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- News tagged "full-frame"
Thursday, 14 Nov 2013
Nikon Announces New D610 Full-Frame DSLR Camera with Faster Shooting Speeds (Updated)
Nikon has just announced the D610, a slightly updated version of the D600 full-frame DSLR camera. The D610 seems nearly identical to the D600, with the key differences being a maximum burst speed of 6 frames per second instead of 5.5fps, a new 3fps Quiet Continuous shooting mode, and improved auto white balance.
Tuesday, 5 Nov 2013
Nikon Announces the Df, a Retro-Inspired DSLR with a 16MP Full-Frame Sensor
Nikon has just announced the Df, short for Digital Fusion, a retro-inspired DSLR camera with a 16MP full-frame sensor inside. The camera is built with manual operators in mind, with mechanical dials which harken back to the film SLRs of old. Click through to find out what else is new with the Df.
Monday, 28 Oct 2013
New Nikon DF Full-Frame Retro Camera Rumored to Be Announced in Two Weeks
Rumors are hot that Nikon will be announcing a full-frame retro-styled camera this or next week. Click through for the speculated specs and the teaser videos that Nikon has been putting out.
Wednesday, 12 Sep 2012
Sony Introduces New Full-frame Alpha SLT-A99
The first Translucent Mirror camera from Sony to feature a 24.3-megapixel full-frame Exmor CMOS sensor, the A99 also debuts an advanced AF-D continuous autofocus mode that works with moving subjects to ensure unprecedented levels of imaging performance with still and video shooting.


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The Anti-Social Network
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Did they scutter into your handbag when they were supposed to shit on your tits or what?
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Has someone been spaffing in the faces of little children at parent-teacher evening? Man that's sexy.
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Please confirm that the link referenced below is the one that is broken or needs to be updated. If confirmed, please complete the remaining boxes in the form below, then click on the button to send the update to us.
Title of the LinkWARM--Washington Adoption Reunion Movement
URL (address) for the Linkhttp://www.warmsearch.org


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This information is provided free of charge by the Department of Industrial Relations from its web site at www.dir.ca.gov. These regulations are for the convenience of the user and no representation or warranty is made that the information is current or accurate. See full disclaimer at http://www.dir.ca.gov/od_pub/disclaimer.html. |
(a) The Administrative Director shall maintain a Workers' Compensation Information System Advisory Committee, which shall include, but not be limited to, representatives of claims administrators (including self-insured employers, insurers, and third party administrators), insured employers, organized labor, attorneys, physicians as defined in Labor Code § 3209.3, vocational rehabilitation counselors, academic researchers, the Department of Insurance statistical agent, and appropriate legislative committees and state agencies with jurisdiction over workers' compensation, occupational health, and related areas, including the Commission on Health and Safety and Workers' Compensation and the Employment Development Department.
(b) The advisory committee shall meet at least annually on the call of the Administrative Director, and may provide advice on all aspects of WCIS. The Administrative Director, or his or her designee, shall present to the advisory committee any plan to collect survey data, including any expanded collection of the data elements specified in subdivision (d) of section 9702.
NOTE: Authority: Sections 133, and 138.6, Labor Code. Reference: Section 138.6 and 138.7, Labor CodeHISTORY
1. New section filed 10-6-99; operative 11-5-99 (Register 99, No. 41).


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Arts, Entertainment & Lodging
Lodging & Transportation
Holiday Inn Express - 194 Fortin Drive - 401-769-5000 / 1-800-465-4329
The Pillsbury House -Bed & Breakfast in the North End - 341 Prospect Street - 401-766-7983 / 1-800-205-4112
Woonsocket Motor Inn - 333 Clinton Street - 401-762-1224
Rhode Island Public Transit Authority (RIPTA) - 265 Melrose Street, Providence, RI - 401-781-9400
TF Green Airport - 2000 Post Road, Warwick - 888-268-7222
Local Entertainment
Autumnfest - Woonsocket's premier fall celebration.
Blackstone River Valley NHC - A special national park designed to preserve the industrial history of the Blackstone River Valley.
Blackstone Valley Tourism Council
Canoeing on the Blackstone - A great way to see the city.
Center for the Arts and Spirituality
Chan's Fine Oriental Dining - Egg Rolls and Jazz.
Museum of Work & Culture
Stadium Theater
Woonsocket's Parks - A great place to spend an afternoon.
World War II Veteran's Memorial State Park - Home of Autumnfest
The Feinstein Imax Theatre
Mendon Drive In
McCoy Stadium & the Paw Sox
Dunkin Donuts Center
Providence Performing Arts Center
Rhode Island Philharmonic Orchestra
Rustic Drive In
Trinity Repertory Company


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From: | "Andrea Hooper" |
Are you staining mouse tissue or human tissue? If mouse tissue, the vWF antibody from DAKO as well as the goat polyclonal anti-VE-Cadherin Ab from R&D work very well. If human tissue, the anti-CD31 from DAKO, clone JC/70 is excellent. ----- Original Message ----- From: jstaruk |


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More New and Used
from Private Sellers
Israel An Ancient Land for a Young Nation
by Bourbon, Fabio9788854402881
White Star Publishers
Questions About This Book?
What version or edition is this?
This is the edition with a publication date of 9/7/2010.
What is included with this book?
- The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any CDs, lab manuals, study guides, etc.
This introduction to Israel presents the young nation's complex history, unique cultures, and stirring landscape. Photographs convey the incongruous juxtapositions that exist throughout Israel: the ancient city of Hebron and the modern skyline of Tel Aviv, the mosques and the Wailing Wall, and many others.
Author Biography
Fabio Bourbon specializes in civilizations of the past and art history.


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Senior creates 'ridiculously awesome promotional videos' of UT basketball players for free
Conner Harville's love of film began in the fifth grade when he presented a project to his class on notable film director Steven Spielberg. His fascination with Spielberg mixed with his grandfather's final words before passing away to "pursue his dreams" created the perfect storm for Harville to dive headfirst into his passion.
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With this piece My friend asked for a drawing so I told her Do any line work you want to do shapes lines anything so she made abunch of random lines and I just put my creativity toward it :)
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I really, really, really love this. Would love to see this vectorized and colored.
Thanks and Honestly If you know someone that would like to as long as they add me onto the project I would give them permission.
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i like monochromatic work--really cool--never understand why color is so sought after --leaves less for interpretation methinx!-cool!
Thank you i really appreciate the Comment :) I love doing this type of art because it seriously just comes to my head with this concept i told someone to just draw random shapes like a kid and then interpret it with random patterns that come to me.
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Hey, this is really nice, you should keep doing this kind of stuff, try to make it with colours if you want.
I might add some colors


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Walbridge village officials have scheduled June 19 as Family Fun Day at the municipal pool, opening the facility to the public for free from noon to 5 p.m. "We want to build support for the pool," said Mayor Dan Wilczynski. "We want to let people know it's there, it's in good shape, and it's a nice place to spend time with their family." Maureen Jacobsen, who chairs village council's parks and recreation committee, said there will be games for children in and out of the pool, a dunk tank, a swim lesson clinic about 1 p.m., as well as a raffle and prizes. The Walbridge Library will also have activities. The Walbridge Festival Committee will provide food. The pool, which is located on Parkview Drive, opened June 5 and will be open seven days a week through Labor Day. Hours are noon to 8 p.m. Facing a lean operating budget, the village administration had considered leaving the pool closed this summer with the understanding it and other budget cuts could be re-instated if tax revenues increased. Mayor Wilczynski sent letters in April to elected officials in Northwood, Millbury, Rossford, and Lake Township, offering residents of those communities membership to the pool and daily admission. "In rethinking how we all operate and in hopes of moving other items of each of our operations to a more regional approach, we would like to offer several options to you and your councils for your collective support," he wrote. "With your support, we will make this offer available to your residents in the same manner that we do with the Walbridge residents." If funding is available, the village will move a fence around the pool farther out to enclose trees on the property, creating an area that would be ideal for picnics, the mayor said. "We have some ideas," he said. "It's a matter of how to pay for them." The village purchased the pool and five-acre grounds in 1994 for $13,000 from a non-profit corporation formed by residents. The mayor said it cost about $40,000 to operate the pool for a season. Revenue from memberships, daily fees, and food concessions typically generate only $23,000.
Athough her office computer had been sitting in two inches of water, Jeanne Rogacki, office manager for the Lake Township Police Department, had it working after drying it out in the hours following the June 5 tornado that destroyed the township administration building. "I was so concerned, payroll is this week," she said, adding the computer used by Police Chief Mark Hummer was also salvaged. Contractors, township personnel, and volunteers had the former Ohio Highway Patrol post on Lemoyne Road – the police department's new temporary quarters – operational in less than a week after the tornado hit. Ironically, the township trustees last year approved purchasing the building and property, which has been vacant since 2007 when the Highway Patrol opened a new Wood County post near Bowling Green, and planned to take their time to convert it into an emergency operations center. The facility is equipped with a 140-foot radio tower and a back-up generator. Police emergency dispatching service is still being routed through the Northwood Police Department's 9-1-1 system
Photos by Ken Grosjean (The Press) and John Pollock (www.pollock.smugmug.com)
Last week, Daniel Beaudoin, pastor of St. John's Lutheran Church in Stony Ridge, organized volunteers to help clean up the wreckage in the wake of the tornado that hit the Millbury area last weekend. He is coordinating efforts to salvage victims' possessions scattered by the twister. "Originally, we had four work teams going out to four different sites," said Beaudoin. "We have four families from our church who have been directly affected by the tornado." One family lives in Moline, where their property suffered minor damage, he said, with uprooted trees and broken tree limbs. The other three families, he said, who lived near Lake High School, lost everything. "Two of the families lived in two farmhouses between the Lake Township police station and high school. Their homes were destroyed. Further west, on the other side of the railroad tracks, between Moline and Lake High School, is a young family with three children."
It was about 11 o`clock Saturday when Debra Chalfin got the text on her phone from a local TV station alerting her to a tornado warning just issued in her area. The family, who lives in the Wood-Lake Mobile Home Park on Cummings Rd., in Millbury, did just what they were supposed to – they planned to head to their designated "safe place," which happened to be just down the road at Lake High School. Wasting no time, Debra rounded up her family – her husband Dean, daughters Danielle Chalfin and Jennifer Knoblock ,stepson Eric Eischen and Lincoln, the family dog, and got in the car. When they got to the school, they called 9-1-1 to arrange to be let in, and members of the Lake Township Fire Department responded. As they were waiting for the doors to open, the lights went out. "We were still standing outside, and we looked up and saw the tornado coming," Debra said. Once they were let inside the building, the family and the firefighters found an alcove in a hallway and hunkered down to ride out the raging storm outside. "We got situated and were sitting down like we were supposed to; in less than five minutes it hit," she said. "We could feel it. We heard a lot of wind, and all of a sudden, all of this debris started coming down the hallway." |
Dzhokhar TsarnaenShould Dzhokhar Tsarnaen receive the death penalty for his roll in the Boston Marathon bombings?


