text:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Band, Jonathan
From Library of Congress Name Authority File
Band, Jonathan
Instance Of
Scheme Membership(s)
Collection Membership(s)
Exact Matching Concepts from Other Schemes
- found: Interfaces on trial, 1995: CIP t.p. (Jonathan Band) CIP galley (partner, Wash., D.C. office of Morrison & Foerster)
- found: Band, Jonathan. Interfaces on trial 2.0, c2011: ECIP t.p. (Jonathan Band) data view (b. Nov. 30, 1959)
Change Notes
- 1995-01-14: new
- 2010-05-12: revised
Alternate Formats


text:
Parshas Vayigash The Shared Happiness of Ordinary Existence1
It was, for a while, the happiest day of his life. After so many years of struggle and trial, Yaakov set out to join the son whom he had never expected to see again. Moreover, the fractures that crisscrossed the face of the family had been repaired; all of Yaakov�s children took part in new-found familial harmony.
Beersheva was the border city at the southern extreme of Israel before entering Egypt. So much of the family�s history was bound up in this place! Yaakov would not miss the opportunity to remember that history, and to ponder the ways in which his forebears had seen the workings of Divine Providence. He would mark that remembrance by offering korbanos to Hashem at this auspicious place.
He reaches for the unexpected. While the other Avos consistently brought olos, Yaakov here brings zevachim, which are usually shelamim. The change is significant. The theme of an olah, which is completely consumed on the altar, is giving oneself entirely to G-d. The imperative to yield oneself to G-d is fairly universal � it arises in the minds of non-Jews as well as Jews. In the Beis HaMikdosh, we therefore accept olos brought by non-Jews.
Shelamim are a different matter, and make a very different statement. Zevachim as a class are eaten by their owners. In effect, one who brings such a korban takes part of it back to his family, thereby bringing the Beis HaMikdosh to his abode. His home becomes a mikdosh, and his table becomes a mizbe�ach. While olah expresses the notion of going to G-d, in the zevachim, Hashem comes to us. In the family united in its devotion to Hashem, He penetrates every nook and cranny of life. He takes up residence in the ordinary and the pedestrian and changes it into something higher. Within the common routine of family life, He becomes perceptible. He is present in the quotidian activities of eating and drinking, which would otherwise be devoid of spiritual content. Within the shrine of a Jewish family, the sons and daughters become the priests.
This notion is uniquely Jewish. Non-Jews cannot offer shelamim in the Beis HaMikdosh. For the first time, Yaakov felt himself happy, joyful and complete. His family had also become complete. Together, they were ready to serve Hashem as a whole family. They were ready for shelamim. Ever so humble, Yaakov links this new outlook not to his own accomplishment, but to the merit of his fathers � to �the G-d of his father Yitzchok.� He may have been looking back specifically to the pinnacle of his father�s spiritual career � the Akeidah. Remembering the difficulties he endured for so long in the house of Lavan, he senses a variation on the Akeidah theme in his own life. The events of a long, hard set of decades constituted an Akeidah themselves; he sensed himself having coming close to completing the task and meeting the challenge � he saw himself as poised to step away from his own Akeidah.
Yaakov�s sense of euphoria is disturbed by Hashem�s response to him. In �visions of the night� whose dark foreboding would be enough to spoil his mood of happiness, G-d calls to him, �Yaakov, Yaakov.� Significantly, He does not call to him as the triumphant Yisrael, but as the struggling Yaakov. Instantly, Hashem introduces worry and anxiety to the contemplation of the events ahead of him. Galus will not be an easy, afternoon stroll. Yaakov remains undeterred. He responds with an intrepid �Here I am!� You can change my mood, but not my determination to serve You. I am ready for whatever You ask of me. You may point to difficult times ahead, but I am prepared for the challenge, and will serve you in whatever circumstances you describe for me.
Hashem�s answer to Yaakov brings him back to his original feelings of well-being. He reassures Yaakov: �I am the G-d, the G-d of your father.� You had just dedicated a shelamim in appreciation of the great familial happiness you had achieved, and attributed that happiness to the G-d of your father. Even in your descent into the pit of Egypt, I will ultimately show Myself to be that same G-d. From the darkness of that long night, your children will emerge as a large group, experiencing as a nation the shared commonality of purpose and great happiness that you just experienced as a family.
What Yosef Didn�t Learn From the Egyptians2
The mockers of the Torah see in Moshe only a former Moses, who took the ways of the Egyptian court in which he was raised and imposed them upon his band of escaped slaves.
But Moshe was clearly no Moses. Had he been, he would have treated his relatives far better! This verse offers the precedent for such treatment. The Jews emerged from a society in which it was taken for granted that priests lived off the public dole. Their yearly income was assured by a fixed stipend. Moreover, their land holding was safeguarded for them. Not only did they own land, but after Yosef�s edicts, they remained the only land owners.
The Torah�s treatment of the Kohanim could not be more different. They were to own no land, and would depended for their support on the good-will of their neighbors, who could direct their terumah and other priestly gifts to whichever Kohen they wished. Any individual Kohen had no security at all, and lived in a perpetual popularity contest with other kohanim. His life could not be more different from the entitled existence of the Egyptian priest.


text:
Nganglong Mountains
Nyainqêntanglha Mountains
Nyainqêntanglha Mountains
mountain range forming the eastern section of a mountain system in the southern part of the Tibet Autonomous Region, southwestern China. In the west the system comprises a northern range, the Nganglong (A-ling) Mountains, and a southern range, the Kailas Range, which is much more rugged and heavily glaciated. The highest peak of the Nganglong Mountains is 21,637 feet (6,595 metres) above sea...
"Nganglong Mountains".
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2015. Web. 03 May. 2015


text:
I just decided to switch from the standard gmail app and instead use K-9 for its identity feature. My problem is with email deletion. I'd like to be able to delete an email into the trash without necessarily deleting it from the server. I've tried going into the "incoming server settings" and switching the trash folder name to [Gmail]/Trash but that hasn't fixed anything yet. Still whenever I delete it will remove it from the phone but it won't move it into the trash on the server. Thanks for the help
It's a per account setting. That is, if you have more than one email account you can choose what you want to do...either delete both on phone and server, delete on phone and leave on server, or mark as read on server. Long press on the account name...it will bring up Account Options in a window. Select Account settings. In Account Settings find Syncing folders. Look for When I delete a message and select it. A window will pop up, and from there you can choose what you wish to do.
I've tried that. I just want to be able to move my emails from my inbox into my gmail trash folder. Doing it your way will completely delete the email.
It sounds like you want the actions on the mail server to mimic those within your K9 mail folders, i.e. if you delete messages from your K9 account (gmail) inbox, then the messages in the server account's inbox should move to the server account's trash instead of deleting outright. If that's the case, you might try to MOVE the files to the trash folder instead of deleting them. I tried this for a couple of emails in my local inbox and then logged into my server account and found that they had been moved to the trash folder there as well. If you're using polling instead of push to check your mail then you may have to do a manual poll or wait for the next automatic poll for the files to show up in your mail server account's trash folder. I don't think K9 supports the option to transfer the files on the server via deletion from your K9 account. The only choices available for deleting local messages are "mark server messages as read", "delete from server", or "do not delete from server" (i.e. leave them alone). Sounds like a feature request you might ask for, i.e. "Move server messages to trash."


