text:
Languages of Brazil
Languages of Brazil | |
Official languages | Portuguese |
Indigenous languages | Apalaí, Arara, Bororo, Canela, Carajá, Caribe, Guarani, Kaingang, Nadëb, Nheengatu, Pirahã, Terena, Tucano, Tupiniquim |
Regional languages | German, Italian, Pomeranian, Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German, Talian |
Sign languages | Brazilian Sign Language Ka'apor Sign Language |
Common keyboard layouts |
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Culture of Brazil |
History |
People |
Languages |
Cuisine |
Religion |
Art |
Literature |
Music and performing arts
Sport |
Portuguese is the official language[1] of Brazil, and is spoken by more than 99% of the population.[citation needed] Minority languages include indigenous languages, and languages of more recent European and Asian immigrants. The population speaks or signs approximately 210 languages, of which 180 are indigenous.[2] Less than forty thousand people actually speak any one of the indigenous languages in the Brazilian territory .[3] Untill today, German is the second most spoken first language or second mother tongue in the country.[4][5]
Language is one of the strongest elements of Brazil's national unity. The only non-Portuguese speakers are members of Amerindian groups, and pockets of immigrants who maintain their heritage languages. Within Brazil, there is no major dialect variation of the Portuguese, but only moderate regional variation in accent, vocabulary, and use of personal nouns, pronouns, and verb conjugations. Variations are diminishing as a result of mass media, especially national television networks that are viewed by the majority of Brazilians.
The written language, which is uniform across Brazil, follows national rules of spelling and accentuation that are revised from time to time for simplification. With the implementation of the 1990 agreement spelling, the orthographic norms of Brazil and Portugal will become identical, with some minor differences, which are equally valid in both countries. Written Brazilian Portuguese differs significantly from the spoken language, with only an educated subsection of the population adhering to prescriptive norms.[citation needed]
Many foreigners who speak Portuguese fluently have difficulty writing it properly. Because of Brazil's size, self-sufficiency, and relative isolation, foreign languages are not widely spoken. English is often studied in school and increasingly in private courses. It has replaced French as the principal second language among educated people. Because Spanish is similar to Portuguese, most Brazilians can understand it to a certain degree but find difficulty communicating orally, while Spanish speakers usually have difficulty understanding spoken Portuguese.[6]
In 2002, Brazilian Sign Language (Libras) was made the official language of the Brazilian deaf community.
- 1 Overview
- 2 Portuguese
- 3 Minority languages
- 4 Indigenous languages
- 5 Bilingualism
- 6 Co-official languages in Brazil
- 6.1 Brazilian states with linguistic heritages officially approved statewide
- 6.2 Municipalities that have co-official indigenous languages
- 6.3 Municipalities that have co-official allochthonous languages
- 6.3.1 Municipalities that have co-official Talian language (or Venetian dialect)
- 6.3.2 Municipalities that have co-official Pomeranian (or Pommersch) language
- 6.3.3 Municipalities that have co-official language Riograndenser Hunsrückisch language
- 6.3.4 Municipalities in which the teaching of the German language is mandatory
- 6.3.5 Municipalities in which the teaching of the Italian language is mandatory
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
Before the first Portuguese arrived in 1500, what is now Brazil was inhabited by several Amerindian peoples, who spoke different languages. According to Aryon Dall'Igna Rodrigues [7] there were six million Indians in Brazil speaking 1,000 different languages. When the Portuguese settlers arrived, they encountered the Tupi people, who dominated most of the Brazilian coast and spoke a set of closely related languages. The Tupi called the non-Tupi peoples "Tapuias", a designation that the Portuguese adopted; however, there was little unity among the diverse Tapuia tribes other than their not being Tupi. In the first two centuries of colonization, a language based on Tupian languages (known as Língua geral) was widely spoken in the colony,[citation needed] not only by the Amerindians, but also by the Portuguese settlers, Africans and their descendants. This language was spoken in a vast area from São Paulo to Maranhão, as an informal language for domestic use, while Portuguese was the language used for public purposes. Língua Geral was spread by the Jesuit missionaries and Bandeirantes to other areas of Brazil where the Tupi language was not spoken. Then, until the 1940s this language based on Tupi was widely spoken in some Northern Amazonian areas where the Tupi people were not present.[citation needed] In 1775, Marquês de Pombal prohibited the use of Língua geral or any other indigenous language in Brazil.
However, before that prohibition, the Portuguese language was dominant in Brazil. Most of the several other Amerindian languages gradually disappeared as the populations that spoke them were integrated or decimated when the Portuguese-speaking population expanded to most of Brazil. The several African languages spoken[citation needed] in Brazil also disappeared. Since the 20th century there are no more records of speakers of African languages in the country. However, in some isolated communities settled by escaped slaves (Quilombo) the Portuguese language spoken by its inhabitants still preserves some lexicon of African origin, which is not understood by other Brazilians.[8] Due to the contact with several Amerindian and African languages, the Portuguese spoken in Brazil absorbed many influences from these languages, which led to a notable differentiation from the Portuguese spoken in Portugal.[9][not in citation given]
Starting in the early 19th century, Brazil started to receive substantial immigration of non-Portuguese-speaking people from Europe and Asia. Most immigrants, particularly Italians[4] and Spaniards, adopted the Portuguese language after a few generations. Other immigrants, particularly Germans, Japanese and Ukrainians,[4][5] preserved their languages and took more generations to adopt Portuguese as their mother tongue. German-speaking[10] immigrants started arriving in 1824. They came not only from Germany, but also from other countries that had a substantial German-speaking population (Switzerland, Poland, Austria and Russia (Volga Germans). During over 100 years of continuous emigration, it is estimated that some 300,000 German-speaking immigrants settled in Brazil. Italian immigration started in 1875 and about 1.5 million Italians immigrated to Brazil until World War II. They spoke several dialects from Italy. Other sources of immigration to Brazil included Spaniards, Poles, Ukrainians, Japanese and Middle-easterns. With the notable exception of the Germans, who preserved their language for several generations, and in some degree the Japanese and Italians, most of the immigrants in Brazil adopted Portuguese as their mother tongue after a few generations.[11][12]
Portuguese is the official language of Brazil, and is the only language used in schools, newspapers, radio and TV. It is used for all business and administrative purposes. Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, giving it a national culture sharply distinct from its Spanish-speaking neighbours and also being a major factor contributing to the differentiation between Brazilians and people from the rest of South America. Brazilian Portuguese has had its own development, influenced by the Amerindian and African languages.[citation needed] Due to this, the language is somewhat different from that spoken in Portugal and other Portuguese-speaking countries, mainly due to phonological differences,[citation needed] of similar importance to the differences between British English and American English.