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Cloud Cult bid farewell (for now) at the Cabooze
Categories: Concert Review
Photos by Stacy Schwartz |
A parking lot between two biker bars might seem like and incongruous place for an environmentally-committed band like Cloud Cult to play their last local show of 2009, but with the energy and attention that the band brought to the stage, no-one in the Cabooze parking lot was paying much attention to the Harleys outside. The reason for the band's hiatus is a happy one; frontman Craig Minowa and his painter wife Connie are expecting a baby very soon. Craig said from stage that the child is due in about five weeks, but didn't drop any hints on gender or names. While the miracle of birth is generally regarded as an uplifting event, this birth is especially touching for the Cloud Cult family. The unexplained death in 2002 of the the Minowas' son Kaidin was a trauma for the couple and the band that has resulted in music that deals with tragedy and perseveres in joy, an emotional impact that has won them a devoted following.
Photos by Stacy Schwartz |
Ending the set with a solid threesome of recent tunes from 2007's The Meaning of 8 and 2008's Feel Good Ghosts (Tea-Partying Through Tornadoes) (despite the title, there was no mention of Wednesday's weather in the Twin Cities), the circle began to close with Connie joining in the chorus of "Take your Medicine," a song that includes the lyrics "We found/Beautiful babies/Sleeping in our ribs/Get them in the light." That connection stayed with the crowd as they roared during the brief moment that the band left the stage and carried through to the encore. Craig announced that the band was going to play "Dance for the Dead" from Meaning of 8 live for the first time ever, something that he claimed he had always wanted to try. He invited members of opening bands Halloween, Alaska and Daredevil Christopher Wright to join them onstage and asked the crowd to join in "this meditative prayer to welcome the spirits back," as he put it. With the packed lot chanting "This is the dance that brings the dead to living/They say, "I'm with you every day you know"/Can you hear them come?/This is the dance that brings the dead to living/Just say, "I miss you every day you know," it was full circle, full of love and hope on a beautiful night.
--Carl Atiya Swanson
Mr. Tambourine Man
Love You All
Story of the Grandson of Jesus
No One Said it Would be Easy
Happy Hippo
When Water Comes to Life
Brain Gateway
Pretty Voice
Hurricane and Fire Survival Guide
Outside Your Skin
Chemicals Collide
Million Things
Journey of the Featherless
Take Your Medicine
The Girl Underground
Dance for the Dead
Everybody Here is a Cloud
Photos by Stacy Schwartz |
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Running Shots |
Pre, an Oregon freshman, trails the leader Gerry Lindgren (not in pic) after the first mile @ NCAA XC Nat's in "69." Lindgren (pic, R) puts the finishing touches on his 3rd NCAA XC title of the same race, as Pre gets 3rd place. This race marks the end of Lindgren's reign and the begining of Pre's dynasty. |
Adam Goucher (Colorado) won the Footlocker Nat'l XC title as a HS senior and then took 2nd as a Colorado frosh (BW pic) @ the NCAA XC Nat's in "94." The following XC Nat's, Goucher was 6th in "95" (redshirted in 96) & 4th in "97." Adam concluded his collegiate career by winning the NCAA XC title (color pic) in "98." |
Gerald "Gerry" Lindgren - John Rogers High School - Spokane, Washington - Class of 1964 |
As a sophomore, Lindgren gained enough stamina to finish second in the state cross-country championships and clocked a 4:36.1 in driving rain in August (Boy's Highland Games). The region's experts began to wonder about his potential. Gerry was one of the top milers in the spring track season until suffering a broken foot after running a 4:32.2 mile. |
Lindgren missed most of the '62 spring campaign but came back in the fall to obliterate cross country marks and win the individual title at the state meet lowering the state cross-country course record by 21 seconds! October 4, 1962, Lindgren, the John Rogers junior, sped an amazing 9:17 for a two-mile cross country course at Shadle Park breaking the city high school record by 32 seconds. Lindgren started as if running a 440 and burned the first mile in 4:28, nine seconds off the state mile record. Three watches caught Lindgren at 9:17. The course was measured for the two miles and found to be 16 yards short. |
Before Lindgren got serious, he was running 100 miles a week. Gerry tries to see how far he can go at a rapid rate before slowing from exhaustion. First it was ¾ of a mile, now its 1½ miles before fatigue & trying for 2M. The near future for Lindgren is more miles!! |
Lindgren's rise to National prominence started here (above) -just three weeks after discarding crutches for a broken foot, Lindgren made a sensational stretch comeback to nip Jim Simons (Shadle Park) to win the state meet mile in 4:18.3 (State Meet Record). Six weeks later, July 4, he duplicated the courageous finish, nosing out CA state champ Tracy Smith in a special mile race at Eugene, in 4:12.9. Gerry has a tendency for foot injuries. In two track seasons, he's made just four of 13 league duel meets. |
Senior year: During the fall, the 5-foot, 6-inch, 115 lbs, Lindgren destroyed the course record on every course he raced. Gerry last bout with Shadle Park was another CR. (above R) With a crowd of several hundred, broke the "nine-minute barrier" with nobody in sight behind him, hit the tape in 8:59.5. The time breaks his CR by 5.3 seconds and is 36 seconds better than any other prep has ever done. Lindgren went out in 4:22, a time only 4 Spokane preps, Gerry included have ever beaten for a one-mile race! That fall, Lindgren broke 9:10 three other times on the Shadle Park course and a 9:23 on the 2.1 mile Moss lake course a time that converts to about a nine-flat two mile. Sat, November 16, Lindgren won his second state title running the 2⅜ Green Lake xc course in a record 10:47.5 winning by 300 yards. Lindgren (hacking another 18 seconds) easily broke his CR of last year of 11:06! |
Lindgren's performances are totally confined to Northwest tracks until now... Gerry is invited to an exhibition 2M. A select field of the nation's finest two-milers in a featured event of the San Francisco Examiner's Holiday Invitational Indoor Meet. 12/27/63 - Examiner Indoor -2M The Friday night meet, is the brainchild of Bert Nelson (publisher of Track & Field News and Examiner meet director). Earlier in the month, Nelson extended the invitation (+ $50 toward expenses) to Lindgren and his John Rogers High School coach Tracy Walters, contingent upon their obtaining partial financial backing locally. The backing, $75 from the Athletic Round Table and $25 from the Sports Writers and Broadcasters, came quickly. Walters obtained the sanction of the Washington State High School Activities Association providing Gerry is not presented as an "official" representative of Rogers HS and the trip was on... |
Included in the elite field of competitors: Jim Ryun (East, Wichita, KS, Junior) has excited attention as a miler, where he's been near the National record of 4:08. In the 2M he's run a 9:11.5. Ralph Gamez (Foothill HS, Sophomore) just 15 years old, set an age-group record of 9:13.2 earlier in the month (7th). |
Lindgren had the roaring Cow Palace crowd of 12,117 on its feet and cheered him loudly the whole 22-lap distance. Lindgren (above) went to the lead immediately --per custom. He ran the first quarter in 59.7, hit the half in 2:07, and passed the mile mark in 4:26.5, with a half mile to go, his time was 6:44 flat. Finishing in 9:00.0!! His time surely would have been faster had he not been forced to the outside several times as he lapped the field of eight. The huge building was deafening roar as he sprinted through the last half-mile as he made a shambles of his heralded duel with Jim Ryun of Wichita Kansas. Lindgren won by a full lap, as Ryun stumbled on the first turn, Lindgren broke away from the field, fell 40 yards behind and never recovered. He scrambled back past the rest of the field but never threatened Lindgren. (2) Ryun-9:22, 3) Gamez-9:29.7) Gerry Lindgren's stunning performance in the San Francisco Examiner race Friday night burst upon the sports pages of the nation like a bomb. Among the Nation's track coaches, the track & field fans of the Northwest and the sports page readers of the state it was, not a surprise. |
1/18/64 -Los Angeles Invitational Indoor track meet -Open 2M Saturday night, Lindgren held the lead early (4:21.2 at the mile). Early in the second mile, Lindgren fell back to fourth, then came on to finish 2nd (forty yards behind) in a brilliant 8:46.0 The winner, in 8:41.4, Belgiums Gaston Roelants (the current World Record holder for the steeplechase), who is seen running second here. |
02/15/64 @ Daly City, CA -SF - Indoors 2 miles High schooler Lindgren pushed the pace and led Ron Clarke (Australia, WR holder 6M/10,000m) through a 4:19.7 mile, yielded the lead for a short time and was on top with 500 yards remaining. Then, Clarke went back in front and pulled away with a 60.4 final 440 to win in 8:36.9 but Lindgren still had a strong 63.5 for 2nd in the renowned: 3,000 m./ 2 miles 8:06.3 / 8:40.0 (splits - 4:19.7 + 4:20.3)!! |
2/22/64 -Saturday -New York, Madison Square Garden National AAU Indoor Track & Field Championships - 3M Ron Clarke won in a 13:18.4 effort (clipping six seconds off the listed record). Lindgren in making his first attempt ever at 3-Miles indoors ran 3rd behind Clarke and New York veteran Pete McArdle, who was timed in 13:32.6. Lindgren stopped the clock at 13:37.8 just eight-tenths of a second over the American citizen's listed mark. |
April 17, Friday, Spokane, Gerry Lindgren turned in the first sub-nine outdoor 2M in a HS track & field meet, a dual meet!! Rogers vs Central Valley @ Rogers. The new prep mark went practically unnoticed in the course of Lindgren's spectacular senior season... Lindgren raced 8:56.5. It's well off his 8:40 indoor time set in open indoor competition two months ago, but crushes the current recognized outdoor two-mile prep mark of 9:09.8 held by Mike Ryan Wilcox HS Santa Clara CA. April 25, Saturday, Lindgren added the unofficial Idaho 2M prep record to his conquests. |
May 23, Lindgren sets a national prep mile record at the 54th Washington State High School Track & Field Championships. Lindgren (R), cheered by the largest crowd ever to watch a top prep track meet in the state of Washington, clicked off four laps in 4:06.0 (splits: 60, 62, 60 & 64). Gerry's best 880 is 1:56.4 (against Lewis & Clark). |
May 29, Gerry graduates from John Rogers HS -Seven days later... |
June 5, Compton, Compton Invitational. -New rule: Graduated HS performers remain eligible in the summer period following their graduation. Gerry Lindgren runs his first competitive attempt at 5,000 meter race and it could be his last for some time... He is due to try the 10,000 meters event at the U.S. Federation Meet next week in Corvalles, Oregon. Lindgren led at the mile at 4:20 (wanting a 4:23), and dueled with Bruce Kidd (Canada) for the first two. Lindgren hit the 2M post in 8:53.6. Lindgren passed the 3M mark in 13:18.2 (nearly 20 seconds faster than the indoor time 13:37.8, Feb 22), finally finished in 4th with a 13:44.0!!! The race was won by Bob Schul in a new AR 13:38.0. (Bob Schul-Link) Gerry was also under the old AR! The WR is 13:35.0 held by Russian Vladimir Kuts since 1957. Lindgren's final 440 was a fine 60.4, only Schul blasted away with a 56 second last lap off of the killing pace. |
(L) June 13, Corvalles, Oregon. In the elapsed time of 29:37.6, Lindgren completes his first 10,000 meters. In winning, Lindgrens time is under the Olympic qualifying standard of 29:40! |
June 28, Sunday -New Brunswick, NJ. Lindgren, the sensational schoolboy, finishes a strong 2nd (about 12 yards behind Bob Schul with 13:56.2) in the national AAU 5,000-meter run in 13:58.6 (leading in splits 4:25.2 & 9:04 at 2M). By finishing second Gerry assures himself of a place on the U. S. team that will face the Russians in Los Angeles next month... |
July 25, Los Angeles, Saturday, -The mightiest roar of the crowd of 50,519 -Was when the 18-year-old high school student from Spokane, Wash., who ran two older Russian veterans to the ground in the 10,000-meters, in only his second try at 10k, winning in 29:17.6 (above). The early miles went: 4:37, 9:22 & 14:07. With 10 laps to go, Lindgren shot into the lead with with a blistering lap of 60.0 that brought him from 10 yards behind his Russian rivals to 10 yards in front. He kept lengthening the lead with every lap, winning by 150 yards or more over, the 26-year-old, Leonid Ivanov (Nikolai Dutov was 25 y/o). Lindgren was the first American ever to win a distance event at the U.S.-Soviet duel meet!
