimulation for new ideas on improvements or new methods. Responses are classified in Table 6. (Many respondents gave more than one answer.)
Thus we now find 60% of respondents mentioning the technical literature as one of the most important sources of their ideas. This finding can be reconciled with the results of the former question by supposing that the main function of the technical literature is not that of a reference source for consultation but a primary source of stimulation. In other words, the technologist reads for general interest and to keep up to date; only much less often does he use the literature for reference.
This finding, if correct, is of considerable significance, and it would be un-wise to accept it on the evidence of a single pair of questions. Let us examine, therefore, how well it is supported by other lines of evidence.
In Section 2 above we saw that 41% of articles recalled and considered useful had been met with by chance in the course of routine reading. A further 30% were seen as a result of a specific personal recommendation. All those deliberately consulted by our informant on his own initiative in order to find a definite piece of information must be found among the remaining 29%—and it is unlikely that they constitute the whole of this number.
Again, in Section 3 we gave some data on the use and knowledge of abstracts and we showed that only 21% of the sample were able to give the title of an abstracting journal which they claimed to have used during the last quarter year. Since abstracts are the main device for facilitating the consultation of journals, this alone suggests that our informants were not very much concerned with using the technical literature for consultation. But the point is made even more impressively when we look at the data in Section 3 on the purposes for which abstracts were used. Here we found that they were used very much more often for news than for searches. Thus even the principal aid to the consultation of technical literature serves more for news than for consultation.
Finally we may mention some findings on libraries. It was found that more than half of those whose firm had a library did not use it. Of those who did use libraries few were dissatisfied, although by what seem to be reasonable criteria the libraries within British industry are generally regarded as seriously inadequate and very little use is made of external libraries. This suggests that our informants were not really concerned about libraries, and this becomes explicable if they regard the technical literature not as a fund of information to be consulted but as a source of primary stimulation. As long as they see their favourite journals as they appear, either through their own subscription or through the firm's circulation list, they are reasonably satisfied.
There is thus considerable circumstantial evidence for the hypothesis that the literature is used very much more for news than for reference. It is perhaps fair
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to suggest that anyone familiar with the working methods of technologists and applied scientists will not find this conclusion surprising.
This study throws some fresh light on the role of the technical literature in the work of the technologist or at least of the technologist working in the electrical industry. It is suggested that the principal role of the literature is to supply useful information which is not being deliberately sought by the reader. Compared with this, its role as a reference source is a good deal less significant.
Much work remains to be done to clarify, and put into quantitative terms, the relative significance of these two roles. Nevertheless it is already clear that any approach which takes it for granted that the reader of technical literature is typically engaged in a search for some particular piece of information is seriously out of touch with reality.
At the beginning of this paper it was suggested that the technical reader had certain habits in his approach to technical information, and that any attempt to improve the means of communicating such information to him must be built around these habits as they are, rather than presuppose that they can be changed within any reasonable time span. This claim may have seemed unduly pessimistic, but its intention will now perhaps be clearer: if it is true that the technologist, when reading, is seldom searching for anything, but is reading for whatever he may find, then it seems clear that any improvement in the organisation of the literature for reference will be of relatively marginal value in increasing the amount of communication. Much more might be achieved by contriving that the important material be presented to the technologist in the place where he will see it in his routine reading and in the manner in which it will attract his interest.
If this is so, then the information specialist has perhaps been expecting too much help from the technical reader, for he has seen his job as that of supplying the technical reader with any information he asks for. But, as Bernal has pointed out, his task is much more than that: it is to give the reader the information he needs, whether he asks for it or not. Further, if this information is to be conveyed to a reader who is not deliberately seeking it, it is arguable that more attention should be paid to the purely journalistic arts in the presentation of technical literature.
Seen in this light, the two most important tasks are the choice and the presentation of the material to be communicated to technologists. Many interesting conclusions follow, from which we select one that is particularly obvious: the key position in the organisation of technical information would seem to be that of the editor of the technical journal.
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APPENDIX Interview schedule
Main Schedule
Firm's Classification Sheet
Record Sheet for Question 13
Prompt List and Recording Sheet for Question 14
Prompt Cards
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PROMPT CARDS FOR QUESTIONS 5(e), 10, 26


text:
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
Scientific Name: | Cyperus rubicundus |
Species Authority: | Vahl |
Synonym(s): |
Cyperus rubicundus Vahl subspecies longimucronatus (Kük.) Cufod.
Cyperus teneriffae Poir.
Cyperus teneriffae Poir. subspecies longimucronatus Kük.
Red List Category & Criteria: | Least Concern ver 3.1 |
Year Published: | 2013 |
Date Assessed: | 2010-11-13 |
Assessor(s): | Kumar, B. |
Reviewer(s): | Sadasivaiah, B., Bhat, G.K., Rao, M.L.V., Dahanukar, N. & Molur, S. |
Contributor(s): | Molur, S. |
Justification: Cyperus rubicundus is widely distributed with no threats, hence assessed as Least Concern. |
Range Description: | Cyperus rubicundus is distributed in Australia, Africa, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mauritius, Malaysia, Somalia, Nambia, Madagascar, Tanzania and South East Asia. In India it occurs in Maharasthra (Ahmednagar, Nasik, Osmangabad, Pune) (Sharma et al. 1996), Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu (Chengalpattu, Coimbatore, Nilgiri) (Henry et al. 1987, Nayar et al. 2006). |
Countries: | Native: Australia; Eritrea; Ethiopia; India (Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu); Kenya; Madagascar; Malaysia; Mauritius; Namibia; Somalia; Tanzania, United Republic of |
Range Map: | Click here to open the map viewer and explore range. |
Population: | No population information for the species. |
Population Trend: | Stable |
Habitat and Ecology: | It grows in damp or moist places (Cook 1996). |
Systems: | Terrestrial; Freshwater |
Use and Trade: |
No use has been reported for this species. |
Major Threat(s): |
No threats have been reported for this species. |
Conservation Actions: |
No conservation actions are known or needed for this species. |
Cook, C.D.K. 1996. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of India. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Henry, A.N., Chitra, V. and Balakrishnan, N.P. 1987. Flora of Tamil Nadu, India. Botanical Survey of India, Coimbatore. IUCN. 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ver. 2011.1). Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 16 June 2011). Nayar, T.S., Rasiya Beegam, A., Mohanan, N. and Rajkumar, G. 2006. Flowering Plants of Kerala: A Handbook. Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram. Sharma, B.D., Karthikeyan, S. and Singh, N.P. (eds). 1996. Flora of Maharashtra state, Monocotyledones. pp. 794. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. |
Citation: | Kumar, B. 2013. Cyperus rubicundus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 26 April 2015. |
Disclaimer: | To make use of this information, please check the <Terms of Use>. |
Feedback: | If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided |

subset: commoncrawl


text:
is there a human mood response to various bpm's? have been listening to the track 'cherry blossom girl' by Air, and they achieve the most amazing atmosphere, magnificent. anyway, perhaps it is related to the bpm. if there is a list of predictable human responses to a range of bpm's, that may be valuable information as relates to composing and arranging tracks.
Think your asking the impossible, as different people prefer different music, it would depend on there mood at the time, whats happened in their day, if their with friends, what substances their on, where its being played, how its mixed etc etc etc. Air may seem great now, but would sound way way too tame in a kicking all nighter. So surely emotions are subjective and change depending on environment. If you've just broken up from a relationship, a balled may suddenly seem apt, but you may hate it otherwise lol. responses to music are more governed on previous experience rather than just the speed of it. If its was a formula then everyone would love every track written to it. But that aint gonna happen. Especially when you consider different tracks can be same speed but have a totally different feel. Different Genres even can be same speed, but definately express differerent stories. Then you get into the sentiment the artist creating the track wanted to express, they may make music that sounds dark and grimy, maybe they create a track based on love, or want something funky. Good music writing is good music writing, you should make music personal to you and hope people like it, rather than trying to make formulaic stuff...
4 sure, so much is involved in the way we hear and experience music. tonality, texture, timbre, ostinatos, instrumentation, melody, harmony, memory to mention a few. just contemplating the worthiness of the concept of emotio-physical responses made 'more possible to happen' during the play of music at various bpm's. is a simple idea, and not to be taken too seriously in terms of the larger picture. on one level, it is specifiable what certain genres of electronic music are going to be at or around. house:114 to 135 drumnbass: i dno, maybe 140 - 180? so if someone writes or speed changes a track to a usual bpm for hip hop, is there going to be any more chance that track may be associated with the hip hop genre? even with all the other factors taken into consideration, the question remains; is bpm going to affect matters in some way or other. not that i am looking for the 'magic bpm' or anything... each track needs to be individual.
Yep, but human mood response has to be associated with something other than bmp, after all a DJ may mix a whole night at a bpm like 130 and take you on a whole host of emotions. hence the reason I think speed is unrelated to emotions. And speed is definately not what makes a genre but how its arranged. I can play a 130 bmp dnb track and a 130 bmp house track and a 130 bmp hip hop track and a 130 dub track and you can tell the different, its more about the type of drumbeat rather than the speed. You could speed up a dnb track to something stupid but the sound of it still says dnb, simple changing a speed doesn't suddenly fit it into a different genre. All I'd say was follow the rules of a genre if thats your bag. Still don't see how this helps, as you should always write tracks that express the emotion you want to express and let the music take form naturally.
I would have thought that rythmn is more important than bpm.. it is perfectly possible to write a tune at 60bpm which feels faster than a tune at 360bpm.. or alternatively to write a song at 360bpm that is laid back and relaxed. sure dance music genres tend to fit around bpms, but that is down to a desire to have seamless mixed sets, which is much more difficult when you have a wide variety of speeds. it's not just a case of different styles at the same speed, it's also a case of the same style at wildly different speeds, if the producer decides to make it so. I can write the same song at any bpm, as long as they are even multiples it is a piece of piss: double the speed, double the note length.. dubstep, for instance, alot of it sounds slower to me than hip-hop.. but actually it runs around 120-150bpm .. I placed it at 60-80, but I know I'm a poor judge of bpm.. dixieland jazz will top out at over 300bpm, but old skool hardcore, at half of that feels much faster to me.. umm.. there's a point there somehwere... well if you take dnb tunes and time/pitch warp to half speed them you get a hip-hop beat, so it would feel more like hip-hop.. do it to a techno track though, and it won't..
yes, rhythm is more important than bpm. of course it is. the rhythmic motif, the rhythmic signature can often skyrocket certain tracks, and they enjoy great popularity. fat boy slim has a certain 'sound' ... although, he actually produces a lot of different sounding tracks. so it is important to be true to the track, and give it whatever bpm it needs... i just thought there may be some scientific writings on the human heartbeat response for example - if the bpm is close enough to a multiple of the human heartbeat, will the heart attempt to synchronise to the beat? if so, what does this mean? if there is a meaning, then lets have it, because it is good to be aware of all the factors at play in a creative situation, to more accurately reflect the statement and energy you wish to be creative with. that's the key - to not be dictated to by parameter generalities - indeed, the original idea must come first before any other rigid 'rule' or 'guideline'. is it more possible to induce feelings of dancing euphoria at bpm's between50-70 bpm, and 124-134 bpm? probably not, but i think there may be a hidden influence here and there that bpm plays a role in creating mood. the may be a 'contemplative' bpm, a 'proactive mindstate' bpm... at least in general terms.
As discussed, tempo is only one element of many. A 180bpm track can be lifeless (IMO, most are), and a 90bpm track full of energy/emotion/feel/groove/etc. The good DJs don't mix on tempo and key only (like I used to do til I saw the light!)
I think liking that song means you are either dangerously close to a liking for young girls or smoking too much weed. Go out and get some fresh air.
imho the sound and production are reminiscent of the Beatles' Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, therefore, production values = reason 4 me liking the song .. that and also the singer's delivery of words in the verse is both instrumental and also very rhythmicaly enjoyable. no other reasons i refused to listen to Air for years, and have only found 3 songs of theirs that are at all enjoyable to listen to.. Cherry Blossom Girl is one of them, although actually can't quite figure out what the song is about. i thought they were wandering about in a japanese super-mall admiring the assistants and presentors in the many shops.. which seemed harmless enough.
re/ 180 bpm - true - most tracks are frenetiq @ 180 bpm ... and certainly, there are many awesome tracks at 90 bpm, so this could be a generalisation. it could be the beginning of specification of parameters between which are the most commonly enjoyed tempo's. perhaps, between 60 and 160 bpm hopefully, DJ can mix on any factor/parameter ... they are stringing tracks together for a reason. some DJ's are bassline driven, some DJ's are constant track over-layers and so will be looking for apppropriate pitch, bass and rhythm signatures. some DJ's might do 30 minutes of track-title-related theme just for fun, even if it is club-dance driven music. when it comes to BPM, a good DJ has to have a few tricks up their sleeve, otherwise their set might have long situations without BPM change, to keep interest, they need to modulate the rhythm - this is often done by utilising breakdown sections of a track to quickly ramp the BPM up or down when mixing a new track into a breakdown section of a previous track. for me, the idea of BPM modulation is something that becomes a compositional tool amongst many others. i guess in relation to this, i am considering the possible mood-related effects of BPM on a movie audience, due to currently working on the soundtrack for a 30 minute 'film' (in the most lateral sense of the word 'film').
well the video (uncensored) for cherry blossom girl is about the two of them possibly doubleteaming a depressed porn star... good track though, the production on talkie walkie is flawless (sometimes i used to smoke and listen to it just because i can't actually hear all the work that's gone into it without drugs)
Cherry blossom time in Japan is an excuse to go out and get drunk under the trees, everyone does it from students to wrinklies. Since the trees blossom for such a brief time it is associated with female beauty and also links into bushido in a way, life is a brief and beautiful flower.
and yet some japanese women are renowned for their enduring beauty. perhaps they are able to access the very essence of cherry blossom within their own energy fields? or perhaps it is just all that green tea.
I wonder if it's more specific, and on a individual basis. Kind of like synchronising with (and slightly modulating) people's brain clocks by using very low frequency sound. Some people react to slightly different frequencies, and in different ways. Back in the day (Music-X on the Amiga, hell yeah) I remember writing tracks and finding I thought 121bpm 'felt' much better than 120 or 122, and the same around 96bpm. Perhaps they're part of some internal frequency scale, for me...
this changes so much though - go back to jazz clubs of the 30s and 40s, playing swing @ 200bpm+ or dixieland at 300bpm+ and you'll get a different story. the fact of the matter is that it is much more difficult to play live instruments at a high tempo or very, very slowly, and so alot of music is played around the 60-140 mark, I'd expect thrash metal to get over 200bpm, and hardcore punk maybe some of it around there as well (but I have a feeling punk is deceptively slow in bpm for the energy it has). there's been a fair amount of research into heartbeat/bpm correlations but afaik none of them really drew any conclusion that having a beat running at 70 or 140bpm (I think that 70 beats/min is average human heart rate at rest, I can't be bothered to look it up tbh) made any real difference, plus the spread of heartbeat rates around that average is pretty broad, ie: most people have a rest rate of within 10bpm, and the spread is pretty even - so it's not likely that you'll ever hit the tempo of an individuals heartbeat anyway.