During the 18th century, other differences between the Brazilian and European Portuguese developed, mainly through the introduction of lexicon from African and Tupi languages, such as words related to fauna and flora. At that time Brazilian Portuguese failed to adopt linguistic changes taking place in Portugal produced by French influence.[which?][citation needed] The Brazilian Portuguese remained loyal to the pronunciation used at the time of its discovery. However, when Don João, the Portuguese king, and the royal entourage took refuge in Brazil in 1808 (when Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Portugal), his presence helped to reapproximate the Portuguese spoken in the cities to the Portuguese of Portugal.[citation needed] After Brazilian independence in 1822, Brazilian Portuguese became influenced by Europeans who had migrated to the country.[citation needed] This is the reason one finds in those areas (such as Rio de Janeiro and Recife) variations in pronunciation (for instance, palatalization of post-vocalic /s/) and a few superficial lexical changes.[which?][citation needed] These changes reflect the nationalities settling in each area.[which?] In the 20th century, the split between the Portuguese and Brazilian variants of Portuguese heightened as the result of new words for technological innovations. This happened because Portuguese lacked a uniform procedure for adopting such words.[citation needed] Certain words took different forms in different countries. For example: in Portugal one hears "comboio," and in Brazil one hears "trem," both meaning train. "Autocarro" in Portugal is the same thing as "ônibus" in Brazil, both meaning bus.[13]
Minority languages[edit]
Despite the fact that Portuguese is the official language of Brazil and that the vast majority of Brazilians speak only Portuguese, there are several other languages spoken in the country. According to the president of IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) there are an estimated 210 languages spoken in Brazil. Eighty[citation needed] are Amerindian languages, while the others are languages brought by immigrants. The 1950 Census was the last one to ask Brazilians which language they speak at home. Since then, the Census does not ask about language. However, the Census of 2010 will ask respondents which languages they speak, allowing a better analysis of the languages spoken in Brazil.[14]
At least one of the indigenous languages, Nheengatu, became an official language alongside Portuguese in the municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira.[15]
Immigrant languages[edit]
European immigrant languages[edit]
According to the 1940 Census, after Portuguese, German was the most widely spoken language in Brazil. Although the Italian immigration to Brazil was much more significant than the German one, the German language had many more speakers than the Italian one, according to the Census. The Census revealed that two-thirds of the children of German immigrants spoke German at home. In comparison, half of the children of Italians spoke Portuguese at home. The stronger preservation of the German language when compared to the Italian one has many factors: Italian is closer to Portuguese than German, leading to a faster assimilation of the Italian speakers. (One might compare this to the United States, where a huge wave of German immigrants almost completely switched to English and assimilated more thoroughly than the Italian-Americans.) Also, the German immigrants used to educate their children in German schools. The Italians, on the other hand, had less organized ethnic schools and the cultural formation was centered in church, not in schools. Most of the children of Italians went to public schools, where Portuguese was spoken.[16] Until World War II, some 1.5 million Italians had immigrated to Brazil, compared to only 250,000 Germans. However, the 1940 Census revealed that German was spoken as a home language by 644,458 people, compared to only 458,054 speakers of Italian.[17]
Spaniards, who formed the third largest immigrant group in Brazil (after the Portuguese and Italians) were also quickly assimilated into the Portuguese-speaking majority. Spanish is similar to Portuguese, which led to a fast assimilation. Moreover, many of the Spanish immigrants were from Galicia, where the dominant language was not Spanish, but Galician, which is even closer to Portuguese, sometimes even being considered two dialects of the same language.[18][19] Despite the large influx of Spanish immigrants to Brazil from 1880 to 1930 (over 700,000 people) the Census of 1940 revealed that only 74,000 people spoke Spanish in Brazil.
Other languages such as Polish and Ukrainian, along with German and Italian, are spoken in rural areas of Southern Brazil, by small communities of descendants of immigrants, who are for the most part bilingual. There are whole regions in southern Brazil where people speak both Portuguese and one or more of these languages. For example, it is reported that more than 90% of the residents of the small city of Presidente Lucena, located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, speak Riograndenser Hunsrückisch, a Brazilian form of the Hunsrückisch dialect of German.[20]
Some immigrant communities in southern Brazil, chiefly the German and the Italian ones, have lasted long enough to develop distinctive dialects from their original European sources. For example, Brazilian German, also known as Riograndenser Hunsrückisch. In the Serra Gaúcha region, we can find Italian dialects such as Talian or italiano riograndense, based on the Venetian language.