text:
Install A New Convertible Top At Home
Written by on December 1, 2007 Torn top got you down? Cheer up when we show you how to . . .Replacing a convertible top is not overly complicated, but it isn't easy either. It takes a professional 7-8 hours to correctly install and align a top, and that isn't taking into consideration the possible need for the restoration or maintenance of the top frame.
But we think you can do this yourself armed with a few tips, the right tools, and a good set of instructions. You should be able to install a top at home with a couple of buddies in a weekend. To get the insider tricks, we took our project '71 Buick GS convertible to Gary Lette of Redline Auto Sports in Wilson, Oklahoma, so he could give us a hand and make sure it looked good.
Any top project should begin with an assessment of what parts are needed. Some cars originally came with a vinyl rear window (in upholstery-shop lingo, rear curtain), some came with glass, and some glass-windowed cars often received vinyl replacements after the glass broke. Glass is better but more fragile. Plastic has a tendency to yellow over time. If you are buying your parts from a restoration house such as Year One, ask the staff to recommend the correct style and material. We ended up using the glass replacement back window that came with the top for '68-'72 GM A-bodies. If your A-body is a '64-'67 model, the glass is zipped in; for '68-'72 it is sewn in. In addition to our replacement top, we also picked up a top-pad kit that protects the top from being pinched in the folding mechanism.
Virtually every convertible top is installed in the same fashion. The top is stapled to the frame via tack strips. Depending on the age of the vehicle, the tack strip will be either pressed cardboard ('60s and '70s vehicles) or vinyl rubber (modern convertibles). The replacement solution is vinyl rubber-better because cardboard holds water and the top frame is metal. Owing to this, the rear bow on our '71 Buick GS had several sections of heavy rust. While our piece was savable, it was very close to needing replacement. The old cardboard is very difficult to remove and can take hours, so be prepared.
The well liner and water trough sustain a lot of abuse over the years, especially on a leaky top. The water trough is made of thin plastic, and the small tabs are easily broken. Most classic convertibles are missing the troughs altogether. After-market versions are usually made of fiberglass with tough metal mounting tabs. The well liner is your trunk's last line of defense against moisture. This piece of vinyl separates the trunk from the interior of the vehicle, often retaining water for days after a storm. Subjected to water and the sun's harsh UV rays, the material eventually breaks down. Replacing this liner usually requires removing the rear window at the lower bow.
If your top is power-operated, the cylinders and pump could probably use some service. If there is a film of hydraulic fluid under the rear seat, then you likely have a leaky cylinder. An O-ring will sometimes fix the problem, as older cylinders were sealed with a simple felt disc. One of our cylinders had a bent rod, so replacement was the only option. At $125 each they are not cheap, but the ability to hit a switch is nice. The pumps are rebuildable in most cases. Kits should be available for most pumps at your local hydraulic supply or electrical motor rebuild shop.
The weatherstripping has to come off to complete the installation of the top, so you might as well replace it. The key here is to use a quality kit like the one we chose from SoffSeal. Unlike cheap kits that don't have pre-drilled holes and OE-type materials, the complete kit from SoffSeal fits as well as or better than the original and should last as long as the new top.
The major tools needed to complete the installation are an air compressor, a good-quality staple gun, and we suggest professional-quality glue from any upholstery supply shop, sprayed from an inexpensive primer gun with a large fluid tip.
So those are the primary parts and some of the tools you will need. When you are done, the top should be tight so there is no sagging, but not too tight or it will pull out or tear at the staples. One trick to getting the top tight is to work with the windshield latches disconnected and the frame elevated about a foot from the windshield. When the job is finished and the frame is dropped to the windshield and latched, the vinyl will be pulled tight. We've found that even professional upholsterers have to remove and restaple a top several times before they get it just right-it is simply part of the process, so don't expect to accomplish it the first time. Don't give up.
'68-'72 GM A-body top w/ glass | CMA68WHT | Year One | $287.00 |
'68-'72 rain gutter | AZ150 | Year One | 199.00 |
'68-'72 well liner | WLA68 | Year One | {{{62}}}.00 |
Tacking strip | MN216 | Year One | 16.60 |
'68-'72 top boot | CTB68230 | Year One | 199.00 |
Top-pad kit | CM754 | Year One | 33.99 |
Top cable and spring pair | CM120 | Year One | 40.95 |
'68-'72 lift cylinder pair | AM682P | Year One | 311.00 |
Adhesive | upholstery supply | 10.00 | |
Spray gun | Lowe's | 15.99 | |
Staple gun | Lowe's | 59.00 | |
Staples | Lowe's | 15.00 | |
Total: | $1,249.53 |


text:
- Filed Under
For just a few minutes, it seemed like the dragnet that had shut down a metropolitan area of millions while legions of police went house to house looking for the suspected Boston Marathon bomber had failed.
Weary officials lifted a daylong order that had kept residents in their homes, saying it was fruitless to keep an entire city locked down. Then one man emerged from his home and noticed blood on the pleasure boat parked in his backyard. He lifted the tarp and found the wounded 19-year-old college student known the world over as Suspect No. 2.
Soon after that, the 24-hour drama that paralyzed a ...


