text:
Integrated Pest Management for Greenhouse Crops
Lane Greer and Steve Diver
NCAT Agriculture Specialists © NCAT 1999 IP144 |
http://ipgb.tamu.edu/ transgenicnontransgenic.html |
This publication covers IPM for greenhouse crops, both vegetable and ornamental. Monitoring, sanitation, biological controls, biorational pesticides, insect growth regulators, and disease control methods are discussed. Tables include information on the newest biorational pesticides and biological control organisms.
Table of Contents
- General Greenhouse IPM
- Greenhouse Insect and Mice Control
- Crop Scouting and Trapping
- Sanitation
- Screening
- Biological Control
- Insect Growth Regulators
- Biorational Pesticides
- Greenhouse Disease Control
- References
- Resources
- Biological Control Suppliers
- Appendix I: Monitoring and Scouting Techniques
- Appendix II: Beneficial Organisms
- Appendix III: Biorational Pesticides
General Greenhouse IPM
Insects and diseases are a major challenge to greenhouse production. IPM is an important tool in the management of these pests. The primary goal of IPM is to optimize pest control in an economically and ecologically sound way. IPM involves the integration of cultural, physical, biological, and chemical practices to grow crops with minimal use of pesticides. Monitoring, sampling, and record keeping are used to determine when control options are needed to keep pests below an economically damaging threshold. Pest management, not eradication, is the goal of IPM.
A Guide to Insects and Related Pests of Floricultural Crops in New England: For Commercial Growers (1), a University of Massachusetts Cooperative Extension System publication, outlines the basic strategy on greenhouse IPM:
IPM is a simple, practical, and, most important, flexible way to manage insects, mites, diseases, weeds and vertebrates.
Integrated pest management is adaptable to all greenhouse-grown crops and involves specific techniques to manage pests. These techniques are:
- Monitoring or scouting program
- inidual plant inspection
- yellow, blue, and hot pink sticky cards
- indicator plants
- Pest identification and life stages
- Record keeping to identify trends and direction for your pest management program
- Exclusion techniques to prevent pests from entering the production area
- Insect screens to exclude aphids, whiteflies, and thrips from entering through doors and ventilating systems
- Cultural practices to prevent problems
- soil testing
- sanitation
- Biological controls, living organisms used to reduce the incidence of pest organisms
- Insect growth regulators, insecticides that interfere with normal insect development or the molting process
- Chemical controls
- proper choice of pesticides
- proper timing of pesticide application
- proper application procedure
It is important to understand the life cycle and behavior of insect pests in order to develop an effective control strategy. Knowledge about the weak link in a pest's life cycle can help growers choose the most appropriate control strategy.
There are several practices that will increase the success of an IPM program (2):
- Cover all soil floor surfaces with concrete, black plastic or weed barrier.
- Use resistant varieties of plants.
- Keep people and "pet plants" out of crop areas as much as possible.
- Pasteurize growing medium.
- Keep doors closed.
Greenhouse Insect and Mice Control
Major insect and mite pests of greenhouse crops include aphids, thrips, whiteflies, fungus gnats, mealybugs, shore flies, spider mites, leafminers and scales. In addition to damaging the crop, some insects vector diseases like tomato spotted wilt virus.
This publication deals with general greenhouse IPM principles. ATTRA has more information on specific greenhouse pests. Request Greenhouse IPM: Sustainable Aphid Control, Greenhouse IPM: Sustainable Whitefly Control, or Greenhouse IPM: Sustainable Thrips Control. ATTRA also has specific information on the other greenhouse pests mentioned above.
A selection of the better publications on greenhouse IPM is listed in the Resources section below. The publications from Applied Bio-Nomics, The Green Spot, and California Environmental Protection Agency are essential references that every IPM grower should have on his or her bookshelf.
Crop Scouting and Trapping
To detect early infestations, a crop scouting program that includes both sticky trap cards (usually yellow) and visual inspection is critical. Scouting should be done once a week, and more often after an infestation is detected. Regular scouting is also necessary to monitor the efficacy of control measures. A hand lens is a useful tool to detect live pests as well as signs of pest activity—e.g., frass (feces), cast skins, honeydew, etc.
Monitoring records can be kept on paper or in a computer. (Computers are usually better for producing graphs, which show trends more easily.) State and federal regulations will soon require that all greenhouses that apply pesticides keep records on what was applied. If plant injury symptoms appear, the grower can see quickly what chemicals or biocontrols have been used, and how the environment affected the crop. (3) And, thorough records are invaluable in negotiations with suppliers for compensation for problems traced to receipt of diseased stock. (3)
At a minimum, records should include:
- Minimum and maximum temperatures for each day
- Counts from sticky cards, changed weekly
- Counts of pests on the plants, including stage of growth (egg, immature, adult)
- Plant growth and development based on measurements of selected, flagged plants
- Root health based on weekly check of random plants
- Growing medium pH and soluble salts of random plants
- Specific crop observation (height, leaf color, bud development, etc.)
See Appendix I: Monitoring and Scouting Techniques for Greenhouse Plants for more specific information.
Sticky Ribbons
Sticky ribbons are long sticky insect strips that are hung throughout the greenhouse as a means of reducing insect populations of whiteflies, leafminers, aphids, fungus gnats, and thrips. Unlike sticky traps that are used for monitoring, the primary purpose of sticky ribbons is to reduce the numbers of flying insect pests by simply catching them.
Sanitation is key for controlling pests in greenhouses. The goal of sanitation is to eliminate all possible sources of the pest. Weeds inside and near the outside of the greenhouse can harbor pests. It's best to pull the weeds inside the greenhouse rather than spray them, since insects may survive the spray and migrate onto crops. Bag all weeds and dispose of them outside the greenhouse.
In addition, a 10-30 foot vegetation-free zone around the outside perimeter of the greenhouse—especially near vents and opening—can provide a dramatic decrease in pests. A heavy-duty geotextile weed barrier (e.g., DeWitt Sunbelt® Weed Barrier) covered with bark mulch or gravel can provide a pleasant vegetation-free zone, and eliminate the need for herbicides.
Plant debris from previous crops can also be a source of both immature and adult pests. Clean up all debris from previous crops and dispose of infested plants, or any infested growth. Ideally, the greenhouse should be thoroughly cleaned and left empty for one week prior to beginning the next crop. This enables removal of all pest stages, and starves any remaining adults. Closing up the greenhouse when it is empty in summer will increase the temperature and help eradicate pests.
Inside the greenhouse, a clean stock program should be in place. This includes temporary quarantine and inspection of all plants upon arrival from other greenhouses, and regular monitoring of stock plants used for propagation. If a separate section of the greenhouse can't be dedicated to this purpose, flag all incoming plants. All new plant material should be thoroughly inspected (with a 10X hand lens) for the presence of pests to ensure that no infested plants are introduced into the greenhouse. Workers in the greenhouse should avoid wearing yellow clothing, since many pests are attracted to this color and may hitch a ride on the fabric from one greenhouse to the next.
Insect screens physically exclude the entry of lightweight, airborne insects like aphids, whiteflies, and thrips from the greenhouse through doors, cooling pads, and ventilation units. Although the tiny pores of insect screens prevent entry of insects, they can also impede the flow of air. Some specialists say the area the screen covers should be three times that of the area covered (doors, ventilation) to facilitate sufficient air intake. To accomplish this, screen houses designed to enclose both the cooling pads and greenhouse entranceway can be installed.
Biological Control
Biological control is the use of living organisms to control crop pests. Biological control of greenhouse insect pests can be achieved through release of biocontrol agents like predatory mites, pirate bugs, soil-dwelling mites, and parasitic insects.
Implementing a biological control program in a greenhouse is management intensive and requires more knowledge on the part of the grower than do traditional pest control programs. Proper species identification is very important before a control program using predators or parasites is initiated. Release rate, timing, placement, temperature, and pesticide use also influence the success or failure of biological control efforts. Rigorous monitoring is necessary for proper timing of biocontrol agent releases, as is a reliable supply of the natural enemies.
Knowing the lifespan of the beneficials selected is important too, since fewer releases are required if sufficient numbers of parasites or predators are maintained. Some species of beneficials live only a few days and therefore must be released biweekly. Other species live for several weeks; consequently, they are released less frequently.
The level of control provided by a natural enemy will also vary with crop species. It is therefore more difficult for bedding and other container-plant growers to implement biocontrol, since they produce a wide variety of crops.
One of the most important things to keep in mind when using biologicals is that even residual insecticide can harm them. This happened to a grower who tried to use Encarsia formosa, a parasitic wasp, on his poinsettias. (4) The previous crop had been sprayed with a pesticide two months before applying the wasps, but all the wasps were killed by the residual.
Biologicals also allow more thorough coverage than spraying and a more efficient use of labor, since workers don't have to wait for re-entry into the greenhouse. (4)
Generally, the best time to release beneficials is at the first sign of a pest infestation. Early morning and dusk are the optimum release times.
Suppliers of biocontrol agents can provide technical assistance and help growers get started in a biocontrol program. When requesting assistance or ordering beneficials from a supplier, the grower should be able to provide information such as: what the pest is, how much square footage is affected, crop rotations, fertility programs, and pesticides that have been used in the greenhouse.
The Canadian greenhouse vegetable industry—which is about four times the size of the U.S. industry—is largely based on biological controls. In 1995, tomato growers in British Columbia spent 50 cents per square meter per season on biological control, primarily on the parasitic wasp Encarsia formosa. (5)
There are several items to keep in mind when using biological controls (6):
- No single pest control method is 100% effective.
- This method often involves more work at first than chemical control, and it may require changes in production methods.
- Biologicals are often highly susceptible to pesticides. When choosing pesticides, select those with the shortest residual life and the highest specificity.
- Since many biologicals work slowly, they are best used when pest numbers are fairly low.
- Most predators and parasites perform best at moderate temperatures (65-85°F) and humidities (60-90%).
- If the greenhouse is allowed a dormant period (either very hot or very cold), the beneficials will die.
- If the pest level is very high when beneficials are first introduced, they probably will not provide enough control.
- The effectiveness of the same beneficial may be different on different plants. For instance, beneficials are often less effective on hairy-leaved plants like tomatoes.
- If all the plants leave the greenhouse, so will the beneficials.
- If all the pests are destroyed, the beneficials will starve.
- Some plants exude substances toxic to beneficials.
See Appendix II: Beneficial Organisms for more information on biological control agents.
Insect Growth Regulators
Insect growth regulators (IGRs) are another least-toxic pesticide control option for pests. IGRs typically kill insects by disrupting their development. They have a complex mode of action that precludes insects from rapidly developing resistance. IGRs can work in one of several ways: 1) they can mimic juvenile hormones, so that insects never enter the reproductive stage of development; 2) they can interfere with the production of chitin, which makes up the shell of most insects; or 3) they can interfere with the molting process.