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PHILADELPHIA There are many kinds of cancers of the immune system, but one, Activated B-Cell Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma, or ABC-DLBCL, is particularly common and pernicious. Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania's School of Veterinary Medicine have shown for the first time that dogs that develop this disease spontaneously share the same aberrant activation of a critical intracellular pathway with humans. They also found that a drug designed to disrupt this pathway helps to kill tumor cells in the dogs' cancerous lymph nodes.
The research was conducted by Nicola Mason, assistant professor of medicine at Penn Veterinary, along with Michael J. May, associate professor of pharmacology; postdoctoral fellow Anita Gaurnier-Hausser; and veterinary clinical pathologist Reema Patel.
Their work was published in the journal Clinical Cancer Research.
B-cells are the part of the immune system that produce antibodies and protect the body against invading microorganisms or allergens. In ABC-DLBCL, the intracellular signaling pathway involved in B-cell activation and proliferation is, as the name of the disease suggests, constantly activated.
"This signaling pathway, called NF-kappaB, is critical in immune function; following an encounter with antigen, lymphocytes need to be activated and proliferate so that there are sufficient numbers to deal with the invading organism," Mason said. "But in humans with ABC-DLBCL, and also in dogs with spontaneous DLBCL, this pathway is constitutively active and drives lymphocytes to proliferate continuously."
Moreover, these malignant B-cells are resistant to apoptosis, or cell death. Their unchecked growth is the basis of the lymph node tumors that are a hallmark of the disease.
For many years, researchers have been investigating ways of interrupting the malfunctioning pathway that forms the tumors and provides resistance to chemotherapy-induced cell death. In order to
Contact: Evan Lerner firstname.lastname@example.com 215-573-6604 University of Pennsylvania Source:Eurekalert |


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New Mexico's highest court says it isn't going to immediately decide whether gay marriage is legal in the state and the issue should be handled first by lower courts.
The state Supreme Court has denied requests by same-sex couples from Santa Fe, Albuquerque and other communities who asked the justices to declare gay marriage legal.
Two lawsuits were filed directly with the court to try to get a speedy decision, but the justices rejected them on Thursday and said the gay marriage issue could be pursued in a lower court "with a right to request expedited review."
The American Civil Liberties Union of New Mexico, which brought one of the lawsuits, said Friday it planned to try to move a case through the courts as quickly as possible.
NM high court won't decide gay marriage issue
Copyright 2013 by The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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You'll feel like a spring afternoon with these 14K gold flower earrings.
Hammered, hand-stamped and polished, these earrings will leave a good impression
no matter where you go.
- 14K Gold
- Flower measures 6 x 6mm
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This is my mixed media translation for Sojie 14 Storm
The storms, of all kinds, and of life, can be intense, powerful, unpredictable – full of energy and passion. That passion outside of us also resides within us giving us the strength and endurance to break through and survive.
watercolors, hard and soft pastels and colored pencils on Fabriano ( 11 x14)
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storm, portraiture, vivid, sojie 14, pastels, watercolor, woman, passion, survive
storm, portraiture, vivid, sojie 14, pastels, watercolor, woman, passion, survive
Leslie Gustafson is a traditonal artist passionate about creating Art That Feels – an outgrowth of her work as a psychotherapist for the last 24 years. Working in all media, with a special interest in pastels, her art is both realistic and focused on expressing and prompting feeling. Rich color, Christian and Relational themes as well as Portraiture play a large role in her gallery here at RedBubble.
View Full ProfileAnd here I thought you were basing it on my poem…..that is a case of real psychic ability Leslie…..congratulations on a wonderful translation….
Isn't that crazy! I was turning in last night after finishing the work and thought, "Janis often writes or has poems attached to her work, I should check!! "- a wonderful discovery to say the least! I had seen the line under your work in Sojie 14 after I decided to do a portrait and thought, "how cool, it's about a woman!"
I am glad you like it Janis! – that means alot!!
– Leslie Gustafson
Gorgeous translation, my dear Leslie!!!
Love the colors, execution…EVERYTHING is FANTASTIC!!!
Huge CONGRATULATIONS on such a FANTASTIC work!!!
Hugs a million,
You are such a sweetheart Betty!! Thank you for your enthusiastic comment!! Hugs a million right back!!:-)
– Leslie Gustafson
Super cool translation!!
Thank you Qnita! You are super cool!:-)
– Leslie Gustafson
Gorgeous work! Love the colors, too!
Thank you Regina!! :-)
– Leslie Gustafson
What a powerful, graphic work, Leslie. I love the dramatic shadows on her face and her disturbed but determined gaze through the blowing trees and storm. It was great to see how you planned out this work and executed it to the finish. Your complimentary colors rule.
Thank you Frannie!! You give the greatest feedback!! I am glad you caught the complimentary colors – I had a good time with that! It came out more graphic than originally intended, but I am bent a bit in that direction so what can I do! ;-)
– Leslie Gustafson
Gorgeous work Leslie .beautifully done
Thank you Maggie! I so appreciate your ongoing support!!:-)
– Leslie Gustafson
beautiful artwork
Thank you very much!:-)
– Leslie Gustafson
fantastic work Leslie!
Thanks Dianne!! and thank you for adding me to your watchlist, that means alot to me!:-)
– Leslie Gustafson
Thank you so much!!!!!!!!!!!!
– Leslie Gustafson
Leslie, this is a brilliant translation of Janis' work, love the way the storm is reflected in her eyes!!!
Thank you Diane! I love painting eyes thanks for noticing them!:)
– Leslie Gustafson


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Petr Sykora Biographical Information
The Dragon is a Yang, and is the Fifth sign of the Chinese horoscope. Characteristics: Strength SuccessGood HealthEnthusiasmPluckSentimentality Vices: RigidityMistrustDissatisfactionInfatuationBraggadocioVolubility
Birthday: November 19, 1976
A time for self-awareness involving courage, strength, and determination.
Birthday: November 19, 2010
A relationship or love affair with a trial or choice involved.


