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Al Said
House of Al Said | |
Standard of the Sultan
Country | Sultanate of Oman |
Titles | Sultan |
Founded | 1970 |
Founder | Ahmed bin Said |
Current head | Qaboos bin Said |
Ethnicity | Arab (Peninsular) |
Al Said (Arabic: آل سعيد) is the ruling dynasty of the Sultanate of Oman, a prominent branch of the Al Busaid clan which has successively ruled the country since 1749.
The tribe traces its roots to a band of Al Azd through a patrilineal ancestor, al-'Atik b. al-Asad b. Imran, who settled in Dibba (Dabá), hence the band was also known as the "Azd of Daba". Like other Qahtani, the Azd originally hailed from Yemen and migrated north after the destruction of the Marib Dam. Archeological evidence points to the Sasanid era, around the third or fourth century AD, a period of admittedly weak Persian rule.
Their ascendancy to positions of power was in tandem with special relationships established with Persian rulers, who recognized the Azdites as "the kings of the Arabs",[citation needed] as seen in a number of inscriptions from the sixth century CE. The head of the Azd confederation was given the title of buland (بُلند), a Sasanid appellation derived from the Middle Persian word for "eminence" and "stature", later Arabized in the form of al-julandā (الجُلندا) to identify the early rulers of Oman.
With the arrival of Islam, the Sasanians in Oman conflicted with the converted Azdi kings. The balance in this conflict swung in favour of the Arabs when they were joined by Muslim forces sent by Muhammad from Medina, and in the resulting military campaigns the Sasanian citadels were overwhelmed and their forces expelled by 630 AD. With the rise of Islam, the Azd established themselves into a leading force in the ensuing Muslim conquests and later in the realms of the Umayyad Caliphate through the celebrated general Al Muhallab ibn Abi Suffrah (Abu Said), the progenitor of the Al Busaid tribe. Significantly, it is with the Azd that most early sections of pre-Islamic universal chronicles of Arabs begin.
Rise to power[edit]
Ahmad bin Said Al Busaidi, a shrewd military tactician, was the governor of Sohar when a Persian fleet attacked the town. He held out for nine months, finally forcing the Persian commander of Nader Shah's army to come to terms and leave the country altogether within a few years. He was elected imam in 1744, marking the last time Oman was occupied by foreign parties and the beginning of a new unified state. It was also the start of a dynasty that has lasted to the present day, making it one of the oldest surviving royal dynasties in Arabia and the first to gain independence.
His descendants did not take the religious title of imam, but sayyid, a honorific title held by members of the royal family to this day; thus relinquishing all pretense of spiritual authority while fostering Muslim scholars and promoting Islamic scholarship.
Trade flourished during Ahmed's thirty-nine-year reign and the Omani navy developed into a formidable force in the Indian Ocean second only to Great Britain and capable of purging Persians forces from the entire region and protecting Ottoman vessels in the Gulf of Oman, Indian Ocean and the Pirate Coast of Trucial Oman.
When he died in 1778, the ulema replaced Ahmed with his son, Said bin Ahmed, who was very religious but shrank from administrative duties. Since the tenants of Ibadhism allowed for the division of duties between leaders along religious, administrative and military lines, he removed himself to Rustaq until his death in 1811. His son Hamad bin Said moved the capital from the interior city of Rustaq to the coastal Muscat in 1783 and took the title of sultan, implying purely coercive power. He was a capable leader for eight years and facilitated reform policy in the initial stages of the transition but died suddenly in 1792 of smallpox.
Alliance with the British Empire[edit]
Sultan bin Ahmed assumed control of the government after the death of his nephew and strengthened the already powerful fleet by adding numerous gunships and sleek cargo vessels, he also needed a strong ally to help him regain control of Mombasa from the Mazrui clan, fight off the movement spreading from what is now Saudi Arabia and to keep the Qasimi tribes from the Persian city of Lingeh out of Oman. He found this able ally in Great Britain, who by this time was a powerful maritime nation with an empire expanding all over the world. In the late 18th century, the second British Empire was at war with France and knew that the French emperor, Napoleon Bonaparte, was planning to march through Persia and capture Muscat on his way to invade India. In 1798 Britain and Oman agreed a Treaty of Commerce and Navigation.
Sultan bin Ahmed pledged himself to British interests in India, and his territories became out of bounds to the French. He allowed the British East India Company to establish the first trading station in the Persian Gulf, and a British consul was posted to Muscat. As well as defeating Bonaparte, the British had another motive for the treaty with Oman: they wanted to put pressure on the sultan to end slavery, which had been declared illegal in England in 1772. At this time, the trade from Africa to Oman was still buoyant, and Zanzibar's position as an important trade centre was bolstered further when the supply of ivory from Mozambique to India collapsed because of excessive Portuguese export duties. The traders simply shipped their ivory through Zanzibar instead. Omani warships were in constant skirmishes up and down the gulf, which kept Sultan preoccupied. It was in the course of one of his sorties during an incursion abroad a ship in the Persian Gulf in 1804 that Sayyid Sultan was shot in the head by a stray bullet, he was buried in Lingeh.
Said bin Sultan (Said the Great)[edit]
The death of Sultan bin Ahmed sent the country into a state of shock and inter-family rivalries. Dissident tribes and outside agitators who all conspired to make the role of supreme commander a speculative proposition at best. Sultan's eldest son Said was merely thirteen, too young to take the reins of his country, "so the elders called upon another nephew Badr bin Saif to act as regent in the boy's behalf until he came of age."[1]
The decision to enlist Badr was unfortunately a bad one, as he had political aspirations of his own. The royal house turned against him but he refused to relinquish his hold of power without a struggle. Said, now sixteen, conspired to have him assassinated. On a pretext to inspect the munitions at Nakhal Fort, Badr went to Barka and met Said at Bait al Nu'man castle. There he was killed in a dramatic duel to the death with daggers. A wounded Badr escaped but was finished off by Said's horsemen. Said immediately assumed the government and held it until his death fifty two-years later. He announced to the British that he had assumed power, but they were slow to respond. They acknowledged the young monarch a year later when they realized that their fortunes were best served by courting him.
During the reign of the renowned Sultan Said bin Sultan, the progenitor of the House of Al Said, he took Oman to its zenith as a commercial and political maritime power: extending its borders to include Mombasa and parts of the east African coast, Zanzibar, Pemba Island, Mafia Island, Lamu Archipelago, Cape Delgado (northern border of the current Mozambique), Bandar-Abbas and the southern Iranian coast, Gwadar province of Balochistan (bought by Pakistan in 1958) and, for a short time Bahrain. He was counted among the best leaders as his reputation spread to the crown heads of Europe and became known as Said the Great. Few Arab leaders of any time were as well known and respected as Sayyid Said. Trade flourished and Muscat became a key market for the Persian Gulf. The celebrated explorer Richard Francis Burton called him "as shrewd, liberal and enlightened a prince as Arabia has ever produced," and an Italian physician who served him for a time said: "His constant love of justice, and distinguished clemency, the effects of which are felt, not only by his own subjects, but even by his domestic slaves."
In 1832, he made the island of Zanzibar his second capital and set about establishing what is present-day Stone Town. A merchant prince and capable warrior, he spent much of his time at sea depending on mercantile and maritime resources for his power in both Oman and Zanzibar. Recognizing the suitability of Zanzibar climate and soil, he initiated large scale cultivation of cloves (an essential meat preservative in Europe prior to the advent of refrigeration) and soon after sought slaves as cheap labor to plant and harvest the biennial crop. He is also noted for revitalizing the production of rice and sugar cane as well as the export of ivory and gum copal. Such was his enterprise and commercial skill that it could probably be said that he established the first international market on the island of Zanzibar; subsequently many countries signed commercial treaties and opened consulates. He even introduced a copper coinage to amplify the existing silver coinage of Maria Theresa thalers and Spanish dollars.
Treaty with the United States[edit]
On September 21, 1833 a historical treaty of friendship and trade was signed with the United States of America. It was the second trade treaty formulated by the U.S. and an Arab state (Morocco being the first in 1820). The United States and Oman both stood to benefit, as the U.S. – unlike Britain and France – had no territorial ambitions in the Middle East and was solely interested in commerce. On April 13, 1840, the ship Al-Sultanah docked at New York, making it the first Arab envoy to ever visit the New World. Her crew of fifty-six Arab sailors caused a flurry of excitement among the three hundred thousand residents of that thriving metropolis. Al-Sultanah carried ivory, Persian rugs, spices, coffee and dates, as well as lavish gifts for President Martin Van Buren. The visit of Al-Sultanah lasted nearly four months, in which time the emissary, Ahmed Bin Na'aman Al-Kaabi (whose portrait can still be seen in the Oman and Zanzibar display of the Peabody Museum in Massachusetts) and his officers were entertained by state and city dignitaries. They received resolutions passed by official bodies, were given tours of New York City and saw sections which would, a few decades later, become colonies of Arabic-speaking immigrants. Among Bin Na'aman's hosts was Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt, in whose home he met Governor William H. Seward and Vice President Richard Mentor Johnson. The visit of Ahmed Bin Na'aman to America was a happy one, and when he prepared to leave, the United States completely repaired Al-Sultanah and presented him with gifts for his Sultan.
End of Said's Reign[edit]
Said made periodic visits to Muscat, leaving his eldest son Khaled as Governor of Zanzibar in his absence. Khalid had a predilection for French goods and named his principal country estate Marseilles, after the Mediterranean port. When Khalid died of tuberculosis in November 1854, an order came from Said in Muscat appointing another son, the 20-year-old Majid, as governor.
In September 1856, Said sailed for Zanzibar on his ship Kitorie in the company of his nineteen-year-old son, Barghash bin Said. He began to suffer severe pains from an old battle wound in his thigh followed by an attack of dysentery. He died on board the ship on 19 October 1856 at the age of sixty-five.
Division of Zanzibar and Oman[edit]
Schisms within the ruling family were apparent after the death of Sultan Said bin Sultan, as his sons who had their own rivalries and ambitions for controlling the throne quarreled over the empire. Realizing that Majid would be unaware of their father's death, Bargash came ashore secretly and tried to take control of the palace at Mtoni and the fort in Zanzibar town, but he was unable to muster enough supporters and his attempt was thwarted.