IGRs usually work through ingestion, so good spray coverage is essential. They generally don't affect non-target species—such as humans, birds, fish or other vertebrates. For most IGRs there are minimal re-entry restrictions. IGRs typically take several days to have an effect on pest populations. Because IGRs do not affect mature insects, adult beneficials released into the greenhouse after an IGR application are not likely to be affected. Use of IGRs is generally prohibited by organic certification organizations because the products are synthetic.
IGRs can sometimes be used in conjunction with biological control efforts and may provide growers with a "safety net" should beneficials fail to keep the pests below economically damaging levels. Table 1 lists some well-known insect growth regulators. (See the Resources section for suppliers)
Table 1. Selected Insect Growth Regulators | ||
Brand Name | Supplier | Active against |
Adept | Uniroyal Chemicals | fungus gnats |
Azatin | Hydro-Gardens, Olympic Horticultural Products | whiteflies, leafminers, thrips, mealybugs, fungus gnats, aphids, cabbage loopers, diamondback moths, armyworms |
Citation | Novartis | leafminers, fungus gnats, shore flies |
Confirm | Rohm & Haas | caterpillars |
Dimilin | Uniroyal Chemicals | beet armyworm, whiteflies, fungus gnats, shore flies |
Distance | Valen | whiteflies, fungus gnats, shore flies |
Enstar II | Wellmark Intl. | whiteflies, fungus gnats, aphids, soft and armored scales, mealybugs |
Insegar | Novartis | caterpillars, psyllids, scales |
Neemazad | Thermo Trilogy | whiteflies, leafminers, thrips, mealybugs, fungus gnats, aphids, cabbage loopers, diamondback moths, armyworms |
Neemix | Thermo Trilogy | whiteflies, leafminers, thrips, mealybugs, fungus gnats, aphids, loopers, diamondback moths, armyworms, cabbage loopers |
Precision | Novartis | whiteflies, soft scales, fungus gnats, shore flies, leafminers |
Preclude | Whitmore Micro-Gen | whiteflies, thrips, scales, aphids |
Pyrigro | Whitmore Micro-Gen | whiteflies, fungus gnats, scales |
Trigard | Novartis | leafminers |
Biorational Pesticides
The integration of biorational pesticides (also known as least-toxic or biopesticides) in greenhouses is often necessary in addition to cultural and biological control measures. When the use of a pesticide is necessary, materials should be selected that are least harmful to the predators and parasites released into the greenhouse. Insecticidal soap, horticultural oils, and the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis are examples of insecticides that can be safely integrated into a biological control program. The advantages of biopesticides over conventional chemicals are their selectivity to a targeted pest, lower toxicity to beneficial insects and greenhouse workers, and shorter re-entry intervals (REI).
Enhanced control with pesticides is achieved with thorough spray coverage. Wider plant spacing and removal of dead lower leaves improves pesticide coverage and pest control.
Beauveria bassiana
BotaniGard™ (from Mycotech) and Naturalis-O™ (from SePro) are the two commercial formulations of B. bassiana that are available for greenhouse use. B. bassiana is a naturally occurring fungus that attacks a wide range of pests—including aphids, whiteflies, thrips and spider mites. B. bassiana has been found to be compatible with predators such as Encarsia spp., Eretmocerus spp. and Chrysoperla spp.
Early in 1999, Conserve SC™ from Dow AgroSciences was registered for use on greenhouse ornamentals. The active ingredient comes from the soil-inhabiting actinomycete Saccharopolyspora spinosa. Conserve is effective against many different species of caterpillars, leafminers, and thrips. Experiments performed at the Ohio State University showed that Conserve provided excellent control of Western flower thrips. (7)
Hot Pepper Wax and Garlic Extract
These products are actually insect repellents. Hot Pepper Wax™ contains paraffin (refined wax) and capsaicin (the "hot" in hot peppers). Another study at Ohio State showed that Hot Pepper Wax did not control Western flower thrips, but was effective against two-spotted spider mite. (7) Products containing garlic also work to repel insects.
See Appendix III: Biorational Pesticides for information on products formulated for specific pests.
Greenhouse Disease Control
The greenhouse climate is ideal for the development of plant diseases. An integration of cultural practices, environmental control, biological control, and natural control products will be needed to prevent widespread outbreak.
Many fungicides are also toxic to beneficial organisms, and should be avoided if possible. Alternative disease control techniques include the use of disease resistant varieties, disease-free seeds and plants, well-drained soil, air circulation, weed eradication, humidity control, sanitation, disease-suppressive composts, compost watery extracts, and microbial antagonists.
Disease control may be classified into two approaches: 1) those aimed at the root environment, and 2) those aimed at the aerial environment.
The Root Environment
Soil disinfection (i.e., sterilization) is an important part of soil-borne disease control when raising vegetables by the ground culture method or when soil-based potting mixes are used. Soil-borne diseases include damping-off (Pythium and Rhizoctonia), black root rot (Thielaviopsis), and several other root rots and wilts caused by Fusarium and Phytophthera. Potting mixes based on compost, peat moss, vermiculite, perlite, and bark are typically pathogen-free and do not require prior sterilization.
Sterilization involves heating the soil to 212°F for 30 minutes, a process that kills most organisms in the soil. Chemical changes also occur in the soil and may affect plant nutrient uptake to the following crop. Pasteurization involves heating the soil to only 160°F for 30 minutes. While most harmful pathogens are killed at this temperature, many beneficial soil organisms survive. Thus, pasteurization is the preferred method in organic programs.
Chemical biocides, electrical heat, steam heat, and soil solarization are the primary methods of soil disinfection in greenhouse production. A fifth method of disease suppression is biological control. Soil fumigants such as methyl bromide are, of course, restricted in organic production.
Electrical heat treatment, which is done inside a steel chamber surrounded by heating coils, is limited to treating about a cubic yard of soil at a time. Its primary use is in the pasteurization of small batches of sand and soil for potting mixes.
Accordingly, steam pasteurization and soil solarization are the two most viable options for sterilizing greenhouse soils or large volumes of soil-based mixes. Biological control is complementary to these two methods.
Steam was the primary method of soil sterilization in the greenhouse industry prior to the emergence of soil fumigants. Steam heat is highly effective and environmentally safe. Equipment and fuel costs are expensive, however, and treatment between crops is labor and time consuming. These are the chief reasons many growers shifted to soilless mixes.
There are three methods of steaming in common use today (8):
- Tarping an area and piping in steam for 6-8 hours, heating and sterilizing the top 8 inches of soil;
- Pumping steam into subsurface drainage pipes, sterilizing the top 2 feet of soil; and,
- Negative pressure steaming, where pumps pull steam applied at the surface through pipes buried 2 feet deep and 10 feet apart.
Soil solarization is the process of tarping moist soils with clear polyethylene to trap solar radiation and raise soil temperatures to levels lethal to most pathogens and weed seeds. Solarization is most effective when applied for at least 30 days in midsummer. Two layers of polyethylene, separated by fillers (i.e., pvc pipes or 2'x 4's) spaced every few feet to create an air space, increases the efficiency of solarization.
Solarization in greenhouses is a proven means of soil sterilization, and is practiced worldwide in Japan, Israel, Greece, France, Italy, Belgium, Portugal, and Spain (9-11), in addition to the United States and Canada.
Solarization can also be used to pasteurize sand or soil intended for potting media, or to treat used media. (12) A simple technique developed in Florida (13), is to fill a black plastic trash bag with media, which is then sealed in a transparent plastic bag. The double-wrapped media is placed in the open on asphalt or concrete and spread to a uniform depth of 3 inches.
As long as the trash bag received one full day of sunshine from April through August, the temperatures reached or exceeded 113°F for more than 2 hours. This temperature, which was monitored with a thermometer inserted into the media, was considered the minimum treatment period for plant-parasitic nematodes. This method yields about 24 liters of media.
Biological control of pathogens in greenhouse soils and potting mixes is accomplished through natural control via cultural practices, and secondly, through applied biocontrols. The introduction of biocontrol agents, or antagonists, is the next form of biological soil disinfection. Biological fungicides are a promising alternative to synthetic fungicides.
There are several new biocontrols available for suppressing root diseases. One product is RootShield™, a biofungicide that controls root diseases caused by Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, and Sclerotinia. RootShield contains the fungus Trichoderma harzianum and is sold either as granules or a drench. SoilGard 12G™ is another biofungicide that controls Pythium, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Phytophthora and Thielaviopsis (when co-applied with sulfur). The active ingredient is the fungus Gliocladium virens. SoilGard is sold as granules that can be incorporated into the soil mix. Another product is MycoStop™, sold as a wettable powder. MycoStop contains the actinomycete Streptomyces griseoviridis and controls Fusarium, although it may control other root diseases. See Appendix III: Biorational Pesticides for further information.
Deny™ (from Stine Seed) contains the bacterium Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia and controls diseases caused by Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, and Pythium. It also provides some nematode control. Intercept™ (from Soil Technologies) also uses B. cepacia to control disease.
Cultural practices that promote soil health include crop rotation and use of tilled-in crop residues and green manures or organic amendments brought in from off site.
The beneficial effect of crop rotation on plant health and yield is probably due to changes in soil microflora. These shifts result in increasing numbers of beneficial microorganisms (including nitrifying and other useful bacteria, antagonists of pathogens, etc.), and in decreasing numbers of noxious ones (pathogens and antagonists of beneficial microorganisms). (15)
In some greenhouses, a short-term break crop—such as annual ryegrass, oats, buckwheat, or rapeseed—may fit into the rotation and be used to increase organic matter. Another option is to rely on organic amendments or green leaf manures brought in from off site. Amendments such as fresh residues, composts, and manures result in soil improvement through a proliferation of microflora.
Green leaf manures are field-grown cover crops that are chopped and harvested green, then transported inside the greenhouse to be incorporated into the soil. Many studies have shown that crucifer residues from rapeseed and oilseed radish cover crops produce toxic gases that suppress soilborne pathogens. Additionally, soil solarization, following incorporation of cruciferous residues, increases the efficiency of soilborne pathogen control.
The role of composts as a slow-release nutrient source in organic production is well established. Recently, the role of composts as amendments for the control of soilborne plant pathogens has increased interest in similar use in conventional agriculture. Much of the pioneering research on this topic has been conducted by Dr. Harry Hoitink (16-18) at Ohio State University.