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Files: | Description | File size | Format | Browse | |
Fulltext | 0.10 MB | PDF (requires Acrobat Reader) | Previous | Next | ||
Authors: | Donal Canty: University of Limerick, Ireland | ||||
Niall Seery: University of Limerick, Ireland | |||||
Pat Phelan: University of Limerick, Ireland | |||||
Publication title: | Democratic Consensus on Student Defined Assessment Criteria as a Catalyst for Learning in Technology Teacher Education | ||||
Conference: | PATT 26 Conference; Technology Education in the 21st Century; Stockholm; Sweden; 26-30 June; 2012 | ||||
Publication type: | Abstract and Fulltext | ||||
Issue: | 073 | ||||
Article No.: | 014 | ||||
Abstract: | Identifying the contemporary values and goals that underpin a new conception of technological education are important when contributing to the education of undergraduate initial technology teacher education students. Motivating students to explore and establish what is of value in their subject domain is a significant challenge facing academics and practitioners alike. Williams (2009) presents design based technology education as being embedded in the personal and social context of the student; where the value of what is being learned is as important as the content itself. Design based tasks have the potential to encourage students to establish and make explicit their views and beliefs. Requiring students to establish their own assessment criteria introduces uncertainty; risk; and confusion into the process of learning. Establishing what is of value now becomes the primary concern for the learner in a quest to demonstrate their capability within a personal view of the subject domain. This study implemented a constructivist approach to learning in a design based task focused on the development of design; craft and processing skills. The method employed a peer assessment strategy through the use of an Adaptive Comparative Judgement (ACJ) model of assessment that required students to democratically assess the work of their peers. Assessment criteria were not made explicit; as students were encouraged to present their own conception of capability developed throughout the learning activity. The significance of the study was highlighted by the reaction of the students to their dual role as learner and assessor and how this affected their learning. The empirical evidence collected highlights the importance of empathy as a mediator when developing critical reflective practise. The study outlines the cultural impact of democratic peer assessment on initial teacher education students while establishing what to value within their subject domain. | ||||
Language: | English | ||||
Keywords: | Values; Democratic Assessment; Technology Education; Capability | ||||
Year: | 2012 | ||||
No. of pages: | 7 | ||||
Pages: | 119-125 | ||||
Series: | Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings | ||||
ISSN (print): | 1650-3686 | ||||
ISSN (online): | 1650-3740 | ||||
File: | http://www.ep.liu.se/ecp/073/014/ecp12073014.pdf | ||||
Available: | 2012-06-18 | ||||
Publisher: | Linköping University Electronic Press; Linköpings universitet | ||||