On 28 October 1856, Majid proclaimed himself Sultan of Zanzibar. A ship was sent to Oman with the news, but Said's elder son Thuwaini, who was appointed heir apparent on 23 July 1844 and had long acted as his father's Governor in Muscat and commander-in-chief of the Saidi forces, refused to acknowledge Majid and immediately tried to regain Zanzibar by force of arms. As a direct result of this struggle, the government of British India, concerned with the stability in the area, acted as arbitrator in the dispute. The Governor-General of British India, Lord Canning ruled in his arbitration that the empire was to be divided into two separate sultanates: The Sultanate of Zanzibar with its dependencies to Majid bin Said, Said's former Governor of the East African dominions, and the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman to Thuwaini bin Said. On 10 March 1862, the Zanzibar Guarantee Treaty was signed in Paris by Britain and France, whereby both parties agreed to respect the independence of the Sultan of Oman and the Sultan of Zanzibar. Recognizing the economic loss caused to Oman by the severance of the Zanzibar connection, Thuwaini insisted Majid pay 40,000 Maria Theresa thalers annually as compensation but the payment fell into arrears and ceased a year later.
Recent history[edit]
State rule shifted consecutively in Zanzibar from the hands of the heirless Majid to three of his brothers until the Zanzibar revolution of 1964, led by the island's black African citizens. The revolutionaries overthrew of the last sultan of Zanzibar, Jamshid bin Abdullah. Zanzibar became a Marxist republic overnight, the clove industry was nationalised and the Sultan's Hospital was consequently renamed the Vladmir Illych Lenin Hospital (now known by the politically neutral name of the Coconut Palm Infirmary).
Jamshid and his family fled to England in 1964 and settled into exile in a modest home in Portsmouth, England. He was pardoned by Zanzibar President Salmin Amour on the 46th anniversary of the 1964 uprising and declared free to return as an ordinary Zanzibari citizen, but remains barred from settling in Oman.
In 1868, the royal house in Oman took a brief turn through a distant line of the family when Imam Azzan bin Qais started rebelling against Thuwaini bin Said with the help and encouragement of the Wahhabis in 1864. Azzan eventually managed to expel Thuwaini's eldest son Salim bin Thuwaini, seizing power in October 1868. Under Azzan, the country briefly reverted to being an imamate, rather than a sultanate. Although he was accepted by a significant portion of the Al Hinai tribe, his subsequent attempts to subdue the interior alienated the Ghafiri tribe, who in 1870 instigated a general revolt led by Salim's uncle Sayyid Turki bin Said.
Turki contrived to keep the office within the immediate family and re-establish his father's sultanate; having secured the political and financial backing of the British, he managed to execute Azzan, bringing the revolt to a successful end in January 1871. Succession continues through his great-grandson, His Majesty Sultan Qaboos bin Said, the present ruler of Oman and the incarnation of the country's renaissance, who has presided over an era of socio-economic modernization since 1970.
List of rulers[edit]
Imams of Oman[edit]
- 1744–1778 Imam Ahmed bin Said
- 1778–1783 Imam Said bin Ahmed
Sultans of Oman[edit]
- 1783–1792 Sultan Hamad bin Said
- 1792–1804 Sultan Sultan bin Ahmed
- 1805–1806 Sultan Badr bin Seif
- 1806–1856 Sultan Said bin Sultan
- 1856–1866 Sultan Thuwaini bin Said
- 1866–1868 Sultan Salim bin Thuwaini
- 1868–1871 Imam Azzan bin Qais
- 1871–1888 Sultan Turki bin Said
- 1888–1913 Sultan Faisal bin Turki
- 1913–1932 Sultan Taimur bin Faisal
- 1932–1970 Sultan Said bin Taimur
- 1970–present Sultan Qaboos bin Said
- 1932–1970 Sultan Said bin Taimur
- 1913–1932 Sultan Taimur bin Faisal
- 1888–1913 Sultan Faisal bin Turki
- 1871–1888 Sultan Turki bin Said
- 1868–1871 Imam Azzan bin Qais
- 1866–1868 Sultan Salim bin Thuwaini
- 1856–1866 Sultan Thuwaini bin Said
- 1806–1856 Sultan Said bin Sultan
- 1805–1806 Sultan Badr bin Seif
- 1792–1804 Sultan Sultan bin Ahmed
Sultans of Zanzibar[edit]
- 1856–1870 Sultan Majid bin Said
- 1870–1888 Sultan Barghash bin Said
- 1888–1890 Sultan Khalifa bin Said
- 1890–1893 Sultan Ali bin Said
- 1893–1896 Sultan Hamad bin Thuwaini
- 26 Aug 1896 Sultan Khalid bin Bargash
- 1896–1902 Sultan Hamud bin Mohammed
- 1902–1911 Sultan Ali bin Hamud
- 1911–1960 Sultan Khalifa bin Harub
- 1960–1963 Sultan Abdullah bin Khalifa
- 1963–1964 Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah
- 1960–1963 Sultan Abdullah bin Khalifa
- 1911–1960 Sultan Khalifa bin Harub
- 1902–1911 Sultan Ali bin Hamud
- 1896–1902 Sultan Hamud bin Mohammed
- 26 Aug 1896 Sultan Khalid bin Bargash
- 1893–1896 Sultan Hamad bin Thuwaini
- 1890–1893 Sultan Ali bin Said
- 1888–1890 Sultan Khalifa bin Said
- 1870–1888 Sultan Barghash bin Said
- ^ Emily Ruete (1888). Memoirs of an Arabian Princess: An Autobiography. World Digital Library (D. Appleton & Company). Retrieved 2013-09-19.
- Wilkinson, Origins. op. cit. pg. 73.
- Public Records Office. London: Foreign Office Archives. (Cited as F.O.) F.O. 93/33/82.
- Salil Ibn Raziq, George P. Badger (Translator), London (1871): History of the Imams and Sayyids of Oman.
- Randall L. Pouwels. Horn and Crescent: Cultural Change and Traditional Islam on the East African.
- Peter J. Ochs. Maverick guide to Oman. pg. 110 – 114.
- Von Gabriel Said Reynolds. The Qur'ān in its historical context/Arab Client Tribes. pg. 57–58.
- John Townsend. Oman: the making of a modern state. pg. 43–45.
- Chris McIntyre, Susan McIntyre. Zanzibar. pg. 14–15
- R. Khanam. Encyclopaedic ethnography of Middle-East and Central Asia: A-I, Volume 1 pg. 68
- Ibn Khallikan. Ibn Khallikan's Biographical dictionary.
- Universiṭah ha-ʻIvrit bi-Yerushalayim. Makhon le-limude Asyah ṿe-Afriḳah, Ḳeren Maḳs Shlesinger. Jerusalem studies in Arabic and Islam, Volume 28. pg. 234.
- Colonel S. B, Miles. The Countries and Tribes of the Persian Gulf.
External links[edit]
- The Al-Busaid Dynasty, Genealogy, Christopher Buyers, July 2001
- BBC, Row over Zanzibar sultan's amnesty, 2000


text:
SPECIES: Vaccinium pallidum
SPECIES: Vaccinium pallidum Introductory
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION : Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Vaccinium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ []. ABBREVIATION : VACPAL SYNONYMS : Vaccinium vacillans SCS PLANT CODE : VAVA COMMON NAMES : hillside blueberry Blue Ridge blueberry TAXONOMY : The currently preferred scientific name of hillside blueberry is Vaccinium pallidum Ait. [32]. Hillside blueberry hybridizes with many species including Darrow's evergreen blueberry (V.darrowii), sweet hurt's blueberry (V. boreale), small cluster blueberry (V. tenellum), highbush blueberry (V. fuscatum), deerberry (V. stamineum), mayberry (V. elliottii), velvetleaf blueberry (V. myrtilloides), downy blueberry (V. atrococcum), low sweet blueberry (V. angustifolium), V. caesariense, and V. virgatum [14,19,58,60]. Hybrid swarms or complexes involving hillside blueberry, swamp highbush blueberry, and black highbush blueberry have been reported [58]. Some researchers suggest that V. alto-montanum may be a derivative of hillside blueberry hybridization [57,58] or, alternately, an autotetraploid of hillside blueberry [19]. Vander Kloet [61] reported that hillside blueberry may be an ancestor of highbush blueberry (V. corymbosum). Hairy-fruited blueberry (V. hirsutum) may be the product of hillside blueberry-deerberry hybridization [61]. LIFE FORM : Shrub FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS : No special status OTHER STATUS : NO-ENTRY
SPECIES: Vaccinium pallidum DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : Hillside blueberry grows from Minnesota and southern Ontario to Maine, and southward to the uplands of Georgia, Alabama, and Arkansas [58,61]. It occurs abundantly in the Allegheny Plateau but is primarily local to the west in Illinois, Wisconsin, Kansas, and Oklahoma [8,61]. Hillside blueberry grows throughout the Ozarks, southern Appalachians, and Coastal Plain but is restricted to isolated populations to the north in much of New England [55,58]. ECOSYSTEMS : FRES10 White - red - jack pine FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine FRES14 Oak - pine FRES15 Oak - hickory STATES : AL AR CT DE GA IL IN IA KS KY MD MA MI MN ME MO NH NJ NY NC OH OK PA RI SC TN VT VA WV WI ON BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS : NO ENTRY KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS : K095 Great Lakes pine forest K100 Oak - hickory forest K104 Appalachian oak forest K110 Northeastern oak - pine forest K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest K112 Southern mixed forest SAF COVER TYPES : 1 Jack pine 40 Post oak - blackjack oak 44 Chestnut oak 45 Pitch pine 52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak 53 White oak 55 Northern red oak 70 Longleaf pine 71 Longleaf pine - scrub oak 76 Shortleaf pine - oak 81 Loblolly pine 82 Loblolly pine - hardwood 110 Black oak SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES : NO-ENTRY HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES : Hillside blueberry is a prominent understory species in oak (Quercus spp.) woodlands, red maple (Acer rubrum) swamps, oak-chestnut (Castanea dentata spp.) woodlands, pine (Pinus spp.)-oak communities, ecotonal white pine (P. strobus) thickets, pitch pine (P. rigida) barrens, and open pine savannas [9,23,61,64]. Numerous evergreen and deciduous overstory dominants grow in association with hillside blueberry. Common associates include northern red oak (Q. rubra), black oak (Q. velutina), white oak (Q. alba), post oak (Q. stellata), chestnut oak (Q. prinus), blackjack oak (Q. marilandica), Virginia pine (P. virginia), shortleaf pine (P. echinata), pitch pine (P. rigida), loblolly pine (P. taeda), longleaf pine (P. palustris), jack pine (P. banksiana), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), red maple, and black cherry (Prunus serotina) [23,28,30,37,64]. Understory associates: Hillside blueberry grows as a principal species in higher elevation spirea (Spirea corymbosa) meadows of Virginia [26]. In the southern Appalachians, mountain-laurel (Kalmia latifolia), rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), black huckleberry (Gaylussacia bacatta), wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens), and little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) typically occur with hillside blueberry [64]. Common associates in oak, oak-pine communities, and the Pine Barrens of New Jersey include black huckleberry, melampyrum (Melampyrum lineare), sweet-fern (Comptonia peregrina), cat greenbriar (Smilax glauca), mountain-laurel, dangleberry (Gaylussacia frondosa), yellow sedge (Carex pensylvanica), and bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) [12,18,34]. Sweet-fern, black huckleberry, dangleberry, and low sweet blueberry often grow with hillside blueberry in oak woodlands [31]. In the upper Midwest, sedges (Carex spp.), Dichanthelium depauperatum, and dewberry (Rubus hispidus) are common understory associates [2]. Hillside blueberry grows as a "diagnostic understory species" in certain old-growth post oak-black oak communities of the Piedmont [30]. It is listed as an indicator or codominant in the following community type classification system: Old-growth forests within the Piedmont of South Carolina [30]
