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This paper reports on the design of an OPNET simulation platform to test the performance of sending real-time safety video over VANET (Vehicular Adhoc NETwork) using the WiMAX technology. To provide a more realistic environment for streaming real-time video, a video model was created based on the study of video traffic traces captured from a realistic vehicular camera, and different design considerations were taken into account. A practical controller over real-time streaming protocol is implemented to control data traffic congestion for future road safety development. Our driving video model was then integrated with the WiMAX OPNET model along with a mobility model based on real road maps. Using this simulation platform, different mobility cases have been studied and the performance evaluated in terms of end-to-end delay, jitter and visual experience.
By virtue of its versatility and utility convenience, mobile wireless communication has now become a necessity. Over the years, different technologies have been developed to increase the data rate in wireless networks. Technologies like WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) and 3G/4G devices can support 100 Mbps per data channel [
Safety and environmental issues in managing existing road networks have become one of the greatest concerns of both the automotive industry and governmental bodies. A VANET consisting of clusters of vehicles communicating with each other and also with roadside infrastructure can provide a solution to these issues. Telematics for the telecommunications of safety information is one major tool used in this area. Progressively, sharing real-time driving video traffic among vehicles and roadside infrastructures would be the next natural step to enhance the safety feature. One motivation of this paper comes from the statistics of road traffic fatalities which shows that there were 44,192 accidental deaths in Canada from the years 2000 to 2004 [
Unlike other wireless environments that are mostly stationary or under slow motion, transmitting video signals in a VANET poses more challenges to resolve. Electromagnetic interferences such as those from engine electronics, from Additive White Gaussian Noise, or those due to weather conditions can affect the QoS (Quality of Service) as seen by a wireless user. Since the topology is constantly changing, a vehicle could move out of sight to cause an outage in data transmission. Obstacles along LOS (Line of Sight) communication are another major reason to cause an outage. Finally, packet loss due to data traffic congestion will definitely make things worse, and communication disruptions may become inevitable.
Understanding the characteristics of real-time video would allow the design of efficient real-time transmission/transportation protocols to address the above challenges and to allow us to carry out further study. There has been continuous and extensive work on VBR video from various specific video sources, (e.g., from video conferencing cameras, web cameras, broadcast TV or HDTV [
Higher layer protocols are usually required to support various video applications. TCP (Transport Control Protocol) [
Since a large volume of video traffic can easily consume the limited wireless bandwidth, there is a need to throttle the video traffic for better bandwidth utilization and avoid congestion. Traffic/Congestion control can provide smooth throughput and high link utilization for real-time data. Of the two main types of traffic congestion, control in computer networking (reviewed in
Finally, it is safer and more cost efficient to simulate possible solutions than actual field experimenting with highway driving. An effective VANET simulation platform/model has pertinent importance in research and industry to emulate a real world situation. One major challenge is the development of an effective platform that can bring all issues described earlier under one simulation model. A major issue is the integration of an effective mobility model that considers vehicle-to-vehicle interaction and vehicle-to-infrastructure interaction along with the full functionalities of a communication device capable of effective receiving, processing and transmitting capabilities. Although there has been work on creating a similar platform, e.g., [
In view of the above and others reviewed in the related work in the next section, we seek to create a robust platform for effective VANET simulation, one that can provide an environment to test, develop and deploy effective communication protocols that would enhance real-time communication of video information from vehicle camera. As forerunners, in this paper, we would like to:
create a real-time camera video model under VANET conditions; integrate a realistic VANET mobility model to test the testbed at various speeds; integrate a practical algorithm to survive network congestion; demonstrate the capability of such a platform.
To achieve the above objectives, we first adopt the protocol architecture of our simulation platform as shown in
Overall Architecture.
The next step is to find a simulation tool and a realistic vehicular mobility model for integration. Of the few available network simulation languages such as Qualnet and NS-2, we have chosen OPNET because it has different wireless models including WiMAX. It has a rich set of video streaming protocols, and it provides a good framework, which allows us to integrate our mathematical driving video model effectively so that we can explore different scenarios during network traffic congestion. After searching, we have also decided that VanetMobiSim [
To support the experiments from our simulation platform, we need to use realistic driving video traffic streams. Since we do not have an additional ACE [
The contributions of this paper lie in the following:
The design and implementation of a theoretical but more realistic driving video model than the traditional video model. To the best of our knowledge, there is no comprehensive study related to real-time driving video traffic originated from a vehicle camera, nor any work done on the modeling of the video traffic from the vehicular camera system through the wireless link; The integration of a VANET mobility model with such a driving video model to provide a practical VANET simulation platform for the evaluation of video traffic under different scenarios; The design and implementation of a practical traffic controller for driving video over RTP applications.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows.
Below are works related to our research work on VANET testbeds, models for driving video, as well as the lower and upper layer protocols.
There have been practical implementations of VANET testbeds. For example, a testbed was implemented to extract H.263 video streams through an ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) gateway to an SQL server in the Internet [
In light of the outlined efforts, one of the major focuses of VANET research is the creation of an effective simulation platform that can integrate a network simulator with a realistic vehicular traffic simulation model. Unlike other network environments, VANET mobility has a peculiar and unique nature due to the randomness of human behavior. One classification groups vehicular traffic under four models [
Unlike other forms of multimedia traffic (like data, voice and video), driving video traffic has a very dynamic stochastic nature. Different statistical studies [
VANET applications can be supported through V2R (Vehicle-TO-Roadside) and V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle) communications. IEEE 802.11 (WiFi) [
With the DSRC standard, OBU (OnBoard Units) placed at each vehicle can send or receive data to or from roadside units (RSUs), as well as communicating directly with each other. There are thus many potential applications in urban areas (or in populated countries in Europe or Southeast Asia) such as forward collision warning, electronic parking payments, and approaching emergency vehicle warning [
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) [
Real-time data has an arrival deadline to reach its destination, or else its information is no longer valid. TCP (Transport Control Protocol) [
In summary, the behavior of these protocols in the VANET environment are quite different as the wireless medium is prone to interference from forces of nature and manmade effects, and the situation is exacerbated when transmitter and/or receiver are moving.
Various works have been conducted on congestion control in wired environments [
Rate-based congestion control algorithms on the other hand, allow each source in the network to directly adjust its sending rate based on the congestion notification received, and usually from the router that knows the state of the network. TFRC (TCP Friendly Rate Control) [
Most of the algorithms mentioned previously are built on top of TCP and have only been tested in wired networks. In wireless networks, delay is caused mostly by wireless interference rather than network congestion. Quite often packets are stored in a buffer waiting for proper bandwidth allocation before they can be delivered. As mentioned earlier, in real-time traffic, buffering (which incurs delay) is not wanted. We can tolerate a poorer quality, but delay is unacceptable. Explicit congestion controls handle traffic more effectively by calculating the flow throughput at the router node, and then smoothing throughput and achieving high link utilization in real-time. However, they are not effective for practical purposes. This is because they are more tedious to implement; one has to take time to load the controller on every router, and constant updates are required for the router of the moving vehicles. This consumes more CPU resources, and may not catch up with the driving speed. We thus consider an automatic predictive source control to assist the explicit control. When P frames start piling up, we drop the even frames first and then the odd frames without waiting for control commands to come from the base station.
In our VANET testbed, each vehicle has the ability to communicate with any neighboring vehicles. Depending on the nature of the messages, they will either stay within the VANET or exit the backhaul network via the RSU. For instance, tailgating, collision and braking (from preceding cars) are warning messages that can remain within the VANET network, while detailed regional weather forecast, notification of traffic jams and collision are usually exchanged between the backhaul network and the VANET. In many video applications we envision that video messages from the vehicular camera are usually required to be forwarded from the point of interest (such as traffic congestion, road block, and accidents) to a control center in the backhaul network to aid various parties (such as traffic personnel, emergency agents, insurance companies) to respond to the situations more effectively. We shall refer to these types of traffic as "safety driving video" or simply "safety video" later on.
To implement a testbed for the study safety driving video traffic among vehicles, we shall provide the operations at different layers as well as different models used in the testbed in the following two sections.
Vehicle camera network operation.
With reference to
The driving video traffic is generated from the application layer when an MS wants to transmit. We use UDP (User Datagram Protocol) as the transport layer protocol to cater for the end-to-end delivery of packets. RTP (Real Time Protocol) is used at the application layer to combat the possible unreliability in UDP. RTP is a real-time streaming protocol designed for streaming audio and video. In conjunction, we use RTCP (Real-Time Transport Control Protocol) for controlling, signaling and quality service monitoring.