Other German dialects were transplanted to this part of Brazil. For example, the Austrian dialect spoken in Dreizehnlinden or Treze Tílias in the state of Santa Catarina; or the dialect Schwowisch, from Donauschwaben immigrants, is spoken in Entre Rios, Guarapuava, in the state of Paraná; or the Pomeranian (Pommersch) dialect spoken in many different parts of southern Brazil (in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, Espírito Santo, São Paulo, etc.). Plautdietsch is spoken by the descendants of Russian Mennonites. However, these languages have been rapidly replaced by Portuguese in the last few decades, partly due to a government decision to integrate immigrant populations. Today, states like Rio Grande do Sul are trying to reverse that trend and immigrant languages such as German and Italian are being reintroduced into the curriculum again, in communities where they originally thrived. Meanwhile, on the Argentinian and Uruguayan border regions, Brazilian students are being introduced to the Spanish language.
Asian languages[edit]
In the city of São Paulo, Korean, Chinese and Japanese can be heard in the immigrants districts, like Liberdade. A Japanese-language newspaper, the São Paulo Shinbun, has been published in the city of São Paulo since 1946.[21] There is a significant community of Japanese speakers in São Paulo, Paraná, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará and Amazonas. Much smaller groups exist in Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul and other parts of Brazil. Many Chinese, especially from Macau, speak a Chinese creole called Macanese (patuá or macaísta), aside from Mandarin and Cantonese.
Indigenous languages[edit]
Many Amerindian minority languages are spoken throughout Brazil, mostly in Northern Brazil. The main indigenous languages are: Apalaí, Arara, Bororo, Canellla, Carajá, Caribe, Guarani (also in Paraguay), Kaingang, Nadëb, Nheengatu, Terena, Tucano and Xavante.
One of the two Brazilian línguas gerais (general languages), Nheengatu, was until the late 19th century the common language used by a large number of indigenous, European, African, and African-descendant peoples throughout the coast of Brazil—it was spoken by the majority of the population in the land. It was proscribed by the Marquis of Pombal for its association with the Jesuit missions. A recent resurgence in popularity of this language occurred, and it is now an official language in the city of São Gabriel da Cachoeira. Today, in the Amazon Basin, political campaigning is still printed in this Tupian language.
Nearly a hundred per cent of Brazilians have Portuguese as their mother tongue.
Spanish is understood to various degrees by most Brazilians, due to the similarities of the languages. However, it is hardly spoken well by individuals who have not taken specific education in the language, due to the substantial differences in phonology between the two languages. In some parts of Brazil, close to the border of Brazil with Spanish-speaking countries, Brazilians will use a rough mixture of Spanish and Portuguese that is sometimes known as Portuñol to communicate with their neighbours on the other side of the border; however, these Brazilians continue to speak Portuguese at home. In recent years, Spanish has become more popular as a second or third language in Brazil due in large part to the economic advantages that Spanish fluency brings in doing business with other countries in the region, since seven of the ten countries that border Brazil use Spanish as an official language.
In São Paulo, the German-Brazilian newspaper Brasil-Post has been published for over fifty years. There are many other media organizations throughout the land specializing either in church issues, music, language etc.
The Italian online newspaper La Rena offers Italian lessons.
There are many other non-Portuguese publications, bilingual web sites, radio and television programs throughout the country. For example, TV Galega from Blumenau shows German-language programming on their channel on a weekly basis.
On the Rio Grande do Sul state, there are several German and Italian colonized cities, communities and groups. Most small cities have German or Italian as their second language. In the capital Porto Alegre, it is easy to find people who speak one of those or both.
There are also at least two ethnic neighborhoods in the country: Liberdade, bastion of Japanese immigrants,[22][23] and Bixiga, stronghold of Italian immigrants,[24][25] both in São Paulo; however, these neighborhoods do not count yet with specific legislation for the protection of Japanese and Italian languages in these sites.[26][27]
Co-official languages in Brazil[edit]
In this century has grown a recent trend of co-official languages in cities populated by immigrants (such as Italian and German) or indigenous in the north, both with support from the Ministry of Tourism, as was recently established in Santa Maria de Jetibá, Pomerode and Vila Pavão,[28] where German also has co-official status.[29]
The first municipality to adopt a co-official language in Brazil was São Gabriel da Cachoeira, in 2002.[30][31] Since then, other municipalities attempt to co-officialese other languages.
The states of Santa Catarina[32][33][34] and Rio Grande do Sul have Talian officially approved as a heritage language in these states,[35] and Espírito Santo has the Pomeranian language, along with the German language, such as cultural heritage state.[36][37][38][39]
Also in production is the documentary video Brasil Talian,[40] with directed and written by André Costantin and executive producer of the historian Fernando Roveda.[41] The pre-launch occurred on November 18, 2011, the date that marked the start of production of the documentary.[42]
Brazilian states with linguistic heritages officially approved statewide[edit]
- Espírito Santo (Pomeranian and German)[43][44][45][46]
- Rio Grande do Sul (Talian[47] and Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German[48][49])
- Santa Catarina (Talian)[50][51][52]
Municipalities that have co-official indigenous languages[edit]
- São Gabriel da Cachoeira (Nheengatu, Tukano and Baniwa)[53][54]
Mato Grosso do Sul[edit]
- Tocantínia (Akwê Xerente)[57]
Municipalities that have co-official allochthonous languages[edit]
Municipalities that have co-official Talian language (or Venetian dialect)[edit]
Rio Grande do Sul[edit]
Municipalities that have co-official Pomeranian (or Pommersch) language[edit]
Espírito Santo[edit]
- Domingos Martins[36][60][61]
- Laranja da Terra[36][61]
- Pancas[36][62][63]
- Santa Maria de Jetibá[36][64]
- Vila Pavão[36][65]
Minas Gerais[edit]
- Itueta (only in the district of Vila Nietzel)[66][67][68]
Santa Catarina[edit]
Rio Grande do Sul[edit]
- Espigão d'Oeste (under approval)[71][72][73][74]
Municipalities that have co-official language Riograndenser Hunsrückisch language[edit]
Santa Catarina[edit]
- Antônio Carlos[75]
- Treze Tílias (language teaching is compulsory in schools, standing on stage in public official of the municipality)[76][77][78]
Rio Grande do Sul[edit]
Municipalities in which the teaching of the German language is mandatory[edit]
Rio Grande do Sul[edit]
Municipalities in which the teaching of the Italian language is mandatory[edit]
Espírito Santo[edit]
Rio Grande do Sul[edit]
Santa Catarina[edit]
See also[edit]
- Je–Tupi–Carib
- List of Brazil state name etymologies
- Reintegracionism (About Portuguese and Galician)
- ^ According to the Brazilian Constitution: "Art. 13. A língua portuguesa é o idioma oficial da República Federativa do Brasil."[1]
- ^ Ethnologue
- ^ Aryon Dall'Igna Rodrigues (April 2005). "Sobre as línguas indígenas e sua pesquisa no Brasil" (in Portuguese). Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência. Retrieved 2012-08-12.
