text:
Just in:
Employees at Farmers' Almanac headquarters in Lewiston, Maine, report on social media that official scientists from the US Government have demanding to see the Farmers' Almanacs offices.
"About five people have been seen pushing their way past reception and heading right into editor Pete Geiger's office," said an anonymous source in Lewiston, Maine, adding, "they looked very serious and determined."
Just a few weeks ago there was a lot of press stating that the Farmers' Almanac is more accurate than government climate scientists (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Climate Prediction Center predicted temperatures would be "above normal from November through January across much of the lower 48 states." Yet the Farmers' Almanac said quite the opposite). Since then, Almanac employees have been noticing some unusual phone calls and emails from the DC area.
According to staff in Geiger's office, the unknown but official government scientists are demanding that he turn over the Farmers' Almanac's official weather predicting formula!
Pages: 1 2


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Coral reefs in the Caribbeans are rapidly degrading because of pollution and overfishing, and not due to climate change.
A new comprehensive study released by the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN), the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the U.N. Environment Programme (UNEP) revealed coral cover in the Caribbean has dropped by over 50 per cent since the 1970s. And sadly, most of those coral reefs could vanish in the next two decades.
"With only about one-sixth of the original coral cover left, most Caribbean coral reefs may disappear in the next 20 years, primarily due to the loss of grazers in the region," the study undertaken by 90 coral experts said.
The culprit was the threats posed by fisheries, tourism and coastal development.
"Caribbean coral reefs and their associated resources will virtually disappear within just a few decades" unless immediate measures are done and implemented to curb the threat, the authors said.
"The rate at which the Caribbean corals have been declining is truly alarming," The Independent quoted Carl Lundin, director of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), one of the groups behind the new study. "But this study brings some very encouraging news: the fate of Caribbean corals is not yet beyond our control and there are some very concrete steps that we can take to make them recover."
The study likewise took pains to explain that climate change had been wrongfully accused as the sole reason for the degradation of the coral reefs in the Caribbean.
"Climate change has long been thought to be the main culprit in coral degradation. While it does pose a serious threat by making oceans more acidic and causing bleaching, the report shows that the loss of parrotfish and sea urchins - the area's two main grazers - has, in fact, been the key driver of coral decline in the region."
"We know that these things will be more and more critical as time goes on and humanity burns more coal and oil and puts more CO2 into the atmosphere," Jeremy Jackson, lead author of the report and scientific director of GCRMN, said. "But when you look at the entire region, it's something else other than extreme heating events that has been a much more important driver of the lost corals."

subset: commoncrawl


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Job Details
Position Information
Title | Teach/Tutor ACT/SAT for Kaplan |
Description | Kaplan Test Prep & Admissions, the world leader in test preparation, is currently seeking excellent SAT and ACT faculty members with a commitment to helping their students. By taking advantage of Kaplan's cutting edge of test prep techniques, innovative online options for students, and teacher-centric professional development, our SAT and ACT faculty members are influencing their students in dramatic ways and developing themselves as well. If you've ever thought about teaching but weren't sure how to get started, teaching the SAT and ACT for Kaplan is a great way to receive thorough training and gain experience. Our faculty members are college and graduate students, professionals, stay-at-home parents, and retirees who are committed to helping students from all backgrounds succeed! Kaplan SAT and ACT faculty members are enthusiastic and engaging, have access to reliable transportation and are willing to travel locally, want flexible part-time hours, and enjoy working with high school students. We offer both in-class teaching and in-home private tutoring positions. We know that our teachers are the face of Kaplan. We're committed to excellence, and we're willing to reward it. Teach like a superstar, and we'll treat you like one! • Kaplan teachers start at $15- $20 per hour. All teachers can earn up to $50 per hour through an industry-leading Teacher Elite program. • All Kaplan teachers receive paid training and paid prep time. • Enjoy the flexibility of choosing from different class schedules all over your local area and surrounding communities. Classes are conveniently held in the evenings and on weekends. • Kaplan teachers are eligible for part-time benefits including health care and preparation for the GRE, GMAT, LSAT, MCAT, and USMLE. Family members of our teachers receive significant discounts on preparation for these tests, as well! Position Requirements and/or Skills Required Include: • Committed to teaching in chosen location for a minimum of six months (ability to teach year round is highly desired) • Test / Retest scores in the 90th percentile (95th and above preferred) • Ability to create a dynamic and interactive classroom • Engaging presentation and coaching skills • Deductive reasoning, problem solving, and creativity • Ability to have fun (honestly, we mean it) Please follow the appropriate link below to apply in your area, and know that it's probably the most rewarding part-time job you'll ever have! |
Required Skills |
We are looking to fill multiple positions THIS WEEK. Click the following link to apply: https://sjobs.brassring.com/1033/ASP/TG/cim_jobdetail.asp?partnerid=375&siteid=138&areq=19277br&codes=CL |
Preferred Application Method |
Web site |
Hiring Organization
Name | Beth Bortnick |
Web site Address |
http://www.kaptest.com |
Hiring Contact Information
Name | Ms. Beth Bortnick |
Email Address |
email@example.com |
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395 Hudson Street New York NY 10014 |
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SPENCE, Elizabeth Isabella. Dame Rebecca Berry (1827)
Contemporary Libraries
Please click here for a list of abbreviations used for the Circulating Libraries pages.
Circulating Libraries:
Aberdeen Public Library, Broad Street, Aberdeen. Additions 1. (Catalogue: 1838) Barry and Son's Circulating Library, 21 High Street, Bristol. Additions 2. (Catalogue: 1829) Bettison's Library, High Street, Cheltenham. Additions 1. (Catalogue: 1829) John Hodgson's Circulating Library, Belfast. (Catalogue: 1838) Horne's Public Library, Queen Street, Cheapside, London. Additions 1. (Catalogue: 1827) Mackenzie's Circulating Library, 129 Pilgrim Street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. (Catalogue: 1832) Gerrard Tyrrell Circulating Library, Lower Sackville Street, Dublin. (Catalogue: 1834)
Subscription Libraries:
Manchester Subscription Library, Manchester. Additions 1. (Catalogue: 1831)
Summary: 7 out of 9 possible Circulating Libraries; 1 out of 3 possible Subscription Libraries. Overall: 8 out of 12 possible Libraries.
Print | Close
© 2004 Project Director: Professor Peter Garside; Research Associates: Dr Jacqueline Belanger, Dr Sharon Ragaz; Database/Website Developer: Dr Anthony Mandal


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Stainless Works#842-TM4C25C25CTurbo Chambered Muffler |
Our Chambered Turbo Mufflers are constructed entirely of high quality, tig welded 304 stainless steel with stainless steel wool packing and come with a limited lifetime warranty. These mufflers will never "BURN IN", "BLOW OUT", or change their tone ever. The chambered turbo design of this muffler offers a deep civilized muscle car rumble at idle and cruising speeds with no drone, but they realy come to life when you jump on the throttle. These mufflers are great for a daily driver but are aggressive enough for your weekend racer. For maximum flow and a very aggressive sound we also offer a straight through turbo muffler.