The unique nature of driving video traffic is due to its burstiness and persistence. The size of each frame generated is dependent on its previous frames and the driving speed, and the exact time a frame is generated or received also depends on previous frames and road conditions. These two correlated uncertainties contribute to the high variable bit rate characteristics of driving video communication. Coupled with the real-time and accuracy requirement of our safety applications, these factors pose a modeling challenge. Of the various video codec schemes that have been developed e.g., MPEG2/4, H.263/4, we have chosen the MPEG4 video compression for our vehicular cameras and studied its traffic model for our testbed. Our array-based MPEG encodes the input video into three types of compressed frames called the I, the Peven, and the Podd frames. I-frames are compressed using intra frame information only. Peven or Podd-frames are coded similarly but with motion compensation for even or odd lines respectively according to the previous I frame. Depending on the vehicle driving speed or congestion condition, Peven and Podd frames may be dropped alternatively, or altogether. In general, I–frames are 10 times bigger than P frames. After coding, the frames are arranged in a deterministic order, which is called GOP (Group Of Pictures). This pattern is not specified hence different coders may use different patterns for subsequent GOPs. A common feature, however, is that all video frames exhibit strong time dependent correlations among themselves. This gives rise to different queuing statistics and time-dependent rush hour congestion phenomenon. This is the subject of streaming traffic analysis and modeling later on, as well as the need for a delicate adaptive congestion controller design.
Each car has a WiMAX capability in transmitting (and receiving) at the physical and the MAC layers after receiving the safety video packets from (and delivering to) the network layer. At the MAC layer, the destination address is examined and the nearest RSU is chosen to handle the request. The packet is sent to that RSU, and further forwarded accordingly. In our investigation, the IP cloud in
As suggested above, we shall use mobile WiMAX technology at the physical and MAC layers for our VANET. This is a revision of the fixed WiMAX IEEE 802.16e-2005 standard [
IEEE 802.16e characteristics.
Sub-layers 2 | Standard | IEEE 802.16e–2005 |
Multiplexing | OFDMA | |
FFT size | Scalable (512, 1024, 2048, |
Duplexing mode | TDD | |
Sub-layers 1 | Modulation scheme | QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM |
Subcarrier spacing | 10.94 kHz | |
Signal bandwidths | 5, 7, 8.75, and 10 MHz | |
Spectrum | 2.3, 2.5, and 3.5 GHz |
Of the two-duplexing modes allowed by mobile WiMAX, we shall use the TDD (Time Division Duplexing) mode (the other is FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing) mode) as done in most deployments in order to accommodate the asymmetric VANET traffic. That is, our uplink traffic requires more bandwidth than the downlink, due to the uploading of safety (not downloading entertainment video that the other researchers are focused on) driving video traffic to the RSU. The WiMAX technology uses OFDMA frames for multiple users to receive data from the BS at the same time thereby increasing bandwidth utilization. The frames are structured into UL (Uplink) and DL (Downlink) subframe as shown in
WiMAX frame structure.
All the MSes receive the frame control section of a DL subframe. The DL mapping field in the frame control section specifies the location and duration of DL data burst in the frame from a particular MS. Conversely; the UL mapping field specifies the location and number of time slots allotted in the frame for a particular MS to transmit its data on UL. All MSes listen to the control section in the DL frame, and receive or transmit data during the slots assigned to them by the BS [
Driving video VANET OPNET Model structure.
The VANET model consists of the VANET mobility model for the movement of a vehicle, and a communication model for information exchange with neighboring MS and BS.
Of the four categories of VANET mobility models described previously, we adopted both the macroscopic and microscopic models to allow the modeling of vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure interaction. VanetMobiSim is chosen to integrate these models in OPNET due to its flexibility to manipulate output files (by coding its output generator file to produce a format desired by our simulator). It also generates traces in a special Universal Trace Format [
The RSU and the vehicles are the major communication nodes in VANET. Our RSU is a WiMAX BS. Each RSU is non-application-sensitive so that a wide range of information can be sent and received. Each vehicle has WiMAX receiving and transmitting capabilities to enable vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to infrastructure (RSU in our case) interaction.
RSU parameters.
Parameter | Value | Unit |
Physical Layer | IEEE 802.16e | NA |
BS TX Power | 5 | W |
Number of TX | SISO | NA |
BS Antenna Gain | 15 | dBi |
Minimum Power Density | −80 | dBc |
Maximum Power Density | −30 | dBc |
Link Bandwidth | 20 | MHz |
Base Frequency | 5.8 | GHz |
Physical Layer Profile | OFDM | NA |
The driving video model is used to analyze and characterize the video trace of a live driving scene captured by a vehicle camera. The results are then used to generate models for use in our simulator for real-time driving video communication in a VANET environment. The implementation of this wireless driving video traffic model allows us to handle a wide range of burstiness in terms of packet inter-arrival and packet size arising from the unique nature of wireless video traffic during driving as mentioned above. A guideline to check the efficiency of a traffic model is, however, needed as to set a standard to be followed. Parsimony, analytic, relative accuracy, flexibility, implement ability and absolute accuracy are factors listed in [
Using these factors on a scale of 1 to 3, 3 being the highest,
Traffic model comparison.
Items | FBM | TCP Model | Mini-Pareto |
Parsimony | 3 | 1 | 2 |
Analytical | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Flexibility | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Implemental | 2 | 1 | 3 |
Accuracy | 2 | 3 | 2 |
Mobility | 2 | 1 | 3 |
As discussed in
For driving video traffic, the drop pattern is very important to the quality of service as seen by user. Dropping just the even frames or just the odd frames is usually better than dropping both consecutively. The frequency of a drop can be a more critical factor than the percentage of drop. For instance, dropping 10 consecutive packets out of 100 packets is a 10% drop, which is the same as randomly dropping 1 out of 10 packets from a stream of 100 packets. However, the latter is more tolerable than the former in our system. Since there are many more P frames than I frames, we only drop P frames, first even then odd in our testbed. Thus we can use an automatic predictive source control to assist the explicit congestion control. That is, when P frames start piling up, we drop the P-frames by following a particular drop patter. For example, dropping the even frames first and then the odd frames without waiting for control commands to come from the base station. We can also set an upper limit of approximately 25% beyond which the video becomes less comfortable to watch (and may not satisfy customer expectations).
According to our industrial partners, changing the quantization level will be the next practical and cost-effective approach to reduce bit rate in terms of complexity and ease of deployment. We lower the quantization level when we use fewer coefficients from the coarse DCT (Discrete Cosine Transformation) algorithm, and thus reducing the packet size as well. Depending on the end-to-end delay, the receiver notifies the sender of the quantization level to use in encoding the subsequent video frames. This method will bring the total bit rate down to 50% of the original coding/sending rate. Beyond 50%, we need to drop the color components, thus leaving the video in its black-and-white mode.
In summary, the sending bit rate = frameRate*FrameSize which can be lowered by lowering one or both of the frame rate or frame size. There are tradeoffs between the two. Dropping packets (frames) will lower the frame rate while reducing the quantization level that will lower the resolution. The challenge in lowering the resolution is to keep the user experience/satisfaction high as long as possible, and various experiments have been conducted to find out the optimum point. Although our real GenieView camera has implemented in both methods in firmware to improve user experience, our OPNET model has chosen to drop the frames/packet only. This is reflected in
Video called party flow diagram with RTCP implementation.
Video calling party flow diagram with traffic controller implementation.
By collecting and studying video traces we want to come up with a model that can generate video traffic with characteristics as close to real life traffic as possible. This section discusses on the setup of our simulator testbed illustrates the trace collection process, its analysis and modeling. This will set the stage for traffic generation and performance evaluation in the next section.
As shown in the setup of
Setup for taking video traces.
The receiver block decodes and decompresses the received video frames and plays the image at the control center at about 20 fps. The control-center laptop and the receiver are connected using a RS232 serial port. The control center is then connected through a router to a computer hosting the packet trace-capturing tool—Wireshark™ [
A video trace (a record sequence of time and size of each arriving packet) captured by Wireshark is shown in
Live driving video trace.
In order to model video traces of different correlation/fractal characteristics arising from different activities, we collected traces playing three different video clips. The video clips were chosen based on their activity rates. Actions like highway chasing movies (with a lot of movement on the edge of the screen/camera and hence unique variation in frame sizes), stories in a parking lot (with less and slower movement) and dramas on the street (on the average driving speed) were chosen. We combine these clips to form a two-hour video trace (consisting of the time and size of each arriving frame), which is sufficient to characterize the fractal nature of the driving video traffic as well as the wireless channel effect.
The next challenge is to analyze the trace and to create a driving video traffic model for traffic generation later. To verify the correlation of video frame and to obtain the modeling parameter, we obtain the frame-to-frame correlation of the video traffic.
Correlation length of driving video.
We have used the Pareto distribution to characterize the general correlation of "action" video frame duration in wireless video streaming as well as the strong correlation between a cluster of byte loss and/or duplication caused by the air interface. The Pareto distribution is a long-tailed distribution with the following pdf (probability density function)
Note that the Hurst parameter is a useful parameter to reflect the invariance according to the entropy conservation property [
An indirect but easy way to obtain the Hurst parameter value is via the
The slope of the curve is usually measured from the first point to the last point on the graph. For example,
Entire trace IDC curve.