- ^ a b c "Brazil". Ethnologue.
- ^ a b "Hunsrik". Ethnologue.
- ^ Portuguese language in Brazil and other languages
- ^ "A última falante viva de xipaia". Revista Época. Editora Globo. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ Línguas Africanas
- ^ Línguas indígenas
- ^ "German" here meaning varied germanic dialects spoken in Germany and other countries, not standard German.
- ^ Línguas europeias
- ^ Políticas lingüísticas e a conservação da língua alemã no Brasil
- ^ History – Brazilian Portuguese
- ^ Censo 2010 fará a soma de casais homossexuais
- ^ Language Born of Colonialism Thrives Again in Amazon New York Times. Retrieved 22 September 2008
- ^ The Italian Immigration and Education
- ^ Census of 1940
- ^ Spanish people in Brazil
- ^ O Brasil como país de destino para imigrantes
- ^ Rota Romântica.
- ^ São Paulo Shimbun – Brazilian Newspaper in Japanese.
- ^ Portal do Bairro Liberdade
- ^ História da Imigração Japonesa
- ^ Bairro do Bixiga
- ^ Bairro do Bixiga, reduto italiano em São Paulo
- ^ Bexiga e Liberdade
- ^ Os italianos de Bixiga, São Paulo
- ^ "Vila Pavão, Uma Pomerânia no norte do Espírito Santo" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ "Pomerode institui língua alemã como co-oficial no Município." (in Portuguese). Retrieved 05/09/2010. Check date values in:
(help) - ^ "Lei municipal oficializa línguas indígenas em São Gabriel da Cachoeira" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ "Na Babel brasileira, português é 2ª língua - Flávia Martin e Vitor Moreno, enviados especiais a Sâo Gabriel da Cachoeira (AM)]," (in Portuguese). Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ^ "LEI Nº 14.951" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ "Rotary apresenta ações na Câmara. FEIBEMO divulga cultura italiana" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ "Fóruns sobre o Talian - Eventos comemoram os 134 anos da imigração italiana" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ "Aprovado projeto que declara o Talian como patrimônio do RS]" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f "O povo pomerano no ES" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ "Plenário aprova em segundo turno a PEC do patrimônio" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ "Emenda Constitucional na Íntegra" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ "ALEES - PEC que trata do patrimônio cultural retorna ao Plenário" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ "Filme Brasil Talian é pré-lançado" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ "Brasil Talian documentado em filme" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ "Marisa busca apoio para documentário sobre cultura italiana produzido em Antonio Prado" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ O povo pomerano no ES
- ^ Plenário aprova em segundo turno a PEC do patrimônio
- ^ Emenda Constitucional na Íntegra
- ^ ALEES - PEC que trata do patrimônio cultural retorna ao Plenário
- ^ Aprovado projeto que declara o Talian como patrimônio do RS, accessed on 21 August 2011
- ^ LEI Nº 14.061, 23 July 2012 - Declara integrante do patrimônio histórico e cultural do estado do Rio Grande do Sul a língua hunsrik, de origem germânica
- ^ LEI Nº 14.951, 11 November 2009
- ^ Rotary apresenta ações na Câmara. FEIBEMO divulga cultura italiana
- ^ Fóruns sobre o Talian - Eventos comemoram os 134 anos da imigração italiana
- ^ "Lei municipal oficializa línguas indígenas em São Gabriel da Cachoeira]" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ "Na Babel brasileira, português é 2ª língua - Flávia Martin e Vitor Moreno, enviados especiais a Sâo Gabriel da Cachoeira (AM)]" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ "Município do MS adota o guarani como língua oficial]" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ "Paranhos poderá ter a co-oficialização de uma língua Indígena]" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ "Tocantínia passa a ter Akwê Xerente como língua co-oficial e recebe Centro de Educação Indígena" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ "Vereadores aprovam o talian como língua co-oficial do município" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ "Talian em busca de mais reconhecimento" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ "A escolarização entre descendentes pomeranos em Domingos Martins" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ a b "A co-oficialização da língua pomerana" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ "Pomerano!?" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ "No Brasil, pomeranos buscam uma cultura que se perde" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ "Lei dispõe sobre a cooficialização da língua pomerana no município de Santa maria de Jetibá, Estado do Espírito Santo" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ "Vila Pavão, Uma Pomerânia no norte do Espirito Santo" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ "Descendentes de etnia germânica vivem isolados em área rural de Minas" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ "Pomeranos em busca de recursos federais" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ "Resistência cultural - Imigrantes que buscaram no Brasil melhores condições de vida, ficaram isolados e sem apoio do poder público" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 November 2011.