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NORM: the new hot wastes.
Concerned about the threat of contamination from illegally dumped radiopharmaceuticals earlier this year, the managers of a Pennsylvania landfill increased the sensitivity of the radiation detector used to scan incoming wastes. To their surprise, the first shipment to set off the alarm contained nothing but concentrated brine sludge -- a mineral waste produced by oil and gas drilling. The sludge, which arrived in April, contained significant levels of two radium isotopes.In July, a batch of paper mill wastes tripped the radiation alarm at a scrapmetal yard in Pittsburgh. The mill's operators and Pennsylvania's Department of Environmental Resources (DER) are still puzzling over the source of the uranium in the mill wastes.
Both cases involved naturally occurring radioactive materials, collectively known by the acronym NORM.
Geologists have recognized for decades that NORM could contaminate equipment and wastes at nearly any mineral-extraction site. But because mining engineers suspected that the risk of finding NORM anywhere but in the residues, or "tailings," of uranium and phosphate mining was small, no one systematically sought it elsewhere.
Over the past three years, however, a number of incidents have raised concerns that NORM is ubiquitous -- usually in small, diffuse quantities -- in many industries traditionally regarded as non-nuclear. Indeed, regulators and waste managers now use the term NORM primarily to describe contaminants produced by such industries.
Because neither waste shipper involved in the Pennsylvania incidents was aware that its goods contained NORM contamination, the shipments were apparently quite legal, says James G. Yusko, a health physicist in DER's Pittsburgh office, who investigated both incidents. Still, these shipments proved about as welcome -- and perhaps as innocuous -- as a kiss from someone with halitosis.
But nobody's laughing NORM off. Some NORM-contaminated sites and equipment may pose a real health hazard. Moreover, the growing number of related incidents poses political, legal and financial headaches for everyone who encounters NORM, from state officials and industrial-waste generators to waste-treatment operators and metal smelters.
One widely touted remedy for those headaches involves the development of new regulations.
"The American public continues to press for increasingly stringent environmental and public health regulation," observes Linda S. Wennerberg, a regulatory analyst with Arthur D. Little, Inc., in Cambridge, Mass. "This sentiment is especially strong in the areas of radioactive material and waste management."
According to a draft "preliminary risk assessment" for diffuse NORM that the Environmental Protection Agency began circulating in May, "NORM materials are not covered by the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 and are generally not specifically covered by most existing [federal] regulations. Although they are covered by some state regulations, there are presently no universally applicable regulations for NORM materials."
As such, "NORM management represents a gap in the federal regulatory structure, and is currently one of the complex, interdisciplinary regulatory issues emerging in the 1990s," Wennerberg says.
Two years ago, nobody queried the Kansas Department of Health and Environment about NORM, recalls Harold Spiker. But since November, his state radiation control program in Topeka has responded to 20 calls about rail cars and tractor trailers carrying radiation-contaminated wastes, primarily scrap metal. Spiker's investigations indicate that NORM accounted for all but about six of those cases.
Mississippi's experience with NORM dates back to April 1986, when an engineer at an oil field got curious. Having worked on North Sea rigs, where NORM-tainted mineral deposits were first detected in 1981, he decided to pass a portable radiation detector along a pipe as workers withdrew it from a well. At the time, such field surveys were anything but common. To the surprise of everyone present, the pipe readings proved high.
The oil company notified state officials and eventually submitted a sample of "scale," the crusty and potentially occluding mineral deposit that forms along the interior of drilling pipes.
"We started pursuing it from a regulatory standpoint," recalls Eddie S. Fuente, director of Mississippi's Division of Radiological Health in Jackson. Fuente asked the oil company for the name of the machine shop it hired to clean scaly pipe. "We visited it, and sure enough, [NORM-contaminated] scale was right there on the ground," he says. Today, that shop is suing two major oil companies, alleging that NORM contamination from their pipes led to the shop's eventual shutdown. Some shop employees have filed a second suit charging that exposure to NORM-contaminated scale impaired their health.
The episode also prompted state officials to take a number of actions. For example, Mississippi now prohibits the removal of NORM-contaminated scale from oil pipes and gas pipes. Eventually, Fuente says, the state will license firms to undertake such cleaning if they can establish that they will assiduously collect all pipe-cleaning wastes and "either dispose of them properly or turn those wastes back over to the oil companies for them to dispose of."
At present, however, "proper disposal" is a virtual oxymoron, since few places are licensed to accept such wastes.
Ray Turner knows NORM intimately. As a quality engineer for the Cincinnati-based David Joseph Co. -- the largest broker of scrap metal in the United States -- Turner personally responded to roughly 120 NORM incidents in the first 10 1/2 months of 1991. As of two weeks ago, he was "averaging about one per day." Occasionally, he says, a metal dealer will inadvertently ship a canister containing a potentially intense radiation source that had been licensed for use in medicine or manufacturing." But of the 454 or so radiation incidents that I've been involved with over the past 3 1/2 years or so, probably 95 percent have been caused by NORM," he told SCIENCE NEWS.
State radiation officers concede they're encountering NORM with increasing frequency these days, but they doubt that this reflects an increase in the magnitude of contamination, say Yusko and others. Most believe they are confronting a problem that simply escaped detection for decades.
No one knows the extent of this problem, although the Environmental Protection Agency is attempting to hazard a guess. Its draft risk assessment points to radium-226, a decay product of uranium-238, as the principal isotope of concern. However, L. MaxScott of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge has found that oil and gas NORM also contains measurable levels of radium-228, a decay product of thorium-232 -- "often about one-third as much radium-228 as radium-226."
The EPA document says field surveys show that pipe scale from oil and gas drilling can vary dramatically in its NORM content -- from undetectable levels to "very high radium-226 concentrations, up to 40,000 picocuries per gram." Other reports indicate that scale can exceed 100,000 pCi/g -- a level of radioactivity that's not only roughly 100,000 times higher than typical of soil but also on the low side of what might be encountered in uranium mines (where occupational exposures are monitored and regulated). However, the EPA document points out, researchers have "little or no information" on the volume and actual radioactivity levels of discarded equipment. For its risk estimates, EPA assumes that the radium-226 concentration in scale and sludge averages about 155 pCi/g.
Overall, EPA estimates that most of the NORM-tainted wastes currently generated by oil and gas companies -- about 360,000 cubic meters annually -- sit in storage awaiting a "proper disposal" strategy. Until recently, generators of these wastes dumped much of it "into nearby surface waters or collection ponds," EPA says in its draft report. Some contaminated oil pipes have even found their way into gym sets, bleachers, fences and other outdoor structures, says L. Hall Bohlinger, who manages radiation-protection programs for Louisiana's Department of Environmental Quality in Baton Rouge. Though Louisiana no longer allows such recycling of these pipes, Bohlinger says his office does not require the dismantling of existing structures as long as the ends of the pipes have been welded shut so that scale can't flake out.
Solid wastes produced from using brine in geothermal energy systems may contain concentrations of radium-226 comparable to oil and gas drilling, EPA's new report says. And some 60 million metric tons of ash produced by U.S. coal burning each year typically bear radium-226 levels that range from less than 1 pCi/g to more than 20 pCi/g. Metal mining and processing may generate 1 billion metric tons of NORM-contaminated wastes annually, but EPA notes that most of this appears to remain in storage at or near the production site.
In general, the EPA analysis suggests, diffuse NORM presents little hazard to most people. Some NORM sources, however, might increase the risk of cancer -- especially among workers who inadvertently inhale large amounts of radon decay products or who experience direct, long-term gamma-radiation exposure. "[A] relatively moderate number of [adverse] health effects could result from the improper use or disposal of diffuse NORM wastes," the document warns.
The tremendous uncertainties in the NORM-generation statistics underscore how little regulators know about the distribution of these istopes and the risks they pose. For example, no one yet has compared how different types of oil-bearing rock or extraction techniques facilitate NORM accumulation on drilling equipment. Health physicists are also seeking reliable analytical techniques for measuring low levels -- 5 to 20 pCi/g -- of radioactivity at contaminated field sites. And one of the most pressing research concerns involves finding ways to dispose safely of the rapidly accumulating stores of diffuse NORM.