Once we obtain the pdf
The pdf f(x) of video trace frames.
Finally, we want to determine the mean off-time of each source in order to model the inter-arrival time between each driving scene (such as trees or buildings on the road side). We have determined that the distribution is relatively memoryless, and therefore its pdf is exponential given by
Having obtained all the characterization parameters for traffic generation in previous sections, we are ready to emulate our wireless video traffic.
Model description for driving video traffic generation.
Mini-sources with characterization values.
Bins | Mean Off-Time (ms) | Mean On-Time (ms) | Frame Duration (ms) | Mean Packet Size (Bytes) |
mini1 | 7531 | 195 | 8 | 125 |
mini2 | 20603 | 453 | 18 | 290 |
mini3 | 6911 | 702 | 28 | 450 |
mini4 | 5515 | 960 | 38 | 615 |
mini5 | 7800 | 1216 | 32 | 779 |
mini6 | 10400 | 1472 | 39 | 943 |
mini7 | 18200 | 1723 | 46 | 1104 |
mini8 | 27300 | 1984 | 53 | 1272 |
mini9 | 10400 | 2232 | 59 | 1430 |
We have also tried other numbers such as
Mini-Pareto video traffic.
Simulation parameters.
Parameter | Value | Note |
Physical Layer | IEEE802.16e | WiMax |
Data Rate | 10 | Mbps |
BS TX Power | 5 | W |
MS Tx Power | 1 | W |
Antenna Type | Omni-directional | Horizontal |
BS Antenna Gain | 15 | dBi |
MS Antenna Gain | 9 | dBi |
Link Bandwidth | 20 | MHz |
Modulation Scheme | 16-QAM | Model |
Path Loss Parameter | Vehicular Environment | ITU |
Number of Vehicles | 10 | Cars |
Mobility Model | VanetMobiSim | Open |
Number of RSUs | 2 | Base |
Simulated Time | 3600 | secs |
Seeds | 127 | random |
Terrain Dimensions | 1300 × 1250 | m2 |
We have investigated different scenarios such as highway and residential, and have studied the effect of varying traffic congestion (density), wireless interference and traffic speed limits. Due to space limitation, we shall present the highway scenario for this paper.
In the highway scenario shown in WiMAX BS is a "stationary" node. This is required due to the limitation of our OPNET model and we need it to act as an intermediate node for packet forwarding to the destination; OFDMA is used by the RSU and there is always a slot available for each SS sending video traffic once the SS is within the communication range; No disruption in a communication channel once the node is allocated a dedicated channel; No obstacle along the LOS between the RSU and the mobile cars to allow the simulation to monitor the vehicles within the range of the RSU; Finite buffer size for each transmitter in order to be more realistic so that the trade-off between buffer size and end-to-end delay can be determined.
Highway scenario.
With the simulation platform established, we can now evaluate the performance of a practical controller through measurements of different performance measures using different network parameters such as network size and driving speeds, and different protocol parameters.
There are two network sizes we use to evaluate the scalability of our explicit congestion control algorithm: a small network consisting of 10 cars and 2 RSUs, and a larger network of 30 cars and 2 RSUs. Each car in these networks has a maximum sustainable traffic rate of 384 Kbps. With reference to
Each simulation took 3600 s, which is determined to be a good duration for the performance measures to converge. The following are the definitions of the performance measures we used in our investigation:
End-to-End Delay (in seconds): This is defined as the time duration from the instant when a packet is generated at the source node (e.g., the safety camera on board a car) until the time it is received at the destination node. This performance measure presents a wholistic view of the time components in video capture, encoding and network delay before an end user visualizes the images. In real-time traffic, this parameter is very critical as it shows how "current" the information at the end user (e.g., a law enforcement officer) is. Since we track this at the application layer, the end-to-end delay also takes into account compression delay and all other delays incurred along the communication path and system; Jitter: Jitter is defined to be the variation of end-to-end delay between consecutive packets. If two consecutive packets leave the source node with time stamps Visual MOS Rating: This rating is a subjective parameter that measures the quality of video received by the server, judging the end-user experience. This measure was borrowed from the same parameter used to measure the MOS (Mean Opinion Score) in voice. Using the definition given by the ITU-T recommendation G.107 [ To customize this parameter for video evaluation, we have created a testbed case with all the "ideal" conditions. We allocate one base-station to one car so that there is more than sufficient bandwidth, hence keeping R as high as possible. We obtained a Visual MOS value of 3.6 that we should use as a reference to represent the best visual experience and 1 the worst visual experience, which is plot as the Y-axis in Buffer Overflow Percentage: This measure is the fraction of time during which arriving packets find the buffer at the Subscriber Station full and are not served. This measure implicitly reflects the percentage of time video packets lost due to buffer overflow.
MOS value for a highway scenario.
We only use 10 cars in this small network. After 10 s into the simulation, the WiMAX bandwidth is observed to vary from 125 kHz to 20 MHz (due to the adaptive modulation used as specified in
MOS value for the highway scenario is shown in
End-to-end delay for a highway scenario.
Instantaneous queue size for highway scenario.
The mean end-to-end delay performance for the highway scenario is shown in
Mean end-to-end delay performance for highway scenario.
The percentage of buffer saturation of the highway scenario is shown in
Percentage of buffer saturation performance for highway scenario.
We next study a larger network with 30 cars. All other parameters and scenario remain the same as the small network unless otherwise stated.
End-to-end delay for highway scenario (large network).
MOS value for highway scenario (large network).
Instantaneous queue size for highway scenario (large network).
Mean end-to-end delay performance for highway scenario (large network).
The percentage of buffer saturation performance curve for the highway scenario is shown in
Percentage of buffer saturation performance for highway scenario (large network).
We have created and evaluated an effective driving video VANET simulation platform with which other researchers can develop and test various VANET applications. The platform was built using the OPNET simulation tool to integrate our theoretical driving video model with a VANET model. We have built a simple but practical traffic controller for driving video traffic over RTP applications, and provided a complete tier of communication layers for proper performance analysis.
With the initial work done, there is still a lot of room for improvement and for exploring new model futures. Concurrent simulation using the simulation model and the mobility model would allow the wireless communication to affect the mobility of vehicles more directly so that closer reality results can be obtained. The traffic controller can be improved to keep the end-to-end delay closer to constant in order to reduce the quality impact on the viewers. Others include the comparison of our traffic controller under DSRC, and the validity of the Rician/Raleigh propagation model for moving vehicles.
The research was supported by Auto21 Center of Excellence in Canada. Thanks go to Botao Zhu and Xiaoxiao Liu for reviewing and comments.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.


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"Teen Mom" star Amber Portwood has baby Leah back, and she's determined to be a devoted mother. How devoted? Devoted enough to get a huge tattoo of Leah's inked onto the entire left side of her torso. "Amber brought in a portrait of her daughter for the artist to work with," a source tells Star magazine. "It was her first tattoo, so she was nervous -- very emotional, considering what she's going through with Leah." Why would she be nervous? It's going to look fantastic the next time she's pregnant. Really. (Star)
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Michael Smith on the State of Print Journalism
Michael Smith comments on the stressful time for print media and points out not all newspapers are undergoing the same struggles.
July 1, 2008 | by Brendan CosgroveLayoffs continue at large newspapers around the country such as the Los Angeles Times, Washington Post, Chicago Tribune and the Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel as publishers try to cope with diminished ad revenue. Michael Smith is executive director of Northwestern University's Media Management Center and says not all newspapers are experiencing dire times.
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text:
Top Definition
a threesome which involves two men and one female ... named after the city of buffalo which has more men and women. a buffalo threesome is inevitable if one lives in buffalo for more than 10 years.
I think Mike just had a buffalo threesome with Jim and Jim's girlfriend.
mkferriswheel가 작성
2010년 12월 24일 (금)


text:
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text:
BORDERPOL Conference & Exhibition
Type: Conference/Expo
Date: 10/16/12 12:00 AM CT - 10/17/12 11:59 PM CT
London United Kingdom
Web site: http://www.borderpol-event.org/
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Managing borders in today's tense geopolitical environment is a complex and challenging task. It is widely agreed that in a globalizing world borders should be as open as possible, yet today governments are understandably more anxious than ever to ensure that their borders are secured against external threats. Learn from experiences and challenges from the world's border agencies. We invite you to join us and the world border protection, security and management industry, at the Central Hall Westminster in October, to participate as a delegate in this leading conference with many high profile international speakers sharing experiences, information and case studies, and the opportunity to learn and share information, network and discuss the issues, challenges and solutions with colleagues and peers.


text:
They certainly are. The younger Middleton, 27, continues to stride confidently onto the world stage, and fascination about her has only grown since the royal wedding was broadcast around the globe.