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This database holds information on metadata relating to biodiversity research in Ireland. The database is currently non-exhaustive and will be further populated as relevant information is received by the secretariat. The most recent update was November 2014
Many biodiversity research projects cover a range of species and habitats and in some cases may not be habitat or species specific. For this reason the search criteria associated with this database are broad-based and may not capture all relevant research using keywords. We hope to further develop the search criteria in the future to enhance the utility of the database.
The database may currently be searched using the following criteria: Search by habitat: Enter the Fossit level 1 habitat code e.g. P Peatlands in the search text box. Search by broad species or subject area group: Select the broad species or subject area group from the drop down menu. If you wish to view the full database click on "show all"
Enter Search Criteria:
Search Text:
Species Classification:
All Species Amphibians Birds Fish (Freshwater) Fish (Marine) Fungi Invasive Alien Species Habitat (Terrestrial) Habitat (Freshwater) Habitat (Marine) Invertebrates (Terrestrial) Invertebrates (Freshwater) Invertebrates (Marine) Lichens Micro-organisms Mammals (Marine) Mammals (Terrestrial) Plants (Higher plants) Plants (Lower plants) Inventory/monitoring Policy development/assessment Socio-economic Environmental Impact Assessment Other
All Counties Offshore Marine Site Antrim Armagh Carlow Cavan Clare Cork Derry Donegal Down Dublin Fermanagh Galway Kerry Kildare Kilkenny Laois Leitrim Limerick Longford Louth Mayo Meath Monaghan Offaly Roscommon Sligo Tipperary Tyrone Waterford Westmeath Wexford Wicklow


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Activity Feed
g Register or sign in to start receiving activity updates from around Kongregate!
X Complete Initialization for 10 kreds 15%
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Keep exploring Kongregate with more badges and games!
Hide the progress bar forever? Yes No
Topic: CS Portable / lagging badly
how can we fix it
for me i can only play for a limited time before it starts to lag so bad that i can't play
Topic: TDP4 Team Battle / Got an idea for a new gun? Share it here!
i would like to see a mac 10 uzi
Topic: CS Portable / Some Ideas for CS Portable!
weopons ideas is mini gun and a sidearm weopon is a mac 10 uzi
Topic: Red Crucible / Add new veicles
transport helis to carry players to posions on the map
Topic: CS Portable / What's your rank?
rank 22
Topic: Red Crucible / Red crucible Map IDEA'S
it can support jets to and everything else
i would suggest fort lawton for a map it can support 2 helicarriers
Topic: CS Portable / Mods
i have weopon suggestons mac 10 side arm p90 machine gun and some big maps but not to big fort lawton and transportaion just a half truck to carry a larg amount of players but does no damage but can be destroyed but respawn thats it hope you put them in the game
Topic: General Gaming / Last Stand 3 Union City Guide/Walkthrough + Cheat
one time i found a battle axe killed everything in my path


text:
The disaster movie Into the Storm opens in theaters nationwide on Friday, August 8. Storm chasers race after multiple tornadoes spawned by "the biggest storm ever," which barrels into the town of Silverton and unleashes incredible destruction.
Early reviews and the film's trailer suggest the movie contains a lot of science—some of which appears good, some which seems bad. If you see the movie this weekend, send us your comments about how the science and technology are portrayed. Tell us what you thought was right on or way off—anything from the physics of the twisters to the degree of damage to the gear used by the storm chasers.
We will post some of the most interesting commentaries, pro and con, next Tuesday. Please submit your text by Monday, August 11. Thanks in advance for contributing.
Are the Into the Storm Tornadoes Realistic? Send Us Your Review
Four simultaneous twisters rip apart a small town in a new apocalyptic movie. Plausible or preposterous?


text:
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Equity Versus Non-Equity International Strategic Alliances
Title: | Equity Versus Non-Equity International Strategic Alliances |
The Role of Host Country Governance Management | |
Author: | Globerman, Steven; Nielsen, Bo B. |
Abstract: | A substantial literature has evolved focusing on the ownership structure of international strategic alliances (ISAs). Most of the relevant studies are theoretical in nature and concentrate on the conceptual factors that influence the choice between equity and non-equity structures. A smaller number of studies provide some empirical evidence on the importance of some of the conceptual factors. The theoretical literature highlights the potential influence of relational capital and transaction costs as determinants of ISA structure; however, there is little empirical evidence on the relative importance of these potential determinants. Moreover, there is only limited and indirect evidence bearing upon the impact of host country governance attributes on ISA ownership structure. In this study, we provide statistical evidence on the importance of potential determinants of governance mode choice for a sample of ISAs involving Danish firms. Our study documents how the determinants of governance mode choice vary in importance depending upon the "quality" of the governance infrastructure of the host country. Key words: Relational Capital, Governance, International Strategic Alliance |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7422 |
Date: | 2007-05-11 |
Notes: | Dec 2006 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
Files | Size | Format | View |
smg wp 2006-019.pdf | 372.8Kb |
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text:
Social Question
Do you have a new favorite quote?
Asked by Mama_Cakes (9320
August 21st, 2012
Here is mine. Story of my life.
"I always wonder why birds choose to stay in the same place when they can fly anywhere on the earth, then I ask myself the same question." – Harun Yahya
Observing members:
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10 Answers
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text:
Fisk Claim: Doe slid her body toward the defendants, implying she wanted further sex.
Context: While he's pinching her nipples and moving happily to the rap music, Nachreiner repeatedly pokes Doe's vagina with the fat end of a pool cue. Her right leg moves slightly, but it's impossible to tell if the movement is voluntary because Haidl is simultaneously moving the camera. Spann dances to the music. Haidl films Doe's vagina, comes from behind the camera, dances, and slaps her vagina three times as the pool cue goes in and out. One of the defendants asks, "How deep does it get?" Spann and Haidl place their hands on Doe's lower abdomen to feel the depth of the pool cue.
Fisk Claim: Doe rolled over and therefore must have had "sufficient control of her body."
Context: Doe's legs have been spread wide open. Haidl shows another close-up face shot of Doe. She looks knocked-out. Nachreiner is still penetrating Doe with the pool cue. Her left arm lifts weakly and immediately falls off the pool table. Haidl turns her over. Doe is facedown on the pool table. Haidl uses both hands to hold open Doe's buttocks and then shoots a close-up of the penetration as he slaps her buttocks hard. Nachreiner continues to plunge the pool cue into Doe's anus. Her left leg is hanging half off the table. Nachreiner takes the pool cue out of Doe's anus and begins shoving it in and out of Doe's vagina. Doe doesn't move but begins to urinate on herself and the pool table. The defendants start laughing and one yells, "Fuck that!" Doe's body has been shoved so much that she's hanging partly off the pool table. It looks as if Doe might fall to the floor. Filming stops.


text:
Journal of Politics and Law, Vol. 8, No. 1, March 2015
Table of Contents
Reforming Ghana's Electoral Process: Lessons and the Way Forward | |
Emmanuel Debrah | p1 |
An Exploratory Analysis of Judicial Elections in Texas: Does Subject Matter Jurisdiction Matter? | |
Billy Monroe, Nathan K. Mitchell, Lee Payne | p14 |
Victim Rhetoric among Sex Offenders: A Case Study of the Former Israeli President | |
Efrat Shoham | p26 |
Legal Constraints and Analysis of College and University Students' Behavior in the Network Environment | |
Dongyu Zhao, Hui Li | p35 |
Modernising the Common Law Offence of Cheating the Public Revenue | |
Graham McBain | p40 |
Conflicts in the Caucasus Region and Its Effects on Regional Security Approach | |
Ahmad Jansiz, Mohammad Reza Khojaste | p83 |
A Review of Projects and Construction Law Practice in Saudi Arabia | |
Abdullah Khalid Medallah | p94 |
The Politics of State Creation and National Integration in Nigeria | |
Okonkwo C. Eze, Alexander Elimian, Uchenna G. Chinwuba | p113 |
Turkish Foreign Policy in South Caucasus and Its Impact in Iran-Azerbaijan Relationship | |
Masoumeh Rad Goudarzi, Abdollah Baei Lashaki, Samereh Fasihi Moghaddam Lakani | p122 |
The Israel-Lebanon War of 2006 and the Failure of US Foreign Policy | |
Hamed Mousavi | p130 |
The Importance and Trickiness of Definition Strategies in Legal and Political Argumentation | |
Douglas Walton, Fabrizio Macagno | p137 |
Organized Labour, Democracy and Good Governance in Nigeria, 1999-2007 | |
Okonkwo C. Eze, Uchenna G. Chinwuba | p149 |
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Politics and Law, Vol. 8, No. 1 | |
Vivian Sheng | p157 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Journal of Politics and Law ISSN 1913-9047 (Print) ISSN 1913-9055 (Online)
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text:
We've known for some time that the Wii U version of Super Smash Bros. would be different from the 3DS version, but Nintendo's been pretty quiet about what changes we'll see. Thankfully, Amazon's spilled at least some of the beans. Looks like we're getting a stage creator utilizing the GamePad, Master and Crazy Hand challenges, and a board game mode.
Beginning in June, fanfiction authors will be able to self-publish their works from selected partner franchises via Kindle Worlds. Gossip Girl, The Vampire Diaries and Pretty Little Liars are already on board with the project and more are expected to be announced the official launch. However, authors aren't exactly jumping at the chance to turn their works into cash: by using the platform, authors give all rights to the work to Amazon, who can then license your elements to other authors with no compensation to the original poster. The platform also will not publish stories containing pornography, excessive use of brand names or crossovers, so your "Superwholock" mpreg (male pregnancy) stories will just have to stay on Tumblr.