text:
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Aussie reportedly set to take charge of leading rugby school in Australia
Interim head coach praises work of former director of rugby
The Mad Monk provides his take on the goings-on at the Exiles
Irish scrum-half goes back to former side
Exiles' new head coach needs time to settle in, says club's executive chairman
Smith's departure was expected, and now momemtum switches to Europe
The New Zealander will take over from Brian Smith at the end of the Super Rugby season in time for the start of next season
Exiles' director of rugby leaves with immediate effect
The Exeter Chiefs gave Irish a tough test, but Shane Geraghty held his nerve at the end
All the action from Sunday's thrilling win at the Madejski Stadium
All the action from today's league game at Madejski Stadium (3pm kick-off)
Aulika, Cowan, Griffin, Paice and Fenby all come into the Exiles' starting XV
The Exiles have a chance to give their season a boost when they host Exeter Chiefs on Sunday
International forwards poised to give the Exiles a welcome boost
Exiles' director of rugby refuses to be drawn on whether star full-back is to quit club
Live updates of Exiles' Premiership game at Allianz Park (2pm kick-off)
London Irish supporter Mad Monk analyses the weekend defeat by Sarries
Brian Smith's men came up short at Allianz Park. See the video highlights here.
Exiles boss Brian Smith praises attitude of reformed youngster
Give each London Irish player a mark out of 10 after the game at Allianz Park
Exiles boss disappointed with his side's defence out wide at Allianz Park
Exiles forced to give first start to new young signing as four hookers are crocked
Exiles' free-scoring prop sets sights on Saracens
Exiles' director of rugby says Sarries have 'possibly the most talented squad in Europe'
Exiles lock receives same punishment as London Welsh captain Tom May following Boxing Day bust-up
Boxing Day bust-up at Madejski Stadium leads to pair being cited
Rate each London Irish player out of 10 after the game at Madejski Stadium
Tight-head prop Geoff Cross scores third try in four games as Irish end six-game losing streak in Premiership
Live updates of the Premiership's bottom-of-the-table clash at Madejski Stadium (3pm kick-off)
Director of Rugby Brian Smith has rung the changes after Sunday's defeat
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definition of Wikipedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2009) |
A qanāt (from Arabic: قناة, in Persian: کاریز kariz) is a water management system used to provide a reliable supply of water for human settlements and irrigation in hot, arid and semi-arid climates. Qanats are also called kārīz (or kārēz from Persian: كاريز) (Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Central Asia, derived from Persian: كاهریز), kahan (from Persian: کهن), khettara (Morocco); galería (Spain); falaj (United Arab Emirates and Oman); Kahn (Baloch) or foggara/fughara (North Africa).[1] Alternative terms for qanats in Asia and North Africa are kakuriz, chin-avulz, and mayun. Common variants of qanat in English include kanat, khanat, kunut, kona, konait, ghanat, ghundat.
The qanat technology is known to have been developed by Iranians sometime in the early 1st millennium BC spread from there slowly west- and eastward.[2]
The value of a qanat is directly related to the quality, volume and regularity of the water flow. Much of the population of Iran and other arid countries in Asia and North Africa historically depended upon the water from qanats; the areas of population corresponded closely to the areas where qanats are possible. Although a qanat was expensive to construct, its long-term value to the community, and therefore to the group who invested in building and maintaining it, was substantial.[3]
Qanats are constructed as a series of well-like vertical shafts, connected by gently sloping tunnels. Qanats tap into subterranean water in a manner that efficiently delivers large quantities of water to the surface without need for pumping. The water drains relying on gravity, with the destination lower than the source, which is typically an upland aquifer. Qanats allow water to be transported over long distances in hot dry climates without losing a large proportion of the water to seepage and evaporation.
It is very common in the construction of a qanat for the water source to be found below ground at the foot of a range of foothills of mountains, where the water table is closest to the surface. From this point, the slope of the qanat is maintained closer to level than the surface above, until the water finally flows out of the qanat above ground. To reach an aquifer, qanats must often extend for long distances.[3]
Qanats are sometimes split into an underground distribution network of smaller canals called kariz. Like qanats, these smaller canals were below ground to avoid contamination. In some cases water from a qanat is stored in a reservoir, typically storing night flow for daytime use. An Ab Anbar is an example of a traditional qanat fed reservoir for drinking water in Persian antiquity.
The qanat system has the advantage of being resistant to natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods, and to deliberate destruction in war. Furthermore, it is almost insensitive to the levels of precipitation, delivering a flow with only gradual variations from wet to dry years.
The qanat technology is used most extensively in areas with the following characteristics:[citation needed]
A typical town or city in Iran and elsewhere where the qanat is used has more than one qanat. Fields and gardens are located both over the qanats a short distance before they emerge from the ground and after the surface outlet. Water from the qanats defines both the social regions in the city and the layout of the city.[3]
The water is freshest, cleanest, and coolest in the upper reaches and more prosperous people live at the outlet or immediately upstream of the outlet. When the qanat is still below grade, the water is drawn to the surface via water wells or animal driven Persian wells. Private subterranean reservoirs could supply houses and buildings for domestic use and garden irrigation as well. Further, air flow from the qanat is used to cool an underground summer room (shabestan) found in many older houses and buildings.[3]
Downstream of the outlet, the water runs through surface canals called jubs (jūbs) which run downhill, with lateral branches to carry water to the neighborhood, gardens and fields. The streets normally parallel the jubs and their lateral branches. As a result, the cities and towns are oriented consistent with the gradient of the land; this is a practical response to efficient water distribution over varying terrain.[3]
The lower reaches of the canals are less desirable for both residences and agriculture. The water grows progressively more polluted as it passes downstream. In dry years the lower reaches are the most likely to see substantial reductions in flow.[3]
Traditionally qanats are built by a group of skilled laborers, muqannīs, with hand labor. The profession historically paid well and was typically handed down from father to son.[3]
The critical, initial step in qanat construction is identification of an appropriate water source. The search begins at the point where the alluvial fan meets the mountains or foothills; water is more abundant in the mountains because of orographic lifting and excavation in the alluvial fan is relatively easy. The muqannīs follow the track of the main water courses coming from the mountains or foothills to identify evidence of subsurface water such as deep-rooted vegetation or seasonal seeps. A trial well is then dug to determine the location of the water table and determine whether a sufficient flow is available to justify construction. If these prerequisites are met, then the route is laid out aboveground.[3][4]
Equipment must be assembled. The equipment is straightforward: containers (usually leather bags), ropes, reels to raise the container to the surface at the shaft head, hatchets and shovels for excavation, lights, spirit levels or plumb bobs and string. Depending upon the soil type, qanat liners (usually fired clay hoops) may also be required.[3][4]
Although the construction methods are simple, the construction of a qanat requires a detailed understanding of subterranean geology and a degree of engineering sophistication. The gradient of the qanat must be carefully controlled—too shallow a gradient yields no flow—too steep a gradient will result in excessive erosion, collapsing the qanat. And misreading the soil conditions leads to collapses which at best require extensive rework and, at worst, can be fatal for the crew.[4]
Construction of a qanat is usually performed by a crew of 3-4 muqannīs. For a shallow qanat, one worker typically digs the horizontal shaft, one raises the excavated earth from the shaft and one distributes the excavated earth at the top.[4]
The crew typically begins from the destination to which the water will be delivered into the soil and works toward the source (the test well). Vertical shafts are excavated along the route, separated at a distance of 20–35 m. The separation of the shafts is a balance between the amount of work required to excavate them and the amount of effort required to excavate the space between them, as well as the ultimate maintenance effort. In general, the shallower the qanat, the closer the vertical shafts. If the qanat is long, excavation may begin from both ends at once. Tributary channels are sometimes also constructed to supplement the water flow.[3][4]
Most qanats in Iran run less than 5 km, while some have been measured at ~70 km in length near Kerman. The vertical shafts usually range from 20 to 200 meters in depth, although qanats in the province of Khorasan have been recorded with vertical shafts of up to 275 m. The vertical shafts support construction and maintenance of the underground channel as well as air interchange. Deep shafts require intermediate platforms to simplify the process of removing spoils.[3][4]
The construction speed depends on the depth and nature of the ground. If the earth is easy/soft to work; at 20 meters depth, a crew of 4 people can excavate a horizontal length of 40 meters per day. When the vertical shaft reaches 40 meters, they can only excavate 20 meters horizontally per day and at 60 meters in depth this drops below 5 horizontal meters per day. In Algeria, a common speed is just 2m per day at 15m depth. Deep, long qanats (which many are) require years and even decades to construct.[3][4]
The excavated material is usually transported by means of leather bags up the vertical shafts. It is mounded around the vertical shaft exit, providing a barrier that prevents windblown or rain driven debris from entering the shafts. These mounds may be covered to provide further protection to the qanat. From the air, these shafts look like a string of bomb craters.[4]
The qanat's water-carrying channel must have a sufficient downward slope that water flows easily. However the downward gradient must not be so great as to create conditions under which the water transitions between supercritical and subcritical flow; if this occurs, the waves which are established can result in severe erosion that can damage or destroy the qanat. In shorter qanats the downward gradient varies between 1:1000 and 1:1500, while in longer qanats it may be almost horizontal. Such precision is routinely obtained with a spirit level and string.[3][4]
In cases where the gradient is steeper, underground waterfalls may be constructed with appropriate design features (usually linings) to absorb the energy with minimal erosion. In some cases the water power has been harnessed to drive underground mills. If it is not possible to bring the outlet of the qanat out near the settlement, it is necessary to run a jub or canal overground. This is avoided when possible to limit pollution, warming and water loss due to evaporation.[3][4]
The Persian were using water clocks in 328 BC to ensure a just and exact distribution of water from qanats to their shareholders for agricultural irrigation. The use of water clocks in Iran, especially in Zeebad, dates back to 500BC. Later they were also used to determine the exact holy days of pre-Islamic religions, such as the Nowruz, Chelah, or Yaldā - the shortest, longest, and equal-length days and nights of the years. The water clocks used in Iran were one of the most practical ancient tools for timing the yearly calendar.[citation needed].[5] Water clocks, or Fenjaan, in Persia reached a level of accuracy comparable to today's standards of timekeeping. The fenjaan was the most accurate and commonly used timekeeping device for calculating the amount or the time that a farmer must take water from a qanat or well for irrigation, until it was replaced by more accurate current clock.[citation needed] Persian water clocks were a practical and useful tool for the qanat's shareholders to calculate the length of time they could divert water to their farm. The qanat was the only water source for agriculture and irrigation so a just and fair water distribution was very important. Therefore a very fair and clever old person was elected to be the manager of the water clock, and at least two full-time managers were needed to control and observe the number of fenjaans and announce the exact time during the days and nights.[citation needed]
The fenjaan was a big pot full of water and a bowl with small hole in the center. When the bowl become full of water, it would sink into the pot, and the manager would empty the bowl and again put it on the top of the water in the pot. He would record the number of times the bowl sank by putting small stones into a jar.[citation needed]
The place where the clock was situated, and its managers, were collectively known as khaneh fenjaan. Usually this would be the top floor of a public-house, with west- and east-facing windows to show the time of sunset and sunrise. There was also another time-keeping tool named a staryab or astrolabe, but it was mostly used for superstitious beliefs and was not practical for use as a farmers' calendar. The Zeebad Gonabad water clock was in used until 1965 when it was substituted by modern clocks.[citation needed] .[5]
The vertical shafts may be covered to minimize in-blown sand. The channels of qanats must be periodically inspected for erosion or cave-ins, cleaned of sand and mud and otherwise repaired. Air flow must be assured before entry for safety.
Some damaged qanats have been restored. In order to be sustainable, restoration needs to take into account many non-technical factors, beginning with the process of selecting the qanat to be restored. In the case of Syria, three sites were chosen based on a national inventory conducted in 2001. One of them, the Drasiah qanat of Dmeir, was completed in 2002. Selection criteria included the availability of a steady groundwater flow, social cohesion and willingness to contribute of the community using the qanat, and the existence of a functioning water rights system.[6]
The primary applications of qanats are for irrigation, providing cattle with water and drinking water supply. Other applications include cooling and ice storage.
Qanats used in conjunction with a wind tower can provide cooling as well as a water supply. A wind tower is a chimney-like structure positioned above the house; of its four openings, the one opposite the wind direction is opened to move air out of the house. Incoming air is pulled from a qanat below the house. The air flow across the vertical shaft opening creates a lower pressure (see Bernoulli effect) and draws cool air up from the qanat tunnel, mixing with it. The air from the qanat was drawn into the tunnel at some distance away and is cooled both by contact with the cool tunnel walls/water and by the giving up latent heat of evaporation as water evaporates into the air stream. In dry desert climates this can result in a greater than 15°C reduction in the air temperature coming from the qanat; the mixed air still feels dry, so the basement is cool and only comfortably moist (not damp). Wind tower and qanat cooling have been used in desert climates for over 1000 years.[7]
In 400 BC Persian engineers had already mastered the technique of storing ice in the middle of summer in the desert.[8]
The ice could be brought in during the winters from nearby mountains. But in a more usual and sophisticated method they had a wall made along east-west direction close to the yakhchal (ice pit). In winter, the qanat water would be canalized to north side of the wall. The shadow of the wall made water freeze more quickly so they could have more ice per each winter day. Then ice was stored in yakhchals, specially designed, naturally cooled refrigerators. A large underground space with thick insulated walls was connected to a qanat, and a system of windcatchers or Wind Towers was used to draw cool subterranean air up from the qanat to maintain temperatures inside the space at low levels, even during hot summer days. As a result, the ice melted slowly and ice was available year-round.[8]
The Qanats are called Karez in Dari (Persian) and Pashto and have been in use since the pre-Islamic period. It is estimated that more than 20,000 karezes were in use in the 20th century. The oldest functional Kariz which is more than 300 years old and 8 kilometers long is located in Wardak province and is still providing water to nearly 3000 people.[9] The incessant war for the last 30 years has destroyed a number of these ancient structures. In the troubled times maintenance was not always possible. To add to the troubles, as of 2008 the cost of labour has become very high and maintaining the Kariz structures is no longer possible.[dubious ] Lack of skilled artisans who have the traditional knowledge also poses difficulties. A number of the large farmers are abandoning their Kariz which has been in their families sometimes for centuries, and moving to tube and dug wells backed by diesel pumps.[citation needed]
However, the government of Afghanistan is aware of the importance of these structures and all efforts are being made to repair, reconstruct and maintain (through the community) the kariz.[citation needed] The Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development along with National and International NGOs is making the effort.
There are still functional qanat systems in 2009. American forces are reported to have unintentionally destroyed some of the channels during expansion of a military base, creating tensions between them and the local community.[10] Some of these tunnels have been used to store supplies, and to move men and equipment underground.[11]
An oasis at Turpan in the deserts of northwestern China uses water provided by qanat (locally karez). Turfan has long been the center of a fertile oasis and an important trade center along the Silk Road's northern route, at which time it was adjacent to the kingdoms of Korla and Karashahr to the southwest. The historical record of the karez system extends back to the Han Dynasty. The Turfan Water Museum (see photos on this page) is a Protected Area of the People's Republic of China because of the importance of the local karez system to the history of the area. The number of karez systems in the area is slightly below 1,000 and the total length of the canals is about 5,000 kilometers.[12]
In Karnataka, India, a Qanat-type structure called Suranga is used to tap underground water. However, these are rarely in use these days.[citation needed]
It has been suggested that alleged underground temples at Gua Made in Java reached by shafts, in which masks of a green metal were found, originated as a qanat.[13]
In the middle of the twentieth century, it is estimated that approximately 50,000 qanats were in use in Iran,[3] each commissioned and maintained by local users. Of these, only 25,000 remain in use as of 1980.
One of the oldest and largest known qanat is in the Iranian city of Gonabad which after 2,700 years still provides drinking and agricultural water to nearly 40,000 people. Its main well depth is more than 360 meters and its length is 45 kilometers. Yazd, Khorasan and Kerman are the known zones for their dependence with an extensive system of qanats.
In traditional Persian architecture, a Kariz (کاریز) is a small Qanat, usually within a network inside an urban setting. Kariz is what distributes the Qanat into its final destinations.
A survey of Qanat systems in the Kurdistan region of Iraq conducted by the Department of Geography at Oklahoma State University (USA) on behalf of UNESCO in 2009 found that out of 683 karez systems, some 380 were still active in 2004, but only 116 in 2009. Reasons for the decline of qanats include "abandonment and neglect" previous to 2004, "excessive pumping from wells" and, since 2005, drought. Water shortages are said to have forced over 100,000 people who depended on karez systems for their livelihoods to leave their homes since 2005. The study says that a single karez has the potential to provide enough household water for nearly 9,000 individuals and irrigate over 200 hectares of farmland. UNESCO and the government of Iraq plan to rehabilitate Karez through a Karez Initiative for Community Revitalization to be launched in 2010. Most of the karez are in Sulaymaniyah Governorate (84%). A large number are also found in Erbil Governorate (13%), especially on the broad plain around and in Erbil city.[14]
Among the qanats built in the Roman Empire, the 94 km long Gadara Aqueduct in northern Jordan was possibly the longest continuous qanat ever built.[15] Partly following the course of an older Hellenistic aqueduct, excavation work arguably started after a visit by emperor Hadrian in 129-130 AD. The Gadara Aqueduct was never quite finished and was put in service only in sections.
The Chagai district is in the north west corner of Balochistan, Pakistan, bordering with Afghanistan and Iran. Qanats, locally known as karezes, are found more broadly in this region. They are spread from Chaghai district all the way up to Zhob district. A number of them are present in Qilla Abdullah and Pishin districts. Karezes are also extensively found in the neighbouring areas of Afghanistan such as Kandahar. The remains of karezes found in different parts of the district are attributed to the Arabs.
Qanats were found over much of Syria. The widespread installation of groundwater pumps has lowered the water table and qanat system. Qanats have gone dry and been abandoned across the country.[16]
In Oman from the Iron Age Period (found in Salut, Bat and other sites) a system of underground aqueducts called Falaj were constructed, a series of well-like vertical shafts, connected by gently sloping horizontal tunnels. There are three types of Falaj: Daudi (داوودية) with underground aqueducts, Ghaili (الغيلية) requiring a dam to collect the water, and Aini (العينية) whose source is a water spring. These enabled large scale agriculture to flourish in a dry land environment. According to UNESCO, some 3,000 aflaj (plural) or falaj (singular), are still in use in Oman today. Nizwa, the former capital city of Oman, was built around a falaj which is in use to this day. These systems date to before the Iron Age in Oman. In July 2006, five representative examples of this irrigation system were inscribed as a World Heritage Site.[17]
The oasis of Al Ain in the United Arab Emirates continues traditional falaj (qanat) irrigations for the palm-groves and gardens.
There are 4 main oases in the Egyptian desert. The Kharga Oasis is one of them which has been extensively studied. As early as the second half of the 5th century BC there is evidence that water was being used via qanats. The qanat is excavated through water-bearing sandstone rock which seeps into the channel to collect in a basin behind a small dam at the end. The width is approximately 60 cm, but the height ranges from 5 to 9 meters; it is likely that the qanat was deepened to enhance seepage when the water table dropped (as is also seen in Iran). From there the water was used to irrigate fields.[4][18]
There is another instructive structure located at the Kharga Oasis. A well which apparently dried up was improved by driving a side shaft through the easily penetrated sandstone (presumably in the direction of greatest water seepage) into the hill of Ayn-Manâwîr to allow collection of additional water. After this side shaft had been extended, another vertical shaft was driven to intersect the side shaft. Side chambers were built and holes bored into the rock—presumably at points where water seeped from the rocks—are evident.[18]
David Mattingly reports foggara extending for hundreds of miles in the Garamantes area near Jarma in Libya: "The channels were generally very narrow - less than 2 feet wide and 5 high - but some were several miles long, and in total some 600 foggara extended for hundreds of miles underground. The channels were dug out and maintained using a series of regularly spaced vertical shafts, one every 30 feet or so, 100,000 in total, averaging 30 feet in depth, but sometimes reaching 130."[19]
The foggara water management system in Tunisia, used to create oases, is similar to that of the Iranian qanat. The foggara is dug into the foothills of a fairly steep mountain range such as the eastern ranges of the Atlas mountains. Rainfall in the mountains enters the aquifer and moves toward the Saharan region to the south. The foggara, 1 to 3 km in length, penetrates the aquifer and collects water. Families maintain the foggara and own the land it irrigates over a ten meter wide, with width only by the size of plot that the available water will irrigate.[20]
Qanats (designated foggaras in Algeria) are the source of water for irrigation at large oases like that at Gourara. The foggaras are also found at Touat (an area of Adrar 200 km from Gourara). The length of the foggaras in this region is estimated to be thousands of kilometers.
Although sources suggest that the foggaras may have been in use as early as 200 AD, they were clearly in use by the 11th century after the Arabs took possession of the oases in the 10th century and the residents embraced Islam.
The water is metered to the various users through the use of distribution weirs which meter flow to the various canals, each for a separate user.
The humidity of the oases is also used to supplement the water supply to the foggara. The temperature gradient in the vertical shafts causes air to rise by natural convection, causing a draft to enter the foggara. The moist air of the agricultural area is drawn into the foggara in the opposite direction to the water run-off. In the foggara it condenses on the tunnel walls and the air passed out of the vertical shafts. This condensed moisture is available for reuse.[21]
In southern Morocco, the qanat (locally khettara) is also used. On the margins of the Sahara Desert, the isolated oases of the Draa River valley and Tafilalt have relied on qanat water for irrigation since the late-14th century. In Marrakech and the Haouz plain, the qanats have been abandoned since the early 1970s as they have dried. In the Tafilaft area, half of the 400 khettaras are still in use. The Hassan Adahkil Dam's impact on local water tables is said to be one of the many reasons given for the loss of half of the khettara.[16]
The black berbers (haratin) of the south were the hereditary class of qanat diggers in Morocco who build and repair these systems. Their work was hazardous.[1]
Ozden, Dursun, Directed & Written by; ANATOLIAN WATER CIVILIZATION & ANATOLIAN KARIZES-QANATS, The Documentary Film & Book, 2004-2011 Istanbul, Turkey. "http://www.dursunozden.com.tr" ARCHAEOLOGY > World's oldest waterway featured in documentary. Turkish journalist and researcher Dursun Özden has made a documentary revealing the world's oldest waterways and historical water structures in Anatolia during a six-month visit to 66 Turkish provinces. He found waterways dating back 13,000 years from the Sumerian period to the days of the Turkish Republic. The documentary titled 'Anadolu Su Medeniyeti' features the oldest waterways and water resources from different civilizations that have existed in the Anatolian region. The world's oldest water structures in Anatolia are the subject of a new documentary series by Turkish journalist and writer Dursun Özden. The series titled "Anadolu Su Medeniyeti" (Anatolian Water Culture) consists of 13 episodes. Özden said he had conducted research in 66 Turkish provinces over the course of six months. He said the documentary had been filmed under very harsh conditions and the documentary team's goal was to present key information regarding these structures to the audience. "Based on interviews we conducted with experts and scientists, we have documented some of the world's oldest architectural wonders," Özden said. "We revealed traces of the world's oldest water channels, cisterns and waterways from 13,000 years ago." He said they found waterways from the Sumerians, Hittites, Urartians, Eastern Romans, Byzantines, Seljuks, Ottomans and the Republic. Özden said the purpose of the documentary was to draw the attention of Turkish officials to the historical structures in the Anatolian countryside to preserve and protect them. He also said he hoped to highlight the importance of water resources and waterways, the strategic importance of which is increasing in the world.
Dursun Özden said he also revealed the existence of an underground irrigation system in Anatolia. "Our ancestors brought water from very far places. They found rain and snow waters flowing from mountains underground. They found a way to carry this water to their living spaces and called their underground irrigation system 'kariz.'" He said he had worked in Turkey for three years to find and film the underground irrigation systems. "There are traces of this system in Uyghur 6,000 years ago, in Iran 2,500 years ago and in Azerbaijan 1,800 years ago." While discovering the underground waterways, Özder said they also documented some of the world's longest waterways. "There is a 246 km waterway between Istranca Forest and Istanbul and a 115 km underground water resource in the southern city of Mersin's Silifke district." He said that while the existence of those structures was known, their features remained unknown. To figure it out, Özder and his team worked with civil engineers, survey engineers and land surveyors to determine the waterways' lengths and depths, he said. On the importance of the use of water, Özden said decreases in usable water can be traced to climate change and an unconscious use of the resource. Daily News, November/30/2011
Qanats have been preserved in Armenia in the community of Shvanidzor, in the southern province of Syunik, bordering with Iran. Qanats are named kahrezes in Armenian. There are 5 kahrezes in Shvanidzor. Four of them were constructed in XII-XIVc, even before the village was founded. The fifth kahrez was constructed in 2005. Potable water runs through I, II and V kahrezs. Kahrez III and IV are in quite poor condition. In the summer, especially in July and August, the amount of water reaches its minimum, creating a critical situation in the water supply system. Still, kahrezes are the main source of potable and irrigation water for the community.
The Tunnel of Eupalinos on Samos runs for 1 kilometre through a hill to supply water to the town of Pythagorion. It was built on the order of Polycrates around 550 BC. At either end of the tunnel proper, shallow qanat-like tunnels carried the water from the spring and to the town.
The 5,653 m long Claudius Tunnel, meant for draining the largest Italian inland water, Fucine Lake, was constructed using the qanat technique. It featured shafts up to 122 m deep.[22] The entire ancient town of Palermo in Sicily was equipped with a huge qanat system built during the Arab period (827–1072). Many of the qanat are now mapped and some can be visited. The famous Scirocco room has an air-conditioning system cooled by the flow of water in a qanat and a "wind tower", a structure able to catch the wind and use it to draw the cooled air up into the room.
The Raschpëtzer near Helmsange in southern Luxembourg is a particularly well preserved example of a Roman qanat. It is probably the most extensive system of its kind north of the Alps. To date, some 330 m of the total tunnel length of 600 m have been explored. Thirteen of the 20 to 25 shafts have been investigated.[23] The qanat appears to have provided water for a large Roman villa on the slopes of the Alzette valley. It was built during the Gallo-Roman period, probably around the year 150 and functioned for about 120 years thereafter.
There are still many examples of galeria or qanat systems in Spain, most likely brought to the area by the Moors during their occupation of the Iberian peninsula. Turrillas in Andalusia on the north facing slopes of the Sierra de Alhamilla has evidence of a qanat system. Granada is another site with an extensive qanat system.[24]
Qanats in the Americas, usually referred to as filtration galleries, can be found in the Nazca region of Peru and in northern Chile.[16] The Spanish introduced qanats into Mexico in 1520 AD.[25]
24. ^Ozden, Dursun; Directed & Written by; ANATOLIAN WATER CIVILIZATION & ANATOLIAN KARIZES-QANATS, The Documentary Film & Book, 2004-2011 Istanbul, Turkey. "http://www.dursunozden.com.tr"
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Qanat |
" (http://www.dursunozden.com.tr "(http://www.dursunozden.com.tr/anatolianwatercivilation/anatoliankarez,Turkey)
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There's no in between. You're either Abercrombie hot – or you're not.
Kristen Carmichael discovered she didn't fit the clothing store's self-described "sexy, effortless style" when she was pulled from a sales position on the floor of the NorthPark Center store and shoved back to the stockroom to fold clothes.
This was after they'd rated her face.
The college student who was in Dallas for the summer and her female co-worker had received a 0 ranking on a district manager's monthly audit. The report, posted on a wall in the office, included the question, "Do all female models currently working have beautiful faces?"
Read the whole article.
Filed under: * Culture-Watch Law & Legal Issues * Economics, Politics Economy
1. Jon wrote:
Shocking news. A&F;promotes Lookism? Say it isn't so! Pretty soon you'll tell me that GQ and Vogue and Playboy do that too. These whiny people who want the courts to settle every aspect of their life that feels unfair need to be all put on a big raft out in the Pacific. Some of us got over the fact—like back when we are in high school—that some people are pretty and that gives them some advantages in life. Move on. Get a job where that's not so important. But stop crying to lawyers about it. August 27, 6:03 pm | [comment link] |
2. monika wrote:
What do you expect from a company that uses sex to market clothing to pre-adolescents? monika August 27, 6:11 pm | [comment link] |
3. TridentineVirginian wrote:
It's unfortunate that these people haven't used the opportunity to re-examine their employment and their relation to modern culture. A&F;is giving what its customers want, and are successful at it; if they end up treated like embarrassments that need to be hidden away from their customers as a result of this, maybe they should consider rejecting what A&F;peddles and the pop culture it is part of and go participate in something more worthy of a human being? August 27, 6:40 pm | [comment link] |
4. A Senior Priest wrote:
Well, of course, it IS Abercrombie, after all. Their employees are, in a sense, models. Are models expected to look like the back of a bus or not? Not! That's the way life is. BTW, friends, good looking people (which in general means slimmer and more symmetrical), as well as taller people, tend (but not invariably, of course) to be more sucessful in business. Good-looking clergy of all theological and polical stripes tend to be more successful than not so handsome/beautiful ones, as well, I've noticed. August 27, 7:47 pm | [comment link] |
6. Jim the Puritan wrote:
Uhh, this is supposed to be news? Any teenager in America can tell you this. Here, it's a high school status symbol if you have a part-time job at A&F;. August 27, 8:04 pm | [comment link] |
7. evan miller wrote:
I feel sorry for the young lady in question and I'm sure she was disappointed that they didn't find her attractive. On the other hand, I'm glad companies are still allowed to have some say in who they hire and promote without the government dictating every parameter to them. It's appalling how many legitimate questions employers is prohibited by law from asking prospective employees. Utterly absurd. August 28, 12:01 pm | [comment link] |
8. The young fogey wrote:
A snotty, shallow company serving a clientele that's the same… but as a private business they have a right to do that. Working for A & F is not an inalienable right. August 28, 12:42 pm | [comment link] |
9. Jon wrote:
#7, yep I totally agree. The problem nowadays is that people conflate "X is immoral" with "the govt should stop people from doing X". America has a long history (up until 1970) of giving citizens the freedom to do morally wrong things (be racist, be sexist, be lookist, etc.) as long as they were not explicitly injuring another person (classically theft, assault, fraud, slander)—and especially when it involved the disposition of a person's private property. It relied on individual initiative to correct problems outside this sphere. Thus, if you are bothered by a business's hiring and promotion practices (A and F, Hooters, whatever) then don't shop there. Further, exercise your free speech rights and encourage others not to shop there. Demonstrate in front of the store with picket signs. (Remember MLK's fabulous bus boycott—black folks brought these immoral businesses to their knees… purely by using their First Amendment rights and their rights to shop where they chose.) If you don't like Delta's hiring polices, go work for another airline. Or go back to school and learn another trade. But take responsibility for your own life rather than constantly running to Daddy (embodied in Big Govt) to make the world treat you better. Just for clarity, I am equally and absolutely opposed to govt itself enshrining immoral policies in law. Thus, for example, the Jim Crow laws of the first half of the 20th century were a monstrous injustice because they used the machinery of govt to tell black folks what to do. It was equally monstrous when people deprived women, via governmental laws, of the right to vote. August 28, 1:01 pm | [comment link] |
10. midwestnorwegian wrote:
The same thing happens in The Episcopal Church (maybe the inverse). Don't believe in God or the Bible?...step to the front of the line for a puple shirt. August 28, 1:14 pm | [comment link] |
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Georgina Sparks will be a major factor in Gossip Girl Season 6.
That much was clear as soon as she made a surprise appearance in this May's finale, seemingly forming an alliance with Dan to wreak havoc on the Upper East Side insiders like never before.
What's unclear is how they'll go about doing that, and whether that's her only agenda. Check out these photos from the Manhattan set this week showing Georgina and Nate Archibald:
What do you make of these images? What do you think G's endgame is? So much potential, so many unanswered questions. Sound off on all things Gossip Girl Season 6 in the comments below.