August 13, Kingston, Jamaica Carreras Invitational Track Meet @ National Stadium (R, July 3, Lindgren leads semifinal Olympic Trials 5k in NY (Schul won, Lindgren 3rd). |
Thursday night, almost on a lark, Lindgren raced the mile. Clocking a 4:01.5-finishing 3rd in a stirring duel with Oregon State's NCAA champ Morgan Groth (4:00.4) and Canadian Champion Ergas Leps. In the three-mile, Saturday (Aug. 15), Gerry took the lead from the start but was dogged by New York's Oscar Moore all the way through a 4:26 first mile and 8:55 at two, then as he had against the Russians, Lindgren tore off a fast, near 60-second lap, shredding away Moore. Lindgren breezed on to a 4:22 final mile, to clock 13:17.0!! -Moore faded to nearly 100 yards back clocking 13:42.8, his PB. Gerry's time beats the existing American Record of 13:17.4 set by Jim Beatty in 1961, but is off the pending record of 13:15.8 by Bob Schul, June 5 at Compton, California. In that Compton race, Lindgren clocked his all-time previous best, 13:18.2, enroute to a 13:44. Shul went on to set an American 5,000m record of 13:38. |
September 12, 1964, Olympic Trials - 10,000m Lindgren, the 18 year old schoolboy who was the hero of the U.S-Russian track meet, is an easy winner of the Olympic trials 10,000 meter run in the Los Angeles Coliseum. He finished about 45 yards in front of Lt. Billy Mills of the Marines. Gerry's time was 29:02.0. |
The 1964 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVIII Olympiad |
October 12, Tokyo, Monday morning, Lindgren, America's top hope for its first 10,000-meter gold medal in Olympic history is bogged down with an injury. While running in a park near the Olympic Village, Gerry stepped on a stump of a tree that had been cut down and treated when he injured the ankle (which swelled up badly). The 18-year old will still race in the final on Wednesday. | October 14, Tokyo, Lindgren competed, after a game try for two miles, faded far back in the pack, hobbling badly from the twisted ankle he suffered Monday, barely 48 hours before the race. He finished 9th in the field of 38 competitors. The 10,000 meter race was won by Billy Mills, a crew cut marine lieutenant from Coffeyville, Kansas, in one of the greatest upsets in the history of the Olympic Games.(Link to video of race). |
Gerry Lindgren went to Washington State University. He became one of the most dominant collegiate athletes in history, Lindgren won 11 of the 12 NCAA events he contested while a student at WSU. He won the outdoor three-mile and six-mile double three times, three harrier titles and two indoor two-mile titles. His only miss was was the 1968 indoor two-mile race, in which Jim Ryun outkicked him. |
Lindgren won three NCAA Cross Country Individual Titles... |
1966 - U. of Kansas Cross Country Course, Lawrence Kansas (29:01.4) |
1967 - Laramie Country Club, Laramie, Wyo. (30:45.6) |
1969 - Van Cortlandt Park, Bronx, N.Y. (28:59.2) |
Pete Romero vs Marty Liquori '67 San Francisco, CA, Indoors: Liquori(Essex Catholic) edges Romero (Reedley) at two-miles, both clocking 9:06.2. |
Rich Kimball @ Oakland Indoor, enroute to his HSR (at the time-74) 1500m (3:50.0). |
Rick Riley (Ferris, WA) 2M record setter in '66 with 8:48.4. |
Salazar leads Nick Rose |
Rono @ Hayward Field |
Marty Liquori (Essex Catholic, Newark, NJ) was the 3rd prep under 4:00 in the mile with a 3:59.8 ( in a world record race by Jim Ryun, prepdome's first-ever sub-4 miler). |
Terry Williams (Lompoc, CA) placed 6th in losing to rival Curtis Beck in the 2 mile @ CA State meet in 72. In 73, Williams outran Beck, winning-state 2 mile. Terry ran 4:08.4/8:54.8/14:08.4m (mile/2mile/5000m) in 73 and took his talents to the University of Oregon. |
Williams (O) vs Kimeto (WSU) |
Matt Centrowitz & Terry Williams finish together @ NIKE-OTC Marathon ("79"). |
Matt Guisto (San Mateo, CA) is enroute to the biggest upset in Kinney History ("83"). As a sophomore, Guisto ran in the Kinney Western Regionals and finished in 104th place. |
Invisible Man |
Keninisa Bekele (Ethiopia) is second in the 5000m race @ the 2000 World Junior Track Championships. 10/22/2000 - © Allsport Michael Steele/ALLSPORT |
2001 World X-Country Senior Men's - Short Course A junior, Bekele (182) sloshed through the mud for second place!! 3/24/2001 - © Allsport |
2001 World X-C - Next Day Bekele dominated the Jr race for his first world title. He pulled away from his last challenger barely halfway into the race and then romping through the mud giving no evidence to the fact he had 24 hours earlier taken the silver medal in the senior men's short race. 3/25/2001 - © Allsport |
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______________________ | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 |


text:
May 25, 2012
Tonight's the first of 2 debates in the Wisconsin recall election.
Also at that link are links to "Raw Barrett" and "Raw Walker" interviews. Very stark difference in style between the 2 men. It might give you an idea of what they'll be like debating each other. I won't describe the difference myself, but if you watch those 2 videos, I'd love to hear you contrast them in the comments.
32 comments:
- edutcher said...
I doubt Lincoln and Douglas are worried about their place in history.
WV "ayersorb" What Zero's in. - 5/25/12, 12:04 PM
- Brennan said...
Saw Barrett on MSDNC last night. He looks OK until words start coming out of his mouth.
His arguments against Walker can be summarized like this.
"In order to win another election Scott Walker has to raise money and that is bad for Wisconsin." - 5/25/12, 12:07 PM
- Dust Bunny Queen said...
Barrett is so very scripted. When interrupted and starting again, he almost verbatim repeats his script. There is no spontaneity or feeling that he is actually thinking about what he is saying. His lines are memorized and are as much a script as any stage actor would have to memorize.
Walker seems to be speaking extemporaneously. Of course he also has some talking points and issues that he has memorized. However you don't get the feeling that he has memorized down to the last sentence, word, comma or dramatic pause what he is going to say.
In addition I get the feeling that Walker is actually listening to the question, thinking about his answer and responding according to the situation, while Barrett is just waiting for a pause in the question so he can regurgitate his memorized speech. - 5/25/12, 12:22 PM
- Dust Bunny Queen said...
Well, that was poorly written. How many instances of memorized CAN I use at one time.
more coffee!! - 5/25/12, 12:28 PM
- Dante said...
Barrett: conspiracy, innuendo. He knows he is going to lose, and wants the believers to feel the rest just don't understand.
Walker: He's laying out a pro-growth message. Even when he digs on Barrett, it's with the approach of "Join the party," not "This guy is a buffoon."
Walker is presenting a positive view of the future.
Barrett doesn't even seem able to make much case things aren't better, though he tries.
I'd be amazed if Walker didn't win, and I'd bet Barrett thinks the same. - 5/25/12, 12:38 PM
- Mitchell said...
Retiarius v. Secutor
- alan markus said...
DBQ: Well, that was poorly written
Not really - if anything it mirrored Barrett's speaking style.
Dante: Walker is presenting a positive view of the future.
Walker seems to be talking about things people care about(jobs, growth in employment & tax revenues, role of private unions in the economy, etc.).
Barrett's nattering about legal defense funds, emails, not divulging information about the John Doe, "politically motivated" audits of Police Department, etc. - not too many people care about that.
I thought Walker is supposed to be "stoopid" because he didn't graduate college - I think he came across a lot more articulate than the Harvard educated POTUS.
Bobby Jindahl & Nikki Haley coming to WI? Man, all we need is Sarah Palin and/or Mia Love to add to those visuals and liberal heads will implode. - 5/25/12, 12:55 PM
- Steve Burri said...
Gov. Walker sounds like Paul Ryan, facts and figures fluently stated. Mayor Barrett seems to offer little of his own proposals and/or ideas.
- Rabel said...
That was a cruel non-edit on Barrett.
The different settings and different questions make it tough to contrast the two, but DBQ has it about right.
Walker needs to put together less evasive answers on the John Doe questions, or at least better explain the evasiveness. What "law that he must follow" prevents him from responding?
Meanwhile, back at the nest, the hawklets are growing like weeds and should be taking their first flights in the next few days.
And following up on today's excrement theme, I learned where the hawk poop was going. Don't stand under the ledge and look up.
Unless you're into that sort of thing. - 5/25/12, 1:12 PM
- bagoh20 said...