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Funny Ice Age: Continental Drift Trailer Honors The Artist
I have no real interest in the next Ice Age movie, set to come out this summer. None of the series' films have been particularly good and each one feels more stale than the last. The best part of this franchise has consistently been the Looney Tunesesque trailers for the movies; featuring Scrat the squirrel and his eternal quest for an elusive acorn. Well, true to form we have another must see trailer starring Scrat. Even if you have no interest in ever seeing Ice Age: Continetal Drift you owe to yourself to check out this vdeo for a smile. Perhaps taking a cue from last fall's parody trailers for The Muppets, the new clip re-imagines Scrat as a silent movie star in honor of The Artist. It premiered over at TotalFilm and does a great job of both honoring The Artist and retaining it's own identity as an Ice Age trailer.So check it out and let me know what you think. Is this a fun homage or just cashing in? Does this trailer motivate to check out the 4th Ice Age movie in any way? Don't you think an 80 minute Scrat and acorn chase would be epically better than any of these Ice Age movies so far? Leave a comment below!


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Internship Opportunities
Are you interested in working for indigenous rights and rainforest protection? Amazon Watch is a nonprofit advocacy organization with offices in Los Angeles, San Francisco and Washington DC, supporting communities threatened by shortsighted natural resources exploitation projects in the Amazon Basin. Amazon Watch works with indigenous and environmental movements to defend the forest and advance indigenous peoples' rights in the face of large-scale industrial development-oil & gas pipelines, power lines, roads, and other mega-projects. As an Amazon Watch intern, you can earn credits while gaining real-life experience and working to protect the Earth's largest tropical rainforest.
Interns work directly with an Amazon Watch staff person but are expected to be self-motivated, creative, and willing to make a set time commitment based on project needs. Internships require a 3-month minimum commitment at a minimum of 12 hours per week. If you are unable to commit to three months, we recommend you explore volunteer opportunities at Amazon Watch.
If you need more information about Amazon Watch internship program, please feel free to contact firstname.lastname@example.com.
Amazon Watch is an equal opportunity employer and does not discriminate based on race, nationality, ethnicity, religion, political belief, age, gender, sexual orientation or class. People of color and indigenous people strongly encouraged to apply. All applicants must be legally authorized to work in the United States.
Current Available Internships
PR & Communications Assistant
Location: Oakland, CA
Contact: Jessica Yurasek, Communications and Media Manager
- Assist with creating and managing a PR strategy
- Assist with strategic analysis and organization of social media contacts (specifically Twitter)
- Research, identify and manage a list of key social media accounts (i.e. journalists, government officials, etc.) to follow and connect via Twitter
- Research, curate, and draft a press list of key contacts and news media sources
- Research, familiarize and thoroughly understand Amazon Watch's main campaigns and relevant issues by reading previously created content and searching online content
- Critically analyze findings, use this understanding to update and fact check existing Wikipedia pages
- Fact check and cross verify information from sources online and identify content that is misrepresentative of the truth
- Communicate these findings, both in written and verbal form
- Write and edit factually correct content
- Organize photo and media archive
- Edit b-roll film footage
Preferred Qualifications:
- Active social media accounts including Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, Pinterest (required)
- Extensive experience and understanding of Twitter
- Ability to think strategically about messaging and image management
- Keen analytical and critical thinking skills
- Excellent communication skills, both written and verbal
- Strong organizational, and independent time management skills
- Self-motivated
- Strong interest in the environment and human rights issues
- College graduate with focus and experience in PR and strategic communications preferred
- Experience editing film is preferred, but not required
- Spanish proficiency is preferred, but not required
As an intern, you will:
- Work with dedicated and connected environmental activists
- Gain familiarity with and experience building a PR and communications strategy for an international NGO
- Experience organizing social media contacts and communications (particularly related to Twitter)
- Experience organizing information, researching, and corresponding with key contacts or journalists
- Learn about the history and issues relating to environmental and human rights threats currently affecting communities in the Amazon basin
- Strengthen critical thinking and analysis skills
- Gain experience organizing information and fact checking
Time Commitment:
15 to 40 hours per week for at least 6 months. We can be flexible for the right candidate.
Start Date:
As soon as possible.
Oakland, CA (this is not a remote position)
Start Date:
As soon as possible.
To Apply:
Please send your resume, links to your social media accounts (required: an active Twitter account), and a writing sample to Jessica Yurasek, Communications and Media Manager.


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Tuesday, August 28, 2012
Suzaan Heyns has crossed over to the mall. This new Melrose Arch store will be the second store for the designer with one store in Melville. There are a number of us looking forward to seeing it.
0 comments:
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Koch Industries, Inc. is a company bounded only by its capabilities, not by specific industries or product lines. Koch employees strive for long-term success by creating real, sustainable value in society – providing products and services that customers value while using resources more efficiently. The best way to understand Koch Industries is to view it as a collection of capabilities continually searching for new ways to create value. Click here for a quick overview of Koch. In 2013, Koch companies in the United States directly employed about 60,000 people in 49 states and the District of Columbia, paying compensation and benefits totaling nearly $4.8 billion according to a recent study by Harrah Analytics, an independent economic research firm. Click here to learn more. Learn more about Koch companies.
Discovery newsletter
The February 2015 issue of Discovery
For previous issues of Discovery, click here.
Overview Brochure
Koch At A Glance
2013 Jobs Study


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Shop like a lady boss!
Exclusive finds with a new theme each month.
Shop: Pop-In
Our director of creative projects shares what she's into.
Read More
Stay updated with a steady stream of new info.
A lightweight shoe designed for active kids offers the technical features of an adult running shoe, including a breathable mesh-and-leather upper and a nonmarking outsole. Stretch lacing and a hook-and-loop strap provide slip-on ease with exceptional fit.
Watch the video: Kids' Shoes Fit Fundamentals


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Ashik Zinnat Khan Agency Contractor
XBMC / Kodi / Python / Video Streaming Expert
I am an experienced XBMC/Kodi developer with 2 years of experience in addon/skin development and customization. I have worked on many aspects of video streaming using XBMC addon as well as created a number of custom builds of XBMC according to clients need. I am also a web application developer specializing in Django/Python/PHP and with 7 years of commercial experience. I want to apply my technical skills in achieving client's objectives. I am dedicated and highly motivated to accept challenges pursue perfection in my work.


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Major Airports near Eatonville
Distance (mi.) | |
Orlando International Airport | 11.5map |
Tampa International Airport | 83.2map |
Jacksonville International Airport | 125.6map |
Other Smaller Airports near Eatonville
Distance (mi.) | |
Orlando/Sanford Central Florida Regional Airport | 14.1map |
Daytona Beach Regional Airport | 44.1map |
Melbourne International Airport | 57.8map |
Map of Airports in Eatonville
- Eatonville, FL Hotel Prices Made Easy
Orbitz.com - Just Orbitz and go! - Hotel Deals in Eatonville, FL
Expedia.com - Don't just travel. Travel right! - Book Now with Cheap Tickets and Save on Eatonville, FL Hotels!
CheapTickets.com - Just click. You're there. - Find the best rates for hotels in Eatonville, FL
Kayak.com - Life's a trip.
Hotels Near Eatonville
Quality Inn & Suites Winter Park Village Area - Hotel
Motel 6 Orlando Winter Park - Hotel
Sheraton Orlando North Hotel - Hotel
600 North Lake Destiny Road
Maitland, FL32751
Distance: 1.4 mi.
(from destination center)
Hotel Class:
Maitland, FL32751
Distance: 1.4 mi.
(from destination center)
Hotel Class:


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Stock Report: () Report Updated: Apr 20, 2015 | Print This Page
Report Features:
Stock Analysis
Rating: Monthly View
Rating: Weekly View
This Week: | no change |
Last Week: | no change |
Two Weeks Ago: | no change |
Company Profile
Met-Pro Corporation manufactures and sells product recovery and pollution control equipment for the purification of air and liquids, fluid handling equipment, and filtration and purification products. The companys Product Recovery/Pollution Control Technologies segment provides solutions and products for product recovery and pollution control applications in metal finishing and plating, wastewater treatment, composting, food processing, ethanol production, chemical, petrochemical, printed circuit, semiconductor, steel pickling, battery manufacturing, groundwater remediation, automotive, aerospace, furniture, painting, electronics, printing, and pharmaceutical industries. Its Fluid Handling Technologies segment manufactures horizontal, vertical, and in-tank centrifugal pumps used for the pumping of acids, brines, caustics, bleaches, seawater, waste liquids, and high temperature liquids for industrial and commercial applications. This segment serves various industrial markets, including the chemical, petrochemical, refinery, pharmaceutical, plastics, pulp and paper, and food processing industries, as well as commercial users, such as hospitals, universities, and laboratories. The companys Mefiag Filtration Technologies segment designs, manufactures, and sells filtration systems. Its Filtration/Purification Technologies segment offers chemicals for the treatment of municipal drinking water systems, and boiler and cooling tower systems; cartridges and filter housings; filtration products for industrial air and liquid applications; custom pleaters, filter cartridges, and standard filters; and water treatment compounds. The company markets and sells its products through its personnel, distributors, representatives, agents, regional sales managers, market-based distributors, and original equipment manufacturers in the United States and internationally. Met-Pro Corporation was founded in 1966 and is headquartered in Harleysville, Pennsylvania.
Recent News:
2013-09-06 00:00:00 | Termination of registration under Section 12(b) or suspension of duty to file reports - Form 15-12B |
2013-08-30 00:00:00 | Report of unscheduled material events or corporate changes - Form 8-K |
2013-08-27 00:00:00 | Post-effective amendment to an S-8 filing - Form S-8 POS |
2013-08-27 00:00:00 | Post-effective amendment to an S-8 filing - Form S-8 POS |
2013-08-27 00:00:00 | Post-effective amendment to an S-8 filing - Form S-8 POS |
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text:
US 3694053 A Abstract A device characterized by an electronically-tunable optical birefringence over the range of 0.0 to 0.2 for applied voltages below 25 volts rms includes a thin film of a nematic liquid crystal. The tunable birefringence occurs below the threshold for dynamic scattering and is the result of electric-field-induced spatially-uniform molecular reorientation in a well-aligned nematic liquid crystal. Applications for such a cell include display elements, tunable retarders, color modulators and variable density filters.
Claims available in Description (OCR text may contain errors) United States Patent Kahn [54] NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTAL DEVICE 72] Inventor: Frederic Jay Kahn, Madison, NJ. [73] Assignee: Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, Murray Hill, NJ. [22] Filed: June 22, 1971 [21] Appl. No.: 155,435 [52] US. Cl ..350/l50, 350/160 [51] Int. Cl. ..G02f 1/16 [58] Field of Search ..35/l50, 160 [ 56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,544,659 3/1951 Dreyer ..350/l55 3,364,433 1/1968 Freand et al ..330/4.6 3,551,026 12/1970 l-leilmeier ..350/l50 3,597,043 3/1971 Dreyer ..350/l49 3,625,591 12/1971 Freiser et al ..350/150 OTHER PUBLICATIONS Haller et a1.: Aligning Nematic Liquid Crystals, [BM Tech. Disc. Bull., Vol. 13, pg. 3237, April, 1971. Holzman: Liquid Crystal Light Modulator and [151 3,694,053 1 Sept. 26, 1972 Scanner, IBM Tech. Disc. Bull., 152, June, 1965. Haas et a1.: New Electro. Optic Effect in a Room Temperature Nematic Liquid Crystal," Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 25, pp. 1326- 1327, Nov. 9, 1970. Heilmeier et a1.: Dynamic Scattering: A New Electrooptic Effect in Certain Classes of Nematic Liquid Crystal, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 56, pp. 1162- 1171, July, 1968. Vol. 8, pp. 151- Primary Examiner-Ronald L. Wibert Assistant Examiner-Edward S. Bauer Attorney-R. J. Guenther et al. [5 7] ABSTRACT 9 Claims, 4 Drawing Figures OPTICAL SIGNAL 30 SOURCE In! m llllll'l'l 3 25 In 1' I'm ll'l l' 5 s iJ iiE o F :':il :--m' i h' I; .I l l l iiwl l l l l l' i 7 PATENTED SEP 26 I972 OPTICAL SIGNAL SOURCE FIG. Hm 1! mm. li l l l ll .III I' 'I 'H II'I II I I l l u'l l l lll I I I l l lll l I Ill VARIABLE SOURCE OF VOLTAGE FIG. 3 FIG. 2 FREQUENCY VOLTAGE FIG. 4 ELECTRIC FIIiLD A TTORNEI BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to nematic liquid crystals and more particularly to a nematic liquid crystal device that exhibits an electronically-tunable birefringence characterrsttc. Nematic liquid crystals consist of rodlike organic molecules. On the average the long axes of these molecules are aligned parallel to each other. In a sandwich structure in which a thin film of nematic liquid crystal is confined between parallel-disposed planar members, the molecules of the film can be made to align homeotropically, that is normal to the members. In this configuration the liquid crystal is a thin film in the xy plane, the film being typically between 1 and 200 microns thick in the z direction. Reorientation of the molecules of a nematic liquid crystal can be achieved in various ways. If a magnetic field H is applied in the y direction of the structure assumed above and if the liquid crystal molecules have positive magnetic anisotropies, a reorientation of the molecules will occur above a critical field H,.. As the field is increased above H the birefringence of the liquid crystal will vary in a continuous fashion. This known phenomenon is referred to as the Freedericksz effect. (See in this connection Forces Causing the Orientation of an Anisotropic Liquid by V. Freedericksz et al, Transacactions of The Faraday Society, pp. 919-930, 1933.) Similar reorientations are expected for applied electric fields. (For a theoretical discussion of this effect, see The Effect of a Magnetic Field on the Nematic State by H. Zocher, Transactions of The Faraday Society, pp. 945-957, 1933.) However, experimental realization of spatially-uniform electric-field-induced reorientations is hampered by the effects of space charge and the flow of conduction currents. In general, when a dc electric field is applied to a thin layer of nematic liquid crystal, a conduction current flows. As the field is increased, the current increases and so do the fluid velocities associated with the current. Above a certain critical voltage V typically of the order of 7 volts for the dc case, a hydrodynamic instability occurs. This results in a domain-like pattern of flow vortices which spatially modulate the refractive index of the liquid crystal and therefore scatter light. As the voltage is increased further, the vortex pattern becomes unstable, the liquid crystal material becomes turbulent and light is scattered efficiently. The material then has the cloudy appearance of ground glass. This is the wellknown dynamic scattering phenomenon. (See Liquid- Crystal Display Devices by George H. Heilmeier, Scientific American pp. 100-106, April 1970.) Hydrodynamic instabilities producing light scattering also occur when ac electric fields are applied. (See Hydrodynamic Instabilities in Nematic Liquid Crystals Under ac Electric Fields by Orsay Liquid Crystal Group, Physical Review Letters, pp. 1642-1643, Dec. In order to observe electric-field-induced spatiallyuniform tunable birefringence effects analogous to those observed in response to magnetic fields, it is necessary to eliminate the aforedescribed scattering which results from hydrodynamic instabilities. Moreover, it is necessary to provide a way to order the nematic liquid crystal at zero field and also to establish a preferred direction for molecular reorientation when the field is applied. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is an improved nematic liquid crystal device. More specifically, an object of this invention is a lowcost, low-power, birefringence-tunable nematic liquid crystal device that is characterized by a long-lifetime, zero retardation at zero voltage, a well-defined threshold and relatively short relaxation times. Briefly, these and other objects of the present invention are realized in a specific illustrative embodiment thereof that comprises a nematic liquid crystal device exhibiting a birefringence that is electronically tunable over a range of applied voltages that lie below the threshold for light scattering due to hydrodynamic instabilities. In constructing the device, the molecules of a thin film of a member of a specified class of nematic liquid crystals are initially ordered in a homeotropic way. Moreover, the device is constructed to create a preferred anisotropy direction in the thin film. This in turn imposes a predetermined molecular orientation in the film in the presence of an applied electric field. Hence when an electric field is applied to the device, the homeotropically-ordered molecules are reoriented in the preferred direction. In this way a spatiallyuniform reorientation of a portion of the molecules in the thin film is achieved under the influence of an applied electric field. As a result, the birefringence of the device is thereby selectively altered in a controlled manner. A feature of the present invention is that the molecules of a thin film of a nematic liquid crystal are, in the absence of an electric field, homeotropically ordered. Moreover, it is a feature of this invention that a preferred anisotropy direction is initially imposed on the molecules so that in the presence of an electric field any reoriented molecules are constrained to align themselves in the preferred direction. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a specific illustrative nematic liquid crystal device made in accordance with the principles of the present invention; FIGS. 2 and 3 are graphs that are helpful in describing the nature of the device shown in FIG. 1; and FIG. 4 depicts the manner in which the nematic liquid crystal molecules in the FIG. 1 device are reoriented l in response to an applied electric field. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The specific illustrative liquid crystal device shown in FIG. 1 includes two parallel glass plates 12 and 14 having a thin film 16 of nematic liquid crystal sandwiched between them. Thin conductive coatings of, for example, ln O SnO on the facing surfaces of the plates 12 and 14 provide electrodes by means of which a uniform electric field can be established across the depicted film. Polymeric spacers l8 and 20 made, for example, of Mylar maintain the thickness of the liquid crystal material at any desired value in a range of approximately 1 to 200 microns measured in the z direction. Thus, the liquid crystal is in effect a thin film lying in the xy plane. In accordance with the principles of the present invention, the active material 16 included in the device 10 of FIG. 1 comprises a nematic liquid crystal of a specified type. In particular the material is a nematic liquid crystal of the type in which the electric susceptibility x perpendicular to the long axis of a molecule thereof is greater than the electric susceptibility parallel to the long molecular axis (x N (p methoxybenzylidene) p butylaniline (hereinafter identified as MBBA) is an example of one such nematic liquid crystal material suitable for inclusion in the device 10. The rodlike molecules of the nematic liquid crystal 16 shown in FIG. 1 are designated by short lines. These lines represent the long axes of the molecules. In accordance with this invention, the long axes of the molecules of the thin film are initially oriented parallel to the z axis. Such an orientation or homeotropic ordering is achieved either by mixing a surfactant additive with the nematic liquid crystal material or by directly coating the facing electrode surfaces of the planar members 12 and 14 with an appropriate surfactant. Surfactants which have been found to induce good hometropic order in nematic liquid crystals include hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (hereinafter identified as HMAB), stearic acid, lecithin and polyamide resins such as, for example, Versamide I00. (Versamid I is sold by General Mills, Kankakee, Illinois.) A tentative explanation of why such surfactants impose homeotropic order on nematic liquid crystals follows. The surfactant molecules generally each have one end which is polar in character and one end which is nonpolar, for example a hydrocarbon chain. The polar end tends to adhere to the electrode surface while the nonpolar end interacts with the liquid crystal molecules in such a way as to orient them homeotropically. Thus, for example, homeotropic ordering of MBBA may be achieved by adding thereto a small amount of l-IMAB. The resulting mixture is flowed between the planar members (by capillary action, for example). It is believed that the l-IMAB molecules then plate out on the planar members. This plating action can be accelerated by momentarily heating the liquid crystal material (to about 50 C., for example) and then allowing it to cool to room temperature. For l2-micronthick samples the optimal concentration of I-IMAB in MBBA is about 0.005 percent by weight. If all the l-IMAB is assumed to plate out, this would correspond to a uniform coating on the order of a monolayer on each electrode surface. The effect of an additive to cause homeotropic ordering in the resulting nematic liquid crystal mixture is known in the art. In this connection, see, for example, New Electro-Optic Effect in a Room Temperature Nematic Liquid Crystal by W. Haas et a], Physical Review Letters, Nov. 9, 1970. pp. l326-l 327. Alternatively, homeotropic ordering of a material such as MBBA may be achieved by directly depositing a thin layer of, for example, l-IMAB on the aforementioned electrode surfaces. This direct deposition method has been found to provide more uniform homeotropic ordering than the aforementioned additive method. A uniform surfactant layer may be obtained by dissolving the surfactant in an appropriate organic solvent, spraying the solution on the electrode surfaces and allowing the solvent to evaporate. Thus, for example, a solution of approximately 0.006 percent by weight of I-IMAB in a volatile solvent comprising one part chloroform and one part petroleum ether by volume was sprayed with a Crown Spra-tool Power Pak (Crown Industrial Products, l-lebron, Illinois) onto the electrodes from a distance of about 7 to 10 inches. The resulting uniform coating had a estimated density of 4 micrograms of HMAB per square centimeter of surface area. Electrodes thus coated produced highly uniform homeotropic ordering. That the above-described procedures are indeed effective to establish homeotropic ordering of the molecules of the thin film 16 can be experimentally verified. By viewing the film 16 between crossed polarizers in convergent light directed along the z axis, one sees the characteristic conoscopic figure corresponding to that of an optically uniaxial crystal which has its optic axis perpendicular to the electrode surfaces coated on the members 12 and 14. To create a preferred anisotropic direction in the nematic liquid crystal thin film, which in turn will give rise to a predetermined molecular orientation in the presence of an electric field applied thereto, a further preparation step is required in the course of fabricating the device represented in FIG. 1. This step involves selectively treating the electrode layers that are respectively deposited on the planar members 12 and 14. Illustratively, the treatment comprises rubbing the electrodes, for example with lens paper, in a direction parallel to the direction in which the molecular axes of the thin film are to lie in the presence of an applied electric field. Rubbing each of the electrode surfaces in the y direction about six times with moderate pressure has resulted in imposing the desired anisotropic direction in the thin film 16. In carrying out this step neither the rubbing material, the number of strokes, nor the amount of pressure appears to be critical. The rubbing as described above is carried out prior to deposition of the surfactant. An entirely satisfactory model representative of the mechanism involved in the aforedescribed rubbing step has not yet been developed. It appears that the initial rubbing treatment causes a small fraction of the molecules (a fraction of those closest to the electrode surfaces) to be oriented in an ordered fashion with their long axes parallel to each other, parallel to the planar members and parallel to the y axis. Significantly, the rubbing has but a minimal effect on the initiallyestablished homeotropic ordering. Subsequently, when an electric field perpendicular to the planar members is applied to the cell (in the z direction) the homeotropically-ordered molecules are reoriented. The direction of the reorientation is determined by the initially-ordered molecules closest to the electrodes. In this way a spatially-uniform reorientation of a portion of the molecules is achieved in the thin film under the influence of an applied electric field. Spatial uniformity is in the xy plane for fields applied normal to the plane of the film, that is applied such that the field has a component parallel to the z axis. The term spatially-uniform is to be construed herein as being applicable to and descriptive of a scale of distances in the xy plane that is large (for example times greater) compared to the thickness of the thin film l6. Processes other than the above-described rubbing can impose on the nematic liquid crystal thin film a preferred direction for molecular reorientation. For example, depositing a suitable surfactant on the electrode surfaces in an ordered manner can serve both to establish a homeotropic arrangement of the molecules of the film and at the same time to define a preferred direction for molecular reorientation in the presence of an electric field. One other illustrative way in which to establish the preferred direction for molecular reorientation is to utilize a permanent magnetic film for one of the electrodes of the depicted device. In that case the magnetic field established thereby, directed for example along the y axis, will determine the preferred reorientation direction. The birefringence characteristic of the device 10 shown in FIG. 1 can be controllably altered by establishing an electric field in the thin film 16. A variable dc field whose value is below the threshold for dynamic scattering can be employed for this purpose. However, the range of tunable birefringence that is thereby obtained is relatively limited. In accordance with this invention, the range of tunable birefringence is significantly expanded by using ac electric fields. FIG. 3 illustrates for a particular sample the manner in which V,, the voltage threshold for hydrodynamic instability, increases as the frequency of the voltage applied to a nematic liquid crystal is increased. Thus, by applying ac electric fields to the thin film 16 shown in FIG. I, it is possible to make devices which are tunable over virtually the full available birefringence characteristic of the nematic liquid crystal material, but which operate at all times below the threshold for hydrodynamic instability. Another advantage of ac operation of the device shown in FIG. 1 is that the larger fields thereby made possible lead to relatively short turn-on times in the nematic liquid crystal film device 10. The preceding description applies to nematic liquid crystal materials in which e e 0, where e the dielectric anisotropy, is defined by the expression 6,, 41r(x x and e is a material parameter defined in the Orsay reference cited below. However, for materials in which 6,, e 0 there will be no hydrodynamic instabilities of the Carr-Helfrich or dielectric type. (See Hydrodynamic Instabilities of Nematic Liquid Crystals Under A.C. Electric Fields, by E. Dubois- Violette, P. G. de Gennes and O. Parodi, Orsay Liquid Crystal Group, Orsay, France. This is reference No. 10 in the previously-cited Orsay paper and is available on request from the Orsay Group.) Thus, the birefringence of devices incorporating such latter materials can be controllably altered with electric fields of arbitrary strength and frequency provided care is taken to eliminate Felici instabilities (for example by using high-resistivity samples). A source 25 is shown in FIG. 1 for applying variable voltages between the electrode surfaces respectively disposed on the members 12 and 14. By that means, variable electric fields can be established in the nematic liquid crystal material 16. In the presence of an applied field in the z direction, some of the homeotropically-oriented molecules of the material are rotated in a spatially-uniform manner (spatially uniform in the xy plane) toward the y axis. This reorientation, which is represented schematically in FIG. 4, gives rise in turn to a change in the birefringence characteristic of the device 10. Thus, optical signals directed at the device 10 by a source 30 (FIG. 1) see a birefringence characteristic whose value is a function of the voltage applied across the thin film 16. A typical curve of An (birefringence) versus applied voltage for a specific 16-micron thick film of nematic liquid crystal excited at l KHZ with an electric field in the z direction is shown in FIG. 2. In such a specific device (of the type shown in FIG. 1) the voltage threshold V at which