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U.S. Sen. Mark Pryor is speaking about the farm bill and other agriculture issues at the Arkansas Rice Expo.
Pryor on Friday was scheduled to be the keynote speaker at the expo, which will be held at the Grand Prairie Rice Center in Stuttgart. Pryor is a Democratic two-term lawmaker who's seeking re-election next year.
Pryor chairs the agriculture subcommittee on the Senate Appropriations Committee.
The speech is Pryor's first in Arkansas since The Associated Press reported Wednesday that Republican U.S. Rep. Tom Cotton planned to challenge the senator next year. Cotton is expected to announce his bid at an event in Dardanelle on Tuesday night.
Sen. Mark Pryor to speak at Ark. Rice Expo
Published On: Aug 02 2013 08:17:28 AM CDT
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Volume 11 Number 2, Summer 2000 |
In This
Issue: Library receives Lucent Technologies grant Gourmet Gala honors James Courter Programs foster learning and reading The New Jersey Information Center Summer Reading Challenge "connects" at Library |
New Electronic ResourceThe Library has added an exciting electronic research tool: the Biography Resource Center. It is accessible at the Main Library and all branches via a link on the Internet & Electronic Resources page of the Librarys website. Instant access to biographical data aids students and researchersand patrons just curious about the lives of famous people, past and present. The Biography Resource Center offers hundreds of volumes of biographical information, listing more than 150,000 biographies, ranging from historic figures to contemporary personalities. More than 8,000 portraits illustrate the entries. A Custom Search enables users to explore by nationality, occupation, place of birth and more. The Full Text Search feature finds keywords and phrases. Five kinds of information are provided:
Biographical essay information comes from over 70 respected reference sources, including Contemporary Authors, Contemporary Black Biography, Dictionary of Hispanic Biography, Encyclopedia of World Biography, Notable Women Scientists, and World of Invention, as well as from more than 250 current periodical titles, which enhance coverage of contemporary subjects. For more information about this new resource, call the Arts and Humanities Reference Center at (973) 733-7820. |
Address all
correspondence to: The Second Century The Newark Public Library 5 Washington Street P.O. Box 630 Newark, New Jersey 07101-0630 Telephone 973-733-7793 http://www.npl.org http://www.npl.org/Pages/ProgramsExhibits/SecondCentury/vol11num2/ Copyright ©2000 The Newark Public Library |