- ^ "Pomerode institui língua alemã como co-oficial no Município." (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ "Vereadores propõem ensino da língua pomerana nas escolas do município" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ "Ontem e hoje : percurso linguistico dos pomeranos de Espigão D'Oeste-RO" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ "Sessão Solene em homenagem a Comunidade Pomerana" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ "Percurso linguistico dos pomeranos de Espigão D Oeste-RO]" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 November 2011.
- ^ "Comunidade Pomerana realiza sua tradicional festa folclórica" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ Cooficialização da língua alemã em Antônio Carlos
- ^ "Vereadores de Treze Tílias se reuniram ontem" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ "Um pedaço da Aústria no Brasil" (in Portuguese). Treze Tílias. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ A sala de aula de alemão para falantes de dialeto: realidades e mitos
- ^ Brasil: dialeto do baixo-alemão torna-se segunda língua oficial de cidade gaúcha
- ^ Apresentando... Santa Maria do Herval
- ^ "Dialetos Hunsrik e Talian na ofensiva no Sul] - Em Santa Maria do Herval, regiăo de Novo Hamburgo, RS, surge forte a mobilizaçăo em favor do Hunsrik - a faceta brasileira/latino-americana do Hunsrückisch. Em Serafina Correa, RS, floresce o talian" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ Câmara Municipal de Vereadores de Nova Petrópolis
- ^ Ata 047/2010
- ^ Art. 153 § 3º da Lei Orgânica
- ^ Em Nova Petrópolis 100% da população é alfabetizada, quinto parágrafo
- ^ Língua italiana na rede municipal de ensino
- ^ Aprovado em primeira votação, projeto emendado propõe um ano de caráter experimental em Venda Nova
- ^ LEI Nº 3018/2003 - 02.10.03 - Dispõe sobre a oficialização de aulas de língua italiana nas escolas da Rede Municipal de Ensino
- ^ Lei Ordinária nº 3018/2003 de Francisco Beltrão, dispõe sobre a oficialização de aulas de língua italiana nas escolas
- ^ "Elaboração de Projeto de Lei para o ensino obrigatório da língua italiana nas escolas municipais" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ "Língua italiana em Antônio Prado, Italiano integra currículo escolar" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ Lei 3113/08, Brusque - Institui o ensino da língua italiana no currículo da rede municipal de ensino e dá outras provicências
- ^ Lei 3113/08 | Lei nº 3113 de 14 de agosto de 2008 de Brusque
- ^ Art. 1 da Lei 3113/08, Brusque
- ^ Secretaria de Educação esclarece a situação sobre o Ensino da Língua Italiana
- ^ Lei 4159/01 | Lei nº 4159 de 29 de maio de 2001 de Criciuma
- ^ Lei nº 4.159 de 29 de Maio de 2001 - Institui a disciplina de língua italiana
External links[edit]


text:
Thomas, Joseph
From Library of Congress Name Authority File
Thomas, Joseph
Instance Of
Scheme Membership(s)
Collection Membership(s)
Related Terms
Exact Matching Concepts from Other Schemes
- found: Intellectual property rights in biology, 1997 t.p. (Joseph Thomas) t.p. verso (Dr., plant biotechnologist; worked on biological nitrogen fixation at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay; currently Vice President, Biotechnology, SPIC)
Change Notes
- 1998-09-29: new
Alternate Formats

subset: commoncrawl


text:
(WBNG Binghamton) There's been a long-running debate among those who favor value and those who favor growth in their investment choices.
Glen Wood from the Glen Wood Financial Group makes some comparisons.
Friday Financial: May 9, 2014
May 9, 2014
Updated May 9, 2014 at 7:44 PM EDT
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Depeche Mode - Heaven |
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31-01-2013, 10:41 | #1 |
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Join Date: Jul 2006
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Depeche Mode - Heaven
So thoughts on the new single? It officially premiers tomorrow but leaked last night - [url="http://soundcloud.com/maciej-dajewski/depeche-mode-heaven[/URL]
Not what I was expecting, nice song, great production but not a great choice for lead single off a new album. Hopefully it'll make sense on the album. |
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31-01-2013, 13:06 | #2 |
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Been alittle letdown by the recent DM albums. 'Playing the Angel' was ok, but both 'Exciter' and 'Sounds of the Universe' were for me anyway pretty dire. Shame because Black Celebration though to Ultra was a great run of quality albums. Hope this new one is a return to form (not heard the single yet).
31-01-2013, 17:03 | #3 |
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Join Date: Oct 2011
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It's alright, can't wait to hear the rest of the album
01-02-2013, 14:00 | #4 |
Forum Member
Join Date: Jan 2010
Location: Dublin, Ireland
Posts: 781
I absolutely love 'Heaven' - getting a bit of a 'SOFAD' vibe from it. Can't wait to hear the rest of the album.
01-02-2013, 15:23 | #5 |
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Join Date: May 2007
Location: Sandwell
Posts: 5,808
I was asking about this the other day on here and didn't get any replies.
new album will apparently be a cross between Violator and SoFaD but after listening to this new track I think it's more a case of 'Exciter' and 'SotU'. First singles have never been their forte, hopefully the album will yield something less plodding. |
01-02-2013, 16:56 | #6 |
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Join Date: Nov 2004
Location: Northumberland
Posts: 44,275
Listening to it now. Love it!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fy7FzXLin7o |
01-02-2013, 17:28 | #7 |
Forum Member
Join Date: Oct 2011
Posts: 746
Well the video is better than 'Hole to Feed'
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text:
September 30, 2008
If looks could...