In container production, disease-suppressive composts are commercially available in both peat and soil-based media. Dr. Frank Regulski, who is President of BioComp, Inc., an Edenton, N.C., company that developed a series of disease-suppressive mixes, said that suppressive properties come from a certain composting technique that yields antibiotic (antagonistic) and competitive (saprophytic) responses. (19)
Natural disease-suppressive potting mixes—based on composts—are available through several commercial sources. These products may, however, contain starter fertilizers and wetting agents which would restrict their use in organic certification programs. Contact the manufacturers for clarification on these ingredients. Some companies will blend a special batch that excludes restricted ingredients, therefore making them suitable for organic production. For more information on these companies, ask for ATTRA's publication Disease Suppressive Potting Mixes. This publication also discusses how to inoculate potting mixes with mycorrhizae. Mycorrhizae colonize plant roots and protect them against certain pathogenic fungi, including various Pythium and Fusarium species. (20)
The Aerial Environment
Foliar and stem diseases include gray mold (Botrytis), powdery mildew (Erysiphe spp.), early blight (Alternaria spp.), soft rot (Erwinia spp.), and several other fungal and viral diseases caused by Xanthomonas, Fusarium, and Psuedomonas.
Greenhouse climates are warm, humid, and wind-free—an ideal environment for the development of many foliar and stem diseases. For the majority of pathogenic fungi and bacteria, infection usually occurs when a film or drop of water on the plant surface persists. Unless temperature, humidity, and ventilation are well regulated, this surface water can remain in the greenhouse until infection becomes assured. (21)
Integrated disease management, therefore, is based on climate control for disease infection and optimum crop yield and quality. It eliminates inoculum through high standards of hygiene (sterilizing soil or using soilless media, obtaining disease-free planting material, chlorine bleach rinses of footwear & equipment, vegetative-free floors, etc.), cultural practices for limiting disease spread, biological and pesticidal control, and, most important, when available, resistant germplasm. (21)
Environmental Control
Temperature and humidity regulation—functions of heating and cooling, ventilation, vapor pressure, and structure—are increasingly becoming computerized. Expert software that reduces disease-infective conditions while promoting crop growth is available through commercial vendors.
Agricultural engineers at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC) in Wooster, Ohio, are knowledgeable about computer environment controlled greenhouses and should be able to direct you to appropriate systems. Contact:
Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center
1680 Madison Avenue
Wooster, OH 44691-6900
Foliar Products
Greenhouse growers have fewer alternative control products for diseases than for insects. Copper- and sulfur-based fungicides are the only commercial fungicides acceptable in certified organic programs. Coppers exhibit both fungicidal and bacterial control properties. Sulfurs are noted for control of mildews. Alternative disease control strategies, although based more on grower's experience and limited research, include compost watery extracts (see ATTRA's publication Compost Teas for Plant Disease Control for more information), biodynamic herbal extracts (see ATTRA's publication Biodynamic Farming and Compost Preparation) and foliar feeding below.
Biofungicides for foliar disease control are also available. AQ10™ contains the fungus Ampelomyces quisqualis and controls powdery mildew. Trichodex™ controls botrytis. TopShield™ contains Trichoderma harzianum and controls botrytis and powdery mildew. TopShield should become commercially available in 1999. See Appendix III: Biorational Pesticides for further information.
Foliar feeding is used by many organic growers to induce resistance to foliar disease. Seaweed and fish emulsion are the two products most commonly applied. More sophisticated foliar programs are being formulated in conjunction with refractometers and radionics instruments. Although the mechanism for resistance is not clear, modification of the leaf surface and enhanced plant nutrition is suspected. It has been stated that foliar fertilization indirectly protects against plant pathogens by increasing natural plant immunity through improvement of the plant's nutritional status. (22)
Evidence is also strong that foliar feeding can have a dramatic effect on the rhizosphere microflora via changes in root exudates. (15) Such changes in root exudates may lead to an increase of antagonists and thus enhance biological control of pathogens in the root environment as well. (15) Further information on foliar feeding is available from ATTRA on request.
Baking Soda
Baking soda has for many years been used in Europe as a mild fungicide by rose growers and organic gardeners. Recently, plant pathologists at Cornell University confirmed through research that baking soda exhibits fungicidal activity against powdery mildew and several other diseases on ornamentals. (23) They determined that a mixture of 0.5% baking soda (about 5 level teaspoons per gallon of water) and 0.5% horticultural oil showed the greatest activity.
A new product containing baking soda, called Remedy™, is now available for use as a pesticide. Remedy is effective against black spot, powdery mildew, leaf spots, anthracnose, phoma, phytophthora, scab, and botrytis. Remedy should be applied at the first sign of disease and repeated at one- or two-week intervals until the problem subsides. A six-ounce bottle (enough to make 12 gallons of spray) is available for $15 from:
Gardener's Supply Company
128 Intervale Rd.
Burlington, VT 05401
For more information on how to use baking soda, ask for ATTRA's publication Using Baking Soda as a Fungicide.
Gentile, A.G., and D.T. Scanlon; Revised by Tina Smith. 1992. A Guide to Insects and Related Pests of Floricultural Crops in New England: For Commercial Growers. University of Massachusetts Cooperative Extension System. 36 p.
Kuack, David. 1995. Janet Bandy on implementing an effective IPM program. Greenhouse Management and Production. April. p. 56-57.
Dutky, Ethel. 1995. Here's how to cut your losses due to disease. GMPro. October. p. 63-65.
Aylsworth, Jean. 1993. Biological controls catch on with growers. Greenhouse Grower. December. p. 77-78, 80-81.
Gillespie, D.R. 1995? Development of integrated pest management and biological control systems for the production of greenhouse crops. http://res.agr.ca/agassiz/studies/gill95.htm (Link no longer active). 6 p.
DeAngelis, J.D. 1991. Introduction to Biological Pest Control in Greenhouses. Oregon State Univ. Extension Service, Corvallis, OR. 6 p.
Lindquist, Richard K. 1998. Evaluations of non-conventional pesticides for insect and mite control on greenhouse ornamental plants. Greenhouse Product News. July. p. 52-55.
Klassen, Parry. 1993. Mulling over methyl bromide. Greenhouse Grower. August. p. 118 & 120.
Mahrer, Yitzhak. 1991. Physical properties of solar heating of soils by plastic mulching in the field and in glasshouses and simulation models. p. 75, 81-86. In: Jaacov Katan James E. DeVay (ed.) Soil Solarization. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Garibaldi, Angelo, and M. Lodovica Bullino. 1991. Soil solarization in Southern European countries, with emphasis on soilborne disease control of protected crops. p. 227-235. In: Jaacov Katan and James E. DeVay (ed.) Soil Solarization. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Horiuchi, Seizo. 1991. Soil solarization in Japan. p. 215, 218-223, 225. In: Jaacov Katan and James E. DeVay (ed.) Soil Solarization. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Gamliel, A. et al. No date. Solarization for the Recycling of Container Media. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel. Unpublished manuscript. 8 p.
Giblin, R.M., and S.D. Verkade. 1987. Solarization of small volumes of potting soil for disinfection of plant-parasitic nematodes. p. 174-176. In: Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. Vol. 100.
Chase, A.R. 1998. New bactericides and fungicides for disease control on ornamentals. Greenhouse Product News. December. p. 22-24.
Gindrat, D. 1979. Biological soil disinfection. p. 253-287. In: D. Mulder (ed.) Soil Disinfection. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., New York, NY.
Dr. Harry Hoitink
Department of Plant Pathology
Ohio Agricultural Research and
Development Center
The Ohio State University
1680 Madison Avenue
Wooster, OH 44691-4096 -
Hoitink, Harry A., and Peter C. Fahy. 1986. Basis for the control of soilborne plant pathogens with composts. Annual Reviews of Phytopathology. Vol. 24. p. 93-114.
Hoitink, H.A.J., Y. Inbar, and M.J. Boehm. 1991. Status of compost-amended potting mixes naturally suppressive to soilborne diseases of floricultural crops. Plant Disease. September. p. 869-873.
Roberts, Dan R. 1992. Insect-, disease-suppressive mixers help growers minimize crop losses. Greenhouse Manager. September. p. 68, 70-71.
Anon. 1992. Mycori-Mix contains beneficial fungi, suppresses pythium. Greenhouse Manager. September. p. 68.
- Jarvis, William R. 1992. Managing Diseases in Greenhouse Crops. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. p. 3, 5, & 220-221.
Nowosielski, O. et al. 1988. A biological basis for the efficiency of plant protecting foliar fertilizers in vegetable production. Acta Horticulture. Vol. 222. p. 105-116.
- Anon. 1990. Baking soda can ward off fungus. Greenhouse Manager. June. p. 24.
Applied Bio-nomics, Ltd. (ed). 1993. Biological Technical Manual. Applied Bio-nomics, Ltd., Sidney, B.C. 490 p.
A comprehensive text on the biology and use of beneficial insects and mites for biological control in greenhouses. The manual includes biology, life cycles, release instructions, pesticide compatibilities, and crop programs for greenhouse tomatoes, poinsettias, floricultural crops, and interior plantscapes. It has been in revision for several years and is unavailable for purchase. However, you might be able to obtain a copy through inter-library loan or at a used bookstore.
Casey, Christine (ed.) 1997. Integrated Pest Management for Bedding Plants. IPM No. 407. Cornell University Cooperative Extension, Ithaca, NY. 109 p.
Covers scouting methods, how to develop and evaluate a management strategy, case studies, key pests, diseases and disorders, and biological controls. Also contains sources of scouting supplies and scouting forms. Available for $12.75 from:
Media Services Resource Center
Cornell University
7-8 Business & Technology Park
Ithaca, NY 14850
Cherim, Michael S. 1998. The Green Methods Manual: The Original Bio-Control Primer, 4th ed. Green Spot Publishing, Nottingham, NH. 238 p.
Excellent resource on biological controls. Also includes information on cultural and mechanical pest management methods. Available for $9.95 from:
The Green Spot, Ltd.
Publishing Division
93 Priest Rd.
Nottingham, NH 03290-6204
Daughtrey, Margery and Christine Chase. 1992. The Ball Field Guide to Diseases of Greenhouse Ornamentals. Ball Publishing, Batavia, IL. 218 p. Available for $67 from:
Ball Publishing
335 N. River St.
P.O. Box 9
Batavia, IL 60510
Gill, Stanton and John Sanderson. 1998. Ball Identification Guide to Greenhouse Pests and Beneficials. Ball Publishing, Batavia, IL. 244 p. Available for $67 from Ball Publishing (see address above)
Green, Thomas A. (ed.) 1998. 1998 IPM Almanac. Gempler's, Belleville, WI. 178 p.
Excellent source of IPM info. Introduces the grower to IPM techniques. Provides comprehensive checklists for specific crops and gives numerous resources. Available for $4.95 from:
100 Countryside Dr.
P.O. Box 270
Belleville, WI 53508
Hunter, Charles D. 1997. Suppliers of Beneficial Organisms in North America. PM 97-01. California Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Pesticide Regulation. Sacramento, CA. 32 p.
The booklet lists 143 commercial suppliers of more than 130 beneficial organisms used for biological control, including a special section on greenhouse biological control. The booklet can be downloaded from their Web site, or free, single copies can be obtained from:
California Environmental Protection Agency
Department of Pesticide Regulation
Environmental Monitoring and Pest Management Branch
Attn: Beneficial Organisms Booklet
1220 N. Street, Room 161
Sacramento, CA 95814-5624
Hussey, N.W. and N. Scopes (ed). 1985. Biological Pest Control: The Glasshouse Experience. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. 240 p.