SPECIES: Vaccinium pallidum MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE : The wood of hillside blueberry is soft and white but has no known commercial value [53]. IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE : Browse: The importance of hillside blueberry browse to wild ungulates appears variable. It is reported to have fair forage value in the Ozarks [47] and receives only light year-round use by white-tailed deer in parts of central Pennsylvania [43]. White-tailed deer seldom feed on hillside blueberry browse during the winter in New Jersey, but in parts of Pennsylvania, it may be eaten during the spring and summer [38]. Hillside blueberry has been described as a preferred white-tailed deer food in parts of Virginia [15]. This preference may be due in part to the presence of juicy, flavorful berries. Fruit: Fruit of hillside blueberry is widely used by numerous species of small birds and mammals [53]. In Virginia and presumably elsewhere, berries are readily consumed by the wild turkey [15]. Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) fruits are eaten by many species of birds including the rufous-sided towhee, northern mockingbird, gray catbird, brown thrasher, American robin, whimbel, herring gull, Canada goose, ruffed grouse, spruce grouse, eastern bluebird, and various tanagers and thrushes [40,59,63]. The black bear, red squirrel, gray fox, red fox, skunks, and chipmunks also feed on blueberry fruit [40,59,61]. PALATABILITY : Palatability of hillside blueberry browse to deer has not been well documented [12]. Several food habit studies suggest that it is of at least fair palatability to deer in many areas. The juicy, sweet fruit is highly palatable to numerous species of birds and mammals [53]. NUTRITIONAL VALUE : Fruit: Hillside blueberry is characterized by a high soluble solid content [3]. Soluble solids average 13.07 percent, with a titratable acidity of 0.67 [3]. Each berry averages 8 calories [63]. Browse: Leaf nutrient content varies according to phenological development. Killingbeck and Costigan [34] reported the following nutrient values: micrograms per cm -2 N P Cu Fe Zn pre-senescent leaves 57.5 5.5 0.05 0.15 0.07 senescent leaves 2.3 0.4 0.002 0.008 0.013 COVER VALUE : The low-statured hillside blueberry presumably provides minimal cover for large mammals. However, plants form good ground cover for a variety of small mammals [53]. Fallen leaves commonly lodge in dense thickets of this shrub increasing its cover value during late fall and winter [53]. VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES : Hillside blueberry can retard erosion on steep slopes [53]. Most blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) can be readily propagated by hardwood cuttings or by seed [65]. The weight of 100 seeds averages 0.001 ounce (34 mg) [60]. Propagation techniques have been examined in detail [65]. OTHER USES AND VALUES : Fruit of hillside blueberry is sweet to bland and of "fair quality" [14,58]. Fruit is eaten fresh or used to make pies and jellies [53]. It receives casual use throughout its range but is harvested commercially in northeastern Alabama, northwestern Georgia, western and northwestern Arkansas, and West Virginia [61]. In many areas, quantities of berries are difficult to collect because the fruit ripens over a relatively long period of time [53]. Hillside blueberry has shown promise for use in breeding hardy, early-ripening, fruit-producing cultivars [4,19]. It has shown particular promise for developing commercial blueberries adapted to upland mineral soils [35]. Hillside blueberry is an attractive shrub and is occasionally grown for its ornamental value as well as its fruit [33]. OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : Drought resistance: Hillside blueberry is resistant to drought [19,61] but is not as drought tolerant as many other southern blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) [20]. Radiation: Hillside blueberry is resistant to ionizing gamma radiation [10]. Plants sprouted from rhizomes 0.4 inch (1.0 cm) or greater in depth following aerial exposure to 105 R per day. Plants did not sprout after rhizomes were exposed to 65 to 70 R per day [10]. Disease: The shrub is susceptible to "stunt" virus [19]. Timber harvest: Cover of hillside blueberry is reportedly greater in cut stands (20 percent) than in uncut stands (9 percent) [12].
SPECIES: Vaccinium pallidum BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS : Hillside blueberry is a variable, erect, deciduous shrub that commonly reaches 9 to 21 inches (23-51 cm) in height [14,48,61]. On some sites, plants reach maximum heights of only 3 inches (8 cm), but on extremely favorable sites, individuals may grow to 39 inches (100 cm) [61]. This rhizomatous shrub forms small to extensive colonies [14,61]. The terete to slightly angled twigs are pale green, reddish, yellow, or pale gray [33,48,48,53]. The variable twigs are glabrous to pubescent [58]. Stem morphology has been examined in detail [45]. Smooth, slightly ridged bark is greenish-brown or red [53]. Roots are finely textured [20]. The simple, alternate leaves are variable in both color and morphology [53]. Leaves are ovate, obovate, spatulate, or broadly elliptic and 0.8 to 2.3 inches (2.0-6 cm) in length [48,58]. Margins are entire, minutely serrulate, or ciliate [53,58]. The glabrous upper surface is yellow-green, pale green, or dark blue green, whereas leaves are paler and glaucous to pubescent beneath [25,58,61]. Leaves turn scarlet or crimson in the fall [33]. Cylindric to urceolate-campanulate inflorescences are borne in groups of 4 to 11 on axillary or terminal racemes [25,48,58]. The perfect flowers are pink, greenish-white, or occasionally white [53,61] and average 0.25 inch (6 mm) in length [33]. Floral morphology has been reported in detail [46]. Fruit is a sweet, juicy, globular berry 0.2 to 0.5 inch (4-12 mm) in diameter [25,33,48,58]. Average berry weight has been estimated at approximately 0.01 ounce (0.28 g) [3]. Berries are blue and glaucous to black and shiny [25,61]. White-fruited forms, although rare, have also been reported [33]. Each berry contains 8 to 14 variable, irregular seeds [25,53]. Of this number, approximately four are viable [63]. Viable seeds tend to be brown or reddish-brown [25,53]. The glossy, pitted seeds average 0.04 to 0.06 inch (1-1.6 mm) in length [53]. RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM : Chamaephyte REGENERATION PROCESSES : Hillside blueberry can regenerate through seed or by vegetative means. Seed: In some areas, fruit is produced in abundance [33,53], but elsewhere yields are more often small [16]. Vander Kloet and Austin-Smith [63] reported that plants produce fruit "en masse" in the Appalachians and Ozarks but produce fruit sporadically near the Atlantic Coast. Little is known about specific germination requirements. Radicles generally emerge within 13 days, dicotyledons develop within 23 days, and true leaves are produced within 38 days after planting [60]. The seeds of most blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) germinate only on good sites in favorable years. Ballington and others [4] observed only a few surviving hillside blueberry seedlings. Vegetative regeneration: Hillside blueberry spreads by means of rhizome expansion to form extensive colonies [43,61]. Plants sprout readily from underground rhizomes after aboveground vegetation is damaged or destroyed. Most rhizomes are concentrated in the top 1.9 inches (5 cm) of the A horizon of the soil, but some extend to depths of 6 inches (15 cm) [10]. Buds nearest the stem apex typically sprout first after disturbance [10]. SITE CHARACTERISTICS : Hillside blueberry grows on dry, rocky hillsides, upland ridges, rocky outcrops and ledges, sandy knolls, and in shale barrens [14,58,61,53]. It commonly occurs on a variety of disturbed sites, such as abandoned pastures and farmlands, along roadsides, and in clearcuts [14,44,58,61]. Hillside blueberry is a common component of dry, open woods but also grows in hardwood swamps [51,61]. It generally occurs below 3,500 feet (1,061 m) in elevation [14]. Soils: Hillside blueberry grows on dry, sandy or gravelly soils, as well as on heavy clay [17,25,30]. It grows well on acidic soils [53]. Parent materials are variable but include chert, granite, gneiss, and schist [25,30]. Climate: Hillside blueberry grows in a humid mesothermal climatic regime [34]. Average annual precipitation amounts have been reported as ranging from 39 to 47 inches (100-120 cm) [6,34,50]. SUCCESSIONAL STATUS : Hillside blueberry is reported to have "ruderale tendencies" [57,58]. It commonly invades disturbed sites, such as abandoned farms and clearcuts [58,61]. In parts of New England, it has become widely established on abandoned pasturelands. Hillside blueberry, black huckleberry, and roundleaf greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia) have assumed dominance in these relatively stable plant communities [44]. In many areas, it becomes more abundant on plots burned at frequent intervals [27]. Hillside blueberry also grows in several climax communities. It occurs in climax stands in pine-oak communities of New Jersey and in old-growth post oak-black oak communities of the South Carolina Piedmont [30,37]. SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT : Flowers generally appear before the leaves are "half grown" [33]. The mean interval between flowering and fruiting is approximately 66 days [24]. Vander Kloet [61] reported a period of 60 days until seed set. Hillside blueberry often ripens over a relatively long period of time [53], although much geographic variation has been observed. In the foothills of the Appalachian and Ozark mountains, populations often fruit synchronously [63]. However, in coastal regions, fruit ripens sporadically [63]. Ballington and others [4] observed peak ripeness in early June, although berries could be harvested from July 12 to July 29. Generalized flowering and fruiting dates are as follows: Location Flowering Fruit ripe Authority VA ---- July - August Uttal 1987 Great Plains April - June July - September Great Plains Flora Flora Assoc. 1986 n-c Great Plains mid-April early July Stephens 1973 NC, SC March - April June - July Radford and others 1964 OH ---- July 16-28 Gorchov 1987 New England May 10 - June 14 ---- Seymour 1985