a change in birefringence is first observed approximates 3.85 volts rms and is well defined. This threshold corresponds to an electric Freedericksz transition. Theoretical analysis shows that this threshold is determined by the elastic constants and the dielectric anisotropy of the nematic liquid crystal. Observed values are typically in the range 3 to 4 volts for a variety of different samples. FIG. 2 also indicates the variation of optical retardation with applied voltage for the above-specified example. The retardation is zero at zero applied voltage and approaches 3 microns at an optical wavelength of 546 nanometers when the applied voltage reaches about 24 volts rms. Just above V the differential change in retardation is about 1.25 microns per volt rms. The advantageous low-voltage nature of the described device is apparent. For example, retardations greater than 1 micron can be obtained with applied voltages less than 5 volts rms. It is apparent to workers in the optical signal processing art that a tunable birefringence device of the particular type described herein has a number of useful and practical applications. For example, if a device made in accordance with this invention is positioned between either crossed or parallel polarizers whose axes are disposed at 45 with respect to the axes of the tunable birefringence device, a color and/or intensity modulator results. If the nematic liquid crystal molecules included in the device 10 of FIG. 1 are in turn used to control the orientation of pleochroic dye molecules or other optically anisotropic particles (in this connection see G. H. Heilmeier Pat. No. 3,551,026, issued Dec. 29, 1970), a variable density filter is obtained. Furthermore, by operating the device 10 in either conventional transmission or reflection modes, other arrangements of practical value may be formulated. Finally, it is to be understood that the abovedescribed structures are only illustrative of the application of the principles of the present invention. In accordance with these principles, numerous other arrangements may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, although emphasis herein has been directed to the use of MBBA as the nematic liquid crystal, it is to be understood that a variety of alternative materials with negative dielectric anisotropies may be substituted therefor. Furthermore, it is advantageous to use materials which exhibit relatively high resistivities. A high-resistivity characteristic minimizes current flow and electrochemical processes and thereby results in devices with extended lifetimes. What is claimed is: 1. In combination, a thin film of a nematic liquid crystal having long molecules which are characterized by greater electric susceptibilities perpendicular to their long axes than parallel thereto, means for initially orienting the long axes of said molecules parallel to a reference direction, and means for imposing a preferred reorientation direction on said molecules so that in the presence of an electric field having an electric field component parallel to said reference direction any molecules that are reoriented by said field will tend to align themselves in a spatially-uniform manner in said preferred reorientation direction. 2. A combination as in claim 1 wherein said means for initially orienting comprises a homeotropic-inducing additive mixed with said nematic liquid crystal. 3. A combination as in claim 2 wherein said nematic liquid crystal comprises MBBA and said means for initially orienting comprises 0.005 percent by weight of HMAB added to said MBBA. 4. A combination as in claim 1 wherein said means for initially orienting comprises homeotropic-inducing layers in contact with the opposed major surfaces of said thin film of nematic liquid crystal. 5. A combination as in claim 1 wherein said means for imposing a preferred reorientation direction comprises electrode layers in contact with the opposed major surfaces of said thin film of nematic liquid crystal. 6. A combination as in claim 5 wherein said electrode layers have been selectively treated by rubbing them in the preferred direction. 7. A combination as in claim 5 further including means connected to said electrode layers for establishing in said thin film a variable electric field. 8. A combination as in claim 7 wherein said means connected to said electrode layers establishes therebetween a variable ac electric field. 9. A tunable birefringence device comprising a thin film of a nematic liquid crystal that is characterized by long molecules whose electric susceptibility perpendicular to the long axes of the molecules is greater than the electric susceptibility parallel to the long axes of the molecules, said thin film lying in an xy plane, means for establishing a variable ac electric field in said thin film in the z direction, which is perpendicular to said xy plane, means for quiescently ordering the molecules of said thin film in the absence of an electric field such that the long axes of substantially all of said molecules are aligned parallel to said 2 direction, and means for quiescently imposing a preferred orientation direction on the molecules of said thin film such that when an electric field is applied thereto a portion of the molecules of said thin film are rotated in a spatially-ordered manner to an orientation in which the long axes thereof are parallel to each other and to said xy plane. v UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Patent: No. 3,69 1,053 Dated September 26, 1972 Inventor(s) Frederic Jay Kahn It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below: ' Claim 3; change "2" to l. Claim I, change "1" to ,2-. Signed and sealed this 13th day of February 1973. (SEAL) Attest: EDWARD M.PLETCHE R,JR. ROBERT GOTTSCHALK Attesting Officer Commissioner of Patents I FORM (10-69) USCOMM-DC 6037B-P69 W U.s GOVERNMENT PRlNTlNG OFFICE: 969 355-334' v UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE, CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Pater 1t No. 3,69%053 Dated September 26, 1972 Inv entor(s) r deric Jay Kahn' "It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corr ected as shown below: " Claim 3; change "2" to --1--. clai a, change "1" to -,-2--. Signed and sealed this 13th dayof February 1973. (SEAL) Attest: I EDWARD M.FLETCHER,JR. ROBERT GOTTSC HALK Attesting Officer Commissioner of Patents (M PC4050 (10-69) USCOMM-DC 60376-5 69 9 U. 5. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE IQ! 0-36G-33l, Patent Citations
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Combating the negative impacts of reality TV on girls' sense of self
In early 2003, Elyse Sewell was a relatively anonymous 20-year-old research assistant at a biology lab. She aspired to attend medical school, having recently graduated magna cum laude from the University of New Mexico with a double major in Spanish and biology.
Instead, Sewell found herself in Hollywood starring in the debut season of the reality TV show "America's Next Top Model." Her 5-foot-10, 114-pound body was a perfect fit for the competition; Sewell effortlessly advanced to be one of the final three contestants competing for a $100,000 modeling contract from Revlon.
Then, unprovoked, show host Tyra Banks ushered Sewell off "America's Next Top Model" with a jaw-dropping dig.
"Elyse, your look is very strong for the fashion world — for the hard-core, die-hard fashion world," said Banks, herself a supermodel. "I admire your intelligence — I think you are so smart. But one thing with that intelligence is it can intimidate people. And there's a way to use that intelligence in a way that doesn't feel like you're maybe putting down other people or sounding derogatory."
Translation: while you look anorexic enough to work as a model, there's really no place on my reality TV show for an intelligent and self-assured woman.
As media critic and journalist Jennifer Pozner watched this scene unfold on TV in the summer of 2003, it set her mind racing. What would girls watching the show take away from the comments — that a mind is a terrible thing to use?
By that time, a couple years had already passed since Pozner founded Women in Media & News to increase awareness about women's portrayal in media. In 2010 she also wrote a book, "Reality Bites Back: the Troubling Truth about Guilty Pleasure TV," that examines the societal implications of reality TV and offers practical tips for improving media literacy.
"I kept noticing more and more deeply problematic, regressive ideologies packaged on reality TV as if they were a reflection of just who we happen to be as Americans today," she said.
Pozner's perspective is increasingly relevant in light of the fact that millions of Americans are watching reality TV each day. Consider, for example, that a typical episode of MTV's "Jersey Shore" — the most-watched reality TV show for children age 12-17 during the 2011 television season — attracts about 5 million viewers. Additionally, in recent weeks the Fox franchise "American Idol" attracted a combined 34 million viewers for a pair of shows on back-to-back weeknights.
New research indicates that a growing cadre of this reality programming is especially detrimental to girls because of what the Parents Television Council, a non-partisan education organization advocating responsible entertainment, calls "a disturbingly unrealistic portrayal of 'reality' with harsh, demeaning, degrading and sexualized dialogue." For example, according to the Girl Scout Research Institute, girls age 11-17 who regularly watch reality TV are much more inclined than reality TV non-watchers to agree with statements like "Gossiping is a normal part of a relationship between girls" and "Being mean earns you more respect than being nice."
Because reality TV really started gaining a major cultural foothold in 2002, it follows that the girls who are now teenagers have never known a media landscape that didn't prominently feature reality TV.
"It doesn't surprise me that preteens and teenagers wouldn't be overly critical about this genre," Pozner explained. "They have grown up with TV that tells them that this is reflecting real people and real life, without telling them that this is a highly edited, manipulated surreality that only seeks out people who can be turned into caricatures."
And yet, despite the potential pitfalls reality TV poses younger viewers, effective strategies exist for parents to shield their teens from the most unsavory content today and, in the long run, prepare those impressionable minds to become tomorrow's savvy and informed consumers of media.
An indelible impact
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More looks by The6thSwan ..
Comments (6)
I love everything about this. There is such a contrast between all of your looks, and I adore that. :) Hype!
lookbook.nu/look/429015-I-want-to-live-in-a-box-but-I-m-claustrophobic-I-want-to-make-since-but-I-m-too-ironic |
Great look.. love the shoes. And the photography is fantastic as well!
colours √
+1 |
great...very different colours, but it seems to work so, well done man!