This book is a comprehensive work that explains the life cycles of both pests and biological control agents. All of the major and minor greenhouse pests are covered. This book is no longer in print, but you may be able to get it through inter-library loan or at a used bookstore.
Lindquist, Richard. 1998. Identification of Insects and Related Pests of Horticultural Plants. Ohio Florists' Assocation, Columbus, OH. 44 p.
Illustrates the life cycle and crop damage of ten major pests. The 20-page Appendix: Insect Cocktail provides information on combining chemical and biological tools for use against pests. Available for $27 from:
Ohio Florists' Association
2130 Stella Court, Suite 200
Columbia, OH 43215
Malais, M. and W.J. Ravensburg. 1992. Knowing and Recognizing: The Biology of Glasshouse Pests and Their Natural Enemies. Koppert B.V., Berkel en Rodenrijs, Netherlands. 109 p.
This book includes photographs, drawings, and life cycle diagrams for both pests and beneficials of greenhouse crops. In the U.S., it is available for $50 through:
IPM Laboratories, Inc.
P.O. Box 300
Locke, NY 13092-0300
Meister, Richard T. (ed.) 1999. Insect and Disease Control Guide. Meister Publishing, Willoughby, OH. 602 p.
Extensive annual listing of controls for insects and disease for greenhouse and field crops. Available for $54 from:
Meister Publishing Company
37733 Euclid Ave.
Willoughby, OH 44094-5992
Jarvis, William. 1995. Managing Diseases in Greenhouse Crops. American Phytopathological Press, St. Paul, Minnesota. 228 p.
This is the definitive text on managing diseases in greenhouses. Included are useful sections on biological control and integrated disease management. The style is more akin to an academic book rather than a grower's manual, yet little else has been published on this topic. It lists for about $85 + $5 s&h.Contact:
APS Press
3340 Pilot Knob Road
St. Paul, MN 55121-2097
Powell, Charles C. and Richard K. Lindquist. 1997. Ball Pest and Disease Manual. 2nd edition. Ball Publishing, Batavia, IL. 426 p.
Features specific information on plant pathology and entomolgy in flower and foliage crops. Contains detailed diagnostic and corrective information. Additionally, the Index of Host Plants, Diseases and Pests is very helpful. Available for $63 from Ball Publishing (see address above)
Steiner, Marilyn Y. and Don P. Elliot. 1987. Biological Pest Management for Interior Plantscapes, 2nd edition. Alberta Public Affairs Bureau, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 32 p.
An informative booklet on pest management in interior plantscapes. The authors detail life cycle information and provide cultural, biological and chemical control options for major greenhouse pests. Copies can be ordered for about $15 from:
Pauline Coleman
Alberta Research Council
Crop & Plant Management
Bag 4000
Vegreville, AB
Canada T9C 1T4
Greenhouse Grower magazine publishes IPM manuals on the control of greenhouse whiteflies and thrips. The two publications, Win the War on Whiteflies, and Get a Grip on Thrips, are an assortment of selected articles published in the magazine over the span of several years. They are available for $12 each from Meister Publishing Company (see address above)
Greenhouse IPM in General
Grossman, Joel. 1996. Entomological Society of America's 1995 meeting--part 3: Nicotiana sugar esters vs. whiteflies. The IPM Practitioner. April. p. 14-15.
Willmott, Jim. 1998. Reduce disease by managing the greenhouse environment. Northeast Greenhouse IPM Notes. October. p. 1-2.
Biological Control
DeAngelis, J.D. 1991. Introduction to Biological Pest Control in Greenhouses, EC 1376. Oregon State Univ. Extension Service, Corvallis, OR.
Gilkeson, Linda A. 1992. A pest-by-pest IPM primer. American Vegetable Grower. May. p. 46, 48.
Hoddle, M.S., R.G. van Driesche, J.P. Sanderson. 1998. Biology and use of the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa. Annual Review of Entomology. Vol. 43. p. 645-669.
Kuack, David. 1995. What's it take to be successful with biologicals? Greenhouse Management and Production. April. p. 22-26.
Lowe, Peter. 1993. How to get started with biological control: Tips from a Danish grower. Greenhouse Manager. September. p. 92, 94, 96, 98, 100.
Matteoni, Jim, et al. 1993. Chemical effects on greenhouse biological control agents. GrowerTalks. August. p. 81-83, 85.
Wardlow, Leslie R. 1998. IPM in ornamentals: A guide to biocontrol. GrowerTalks. September. p. 78, 80, 82.
Immaraju, John and Timothy Wood. 1992. Insect growth regulators widen the pest-control window. Grower Talks. November. p. 55, 57, 59.
Biorational Pesticides
Brownbridge, Michael. 1998. Making the most of biopesticides. Greenhouse Grower. July. p. 85-86, 88, 93-96.
Brownbridge, Michael, Margaret Skinner, and Bruce L. Parker. 1998. Factors affecting the efficacy of fungal preparations in ornamental pest management. Ohio Florists' Association Bulletin, No. 824. June. p. 14-16.
Miller, Fredric and Susan Uetz. 1998. Evaluating biorational pesticides for controlling arthropod pests and their phytotoxic effects on greenhouse crops. HortTechnology. April-June. p. 185-192.
Menzies, J.G., and R.R. Belanger. 1996. Recent advances in cultural management of diseases of greenhouse crops. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology. Vol. 18, No. 2. p. 186-193.
Bio-Integral Resource Center (BIRC) is a leader in the field of integrated pest management. BIRC publishes The IPM Practitioner and Common Sense Pest Quarterly. In addition, they publish a directory of IPM products and beneficial insects. BIRC also offers booklets and reprints on least-toxic controls for selected pests. For a copy of BIRC's catalog & list of services, contact:
Bio-Integral Resource Center (BIRC)
P.O. Box 7414
Berkeley, CA 94707
Cornell and Rutgers Cooperative Extension publish Northeast Greenhouse IPM Notes, formerly titled Greenhouse IPM Update, a monthly newsletter designed to help growers incorporate IPM into their operations throughout the growing season. The newsletter reports on new products, publications, and current issues in greenhouse IPM, as well as providing the most up-to-date information on inidual pests and crops. The hard copy version costs $50 a year, but the newsletter is free over the Internet. Contact:
Northeast Greenhouse IPM Notes
Cornell Cooperative Extension
246 Griffing Avenue
Riverhead, NY 11901-3086
Connecticut Greenhouse Newsletter
Contact: Richard J. McAvoy
University of Connecticut
Dept. of Plant Science
1376 Storrs Rd.
Storrs, CT 06269-4067
$9/year for 6 issues
Midwest Biological Control News
Dept. of Entomology
University of Wisconsin
1630 Linden Dr.
Madison, WI 53706
This newsletter is no longer being published, but all back issues are available online.
Growing for Market
P.O. Box 3747
Lawrence, KS 66046
$27/year for 12 issues
Trade Publications
Greenhouse Grower
Meister Publishing Company
37733 Euclid Ave.
Willoughby, OH 44094
$29/year for 12 issues; Buyer's Issue every summer has lists of pest control suppliers
GMPro (Greenhouse Management & Production)
Branch-Smith Publishing
P.O. Box 1868
Fort Worth, TX 76101
12 issues/year; free to qualified greenhouse growers; $96/year for non-growers
Greenhouse Product News
Scranton Gillette Communications, Inc.
380 E. Northwest Hwy.
Des Plaines, IL 60016-2282
$30/year for 12 issues
Ball Publising Co.
P.O. Box 9
335 N. River Street
Batavia, IL 60510-0009
$25/year for 14 issues
Integrated Pest Management in Greenhouses. 27 minutes.
Shows the unique problems and opportunities involved with managing pests in production greenhouses. Covers economic thresholds and how to apply an IPM program to coordinate physical, biological, cultural, horticultural, and chemical controls. Comes with a 72-page book on greenhouse pest problems. Available for $95 from:
San Luis Video Publishing
P.O. Box 6715
Los Osos, CA 93412
The Society of American Florists holds an annual Pest Management Conference in February. This is usually a three-day event that focuses on pest management in ornamental crops. Annual conference proceedings are available for $17.95. For more information, contact:
Society of American Florists
1601 Duke St.
Alexandria, VA 22314
Biological Control Suppliers
A-1 Unique Insect Control 5504 Sperry Drive Citrus Heights, CA 95621 916-961-7945 916-967-7082 FAX firstname.lastname@example.com |
Mycogen Crop Protection 5501 Oberlin Dr. San Diego, CA 92121 800-745-7476 619-453-9089 FAX email@example.com |
Abbott Laboratories 1401 Sheridan Rd. Dept. 44C, Bldg. A1 N. Chicago, IL 60064 800-323-9597 847-937-3729 FAX |
Mycotech Corp. P.O. Box 4109 Butte, MT 59702-4109 800-383-4310 406-782-9912 FAX firstname.lastname@example.com |
ARBICO Inc. P.O. Box 4247 CRB Tucson, AZ 85738 800-SOS-BUGS 520-825-2038 FAX email@example.com |
Natural Pest Controls 8864 Little Creek Dr. Orangeville, CA 95662 916-726-0855 916-726-0855 FAX email@example.com |
Beneficial Insectary 14751 Oak Run Rd. Oak Run, CA 96069 800-477-3715 530-472-3523 FAX email@example.com |
Nature's Control P.O. Box 35 Medford, OR 97501 800-698-6250 541-899-9121 FAX email@example.com |
BioLogic Co. P.O. Box 177 Willow Hill, PA 17271 firstname.lastname@example.com 717-349-2789/292 |
Novartis Crop Protection, Inc. P.O. Box 18300 Greensboro, NC 27419-8300 800-334-9481 336-632-2861 FAX see http://www.zeneca.com/en/index.aspx for information on Syngenta, created by merger of Novartis and Zeneca. |
BioWorks 122 N. Genesee St. Geneva, NY 14456 800-877-9443 315-781-1793 FAX |
Olympic Horticultural Products P.O. Box 1885 Bradenton, FL 34206-1885 800-659-6745 |
Caltec Agri-Marketing Services P.O. Box 576155 Modesto, CA 95357 209-575-1295 209-575-0366 FAX |
Plant Health Care 440 William Pitt Way Pittsburg, PA 15238 800-421-9051 |
Dow AgroSciences 9330 Zionsville Rd. Indianapolis, IN 46268-1054 800-258-3033 317-337-7374 FAX |
Praxis 2723 116th Ave. Allegan, MI 49010 616-673-2793 616-673-2793 FAX email@example.com |
Ecogen Inc. 2005 Cabot Blvd. W P.O. Box 3023 Langhorne, PA 17271-3023 800-220-3326 215-757-2956 FAX |
Rincon-Vitova Insectaries, Inc. P.O. Box 1555 Ventura, CA 93002 800-248-2847 805-643-6267 FAX email@example.com |
Florikan ESA Corp. 1523 Edger Place Sarasota, FL 34240 800-322-8666 941-377-3633 FAX firstname.lastname@example.com |
Rohm & Haas Co. 100 Independence Mall West Philadelphia, PA 19106 800-523-0762 215-592-2797 FAX |
E.C. Geiger, Inc. Rt. 63, Box 285 Harleysville, PA 19438 215-256-6511 215-256-6110 FAX firstname.lastname@example.com |
SePRO Corp. 11550 N. Meridian St., Suite 180 Carmel, IN 46032-4562 800-419-7779 317-580-8290 FAX email@example.com |
The Green Spot, Ltd. 93 Priest Rd. Nottingham, NH 03290-6204 603-942-8925 603-942-8932 603-942-5027 (voice mail) email@example.com |
Sespe Creek Insectary P.O. Box 176 Lindsay, CA 93247 209-562-6464 |
Harmony Farm Supply 3244 Hwy. 116 No. F Sebastopol, CA 95472 707-823-9125 707-823-1734 FAX firstname.lastname@example.com |
Soil Technologies Corp. 2103 185th St. Fairfield, IA 52556 800-221-7645 515-472-6189 FAX email@example.com |
Hot Pepper Wax, Inc. 305 Third St. Greenville, PA 16125 888-667-3785 724-646-2302 FAX email@example.com |
Stine Seed Co. 2225 Laredo Trail Adel, IA 50003 800-362-2510 515-677-2716 firstname.lastname@example.com |
Hydro-Gardens, Inc. P.O. Box 25845 Colorado Springs, CO 80932 719-495-2266 719-531-0506 FAX |
Stoller Enterprises, Inc. 8582 Katy Freeway, Suite 200 Houston, TX 77024 800-539-5283 713-461-4467 FAX |
IGENE Biotechnology, Inc. 9110 Red Branch Rd. Columbia, MD 21045 410-997-2599 410-730-0540 FAX |
Thermo Trilogy Corp. 9145 Guilford Rd., Ste. 175 Columbia, MD 21046 800-847-5620 301-604-7015 FAX |
International Technology Services Inc. P.O. Box 19227 Boulder, CO 80308-2227 303-473-9141 303-473-9143 FAX firstname.lastname@example.com |
Troy Biosciences 2620 N. 37th Dr. Phoenix, AZ 85009 602-233-9047 602-254-7989 FAX |
IPM Laboratories P.O. Box 300 Locke, NY 13092-0099 315-497-2063 315-497-3129 FAX |
Uniroyal Chemicals Benson Rd. Middlebury, CT 06749 800-243-2850 203-573-3394 FAX |
Koppert Biological Systems 2856 Main St. South Ann Arbor, MI 48103 313-998-5589 313-998-5557 FAX |
Wellmark International 1000 Tower Lane, Suite 245 Bensonville, IL 60106 800-842-3135 630-227-6065 FAX |
M&R Durango, Inc. P.O. Box 886 Bayfield, CO 81122 970-259-3521 970-259-3857 FAX |
Whitmore Micro-Gen 3568 Tree Court Ind. Blvd. St. Louis, MO 63122 800-777-8570 314-225-3739 FAX |
Wilbur-Ellis Co. 191 W. Shaw Ave., Suite 107 Fresno, CA 93704-2876 209-226-1934 209-226-7630 FAX |
Appendix I: Monitoring and Scouting Techniques
Aphids | Plant Bugs | Shore Flies | Fungus Gnats | Leaf Miners | Mealy bugs | Broad Mites | |
Monitoring: | |||||||
Yellow sticky cards at top of pot | X |
Horizontal sticky trap at top of pot | X |
Trap/Indicator plants | X |
Place piece of potato on media | X |
Inspect underside of leaf | X |
Inspect leaves for mines within tissue | X |
Inspect new growth or terminal for feeding | X |
Tap flowers over white surface & look for movement | X |
Check for leaves on media for feeding & larvae beneath | X |
Observe for:
Honeydew or sooty mold on leaves | X |
White cottony mass on stems/leaves | X |
Small black spots on leaves (fecal drops) | X |
Chlorotic (yellow) spots on upper leaf surface | X |
Wilting on new growth | X |
Caste skins on leaf from molting insect | X |
Curling of leaves | X |
Distortion of new growth | X |
Main stems of plants | X |
Gnat-like insects flying among plants | X |
Spider Mites | Soft Scales | Armored Scales | Slugs | Thrips | White flies | Caterpillars | |
Monitoring: | |||||||
Hot pink sticky cards at top of plant | X |
Yellow sticky cards at top of pot | X |
Trap/Indicator plants | X |
Inspect underside of leaf | X |
Inspect upper surface for stippling/small white spots | X |
Inspect new growth or terminal for feeding | X |
Lightly blow into flowers and look for movement | X |
Tap flowers over white surface & look for movement | X |
Press lower leaf on white card and look for spots on card | X |
White or brown spots on flowers | X |
Dark area on buds that are just opening | X |
Observe for:
Honeydew or sooty mold on leaves | X |
Brown callused-like spots on stems/leaves | X |
Holes in leaves | X |
Small clear skeletonized spot on leaf | X |
Cut edges of leaves | X |
Frass on leaves | X |
Small black spots on leaves (fecal drops) | X |
Chlorotic (yellow) spots on upper leaf surface | X |
Distortion of new growth | X |
Main stems of plants | X |
Slime trail on leaf | X |
Buds fail to open or uneven opening of flowers | X |
Webbing on leaves or flowers | X |
* Source: Oetting, Ronald D. 1997. Table: Ornamentals - Greenhouse Plants. In: 1997 Insect Control Guide. Meister Publishing, Willoughby, OH. p. 354-355
Appendix II: Beneficial Organisms
Organism | Supplier | Pests Controlled | Application/Comments |
Amblyseius degenerans or Iphiseius degenerans (predatory mite) |
Intl. Technology Services, IPM Labs., Green Spot | aphids | |
Amblyseius fallacis or Neoseiulus fallacis (predator mite) |
IPM Labs, Rincon-Vitova, Green Spot | mites | Release when pest levels are low. Prefer high humidity. |
Anagyrus pseudococci (parasite wasp) |
Praxis | mealybugs | |
Aphidius colemani (parasite wasp) |
Florikan, IPM Labs., Harmony Farm Supply, Praxis, Rincon-Vitova, Green Spot | aphids | Release.5-2/sq. yd.; humidity should be 70-85%, temp. 65-77°F. Release at first sign of pests and for 3 consecutive weeks thereafter. Sensitive to pesticides. |
Aphidius matricariae (parasite wasp) |
Arbico, Hydro-Gardens, Green Spot | aphids | 500-3000/A. Can be used in greenhouses all year long. |
Aphidoletes aphidimyza (predator midge) |
Nature's Control, Intl. Technology Services, IPM Laboratories, Hydro-Gardens, Arbico, Praxis, Rincon-Vitova, Harmony Farm Supply, Green Spot | aphids | 1-3/10 sq. ft.; humidity should be 50-90%, temp 60-80°F. Release when aphids are first observed; release lower numbers for preventive control; apply every two weeks. Active at night; sensitive to daylength. |
Aphytis melinus (parasite wasp) |
Arbico, Sespe Creek Insectary, Harmony, Hydro-Gardens, IPM Labs, Natural Pest Controls, Praxis, Green Spot | many scales | 10,000-100,000/A; humidity should be 20-80%, temp. 65-95°F. |
Chilocorus spp. (beetle) |
Praxis | scales | |
Chrysopa carnea (predator) |
Natural Pest Controls, Beneficial Insectary, Caltec, Arbico, A-1 Unique Insect Control, Praxis, Rincon-Vitova, Hydro-Gardens | aphids, caterpillars, mealybugs, scales, spider mites, thrips, whiteflies | 1 lacewing/5-30 aphids; 1000 eggs/200 sq. ft. Apply every 1-3 weeks as needed. May arrive as eggs, immatures, or adults. |
Chrysoperla rufilabris (predator) |
Arbico, Beneficial Insectary, IPM Labs., A-1 Unique Insect Control, Nature's Control, Praxis, Rincon-Vitova | see above | |
Chrysoperla spp. (predator) |
M&R Durango, Florikan, Green Spot | see above | |
Coccophagus lycinnia (parasite wasp |
Praxis | scale | |
Coleomegilla imaculata (pink ladybird beetle) |