Filed by Terrance Heath | September 30, 2008 | 7:00 PM |Last week was a bad one for the McCain campaign, no matter how you slice it. First, he pulls the stunt of trying to "suspend" the campaign, only to get called out by Obama when the chronology of their exchange...Read More
Trans for Obama fundraiser
Filed by Guest Blogger | September 30, 2008 | 6:00 PM |Editors' Note: Guest blogger Helen Boyd is a partner of a trans person and queerio in her own right. She is the author of My Husband Betty and She's Not the Man I Married. Her blog (en)gender can be found...Read More
What's next? Sinbad in the Secret Service?
Filed by Bil Browning | September 30, 2008 | 5:00 PM |Sometimes it's absolutely amazing how often Hollywood and Washington mix and mingle. Clinton's Balkan excursions were often compared to Wag the Dog, for example, while Deputy Director of the US Office of Personnel Management, Howard Weizmann, recently opposed federal domestic...Read More
Tennessee: public gay sex sting results in lawsuit over bias
Filed by Pam Spaulding | September 30, 2008 | 4:00 PM |A recent police public sex sting in Johnson City, TN netted 40 men -- all of whom had their photos released to the public, something not the norm for Johnson City's PD in other similar situations. The reason these men...Read More
More on Palin's Scary Religious Affiliations
Filed by Patricia Nell Warren | September 30, 2008 | 3:00 PM |Oh, I get it. The reason that major news media are not asking Sarah Palin about Joel's Army is...they're shaking in their shoes. They're afraid Palin will start yelling that her faith is being persecuted. As one friend of mine...Read More
Dateless, Not Desperate, Lesbians
Filed by Michele O'Mara | September 30, 2008 | 2:00 PM |I'm a 38 year old lesbian and I have been trying to get a date for almost two years now and haven't met a single person. Between all the head games, lies and weirdos I'm at the point where...Read More
A failed economy hurts us more
Filed by Rev Irene Monroe | September 30, 2008 | 1:00 PM |In the face of a financial Armageddon, the economy has become the center of the campaign, where it should have been all along. But the moment all Americans have been waiting for - the McCain-Obama debate - was a yawn....Read More
Just the average binational gay couple
Filed by Alex Blaze | September 30, 2008 | 12:00 PM |I'm taking this week off from TBP so don't expect to see me around here at all. I'm taking a trip to Ireland today and will be back in the US Friday, and back somewhere on Monday. I thought I'd...Read More
Where Are The Good Men?
Filed by Bishop Mahee | September 30, 2008 | 12:00 PM |As I departed from a Democratic Party meeting, I was approached by a community activist named Ari Mendel, who thanked me for the presentation I had done at his democratic club. He went on to explain to me that the...Read More
Curt Smith: Theocracy needed STAT!
Filed by Bil Browning | September 30, 2008 | 11:30 AM |Oh, Indiana wingnuts. Will you ever stop providing so many examples of exactly why your mix of religious extremism and political power are so dangerous? This morning's e-mail brought a fundraising pitch by the Indiana Family Institute's Curt Smith. He's...Read More
Outside the Comfort Zone: Corporate Courage on Social Causes
Filed by Donna Rose | September 30, 2008 | 11:00 AM |Corporate support for political legislation on social causes is nothing new. In fact, it's probably as old as politics itself. However, it's often a tricky proposition. Generally speaking, companies are hesitant to get actively involved in the political machinery of...Read More
I Can See Manchuria
Filed by Kate Clinton | September 30, 2008 | 10:00 AM |My head feels like the terrorists have won. Last Friday, we went to a friend's house for dinner and the debate. My galpal was quickly driven out of the TV room by McCain's smarmy opening gambit about Ted Kennedy's hospitalization....Read More
Phoning for Florida
Filed by Nadine Smith | September 30, 2008 | 9:00 AM |The pollsters say "It's too close to call"... So we need you calling with us! Join the Phoning for Florida effort from anywhere in the country and help us defeat Amendment 2. If you have a telephone and an internet...Read More
Britney Spears vs. Chris Crocker! Womanizer vs Gutter!
Filed by Michael Buckley | September 30, 2008 | 8:30 AM |iPhone users: Click to watch Who would win in a steel cage match, Britney "Toxic" Spears or Chris "Cornhole" Crocker? What do you think of her new song Womanizer and his new song Mind in the Gutter? I gave you...Read More
As Economy Tanks, McCain to Hold L.A. Fundraiser
Filed by Michael Crawford | September 30, 2008 | 8:00 AM |Even as news is spreading across the internet and television about the defeat of the bailout bill in Congress and continued economic turmoil John McCain is getting ready for a massive Hollywood fundraiser on Wednesday. You may remember that McCain...Read More
What did McCain do again?
Filed by Ed Team | September 30, 2008 | 7:30 AM |"What Sen. McCain was able to do ... was to help get all of the parties to the table. There had been announcements by Senate leaders saying that a deal had been reached earlier in the week. There were no...Read More
Daisy Girl 2008
Filed by Bil Browning | September 30, 2008 | 7:00 AM |iPhone users: Click to watch Californians Against Hate released their first commercial opposing the California marriage amendment yesterday. Campaign manager Fred Karger told Bilerico Project, "We want to remind people exactly who is giving vast sums of money to try...Read More


text:
Back Bones and Rice
- 3 pounds pork back bones, sometimes called country-style ribs
- 1 cup chopped onion
- 1/2 cup (1 stick) butter
- 1 teaspoon ground red pepper
- 1 teaspoon ground black pepper
- 3 bay leaves
- 1 tablespoon salt, or to taste
- 8 cups water
- 3 cups raw white rice
- 1/2 cup chopped green onion
In a stockpot, combine the backbones, onion, butter, and seasonings. Add the water, bring to a boil, cover, and cook at a low boil for 40 minutes. Add the rice to the pot and return to a boil, stirring well. Boil for 10 minutes, then reduce the heat, add green onions, cover the pot, and simmer for 10 minutes or until rice is done. Remove the bay leaves and serve.