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Between 1924 and 1926, the young Georges Auric wrote two ballets for Diaghilev: "Les Facheux" ("The Tormentors"), and "La Pastorale." Both works are regarded as his most important compositions for the ballet. For "Les Facheux", the sets, costumes and curtains were designed by the famous painter Georges Braque. The ballet's scenario tells of a young man who pursues his lover but is held again and again by various tormentors preventing him from explaining his affection. Neither work has been previously recorded, so this exceptional performances mark their recorded premiere!
"This is the second CD in this series that I've reviewed...and if these two discs are any indication, this is a heck of a set...on a very high level and certainly of a good tempo for dancing. I'm not sure if these are the only recordings of these works ever made, but they're certainly the only ones commercially available. Highly recommended."-Fanfare
Notes & Reviews:Recording information: Groáer Sendesaal des Saarläncischen Rundfunks (03/30/2009-04/11/2009).
There are currently no reviews, be the first one!Also Purchased
Works Details
Auric, Georges [Composer] : Les Fâcheux, ballet- Conductor: Christoph Poppen
- Notes: Groáer Sendesaal des Saarläncischen Rundfunks (03/30/2009-04/11/2009)
- Running Time: 28 min. sec.
- Period Time: Contemporary
- Form: Ballet
Auric, Georges [Composer] : La Symphonie Pastorale, film score
- Conductor: Christoph Poppen
- Notes: Groáer Sendesaal des Saarläncischen Rundfunks (03/30/2009-04/11/2009)
- Period Time: Contemporary
- Form: Orchestral
- Written: 1946