The Brit's physical fitness was admired on Saturday as she dashed across the finish line of a triathalon in Woodstock, England. At times, it seems her endlessly discussed derriere threatens to eclipse her sister's new marriage to Prince William.
Days ago, Pippa was in Paris to watch the French Open and she charmed her Gallic neighbors. Magazines and websites quickly offered tips on attaining her elegant style.
Post-tennis, Pippa and pals dined at Le Cinq Mars and then danced until 2 a.m. at Montana, a club based on New York's legendary Studio 54 and a Kate Moss favorite. One of her companions, the exquisitely named Vicomte Arthur de Soultrait, has an apartment in the 7th Arrondissement, where Pippa was staying in Paris. Many in London do wonder if Pippa's beau, Alex Loudon, is still in the picture. The handsome financier was invited to William and Kate's wedding, but did not accompany his girlfriend to the tournament in France.
In the U.S., the photogenic beauty has reportedly been wooed by both Barbara Walters and Oprah to host a chat show, but wants to be careful not to be seen as exploiting her royal connections.
While she isn't wearing tiaras or sleeping in palaces, Pippa's life is very comfortable. She continues to work three days a week at the party planning firm Table Talk, but Pippa's extravagant London lifestyle is subsidized by parents Carole and Michael, who bought her a black BMW convertible and the 750,000-pound flat in Chelsea that she shares with her brother, James. (The family's wealth stems from their company, Party Pieces, which has been deluged with orders since their daughter Kate's wedding, and just landed a lucrative deal to market Justin Beiber merchandise in the U.K.)
On the fashion front, the sister of the future queen has already had a handbag named after her. Execs at the British company Modalu were so pleased after she purchased its 'Bristol' bag in multiple colors, they renamed it the 'Pippa.' Normally the company's wares start around 600 pounds, but the 'Pippa' bag costs just 169 pounds.
It all points to one thing: Photogs love to snap her image, and women are eager to capture Pippa Middleton style. As a trend-setter, Pippa may be here to stay.
- Filed under:
- Celebrity Style -
- TV News
- Sunday 05 JuneBy chglilyHigh Rank Vote downVote upReport this
I agree. she does look older. i thought she was her older sister when i watched the wedding.
- Sunday 05 JuneBy Helen Howard
Not at all pretty in pic on AOL's home page. No make-up..not a pretty nose at all. Make-up certainly does wonders for her looks. Haven't seen a picture of her derrierre but she does have a beautiful body.
- Sunday 05 JuneBy joeLowest Rank Vote downVote upReport this
Pippa is ready or over cooked, but Ill take her any time over kate
- Sunday 05 JuneHighest Rank Vote downVote upReport this
Can some one remind again why the Pippa Middleton fever even began?
I think she's way overrated...but that's just my humble opinion. - Sunday 05 JuneBy AngelaHigh Rank Vote downVote upReport this
Um.....when the future King got married to her sister. You asked to be remeinded!
- Sunday 05 JuneBy S_BHighest Rank Vote downVote upReport this
She does look much older than Kate. She has a great body but she is definitely average, I don't understand why people are obsessing over her. Kate's much more beautiful.
- Sunday 05 JuneBy Nancy T.Highest Rank Vote downVote upReport this
Pippa and Kate are way too skeletal, and it's showing on both their faces. They look much older than their years.
- Sunday 05 JuneBy enzoHighest Rank Vote downVote upReport this
If the press would stop ramming her down everyones throat she would go away. But I suspect there is a master plan in place.
- Sunday 05 JuneHighest Rank Vote downVote upReport this
- Monday 06 JuneBy FAMUGAL
She is a basic-looking female. Nothing extraordinary about her. - Sunday 05 JuneBy StuknicksLowest Rank Vote downVote upReport this
She's hot!!!!
- Sunday 05 JuneBy herky
Kate not good looking.. you guys/girls need eyes checked Much better looking than her late mother in law who was the standard
- Sunday 05 JuneBy LeahHighest Rank Vote downVote upReport this
I would rather read about Pippa who at least is beautiful and intelligent rather than the empty-headed big-derriere nasal voiced Kardashians. What have they possibly done to deserve such wealth and fame other than exist and act stupid? I don't get it.
- Sunday 05 JuneBy MARY BROOKESHighest Rank Vote downVote upReport this
Totally agree with you, Leah. Much prefer to read about the Middleton girls than the trashy Snooki, Kardashians, teen moms, drunken fighting housewives of here there and everywhere, I could go on and on!!
- Thursday 09 JuneBy miguel
Leah, you took the words right out of my mouth.Pippa is beautiful,Kardashian family,nasty.
- Sunday 05 JuneBy Julie
I agree with you Leah! The Kardashians give us nothing but dumb reality TV.
- Sunday 05 JuneBy JB
I Hope not.. She is one of a kind.. A true beauty!!!!
- Sunday 05 JuneBy No NameHigh Rank Vote downVote upReport this
She is a nobody and I don't understand all of the fuss. She isn't even pretty. She is a plain jane. The whole royal family is so over....move along now, nothing to see here.
- Sunday 05 JuneBy ToddHigh Rank Vote downVote upReport this
For all who call this lady average looking, try a different perspective. If she were simply a non-famous co-worker, the men around the water cooler would be drooling and making sexual innuendo type remarks in her absence. I witness this kind of talk at work when celebrity women are mentioned; that actress isn't that hot, that one is overrated, etc. If Pippa worked with any of you and bent over to, say, pick up a dropped file, you'd drop out of your chair.
- Sunday 05 JuneBy Julie
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text: "Patriot Penmanship" is a series of books designed to develop handwriting that also instills in the student a love of learning. Little minds are like sponges; and with Patriotic Penmanship they are soaking up Scripture, hymns, and the words of the Patriots that helped form our nation. Type: Paperback () Category: > Home Schooling ISBN / UPC: 9780985498528/0985498528 Publish Date: 1/1/2010 Item No: 299944 Vendor: Laurelwood Books |


text:
Former KuDOS team raises £6m, backed by £140m Imperial fund
- Written by Lautaro Vargas
- Published in Medtech
Based at Babraham Research Campus, the Cambridge University spin-out's therapies are based on the work of Professor Stephen Jackson, who previously founded KuDOS Pharmaceuticals, sold to AstraZeneca for $210m in 2006.
In a similar way to the work at KuDOS, which focused on DNA repair, MISSION focuses on the pathways that control cellular responses to DNA damage.Its goal is to develop drugs that stem the flow of tumour cells by exploiting the concept of synthetic lethality, an established and powerful mechanism to selectively kill tumour cells.
The company was only founded this year by Professor Jackson who is head of Cancer Research UK Laboratories at The Gurdon Institute, together with Dr Niall Martin, Dr Xavier Jacq and Dr Keith Menear, all four previously at KuDOS.
Prof Jackson will take the role of chief scientific officer while Dr Martin becomes chief operating officer.
"This is a great opportunity to continue to work with Professor Jackson to deliver high quality science and to develop drugs that will have a real impact on disease," said Martin.
Cancer Research UK's commercialisation arm, Cancer Research Technology, and Cambridge University are MISSION founding institutes.
Sofinnova Partners led the £6m round which also included SR One and Roche Venture Fund. Imperial Innovations takes a 15.7 per cent equity stake after putting in £1.3m.
Imperial Innovations started out like Imperial College London's (ICL) own Cambridge Enterprise, a company established to protect and exploit the university's research, which until last year focused solely on companies with direct links to ICL.
As reported in Cabume, in December 2010 it announced a £140m fund raising that extended its investment remit beyond Imperial College to Cambridge and Oxford universities and University College London.
Imperial Innovations has already made investments in UCL linked businesses, Stanmore and Autifony, but this is its first investment it has made in Cambridge.
Imperial Innovations CEO, Susan Searle, said it was now delivering on its objective of broadening its portfolio to include Cambridge, Oxford and UCL.
"This first investment in a Cambridge company is a significant step for Innovations," she said.


text:
Released: May 01st, 1996
Running Time: 78
Director: F J Lincoln
Company: Vivid Entertainment Group
Laura Palmer, Dyanna Lauren, Rebecca Lord, Asia Carrera, Nikole Lace, Jon Dough, Mark Davis, Nici Sterling, Chaz Chase, Tom Byron, Teri Weigel
Critical Rating: AAA
Genre: All-Sex
Teri Weigel plays herself in this video, which is good because one gets the feeling that the former Playboy model loves to fuck. Maybe it's the moaning. Or, as she notes, "It'd be fun to hang out in L.A., doin' some fucking and sucking." Yes, indeed.
Asia Carrera adds a little submission to the plot, as she takes orders like a good soldier while fucking Jon Dough. Tom Byron's bang of three beauties, particularly Nici Sterling, is another stand-out moment. Stockable.