Recipe courtesy Paula Deen
Cooking Tips
More Recipes and Ideas
Rice with Leeks and Hazelnuts
Recipe courtesy of Food Network Kitchen
Rice with Green Pepper and Jalapeno
Recipe courtesy of Melissa d'Arabian


text:
Marilyn Monroe Film Festival
November 6, 2010
Huntsville, TX
The Political Science Junior Fellows host an annual "Legends
of Hollywood"
Film Festival. Last year's festival, our first, featured former Huntsville
Dana Andrews on his centenary. This year, we featured Marilyn Monroe and
Dr. Carl Rollyson, who wrote a biography of Monroe in 1988. Thanks to
Friends of the Wynne, MISS, AFSCME, and CLDF for funding for the festival.
Return to Political Science Junior Fellows' Home Page
Return to Political Science Junior Fellows' Past Activities' Page


text:
OSI-Approved Open Source (28)
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- BSD License (2)
- GNU Library or Lesser General Public License version 3.0 (2)
- zlib/libpng License (2)
- Apache Software License (1)
- Eclipse Public License (1)
- Open Software License 3.0 (1)
- PHP License (1)
Frameworks Software
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text:
~SW~ Cavern of Memory
Credits & Info
- Date
- 07/27/2011
- File Info
- Song
- 3 min 8 sec
- Score
- 4.22 / 5.00
Related Content
You might also enjoy:
Licensing Terms
- Attribution:
- You must give credit to the artist.
- Noncommercial:
- You may not use this work for commercial purposes unless you make specific arrangements with the artist.
- Share Alike:
- If you alter, transform, or build upon this image, you may distribute the resulting creation only under a license identical to this one.
- Score:
- Rated 4.22 / 5 stars
- Plays & Downloads:
- 4,784 Plays | 765 Downloads
- Share Links:
- Genres:
- Other - Miscellaneous
- None
Author Comments
Hello again, everyone, if you know me. I'm here once again to give an awesome soundscape.
Hope you enjoy it, it's an eerie song, designed for a mine. I added quite a few awesome bits and bobs in. If you can't find them, you can refer to this list to see where (I thought) they were/are.
Awesome bits:
0:19 - Opening of song.
0:38 - Opening up of ambient noise.
0:57 - Start of lightwave pad.
1:36 - Eerie drone.
1:50 - Chargeup.
1:55 - Lightspeed (arp synth) solo.
2:14 - High-low-high pass section.
2:24 - False ending.
2:28 - Restart.
2:52 - Elevator going up out of the cavern.
-Unless you rate this as 5/5 and 10/10, please take a minute to tell me what's wrong with it or how it could be better. We could all use some improvement. :)
Edit: WOOOOOHOOOO! Track on the top 5! I'm amazed I made it here, thanks to all the people who helped it reach that amazing place! Let yourself fall into the track, and welcome to the Cavern of Memories!
I plan on making more songs like this, especially if people think that it's this good.
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Minecraft-ish much?
I can just imagine your character mining in a cave system to this song and it fits perfectly
lol, I actually did make this around the time I started playing Minecraft. No actual connection though, sorry. :P It does work while in a cave there though, I think.
Thanks for the kind words!
Rated 4 / 5 stars
Creepy Feel
I really liked the ambient opening with the reverby bass drum. It works perfectly as an intro to the song. Overall, it has a creepy and spacey vibe throughout it. The synths all blend together really well. The breakdowns and buildups helped to keep the song from becoming monotonous. I liked how you ended the song with the pitch blended synth going up, really neat and unique way to close out the song.
One thing I've noticed throughout a few of your songs is that you seem to use the same kick drum. It's always to have some variety in your drums. Criticism aside, I really enjoyed it and your stuff will only get better with time.
Thanks for the review! I actually don't use the same kick drum throughout all my songs, I vary them. They are similar though, I'll give it that. I'm trying out different kicks from Reason now though, hopefully they'll be better.
The ending, I worked hard on that. Spent an hour on it alone, after somebody didn't like the previous ending of simply fading out the drums after the last "bell" arp. Out of curiosity though, was the kick the only reason you gave this an 8? I feel like there was something else you hadn't said. Could you PM me or something with what else you didn't like? Or, if it was just the kick, no need to PM. lol. Thanks overall though.
Rated 4.5 / 5 stars
Villainous Theme
This would make a great song for a group of baddies. That's the first thing that came to mind when I first heard this. It sounds like they are planning something devious
A group of baddies? Interesting. To each their own interpretation, I suppose. Thanks for the interesting idea, maybe I should try to deliberately do that sometime! ...of course, it would probably end up sounding like a cavern, which this was intended for.
Rated 3.5 / 5 stars
Spiffy, ol' boy.
I like it, as ambient goes it's got a great effect as a soundtrack, but for a standalone song i feel like it's missing parts and pieces. Also, just in my opinion, i think 1:50 is way too far in for the charge up, if you want to hook quicker, put that in sooner.
May I ask, what pieces do you think it's missing? A PM would be nice. I'll try to listen to it again though to see what you think is missing. Thanks for telling me about that.
I've gotten a complaint about the "chargeup" sound before, but it doesn't seem like it would fit earlier in the song... seems like it would break flow then. I'll try it at least.