What, then, should waste managers do when they encounter these previously unrecognized NORM sources? Unfortunately, no one can offer a simple answer.
When incoming wastes trigger the radiation monitor at a landfill or steel mill, the shipment is immediately impounded, usually pending an investigation by state health physicits. Then the shippers are notified to retrieve the contaminated material. Waste disposal firms and recyclers are in no position to identify what set off the alarm or to evaluate its potential hazard, Yusko says: If it's radioactive, they don't want it.
What's the shipper to do with it? "I've heard all kinds of horror stories," Turner says. Some have shipped rejected scrap metal to mills that lack radiation monitors -- although such mills are becoming harder to find -- or to public landfills, he says. "In one incident I know of, material was actually dumped into the Mississippi River."
Several factors underlie such illegal dumping. One common -- and incorrect -- assumption holds that if these wastes aren't federally regulated, they must be harmless. Turner says some oil-pipe-cleaning crews have carried NORM-contaminated scale in their pockets -- "just to show people around the docks that it's not a problem." And their justification, he says, is that if the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) doen't regulate this material, it poses no hazard. "People keep telling me, 'NRC says it's not hazardous.' I have to keep telling them that while NRC doesn't regulate it, it's certainly hazardous."
A second incentive for dumping is the low likelihood of getting caught.
Then there's the high cost of getting stuck with such wastes. Many dealers consolidate scrap from dozens, if not hundreds, or sources. If these dealers can't identify who supplied the contaminated wastes (and this is not uncommon), they will have to absorb the round-trip transportation costs -- often for the entire load, Turner notes. For a small firm, such costs can seem astronomical.
For example, a rail car carrying the minimum load of 75 to 80 tons can rack up round-trip freight charges of $1,000 to $3,000, depending on the distance traveled, Turner says. And for a barge carrying 1,400 tons, round-trip freight costs could easily exceed $30,000 -- in addition to the cost of cleanup. Decontaminating a rail car typically costs from $3,000 to $5,000, he says; cleaning trucks costs about $3,500. Add to that the cost of disposing of the cleanup residues. Such landfilling can cost up to $900 per 55-gallon drum, he says.
In January, Turner's firm asked him to draft a NORM policy to cover all Joseph Co. scrap yards and district offices. He found few federal rules involving the type of NORM typically encountered by scrap dealers. Moreover, the wide discrepancies he uncovered in state requirements made it next to impossible to develop a single policy covering all his company's offices. Those discrepancies have also made the potential shipment of NORM-contaminated wastes across state lines -- for return or disposal -- a regulatory nightmare.
Speaking for scrap dealers and waste managers saddled with NORM-tainted materials, Turner says: "We're not the ones that make the bad news, just the ones that report it. Unfortunately, we have to pay for the paper [to report it] -- and often the cleanup as well."
He would like to see the stream of NORM-contaminated wastes currently circulating in commerce dried up at its source. Instead, there's been a lot of talk about midstream monitoring -- "having scrap dealers and scrap yards install [radiation] detection systems." he says. you can't dip a river dry by starting in the middle of the river. You've got to start at the headwaters. And those headwaters are mostly oil fields and chemical plants."
But regulators probably won't target those headwaters "until there's an awareness of the magnitude of the problem," he concedes.
Toward that end, Louisiana has initiated a new NORM-surveying requirement for the 10,000 to 15,000 oil and gas producers in that state. Emergency laws enacted in 1989 require that potential handlers or possessors of NORM must survey their property and report their findings. Radiation levels observed outside the pipes reading in excess of 50 microems per hour ([mu]r/hr) -- or about 5 times the normal level of background radiation -- will immediately render the site "a general licensee of the state," Bohlinger says. By the end of the year, he adds, the state plans to issue revised regulations that will lower the level triggering state rules to just 25 [mu]r/hr. State licensees not only are subject to personnnel radiation-protection requirements but also must store NORM-tainted materials safely until those materials can be disposed of properly.
"In our state," says Bohlinger, "the [waste] generator is not supposed to transport any [NORM-contaminated material] to another location for any kind of disposal or treatment. All they can do is put it in barrels and store it or send it to Utah" -- the site of one commercial U.S. facility currently set up to accept NORM wastes. Louisiana, unlike Mississippi, continues to allow oil- and gas-pipe cleaning. However, these cleaners must package and return any NORM-contaminated scale or sludge they find to the drilling company that accumulated it.
This summer, Louisiana and the EPA began a collaborative investigation of risks associated with alternative disposal strategies for NORM. Chief among those under consideration is injecting NORM-contaminated liquids into plugged and abandoned oil wells -- essentially returning the NORM to the geological deposits from which drillers inadvertently mined it. Although Louisiana has begun accepting applications for this type of downhole disposal, the practice remains illegal pending an analysis of its potential long-term risks.
At present, Louisiana possesses the only regulations explicitly targeted at nontraditional NORM. But several other states hope to have similar rules by the end of the year. At the annual meeting of the Health Physics Society last July, Ruth E. McBurney, director of licensing and standards for Texas' Bureau of Radiation Control in Austin, explained why Texas and other states want to adopt such rules.
NORM levels currently targeted for state regulation can be hundreds or thousands of times higher than the 5 pCi/g allowed in the top 15 centimeters of soil at uranium mill-tailing sites, she notes. It's inconsistent and unfair to require the cleanup of the low-level wastes from one industry and ignore those from several others, McBurney points out. Moreover, she says, the lack of regulations setting an allowable threshold level of contamination may leave even responsible industries open to lawsuits or unreasonable cleanup expectations.
A committee of the Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors has drafted a set of model state regulations for NORM, which currently await adoption by the whole body.
Growing concern over how best to manage NORM "is likely to result in a comprehensive federal policy with supporting regulation," Wennerberg predicts. EPA's draft risk assessment likewise concludes that the large quantities of diffuse NORM waste "may warrant the implementation of some [federal] regulatory controls."
However, says EPA's William E. Russo, "in the near future, I don't see any indication that we're going to be developing specific guidance for [NORM] disposal" -- much less federal regulations.
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Title Annotation: | includes related articles; naturally occurring radioactive materials |
Author: | Raloff, Janet |
Publication: | Science News |
Article Type: | Cover Story |
Date: | Oct 26, 1991 |
Words: | 2718 |
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Acupuncture is one on the oldest forms of health care today. It is over 3,000 years old. One of the first documented books on traditional Chinese medicine and acupuncture is called the Yellow Emperors Classic of internal medicine written in about 200BC. Read more ...
Pamela Bys, Licensed Acupuncturist, M.Ac., and Registered Nurse, welcomes your questions about Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine. Learn more about Pamela....
NH Acupuncture
Welcome to FIVE ELEMENT ACUPUNCTURE
What are the FIVE ELEMENTS?
"Every living thing and person on the planet is a unique embodiment and combination of the Five Elements." JR Worsley
The Five elements express and embody the aspects of constant change and transformation of the vital force (Qi Energy) that shapes everything on this earth. This movement creates patterns of energy that creates and sustains all living things.
Each Element expresses a unique aspect of the transformative movement of Qi energy within the mind, body and spirit. The Elements provide us with an understanding of the whole energy system and an insight on the process of harmony and balance. The Elements give us insight which allows us to promote this balance through the use of this unique style of Classical Five Element Acupuncture.
Each Element has a unique characteristic that resembles the seasons in nature and the cycles of natures changes and transformations. These seasons never end as Qi energy is without end but there is always change and transformation. We are part of nature and the more we learn about nature's transformations outside of us the more in tune we are with the transformations occurring inside us physically, mentally and spiritually.
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Acupuncture 5 E Acupuncture for Alternative Oriental Eastern Medicine Healing Arts