text:
Mark Ford
- Collected Poems by Donald Justice
Anvil, 289 pp, £15.00, June 2006, ISBN 0 85646 386 8
Donald Justice, who died in August 2004 at the age of 78, was one of the most subtle and enchanting American poets of his generation. In 'Variations on a text by Vallejo', a poem anticipating his own demise, but written some three decades before it, he pictured gravediggers burying him in Miami (his home town):
And one of them put his blade into the earth
To lift a few clods of dirt, the black marl of Miami,
And scattered the dirt, and spat,
Turning away abruptly, out of respect.
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Vol. 28 No. 22 · 16 November 2006 » Mark Ford » Erasures
pages 24-25 | 2935 words


text:
I have long complained about the failure of governments to engage in any sort of meaningful re-entry for inmates. For a vast majority of released felons, prison is a revolving door. Without any training, education or skills, job prospects are dismal. With no job, there is no money and where there is no money, there is the lure of crime to make some quickly.
Which is why I was pleasantly surprised this morning, while listening to Where We Live on NPR. The guest was John DeStefano, mayor of New Haven, and he was discussing the policy he seeks to implement in the city: ban the box. No, this is not some traffic related policy, as I first thought, but a clever scheme aimed at integrating ex-felons back into the community.
Ban the box refers to banning employment applications from listing a "box" that asks applicants whether they are ex-felons. This allows ex-felons to be on the same footing as any other applicant, by preventing would-be employers from discarding them at the get-go. I'm embarrassed that this story has escaped my attention for three months now, but the wonderful New Haven Independent is all over it:


text:
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text:
June 19, 2003 Hearing Room E
1:30 PM Tapes 83 - 86
MEMBERS PRESENT: Rep. Dan Doyle, Chair
Rep. Linda Flores, Vice-Chair
Rep. Laurie Monnes Anderson, Vice Chair
Rep. Vic Backlund
Rep. Phil Barnhart
Rep. Betsy L. Close
Rep. Joanne Verger
STAFF PRESENT: Cara
Filsinger, Administrator
Patrick Brennan, Administrator
Annetta Mullins, Committee Assistant
Introduction of Speaker-approved committee bills – Work Session
SB 7 A – Work Session
HB 3638 – Public Hearing
SB 272 A – Public Hearing and Work Session
Drafting Request – Work Session
These minutes are in
compliance with Senate and House Rules.
Only text enclosed in quotation marks reports a speaker's exact
words. For complete contents,
please refer to the tapes.
Speaker |
Comments |
Tape 83, A |
004 |
Chair Doyle |
Calls meeting to order at 1:35 p.m., announces order
agenda items will be considered, and opens a work session on introduction of
Speaker-approved committee bills. |
017 |
Flores |
MOTION: Moves LC 3675 BE INTRODUCED as a committee
bill (EXHIBIT A). |
7-0-0 |
Chair Doyle |
Hearing no objection, declares the
motion CARRIED. |
026 |
Chair Doyle |
Closes the work session on introduction of
Speaker-approved committee bills and opens a work session on SB 7-A. |
029 |
Chair Doyle |
Notes that neither SB 7-A nor the SB 7-A5 amendments
(EXHIBIT B) include an emergency
clause and without the emergency clause the measure would not go into effect
until January 1, 2004. Advises
members there is also concern that the additional accountability provision of
the amendment might be difficult for the agency to comply with, and has asked
Cathy Pollino, Audits Division, to provide information on what has happened
with other departments that have a foundation or other parties that help with
fundraising and the issues they have dealt with through the audit
function. Adds that the Legislative
Fiscal Office has determined the SB 7-A5 amendments have minimal fiscal
impact, less than $50,000, and there is no need for referral to Ways and
Means. |
065 |
Pollino |
Director, Secretary of State, Audits Division. Comments on need for the agency to
maintain an arms length relationship between the agency and
organizations. Advises that if the
agency is spending money, there should be something coming back. It allows the agency to account to the
public how they are spending the funds.
It also helps in future decision-making to have an agreement before
hand. |
111 |
Rep. Barnhart |
Asks how the SB 7-A5 amendments relate to the issues
spoken to by Pollino. |
116 |
Pollino |
Responds that they have not looked at the
proposal. |
Rep. Barnhart |
Gives example of Eugene School Board affiliated with
the Eugene Education Fund having a written contract. |
131 |
Pollino |
Responds that her understanding is this would be an
annual reporting back to some legislative committee on what they provided in
terms of services, tickets, staff time and a report on what they received in
return. That would lay the
accountability out for public disclosure. |
134 |
Rep. Backlund |
Asks if line 13 of the SB 7-A5 amendments means down
to the last penny or last piece of paper. |
Pollino |
Responds that it must be something achievable. |
Rep. Backlund |
Asks if the language is too sophisticated. |
Pollino |
States they are looking for reasonableness. |
164 |
Chair Doyle |
Asks how they look at charging time. |
Pollino |
Comments on audit of State Parks and finding that a
one-half time staff person was providing all the staff time on organizational
activities. |
208 |
Katy Cannon |
Director, Oregon State Fair. States the founding foundation members
said they can live with the SB 7-A5 amendments. |
Kathy Goss |
Chair, State Fair Commission. States they have no issues with the SB 7-A5
amendments and they want to be accountable and do the right thing. |
239 |
Chair Doyle |
Asks if Cannon sees a need to make further changes
and whether there will be concurrence in the Senate. |
Cannon |
States she has not spoken to Senate President Courtney
about the amendments. |
249 |
Rep. Verger |
Comments on gifts from non-profit community
organizations that could go to the State Fair. |
Cannon |
Comments on the current ability of the agency to
accept donations and the ability of the agency to enter into agreements under
the SB 7 A5 amendments. |
295 |
Chair Doyle |
Advises members that the committee can adopt the SB
7-A5 amendments and wait for the amendment on the emergency clause. |
302 |
Rep. Backlund |
Comments on commitment of the 1999 legislative
session to step in and help the Oregon State Fair by selling bonds. States he was a member of the task force
during the interim periods and has seen the State Fair improve greatly and
consistently and likes the idea of what SB 7 would do and hopes the amendment
will be beneficial and not restrictive in terms of being able to be as
effective as the fund raising arm would like to be. |
328 |
Rep. Barnhart |
Comments he would be more comfortable if the
amendment were to say they would have to have a contract with the foundation
that would require an expectation of return on the part of the State
Fair. |
381 |
Flores |
MOTION: Moves to ADOPT SB 7-A5 amendments dated
6/12/03. |
5-2-0 AYE: 5 - Backlund, Close, Flores, Verger, Doyle NAY: 2 - Barnhart, Monnes Anderson |
Chair Doyle |
The motion CARRIES. |
395 |
Chair Doyle |
Closes the work session on SB 7-A and opens a public
hearing on HB 3638. |
414 |
Rep. Tom Butler |
District 60.
Testifies in support of HB 3638 and asks that the bill be sent to Ways
and Means. States as former county
commissioners, he, Rep. Garrard, and Rep. Mabrey, understand the counties
represent the many state agencies, particularly with regard to community
corrections, mental health, public health, addiction services, veteran
services, and many other services. States
the funding for these programs has been reduced over the five special
sessions and the sixth special session held during the regular session this
year. The counties know that state
funds will be reduced even further this session and it will likely happen
some time in the future as well. |
447 |
Rep. Butler |
Comments that if the state wants to maintain the
counties whole and in tact to deliver these valuable services in the future
and in tough times, we really have a duty and obligation to give them the
legislative protection against liability claims when they have to scale back
services in response to funding reductions by the state. States that HB 3638 should include the standard
kinds of language to provide the counties protection. Asks that the committee refer HB 3638 Committee
on Ways and Means to provide support to protect the counties. |
013 |
Rep. Bill Garrard |
District 56.
Testifies in support of HB 3638. Comments there were times when the county did not know where it
stood in its relationship with the state.
This bill helps the counties know what their liabilities and
procedures are and will bring balance to the partnership. The bill provides the mechanics for how
counties can scale back services when state General Fund money is
reduced. It provides some legislative
flexibility for the agencies to work with counties, and it provides
consistency in approach across the programs.
026 |
Rep. John Mabry |
District 59.
Testifies in support of HB 3638.
States that he looks at this as a fairness issue. States the counties want to provide the
services they contracted for. If
funding is shorted, perhaps it is appropriate for counties to say they are
not going to be able to supervise certain portions of the population, even
though the liability is there for the counties to supervise all of them. Believes it is appropriate to recognize
that and continue a partnership. |
046 |
Rep. Monnes Anderson |
Comments this could have big impacts on the health
and safety of citizens. Asks what happens
if we have a bio-terrorism attach or a disease hits us and the county says
they don't have the money. States she
believes there is an obligation to rally the forces rather than the county
saying they don't have the funds. |
062 |
Rep. Butler |
Comments he shares Rep. Monnes Anderson's
concern. Comments on funding
accompanying the liability and responsibility and states that he would think
if there began to be attacks, the communities could come together and come
back to the legislature and Emergency Board and ask for additional resources
to meet their obligations. States
these are state obligations and that the state joins in partnership with the
counties for delivery of those functions.