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I had a very bad experience today when my wife and me were fined by for not validating the tickets even we have witnesses in the bus that we have bought the tickets on board the bus moments ago. We were on bus 175 to Termini. Despite explaining to the officers that we are first time users and was not aware of the procedures and also having 2 witnesses beside us, the officers just ignore our plea and insisted we pay them in cash euro 50 each or we can pay at any post office but will be euro 100 each. We have no choice but to pay them in cash.
This whole episode ended in a very bad taste for our first visit to Roma. We are from Malaysia by the way. Despite us spending thousands of euro in Rome we were not spare with the fine.
Another point was that, when we board the bus, we ask the driver on how to buy the tickets as we are first time user. He just ask us to move to the back without syaing a word. When moving to the back, I saw this machine and bought 2 tickets not knowing that we need to stamp them.
Purhapes, the driver should be more friendly in directing us how to use the machine and the requirement to stamp the tickets. This reallt made us felt that, this whole system is very disadvantage to tourist.
Hope that this can be reviewed.
An unhappy tourist from Kuala Lumpur Malaysia-
Alex Phua.


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Friday, February 28, 2014
Friday, September 6, 2013
You Know You Have A Drinking Problem...
Thursday, August 8, 2013
Wednesday, August 7, 2013
A Great Song to A Great TV Series
Tuesday, August 6, 2013
A Mini Camino
Monday, February 18, 2013
The Government is watching your Twitter post.
It looks like the Library of Congress has been archiving billions of tweets over the past several years according to an article in the about.com website, "Does the Government Monitor Your Twitter Account?". In the article it states "That means there's a permanent record of every passing thought you've broadcast to the world about what you ate for breakfast, how your crazy uncle caused another scene at the family picnic or what Beyonce did at the Super Bowl halftime show."
The question is why? Library of Congress says for the benefit of future generations. "Archiving and preserving outlets such as Twitter will enable future researchers access to a fuller picture of today's cultural norms, dialogue, trends and events to inform scholarship, the legislative process, new works of authorship, education and other purposes," the Library of Congress said.
What does The Library of Congress do? Well, The Library of Congress is the research arm of Congress and serves as the national library of the United States. It catalogs millions of books, manuscripts, films and photographs. It has now stored more than 170 billion tweets in chronological order. Wow! That's a lot of tweets, I wonder if mine is there? According to About.com "Getting to those tweets is another story. There are certain technical limitations to sifting through all that data. The Library of Congress so far hasn't been able to grant access to the Twitter archive to researchers because executing a single search could take as long as 24 hours.". Basically the Library of Congress needs to get a lot of servers to search all those tweets, which it does not have the infrastructure at this time.
Scary, knowing what I posted on tweeter has been archived. Hmm, going to go


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About This Game
- Summary
- Features
- Game Editions
Work alongside the famous detective Hercule Poirot to solve a series of baffling murders committed by an elusive madman. Using the touch screen controls of the DS, players will inspect crime scenes, question suspects and must solve a terrible crime before there is another victim. With multiple play modes to choose from and an investigator's journal to keep notes, Agatha Christie: ABC Murders for DS offers an immersive gaming experience amidst a classic story and detailed graphics.
- Live through a modern classic for the first time on the Nintendo DS
- Solve the crime in multiple ways, and then solve it again
- Complete mind-bending puzzles Use your Investigator's Journal to record clues and notes
- Collect hidden notes found in-game that contains unique facts about Agatha Christie or one of her characters
Agatha Christie: The ABC MurdersPublisher: DreamCatcher InteractiveRelease Date: November 12, 2009MSRP: 29.99 USD


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Top Definition
Originating in surfer subculture of late eighties and early nineties. Surfer for "Bro", or brother, it has become popular since with frat boys, preps and waste-oids. Denoted by the breathy pronunciation of the "ah" sound of the last syllable.
"Braugh, that kegger was like, so awesome."
by Sketchimus
April 20, 2010
1 more definition
Interjection, emitted at random by those who are good a math.
See also: Braaaaah!, Braaaaaw!, Braaaaa!, or Braaaaagh!
See also: Braaaaah!, Braaaaaw!, Braaaaa!, or Braaaaagh!
Mmm, good cookies, BRAUGH!, today.
by Roberto_Benigni
February 17, 2004


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View Pat Byrne's profile |
DJ Pat Byrne does what he does best: acts weird, plays good music, and repeats... repeats... repeats... repeats. Your 3-hour passport to insomnia.
<-- Previous playlist | Back to Prove it All Night with Pat Byrne playlists | Next playlist -->
January 8, 2014: Episode: 26 - Polar Vortex Express! With Vic Ruggiero and Rob Shapiro
Listen to this show:
Add or read comments
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Wed. 1/8/14 3:16am
Venus lap-dance on Mars:
Good Morning DJ Pat Byrne. Elizabeth Montgomery and Tom Poston are on the tube in an old B&W show about vampires in a creepy motel. Tough competition for a 3:00 A.M. slot. | |
Wed. 1/8/14 3:18am
Pat Byrne:
What Movie? | |
Wed. 1/8/14 3:20am
remote ideations:
I don't know the name, It might be an episode of an old series like Thriller, yep, that's what it is, it's all about young Elizabeth Montgomery for me anyhow. Easy enough to watch with the sound off. | |
Wed. 1/8/14 3:23am
padlocks and hot choclate:
Who are your guests planning to be when they decide to show up DJ Pat Byrne? | |
Wed. 1/8/14 3:25am
Oh, never mind, I see: Vic Ruggiero and Rob Shapiro | |
Wed. 1/8/14 3:25am
Pat Byrne:
Themselves. Why do you ask? | |
Wed. 1/8/14 3:26am
Pat Byrne:
Oh. Okay | |
Wed. 1/8/14 3:34am
Pat Byrne:
It gets better. | |
Wed. 1/8/14 4:14am
suicide wrist watch:
That's a funny architect joke | |
Fri. 1/17/14 5:36am
i want to do the show again.. but this time i want some AIRTIME! great minds all together that night! but not enough room and time for a fat head/bigmouth like me! albeit a funny and prolific fathead bigmouth! can i come back? asap?! albeit?! | |
RSS feeds for Prove it All Night with Pat Byrne: Playlists feed | MP3 archives feed
| E-mail Pat Byrne | Other WFMU Playlists | All artists played by Prove it All Night with Pat Byrne |