SPECIES: Vaccinium pallidum FIRE ECOLOGY
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS : Fire is a dominant influence in many Coastal Plain forests in which hillside blueberry occurs [41]. Historic fire intervals have been estimated at approximately 65 years in the Pine Barrens of New Jersey [6]. Fire intervals are estimated at 40 years in oak-pine stands and as frequent as every 8 years in pitch pine stands of New Jersey [6]. Hillside blueberry is well represented in these communities. Although it can survive during fairly long fire-free intervals, this shrub is particularly well adapted to frequent fires. In the New Jersey Pine Barrens, it typically assumes importance under a regime of frequent fires [10,12]. Burning more than once within 5 years can produce increases in the relative abundance of hillside blueberry. Buell and Cantlon [12] observed no "regular trend in cover until burns became more frequent than every 3 years." However, plants may be reduced by annual burning. On annually burned plots, hillside blueberry cover was approximately one-half that of less frequently burned plots [12]. Hillside blueberry is well adapted to fire [10]. It readily regenerates in postfire communities [14] from rhizomes, root crowns, or surviving portions of aerial stems [10]. As with other lowbush blueberries, clones of hillside blueberry are rejuvenated as fire removes decadent material and stimulates sprouting [52]. Birds and mammals may transport some seed from off-site, but establishment is probably limited to good sites in favorable years. POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY : Small shrub, adventitious-bud root crown Rhizomatous shrub, rhizome in soil Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
SPECIES: Vaccinium pallidum FIRE EFFECTS
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT : Most aboveground stems are presumably killed by fire. However, buds are resistant to heat damage [10]. Brayton and Woodwell [10] observed a "few" surviving aboveground stems after a "heavy burn" in New York. Underground regenerative structures are generally well protected by overlying layers of soil. Postfire mortality is apparently low. DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT : NO-ENTRY PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE : Hillside blueberry sprouts readily after fire [10,14] from underground rhizomes, buds located on the root collar, and buds located on portions of surviving aerial stems [10,42]. Surviving buds located nearest the stem apex generally sprout to produce the new shoots [10]. Plants commonly sprout from underground rhizomes after aboveground foliage is consumed by fire. Sprouts often originate from root collar buds after only light damage [42]. Sprouting ability may be reduced by severe damage or by fires at too frequent intervals [10]. After wildfires in white oak-scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea)-pitch pine forests of New Jersey, shoot elongation of hillside blueberry was reduced by "heavy" as compared to "light" burns. However, greater population increases were noted after "heavy" burns. Comparative values were as follows [10]: stems/ m sq burn 117 light 138 heavy Some seedling establishment may occur as birds and mammals transport seed from off-site. However, seedling establishment in most blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) is generally limited to favorable sites in good years. Recovery of hillside blueberry is typically rapid. By the second year after a prescribed fire in a clearcut jack pine stand in northern lower Michigan, plants exhibited significant increases in cover [1]. Hillside blueberry was considered dominant in both burned and unburned stands [1]. Cover was documented as follows [1,2]: 1979 1980 1981 cover freq. cover freq. cover freq. mature jack pine stand 27.2 30.0 -- -- -- -- unburned clearcut 11.3 43.3 20.5 44.0 19.2 44.4 burned clearcut 14.3 34.2 9.0 41.0 19.4 43.9 Although hillside blueberry generally increases after fire, small reductions have been noted on certain sites. Ten to 26 months after a burn in north-central New York, Swan [54] reported average frequencies on unburned plots of 47 percent, whereas the average frequency on burned plots was 36 percent. Similarly, Brown [11] observed relative densities of 37.58 percent on burned sites and 43.92 percent on unburned sites in Rhode Island woodlands. DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE : The following Research Project Summaries provide information on prescribed fire and postfire response of plant community species, including lowbush blueberry, that was not available when this species review was written:
SPECIES: Vaccinium pallidum REFERENCES
REFERENCES : 1. Abrams, Marc D.; Dickmann, Donald I. 1982. Early revegetation of clear-cut and burned jack pine sites in northern lower Michigan. Canadian Journal of Botany. 60: 946-954. [7238] 2. Abrams, Marc D.; Dickmann, Donald I. 1984. Floristic composition before and after prescribed fire on a jack pine clear-cut site in northern lower Michigan. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 14: 746-749. [7236] 3. Ballington, J. R.; Ballinger, W. E.; Swallow, W. H.; [and others]. 1984. Fruit quality characterization of 11 Vaccinium species. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 109(5): 684-689. [10725] 4. Ballington, J. R.; Ballinger, W. E.; Mainland, C. M.; [and others]. 1984. Ripening period of Vaccinium species in southeastern North Carolina. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 109(3): 392-396. [10724] 5. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p. [434] 6. Boerner, Ralph E. J. 1981. Forest structure dynamics following wildfire and prescribed burning in the New Jersey Pine Barrens. American Midland Naturalist. 105(2): 321-333. [8649] 7. Bramble, W. C.; Goddard, M. K. 1943. Seasonal browsing of woody plants by white-tailed deer in the bear oak forest type. Journal of Forestry. 41(7): 471-475. [3298] 8. Braun, E. Lucy. 1936. Forests of the Illinoian till plain of southwestern Ohio. Ecological Monographs. 6(1): 91-149. [8379] 9. Braun, E. Lucy. 1942. Forests of the Cumberland Mountains. Ecological Monographs. 12(4): 413-447. [9258] 10. Brayton, R. D.; Woodwell, G. M. 1966. Effects of ionizing radiation and fire on Gaylussacia baccata and Vaccinium vacillans. American Journal of Botany. 53(8): 816-820. [9074] 11. Brown, James H., Jr. 1960. The role of fire in altering the species composition of forests in Rhode Island. Ecology. 41(2): 310-316. [5935] 12. Buell, Murray F.; Cantlon, John E. 1953. Effects of prescribed burning on ground cover in the New Jersey pine region. Ecology. 34: 520-528. [9262] 13. Camp, W. H. 1942. On the structure of populations in the genus Vaccinium. Brittonia. 4(2): 189-204. [9512] 14. Camp, W. H. 1945. The North American blueberries with notes on other groups of Vacciniaceae. Brittonia. 5(3): 203-275. [9515] 15. Carlile, D. W.; Tipton, A. R.; Whelan, J. B.; Sharik, T. L. 1978. Changes in prod. of food for white-tailed deer & wild turkey following a forest thinning operation in the Ridge & Valley Prnd province of VA. Virginia Journal of Science. 29(2): 58. [10119] 16. Chandler, F. B.; Hyland, Fay. 1941. Botanical and economic distribution of Vaccinium L. in Maine. Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 38: 430-433. [9665] 17. Chapman, William K.; Bessette, Alan E. 1990. Trees and shrubs of the Adirondacks. Utica, NY: North Country Books, Inc. 131 p. [12766] 18. Collins, Scott L.; Good, Ralph E. 1986. Canopy-ground layer relationships of oak-pine forests in the New Jersey Pine Barrens. American Midland Naturalist. 117(2): 280-288. [8636] 19. Darrow, George M. 1960. Blueberry breeding, past, present, future. American Horticultural Magazine. 39(1): 14-33. [9126] 20. Erb, W. Alan; Draper, Arlen D.; Swartz, Harry J. 1988. Screening interspecific blueberry seedling populations for drought resistance. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 113(4): 599-604. [11420] 21. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905] 22. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others]. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998] 23. Golden, Michael S. 1979. Forest vegetation of the lower Alabama Piedmont. Ecology. 60(4): 770-782. [9643] 24. Gorchov, David L. 1987. Sequence of fruit ripening in bird-dispersed plants: consistency among years. Ecology. 68(1): 223-225. [3395] 25. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1392 p. [1603] 26. Hall, Christine N.; Kuss, Fred R. 1989. Vegetation alteration along trails in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia. Biological Conservation. 48: 211-227. [9306] 27. Hall, I. V. 1955. Floristic changes following the cutting and burning of a woodlot for blueberry production. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Science. 35: 143-152. [9012] 28. Hemond, Harold F.; Niering, William A.; Goodwin, Richard H. 1983. Two decades of vegetation change in the Connecticut Arboretum Natural Area. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 110(2): 184-194. [9045] 29. Johnson, Leo J.; Law, Jay R. 1989. A five year record of change for a declining scarlet oak stand in the Missouri Ozarks. In: Rink, George; Budelsky, Carl A., eds. Proceedings, 7th central hardwood conference; 1989 March 5-8; Carbondale, IL. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-132. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station: 103-107. [9373] 30. Jones, Steven M. 1988. Old-growth forests within the Piedmont of South Carolina. Natural Areas Journal. 8(1): 31-37. [11008] 31. Jordan, Marilyn J. 1975. Effects of zinc smelter emissions and fire on a chestnut-oak woodland. Ecology. 56: 78-91. [3461] 32. Kartesz, John T.; Kartesz, Rosemarie. 1980. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. Volume II: The biota of North America. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press; in confederation with Anne H. Lindsey and C. Richie Bell, North Carolina Botanical Garden. 500 p. [6954] 33. Keeler, Harriet L. 1969. Vacciniaceae--huckleberry family. In: Our northern shrubs and how to identify them. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.: 315-342. [9272] 34. Killingbeck, Keith T.; Costigan, Steve A. 1988. Element resorption in a guild of understory shrub species: niche differentiation and resorption thresholds. Oikos. 53: 366-374. [8973] 35. Korcak, Ronald F. 1988. Nutrition of blueberry and other calcifuges. Horticultural Reviews. 10: 183-227. [9612] 36. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York: American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384] 37. Little, S.; Moore, E. B. 1949. The ecological role of prescribed burns in the pine-oak forests of southern New Jersey. Ecology. 30(2): 223-233. [11107] 38. Little, Silas; Moorhead, George R.; Somes, Horace A. 1958. Forestry and deer in the Pine Region of New Jersey. Station Pap. No. 109. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 33 p. [11681] 39. Lyon, L. Jack; Stickney, Peter F. 1976. Early vegetal succession following large northern Rocky Mountain wildfires. In: Proceedings, Tall Timbers fire ecology conference and Intermountain Fire Research Council fire and land management symposium; 1974 October 8-10; Missoula, MT. No. 14. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station: 355-373. [1496] 40. Martin, Alexander C.; Zim, Herbert S.; Nelson, Arnold L. 1951. American wildlife and plants. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. 500 p. [4021] 41. Matlack, G. R.; Good, R. E. 1989. Plant-scale pattern among herbs and shrubs of a fire-dominated coastal plain forest. Vegetatio. 82: 95-103. [9829] 42. Miller, Melanie. 1976. Shrub sprouting response to fire in a Douglas-fir/western larch ecosystem. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 124 p. Thesis. [8945] 43. Minore, Don. 1975. Observations on the rhizomes and roots of Vaccinium membranaceum. Res. Note PNW-261. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 5 p. [4879] 44. Niering, William A.; Goodwin, Richard H. 1974. Creation of relatively stable shrublands with herbicides: arresting "succession" on rights-of-way and pastureland. Ecology. 55: 784-795. [8744] 45. Odell, A. E.; Vander Kloet, S. P.; Newell, R. E. 1989. Stem anatomy of Vaccinium section Cyanococcus and related taxa. Canadian Journal of Botany. 67(8): 2328-2334. [8944] 46. Palser, Barbara F. 1961. Studies of floral morphology in the Ericales. V. Organography and vascular anatomy in several United States species of the Vacciniaceae. Botanical Gazette. 123(2): 79-111. [9032] 47. Paulsell, Lee K. 1957. Effects of burning on Ozark hardwood timberlands. Res. Bull. 640. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri, College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station. 24 p. [11885] 48. Radford, Albert E.; Ahles, Harry E.; Bell, C. Ritchie. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. 1183 p. [7606] 49. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843] 50. Schier, George A. 1986. Seedling growth and nutrient relationships in a New Jersey Pine Barrens soil treated with "acid rain". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 16: 136-142. [8631] 51. Seymour, Frank Conkling. 1982. The flora of New England. 2d ed. Phytologia Memoirs 5. Plainfield, NJ: Harold N. Moldenke and Alma L. Moldenke. 611 p. [7604] 52. Sharp, Ward M. 1971. The role of fire in ruffed grouse habitat management. In: Proceedings, Tall Timbers fire ecology conference; 1970 August 20-21; Fredericton, NB. No. 10. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station: 47-61. [11120] 53. Stephens, H. A. 1973. Woody plants of the North Central Plains. Lawrence, KS: The University Press of Kansas. 530 p. [3804] 54. Swan, Frederick R., Jr. 1970. Post-fire response of four plant communities in south-central New York state. Ecology. 51(6): 1074-1082. [3446] 55. Uhe, George Jr. 1957. The influence of certain factors on the acidity and sugar content of the Jersey blueberry. Economic Botany. 11(4): 331-343. [9008] 56. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1994. Plants of the U.S.--alphabetical listing. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 954 p. [23104] 57. Uttal, Leonard J. 1986. Updating the genus Vaccinium L. (Ericaceae) in West Virginia. Castanea. 51(3): 197-201. [10706] 58. Uttal, Leonard J. 1987. The Genus Vaccinium L. (Ericaceae) in Virginia. Castanea. 52(4): 231-255. [6240] 59. Van Dersal, William R. 1938. Native woody plants of the United States, their erosion-control and wildlife values. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 362 p. [4240] 60. Vander Kloet, S. P. 1983. The taxonomy of Vaccinium and cyanococcus: a summation. Canadian Journal of Botany. 61 1: 256-266. [9009] 61. Vander Kloet, S. P. 1988. The genus Vaccinium in North America. Publication 1828. Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada. 201 p. [11436] 62. Vander Kloet, S. P. 1983. Seed and seedling characters in Vaccinium Myrtillus. Naturaliste Canadien. 110: 285-292. [10592] 63. Vander Kloet, S. P.; Austin-Smith, P. J. 1986. Energetics, patterns and timing of seed dispersal in Vaccinium section Cyanococcus. American Midland Naturalist. 115: 386-396. [12523] 64. Whittaker, R. H. 1956. Vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecological Monographs. 26(1): 1-79. [11108] 65. Crossley, John A. 1974. Vaccinium L. Blueberry. In: Schopmeyer, C. S., ed. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 840-843. [7774] 66. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 7 p. [20090] 67. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Survey. [n.d.]. NP Flora [Data base]. Davis, CA: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Survey. [23119]

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I am looking for a duty holster for the XDM 5.25 in 40 Cal. Any help appreciated can't wait to carry on duty.
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Any holster with an open bottom for the slide that fits the xd/m will work.
"Gun control: The theory that a woman found dead in an alley, raped and strangled with her panty hose, is somehow morally superior to a woman explaining to police how her attacker got that fatal bullet wound." L. Neil Smith The problem with being stupid is you cannot simply decide to stop doing dumb things... "I crapped my pants to avoid the draft!!" -Ted Nugent
Thanks, I did use a Blackhawk CQC but was too short and resulted in some slide damage. Will look for a longer holster.
I am not LE, but I have also been looking for duty (Retention level II, perhaps?) holsters for XD Tactical 5". They are very hard to come by. I would go to the Blackhawk site and find one that way. Anything XD should fit the XDm. You won't find XDm duty holsters and you certainly won't find anything particularly for the new 5.25" XDm. Best of luck. Tell us when you get lucky!


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Samantha Fox
Samantha Karen "Sam" Fox (born April 15, 1966 in Mile End, London, England) is a former English glamour model and singer. In the mid-1980s, she started a successful singing career, working with notable music producers such as Stock Aitken Waterman and Full Force. Her debut single, "Touch Me (I Want Your Body)", released when she was just 20 years old, made the Top 10 in England and topped the charts in many countries. So far, Fox has sold over 30 million records worldwide.
It was one of the biggest selling singles of the 1980s in Australia. Her debut live performance came at Peter Stringfellow's club Hippodrome. Fox had three Top 10 hits in both the United States and Britain. In Canada and the U.S., "Naughty Girls (Need Love Too)" and "I Wanna Have Some Fun" made the Top 10; whereas British audiences put "Do Ya Do Ya (Wanna Please Me)" and "Nothing's Gonna Stop Me Now" into the Top 10. Her successful singing career resulted in Fox touring the world.
In 1995, Fox had a shot at representing the United Kingdon in the Eurovision Song Contest but her song, 'Go For The Heart' performed as a three-piece girl group called Sox, failed to get the British vote.
In 1986, she launched her pop-music career with her debut single "Touch Me (I Want Your Body)", which hit Number 1 in 17 countries. She has since sold over 30 million albums worldwide. She has also appeared in a number of films and reality television shows, and has occasionally worked as a television presenter.
The eldest daughter of Carole Ann Wilken and the late John Patrick Fox, Samantha Karen Fox comes from a family of market traders from Chapel Market, Islington, London.
Fox attended St Thomas More Catholic School, Wood Green and took an interest in the theatre from an early age. She first appeared on a theatre stage at age 3, and was enrolled in the Anna Scher Theatre School from age 15. The next year she got her first record deal,with Lamborghini Records.
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I hypothesize that part of the reason for increased income segregation is the decay of the inner cities. The middle-class fled radially and the poor became the permanent occupants of lower-valued and badly maintained apartment buildings and row houses. I see that in Memphis, where there are isolated pockets of high income people near downtown amid a broad swath of dilapidated homes and apartments. Go a few miles east, and the neighborhoods are nicer and the homes are more expensive. Go further east, and you hit the exurban areas with house prices averaging over $300,000. Posted April 28, 2009 6:39 PM
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Minimal knowledge a major coup for MichaelsBy BILL HARRIS, QMI Agency |
Al Michaels still chuckles when he remembers the real reason he was in the Olympic hockey rink in Lake Placid, N.Y., that famous day in 1980, when he came up with the immortal call, "Do you believe in miracles? YES!"
Those words, of course, put an exclamation point on the U.S. hockey team's longshot victory over the powerful Soviet Union. The Americans subsequently went on to win the gold medal.
So why was Michaels -- who will be part of NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Games in Vancouver--even in position to utter something so memorable?
"Crazily enough, as a very young guy as the voice of the Cincinnati Reds in 1972, I was hired by NBC to work the Sapporo Olympic Games in Japan," Michaels recalled.
"There were only eight announcers, including Curt Gowdy and Jay Randolph and Jim Simpson and Peggy Fleming, and I was assigned to do the gold-medal hockey game.
"So having done that game, when it came time for the assignments to be given out in 1980 by ABC, on a staff that included Frank Gifford, Keith Jackson, Jim McKay, Howard Cosell and Chris Schenkel, I was the only guy who had ever done a hockey game.
"I was the only guy who knew what offside was. I was icing was. And that's how I wind up in that arena and not doing the biathlon."