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The Internal Revenue Service issued Private Letter Ruling 201214007 April 6, concluding that where a taxpayer purchased wind energy facilities accompanied by facility-specific Power Purchase Agreements, no portion of the purchase price need be allocated to the PPAs as a separate asset. The result is favorable for acquirers of renewable energy facilities seeking to take advantage of accelerated depreciation deductions and the investment tax credit.
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text: Italy's overcrowded prisons close to collapse on Jun 12, 2013 @ 1:38 PMBy Barry MoodyROME (Reuters) - Gazing at the glories of Rome from its best viewpoint on the Janiculum Hill, the cluster of old buildings immediately below and to the left look like yet another of the Holy City's hundreds of churches.The reality is less romantic.The buildings are the historic Regina Coeli or Queen of Heaven jail - a long, long way from paradise for prisoners crammed inside in conditions which even senior Italian officials say have made Italy's prisons a national disgrace.The European Court of Human Rights ruled in January that overcrowding in Italy's prisons violated basic rights, ordering the government to pay 100,000 euros ($132,000) to seven inmates who brought a test case and to fix the problem within a year.President Giorgio Napolitano said the ruling was "a mortifying confirmation of the persistent failure of our state to guarantee the basic rights of detainees awaiting judgment and serving sentences".Justice Minister Anna Maria Cancellieri said last month Italy's prisons were unworthy of a civilized country.Prison rights group Antigone says they are the most crowded in the European Union with occupancy at more than 142 percent of capacity. There are close to 67,000 prisoners in jails built for 45,000."Decisions can no longer be postponed to overcome a degrading reality for the inmates and for the prison guards," Napolitano said last week.The overcrowding is the result of a byzantine and chronically slow-moving justice system - the root cause of many national problems - and of years of failure to build new detention centers by a state facing a squeeze on its finances.The government declared a state of emergency because of prison overcrowding more than three years ago and drew up a plan to spend 675 million euros to create 9,000 new places in 11 new prisons and extensions to existing buildings.The plan has shrunk significantly since then due to Italy's deep recession. In the words of Antigone, "Up to now not one brick has been laid."BLOCKED BY POLITICSNapolitano urged swift passage of a new law to reform the penal system so that fewer people are jailed for minor offences - as proposed by Antigone and other reformers.The law was stalled by the early dissolution of parliament for elections that took place in February, prompting a political deadlock that has only recently been overcome.Around 60 percent of convicted prisoners are serving sentences of less than three years. Alternative sanctions such as fines, social work and home detention are all less common than elsewhere in Europe."The heart of the prison problem is the penal code," Antigone said in its 2012 annual report.The Queen of Heaven's resemblance to a church is no accident. It was built as a monastery alongside the Tiber River in the 17th century and converted into a prison in 1881 after the unification of Italy.Two lofty ancient cupolas at least reduce the heat inside the jail but the overcrowding is obvious.Cells built for one prisoner house three. Those designed for four are occupied by six, with an extra level of bunks. Former public areas such as classrooms have been converted into makeshift cells for 10 inmates sharing one toilet.Overcrowding "is a big problem, it is dramatic. The staff are really stressed," deputy governor Anna Angeletti told Reuters."Something must be done because the prisons are close to collapse," said another senior jail official, Margherita Marras.At Regina Coeli, primarily a remand centre to detain people immediately after their arrest, staff try to reduce tension by opening the cells for half of each day to let all but the most violent or vulnerable prisoners walk around and socialize.Angeletti says the jail, with more than 1,000 prisoners compared to a capacity of 700, is like a hospital casualty ward obliged to admit all new arrestees from the Lazio region around Rome, even if it is full.New arrivals have to remain longer in less comfortable holding cells and often sleep on mattresses on the floor because of the overcrowding, officials say."MINI UNITED NATIONS"Authorities allowed Reuters to interview only convicted prisoners who gave their agreement in writing, and on condition that the inmates' offences not be disclosed."Everybody knows there is a problem of overcrowding but nobody addresses it. In a cell with six people there should be two to four ... Tensions are born in the cell," said Luigi Murra, 50, who has been in the jail for 15 months.Like other prisoners, Murra said Italy's economic crisis had increased crime but he added: "The justice system is another problem. It is very slow. There are an enormous number of trials."Prison reform group Antigone says a leading cause of overcrowding is the large number of people remanded in custody after being charged instead of being released on bail. They make up 40 percent of the prison population compared to 23 percent in France and 15 percent in Germany and Britain.Magistrates are supposed to detain only those who represent a risk of flight, repeat offending or tampering with evidence. But lawyers at Antigone say the system is abused, partly because public opinion demands the pre-trial detention of suspects.Italy's supreme court has criticized the overuse of protective custody, a key strain on the prison system."There are so many people awaiting trial for six, seven, eight months," said Cesare Cececotto, 58, who has been in Regina Coeli for two years.There is also a big proportion of foreigners - 35 percent of the total, partly due to the high rate of drug arrests in a country which is a corridor for the narcotics trade. Nearly 40 percent of convicts in Italy are serving time for drugs offences, compared to around 14 percent in France and Germany.The number of foreign detainees is a major grievance among Italian prisoners."We are talking about a prison where you can be in a cell with people with six different languages, six different habits, where there is one who prays as an observant Muslim five times a day and another who swears five times a minute," said Giuseppe Rampello, 63, who has been in jail for four years."There is one who eats pork and one who cannot bear to look at it. There is one who never washes and one who washes all the time. This is the problem," he added."Even if you locked up people for 10 days with their husband or wife, I think half of them would run away. If instead you take a bunch of people like a mini United Nations, it is a disaster when there is only one toilet, when everybody brings their own culture to the bathroom," Rampello said.Cececotto said he was the only Italian in his cell. "Thank God, I speak a bit of English and a bit of Spanish," he said. ($1 = 0.7579 euros)(Reporting by Barry Moody; Editing by Paul Taylor)