I see:
Duty vs dirt. - 5/25/12, 1:16 PM
- A. Shmendrik said...
I am assuming that Walker wins big in June and has a pile of cash left over in this recall campaign account. Can he distribute that to down ballot campaigns in the November elections? I don't mean to be looking past the recall... but I think the bigger impact could be all the support that Walker may be able to give to GOP Senate and Assembly candidates in the fall. The poor schmucks who decided to pursue the recall will have to go up to Devil's Lake and jump off the bluffs.
On the other hand, if Walker is restricted in the use of funds raised for the recall campaign, he may choose to burn it all in the week leading up to June 5th. Barrett has no "mercy rule" to invoke, he's going down like Wally Mondale. - 5/25/12, 1:29 PM
- traditionalguy said...
I hope Barrett gets some better writers to re-do his schtick about ending the civil war. Mythical metaphors get very boring.
Maybe Barrett can talk up the Obama Bullet trains bringing rioters into Madison from ChiTown at higher speeds.
That should get him everyone's vote. - 5/25/12, 2:10 PM
- lemondog said...
O/T, hahaha, saw one of the eyas or baby hawks, face towards the building, with butt presented out and over the edge, then lean slightly down towards the building to squirt out a big missile of juicy whitish poo.
Anyone targeted below? - 5/25/12, 2:22 PM
- Methadras said...
Barrett is the Debbie Wasserman Schultz of scripting.
- chickelit said...
Also at that link are links to "Raw Barrett" and "Raw Walker" interviews.
Raw spelled backwards means war. - 5/25/12, 2:32 PM
- Bushman of the Kohlrabi said...
The transformation from milquetoasty, incompetent nice guy Barrett to angry, red faced, backwards Barrett has been quite jarring. I believe someone gave him bad advice.
- alan markus said...
Barrett is the Debbie Wasserman Schultz of scripting
Speaking of Debbie "Does Dems", wonder if this means anything?
Has Debbie Wasserman Schultz worn out her welcome with Obama?
Sounds like she might be "going down". - 5/25/12, 2:58 PM
- David said...
Walker has a programatic theme. You may not agree with it but it's a coherent theme.
What is Barrett's theme? Nothing. Nothing at all on how he would govern. - 5/25/12, 3:10 PM
- alan markus said...
- This comment has been removed by the author.
- alan markus said...
Don't know if this was already covered here in a different thread, my apologies if I'm stepping on someone else's comment, but I just saw this over at Legal Insurrection:
UNREAL!… Dem Tom Barrett Blasts GOP's War on Women Then Turns Stage Over to Gangsta Rapper for "Bitches Who Ride Me" Song (Video)
As Barrett was off to the side of the stage shaking hands and taking pictures "Proph" launched into his first number, "Sucka MCs," about "bitches who ride me" and "make a nigga comfortable" because "cash make the women shake they asses" so "get (on) the tour bus, bitch." - 5/25/12, 3:13 PM
- MadisonMan said...
I'll be grilling brats. Maybe in the rain. So I'll miss the debate.
- walter said...
Not sure what he's getting at here:
When asked if he felt like he had a dark cloud hanging over him, Walker responded, "I feel like more than anything, it's like fighting a fight with both hands behind your back."
Too bad he can't just say it's about whether public sector unions will be able to return to voting in their own management.
Who will be "moderating"? - 5/25/12, 4:02 PM
- chickelit said...
I'll be grilling brats.
Great idea! I'm going to pick up some Johnsonville sausages tomorrow. - 5/25/12, 4:08 PM
- AllieOop said...
I'll be on a hot date with a Republican, should we talk politics, whaddya think?
- Dante said...
Rabel: Walker needs to put together less evasive answers on the John Doe questions, or at least better explain the evasiveness. What "law that he must follow" prevents him from responding?
Why should he do something more? Any explanation is going to be seized upon as some admission of guilt, and he put himself out far enough. You trust me, trust me on this. I brought up the probe. I'd say if it stinks later on, he has cooked his political future.
The Dems are simply casting innuendo and conspiracy at him, trying to keep the faithful in line. - 5/25/12, 4:37 PM
- chickelit said...
I'll be on a hot date with a Republican, should we talk politics, whaddya think?
Given today's theme and Zeitgeist, I'd show off nursing credentials. - 5/25/12, 4:38 PM
- David said...
Hot date? Politics? Just how kinky can you get? Topic: Sarah Palin and Patty Murray--Compare and Contrast.
That ought to get his motor running.
(Is it politically incorrect to assume you are going out with a guy? So sorry if I offended you or anyone else. Modern life is so complicated.) - 5/25/12, 4:44 PM
- AllieOop said...
Blind date, they tell me he's a man. Maybe he will udder little nothings in my ear. It would be a bust if we didn't like each other.
Maybe we can catch the debate in some bar with a TV. - 5/25/12, 4:57 PM
- walter said...
Do shots every time Barret says "billionaire".
- Meade said...
"Maybe he will udder little nothings in my ear."
- Dust Bunny Queen said...
I'll be on a hot date with a Republican, should we talk politics, whaddya think?
Not if you want to get laid.
Or have him respect your brain. - 5/25/12, 9:49 PM
- Fen said...
I'll be on a hot date with a Republican, should we talk politics, whaddya think?
I don't mind if my dates talk politics. Especially the libs. I just nod in appreciation of how easy they will be to manipulate. - 5/26/12, 12:19 AM


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A very clear consultation will help you to avoid clients not liking what you have done. One that I use is mirroring. After they have explained what they want say "so what I am hearing you say is..... and repeat what it is that they want.
If they are not sure what they want ask them what they do not want(every one knows what they hate few actually know what they want) this way you don't suggests or do what they will not like.
As far as clients stating that it cost more than they expected but they liked it- you are safe! they liked it for goodness sake and to be fair they did not ask! I work in an upscale salon and some of my clients would be mortified if I informed them of the price before hand, and the ones that are not sure ask during the consultation. I my opinion it is the consumers responsibility to ask how much something costs. You buy a shirt you look at the price tag if their isn't one on you ask the sales clerk do yo not?
Next time this happens simply say to the client " Oh, would you like a break down of what I did for you last time? And give her an itemized list of all her services and how much each of them costs, that should solve it right there and she will see what is being charged and probably realize that a lot of it is tax. this way she has it for next time and you are standing your ground never ever apologise for what you charge! they will think you are not worth it.
Would they go into a Chanel store and say wow the jacket I bought last time was to expensive? and even if she did she would receive no discount I am sure. good luck!
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David Goch named AICC General Counsel, succeeds Paul Vishny
The Board of Directors of AICC – The Independent Packaging Association has named David P. Goch of Webster, Chamberlain & Bean, LLP, Washington, as AICC's Secretary and General Counsel, succeeding Paul H. Vishny who is retiring at the end of 2014. Vishny served AICC since the Association was founded in 1974.
Multi Packaging Solutions introduces Impressions moldable packaging
NEW YORK, Oct. 7, 2014 (Business Wire) -Multi Packaging Solutions, a leader in value-added print and packaging for the branded consumer and healthcare markets announces its latest innovation in retail solutions that attract consumer interest and set brands apart.
MWV releases 2013 Corporate Responsibility Report
RICHMOND, VA, Oct. 6, 2014 (Press Release) -At MWV, we believe packaging plays a role in the economy around the world, and we are aware of the ways in which we can improve society and the environment through our operations and products.
Sonoco's Tacoma, WA, facility receives OSHA's Voluntary Protection Program Star Level certification
HARTSVILLE, SC, Oct. 7, 2014 (Globe Newswire) -Sonoco (SON) today announced that its Cascades Sonoco facility in Tacoma, Wash., was awarded Star Level certification in connection with OSHA's Voluntary Protection Program (VPP).
KBA supplies new Rapida 145 with five printing units and coater to Polish packaging printer Werner Kenkel
Interstate Resources unit Carolina Graphic Services purchases Highcon digital cutting and creasing machine
CHICAGO, Sept. 30, 2014 (Press Release) -Highcon announced today that the Highcon Euclid II+ digital cutting and creasing machine on show at Graph Expo 14 in Chicago, has been purchased by Carolina Graphic Services, a member of Interstate Resources, Inc. Container Division.
Great Northern Paper owes $65 million, holds assets of $28.15 million, according to bankruptcy filings
BANGOR, ME, Oct. 3, 2014 (Bangor Daily News) -The company that owns the East Millinocket paper mill owes $65 million to its creditors but has just $28.15 million in assets, according to filings in U.S. Bankruptcy Court in Delaware, Maryland.
AF&PA supports Manufacturing Day 2014 – paper/wood industry represents 4% of US manufacturing GDP
WASHINGTON, DC, Oct. 3, 2014 (Press Release) -The American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA) today announced its support of Manufacturing Day 2014 today.
Supplier news: HP, KBA developing new roll-to-roll inkjet solutions for corrugated
Month-in-stats: US paper/board production in August down 2.9% from 2013
OAKLAND, CA, Oct. 3, 2014 (PPI Pulp & Paper Week) -August production ofpaperandboardby US mills mirrored July's production total. Per day tons produced averaged 220,870 in August, up slightly from July's 220,771 tons/day. August production totaled 6.8 million tons, down 2.9% vs August 2013 production.


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This signature Rafa jacket will keep you warm while looking stylish. The knit jacket features ribbing with contrast tipping at collar, cuffs, and hem, full-zip entry, contrast stripes on sleeves, grommets at underarms for ventilation, zippered front pockets, embroidered Bull logo at right hem, embroidered "Rafa" on back, and an embroidered Swoosh on upper left chest.


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A Daily Doodle
A completed project by Marcus Hadlock @mhadlock
Saturday, January 15, 2011
Go Ninja II!
Pretty similar to yesterdays ninja- I thought they were both rad though so I decided to put em both on. I was dinking around in Photoshop with it a little too but just for a couple minutes with my mouse- Have a good Saturday!
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Talk:The Mainframe
10,689pages on
this wiki
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Back to page
How does this break the fourth wall? --Woah! You're sticky
- Because all the characters are claiming that after doing drugs they realize the truth, that they're all just pixilated characters in a videogame. Which in reality, they are just pixilated characters in a videogame. Hence, breaking the fourth wall. Grand Theft AJ 19:06, October 9, 2010 (UTC)


text:
From Seo Wiki - Search Engine Optimization and Programming Languages
Paradigm | procedural, imperative, structured |
Appeared in | 1964 |
Designed by | IBM and the SHARE Language Development Committee |
Developer | IBM |
Dialects | PL/M, XPL, PL/P, PL/C, PL/S, PL/AS, PL/X, PL/8, EPL |
Influenced by | COBOL, Fortran, ALGOL |
Influenced | SP/k, B, REXX |
PL/I ("Programming Language One", pronounced /ˌpiːˌɛlˈwʌn/, PEE-EL-WUN) is a procedural, imperative computer programming language designed for scientific, engineering, business and systems programming applications. It has been used by various academic, commercial and industrial users since it was introduced in the early 1960s, and is actively used as of 2010[update].[1][2][3]
PL/I's principal domain is data processing; it supports numerical computation, scientific computing,recursion, structured programming, linked data structure handling, character string handling, and bit string handling. The language syntax is English-like and suited for describing complex data formats, with a wide set of functions available to verify and manipulate them.