Talk about being in the right place at the right time, and managing to say the right thing.
"It's so true -- what you say is that it lives forever, and only in an Olympic setting can it," Michaels said.
"There was a story that I read recently, written by Bill Baker, who was on the (U.S. Olympic hockey team in 1980) and scored a very significant goal against Sweden.
And he was talking about how this has lived on, and talking about Mike Eruzione still going around and giving speeches.
"The headline on the story was, 'His 15 Million Minutes of Fame.' Only in the Olympics can that happen."
United States | 9 | 15 | 13 | 37 |
Germany | 10 | 13 | 7 | 30 |
Canada | 14 | 7 | 5 | 26 |
Norway | 9 | 8 | 6 | 23 |
Austria | 4 | 6 | 6 | 16 |
Let the Secrecy Games continue
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Integrated Analysis Demonstrates That Denosumab Delays the Onset of Bone Complications Compared to Zometa®
October 10, 2010 3:31 am | by Bio-Medicine.Org | News | CommentsTHOUSAND OAKS, Calif., Oct. 10 /- Amgen (Nasdaq: AMGN) today announced results from two integrated analyses of head-to-head pivotal Phase 3 trials comparing denosumab to Zometa® (zoledronic acid), the current standard of care in the prevention of skeletal related events (SREs)...
Clinical trials demonstrate effective weight loss strategies for obese and overweight adults
October 9, 2010 8:34 am | by EurekAlert | News | Comments(JAMA and Archives Journals) Lifestyle interventions, including physical activity and structured weight loss programs, can result in significant weight loss for overweight, obese and severely obese adults, according to two reports that were posted online today by JAMA. The studies...
New targeted therapy adds benefit to erlotinib in some patients with advanced lung cancer
October 9, 2010 8:34 am | by EurekAlert | News | Comments(European Society for Medical Oncology) A subset of lung cancer patients seem to live longer and experience delays in disease progression when a new drug that targets a cancer-associated molecule called MET is added to treatment with erlotinib, the results of a double-blind Phase...
ISSYS announces manufacturing expansion
October 9, 2010 6:33 am | by I-Micronews | News | CommentsIntegrated Sensing Systems, Inc. (ISSYS) announced that it has completed its 2010 manufacturing expansion project, adding 5,400 square feet to its existing facility.
Epson Toyocom to invest 10 billion yen in fiscal 2010 for capacity ramp
October 9, 2010 6:33 am | by I-Micronews | News | CommentsAccording to Digitimes press release, Epson Toyocom, the leader in crystal devices, has been benefiting from increasing demand from its clients since the second half of 2009, and demand from China and other emerging markets, in particular, has been serving as an impetus to the growth...
NoblePeak Vision assets to be liquidated
October 9, 2010 6:33 am | by I-Micronews | News | CommentsNoblePeak Vision, a once-promising developer of camera cores that integrate germanium photodetectors with silicon circuits, will see its assets liquidated on Nov. 5 to pay off creditors, the company's certified public accountant announced this week.
TOKO demonstrates wireless power supply
October 9, 2010 5:33 am | by I-Micronews | News | CommentsTOKO, Inc., a developer/manufacturer of electronic components focused on coil-based products, is demonstrating a self-developed wireless power supply system.
Sunpower forms PVdock special interest group with power conversion manufacturers
October 9, 2010 5:33 am | by I-Micronews | News | CommentsNew SIG to Standardize Specifications for Lowering Total System Costs
Erlotinib improves progression-free survival as first-line therapy in advanced lung cancer
October 9, 2010 2:30 am | by EurekAlert | News | Comments(European Society for Medical Oncology) For patients with advanced lung cancer whose tumors carry EGFR activating mutations, first-line treatment with erlotinib nearly tripled progression-free survival compared to a standard chemotherapy combination, show results from the first...
Surgical technique relieves painful spine fractures in patients with metastatic cancer
October 9, 2010 12:32 am | by EurekAlert | News | Comments(European Society for Medical Oncology) A surgical technique appears to offer quick and effective relief for debilitating spinal fractures often suffered by patients with metastatic cancer, researchers reported at the 35th Congress of the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) in Milan.
A Fizzy Ocean May Lie Beneath Enceladus' Icy Crust
October 8, 2010 2:34 pm | Podcasts | CommentsThe Cassini spacecraft spotted icy plumes jetting from Saturn's moon Enceladus in 2005. Now researchers say a carbonated ocean may fuel the plumes. Science News reporter Ron Cowen talks about this and other news from a meeting of the American Astronomical Society's Division for Planetary Sciences.
Graphene: A Sandbox For Physicists, 1 Atom Thick
October 8, 2010 2:34 pm | Podcasts | CommentsTwo Russian scientists won the Nobel Prize in physics this week for their work on graphene, a chicken-wire-like lattice of carbon atoms. Joseph Stroscio, of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, talks about why physicists are so fascinated by the material.
Few Americans Finish Their Vegetables
October 8, 2010 2:34 pm | Podcasts | CommentsA recent report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says two-thirds of Americans don't get the recommended two servings of fruit a day; three-quarters miss the target for vegetables. Ira Flatow and guests discuss ways Americans might be persuaded to eat more fresh produce.
Take A Spin In An Electric Car
October 8, 2010 2:34 pm | Podcasts | CommentsIra Flatow took Nissan's new electric-powered Leaf for a drive around New York City. This car runs on a rechargeable lithium-ion battery -- no oil or gas -- and with a new battery, the car can go between 60 and 130 miles on a charge. The car is set to go into production in the next few...
Tracking The 'Truthiness' Of Tweets
October 8, 2010 2:33 pm | Podcasts | CommentsComputer scientists at Indiana University in Bloomington have developed a tool to track the flow of information in Twitter. The goal is to identify deliberately deceptive tweets, and trace them back to their origins. Researcher Johan Bollen explains how the analysis works.


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The proof that Russia is digging in deep in the heart of Georgia
Russian troops continue to occupy large areas of the country in breach of a ceasefire deal signed by Moscow
Air strike sharpens civilian casualties row
Claims that joint US and Afghan special forces' operation has killed at least 70 civilians in the Shindand area
Desire for revenge fuels flames as militiamen destroy South Ossetia's 'cleansed' villages
World news p37
Fiesta town mourns its 13 victims of Madrid plane crash
San Bartolomé de Tirajana buries 13 of its inhabitants, killed in Madrid airport tragedy
Bolivia split in two as the wealthy aim to defy the Morales revolution
World news p38
News in brief
More news from around the world
Battle of billionaire bling engulfs the Emerald Coast
Flavio Briatore accused of extravagance as super-rich desert club where a drink costs €35,000
World news p39
Helmand's fields yield a bumper opium harvest
Improvements in north and east of Afghanistan offset by increased production in the south, figures show
Taliban win over locals at the gates of Kabul
World news p40
Steamy TV in India tests the limits of sex taboos
TV channels in India have been threatened with a ban after a raunchy reality hit sparked a debate on censorship. By Gethin Chamberlain in Delhi
Strewth, sport! Now sheepshearers plan to be the next heroes of Australian athletics
Competitive fleece clippers to lobby governing body for official recognition after disappointing medals tally
French singer's aide accused over will
Charles Trenet's family accuse 'manipulative' former secretary of illegally commandeering assets


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Reviewed By Richard C (Pagosa Springs, CO) Reviewed for a 2002 Chevy Trailblazer —12/25/2010 12:55 AM
I received these and had no problems installing them on my Chevy Trailblazer and they are of good quality.
Reviewed By Jon O (Bellingham, WA) —4/7/2015 4:13 PM
For those of you that have a full size truck that could use a step in-between the ground and open tail gate the Truck N Buddy works great. I bought ours for a 3/4 ton Dodge. Those that have experience with these types of trucks know they sit higher off the ground than other brands. This item solved my issue with lifting heavy tools in and out of the truck all day long. Back saver and cheaper than the chiropractor!
Reviewed By Geoff P (Rye, CO) Reviewed for a 2015 Ford F-250 —11/5/2014 3:09 PM
I expected them to be a little more beefy. The cross piece is very sturdy but the side pieces are not made of very heavy material. I believe they will get bent the first time they meet dirt or rock. I would expect something more substantial construction from such a high profile company. If you are looking for something that looks great and has a lot of class then these are a great choice. If you are into serious off roading then maybe not so much.
Chevy Trailblazer EXT LS Truck Steps Chevy Trailblazer EXT LT Truck Steps Chevy Trailblazer Fleet Truck Steps |
Chevy Trailblazer LS Truck Steps Chevy Trailblazer LT Truck Steps Chevy Trailblazer LT2 Truck Steps |
Chevy Trailblazer LT3 Truck Steps Chevy Trailblazer LTZ Truck Steps Chevy Trailblazer SS Truck Steps |


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Video: 2 Chainz & Wiz Khalifa Show Out In Pittsburgh During The B.O.A.T.S. Tour
I sincerely appreciate these vlogs from 2 Chainz; mini movies and music videos. In this episode Two Necklaces brings Wiz Khalifa along for the BOATS ride. And what I like even more about this clip is Wiz wanted to just WATCH 2 Chainz rather than perform. True fan shit. B.O.A.T.S. and O.N.I.F.C. are in stores now.
RESPECT: Coach


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Jump to: Article Number of items: 1. ArticleAllainguillaume, J., Wilkinson, M. J., Clulow, S. A. and Barr, S. N. R. (1997) Evidence that genes from the male parent may influence the morphology of potato dihaploids. TAG Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 94 (2). pp. 241-248. ISSN 0040-5752 This list was generated on Tue Apr 28 03:23:42 2015 BST. |


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Creating a house cleaning schedule can help you keep peace and order in your home, most of the time, as long as you can stick to it. The sticking to it part is a lot easier said than done though.
That's why this week's challenge is to create and get in the habit of doing both a daily and weekly cleaning schedule for your home that is realistic, but gets the major stuff done.
In addition, we'll organize our cleaning supplies so you can access them when you need them, to get the housework done as easily as possible.