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Zabet, Nicolae Radu (2010) Towards Modular, Scalable and Optimal Design of Transcriptional Logic Systems. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis, School of Computing, University of Kent, UK. (The full text of this publication is not currently available from this repository. You may be able to access a copy if URLs are provided)
The full text of this publication is not available from this repository. (Contact us about this Publication) | |
Official URL http://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/pubs/2010/3098 |
Living organisms can perform computations through various mechanisms. Understanding the limitations of these computations is not only of practical relevance (for example in the context of synthetic biology) but will most of all provide new insights into the design principles of living systems. This thesis investigates the conditions under which genes can perform logical computations and how this behaviour can be enhanced. In particular, we identified three properties which characterise genes as computational units, namely: the noise of the gene expression, the slow response times and the energy cost of the logical operation. This study examined how biological parameters control the computational properties of genes and what is the functional relationship between various computational properties. Specifically, we found that there is a three-way trade-off between speed, accuracy and metabolic cost, in the sense that under fixed metabolic cost the speed can be increased only by reducing the accuracy and vice-versa. Furthermore, higher metabolic cost resulted in better trade-offs between speed and accuracy. In addition, we showed that genes with leak expression are sub-optimal compared with leak-free genes. However, the cost to reduce the leak rate can be significant and, thus, genes prefer to handle poorer speed-accuracy behaviour than to increase the energy cost. Moreover, we identified another accuracy-speed trade-off under fixed metabolic cost, but this time the trade-off is controlled by the position of the switching threshold of the gene. In particular, there are two optimal configurations, one for speed and another one for accuracy, and all configurations in between lie on an optimal trade-off curve. Finally, we showed that a negatively auto-regulated gene can display better trade-offs between speed and accuracy compared with a simple one (a gene without feedback) when the two systems have equal metabolic cost. This optimality of the negative auto-regulation is controlled by the leak rate of the gene, in the sense that higher leak rates lead to faster systems and lower leak rates to more accurate ones. This in conjunction with the fact that many genes display low but non-vanishing leak rates can indicate the reason why negative auto-regulation is a network motif (has high occurrence in genetic networks). These trade-offs that we identified in this thesis indicate that there are some physical limits which constrain the computations performed by genes and further enhancement usually comes at the cost of impairing at least one property.
Item Type: | Thesis (Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)) |
Uncontrolled keywords: | determinacy analysis, Craig interpolants |
Subjects: | Q Science > QA Mathematics (inc Computing science) > QA 76 Software, computer programming, |
Divisions: | Faculties > Science Technology and Medical Studies > School of Computing > Computational Intelligence Group |
Depositing User: | N.R. Zabet |
Date Deposited: | 21 Sep 2012 09:49 |
Last Modified: | 21 Mar 2014 09:10 |
Resource URI: | https://kar.kent.ac.uk/id/eprint/30624 (The current URI for this page, for reference purposes) |
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About this role The Technical Lead is a member of the MRMMcCann technology team. This role involves complex and unique technical problems, and requires the - Indeed
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Rimes being a sturdy Mississippi girl, her gyrating was limited to a closing cameo where she struts through the song her on-screen alter ego spent the entire film pouring her soul out to writeoops, sorry for spoiling the end. It was the ideal setup for a universe where any glory American Idol champ Kelly Clarkson is under the Simon Cowell-induced delusion could be ahead of her was already traversed by Sheena Easton a couple decades ago.
It's not like LeAnn wasn't yodeling out loud for Prince's sugar-walled intervention when she pounced upon "Purple Rain" in 1988; consider that this is the same artist who, at age 14, broke the bank with an album called Unchained Melody: The Early Years, packaged like a tacky bargain-bin disc assembled by an exploitative ex-managerwho, at that age, is most likely to be your dad as well. From there, we get the emancipation subplot that takes us, within the space of five years, from You Light Up My LifeInspirational Songs to Rimes sporting a dozen flavas of lingerie in the booklet for Twisted Angel. All young marrieds are doing boudoir photography these days, y'know.
But then, Mike Curb isn't seeking to groom the next Neko Case. It's more a matter of filling the niche left by Christina Aguilera's decision to skank out. Whether or not the rhythmic similarities of Rimes's assertive chug-a-lug single "Life Goes On" to Nick Carter's bewildered "Help Me" were written in the stars, she's handily won said derby on pop radio. Maybe it's the result of sharing Coyote Ugly soundtrack album space with EMF's "Unbelievable" and Snap!'s "The Power"to say nothing of "All She Wants to Do Is Dance" and "The Devil Went Down to Georgia"but Twisted Angel is an early-early-'90s throwback in the vein of Taylor Dayne, when the pop agenda demanded a product solid enough to spin off two years of singles. It's also a more gratifying listen than any Mariah compilation you could burn.
Sure, the hip-hop inflections are pure aerobics studio stuff. "Tic Toc" is Rimes's attempt at a "Je T'Aime," and comes off nowhere near as preposterous as a post-adolescence Debbie Gibson yanking such a chain, since this is a woman with a husband after all. Same goes for the languid "Review My Kisses," irresistible because Faith Hill is too damn old to get away with such submissive expressions. Never mind that "Suddenly" is but a sumptuous uptempo rewrite of an ancient Billy Ocean balladat least in "Damn," when Rimes devotes three and a half minutes to ruminating over the meaning of the title, her pronunciation is devoid of any Sophie B. Hawkins-like exasperation. It might also be the only country-styled moment on the album.
The terrific streak of tracks culminates in "You Made Me Find Myself," a throwback to when Rimes sounded mighty precocious crooning "How Do I Live"even if LeAnn's was packaged as a gospel number, the concurrent Trisha Yearwood version packed enough carnal longing to assert otherwise. Now, when Rimes is belting out "I used to breathe you/I used to need you/I used to hang on every word that you say," one is prompted to reach for the liner notes to check if God is still first on her thank-you list. ([S]he is.) Dad and hubby are there, too, but if Twisted Angel mastermind Desmond Child swung that way, maybe he'd be best to appraise Rimes's smooching skillshis production on the Kelly Clarkson single can't hold a scented candle to this.
Then again, Rimes didn't cut her teeth on microwaved Aretha Franklin remakes; she was smothering herself in "Me and Bobby McGee" before she was old enough to vote. Twisted Angel's album-closing title tune is a barn burner where LeAnn, born in 1982, boasts of how Daddy brought her up on the Rolling Stoneshey, "Harlem Shuffle" and "Mixed Emotions" were bound to influence someone someday. Just call her angel of the morning after the night before.


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Title: | Rubber Seed Oil: A Multipurpose Additive in NR and SBR Compounds |
Author: | Rani, Joseph |
Abstract: | ABSTRACT: Rubber seed oil was used as a multipurpose ingredient in natural rubber (NR) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds. The study shows that the oil, when substituted for conventional plasticiser, imparts excellent mechanical properties to NR and SBR vulcanizates. Further, it also improves aging resistance, reduces cure time, increases abrasion resistance and flex resistance, and reduces blooming. |
URI: | http://dyuthi.cusat.ac.in/purl/871 |
Date: | 1998-08-20 |
Files | Size | Format | View | Description |
V Nandanan and ... er seed oil...,Aug1998.PDF | 3.867Mb |
View/ |


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Basic Mathematical Operations Using Mathtiles (SMILE)
Library Home ||
Full Table of Contents ||
Suggest a Link ||
Library Help
http://www.iit.edu/~smile/ma8708.html | |
Claudia R. Jones, Farragut Career Academy | |
A lesson that uses manipulatives to teach students addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. From the Arithmetic section of a collection of almost 200 single concept lessons by the Science and Mathematics Initiative for Learning Enhancement. | |
Levels: | Late Elem. (3-5) |
Languages: | English |
Resource Types: | Manipulatives, Lesson Plans and Activities |
Math Topics: | Basic Operations |
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The Math Forum is a research and educational enterprise of the Drexel University School of Education.


text:
The first business phone from Nokia, which has a color display and MMS support.
The other peculiarities are presence of FM radio (as in 6510) and speakerphone
function (for the first time in the phone of this class from Nokia). The main
differences from 6510 are absence of voice functions and voice memo.
* Class: innovation * o Vibrating alert * SMS * Connectivity * Organizer and extras Phone Specifications
Nokia 6610 TNokia 6610 T Mobile Color GSM Phone$115.99
Only 0 left in stock--order soon.
30 day warranty
Available online


text:
CHARLOTTE — The Bobcats have announced they've hired Brian Winters and Dan Leibovitz as assistant coaches.
Winters and Leibovitz will join Stephen Silas and Rick Brunson, who officially signed with the team in July, as part of new coach Mike Dunlap's staff.
EAST RUTHERFORD, N.J. — Mark Sanchez looked pretty good for nearly three quarters. He just couldn't get the New York Jets into the end zone — again.
Tim Tebow had the play of the game, but also couldn't get that elusive preseason touchdown for the Jets.
EAST RUTHERFORD, N.J. — Carolina Panthers running back Jonathan Stewart injured his right ankle late in the first half of the team's preseason game against the New York Jets on Sunday night.
The Panthers announced in the third quarter that Stewart was out for the rest of the game.
A 73-yard punt return touchdown by Hickory junior Cameron Stinson with 34.6 seconds left gave the Red Tornadoes a dramatic 21-15 comeback victory over Newton-Conover at Gurley Stadium on Friday.
"I was just ready to run like a track meet," Stinson said. "I was just running for my life. When I got out there, I just knew I had to pick my team up."
The Bunker Hill football team might start out slow, but it certainly knows how to finish.
The Bears used a 39-point second half, propelled by quarterback Colton Chapman, to blow past county rival St. Stephens on Friday for the 46-7 victory in Claremont.
Without six of its players due to an incident at Thursday's junior varsity football game, the Bandys varsity football team persevered.
The Trojans ran the football 47 times for 272 yards on their way to a 32-0 shutout victory over Fred T. Foard in Newton on Friday.
Quiante Derr led Bandys (2-0) with 102 rushing yards, while Dillon Street added 92.
Jumping out to a 28-0 lead by halftime, the Maiden Blue Devils cruised to a 28-7 home football victory over North Lincoln on Friday — their first win under new head coach Frank Snider.
Running back Grant Yowe and quarterback Jake McRee led Maiden (1-1) in the first half.
Already with four wins under its belt, the Fred T. Foard soccer team continued its early season roll.
The Tigers scored one goal in the first half and three in the second on their way to a 4-0 shutout win against the R-S Central Hilltoppers on Thursday.
The Bandys tennis team improved to 4-0 overall and 2-0 in the Catawba Valley 2A with a dominant 9-0 victory over South Iredell on Thursday.
Cassidy Shell, the Lady Trojans No. 1 player, led her team with a 6-1, 6-0 victory in singles competition and also teamed with Halie Moore to pick up a 8-0 doubles win.
Prep tennis
Bandys 9, South Iredell 0
Jayvee football teams around Catawba County continued their football seasons on Thursday.
All seven Catawba County schools were in action, including Bandys, Bunker Hill, Fred T. Foard, Hickory, Maiden, Newton-Conover and St. Stephens. Below are scores from the county, as well as ones in the surrounding areas.
Local scores Bandys 12, Fred T. Foard 0