Contents |
Early history
In the 1950's and early 1960s business and scientific users programmed for different computer hardware using different programming languages. Business users were moving from Autocoders via COMTRAN to COBOL, while scientific users programmed in FORTRAN. The IBM System 360 [4] (announced in 1964) was designed as a common machine architecture for both groups of user, superseding all existing IBM architectures. Similarly, IBM wanted a single programming language for all users. It hoped that FORTRAN could be extended to include the features needed by commercial programmers. In October 1963 a committee was formed [5] composed originally of 3 IBMers from New York and 3 members of SHARE, the IBM scientific users group, to propose these extensions to FORTRAN. Given the constraints of Fortran, they were unable to do this and embarked on the design of a "new programming language" labeled "NPL". This acronym conflicted with that of the UK's National Physical Laboratory and was replaced briefly by MPPL[6] and, in 1965, with PL/I (with a Roman "I" like Fortran's "IV"). The first definition appeared in April 1964[7],[8].
IBM took NPL as a starting point and completed the design to a level that the first compiler could be written: the NPL definition was incomplete in scope and in detail. Control[9] of the PL/I language was vested initially in the New York Programming Center and later at the IBM UK Laboratory at Hursley. The SHARE and GUIDE user groups were involved in extending the language and had a role in IBM's process for controlling the language through their PL/I Projects. The experience of defining such a large language showed the need for a formal definition of PL/I. A project was set up in 1967 in IBM Vienna to make an unambiguous and complete specification [10]. This led in turn to one of the first large scale Formal Methods for development, VDM.
The language was first specified in detail in the manual "PL/I Language Specifications. C28-6571" written in New York from 1965 and superseded by "PL/I Language Specifications. GY33-6OO3" written in Hursley from 1967. IBM continued to develop PL/I in the late sixties and early seventies, publishing it in the GY33-6OO3 manual. These manuals were used by the Multics group and other early implementers.
The first compiler was delivered in 1966. The Standard for PL/I was approved in 1976.
Goals and principles
The Share 3by3 committee set these goals for "NPL":
- "Scope of usefulness to include that of current FORTRAN, extended to include additional applications - character strings and bit strings, extensive I/O operations, and dynamic response to trap conditions such as overflow and end-of-file."
- "Clarity of language. Arbitrary restrictions and unnatural punctuation that had plagued FORTAN users were to be removed. The resulting language would be easier to teach and easier to use."
- "Bring the language in line with current practice of machine use - I/O control systems, trap (i.e. exception) supervision, monitored operation and multiprogramming". (This was not endorsed by other implementers, since their operating systems differed from IBM in these facilities)
These goals evolved during the early development of the language. Competitiveness with COBOL's record handling and report writing capabilities was needed. The "scope of usefulness" of the language grew to include system programming and event-driven programming. The additional goals [11] for PL/I were:
- Be Compilable, with run-time performance similar to Fortran IV
- Be Extensible, for new hardware and new application areas
- Improve the productivity and time scales of the programming process, transferring effort from the programmer to the compiler
- Be machine-independent, and operate effectively across the main hardware and operating system ranges
To meet these goals PL/I borrowed ideas from other current languages while adding substantial new capabilities and casting it with a distinctive concise and readable syntax. A number of principles and capabilities combined to give the language its character and were key in meeting the goals:
- Block structure, with underlying semantics (including recursion), a la Algol 60. PL/I passes the Don Knuth man or boy test. Arguments to be passed using call by reference, using dummy variables for values where needed (call by value).
- Wide range of computational Data Types, program control Data Types, and forms of Data Structure. (strong typing).
- Dynamic extents for arrays and strings, with inheritance of extents by procedure parameters.
- Concise syntax for expressions, declarations and statements - with permitted abbreviations. Suitable for a character set of 60 glyphs, and sub-settable to 48.
- An extensive structure of defaults in statements, options, and declarations - to hide some complexities, facilitate extending the language, and minimize keystrokes.
- Powerful iterative processing (see For loop), with good support for structured programming.
- No reserved words. New attributes, statements and statement options could be added to PL/I without invalidating existing programs.
- Orthogonality - each capability to be independent of other capabilities and freely combined with other capabilities wherever meaningful. Each capability to be available in all contexts where meaningful - to exploit it as widely as possible and to avoid "arbitrary restrictions". (Helps make the language "large").
- Capabilities for controlling and intercepting exceptional conditions(exception handling) at run time.
- Programs divided into separately compilable sections, with extensive compile-time facilities (a.k.a macros, not part of the standard, for tailoring and combining sections of source code into complete programs. External names to bind separately compiled procedures into a single program.
- Debugging facilities integrated into the main language.
These principles inevitably resulted in a large language and would need compilers substantially more complex than those for COBOL or FORTRAN. This was not seen as a drawback since though the few - the compiler writers - would have more work, the many - the programmers - would have less.
Language summary
In this era of special purpose languages, e.g. SGML, C++, etc. it is difficult to conceive of a language designed to be all things to all programmers, but, as this summary shows, that is what PL/I was designed to be. The summary is extracted from ANSI PL/I Standard[12].
A Pl/I program consists of a set of procedures, each of which is written as a sequence of statements. The %INCLUDE
construct is used to include text from other sources during program translation. All of the statement types are summarized here in groupings which give an overview of the language (the Standard uses this organization.)
Category of Statement | |||
Structural | PROCEDURE or PROC
| ||
Declarative | DECLARE or DCL
| DEFAULT or DFT
Flow of Control | CALL
Null statement | STOP
| ||
Statements for interrupt handling | ON
Storage | ALLOCATE or ALLOC
| Assignment Statement |
Input/Output | OPEN
| |
Stream Input/Output | GET
| |
Record Input/Output | READ
(Features such as multi-tasking and the Pl/I compile-time preprocessor not in the Standard but supported in the PL/I F compiler and some other implementations are discussed in the Language evolution section.)
Names may be declared to represent data of the following types, either as single values, or as aggregates in the form of arrays, with a lower-bound and upper-bound per dimension, or structures (comprising nested structure, array and scalar variables):
The arithmetic
type comprises these attributes:
The base, scale, precision and scale factor of the Picture-for-arithmetic
type is encoded within the picture-specification
. The mode is specified separately, with the picture specification
applied to both the real and the imaginary parts.
Values are computed by expressions written using a specific set of operations and builtin functions, most of which may be applied to aggregates as well as to single values, together with user-defined procedures which, likewise, may operate on and return aggregate as well as single values. The assignment statement assigns values to one or more variables.
There are no reserved words in PL/I. A statement is terminated by a semi-colon. The maximum length of a statement is implementation defined. A comment may appear anywhere in a program where a space is permitted and is preceded by the characters forward slash, asterisk and is terminated by the characters asterisk, forward slash.
/*This is a comment. */
Statements may have a label-prefix introducing an entry name (ENTRY
and PROCEDURE
statements) or label name, and a condition prefix enabling or disabling a computational condition - e.g (NOSIZE)
). Entry and label names may be single identifiers or identifiers followed by a subscript list of constants (as in L(12,2):A=0;)
A sequence of statements becomes a group when preceded by a DO
statement and followed by an END
statement. Groups may include nested groups and begin blocks. The IF
statement specifies a group or a single statement as the THEN
part and the ELSE
part (see the sample program). The group is the unit of iteration - see For loop. The begin block (BEGIN; stmt-list END;
) may contain declarations for names and internal procedures local to the block. A procedure starts with a PROCEDURE
statement and is terminated syntactically by an END
statement. The body of a procedure is a sequence of blocks, groups, and statements and contains declarations for names and procedures local() to the procedure or
to the procedure.
An on-unit is a single statement or block of statements written to be executed when one or more of these conditions occur:
a computational condition,
or an Input/Output condition,
or one of the conditions:
,CONDITION(identifier), <code>ERROR
A declaration of an identifier may contain one or more of the following attributes (but they need to be mutually consistent):
Data Attributes | Input/Output Attributes | Other Attributes | |
| AUTOMATIC or AUTO
| |
AREA[( area-size)]
| ENVIRONMENT(options) or ENV...
| BASED[(reference)
| |
BINARY [(precision)] or BIN...
| |
BIT [(maximum-length)]
| CONDITION or COND
| |
CHARACTER[(maximum-length)] or CHAR...
| |
COMPLEX [(precision)] or CPLX...
| CONTROLLED or CTL
| |
DECIMAL [(precision)] or DEC...
| SEQUENTIAL or SEQL
| DEFINED[( reference)] or DEF...
| |
| EXTERNAL or EXT
| |
ENTRY[(parameter descriptor list]
| GENERIC(criteria list)
| |
| INITIAL(value-list) or INIT...
| |
FIXED [(precision)] </code>
| INTERNAL or INT
| ||
FLOAT [(number of digits)]
| LIKE unsubscripted reference
| ||
| ||
| OPTIONS(options)
| ||
| PARAMETER or PARM
| ||
NONVARYING or NONVAR
| POSITION [(expression)] or POS...
| ||
| ||
PICTURE picture-specification or PIC...
| ||
POINTER or PTR
| |||
</code> | |||
| |||
UNALIGNED or UNAL
| |||
VARYING or VAR
Language standardization began in April 1966 in Europe with ECMA TC10. In 1969 ANSI established a "Composite Language Development Committee", nicknamed "Kludge", which fortunately was renamed X3J1 PL/I [13]. Standardization became a joint effort of ECMA TC/10 and ANSI X3J1. A subset of the GY33-6OO3 [14] document was offered to the joint effort by IBM and became the base document for standardization. The major feature omitted from the base document were multi tasking and the features for program optimization (e.g. NORMAL
and ABNORMAL
Proposals to change the base document were voted upon by both committees. In the event that the committees disagreed, the chairs, initially Michael Marcotty of General Motors and C.A.R. Hoare representing ICL had to resolve the disagreement. In addition to IBM - Honeywell, CDC, Data General, Digital Equipment, Prime Computer, Burroughs, RCA, and Univac served on X3J1 along with major users, Eastman Kodak, MITRE, Union Carbide, Bell Laboratories, and various government and university representatives. Further development of the language occurred in the standards bodies, with continuing improvements in structured programming and internal consistency, and with the omission of the more obscure or contentious features.