Arbico | aphids, caterpillars, mites, scales, thrips, whiteflies | 1/sq. ft.; shipped as larvae and eggs. |
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (predator beetle) |
Arbico, Caltec, Intl. Technology Services, IPM Laboratores, Natural Pest Controls, Nature's Control, Florikan, Harmony Farm Supply, Hydro-Gardens, Praxis, Rincon-Vitova, Green Spot | aphids, mealybugs, soft scales | 2-5/infested plant; humidity should be 70-80%, temp. 70-80°F. Larvae are cannibalistic; repeat as necessary for control; do not wear white while distributing. |
Dacnusa siberica (parasite) |
Arbico, Intl. Technology Services, Natural Pest Controls, Praxis, Koppert, Green Spot | leafminers | 500-1000/A; humidity should be 50-90%; temp. 60-85°F. Apply at first appearance of pests. |
Deraecoris brevis (predator) |
Green Spot | aphids, whiteflies, thrips | |
Delphastus pusillius (predatory beetle) |
Arbico, IPM Laboratories, Nature's Control, Harmony Farm Supply, Hydro-Gardens, Rincon-Vitova, Praxis, Green Spot | greenhouse whitefly, sweetpotato whitefly | 2000/3000 sq. ft; temperature should be 60-85°F. Will feed on spider mites if no whiteflies are available Should be used along with Encarsia formosa and traps. |
Diaretiella rapae (parasite) |
Arbico, Praxis | aphids | Release rates vary. |
Diglyphus isaea (parasite) |
Arbico, Harmony Farm Supply, Natural Pest Controls, Praxis, Intl. Technology Services, Green Spot | leafminers | Temps. should be 75-90°F and humidity around 80%. |
Encarsia formosa (parasite wasp) |
Arbico, Nature's Control, IPM Laboratores, Intl. Technology Services, Florikan, Harmony Farm Supply, Hydro-gardens, Natural Pest Controls, A-! Unique Insect Control, Praxis, Rincon-Vitova, Green Spot | greenhouse whitefly, sweetpotato whitefly, silverleaf whitefly | Release 1/sq. ft. weekly for 3 weeks when pest numbers are low. Release 2-4/sq. ft. when pest numbers are high. apply when epsts are first observed. Should be used in conjunction with traps. May be used along with other beneficials. E. formosa is very susceptible to chemicals. Temps should be at least 64°F. Re-apply every two weeks. |
Encarsia luteola or E. deserti | Hydro-Gardens | whiteflies | |
Eretmocerus californicus or E. eremicus (parasite wasp) |
Beneficial insectary, Hydro-Gardens, IPM Laboratores, Arbico, Praxis, Green Spot | greenhouse whitefly, silverleaf whitefly, sweetpotato whitefly | Capable of handling hot, dry temperatures. Introduce when whiteflies are first observed. May be used in combination with other beneficials such as green lacewings. Eretmocerus is more tolerant of pesticides than Encarsia formosa. |
Euseius spp. (predator mite) |
Praxis | scale, mites | |
Harmonia axyridis (Asian lady beetle) |
Green Spot | scale, whiteflies, mealybugs, aphids | Temps. should be 70-85°F; humidity around 70%. |
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (beneficial nematode) |
M&R Durango, Arbico, BioLogic, Hydro-Gardens, Harmony Farm Supply, Plant Health Care, Green Spot | fungus gnats, crown borers, thrips, cutworms, grubs, Jap. beetles, black fine weevil | Application rate varies; 1 million/3000 sq. ft. is suggested. Nematodes need a moist environment to survive and move through soil. Apply in evening directly into growing medium. |
Hippodamia convergens (lady beetle) (predator) |
A-1 Unique Insect Control. Arbico, Caltec, IPM Laboratories, Natural pest Controls, Nature's Control, Harmony Farm Supply, Hydro-Gardens, Praxis, Green Spot | aphids, mites, whiteflies | Release at dusk near an immediate food source. Spray plants with water prior to release. |
Hypoaspis miles (predator) |
Florikan, Harmony Farm Supply, Green Spot | thrips | 100-300/sq. meter |
Iphiseius degenerans or Amblyseius degenerans (predatory mite) |
Intl. Technology Services, IPM Labs, Green Spot | aphids | |
Leptomastida enormis (parasitic wasp) |
Praxi | mealybug | |
Leptomastix daxtylopii | Praxis, Arbico, IPM Labs | mealybugs | |
Lindorus lophanthae or Rhizobius lophanthae (black lady beetle) |
Harmony Farm supply, Arbico, Green Spot | armored scales | 1-2/sq. ft. Release as soon as scales are detected. temps. should be 59-77°F, humidity 20-90% |
Lysiphlebus testaceipes (parasitic wasp) |
Praxis | aphids | |
Mesoseiulus longipes or Phytoseiulus longipes (predator) |
Arbico, Nature's Control, Harmony Farm Supply | spider mites | Introduce at first sign of pests. Can tolerate hot, dry conditions (humidity 40%, temp. 70-90°F). Tolerates extremes of temp. and humidity better than other mite predators. |
Metaphycus helvolus (parasite) |
Arbico, IPM Labs., Harmony Farm Supply, Natural Pest Controls, Praxis, Sespe Creek Insectary, Green Spot | scale | Temps. should be 73-87°F; RH 50%. do not overwinter in cold climates. They are attracted to lights and sticky traps. |
Neoseiulus spp. or Amblyseius spp. (predator mites) N. barkeri |
IPM Laboratories, Arbico | broad mites, thrips | 10-30/plant per week. |
N. californicus | Arbico, Beneficial Insectary, Caltec, IPM Labs., Nature's Control, Harmony Farm Supply, Hydro-Gardens, Rincon-Vitova | spider mites | Can tolerate hot conditions (humidity 60% min.; temp. 70-90°F). Introduce at first sign of spider mites. Can survive absence of prey longer than other predator mites. |
N. cucumeris | Arbico, Natural Pest Controls, Nature's Control, Intl. Technology Services, Florikan, IPM Labs., Harmony Farm Supply, Hydro-Gardens, Rincon-Vitova, Green Spot | thrips, mites | Humidity should be 70-90%, temp 50-85°F. Introduce at first sign of pests. |
N. cucumeris and N. barkeri | Hydro-Gardens | thrips, aphids, mites | 1 predator/sq. ft; humidity should be moderate, temp. 70°F. Establish population early. Repeat every month during periods of warm, dry weather. |
Neoseiulus fallacis or Amblyseius fallacis (predatory mite) |
IPM Labs., Rincon-Vitova, Green Spot | mites | Release when pest levels are low. Prefer high humidity. |
Orius insidiosus (minute pirate bug) (predator) |
Florikan, IPM Labs., Harmony Farm Supply, Arbico, Hydro-Gardens, Praxis, Koppert, Intl. Tech. Services, Green Spot | aphids, caterpillars, thrips, whiteflies, mites | 1/10 sq. ft. (preventive), 1 every 2 sq. ft. when pests are present. Temperature should be 70-90°F. Orius are dormant September-April. Re-apply every 2-3 weeks. Very susceptible to pesticides. Works well in combination with Neoseiulus cucumeris. |
Phytoseiulus longipes or Mesoseiulus longipes (predator) |
Arbico, Nature's Control, Harmony Farm Supply | spider mites | Introduce at first sign of pests. Can tolerate hot, dry conditions (humidity 40%, temp. 70-90°F). tolerates extremes of temp. and humidity better than other mite predators. |
Phytoseiulus persimilis (predatory mite) |
Arbico, Beneficial Insectary, Hydro-Gardens, Intl. Technology Services, Natural Pest Controls, Nature's Control, Caltec, Florikan, IPM Labs., Harmony Farm Supply, Praxis, Green Spot | spider mites | 2000 mites/3000 sq. ft or 1/5 sq. ft. Apply at first sign of spider mites. If pests persist, re-apply every 3-5 weeks. Can be used in combination with either Galendromus occidentalis or Neoseiulus californicus. May be used in combination with Bt or Enstar II. Also available in P. persimilis Ht for higher temperatures. Humidity should be 60-90%, temps. 65-80°F. |
Propylea quatuordecimpuncata (predatory beetle) |
Praxis | aphids | |
Rhizobius lophanthae or Lindorus lophanthae (black lady beetle) |
Harmony Farm Supply, Arbico, Green Spot | armored scales | 1-2/sq. ft. Release as soon as scales are detected. Temps. should be 59-77°F, RH of 20-90% |
Stethorus punctillum (spider mite destroyer) |
Nature's Control, Green Spot | spider mites | 100 spider mite destroyers start a colony. These lady beetles live 4-5 weeks. |
Steinernema spp. (beneficial nematode) |
Hydro-Gardents, Nature's Control | cutworms, thrips, white grubs, shore flies, fungus gnats, etc. | 1 million/3000 sq. ft.; temperature should be above 55°F. Apply in evening, directly to growing media. Water in after appliation. Needs moist environment to thrive. |
Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp. | Florikan, Green Spot | see above | thrive |
Steinernema carpocapsae (beneficial nematodes) |
BioLogic, Thermo Trilogy, Arbico, Harmony Farm Supply, M&R Durango, Hydro-Gardens, IPM Labs., Praxis, Green Spot | moths, borers, earworms, rootworms, beetles, cutworms, fungus gnats, crickets, grubs, shore flies, weevils, maggots, etc. | 11,000-35,000/sq. ft. Work in moist soil at temps. from 50-85°F. For best results, apply at dusk. |
Steinernema feltiae (beneficial nematodes) |
BioLogic, Geiger, M&R Durango, IPM Laboratories | see above | Apply when media temps. are 55-90°F. |
Stethorus punctillum (lady beetles) |
Praxis | spider mites | |
Thripobius semiluteus (parasite) |
Arbico, Nature's Control | thrips |
* Source: Greer, Lane. 1999. ATTRA Technical Specialist. Compiled from magazine articles, Extension bulletins, and product literature.