094 |
Rep. Monnes Anderson |
Comments she believes the counties will have to look
at their goals. |
098 |
Rep. Mabry |
States that counties will never back away from their
responsibilities. |
129 |
Bob Cantine |
Executive Director, Association of Oregon Counties (AOC). States that the HB 3638-2 amendments (EXHIBIT C) encompass the -1
amendments. Testifies in support of
HB 3638 with the HB 3638-2 amendments (EXHIBIT
D). States that HB 3638 came to be as the counties came to grips
with what they will do—how are they going to respond---as the funding for the
services they contract to provide for as state funds starts diminishing. During the special sessions $60 plus million was taken back,
which started the conversations. Community
corrections was at the center of the conversation. The counties do not want to turn the program back because it
has worked well and they find the community is safer when the county is doing
it. The problem they had to address
was how to take on the reductions and what to do about them. |
214 |
Cantine |
Continues presentation (EXHIBIT D, page 2). |
262 |
Cantine |
States they have meet with the agencies but there
are still problems, and they have had discussions with the Governor's office
and they have agreed to get the parties together again to see if there are
some things that still need to be worked out. States that AOC is willing to do that but they want to do it
under some timeline of this committee so they can get the bill moving because
some of the issues need to be addressed. |
256 |
Rep. Close |
Asks if it will be 180 days for all programs. |
Cantine |
Explains yes.
States they have made it 180 days unless otherwise provided by
contract. |
286 |
Rep. Close |
Comments that almost half a year seems like a long
time and wonders how it will work into the biennium. |
290 |
Cantine |
Responds it is an awkward situation, for example,
with community corrections. If they
have to give 180 days notice and no one knows where the legislature is on the
budget. Some counties had to give
notice because they had no idea where things would end up. It crosses over the July 1 fiscal year of
the state. Adds that if there is a
special session they can see where they are but it may cause some of the
counties to absorb the costs until the 180 days run out. |
284 |
Rep. Monnes Anderson |
Asks if priorities of commissioners could minimize
everything for public health and redirect the money to corrections. |
326 |
Cantine |
States the counties cannot move state money from
public health to community corrections.
Rep. Monnes Anderson |
Comments on counties choosing programs they would
provide. |
340 |
Cantine |
Explains options of the counties if state funding is
reduced. |
378 |
Cantine |
States that the counties are asking for the same
immunity the legislature has and has given to the state agencies. |
411 |
Rep. Barnhart |
Asks how this relates to unfunded mandates. |
Cantine |
Responds there is only one indirect way; it is civil
commitment funding. Explains that was
a mandate that predated Measure 30.
Explains Measure 30 provision on funding. |
451 |
Rep. Barnhart |
Asks if it is Cantine's view that the unfunded
mandate requirement of Measure 30 now applies to all the services covered in
this bill. |
465 |
Cantine |
States the counties have the ability to opt out, and
that almost makes Measure 30 moot.
The one case where it is not there is in civil commitment. |
486 |
Rep. Barnhart |
Asks why this cannot be covered in contract language
when the county enters into a contract with the state to provide the
services. |
019 |
Cantine |
Responds that discretionary immunity cannot be
granted to the counties by a state agency, as he understands it; it has to be
given to the counties by the legislature.
Therefore, they have to do it by including the clause that says,
"subject to available funds." |
032 |
Rep. Monnes Anderson |
Comments on boiler plate language in contracts
between two counties that would say they would not provide the service if
they do not get the money. |
Cantine |
Responds that it is his understanding there is a
statutory obligation on the county to deliver the service. The only way that can be limited is by the
legislature if the counties are to protect themselves against a claim against
them that they failed to fulfill the obligation that the legislature imposed
on them. The remedy is for the
legislature to give the counties the flexibility that state agencies have. |
054 |
Rep. Flores |
Asks if a county can tell the state they don't want
to provide a service and send the program back to the state. |
Cantine |
States the statutes do not provide a limitation
except in community corrections and it is only in the event the state fails to
fulfill its obligation. It triggers
the opt out. Comments on counties
being allowed to transfer the program to a district. They tend to go to a private non-profit. Mental health, in particular, has moved
toward a private non-profit model in about one-third of the counties. Adds that the counties have retained their
authority. |
088 |
Rep. Flores |
Comments it is her understanding that counties are
not trying to rid themselves of any service or component. |
Cantine |
Agrees and explains they are trying to establish the
conditions that will be conducive to them staying in. |
105 |
Rep. Verger |
Comments that counties are doing programs because
they are accommodating the state of Oregon by contract. If the state did not ask the counties to
do anything, there is some responsibility of local government to provide for
the people within their county. States
that corrections could be removed if it is state probation and parole, but
eliminating that, would Cantine agree that mental health services, public
health, and Commission on Children and Families are services that counties do
for citizens that have some benefit to the county, regardless of the position
of the state. |
125 |
Cantine |
Comments on choice by counties to provide
corrections. It is a mandate with an
opt out provision. Children and
Families was a state-initiated program and he does not know that they would
perform in the same say. They would
do things related to understanding the social needs of the community. They would do some of the functions but
may not accommodate it in the same way the state has designed it and required
them to do it. |
Cantine |
States they are the predominant player in the public
health field and will probably continue to do that. Cites problems in Curry County and discussions about
relinquishing their authority in mental health. States that this bill is trying to avoid opt out by setting up
conditions so there is a way to deal with budget reductions. |
167 |
Mickey Lansing |
Deputy Director, Oregon Commission on Children and
Families. Testifies with concerns about HB 3586. Their first concern is that neither the State Commission on
Children and Families nor local commissions on Children and Families provide
direct services and are prohibited from doing so by the legislation. Comments on dollars to their local
commissions and local decisions on how they want to spend the dollars based
on strategic investments according to their local coordinated comprehensive
plan. Their role is to engage the
local community to be able to look at the delivery system and to support the
services of mental health, public health, alcohol and drug—all the things
that are provided locally. States
they leverage the dollar that goes to local commissions, $28 million at least
a year in local funding that does not include public funds. States that the counties' role is to
oversee the implementation of those local coordinated comprehensive
plans. |
201 |
Lansing |
States the commission believes they should not be
covered by the bill. Comments on
waivers should the county have a hardship in terms of funding; they only need
to submit a waiver to the State Commission.
Comments on work group convened by Sen. Jackie Winters made up of six
counties, special advocates, and crisis relief nurseries. Explains that the local commissions
contract those dollars out to providers in the community. The local commissions know they have a
certain amount of funding to be used for contracting out and every contract
says, "based on available funding." |
240 |
Rep. Barnhart |
Asks if their concern is that the bill would allow
the county to reach down through the local commission and change the funding
priorities. |
Lansing |
Responds that their concern is with the language on
page 1 of the HB 3638-2 amendments, beginning in line 6. States they believe the local
comprehensive plan needs to direct where the dollars go. |
281 |
Rep. Barnhart |
Comments that he does not see anything in the
amendments that would allow the county to take money out of local commission
services unless the state funds were reduced. Asks if they think this gives the county the right to take
funds out of this area and put them somewhere else. |
294 |
Lansing |
Responds they think that possibility is there but
they don't believe they need to be here in the first place because the
legislation speaks specifically to those programs that are provided directly
by the counties. The local
commissions are not direct service providers. |
324 |
Rep. Barnhart |
Asks what provision they have currently to reduce
the funds, and how this bill would interfere with that. |
393 |
Lansing |
States that if funds were reduced, they would have
to revise the contracts with the providers. |
Rep. Barnhart |
Asks if they can amend the bill to remove their
objections. |
356 |
Lansing |
Comments on their waiver and states they would like
to work with AOC and the work group on an opt out clause. |
384 |
Rep. Verger |
Gives example of a child leaving a facility and
being run over. Asks if the liability
is still with the county. |
Lansing |
Comments she believes the program itself would have
liability at the county level but would like to check and report back on the
question. |
405 |
Chair Flores |
Asks if the commission will be a participant in the
discussion with the Governor's group. |
Lansing |
Responds affirmatively. They believe they are a little different because the commission
does not provide services. |
018 |
Barry Kast |
Assistant Director, Health Services, Department of
Human Services. Introduces James
Toews, Assistant Director for Services to Seniors and People with
Disabilities. States they do not
regard the county as simply a provider or contractor. States that almost everything is
negotiated with the counties and for the past couple of months they have been
working with county councils around issues of reciprocity raised
earlier. The partnership is strange
during times of financial stress. The
bill is a signal that we are perhaps at a point below which they cannot move
without a significant breakdown in that historical relationship. |
048 |
Kast |
States that one of their chief concerns about this
bill is that in its implementation, if the logic of this bill were to be
followed, they would anticipate significant deterioration in the
comprehensiveness of services, the potential fragmentation of services that
the legislature has directed them to do in SB 555, HB 3204 and HB 2294, which
speak directly to the need for locally directed human services system. County government is the integrating
function in our human service system.