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Top Deal:
Hot off the heels of the Windows 8 launch, our top deal today is the Windows 8-powered HP ENVY dv7t-7200 Quad Edition Notebook. The 17.3" laptop features pretty beefy specs that include a 2.4GHz Core i7-3630QM processor, 8GB of DDR3 RAM, a 1TB hard drive, and a Blu-ray drive. You can pick it up from HP for $850 (use coupon code: NB46372) which is $150 cheaper than its normal price. If you're willing to cough up an extra 70 bucks, you can upgrade the OS to Windows 8 Pro. Be sure to check out our Windows 8 review before you pull the trigger so you'll know what to expect.
Hardware & Peripherals:
Dell S2440L 24" 1080p LED-backlit LCD monitor with edge-to-edge glass for $250 with free shipping at Dell (normally $300).
Logitech K400 Wireless Touch Keyboard with multitouch touchpad for $34 with free shipping (normally $40 - use coupon code: 7BRL7?2ZDK?H4G).
Windows 8 Pro upgrade (download version) for $40 (normally $70 for physical copy).
[1] http://www.maximumpc.com/user/author1
[2] http://www.maximumpc.com/article/features/windows_8_launch_video
[3] http://bit.ly/S8uSbM
[4] http://www.maximumpc.com/article/features/windows_8_Review?page=0,0
[5] http://bit.ly/PCzydT
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[8] http://www.maximumpc.com/articles/daily_deals
[9] http://www.maximumpc.com/tags/daily_deals
[10] http://www.maximumpc.com/tags/dell_s2440l
[11] http://www.maximumpc.com/tags/hp_envy_dv7-7200
[12] http://www.maximumpc.com/tags/logitech_k400
[13] http://www.maximumpc.com/tags/pre-order_halo_4
[14] http://www.maximumpc.com/tags/windows_8_pro_upgrade
[15] http://www.maximumpc.com/user/login?&commentfragment=comments_top_anchor


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1&1 Internet Customers Vulnerable to XSS
John Smith sent me this this link to a writeup on customers who are hosted at 1&1 Internet are vulnerable to XSS. The technique is simple, but it comes from the way in which they present ads based on detection of a file not found. They pop up an iframe based on file name which you can jump out of pretty easily. Not so good. I'm not sure what sort of customers 1&1 Internet provides service for but I'd be unhappy if I were a customer there. Apparently this only applies to Sedo parking prior to a certain date, and also doesn't apply to users who use custom 404 pages (which I generally prefer to do, personally).
This brings up an interesting point though about the use of third party advertising and how that can be used to do wide scale XSS exploitation. In this case it's no different, except instead of it being a Dom based XSS like it would normally have to be, the server does a reflection for you. Odd problem. I've ran into similar problems with hosting providers that put log files for all their customers in the same predictable location. So finding their customers is the only hard part. Getting their logs is easy! Nice find!


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Sailnet Members from around the world check-in please.
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American living in Europe
I am an enthusiastic sailor who has been sailing for many years, but wish I had sailed more. I hold numerous licenses and certificates -- three from US Sailing, a Croatian Skipper license, an international skipper certificate, and a RYA Yachtmaster Theory Certificate. But, frankly, I would much rather be doing it than talking about it. My latest passion is cruising catamarans. Would love to buy a Lagoon 440.
I currently live in Hungary so I do most of my sailing in the Adriatic. Mostly charter. I love to teach and taught flying for over 1,200 hours. Looking for the opportunity to teach sailing, if only via online courses.
I have commanded US Special Operations units in combat several time, so I have an obsession for team work, decision making in stressful circumstances, and for selecting a top notch team to work with.
I was once a mathematician at one of the US's national laboratories where I worked in the area of fluid mechanics.
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Special Correspondent
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM: The primary health centres at Pallikkal, Kadambanad and Enadimangalam in Pathanamthitta district are being upgraded as community health centres.
Health Minister Thiruvanchoor Radhakrishnan said here on Wednesday that more posts had also been sanctioned to these centres.
Twelve posts including that of one civil surgeon, four assistant surgeons and three staff nurses had been sanctioned for the Pallikkal CHS, four posts including that of one civil surgeon and two assistant surgeons for the Kadambanad CHS and three posts including that of two assistant surgeons for the Enadimangalam CHS.


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This watch is in overall good condition. The band is scratched and worn. The bezel is scuffed as well.
| ||
Now rent or buy as many items as you wish - and only pay one flat fee to ship everything. There's no limit to the size of your order. And as always, free return shipping on all rentals is included. |


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Click the title of any of the items below to learn more.
Turn your desktop into a winter wonderland with this iOS 7-inspired seasonal wallpaper.
The fourth volume of Refresh from Dave Brasgalla brings a fresh new look to Snow Leopard.
Artist Kate England releases Volume 2 of her series of icons based on the upcoming GUI of Apple's new iPhone.
Yummie iconic holiday treats for your dinner table.
A great snowy desktop picture to decorate your primary monitor in winter time.
now covered mountains and rolling hills continue in this desktop picture for the left monitor.
World of Aqua goodies have arrived for the holidays!
Classic desktop icons that tell the true origin of Santa.
The Iconfactory search engine is a great tool to help you find whatever you are looking for. We have associated keywords with all of the content available on the site. These keywords span icon sets, desktop pictures, iPulse Jackets, software products, support items, design services projects and even news page postings.
In order to make it easy for you to find what you are looking for, we have built some features into our search engine that allow you to customize your search:


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Castlevania: Lords of Shadow Mirror of Fate – Review
Posted on March 6, 2013 AT 05:05pm
As a newcomer to the Castlevania series I've been well aware of the history of the franchise and the fans that love it. I know the fans expect a certain level of quality and depth in any style of Castlevania game, and after playing through the newest 3DS incarnation "Mirror of Fate" I can say that I think most fans will come away from this game with generally positive opinions, despite some overall flaws.
I've, of course, seen and heard much about the fabled Castlevania series over the years as a gamer and played a small bit of the latest Xbox 360/PlayStation 3 game Lords of Shadow (of which Mirror of Fate is a sequel to), but I never really got all that deep into one of the games until now. Throughout the campaign (which lasts about 8 hours, minus collectibles) you take the reigns of three different characters, the main being Trevor Belmont, the son of Gabriel Belmont who is now Dracula. Gabriel/Dracula had murdered his wife, Trevor's mother, and the game follows Trevor as he ventures to the castle for revenge. The twist of the narrative being that Gabriel had no idea he had a son, as the Brotherhood of Light took Trevor away after birth to protect him from the darkness that would befall Gabriel. Trevor is eventually told of his father and his actions, and wants to clear his family's name. You can stop here, because this is where the plot stops being interesting. I did enjoy playing as different characters, however. You eventually play as Trevor Belmont, his son Simon, and Alucard. They each have slightly different styles, and different "powers."
The most important part of this game is the gameplay. Following somewhat in the footsteps of the Xbox 360 and PS3 game "Lords of Shadow" this game features gameplay more in the style of what you'd see from a God of War. Heavy and light attacks (with your whip), throwing enemies into the air, and even thrown objects fill out your (somewhat extensive) move-set. The difference here is that Mirror of Fate is all side-scrolling. The gameplay felt great overall to me, although I found myself missing that 3D space on occasion, but side scrolling is what makes up the DNA of Castlevania so I can't give it too much grief. The enemies are decently fun to fight and the exploration is nice. There are quite a few collectibles to be had and nooks to find throughout the game. You'll find yourself going back to areas once you get new tools to get the hidden items as well (via a nice teleportation system). The checkpoint system is very forgiving as well, it even gives you boss battle checkpoints. I found this very nice for a newcomer. My only two qualms with the gameplay is the inclusion of quick time events and the throw-away XP system. They could have done quite a bit more with the XP system, so this is a bit disappointing.
Overall Mirror of Fate is a solid entry in the long line of Castlevania games. The new combat is a welcome addition and flows just as well as the previous console game. The graphics are fantastic on the 3DS and the 3D is well done and never gets in the way. The plot may drag overall and you'll have to endure quick time events and pointless XP, but these are not quite enough to keep me from liking the game. As someone new to the series it was a nice first entry for myself, and a great game to pick up and play for a few hours at a time. I would recommend Castlevania: Lords of Shadow – Mirror of Fate to anyone that loves the series, or likes action games overall and is looking for something to keep their 3DS going through the winter.
Castlevania Lords of Shadow Mirror of Fate Launch Trailer
YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/user/coinoptv
Website: http://www.coin-op.tv
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/coinoptv
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/coinoptv
- Castlevania: Lords of Shadow Mirror of Fate HD Listed for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360
- E3 2012: New Plot Details Arise On Castlevania: Lords of Shadow 2 Website
- Castlevania: Lords of Shadow Collection Gets an Official European Release Date
- Watch Simon Belmont Spew Words in New Mirror of Fate Trailer
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- Castlevania: Lords of Shadow 2 PSN pre-orders come with Mirror of Fate HD free
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