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Oracle Mobile Day: It's a Mobile Revolution and ODTUG's Leading the Charge
Dec. 2, 2014 marked the first ODTUG Oracle Mobile Day, hosted at Oracle Headquarters in Reston, VA. This is a format we hope to replicate in different cities across the US and in Europe in the future. We were really excited to have with us Suhas Uliyar, Oracle's VP of Mobile Strategy and Product Management, and the visionary behind Oracle mobility. I had the honor of introducing him to (more...)


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Growth is about more than the bottom line for this entrepreneur
Michael Brody-Waite is CEO of InQuicker. Nathan Morgan
- Eleanor Kennedy
- Staff Reporter
- Nashville Business Journal
- Email | Twitter
The UpTake: Michael Brody-Waite's InQuicker has $5 million in revenue. And that's great. But he thinks about different measures of success, focusing on what he and his employees have accomplished that's meaningful.
G rowth is always a careful decision for Nashville-based health care technology firm InQuicker.
The company surpassed the $5 million revenue mark in 2013, but CEO Michael Brody-Waite thinks about growth and success in terms other than revenue numbers.
For InQuicker, he said, the focus is "what are you going to do that's meaningful," not what revenue figure you're targeting at any given point.
For more news from the Nashville Business Journal, check out Eleanor Kennedy's work.
Right now, Brody-Waite said, InQuicker is experiencing some "growing pains" as it heads toward a new meaningful goal: online scheduling for a wider variety of service lines across the health care spectrum.
That offering expansion has required significant growth for the bootstrapped company, which has grown from 21 people in early 2013 to 35 employees today. InQuicker looks to hire people capable of being a "manager of one," Brody-Waite said, and with careful hiring and the right culture he believes the company can compete and outperform firms with hundreds of employees.
Although InQuicker plans to stay in its Second Avenue home, Brody-Waite said they'll lease more space on an additional floor at the start of the coming year to give employees more room – and to restore the company's ability to host other startups in its "InQuibator," which has temporarily been sacrificed for space for InQuicker employees.
As always, InQuicker doesn't expect to dominate the scheduling market, as that's not generally the way health care works, Brody-Waite said. But the company does want to find the best 15 to 20 percent of the market to control.
- Eleanor Kennedy
- Staff Reporter
Eleanor Kennedy covers Nashville's health care and technology industries.
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Surface roughness and backscattering
Optics Letters, Vol. 21, Issue 22, pp. 1833-1835 (1996)
Enhanced HTML Acrobat PDF (287 KB)
Surface roughness is normally considered to be the main cause of attenuation in intergrated-optics glass waveguides. Previous analyses have concentrated on scattering of light into the radiation field; in fact, depending on the roughness length scale, scattering can be predominantly in the backward direction, raising the question of how important the coupling with the backward-directed bound mode is. We investigate this effect and show that it can be neglected in most circumstances.
© 1996 Optical Society of America
Original Manuscript: May 10, 1996
Published: November 15, 1996
François Ladouceur and Leon Poladian, "Surface roughness and backscattering," Opt. Lett. 21, 1833-1835 (1996)
Sort: Year | Journal | Reset
- D. Marcuse, Bell Syst. Tech. J. 48, 3233 (1969).
- J. P. R. Lacey, F. P. Payne, Proc. Inst. Electr. Eng. Part J 137, 282 (1990).
- F. Ladouceur, J. D. Love, T. J. Senden, Proc. Inst. Electr. Eng. Part J 141, 242 (1994).
- L. H. Koopmans, The Spectral Analysis of Time Series (Academic, New York, 1974).
- A. W. Snyder, J. D. Love, Optical Waveguide Theory (Chapman & Hall, London, 1983).
- F. Ladouceur, J. D. Love, Silica Based Buried Channel Waveguides and Devices (Chapman & Hall, London, 1995).
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Sedgwick County Zoo offers car show for Father's Day
The Sedgwick County Zoo is putting on a Father's Day Car Show on Sunday.
The show will be 8:30 a.m. to 4 p.m. and will feature hundreds of cars, including antiques and hotrods.
Dads will get in free Sunday with paid child's admission. Regular admission is $13.95 for adults, $8.95 for children 3 to 11 years old and $11.95 for seniors 62 and older. Admission is free for children 2 and under. Zoo members can get in free with their membership card and a photo ID.
The event is sponsored by KEYN 103.7 and Cars Magazine.
Join the Discussion
The Wichita Eagle is pleased to provide this opportunity to share information, experiences and observations about what's in the news. Some of the comments may be reprinted elsewhere on the site or in the newspaper. We encourage lively, open debate on the issues of the day, and ask that you refrain from profanity, hate speech, personal comments and remarks that are off point. Thank you for taking the time to offer your thoughts.


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China, Middle East Fuel Student Growth in US: Study
A study said that the number of students in the United States from China, Iran and Saudi Arabia has risen sharply in the past year, giving a boost to US universities and the economy.
The United States was home to nearly 765,000 international students in 2011-2012, a growth of 5.7 percent from the previous academic year and part of a decade-long increase, according to the Institute of International Education.
China accounts for much of the growth, with the number of Chinese students going up more than 23 percent. More than one-quarter of the international students in the United States are Chinese, the non-profit group said.
"China has a very rapidly growing middle class that is able to send their children anywhere in the world for the best education," said Peggy Blumenthal, senior counselor to the institute's president.
The most popular fields for Chinese students are business and engineering, with many of them looking for lucrative careers back home in companies or government, the institute found.
India and South Korea were the second and third largest sources of students to the United States, although their numbers went down slightly.
But Saudi Arabia and Iran saw huge growth, with a more than 50 percent increase in Saudi students and the number of Iranian students rising by nearly one-quarter.
The Saudi government has launched a major push to send students overseas, more than a decade after the September 11 attacks on the United States in which 15 of the 19 hijackers were Saudi nationals.
Despite tense US ties with Iran and a lack of diplomatic relations, President Barack Obama's administration moved last year to make it easier for Iranian students by issuing two-year, multiple-entry visas.
"Because of the deteriorating situation in Iran, many families want to get their college-aged children out of the country and into a safe place and into a good academic environment," Blumenthal said.
"The US government has made a real effort to encourage Iranian students to come. They see these as the future leaders of the country -- in 10, 20 years, Iran may be a very different place," she said.
The Commerce Department found that foreign students -- most of whom rely on family funds or working -- contributed $22.7 billion to the US economy last year through tuition and related expenses.
The United States plays host to more foreign students than any other country, although only four percent of its enrollment comes from overseas.
By contrast, Britain -- the second biggest host of international students -- and Australia both have student bodies that are roughly 20 percent international.
Source: AFP