Are you new here? The Create A House Cleaning Schedule Challenge is part of the 52 Weeks To An Organized Home Challenge. (Click the link to learn how to join us for free for future and past challenges if you aren't already a regular reader).
Before we begin the steps of this week's challenge though, you may be wondering why I've got this on the schedule as part of the 52 Week Organized Home Challenge, since it has to do with cleaning, not organization.
The simple answer is that your home can be quite organized, but if it's not also clean enough (not necessarily immaculate) you still won't feel comfortable in it, and find it a nice, relaxing haven to spend time in. Since that is the goal of why we're working through this series, this step is therefore necessary.
Plus, even the most organized homes need to have some daily and weekly maintenance chores performed to keep things organized and in their proper place, such as tidying and putting things away. When you take the time to work on your cleaning routine it seems these additional organinizing maintenance tasks also get done during the process.
Everything in your home runs on a cycle. There is the laundry cycle, for example, where you wear and dirty clothes, wash and dry them, and then wear and dirty them again. There is also a cleaning cycle, such as with dishes, with clean ones getting used and becoming dirty, and then getting cleaned again.
What we want to achieve is a home where this cycle doesn't get stalled at a single point – dirty. It is when the cycle stops spinning and points only to dirty that we are uncomfortable and unhappy because we cannot do what we want or need to do as conveniently as possible.
Since most of us cannot afford servants who can "magically" make clean underwear and dishes appear we have to keep the cycle going ourselves.
A house cleaning schedule, when actually used, is the best and easiest way to make sure you live comfortably most of the time. That is because good schedules anticipate the cycle various things in our home move to, and help us keep the cycle moving, where it doesn't stop at dirty and fester there.
Of course, everything in our homes doesn't need to be cleaned with the same frequency. That is why you really need several cleaning schedules, including a daily, weekly, and seasonal house cleaning schedule. The most important of these schedules are the daily and weekly ones, and only once you have these firmly under control should you even worry about fall cleaning and spring cleaning, for instance.
The most important thing to remember when trying to stick to a cleaning schedule is to be realistic in what needs to get done on a daily and weekly basis in your home, and only trying to accomplish these tasks, and not everything else that could get done too, but can really wait.
If you limit your daily and weekly house cleaning schedule tasks to only the major stuff you can get it done and start seeing some very positive results. This is especially true if you also enlist the help of family members through chores, honey do lists, and good old fashioned team work in accomplishing the tasks on the schedule.
Each home is different in what needs to be accomplished, but although the particulars may differ from home to home there are some major similarities too. I've written an entire FREE 40 page ebook entitled House Cleaning Lists and Schedules For Your Home that can help you decide what needs to be cleaned and how often in your home.
To claim your free ebook all you have to do is subscribe to the Household Management 101 newsletter, which is a sister site to this one that I also blog at. The ebook provides checklists for your daily, weekly, kitchen, bathroom, and bedroom cleaning schedules (plus more), which you can review to make sure you're not forgetting anything when making your personal schedule.
For more instructions on claiming your free ebook, and what information it contains, click here.
The three ebooks which are most relevant to the House Cleaning Schedule Challenge, and that may also help you with this challenge include (please note I'm an affiliate for all of these):
31 Days To Clean: $4.99 |
Pulling Yourself Together: Implementing A Cleaning Routine That Sticks: $10.00 |
28 Days To Hope For Your Home: $5.00 |
I recommend all these ebooks, and think they are well done and can be really helpful resources for you to find the motivation and discipline necessary to get and then keep your home clean regularly.
After you claim your free ebook you'll be ready to create the two most important of your schedules -- your daily and weekly house cleaning schedule.
Below are some additional tips to consider when creating these schedules:
Your daily schedule is just that, a list of things that need to be done on a daily basis to clean and tidy up your home. Try to keep this list as simple as possible to keep yourself from getting overwhelmed since these are tasks you plan to do everyday.
To get an idea of what should be on this list check out the daily cleaning checklist in the free ebook.
Be realistic in how much time these tasks will take, and how much time you've got, so your list is not longer than that time frame.
You may also want to break up the daily cleaning schedule further, determining what items you'll do in the morning, versus the evening, or mid-day for example. Take your typical schedule into account when making these determinations so you're not trying to schedule things for when you're out of the house or it would be otherwise inconvenient to do some cleaning and tidying chores.
There is not as much flexibility for deciding when to do daily cleaning chores, since they have to be done daily. However, you've got lots of flexibility when it comes to designing your weekly house cleaning schedule.
To get an idea of what should be on this list check out the weekly house cleaning checklist in the free ebook.
Your weekly schedule can have you do all your major cleaning tasks in one day each week, such as a couple hour cleaning session on Saturday morning for example. Or, you could break up the tasks to do just one or two things each day, tacking on a bit of weekly work onto each of your daily cleaning schedules.
Only you can decide what will work best for you and your family, since it depends on so many factors including your schedule, your family's participation in the cleaning process, when you've got the most energy for cleaning and chores, how long you can clean in one session, and how often you realistically want to be cleaning.
Once you've created what you think is a good house cleaning schedule for your home and family life, the next step is to give it a try and get in the habit of doing it regularly.
Realize that at first your cleaning tasks will take you a bit longer if you haven't been doing them regularly, especially before you've finished decluttering your home. Give yourself a certain amount of time each day to work on your scheduled tasks, and when that time is up just quit for the day. Eventually, as long as you were realistic with your times when you created your schedule in the first place, you'll be able to finish everything on your list during the time alloted as the gradual improvements begin to take effect.
Remember that your schedule was designed to fit your typical routine, but frankly all kinds of things pop up during the day which make very few days "typical." Don't let this throw you off. Design your schedule with some flexibility in mind and just do the best you can. If you get to all the things on your schedule most of the time you'll see all the benefits of it without trying to fit your life into too tight a mold.
Finally, don't be afraid to re-work your schedule if it turns out it doesn't suit your needs. After working with the schedule for a few weeks you may realize you were unrealistic about some of your assumptions. Don't just give up, thinking you're a failure who can't stick to anything. Instead, tweak it, rework it to fit your true needs and time constraints, and try again.
Further, something else I've learned is that even what was once the "perfect" schedule may eventually not be so perfect anymore becase of changed circumstances. Since your house cleaning schedule is a tool that is designed to help you with your home, you don't have to be a slave to it. Instead, don't be afraid to completely rework it so it fits your needs again.
The final step in this week's House Cleaning Schedule Challenge is to organize your cleaning supplies.
First, declutter your supplies, getting rid of empty bottles, cleaners you'll never use again, and duplicates if you won't realistically use them all before they would get really old.
To the extent possible, please donate these supplies to a local charity so someone else can use them to clean their home. However, if you've got to dispose of any household cleaners follow the directions on the bottles and follow common sense safety rules for home cleaning products.
Next, try to consolidate your cleaning supplies into one or just a few strategic locations in your home, where you can easily access them for cleaning. One area to hold all your supplies, such as a cleaning closet, may make it more difficult for you to clean your home, or it might be just the ticket for your weekly cleaning routine. Just do what works best for you.
Keep in mind, however, that you don't want to come across cleaners and cleaning equipment all over your house since keeping things stored together is typically the best way to find things in your home. This is especially true when you have children and pets in your home, since all cleaners should be stored out of their reach (even homemade cleaning products). Therefore, limit the number of areas where you can access cleaning supplies.
If your house cleaning schedule calls for one or two big cleaning sessions during the week, carring around a cleaning caddy from room to room may work best for you. On the other hand, if you like to clean parts of your home daily instead having supplies in several locations may work better for you, but you'll need to make sure each of those places have a child proof safety latches on it.
In addition, holding your large pieces of equipment, such as your mops and brooms, on the wall or a door can free up lots of floor space, so consider a mop and broom organizer.
Finally, if you've got lots of cleaning supplies, it can be a pain trying to reach inside a cabinet to grab something from the back without knocking everything else out of the way. In such a case, consider a pull out cabinet organizer to place your supplies in to make it easier to access what you need.
I would love to know how this week's House Cleaning Schedule Challenge is going. You can tell me your progress or give me more ideas for how you've designed your schedule in the comments.
I also love before and after pictures of your scheduling system, and would love to see some of yours. Submit your pictures (up to four per submission) and blog posts and get featured in the Creative Storage Solutions Hall of Fame. You've worked hard to get organized, so now here's your chance to show off!
We're working on our homes slowly, one area at a time, so don't get too distracted from the House Cleaning Schedule Challenge this week.
However, I know some of you love to know what's coming next, so I'll tell you. Next week is another big week, since we'll tackle bathroom organization.
Some links on this page are affiliate links, meaning that if you purchase a product through them I receive a small commission which helps me provide this information to you for free, plus support my family. My integrity and your satisfaction are very important to me so I only recommend products I would purchase myself, and that I believe would benefit you. To learn more please see my disclosure statement.
I would love to hear from you, sharing your thoughts, questions, or ideas about this topic, so leave me a comment below. I try to always respond back!


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統計諮詢(Statistical Consulting) INSTITUTE OF STATISTICS,
WWW: http://www.stat.nctu.edu.tw/~misg/hslu/consulting/94-1.htm 2005年公告內容(Consulting Cases during Classes in Spring, 2005) Goals:
This course is designed
to introduce the practice of statistical consulting to participants.
Basic probability, statistics, and computing skills are required. Interactions with different disciplinarians
that come to this course are strongly encouraged. Examples will be illustrated in classes.