As language development neared an end, X3J1/TC10 realized that there were a number of problems with a document written in English text. Discussion of a single item might appear in multiple places which might or might not agree. It was difficult to determine if there were omissions as well as inconsistencies. Consequently, David Beech (IBM), Robert Freiburghouse (Honeywell), Milton Barber (CDC), M. Donald MacLaren (Argonne Nat'l Laboratory), Barry Folsom (Data General), Lois Frampton (Digital Equipment), and editor, D.J. Andrews of IBM undertook to rewrite the entire document, each producing one or more complete chapters. The standard is couched as a formal definition [15] using a "PL/I Machine" [16] to specify the semantics. It was the first, and possibly the only, programming language standard to be written as a semi-formal definition.
A "PL/I General-Purpose Subset" standard was issued by ANSI in 1987 [17]. The General Purpose subset was widely adopted as the kernel for PL/I implementations.
IBM PL/I F and D compilers
PL/I was first implemented by IBM, at its Hursley Laboratories in the United Kingdom, as part of the development of System/360. The first production PL/I compiler was the PL/I F Compiler for the OS/360 Operating System, built at the Hursley in the UK. Release 1 shipped in 1966. OS/360 was a real-memory environment and the compiler was designed for systems with as little as 64kBytes of real storage – F being 64k in S/360 parlance. To fit a large compiler into the 44kByte memory allowed on a 64kByte machine, the compiler consisted of a control phase and a large number of compiler phases (approaching 100). The phases were brought into memory from disk, and released, one at a time to handle particular language features and aspects of compilation.
Aspects of the language were still being designed as PL/I F was implemented, so some were missed out until later releases. PL/I RECORD I/O was shipped with PL/I F Release 2. The list processing functions[18] - Based Variables, Pointers, Areas and Offsets and LOCATE-mode I/O - were first shipped in Release 4. In a major attempt to speed up PL/I code to compete with Fortran object code, PL/I F Release 5 did substantial program optimization of DO-loops facilitated by the REORDER option on procedures.
A version of PL/I F was released on the TSS/360 timesharing operating system for the S/360 Model 67, adapted at the IBM Mohansic Lab. The IBM Nordic Lab developed "Language Conversion Programs" to convert Fortran, Cobol, and Algol programs to the PL/I F level of PL/I. The PL/I D compiler, using 16 kilobytes of memory, was developed by IBM Germany for the DOS/360 low end operating system. It implemented a subset of the PL/I language requiring all strings and arrays to have fixed extents, thus simplifying the run-time environment.It was shipped within a year of PL/I F.
Multics PL/I and derivatives
Compilers were implemented by several groups in the early 1960s. The Multics project at MIT, one of the first to develop an operating system in a high level language, used Early PL/I (EPL), a subset dialect of PL/I, as their implementation language in 1964. EPL was developed at Bell Labs and MIT by Douglas McIlroy, Robert Morris, and others. The influential Multics PL/I compiler, described on the "Multicians" website [[2]], was the source of compiler technology used by a number of manufacturers and software groups.
It is claimed (Ref please) that the Honeywell PL/I compiler (for Series 60?) was an implementation of the full ANSI X3J1 standard. Stratus Technologies PL/I was an ANSI G implementation
IBM PL/I optimizer and checkout compilers
The PL/I Optimizer and Checkout compilers produced in Hursley supported a common level of PL/I language[19] and aimed to replace the PL/I F compiler. The performance objectives set for the compilers are shown in an IBM presentation to the BCS [20].
The PL/I Optimizing compiler took over from the PL/I F compiler and was IBM's workhorse compiler from the 1970s to the 1990s. Like PL/IF, it was a multiple pass compiler with a 44kByte design point, but it was an entirely new design. A second-time around design, it succeeded in eliminating the annoyances of PL/I F such as cascading diagnostics [21]. It was written in S/360 Macro Assembler. Macros were defined to automate common compiler services and to shield the compiler writers from the task of managing real-mode storage - allowing the compiler to me moved easily to other memory models. The gamut of program optimization techniques developed for the contemporary IBM FORTRAN H compiler were deployed: the Optimizer equaled FORTRAN execution speeds in the hands of good programmers. Announced with the IBM S/370 in 1970, it shipped first for the DOS/360 operating system in Aug 1971, and shortly afterward for OS/360, and the first virtual memory IBM operating systems OS/VS1 and MVS and VM/CMS. It supported the batch programming environments and, under TSO and CMS, it could be run interactively. This compiler went through many versions covering all mainframe operating systems including the operating systems of the Japanese PCMs.
The PL/I Checkout compiler [22], [23] announced in August 1970 was designed to speed and improve the debugging of PL/I programs. The three-pass design cut the time to compile a program to 25% of that taken by the F Compiler. It was run from an interactive terminal, converting PL/I programs into an internal format, "H-text". This format was interpreted by the Checkout compiler at run-time, detecting virtually all types of errors. Pointers were represented in 16 bytes, containing the target address and a description of the referenced item, thus permitting "bad" pointer use to be diagnosed. In a conversational environment when an error was detected, control was passed to the user who could inspect any variables, introduce debugging statements and edit the source program. Over time the debugging capability of mainframe programming environments developed most of the functions offered by this compiler and it was withdrawn (in the 1990s?)
Perhaps the most commercially successful implementation outside of IBM's was Digital Equipment's 1988 release of the ANSI PL/I 1987 subset. The implementation, whose front end was designed by Robert Freiburghouse, has a code generator implemented by Dave Cutler, who managed the design and implementation of VAX/VMS. It runs on VMS on VAX and ALPHA and on ALPHA UNIX. It is currently(2010) supported by Kednos Corporation [24].
Other PL/I subset implementations
- In 1972 Gary Kildall implemented a subset "PL/M" for Intel. PL/M, was used to write the CP/M operating system proper - and much application software running on CP/M and MP/M. Digital Research sold a PL/I compiler[25] for the Personal Computer written in PL/M. PL/M was used to write much other software at Intel for the 8080, 8085, and Z-80 processors during the 1970s.
- In 1974 Burroughs Corporation announced PL/I for the B7700. UNIVAC released a UNIVAC PL/I, and in the 1970s also used a variant of PL/I, PL/I PLUS, for systems programming. In 1980 Data General provided PL/I on its Transaction Processing Monitoring System (is the ECLIPSE?). CDC delivered PL/I for Cyber 70, 170 and 6000 series.
- Micro Focus, formerly Liant, implement Open PL/I [27] for UNIX systems.
- IBM shipped a PL/I subset for the Series/1 process control computer. It was originally designed in the Boeblingen Lab as a subset optimizing compiler for a new S/370 low end operating system.
- A subset of PL/P, was used to write new portions of Prime Computer PRIMOS at all rings of protection in its later revisions.
- PLAGO, created at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, used a simplified subset of the PL/I language and focused on good diagnostic error messages and fast compile times.
- PL/8 (or PL.8), so-called because it was about 80% of PL/I,[28] was a simplified variant of PL/I, having fewer data types and much more limited input/output. A version was used on IBM mainframes as a development tool for software that was being designed for the AS/400, as well as to write the S/390 microcode.
PL/I dialect implementations
- PL/S, a dialect of PL/I, initially called BSL was developed in the late 1960s and became the IBM systems programming language. Almost all IBM mainframe system software in the 1970s and 1980s was written in PL/S. It differed from PL/I in that there were no data type conversions, no run-time environment, structures were mapped differently, and assignment was a byte by byte move. All strings and arrays had fixed extents, or used the
option. IBM uses an improved and renamed PL/S for internal work on current operating systems, OS/390 and now z/OS.
- A subset compiler named CORC, developed at Cornell University for teaching a dialect called PL/C, had the unusual capability of never failing to compile any program, through the use of extensive automatic correction of many syntax errors and by converting any remaining syntax errors to output statements.
- XPL is a dialect of PL/I targeted at the development of aerospace applications. HAL/S is a real-time aerospace programming language, written in XPL, best known for its use in the Space Shuttle program. It was designed by Intermetrics in the 1970s for NASA.
- IBM and various subcontractors also developed another variant in the early 1970s to support signal processing for the Navy called SPL/1.
PL/I implementations were developed for mainframes from the late 1960s, mini computers in the 1970s, and Personal Computers [29]in the 1980s and 1990s. Although its main use has been on mainframes, there are PL/I versions for DOS, Microsoft Windows, OS/2, AIX, OpenVMS, and Unix.
It has been widely used in business data processing [30] and for system use for authoring operating systems on certain platforms. Very complex and powerful systems have been built with PL/I:
- It has been claimed that without PL/I the US Project Apollo would never have been able to put a man on the moon.[citation needed]
- The SAS System was initially written in PL/I; the SAS data step is still modeled on PL/I syntax.
- The pioneering online airline reservation system Sabre, primarily written in IBM 7090 assembler, later used PL/I and a custom compiler for some high-level tasks.
- PL/I was used to write a formal definition
[31]to interpret IBM's System Network Architecture
PL/I did not fulfill its supporters' hopes that it would displace FORTRAN and COBOL and become the major player on mainframes. It remained a minority but significant player. There cannot be a definitive explanation for this, but some trends in the 1970s and 1980s militated against its success by progressively reducing he territory on which PL/I enjoyed a competitive advantage.
- First, the nature of the mainframe software environment changed. Application subsystems for Data Base and Transaction processing (CICS and IMS and Oracle on System 370) and application generators became the focus of mainframe users' application development. Significant parts of the language became irrelevant because of the need to use the corresponding native features of the subsystems (such as tasking and much of input/output). FORTRAN was not used in these application areas, confining PL/I to COBOL's territory; most users stayed with COBOL. But as the PC became the dominant environment for program development FORTRAN, COBOL and PL/I all became minority languages overtaken by C++, Java and the like.
- Second, PL/I was overtaken in the Systems Programming field. The IBM system programming community was not ready to use PL/I; instead, IBM developed and adopted a proprietary dialect of PL/I for system programming. – PL/S[32]. With the success of PL/S inside IBM, and of C outside IBM, the unique PL/I strengths for system programming became less valuable.
- Third, the development environments grew capabilities for interactive software development that, again, made the unique PL/I interactive and debugging strengths less valuable.
- Fourth, COBOL and FORTRAN added features such as structured programming, character string operations, and object orientation, that further reduced PL/I's relative advantages.
On mainframes there were substantial business issues at stake too:
- IBM's hardware competitors had little to gain and much to lose from success of PL/I. Compiler development was expensive, and the IBM compiler groups had an in-built competitive advantage.
- Many IBM users wished to avoid being locked into proprietary solutions. With no early support for PL/I by other vendors it was best to avoid PL/I.