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Could Iraq's Prime Minister Nouri Maliki be forced out?
- 23 June 2014
- From the section Middle East
Overshadowed by Iraq's intensified security crisis, the country certified the results of the 30 April parliamentary elections on 1 June - triggering the start of efforts to ratify the next prime minister and his cabinet with at least 163 seats in the 325-member parliament.
Two-term Prime Minister Nouri Maliki and his State of Law alliance performed well, winning 92 seats directly and being able to count on at least a further 10 to 20 seats held by close allies.
Mr Maliki's Shia opponents could muster about 60 seats, the Kurds a further 53, the numerous Sunni Arab or nationalist lists a total of 60, and independents carrying the balance.
Competing as an MP in Baghdad, Mr Maliki won 721,000 votes - by far the highest personal vote of any Iraqi politician and even more votes than the 622,000 he gathered in 2010.
This performance put Mr Maliki in a commanding position to overcome opposition to a third term in office.
Indeed, when I met him and members of his inner circle in March they were confidently predicting their victory and making detailed plans for the third term.
The loss of government control across northern Iraq has arguably changed the picture.
'Reserve army'
In conventional political terms Mr Maliki remains a viable candidate and probably even the frontrunner for the premiership.
But the argument rehearsed by his Arab and Kurdish opponents - that he is not able to unite and stabilise the country by sharing power with his opponents - is once again gaining currency.
In the light of the Sunni uprising, there is a powerful logic to a change of top-level leadership.
The government led by Mr Maliki has proven resistant to making new compromises with Iraq's Sunni Arab community on the formation of federal regions in Salahuddin and Diyala provinces, and regarding court cases brought against senior Sunni leaders.
Likewise, Mr Maliki has a very poor relationship with Iraq's Kurds.
He has cut their monthly budget allocation for four of the six months so far this year and opened arbitration against Turkey for allowing the Kurds to independently export oil using the Iraq-Turkey pipeline.
Mr Maliki even reportedly rejected Kurdish offers of military support early on in the current crisis. Now the offer has been withdrawn.
Baghdad and the Shia areas of Iraq are very likely to be secured by the government and its new largely-Shia "reserve army".
But it will take a new national unity effort to return government control to northern and western Iraq.
This is because the government's mainly Shia forces probably cannot re-stabilise the north on its own. Unless backed by local Sunni allies, their presence might only deepen the security crisis as Sunni Arabs perceive a new invasion.
Stability will require participation from Sunni and Shia Arabs plus Kurds.
'Inclusive leadership'
Mr Maliki is considered unacceptable by Iraqi Kurds, many Sunni Arabs and at least one Shia faction - Moqtada al-Sadr's followers - because they do not trust the promises he makes.
Whatever compromises the federal government makes to potential Arab and Kurdish partners in the next government, they will not be able to deliver on all of them immediately, making trust an essential ingredient of the next government and of the near-term effort to roll back insurgent gains in Iraq.
Weighing into the debate, the Shia religious establishment and US government are signalling in increasingly blunt language that Iraq needs a radical change of political direction, though stopping short of calling for a change of leader.
Throughout 2014, Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, the senior Shia religious leader in Iraq, has criticised the government's record, perceived in Iraq as a snub to Mr Maliki.
US military intervention has been firmly linked to the emergence of "inclusive leadership" in Iraq. Only US Congressional leaders openly call for Mr Maliki to be ousted, viewing him as unsalvageable.
At this point Mr Maliki and his supporters do not accept that he should step down. After all, they argue with some justification, he and his bloc did receive greater electoral endorsement than any other faction. Is Iraq not a democracy?
Alternative figure?
Iran continues to signal its support for Mr Maliki, using a raft of Shia militant groups like Badr Organisation and Asaib Ahl al-Haq (League of the Righteous).
The mainly-Shia Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq (ISCI) - with 30 seats in the parliament - has softened its opposition to a third term for Mr Maliki and co-operated with forming the "reserve army".
These factors are vital because as long as Mr Maliki is considered a viable leader by the Shia, he stands a strong chance of returning for a third term.
The identity of Iraq's next prime minister will be decided behind closed doors by the Shia, and they will take care to project a united front.
Their decision is probably now weeks away and may be resolved by the end of Ramadan in late July.
If the Shia collectively decides that Mr Maliki must go, for the sake of the Iraqi Shia and national unity, then they will probably draw a new candidate from the ranks of Mr Maliki's own Dawa Party, a component of the State of Law Alliance.
This alternative figure could be a Maliki confidante such as Tariq Najm, his capable old chief-of-staff. He could be trusted by Mr Maliki to screen the ex-premier from politically-inspired prosecution.
Due to his grip on the cabinet and security forces, as well as his election results, the sidelining of Mr Maliki is not a step the Shia will take lightly because it could trigger an even darker scenario than the one that Iraq is currently struggling through.
If Mr Maliki were to militarily resist a Shia call to step down, it could have devastating effects on the cohesion of the Shia community, opening the risk of a suspended democratic process, destabilisation of oil-rich southern Iraq, and true fragmentation of the whole country.
Dr Michael Knights is the Lafer Fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. He has worked in all of Iraq's provinces, including periods spent embedded with the Iraqi security forces.


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AdventuresFor readers of The Linux Command Line (TLCL), here are some additional tools and tricks for the well-seasoned command line user. Topics chosen to be both fun and interesting.
Other Sites You Might EnjoyBash And Scripting
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Fighting For Your Freedom
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Some big surprises in this year's nominees list!
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[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bpu0TIXzI1w&w=640&h=385] Can you say adorable? One doting dad had to find a way to distract his four-year-old daughter – who, by the way, is too cute for words – from hearing what she thought were fireworks. And what better way to do that then pick up her miniature pink guitar and sing a cover of Tonight […]
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this takes everything, all my respect is yours
wondrous ^1
Vote for the green version.+
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the bird has no snare in his headphones! :)
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awesome! voted
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Wonderful design – I especially like it on blue.
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It's wonderful, I would buy this in a heartbeat :)
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RSS MattersThe previous issue in this series can be found in the July, 2002 issue of Benchmarks Online: Using Robust Mean and Robust Variance Estimates to Calculate Robust Effect Size Please make sure and read the farewell message from Dr. Karl Ho in this month's SAS Corner. - Ed. An Introduction to Multilevel Models (Part I): Exploratory Growth Curve ModelingBy Dr. Rich
Herrington, Research and Statistical Support Consultant


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The Andis® AGC Super 2-Speed™ Horse Clipper is a quiet clipper that's perfect for sensitive horses. For use on ears, muzzle, legs or full-body. Locking hinge keeps blade secure. Two speed motor, in a break-resistant housing that withstands harsh chemicals.
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The Wahl® Silver Moser Arco SE® Horse Clipper is cordless, perfect for travel and barns with poor outlet placement. Quiet and powerful, these clippers will get the job done. Includes charger, 5-in-1 adjustable blade, 2 NiMH batteries, storage case, 4 guide combs, grooming DVD, blade oil, cleaning brush and blade guard.
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Wahl® Lister Clipper Medium Blade Sets are replacement blades for Star, Legend and Liberty horse clippers.


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Links to New Thought Schools
& New Thought Online Courses are best found at
Learn more about New Thought and how to choose the best institute, school or course for you!
If You are Looking for a New Thought Spiritual Community then
click here>>> FindTheCenter.com <<<click here
or NewThoughtCenters.com
Science of Mind is
"a correlation of laws of science, opinions of philosophy,
and revelations of religion applied to the needs and aspirations of humankind"
Schools |
Online Courses |
Resources |
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NewThoughtLibrary.com - Free New Thought Spiritual books and downloads at New Thought Library |
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Science Of Mind Correspondence Courses These are restricted classes if you : "If you belong to a Science of Mind Center For Spiritual Living affiliated communiy OR or live closer than 30 miles to a church or Scientology Reading Center, you need to have your Minister's e-mailed permission to enroll in an on-line class" |
Find more great Spiritual Resources for your New Thought path at |
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There are some great courses around the world. Learn more at DivinitySchool.net |
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type /join and the name of the room |
One good method for chat room classes is to use AIM which is downloadable from aol.com Then use the AIM Chatroom |
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