There is very little direct service in state government. Most services are provided by the counties
or are under county direction and county local planning. |
063 |
Kast |
States that counties do have a voluntary option for
these services with the exception of certain mental health functions. Very little is mandated but much is
expected in the system. If this
system were to break down and the services were returned to the state, the
costs and challenges associated with assuring Oregonians those services were
available would be difficult. They
would see first a slow and then a rapid erosion of services element by
element, increasing state operation or a contracted service delivery system
that would be separated from the local decision making and planning
process. |
079 |
Kast |
States the measure does not remove from county
government some of its authorities under the law. States they are concerned about the implications of the bill
and looks forward to working with the group to find a solution. |
093 |
James Toews |
Senior and People with Disabilities program,
Department of Human Services. Submits
statement listing concerns about the original HB 3638 and stating they still
have concerns with the HB 3638-2 amendments (EXHIBIT E). |
Toews |
States they believe in the partnership and want to
do everything possible to make it work.
States that the original bill talked about the state indemnifying
counties against liabilities or claims that might arise out of insufficient
services caused by funding reductions.
That is pretty much removed by the HB 3638-2 amendments, but the
amendments talk about making reductions in the programs proportionate to what
the General Fund reductions had been.
Comments on federal match for state dollars and negotiations for
reduction of funding. |
137 |
Toews |
States the department has over a dozen major
lawsuits pending and to his knowledge local governments have not been named
in any of the lawsuits. |
143 |
Rep. Barnhart |
Asks if counties have discretion to provide services. |
138 |
Toews |
Responds it depends on the program. Says General
Funds are tied to Federal matching funds. |
146 |
Kast |
Discusses past budgetary decisions that affect where
discretionary funds may be. |
161 |
Rep. Barnhart |
Asks whether the intent of this bill is to protect
counties from liability. Asks for alternatives to the bill. |
169 |
Toews |
Responds there have been extensive discussions
between Attorney General and county counsels. Says they will continue discussions. |
179 |
Rep. Barnhart |
Comments that the bill should not change the
relationship between counties and the state. |
193 |
Rep. Flores |
Says the discussions with the Governor's office will
cover Rep. Barnhart's issues. |
198 |
Rep. Verger |
Says that there are issues with federal moneys to
make sure no areas are overlooked. |
214 |
Toews |
Responds that historically they have looked at ways
to optimize federal matching moneys. |
253 |
Scott Taylor |
Department of Corrections. Submits written testimony from Benjamin de Haan, Director of
the Department of Corrections (EXHIBIT
F). Discusses various sections of the bill. Questions who might supervise offenders under certain
circumstances. |
324 |
Judith Poutasse |
Lake Oswego.
Testifies in opposition to HB 3638.
States she has a relative with mental health issues. Comments on health situation of
relatives. States that they fear
services will not be available with the shifting of services and shortage of
funds. Comments on layoffs at the
county level that will result in suffering by the mentally ill. |
377 |
Phil Lemman |
Criminal Justice Commission. Testifies in opposition to HB 3638. The amendments do not apply to Section 12
and they hope to answer these questions in the work group (EXHIBIT G). |
402 |
Dennis Mulvihill |
Washington County.
Testifies in support of the bill.
They are not trying to change the relationship. They are trying to clarify the programs
the counties deliver for the state of Oregon. If the state wants to cut the program, they want to get out of
the way and not get sued. States they
can get rid of the language and clarify the opt out. Dealing with Children and Family
commission, the county does the planning and contracts out the services. They believe they are vulnerable, because
they do not have the availability of funds.
If the funds are cut back, there is a problem. They wanted to define the
relationship. They will figure it out
in the work group. |
026 |
Chair Doyle |
Comments on participants forming a work group, and
asks if they need only a timeframe to report back to the committee. |
031 |
Cantine |
Responds that they want to work within the timeframe
of the committee. |
034 |
Chair Doyle |
Asks that the work group participants report back to
the committee in two weeks. |
036 |
Chair Doyle |
Closes the public hearing on HB 3638 and opens a
public hearing on SB 272-A. |
039 |
Chair Doyle |
Notes the committee has two sets of amendments and
that the committee will not be moving the Senate version. State that the hearing is only on the SB
272-A4 (EXHIBIT H) and SB 272-A5 (EXHIBIT I) amendments. |
052 |
Sen. Roger Beyer |
District 9. Presents
the SB 272-A4 amendments (EXHIBIT
H). Explains the amendments are
an opportunity for people in predominantly rural Oregon in remote areas. Submits chart (EXHIBIT J) that lists counties and the school districts that
would be affected by the amendments.
There are 53 schools in schools districts that would be affected by
the SB 272-A4 amendments. The
amendments would change the charter school law. Under the current law, there has to be a minimum of 25 students
to qualify to become a charter school.
This will allow charter schools in school districts with less than 250
students. There would be no minimum
number; the number would be specified by the charter. In schools districts with more than 250
students, the minimum active enrollment would remain at least 25
students. |
072 |
Sen. Beyer |
Explains that there are places in Oregon that have
been prohibited from having charter schools because of the current requirement. Until January of this year, there was also
a cap or a maximum of 10 percent of students of any one school district that could
leave a school to go to a charter school in the district. If a district had less than 250 students,
the people were not eligible to create a charter school. Adds that the cap has sunset but there are
still areas of the state where one could go hundreds of miles to find 25
students to qualify for a charter school. |
097 |
Sen. Beyer |
Comments that Paisley, in Lake County, is going to
become a charter district and would not qualify to have a charter
school. |
119 |
Rep. Monnes Anderson |
Asks if taking seven students from French Glen with
a total of 14 students would leave the district unable to operate. |
Sen. Beyer |
Responds he will let OSBA talk about that. Adds that this does not change anything on
local control. It is still up to
local school boards to grant charters.
They have to look at financial viability of the school and everything
else still in the charter school law.
Adds that perhaps French Glen would become a charter district. |
120 |
Bruce Anderson |
House Speaker's office. Presents the SB 272-A5 amendments (EXHIBIT I). Comments that
the amendments are HB 2600 A which passed the House Education Committee
unanimously but ran into a delay. Explains
this is about helping improve advanced technology education and training
opportunities. Comments on benefits
to the state and allowing high school juniors and seniors to be better
prepared for life after high school, either in the work force or getting a
jump start on a college or university education. |
181 |
Anderson |
Comments on diversification of Oregon's
economy. Adds that the SB 272-A5
amendments help promote creative community solutions. Comments on activities in east Multnomah
County and the development of the Center for Advanced Learning that will
provide programs in information technology, medical and health careers,
pre-engineering, and manufacturing.
Believes this demonstrates how to increase student learning and achievement,
increase the number of students pursuing advanced specialization, as well as
serving as an example of how to become a regional education-business interest
partnership model for the 21st century. |
196 |
Bill Lesh |
Director, Center for Advanced Learning. Explains they
will be opening in the fall and have admitted 250 students. They are a charter school and have a
separate governing body that oversees the school that is separate from their
elected officials. Explains the
information technology students will be working with small businesses
managing their websites and health care students will get in the job market
earlier. Adds that students want to
do intentional work, graduate from high school, and want to do their extra
curricula activities; the school has created a model that allows them to do
all of that. |
251 |
Rep. Close |
Asks why there is a cap of $25,000 in Section 6(b)
on page 4 of the SB 272-A5 amendments. |
Lesh |
States it is already in statute. |
268 |
Rep. Barnhart |
Asks Lesh to describe their school. |
Lesh |
Submits brochure (EXHIBIT K) and talks about their school. |
Rep. Monnes Anderson |
Comments she was on the Gresham-Barlow School
District Board when this idea was born and has been a strong advocate for it,
believes it is a model for the state and will provide more jobs and more jobs
mean more money coming into the state.
317 |
Rep. Backlund |
Comments he is happy HB 2600 is being reborn. |
Anderson |
Comments on development of HB 2600. Adds that those who worked on HB 2600 are
in support of the SB 272-A5 amendments. |
396 |
Chair Doyle |
Notes that two witnesses are opposed to the SB
272-A4 amendments. |
405 |
Steve Novick |
Department of Education. Testifies people in their office are fine with the SB 272-A5
amendments (EXHIBIT I) and that
Superintendent Castillo is opposed to the SB 272-A4 amendments (EXHIBIT H) because of message about
how we are handling dollars. Comments
on audit showing small school districts have higher instructional costs. The creation of very small charter schools
is puling students out of the small districts stranding the small school
districts. |
460 |
Novick |
States Superintendent Castillo thinks the charter
school law is not that old and she would like to see it continue in its
current form for some time before making changes like this. |
014 |
Laurie Wimmer Whelan |
Oregon Education Association (OEA). Testifies in support of the SB 272-A5
amendments (EXHIBIT I) and would
not like to see them encumbered by the SB 272-A4 amendments (EXHIBIT H) which they oppose. States they are concerned about the programs left behind
with high costs. States that OEA does
support charter schools but they cannot be a threat to the regular school
programs because they care about all the children and the quality of an
enhanced educational opportunity for every child. They have concern about the per-student costs in both the
charter schools and the programs left behind. |
055 |
Rep. Monnes Anderson |
Comments that a proposed charter school must go
through the local school board for approval.