Evolution of the PL/I language
This article uses the PL/I standard as the reference point for language features. But a number of features of significance in the early implementations were not in the Standard; and some were offered by non-IBM compilers. And the de facto language continued to grow after the standard, ultimately driven by developments on the Personal Computer.
Significant features omitted from the Standard
Multi tasking was implemented by PL/I F, the Optimizer and the newer AIX and Z/OS compilers. It comprised the data types EVENT
and TASK
, the TASK-option
on the CALL-statement
(Fork), the WAIT-statement
(JOIN), the DELAY(delay-time)
, EVENT-option
s on the record I/O statements and the UNLOCK
statement to unlock locked records on EXCLUSIVE
files. Event data identify a particular event and indicate whether it is complete ('1'B) or incomplete ('0'B): task data items identify a particular task (or process)and indicate its priority relative to other tasks.
The Compile time preprocessor was built by the IBM Programming Center in Cambridge, Mass, and shipped first in the PL/I F compiler. Elements of the language were supported by other groups. The %INCLUDE]
statement was in the Standard, but the rest of the features were not. The preprocessor treats the written source program as a sequence of tokens, copying them to an output source file or acting on them. When a % token is encountered the compile time statement is executed, and when an identifier token is encountered and the identifier has been DECLARE
d, ACTIVATE
d, and assigned a compile time value, the identifier is replaced by this value. Tokens are added to the output stream if they do not require action (e.g. +
), as are the values of ACTIVATEd compile time expressions. Thus a compile time variable PI
could be declared, activated, and assigned using %PI='3.14159265'
. Subsequent occurrences of PI
would be replaced by 3.14159265
The data type supported are FIXED DECIMAL
integers and CHARACTER
strings of varying length with no maximum length. The structure statements are
%[label-list:]DO iteration: statements; %[label-list:]END;
%procedure-name: PROCEDURE (parameter list) RETURNS (type); statements...;* <code>%[label-list:]END;
and the simple statements, which also may have a [label-list:]
%ACTIVATE(identifier-list) and %DEACTIVATE
statement -
%DECLARE identifier-attribute-list
%GO TO label
The feature allowed programmers to use identifiers for constants - e.g product part numbers or mathematical constants - and was superseded in the standard by named constants for computational data. Conditional compiling and iterative generation of souce code, possible with compile-time facilities, was not supported by the standard. Several manufacturers implemented these facilities.
Structured programming additions were made to PL/I during standardization but were not accepted into the standard. These features were the LEAVE-statement
to exit from an iterative DO
, the UNTIL-option
and REPEAT-option
added to DO
, and a case statement of the general form:
SELECT (expression) {WHEN (expression) group}... OTHERWISE group
It is believed these were implemented in several non-IBM compilers (citation?).
PL/I F had offered some debug facilities that were not put forward for the standard but were implemented by others - notably the CHECK(variable-list) condition prefix, CHECK on-condition and the SNAP option. The Optimizer and Checker added additional features appropriate to the conversational mainframe programming environment (e.g. an ATTENTION condition) that may have been copied.
Significant features developed since the Standard
(This subsection needs help)
Several attempts had been made to design a structure member type that could have one of several datatypes (CELL
in early IBM). With the growth of classes in programming theory, approaches to this became possible on a PL/I base - UNION
etc have been added by several compilers.
PL/I had been conceived in a single byte character world. With support for Japanese and Chinese language becoming essential, and the developments on International Code Pages, the character string concept was expanded to accommodate wide non-ASCII/EBCDIC strings.
and DATE
handling were overhauled to deal with the millenium problem.
Implementation Issues
In the discussions on this Article, these issues were raised:
- Though the language was easy to learn and use, implementing a PL/I compiler was difficult and time-consuming.
- A language as large as PL/I needed subsets that most vendors could produce and most users master. This did not happen until "ANSI G" was published.
- Some argued that PL/I was unusually hard to parse [33], a problem solved by later compilers.
- The compile time facilities, unique to PL/I, took added implementation effort and additional compiler passes.
- It has been claimed that a PL/I compiler was two to four times as large as comparable Fortran or COBOL compilers, and also that much slower - fortunately offset by gains in programmer productivity.
- The effort needed to produce good object code was perhaps underestimated during the initial design of the language. Program optimization (needed to compete with the excellent program optimization carried out by available Fortran compilers), was unusually complex due to side effects and pervasive problems with aliasing of variables. Unpredictable modification can occur asynchronously for ABNORMAL data, or in exception handlers, which may be provided by "ON statements" in (unseen) callers. Together, these make it difficult to reliably predict when many of the program's variables might be modified at runtime.
- It contained many rarely used features, such as multitasking support, which added cost and complexity to the compiler, and its co-processing facilities required a multi-programming environment with support for non-blocking multiple threads for processes by the operating system.
Programmer Issues
In the discussions on this Article, these issues were raised:
- Many programmers were slow to move from COBOL or Fortran due to a perceived complexity of the language and immaturity of the PL/I F compiler.
- Programmers were sharply divided into scientific programmers (who used Fortran) and business programmers (who used COBOL), with significant tension and even dislike between the groups. PL/I syntax borrowed from both COBOL and Fortran syntax. So instead of noticing features that would make their job easier, Fortran programmers of the time noticed COBOL syntax and had the opinion that it was a business language, while COBOL programmers noticed FORTRAN syntax and looked on it as a scientific language.
- Both COBOL and FORTRAN programmers viewed it as a "bigger" version of their own language, and both were somewhat intimidated by the language and disinclined to adopt it.
- Another factor was pseudo-similarities to COBOL, FORTRAN, and ALGOL. These were PL/I syntax statements that looked similar to one of those languages, but worked differently in PL/I. Such frustrations left many experienced programmers with a jaundiced view of PL/I, and often an active dislike for the language.
- On the positive side, full support for pointers to all data types (including pointers to structures), recursion, multi tasking, string handling, and extensive built-in functions PL/I was indeed quite a leap forward compared to the programming languages of its time. However, these were not enough to convince a majority of programmers or shops to switch to PL/I.
- The PL/I F compiler's compile time preprocessor was unusual, perhaps unique, in using its target language's syntax and semantics (e.g. as compared to the C preprocessor's "#" directives).
Special Topics in PL/I
Variable names
The PL/I language has no reserved words - which allows a new keyword to be added without invalidating older programs that used the keyword as the name of a variable. Not even simple keywords such as DO, IF, ELSE and THEN are reserved, therefore they can be used as variable names. Given that the same symbol ('=') is used both for checking equality of variables and for assignment, the following extreme statements are valid:
Some existing compiler implementations, however, choose not to support this feature of the language, which simplifies the lexical analysis phase of compilation.
Storage classes
PL/I provides several 'storage classes' to indicate how the lifetime of variables' storage is to be managed, called: 'AUTOMATIC', 'STATIC', 'CONTROLLED' and 'BASED'. The simplest of these is 'STATIC', which indicates that memory is allocated and initialized at load-time, as is done in COBOL "working-storage" and FORTRAN IV. But this is not the default in PL/I. PL/I's default storage class for variables is AUTOMATIC, similar to that of other block-structured languages influenced by ALGOL, like the "auto" storage class in the C language, and default storage allocation in Pascal and "local-storage" in IBM COBOL. Storage for 'AUTOMATIC' variables is allocated upon entry into a 'BEGIN' block, procedure, or "on block". The compiler and runtime system allocate memory for a stack frame to contain them and other housekeeping information. If a variable is declared with an 'INIT' specification, then the machine code generated to set it to an initial value is executed at this time. Care is required to manage the use of initialization properly. Large amounts of code can be executed to initialize variables every time a scope is entered, especially if the variable is an array or structure. Since 'AUTOMATIC' variables values' are not retained after block exit, other storage classes like 'STATIC', 'CONTROLLED' or 'BASED' are used to retain variables' contents between invocations of a procedure. 'CONTROLLED' storage is managed on a stack, like that of 'AUTOMATIC', but the pushing and popping of allocations on the stack is explicitly managed by the programmer, using 'ALLOCATE' and 'FREE' statements. Storage for 'BASED' variables is managed similarly, but instead of a stack, these allocations have independent lifetimes and are addressed through 'OFFSET' or 'POINTER' variables.
Sample programs
Hello world program
Hello2: proc options(main); put list ('Hello, world!'); end Hello2;
Search for a string
/* Read in a line, which contains a string, /* and then print every subsequent line that contains that string. */ find_strings: procedure options (main); declare pattern character (100) varying; declare line character (100) varying; declare (line_no, end_file) fixed binary; end_file = 0; on endfile (sysin) end_file = 1; get edit (pattern) (L); line_no = 1; do while (end_file = 0); get edit (line) (L); if index(line, pattern) > 0 then put skip list (line_no, line); line_no = line_no + 1; end; end find_strings;
- ↑ PL/I Resources. http://members.dodo.com.au/robin51/resource.htm,
- ↑ Kednos PL/I for HP OpenVMS VAX and Alpha http://www.kednos.com/,
- ↑ PL/I for IBM mainframe, Linux on zSeries and Windows. http://www-01.ibm.com/software/awdtools/pli/
- ↑ IBM's 360 and Early 370 Systems, Emerson W. Pugh, Lyle R Johnson, John H Palmer, MIT Press, 1991
- ↑ The committee actually had 8
members at the time the report was released. They were:
- Hans Berg, Lockheed Burbank
- George Radin, IBM
- James Cox, Union Carbide
- Bruce Rosenblatt, Standard Oil of California
- Douglas McIlroy, Bell Laboratories
- Robert Sheppard, Proctor & Gamble
- C.W. Medlock, IBM
- Bernice Weitzenhoffer, IBM.
- ↑ "MultiPurpose Programming Language"
- ↑ Report II of the SHARE Advanced Language Development Committee, June 25, 1964
- ↑ Highlights of a New Programming Language, G.Radin and Y.Paul Rogaway CACM V8 No 1, Jan 1965
- ↑ Control of the language was vested in a dedicated Language Control group and a Language Control Board that included representatives of the compiler groups (6 by 1973) in three countries. Daily communication was by telex. Changes and extensions were made through a Language Log that reached several thousand detailed points. A management level Language Review Board resolved issues escalated to it by the Control Board.
- ↑ The Universal Language Document (ULD). Technical reports TR25.081, TR25.082, TR25.083, TR25.0S4, TR25.085, TR25.086 and TR25.087, IBM Corp Vienna Austria June 1968
- ↑ IBM's 360 and Early 370 Systems, Emerson W. Pugh, Lyle R Johnson, John H Palmer, MIT Press, 1991
- ↑ ANS Programming Language PL/I. X3.53-1976,
- ↑ Reacting to IBM's involvement, a number of manufacturers had been reluctant to endorse an effort on a Standard. The initial remit of CLDG/X3J1 was to investigate whether PL/I was a suitable candidate for standardization. The joint effort processed over 3500 proposals for language or textual changes.