Appendix III: Biorational Pesticides
Abamectin - produced by the soil organism Streptomyces avermitilis | ||||
Supplier | Pests Controlled | REI | Application/Comments | |
Avid | Novartis | spider mites, leafminers | 12 hours | Many beneficials can be released one week after use. |
Ampelomyces quisqualis - fungus that parasitizes powdery mildew | ||||
Supplier | Pests Controlled | REI | Application/Comments | |
AQ10 | Plant Health Care | powdery mildew | 4 hours | Begin application as soon as host tissue emerges. Apply at least 2 sequential sprays 7-14 days apart. Works best under conditions of high humidity. |
Azadirachtin - extract of neem seed; IGR that works through contact or ingestion | ||||
Supplier | Pests Controlled | REI | Application/Comments | |
Azatin | Green Spot | aphids, caterpillars, fungus gnats, leafhoppers, leafminers, Western flower thrips, whiteflies, psyllids | 4 hours | Apply when pests first appear. |
Neemazad | Thermo Trilogy | aphids, caterpillars, thrips, greenhouse whitefly, leafminers, sweetpotato whitefly, psyllids, leafhoppers | 12 hours | Cannot be applicated through irrigation. Low rate can be used as a preventative. |
Beauveria bassiana - fungus that works through contact; exposure to non-target insects should be avoided | ||||
Supplier | Pests Controlled | REI | Application/Comments | |
Naturalis-O | SePro | aphids, caterpillars, mites, psyllids, thrips, whiteflies | 4 hours | Apply when insects first appear and repeat every 7-10 days. Need good spray coverage. Not compatible with other fungicides. |
BotaniGard | Mycotech | giatn whitefly, green peach aphid, black vine weevil, other aphids and whiteflies, thrips, leafhoppers, psyllids, white grubs | 12 hours | See above. |
Burkholderia cepacia - see Pseudomonas (Burkholderia) cepacia | ||||
Clandosan - dried material isolated from crustacean exoskeletons. Product acts in soils to stimulate growth of soil microorganisms and destroy nematodes. | ||||
Supplier | Pests Controlled | REI | Application/Comments | |
ClandoSan 618 | IGENE Biotechnology | plant-pathogenic nematodes | 12 hours | Single annual application. |
Garlic extracts | ||||
Supplier | Pests Controlled | REI | Application/Comments | |
Garlic Gard | Soil Technologies | repels thrips and other insects | ||
Garlic Barrier | Green Spot | see above | 4 hours | Use late in the day. Can be mixed with fish oil or horticultural oil. Do not use in combination with bumble bees or honeybees. |
Gliocladium virens - naturally occurring soilborne fungus that attacks soilborne, plant pathogenic fungi | ||||
Supplier | Pests Controlled | REI | Application/Comments | |
SoilGard | Thermo Trilogy | Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Pythium, Phytophthora, Thielaviopsis | 4 hours | Incorporate into soil before planting. |
Herbicides - sustainable herbicides labeled for greenhouse use | ||||
Supplier | Pests Controlled | REI | Application/Comments | |
DeMoss | Mycogen | mosses, liverworts | Contains potassium salts of fatty acids. Avoid contact with desirable foliage. Apparently nonvolatile. | |
Scythe | Mycogen | nonselective | Contains pelargonic acid and related fatty acids. Nonselective post-emergence weed control in non-crop areas. Reportedly nonvolatile. Avoid contact with desirable foliage and green stems. | |
Horticultural oil - includes dormant and summer superior oils | ||||
Supplier | Pests Controlled | REI | Application/Comments | |
All Seasons | Green Spot | aphids, mealybugs, scales thrips, whiteflies, spider mites | 4 hours | Use on sunny days to promote rapid drying and decrease chance of phytotoxicity. Not compatible with beneficials. |
Hot pepper wax - contains capsaicin, paraffin, and mineral oil | ||||
Supplier | Pests Controlled | REI | Application/Comments | |
Hot Pepper Wax | Green Spot | aphids, loopers, beet armyworms, mites, whiteflies, thrips, mealybugs, etc. | 4 hours | Also contains herbal essential oils. Not compatible with beneficials. |
Hot Pepper Wax | Hot Pepper Wax, Inc. | see above | ||
Insecticidal soap - contains potassium salts of fatty acids | ||||
Supplier | Pests Controlled | REI | Application/Comments | |
M-Pede | Mycogen | aphids, mealybugs, scales, thrips, whiteflies, spider mites | 12 hours | Phytoxicity is often a concern, esp. after repeated applications. |
Safer | Green Spot | see above | 4 hours | see above. |
Insecticidal soap | Olympic | see above | ||
Metarhizium anisopliae - not yet commercially available | ||||
Myrothecium verrucaria - biological nematicide | ||||
Supplier | Pests Controlled | REI | Application/Comments | |
DiTera | Abbott | plant-pathogenic nematodes | 4 hours | Can be used before or after planting. |
Neem oil - multi-purpose organic insecticide/fungicide/miticide; kills eggs, larval and adult stages of insects | ||||
Supplier | Pests Controlled | REI | Application/Comments | |
Trilogy 90EC | Thermo Trilogy | greenhouse whitefly, silverleaf whitefly, sweetpotato whitefly, thrips, whiteflies, leafminers, aphids, mites, psyllids, San Jose scale, scale, spider mites, downy mildew, powdery mildew, Alternaria, Botrytis, etc. | 4 hours | Apply at first signs of damage. Repeat every 7-10 days as needed. |
Triact 90EC | Thermo Trilogy | see above | 4 hours | For ornamental crops only. |
Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (PFR) - expected to become available in 1999; controls whiteflies, Western flower thrips, and spider mites | ||||
Prosper Nema - pathogenic fungi | ||||
Supplier | Pests Controlled | REI | Application/Comments | |
Prosper Nema | Arbico | nematodes | 0 hours | Apply as needed to maintain control. |
Pseudomonas (Burkholderia) cepacia - bacterium to control root rot diseases | ||||
Supplier | Pests Controlled | REI | Application/Comments | |
Deny | Stine Seed | Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Pythium | ||
Intercept | Soil Technologies | Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Pythium, nematodes | ||
Saccharopolyspora spinosa - soil-inhabiting actinomycete | ||||
Supplier | Pests Controlled | REI | Application/Comments | |
Conserve | Dow Agro Sciences | caterpillars, leafminers, thrips | ||
Soybean oil | ||||
Supplier | Pests Controlled | REI | Application/Comments | |
Golden Natur'l Spray Oil | Stoller | aphids, fungus gnats, lace bugs, leafminers, scales, mealybugs, spider mites, whiteflies | 12 hours | |
Streptomyces griseoviridis - naturally-occurring, soilborne bacterium | ||||
Supplier | Pests Controlled | REI | Application/Comments | |
Mycostop | Green Spot | Fusarium, Alternaria, Phomopsis | 4 hours | Can be incorporated into medium or applied to seed. |
Streptomyces lydicus - natturally-occurring, soilborne actinomycete | ||||
Supplier | Pests Controlled | REI | Application/Comments | |
Actinovate | Green Spot | Pythium, Fusarium, Phytophthora, Sclerotinia | Can be incorated into medium or applied to seed. | |
Trichoderma harzianum - fungus | ||||
Supplier | Pests Controlled | REI | Application/Comments | |
Bio-Trek HB | Wilbur-Ellis | Fusarium, Pythium, Rhizoctonia | 12 hours | Apply to seed. |
Bio-Trek Nursery Drench | Wilbur-Ellis | Fusarium, Pythium, Rhizoctonia | 12 hours | |
RootShield | BioWorks | Fusarium, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia | ||
Trichodex | Abbott | botrytis | ||
TopShield | BioWorks | botrytis, powdery mildew |
*Source: Greer, Lane. 1999. ATTRA Technical Specialist. Compiled from magazine articles, Extension bulletins, and product literature.
Integrated Pest Management for Greenhouse Crops
By Lane Greer and Steve Diver
NCAT Agriculture Specialists
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Cuba Wild Heart Cologne
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Cuba Wild Heart Cologne by Fragluxe, Designed for the man who loves nature, the earth and all that is wild, cuba wild heart was launched by the house of fragluxe as a fragrance for the rough and ready man of the modern world . Top notes of pine and rosewood intertwine with middle heart notes of oak moss and thyme for a fragrance no one can tame. Closing base notes include vetiver, myrrh and musk for a subtle hint of mystery and intrigue. All products are original, authentic name brands. We do not sell knockoffs or imitations.
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Dutch court rules Pirate Bay must quit Netherlands
July 30th, 2009 in Technology / Internet(AP) -- A Dutch court ruled Thursday that three men connected with Web site The Pirate Bay must block traffic between the site and the Netherlands within 10 days.
The written ruling concludes that the men have control over the site and ordered them "each separately and together, to stop and keep stopped the infringements on copyright and related rights of Stichting Brein in the Netherlands" or face a charge of euro30,000 ($42,000) per day.
Stichting Brein is a Dutch-based organization funded by various copyright holders groups.
It was not clear how the court expected the site's operators to block traffic to the site, or whether it can enforce its order if they decline.
"The Pirate Bay is not a legal person who can be summoned, but a cooperative," the court said.
The Pirate Bay provides an index to BitTorrent files, which can be used for trading media such as movies, music and computer games. The site has more than 20 million users globally.
In April, a Swedish court found that four Swedish nationals connected with the site had helped millions of people download copyright-protected material. They were given one-year prison terms and ordered to pay a fine of 30 million kronor ($3.9 million, euro2.8 million).
Three of those four were named in the Brein suit.
©2009 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
"Dutch court rules Pirate Bay must quit Netherlands." July 30th, 2009. http://phys.org/news/2009-07-dutch-court-pirate-bay-netherlands.html


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HAI Announces Recipient of the 2006 Aviation Repair Specialist Award
Alexandria, Va., January 22, 2007- HAI is pleased to announce this year's Aviation Repair Specialist Award recipient, Mr. Richard Wolfgang. Wolfgang has kept complex avionics and electrical systems running in the most rigorous and remote operations. He began his career as a maintenance technician for the United States Marine Corps, where he primarily worked on the CH-46 Sea Knight. Wolfgang joined Columbia Helicopters in 1981 where he is better known among his colleagues as "Cheech."
Wolfgang began his career with Columbia as an electrician in the Avionics Electric Shop, repairing electrical accessories and assisting in refurbishing Columbia's fleet of aircraft. He earned his repairman certificate, airframe and power plant certificates, and also became an authorized inspector within Columbia's repair station. In 1988, Wolfgang became the Lead Mechanic and in 1995 Assistant Shop Chief. He was appointed Avionics Electric Shop Supervisor in 2002, assuming responsibility for avionics installations and avionics electrical accessory repair. He is also responsible for associated fleet support for Columbia's large number of helicopters.
Wolfgang traveled to Sudan to assist in the company's famine relief effort. One week before the trip he was faced with the challenge of installing Very Low Frequency (VLF) navigation systems and High Frequency (HF) communication systems into three aircraft. He has made countless trips into the field to resolve electrical problems. Large avionics installations and helicopter support took him across the U.S., Canada, and Panama. Wolfgang also spent a year working as a field electrician in the highlands of Papua New Guinea.
Wolfgang has been extensively involved in guiding almost every electrical/avionics installation or upgrade of the BV107 and B234 helicopter. His problem-solving skills, sharp memory, and well-rounded personality are attributes that have helped Wolfgang and Columbia to achieve the highest level of excellence. Those qualities continue to advance the international helicopter industry.


text:
Clone Wars XWA OPTs
Long time, no post. :)
DTM has released two new OPTs for his Clone Wars shipset project... First, the V-19 Torrent starfighter: http://www.mtdindustries.com/xwa/progress/V-19/V-19.jpg Now, the Radiant Armed Cruiser, AKA the Republic Corvette: http://www.mtdindustries.com/xwa/pro...p.corvette.jpg For flight group information and discussion of the OPTs, you can visit the release thread on the XWA Upgrade Project forums. Download the OPTs from MTD Industries. |
wow these look great thanks Wildstar! i was just over there on that forum but i did not look for new releases...great to see! now i have to find a spot in my ship list :)
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Refael, Gil and Kehrein, Stefan and Fisher, Daniel S. (2002) Spin reduction transition in spin-3/2 random Heisenberg chains. Physical Review B, 66 (6). Art. No. 060402. ISSN 0163-1829. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:REFprb02
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Random spin-3/2 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg chains are investigated using an asymptotically exact renormalization group. Randomness is found to induce a quantum phase transition between two random-singlet phases. In the strong randomness phase the effective spins at low energies are Seff=3/2, while in the weak randomness phase the effective spins are Seff=1/2. Separating them is a quantum critical point near which there is a nontrivial mixture of spin-1/2, spin-1, and spin-3/2 effective spins at low temperatures.
Item Type: | Article |
Additional Information: | ©2002 The American Physical Society Received 6 June 2002; published 2 August 2002 This work has been supported in part by the National Science Foundation via Grant Nos. DMR-9976621 and DMR-9809334. S.K. was also supported by a DFG Fellowship and through Grant No. SFB 484 of the DFG. G.R. would like to thank J. P. Sethna for useful discussions. |
Record Number: | CaltechAUTHORS:REFprb02 |
Persistent URL: | http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:REFprb02 |
Alternative URL: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.66.060402 |
Usage Policy: | No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided. |
ID Code: | 7132 |
Collection: | CaltechAUTHORS |
Deposited By: | Archive Administrator |
Deposited On: | 09 Jan 2007 |
Last Modified: | 26 Dec 2012 09:29 |
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- Keeper of the Home - http://www.keeperofthehome.org -
Beyond Nourishment: Food and Family Traditions
Posted By Courtney On December 10, 2012 @ 3:00 am In Holidays,Real Food,Seasonal eating | Comments Disabled
By Courtney [2], Contributing Writer
With Christmas drawing near, we're planning and preparing for time with family and friends, sharing the joy and wonder of the season with them. Many of these get togethers are centered around food. After all, aside from providing nourishment for our bodies, food serves other important purposes as well.