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Open AccessThis article is
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Religions 2012, 3(4), 983-992; doi:10.3390/rel3040983
Comparative Theology as Liberal and Confessional Theology
Universität Paderborn, Warburgerstraße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
Received: 14 September 2012 / Revised: 10 October 2012 / Accepted: 15 October 2012 / Published: 22 October 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue European Perspectives on the New Comparative Theology)
For most European scholars, the scope of Comparative Theology is not very clear. They see big differences between the notion of Comparative Theology among its protagonists, e.g., between Keith Ward or Robert Neville and Francis Clooney or James Fredericks. That is why I will try to define a certain understanding of Comparative Theology which can be defended in accordance with strong European theological traditions. I want to show that Comparative Theology can be understood as one of the best fruits of liberal theology and of a Wittgensteinian interpretation of transcendental philosophy—and that it opens new perspectives for confessional theology. The current development of Islamic theology in Germany is especially challenging for Comparative Theology and the best opportunity to develop it into a project undertaken by scholars of different religions and different intellectual traditions. I will argue that Comparative Theology is not a new discipline within the old disciplines of theology, but that it can give new perspectives to all theological disciplines and thoroughly change their character.Keywords:
liberal theology; postliberal theology; comparative theology; global theology; confessional theology; German theology; Kant; Wittgenstein
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Vaidyanathan, P. P. (1990) Derivation of new and existing discrete-time Kharitonov theorems based on discrete-time reactances. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 38 (2). pp. 277-285. ISSN 0096-3518. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:VAIieeetassp90a
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The author first uses a discrete-time reactance approach to give a second proof of existing discrete-time Kharitonov-type results (1979). He then uses the same reactance language to derive a new discrete-time Kharitonov-type theorem which, in some sense, is a very close analog to the continuous-time case. He also points out the relation between discrete-time reactances and the technique of line-spectral pairs (LSP) used in speech compression.
Item Type: | Article |
Additional Information: | © Copyright 1990 IEEE. Reprinted with permission. Manuscript received May 3, 1988; revised April 27, 1989. This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grants DCI 8552579 and MIP 8604456. |
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ID Code: | 5879 |
Collection: | CaltechAUTHORS |
Deposited By: | Archive Administrator |
Deposited On: | 06 Nov 2006 |
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Psychosocial interventions at Ashworth: an occupational delusion
Mckeown, Mick (2007) Psychosocial interventions at Ashworth: an occupational delusion. In: Inside Ashworth: Professional reflections of institutional life. Radcliffe Publishing, Oxford, pp. 59-80. ISBN 978-1846191060
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I worked at Ashworth between 1991 and 1995 as a nurse therapist in a centrally located rehabilitation unit. There were two of these rehabilitation centres, situated in the North and South sites of the hospital campus, reflecting the previous configuration of services in two separate hospitals (see Chapter 1). The South Rehabilitation Centre was one of the few aspects of Ashworth that attracted positive comments in the Blom-Cooper Inquiry: 'Dr Sines and Mr Thompson singled out the environment of the rehabilitation department for praise, a well designed oasis of purposeful activity in a desert of bleak wards' (Blom-Cooper et al., 1992, p.146).
The centre operated somewhat along the lines of a 'day hospital' within the hospital, with patients travelling from the wards to attend for specific groups or one-to-one psychotherapies. It was managed and staffed by a small team of nurses, who worked alongside other colleagues to plan and deliver interventions, often co-working in pairs to facilitate groups. There was a strong emphasis upon behavioural and cognitive-behavioural approaches informed by the work of Robert Ross and colleagues (Ross and Gendreau, 1980; Ross and Fabiano, 1985) in the Canadian correctional system and the developing UK evidence base for 'what works' in offender therapy (McGuire, 1995). Indeed, the clinical psychologist James McGuire, one of the leading lights in this field, worked in Ashworth at the time and made a significant contribution to the work of the centre. Following the Blom-Cooper Inquiry, there was an impetus to develop an additional rehabilitation centre located in the North site of the hospital, and it was here that I was recruited to work.
Another member of the new team staffing the North centre was Ged McCann, who already had an extensive career within Ashworth and brought with him an interest in psychosocial approaches and a commitment to better meeting the needs of relatives of people detained in secure hospitals. Building upon previous work in the hospital, Ged inspired and instigated further efforts that were eventually to lead to the proposals which are the subject of this chapter.
Item Type: | Book Section |
Subjects: | B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BF Psychology R Medicine > RT Nursing |
Schools: | School of Health |
ID Code: | 6348 |
Deposited By: | Michael Mckeown |
Deposited On: | 20 Nov 2012 13:40 |
Last Modified: | 16 Apr 2014 15:29 |
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text: Alkyl nitrates and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) produced during the oxidation of isoprene by nitrate radicals has been observed in the SAPHIR (Simulation of Atmospheric PHotochemistry In a large Reaction Chamber) chamber. A 16 h dark experiment was conducted with temperatures at 289–301 K, and maximum concentrations of 11 ppb isoprene, 62.4 ppb O3 and 31.1 ppb NOx. We find the yield of nitrates is 70±8% from the isoprene + NO3 reaction, and the yield for secondary dinitrates produced in the reaction of primary isoprene nitrates with NO3 is 40±20%. We find an effective rate constant for reaction of NO3 with the group of first generation oxidation products to be 7×10−14 molecule−1 cm3 s−1. At the low total organic aerosol concentration in the chamber (max=0.52 μg m−3) we observed a mass yield (ΔSOA mass/Δisoprene mass) of 2% for the entire 16 h experiment. However a comparison of the timing of the observed SOA production to a box model simulation of first and second generation oxidation products shows that the yield from the first generation products was <0.7% while the further oxidation of the initial products leads to a yield of 14% (defined as ΔSOA/Δisoprene2x where Δisoprene2x is the mass of isoprene which reacted twice with NO3). The SOA yield of 14% is consistent with equilibrium partitioning of highly functionalized C5 products of isoprene oxidation.


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Accoring to the US Census Bureau, Schnacker ranked #105,374 in frequency out of 151,671 surnames for which statistics were released from the 2000 Census. 157 people, or approximately 1 in every 1,718,230 individuals in the US had this surname in 2000.
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Bugs Bunny help me! He wants to eat me!
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October 17, 2012 Curiosity Breeds Wisdom Virgo Daily Horoscope
Curiosity could be the driving force that moves you today. You may feel highly inquisitive and want to question any ideas put forth to you. This mind-set could cause you to seek as much information as possible. Conversations will likely be more stimulating than usual as your mind probes and questions everything it takes in. The answers you may find could lead you to greater and more intriguing questions. You can make the most of your heightened curiosity by researching topics unfamiliar to you, engaging knowledgeable individuals in conversation, or exploring new activities. Today can be a wonderful time to take a class in a subject that has captured your interest or ask a loved one to join you in your quest for learning.
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