Asks if a board would deny it if it were going to harm their own
school district. |
Wimmer Whelan |
Comments on the process. |
069 |
Jim Green |
Oregon School Boards Association (OSBA). Testifies in support of the SB 272-A4
amendments. Explains issue of whether
a school district can deny a charter school application based on financial
stability. Comments on efforts to
establish charter schools around the state. |
Green |
States the SB 272-A4 amendments make changes in the
law to allow the small communities to create charter schools. They must have total buy in to make the
programs work for the kids. |
John Marshall |
Oregon School Boards Association (OSBA). States he was the person, with the help of
the Senate Education Committee, responsible for the original gut and stuff of
SB 272, and supports the re-gutting and double-stuffing of SB 272 by the SB
272-A4 and SB 272-A5 amendments. |
149 |
Rep. Monnes Anderson |
Asks how many charter schools there are in Oregon,
how many have failed, and how many are thriving. |
Green |
Responds that 22 are active. One recently was not renewed by the Eugene
School Board. Corvallis School Board
did not renew a charter. There were three recent denials that are going
through the mediation process. Two
were denied by the school boards and have been sponsored by the State Board
of Education. |
183 |
Rep. Close |
Asks if there would be a lottery system even in
small schools. |
Green |
States a lottery is needed only if there are more
students than slots. |
206 |
Rep. Tom Butler |
District 60.
Speaks in support of the SB 272-A4 amendments proposed by Sen.
Beyer. Comments on students attending
boarding schools who travel as far as 145 miles. States these are people who live in rural Malheur and Harney
counties. States he is anxious these rural
people will have the opportunity and believes it will draw their communities
closer together. |
246 |
Rep. Barnhart |
Asks if Rep. Butler has examples of where this law
might be used. States he is concerned
about dividing small school districts. |
Rep. Butler |
States there would be a combination of three things:
the students who are going to school in a one- or two-room school
arrangement, those who are transporting themselves long distance to go to a
boarding school, and those who are presently receiving their education at
home. |
277 |
Andrea Henderson |
Executive Director, Oregon Community College
Association (OCCA). Testifies in
support of the AB 272-A5 amendments. OCCA
believes it is an important step forward in offering technical education in
Oregon. They believe this bill will
create stronger ties between the K-12 and the community college system and
help advance technical education in Oregon.
295 |
Harvey Mathews |
Associated Oregon Industries (AOI). Testifies in support the SB 272-A4 and SB
272-A5 amendments. Both amendments
stress the importance of innovation within the public school system and focus
on serving the needs of students and their parents. AOI strongly supports the SB 272-A5 amendments; they are the
result of collaboration. The goal is
to increase the number of students in advanced classes so they are fully
prepared for college and high-skilled employment. |
348 |
Matthews |
States he was surprised the OEA and the Oregon
Department of Education would support a position that would encourage home
schooling. The number of home
schoolers coming into and strengthening the public school system far out
weight any potential effects of the cost of administration to just 50 school
districts. States he agrees the lack
of instructional dollars getting to the class room is a problem; the SB
272-A4 amendment does not exacerbate that problem. If the problem is to be addressed, it needs to be addressed
across the system with all 200 districts.
370 |
Chair Doyle |
Closes the public hearing and opens a work session
on SB 272 A. |
379 |
Flores |
MOTION: Moves to ADOPT SB 272-A4 amendments dated
6/13/03. |
383 |
Rep. Monnes Anderson |
Comments she feels there is a difference between
urban and rural school districts.
Sometimes the rural districts do not have the advantages. The fact the charter school statute states
there has to be community buy in and the school board has to buy in, and that
she will support the amendments because we need to give the small school
districts as many advantages as possible.
Notes that this affects only the very small school districts. |
406 |
Rep. Barnhart |
Comments he finds the argument on reducing the size
of schools moves things in the negative direction to be persuasive and he
sympathizes with the idea that it makes sense to have additional schools in
widely scattered areas, and thinks we get to the point of diminishing returns
very quickly. Thinks a school of less
than 25 is well past the point where it can be viable, and will not support
the SB 272-A4 amendments. |
5-1-1 AYE: 5 - Backlund, Close, Flores, Monnes Anderson,
Doyle NAY: 1 - Barnhart EXCUSED: 1 - Verger |
Chair Doyle |
The motion CARRIES. |
431 |
Flores |
MOTION: Moves to SUSPEND the rules for the purpose
of conceptually amending the SB 272-A5 amendments. |
437 |
6-0-1 EXCUSED: 1 - Rep. Verger |
Chair Doyle |
Hearing no objection, declares the
motion CARRIED. |
439 |
Flores |
MOTION: Moves to AMEND the SB 272-A5 amendments
dated 6/19/03 by deleting Lines 26-28 on page 5. |
448 |
Cindy Hunt |
Legislative Counsel. Explains that the SB 272-A4 and SB 272-A5 amendments have two
different effective dates. The SB
272-A4 amendments have an effective date of "on passage." The SB 272-A5 amendments are effective
July 1, 2003. States that the two
dates are not that far apart. States
the dates should be consistent because the entire bill needs one effective
date. Adds that she has suggested the
committee use "upon passage" because it would not harm the SB 272-A5
amendments. |
480 |
6-0-1 EXCUSED: 1 - Rep. Verger |
Chair Doyle |
Hearing no objection, declares the
motion CARRIED. |
482 |
Flores |
MOTION: Moves to ADOPT SB 272-A5 amendments AS
AMENDED with direction to Legislative Counsel to combine the amended SB
272-A5 and SB 272-A4 amendments that replace the original bill, with an
emergency clause that takes effect on passage. |
512 |
6-0-1 EXCUSED: 1 - Rep. Verger |
Chair Doyle |
Hearing no objection, declares the
motion CARRIED. |
017 |
Flores |
MOTION: Moves SB 272 A to the floor with a DO PASS
AS AMENDED recommendation. |
022 |
Rep. Barnhart |
States he is a strong supporter of the SB 272-A5
amendments and the committee has heard his objection to the SB 272-A4 amendments. States he will vote no on the bill today
but may actually support it on the floor. |
027 |
5-1-1 AYE: 5 - Backlund, Close, Flores, Monnes Anderson,
Doyle NAY: 1 - Barnhart EXCUSED: 1 - Verger |
032 |
Chair Doyle |
The motion CARRIES. REP. CLOSE will lead discussion on the
floor. |
034 |
Chair Doyle |
Closes the work session on SB 272 A and opens a work
session on Speaker-approved drafting requests. |
037 |
Flores |
MOTION: Moves that the committee request
Legislative Counsel prepare a draft measure as outlined in the memo to
Speaker Minnis dated June 19, 2003 (EXHIBIT L). |
040 |
Chair Doyle |
Explains that HB 3442 relating to the establishment
of the Wine Board as a semi-independent agency is currently in Ways and Means
and is getting bogged down in committee.
051 |
6-0-1 EXCUSED: 1 - Rep. Verger |
Chair Doyle |
Hearing no objection, declares the
motion CARRIED. |
053 |
Chair Doyle |
Closes the work session on measure drafting requests
and adjourns meeting at 4:32 p.m. |
– Introduction of committee bill, letter and LC 3675, staff, 3 pp
– SB 7, SB 7-A5 amendments, Rep. Doyle, 1 p
– HB 3638, HB 3638-2 amendments, Bob Cantine, 6 pp
– HB 3638, prepared statement, Bob Cantine, 2 pp
– HB 3638, prepared statement, James Toews, 3 pp
– HB 3638, prepared statement, Scott Taylor, 2 pp
– HB 3638, prepared statement, Phil Lemman, 1 p
– SB 272, SB 272-A4 amendments, Sen. Beyer, 3 pp
– SB 272, SB 272-A5 amendments, Bruce Anderson, 5 pp
– SB 272, chart, Sen. Beyer, 1 p
– SB 272, brochure, Bill Lesh, 2 pp
– Drafting request, letter and instructions, staff, 2 pp


text:
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text:
Bill H.2137 188th (2013 - 2014)
An Act relative to the Plymouth Nuclear Power Plant
By Mr. deMacedo of Plymouth (by request), a petition (accompanied by bill, House, No. 2137) of Jay D. Ferguson and Thomas J. Calter for legislation to require the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station to provide for weekly testing of its safety and alarm system. Public Safety and Homeland Security.
Sponsors: |
Viriato Manuel deMacedo
(By Request)
Status: | |