Students will participate in projects that analyze data collected
in different areas. Communication skills, problem formulization,
statistical modeling and data analysis are key ingredients in this course. Course Outlines:
Reference Books:
J. and McDougall, A. (2002), Statistical Consulting, Hand,
D. J. and Everitt, B. S. (1987), Statistical Consultant in Action, Peck,
R., Haugh, L. D., and Goodman, A., Editors
(1998), Statistical
Case Studies: A Collaboration Between Academe and Industry, ASA-SIAM
Series on Statistics and Applied Probability 3 and 4. Czitrom, V. and Spagon,
P. D. (1997), Statistical Case Studies for Industrial Process Improvement,
ASA-SIAM Series on Statistics and Applied Probability 1. Venables, W. N. and Ripley, B. D. (1999),
Applied Statistics with S-Plus, 3rd ed., Cherkassky, V. and Mulier, F. (1998), Learning from Data, Wiley, Salsburg, D. (2001), The Lady Tasting
Tea How Statisticians Revolutionized Science in the 20th Century,
Freeman. ( "統計,改變了世界" 葉偉文 譯,
天下文化) Moore,
D. S. (2001), Ststistics:
Concepts and Controversies, 5th ed., Freeman. ("統計,讓數字說話!"鄭惟厚 譯,
天下文化) Evaluation:
Related Links in Spring, 2005:
Previous Projects:
Some examples are put in the followings. The analysis results may have errors and need further improvements. However, they demonstrate some possible applications of statistics. Examples:


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"Ultimate Avengers" DTV Previewed at Wizard World
August 6, 2005 by Leave a Comment
A first look at the upcoming animated DTV The Ultimate Avengers, from Marvel and Lions Gate, was previewed during this weekend's Wizard World Chicago convention. A description of the preview can be found at Wizard World.
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Without objection, the gentlewoman from Kansas (Ms. Jenkins) is recognized for 1 minute.
There was no objection.
(Ms. JENKINS asked and was given permission to revise and extend her remarks.)
Rep. Lynn Jenkins
Mr. Speaker, I am so pleased this morning to welcome a fellow Kansan to the halls of Congress. Pastor Clark Johnson is here today serving as Guest Chaplain to the House of Representatives, and I have to say it was a nice start to the day with a prayer infused with a little Kansas spirit.
Pastor Johnson joined the Topeka community in 1989 when he accepted the call to become senior pastor of the First Southern Baptist Church in Topeka, and over the last 20 years, Pastor Johnson has built a true family at his church with members steadfastly working together for the greater glory of Our Lord and Saviour.
Kansas and Topeka are so blessed to have Pastor Johnson in our community, and the House is especially blessed to have Pastor Johnson with us today. I want to thank him for his service, and wish him well for many years to come.
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October 2, 2003


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Whats in Tech Kool-Aid?
Whats in Tech Kool-Aid?
Peter Coffee
Posted 2004-01-19
IT managers should know what's in the packages they buy.
The expression "To Drink the Kool-Aid" is probably fixed forever in the lexicon of wry humor despite its grisly origin in the Jonestown, Guyana, mass suicide of 1978. It suggests the wholesale adoption of a group view or behavior, rather than judicious choice among options guided by ones knowledge, research and goals. Even without the cyanide of the Jonestown recipe, a Kool-Aid technology portfolio is not a healthy thing.
Web services, for example, can be a tempting pitcher of refreshment for IT builders who are tired of complexity and cost. Just stir the powder of a few simple protocols into the ubiquitous water of Internet connectivity, decorate with a lime wedge of business logic and serve.
But what youve got is still just sugared water with color and flavor added; its neither vintage wine nor Gatorade, and sometimes you need those more exotic potions. You may need a messaging layer more robust than HTTP or a protocol with more intrinsic security than available today from SOAP or an underlying database with associative capabilities that dont map well onto an XML hierarchy. No problem. The reason for having open, standards-based interfaces is to enable substitutions. But youll enjoy that flexibility only if you at least know how to read a list of ingredients and, preferably, know enough to whip up solutions from raw materials rather than being limited to prepackaged offerings. IT hardware is also taking on a Kool-Aid character, as the next wave of desktop replacements seems to be tilting toward capable and affordable laptops instead of conventional cabinet PCs. There are many good reasons for this move: A full-function laptop can be securely configured for network access from office, hotel room or home, and it can be furnished with a locked-down software suite that meets corporate needs for interoperability without undue vulnerability. FireWire, USB and various connectivity hubs increasingly offer alternatives to labor-intensive installation and configuration of internal cards. The hardware needs of todays graphically rich office productivity suites are similar to those of engineering applications, such as computer-aided drafting tools, while ever-present demand for Internet connectivity further narrows the gap between a white-collar PC and an engineering workstation. Fewer separate configurations are needed, making the greater flexibility of open-slot machines less of an obvious benefit. Its tempting, therefore, to let laptop makers take on the burden of integrating hardware bundles that work as if they were designed as systems. But as with the components of a Web service, enterprise buyers must retain familiarity with the ingredientsas well as with the artfully packaged "serving suggestions"of what they find on the shelves. Theres more to a laptop system than the clock speed of its processor, the capacity of its memory and disks, and the number of pixels on its display. Graphics hardware, for example, still matters, and its noteworthy that even a sole-source hardware provider like Apple Computer has not limited itself to a single offeringbut gives buyers, instead, a choice between ATI and Nvidia graphics processors. Actual performance of FireWire controllers or Ethernet interfaces can also be differentiatorsespecially under less-than-ideal conditions, which is where quality of hardware and care in writing driver software can really pay off. Not every technology choice has enough strategic impact, compared with its bottom-up design and integration cost, to deserve the investment of creating a custom solution. Although United Parcel Service runs a proprietary fleet of custom-designed vehicles and United Airlines pays high-profile chefs to come up with distinctive in-flight food service menus, UPS doesnt refine its own gasoline and United doesnt build its own planes. The point is not to replace the extreme of Kool-Aid with the opposite extreme of microbrewing. Rather, Im urging you to ask tech providersboth hardware and softwareabout the supplier choices theyre making and to challenge your IT staff to think deeply about the options inside the convenient envelopes labeled "Web services" or "desktop-replacement laptops." If Kool-Aid is what you want, go for it, but not because you didnt know there was anything else.
Technology Editor Peter Coffees e-mail address is
Peter Coffee is Director of Platform Research at salesforce.com, where he serves as a liaison with the developer community to define the opportunity and clarify developers' technical requirements on the company's evolving Apex Platform. Peter previously spent 18 years with eWEEK (formerly PC Week), the national news magazine of enterprise technology practice, where he reviewed software development tools and methods and wrote regular columns on emerging technologies and professional community issues.Before he began writing full-time in 1989, Peter spent eleven years in technical and management positions at Exxon and The Aerospace Corporation, including management of the latter company's first desktop computing planning team and applied research in applications of artificial intelligence techniques. He holds an engineering degree from MIT and an MBA from Pepperdine University, he has held teaching appointments in computer science, business analytics and information systems management at Pepperdine, UCLA, and Chapman College.
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Nurse Jackie: Season Two(TV) (2010)Jackie Peyton is a nurse trying to survive the chaotic grind of saving lives in a hectic New York City hospital. Sharp-tongued and quick-witted, Jackie's a woman of substance who knows how to handle it all. With a white lie here, a bent rule there, and a steady dose of pain relievers for her chronic back pain, Jackie does whatever it takes to get the job done. For more about Nurse Jackie: Season Two and the Nurse Jackie: Season Two Blu-ray release, see Nurse Jackie: Season Two Blu-ray Review published by Jeffrey Kauffman on February 17, 2011 where this Blu-ray release scored 3.5 out of 5. Directors: Randall Einhorn, Scott Ellis Starring: Edie Falco, Anna Deavere Smith, Paul Schulze, Eve Best, Peter Facinelli, Dominic Fumusa » See full cast & crew Nurse Jackie: Season Two Blu-ray, Video QualityNurse Jackie: Season Two arrives bedside (or wherever your home theater is) with a nice looking AVC encoded 1080p presentation in 1.78:1. This show may not sparkle like the best high-def cable television series, but it has an overall very sharp and well detailed image that admirably captures the garish fluorescent lighting of the hospital environment, while also providing well detailed and warmer settings like the Peyton home and several outdoor locales. Colors pop rather nicely throughout this season, and close-ups especially reveal a wealth of fine detail. Strangely, some mid-range shots suffer from softness and murkiness. The series is often cast in a sort of pale green to blue hue, and the dreamlike sequences with effulgent light that begin every episode also are very well detailed, with no blooming whatsoever. Nurse Jackie: Season Two Blu-ray, Audio QualityDoes a series this dialogue heavy really call for a lossless DTS-HD Master Audio 7.1 mix? Probably not, but audiophiles should be very pleased with the excellent soundtrack offered here, even if the surrounds are utilized almost exclusively for ambient environmental effects and the charmingly understated score by Wendy and Lisa. Dialogue is almost always front and center in this mix, and is invariably clear, precise and very easy to hear. Some of the noisier emergency room sequences pop very nicely with very good surround activity, but really the bulk of this show is an up close and extremely intimate look at various characters, so there just isn't ample opportunity to wow listeners with over the top immersion. Fidelity here is top notch, with excellent dynamic range and complete accuracy across all frequencies. It's probably a good thing that persnickety consumers "only" have a lossless 7.1 mix to complain about, don't you think? Nurse Jackie: Other Seasons
Similar titles suggested by membersNurse Jackie: Season Two Blu-ray, News and Updates• Weeds Season 6, Nurse Jackie Season 2 Blu-ray in February - November 16, 2010 According to TV Shows on DVD, Lionsgate Home Entertainment will release two TV season sets on Blu-ray on February 22, 2011, both starring women of somewhat questionable morals: Nurse Jackie: Season Two and Weeds: Season Six. Each of them will come in a two-disc ...
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Magnolia (Magnolia zenii)
Kingdom | Plantae |
Phylum | Tracheophyta |
Class | Magnoliopsida |
Order | Magnoliales |
Family | Magnoliaceae |
Genus | Magnolia (1) |
Classified as Critically Endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List (1).
Information on Magnolia zenii is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly.
This information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. If you are able to help please contact:
IUCN Red List (May, 2010)


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9PM Wednesday Evening Forecast Update
UPDATED 10:31 PM EDT Aug 28, 2013The thunderstorms have ended, but will there be more overnight? Meteorologist Roger Griswold has an evening update to the forecast.
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Tim Hoskins
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Tim Hoskins is a voice actor who provided the voice for Christopher Robin in The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh from 1989-1991. He also voiced Owl in Winnie the Pooh: Seasons of Giving (1999). After this, Hoskins retired from acting. He also previously provided additional voices for the comedy movie Uncle Buck (1989) with John Candy.
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