Of those purposes are relationship and tradition. Food is integral in bringing people together–at the dinner table every evening to family reunions during the holidays.
For those of us who've turned our backs on the Standard American Diet in lieu of a journey back to authentic food, the food our Creator designed and intended for us to eat, how do we deal with times when we'll encounter a lot of food that might not sit well in our stomachs? If we've decided to be intentional about avoiding food that has a negative impact on our health, should we stick with it when in the company of others [3]?
I wonder what it was like long, long ago when this was a non-issue. Before corporate farms and genetic modification of seeds. Before factories and feedlots. Before Betty Crocker and the USDA. All throughout history, up until just recently, people came together to share meals and didn't have to worry about whether the food was REAL or not.
Today, we have allergies, behavioral and psychological disorders, and scores of physical health conditions as a result of modified and processed food. Look at the gluten-free craze, for instance. Gluten sensitivity is epidemic [4], thanks in part to modern wheat that differs greatly from the ancient variety.
Genetically modified foods, namely those that contain corn and soy [5], pose a major problem, not just when consuming those foods, but when consuming animal foods sourced from feed containing corn and soy. What about refined sugars [6] or food dyes that take your kids from sweet to sassy in 0.9 seconds?
The food today hardly resembles Eden.
Being concerned with what we put into our bodies is not wrong. It is good that we are aware of the current state of food and that we desire to go back to the real thing. In 1 Corinthians 6:19, in reference to sexual immorality, Paul reminds us that our body is a temple of the Holy Spirit.
"Or do you not know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit within you, whom you have from God? You are not your own, for you were bought with a price. So glorify God in your body." ~ 1 Corinthians 6:19
God is concerned with what we do with our bodies, which includes food and our relationship to it. God had plenty to say to the Israelites about what to eat and what not to eat.
We are reminded frequently to fast and pray, for it is when we break free from the control food has over us or let go of unhealthy relationship with it that we can hear God more clearly. We are told not to become drunk with wine. Well, unfortunately, many of today's altered and processed foods have a similar mind-altering affect. We now know that refined sugar is more addictive than cocaine [8]!
Our concerns with eating healthy are certainly warranted. However, food can become an idol in our lives [10] if we exalt it to a higher level than it should be, and if we take comfort in it in the place of God, or if we develop a sense of control over our health that goes above and beyond simple stewardship of our bodies.
On the Standard American Diet, food can easily become an idol because of its stimulating and addictive effects. For the real foodie, however, food can become an idol in a different way. Once we realize how much the food we eat impacts our health, for good and for bad, it can be easy to focus on our role in health, maybe sometimes forgetting the Lord's sovereignty over all areas of our lives.
We may also be more likely to ignore the other purposes of food, which include family, tradition, culture, and community.
Certain aromas and flavors can invoke a strong sense of nostalgia within us. During the holidays, we connect memories of past times and traditions to the foods that are the mainstays at our family meals.
You likely have pleasant memories of Christmases past, which may include certain dishes that rarely make it to the table except for this time of year. Maybe baking and decorating cookies or gingerbread houses has been a part of your childhood or has become a tradition you hold with your family now. Warm cider, fragrant cinnamon and nutmeg, cranberries and oranges: these are some favorite aromas this time of year.
The concrete things that stimulate our senses and stir up memories within us are the things that preserve our traditions and pass along a rich family heritage. There is so much value in these traditions. And food usually plays some role in these cherished memories.
Now, back to the original question.
I personally don't believe we should use the holidays as an excuse to flee from our commitment to health and whole foods, BUT I do think that food should be second to the people in our lives.
I want my home to be warm and welcoming, full of laughter, love, and life, and my heart fixed on Jesus this time of year. I will serve wholesome, nourishing foods at my table and focus on the people sitting around it. I can enjoy fun family traditions like baking cookies [11] without making major compromises and still choosing more wholesome ingredients.
I will visit family and friends and dwell on moments shared together. When I'm a guest at someone else's table, I will not be thinking about the sources of my food. I will be wrapped up in doing life with them and I will be grateful to be in their presence, grateful for their hospitality.
Food matters, but people matter more. This is a complicated issue today, but I want to encourage you to put it all into perspective and to remember that above all, relationships matter more.
Relationships have eternal significance.While food does matter, it doesn't matter as much as the people in our lives.
I know this issue is even more complicated for those who have extreme sensitivities to certain foods and for those on diets like GAPS who are on the road to recovery. I'm not suggesting we should eat foods that make us ill. I just want to shine a light on the importance of the many aspects of food.
It's more that nourishment. Fellowship with family and friends should be central to our meals, especially during this special time of year.
Article printed from Keeper of the Home: http://www.keeperofthehome.org
URL to article: http://www.keeperofthehome.org/2012/12/beyond-nourishment-food-and-family-traditions.html
URLs in this post:
[1] Image: http://www.dreamstime.com/free-image.php?imageid=45955
[2] Courtney: http://www.simplynurtured.com
[3] should we stick with it when in the company of others: http://www.keeperofthehome.org/2012/11/8-ways-to-enjoy-holiday-meals-without-the-junk.html
[4] Gluten sensitivity is epidemic: http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2009/07/23/why-is-wheat-gluten-disorder-on-the-rise.aspx
[5] soy: http://www.keeperofthehome.org/2010/06/the-soy-decoy-dont-be-deceived.html
[6] refined sugars: http://www.keeperofthehome.org/2010/09/cutting-down-on-sugar-21-ways-to-eat-less-sugar.html
[7] Image: http://www.dreamstime.com/free-image.php?imageid=22144
[8] refined sugar is more addictive than cocaine: http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchArticle.action?articleURI=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0000698
[9] Image: http://www.dreamstime.com/free-image.php?imageid=140171
[10] food can become an idol in our lives: http://www.keeperofthehome.org/2012/07/food-choices-are-not-a-moral-issue.html
[11] baking cookies: http://thenourishinghome.com/2012/12/sugar-cookie-cut-outs-includes-2-recipes-gf-and-whole-grain/
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Copyright © 2012 Keeper of the Home. All rights reserved.


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View & QuoteMany international travelers do not have appropriate insurance protection. Government sponsored health programs such as Medicare almost never cover care received in a foreign country. Employer-sponsored health plans often limit overseas coverage to emergency care only (and the burden will be on you to prove it's an emergency). Emergency medical evacuation is almost never covered. Even if you're traveling on business, you may have significant gaps in your coverage.
Obtaining healthcare in some parts of the world can be tricky. Some hospitals won't provide any treatment—or won't allow a patient to be discharged—until the hospital has received a guarantee of payment. Such guarantees are commonly provided by travel insurers, in conjunction with assistance providers, but rarely by other insurers or managed care plans. This means you'll have to pay in advance, perhaps as much as tens of thousands of dollars, with your credit card. Of course, for this to work the hospital must accept foreign credit cards and your card must have a sufficient credit limit.
In addition, remember that leaving your destination—for a place with higher quality medical care or to return home where your regular insurance is accepted—can be difficult. Medical evacuations are tricky to arrange and there are some air ambulance providers who should be avoided. Worse, local authorities may have financial ties to certain evacuation companies. The solution? Most travel insurance includes a medical assistance benefit, which is critical. It gives you 24/7/365 access to a company that will arrange an evacuation for you with a creditable evacuation company--or, through their medical personnel, can help assure that you're getting appropriate treatment locally. The assistance company will also be available to help with other travel related problems such as legal troubles, lost passports or credit cards, etc. Emergencies are rare but everyone should have a contingency plan.
If you have health insurance in the U.S., the first step is to check with your insurance company and establish what kind of coverage you have. If you have difficulty getting a straight answer, that alone should be a warning. If you don't have insurance in the U.S., consider that you might need it more than ever when traveling—and recognize that the coverage can be cheap—as little as $1.50 to $9.00 per day.
Health/accident insurance. Typically referred to as travel health insurance, these policies pay for doctor and hospital bills, and sometimes dental care and medications. These plans can be written for short trips (1 day - 6 months) and will supplement Medicare or a managed care plan. International health insurance can also be purchased as primary insurance for expats or someone relocating to another country for an extended period of time (6 months or longer). These plans are comprehensive and include added features such as preventative services, acupuncture, chiropractic, maternity benefits and more.
Medical Evacuation. Evacuations can be expensive (as much as $100,000 or more from a remote location). In addition to the coverage, you'll want assistance arranging an evacuation. All of GeoBlue's products offer coverage for medical evacuation.


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Description & Features
With a streamlined silhouette, these wool-blend slacks have a flat front for modern appeal.
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Joseph & Feiss Navy Classic Fit Slacks
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Description & Features
With a streamlined silhouette, these wool-blend slacks have a flat front for modern appeal.
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\n Most well-known for the song &ldquo\;Stacy&rsquo\;s Mom\, &rdquo\; a song that really had it going on\, the band&rsquo\;s lead singe r and songwriter\, Adam Schlesinger is also responsible for the catchy-as- can-be title song for That Thing You Do\, starring Tom Hanks. Although Fou ntains of Wayne didn'\;t enjoy mainstream attention until the release o f "\;Stacy'\;s Mom"\; in 2003\, the band had already establishe d itself as one of America'\;s strongest power pop acts.
\n\n\n70 Sa nford St\nFairfield\, CT\n06824\n\n DTSTART:20121115T190000 DTEND:20121115T230000 LOCATION:Fairfield Theatre Company Stageone PRIORITY: SUMMARY:Fountains of Wayne URL:http://www.greenwichmag.com/mm/Calendar/?view=view_event&itm=5737 END:VEVENT END:VCALENDAR


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Triphala (500mg) Description from PLANETARY FORMULAS Planetary Formulas Triphala Internal Cleanser is a potent yet gentle formula, designed to support the body's natural cleansing process. Michael Tierra learned about Triphala while studying Ayurveda in India, and subsequently introduced it to the United States. It has been one of the most important formulas of Ayurvedic herbalism for thousands of years. Used as a household staple throughout India, Triphala is a balanced blend of three Indian herbal fruits: harada, amla, and behada.This formula is unique in that the astringent qualities of the fruits serve to tonify the colon, thereby promoting internal cleansing naturally. Available in powder, capsules and tablets.
This formula is unique in that the astringent qualities of the fruits serve to tonify the colon, thereby promoting internal cleansing naturally. Available in powder, capsules and tablets.
Ingredients: Other Ingredients: gelatin (capsule), dibasic calcium phosphate, colloidal silicon dioxide, and magnesium stearate.
Manufacturer's Directions 2 to 4 capsules twice daily between meals, or as recommended by your health care professional.
Manufacturer's Disclaimer If you are pregnant, may become pregnant, or breastfeeding, consult your health care professional before using this product.
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PLANETARY FORMULAS Triphala Powder 16 oz
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