- ↑ "PL/I Language Specifications. GY33-6OO3"
- ↑ ANS Programming Language PL/I. X3.53-1976,
- ↑ The PL/I machine defined in the standard is covered in The Definition Mechanism for Standard PL/I. Michael Marcotty, Frederick G Sayward. http://www.cs.yale.edu/publications/techreports/tr75.pdf.
- ↑ ANSI X3.74-1987 (R1998) Information Systems - Programming Language - PL/I General-Purpose Subset
- ↑ These were designed in 1966 for an early Optimizing compiler, written in PL/I and to be bootstrapped starting with the PL/I F compiler
- ↑ OS PL/I Checkout and Optimizing Compilers: Language Reference Manual. GC33-0009 1970
- ↑ A.M.Krasun. The first 35+ years of Hursley software 1958-1993 with some hardware asides. BCS, The Chartered Institute for IT, Advanced Programming Specialist Group. October 2006 http://www.bcs.org/server.php?show=conWebDoc.16684
- ↑ For an entertaining description, see "My First PL/I Program" by Jim Horning. http://horningtales.blogspot.com/2006/10/my-first-pli-program.html]]
- ↑ A Conversational Compiler for Full PL/I R.N.Cuff The Computer Journal.1972; 15: 99-104
- ↑ The design of a checkout compiler, B.L.Marks, IBM Systems Journal Volume 12, Number 3, Page 315 (1973)
- ↑ http://www.kednos.com/
- ↑ THE NORTON CHRONICLES PETER NORTON, PC MAGAZINE MAY 15, 1984 http://members.dodo.com.au/~robin51/norton.htm This article is enthusiastic towards PL/I
- ↑ IBM PL/I for OS/2 http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=227717.227724
- ↑ Micro Focus Open PL/I
- ↑ Cocke, John; Markstein, V. (January 1990). "The evolution of RISC technology at IBM" (PDF). IBM Journal of Research & Development (IBM) 34 (1): 4–11. http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/341/ibmrd3401C.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
- ↑ THE NORTON CHRONICLES PETER NORTON, PC MAGAZINE MAY 15, 1984 http://members.dodo.com.au/~robin51/norton.htm. This article is enthusiastic towards PL/I
- ↑ The Artcle http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-17813799.html about Liant (now Micro Focus) Open PL/I estimated that in 1995 20% of mainframe legacy applications were in PL/I, with 60% in COBOL: there were 300,000 PL/I programmers worldwide.
- ↑ Schultz, G.; D.Rose, C.West, J.Gray, (April 1980). "Executable description and validation of SNA". IEEE Xplorer. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=1094695.
- ↑ In his slides on IBM Operating System/360 Fred Brooks says OS/360 should have been written in PL/I not PL/S and Assembler. The article is a great summary of the OS/360 program. http://www.de.capgemini-sdm.com/download/sdm-konf2001/d_4_brooks.pdf 2001.
- ↑ The compiler (and human readers) had no way of telling whether a statement was a declaration or an executable statement until encountering the ending semicolon, which could be several lines later.(This has been disputed). * The PL/I keywords were not reserved; programmers could use them as variable or procedure names in programs. Thus each time the compiler encountered a keyword, it had to determine if it was being used as a language keyword or as a name. Because the PL/I F compiler attempted auto-correction, when it encountered a keyword used in an incorrect context, it often assumed it was a variable name. This led to "cascading diagnostics" [1])
- Barnes, R.A. (1979). PL/I for Programmers. North-Holland.
- Hughes, J.K. (1986). PL/I Structured Programming (3rd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-8053-0051-1.
- Groner, G.F. (1971). PL/I Programming in Technological Applications. Books on Demand, Ann Arbor, MI.
- Anderson, M.E. (1973). PL/I for Programmers. Prentice-Hall.
- Stoutemyer, D.R. (1971). PL/I Programming for Engineering & Science. Prentice-Hall.
- Ziegler, R.R. & C. (1986). PL/I: Structured Programming and Problem Solving (1st ed.). West. ISBN 0-314-93915-6.
- Sturm, E. (2009). The New PL/I ... for PC, Workstation and Mainframe. Vieweg-Teubner, Wiesbaden, Germany. ISBN 978-3-8348-0726-7.
- Vowels, R.A.. Introduction to PL/I, Algorithms, and Structured Programming (3rd ed.). ISBN ISBN 0-9596384-9-0.
- ANSI ANSI X3.53-1976 (R1998) Information Systems - Programming Language - PL/I
- ANSI ANSI X3.74-1987 (R1998) Information Systems - Programming Language - PL/I General-Purpose Subset
- ECMA 50 Programming Language PL/1, 1st edition, December 1976
- ISO 6160:1979 Programming languages -- PL/1
- ISO/IEC 6522:1992 Information technology -- Programming languages -- PL/1 general purpose subset
See also
External links
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text:
Compact architecture for power scaling bounce geometry lasers
Optics Express, Vol. 17, Issue 4, pp. 2218-2223 (2009)
Enhanced HTML Acrobat PDF (227 KB)
We demonstrate the compact high-power scaling of bounce geometry lasers with a new dual-pumped folded amplifier design. A Q-switched laser oscillator built with this amplifier is shown to produce over 30 W of average power from 80 W of pump power at up to 600 kHz repetition rate. In a master-oscillator power-amplifier (MOPA) configuration using the dual-pumped amplifier, we demonstrate over 100 W of output power from 250 W of pump power. We also demonstrate very high repetition rate Q-switching (1.7 MHz) of the master oscillator.
© 2009 Optical Society of America
OCIS Codes
(140.3280) Lasers and laser optics : Laser amplifiers
(140.3480) Lasers and laser optics : Lasers, diode-pumped
(140.3530) Lasers and laser optics : Lasers, neodymium
(140.3540) Lasers and laser optics : Lasers, Q-switched
(140.3580) Lasers and laser optics : Lasers, solid-state
ToC Category:
Lasers and Laser Optics
Original Manuscript: October 10, 2008
Revised Manuscript: December 24, 2008
Manuscript Accepted: December 28, 2008
Published: February 3, 2009
S. P. Chard and M. J. Damzen, "Compact architecture for power scaling
bounce geometry lasers," Opt. Express 17, 2218-2223 (2009)
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- S. C. Tidwell, J. F. Seamans, and M. S. Bowers, "Highly efficient 60-W TEM00 cw diode-end-pumped Nd:YAG laser," Opt. Lett. 18, 116-118 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Golla, S. Knoke, W. Schone, G. Ernst, M. Bode, A. Tunnermann, and H. Welling, "300-W cw diode-laser side-pumped Nd:YAG rod laser," Opt. Lett. 20, 1148-1150 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. J. Shine, Jr., A. J. Alfrey, and R. L. Byer, "40-W cw, TEM00-mode, diode-laser-pumped, Nd:YAG miniatureslab laser," Opt. Lett. 20, 495-461 (1995). [CrossRef]
- T. Omastu, M. Okida, A. Minassian, and M. J. Damzen, "High repetition rate Q-switching performance in transversely diode-pumped Nd doped mixed gadolinium yttrium vanadate bounce laser," Opt. Express 14, 2727-2734 (2006). [CrossRef]
- J. H. Garcıa-Lopez, V. Aboites, A. V. Kir'yanov, M. J. Damzen, and A. Minassian, "High repetition rate Qswitching of a high power Nd:YVO4 slab laser," Opt. Commun. 218, 155-160 (2003). [CrossRef]
- A. Minassian, B. Thompson, and M. J. Damzen, "Ultrahigh-efficiency TEM00 diode-side-pumped Nd:YVO4 laser," Appl. Phys. B 76, 341-343 (2003). [CrossRef]
- A. Minassian and M. J. Damzen, "20 W bounce geometry diode-pumped Nd:YVO4 laser system at 1342 nm," Opt. Commun. 230, 191-195 (2004). [CrossRef]
- A. Minassian, B. A. Thompson, G. Smith, and M. J. Damzen, "High-power scaling (>100W) of a diode-pumped TEM00 Nd:GdVO4 laser system," IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 11, 621-625 (2005). [CrossRef]
- A. Minassian, B. Thompson, and M. J. Damzen, "High-power TEM00 grazing-incidence Nd:YVO4 oscillators in single and multiple bounce configurations, Opt. Commun. 245, 295-300 (2005). [CrossRef]
- T. Omastu, Y. Ojima, A. Minassian, and M. J. Damzen, "Power scaling of highly neodymium-doped YAG ceramic lasers with a bounce amplifier geometry" Opt. Express 13, 7011-7016 (2005). [CrossRef]
- J. E. Bernard and A. J. Alcock, "High-efficiency diode-pumped Nd:YVO4 slab laser," Opt. Lett. 18, 968-970 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. E. Bernard, E. McCullough, and A. J. Alcock, "High gain, diode-pumped Nd:YVO4 slab amplifier," Opt. Commun. 109, 109-114 (1994). [CrossRef]
- C. Ziolek, H. Ernst, G. F. Will, H. Lubatschowski, H. Welling, and W. Ertmer, "High-repetition-rate, highaverage-power, diode-pumped 2.94-μm Er:YAG laser," Opt. Lett. 26, 599-601 (2001). [CrossRef]
- J. Richards and A. McInnes, "Versatile, efficient, diode-pumped miniature slab laser," Opt. Lett. 20, 371-373 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Magni, "Resonators for solid-state lasers with large-volume fundamental mode and high alignment stability," Appl. Opt. 25, 107-117 (1986). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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Definition of plougher
n. - One who plows; a plowman; a cultivator.
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Premiere: Daedelus Gives a Tour of His Studio
Daedelus |
Everyone's favorite electronic beatmaster, Dungeon master, and Daniel Day-Lewis in Gangs of New York lookalike Daedelus let Scion AV into his Culver City home studio for a tour.
We've got the premiere below; it's a cool look at his set-up and equipment, which is unbelievably nerdy and cool, if those two words are allowed to go together. Watch as he puts together what sounds like a viable 1988 hip-hop beat in about 12 seconds on his Roland TR-808 drum machine, and then things only get crazier from there.
See also: Daedelus' Advice on Dungeons & Dragons
See also: Daedelus' Magical Properties Tour Arrives
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hi! my husband and me are planning to visit europe for the first time this year and we really do not know where to start planning.
we are from the philippines and would love to see paris, lourdes, france and spain. any suggestions from you will be highly appreciated. we are looking at a 2-week vacation.
thank you very much.