Thank you for the review and tips!
Rated 5 / 5 stars
My first thought was that I was on another planet with a cool tone to it. You sir are gifted
Gifted? Probably not. Hard-working, I'd agree on. lol. I don't like to say people are gifted, because even if they are, what's more important? Working and using the gift you have. Chances are, if you think this song is good, it's because I've worked for about half of my life on piano, so I know a lot of music theory, I've also worked for over half a year on music production and composition.
Thanks for the kind words though. Always nice to hear. ^_^


text:
Cameron Simcik
Cameron Simcik is a graduate of Bucknell University. She has written for Her Campus and is currently the Philadelphia Travel City Editor for The Daily Meal and a contributing writer for TheFW and GuySpeed.
With all the time we spend on Pinterest, it's no wonder we've come across so much quirky and awesome stuff. Half our holiday gift and decorating ideas come from the site alone! Want to check out Disney/Star Wars mash-up art or a cheeseburger dress? They've got you covered. Not surprisingly, the site also has a whole slew of questionable holiday products you can pin and repin, like a pickle ornament or a creepy spandex reindeer costume.
One of the best parts about the holiday season is when Santa comes to town for a visit. Every single year, he makes his rounds to American shopping malls so little kids (and adults-- we're guilty) can have an up-close-and-personal gift-begging session with the guy. The whole thing is pretty impressive if you think abo
A few weeks back, a tiny baby burrito kicked off our craving for kids dressed in food costumes. (Not for actual baby. We're not zombies or anything.) It's such a simple concept, yet it yields such hilarious results. Talk about Halloween genius at its finest. Luckily, we can continue laughing and aww-ing over miniature tasty attire, thanks to the 'Babies in Food Costumes' Tumblr.
Discovering a Pikachu pug or a Rabbi cat will never, ever get old. We have absolutely no explanation regarding this adorably aww-worthy obsession, but we're pretty sure most of you will agree with us. But why does it seem like we limit our dressing-up-pets possibilities to dogs, cats and the occasional baby pig? It's about time sheep took a whack at this whole costume funny business, and we couldn't have hoped for a better debut.
Few things are better than dressing up our pets. How can you resist a Michael Jackson puppy or an Avengers pug? Costumed pets are probably the best part of Halloween. But just because we love it doesn't mean they do. Especially cats. Who knew these little guys were such Halloween-haters? Check out these 15 cats hating on Halloween
There's one thing we know for sure about little kids-- they can make practically anything seem adorable. Scrunched-up, twisted sour faces? Check. A boppin' on a bed rendition of Michael Jackson's 'Thriller'? You betcha! Although we're a little dumbfounded as to how this "everything is ridiculously adorable" thing actually happens, we can't help but be sucked into the cuteness every darn time. This is especially true when it comes to Halloween.
It's that time of year again when we apologize to our pancreas and then eat until we're sick -- Halloween candy season! Everywhere we turn, we're bombarded with chocolate and gummies and sour things and those peanut butter taffies in the wax paper wrapping that no one ever eats. Somehow those things have survived the ages but our favorites have gone by the wayside. It's bittersweet heaven on earth.
Isn't ice cream the best? We snag a scoop of Chunky Monkey or Mint Chocolate Cookie Dough and BAM! Our worries of the world are gone. It's sugar magic at its finest. Even better is when kids get a hold of the tasty treat-- they're in pure adorable bliss!
Remember back in 2005 when Myspace was cool? We blogged about our crush from middle school science class, took those "what would you do if..." surveys, and felt honored when we made it into someone's "top friends" box. Those were the days.


text:
Sword 109 31.5" high $400 |
Sword 110 34" high $400 |
Sword 111 30.5" high $400 |
Sword 108 36" long SOLD |
Sword 6 SOLD |
Sword 7 SOLD |
The extraordinary bronzes of the Benin kingdom in what is now Nigeria exhibit a virtuosity and sophistication of style that has astonished the Western world since they were visited in the 15th Century. Their work was brought to Europe following a punitive expedition by the British in 1897, causing a great sensation. The people of Benin, called Bini, are descended from the Ife, also known for their remarkable bronzes. Almost all Benin art was created to honor the king , or Oba, who has reigned, with his ancestors, from the 15th century. Styles have changed over the years.
The ceremonial swords here are the style seen held by the Oba on many figures and plaques.


text:
Damage Control
1 week ago
Recipes, memories and random thoughts from my kitchen
The dish towels are just precious!! Several of my girlfriends and I get each other dishtowels as just for for gifts and these are so neat as they can be personalized. Thanks for sharing this idea. I will have to check out that website.
I meant just for fun gifts...I need to proof my comments better. By the way, checked out the website and loved it!!
I didn't even notice the typo! Just read it as you intended it! So glad you checked out the Sew4Fun website and enjoyed it. They have some super ideas. Hope you have fun with these dishtowels if you try making some!


text:
Barcode: 5060142210571 Product code: 65770 BIN number: 23156
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RW Garcia RW GARCIA TOMATO SALSA - PEACH 454G (454G) | £3.99 |
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We ship out to the UK, EU and all over the world. In the UK, we dont charge postage on all Solgar products and Lifemel Honey, and reduced shipping on all orders over £35. We have a special offer of 'Buy 5, get 1 free' (excludes Solgar products and Lifemel Honey) and some of our special offers are even better than this with 'Buy 3 get 1 free', 'Buy 2, get 1 free' and even 'BOGOF' (Buy 1, get 1 free) on selected products. View our special offers page for full details.


text:
Life as a 13 yr. old
True Story, First Time, Masturbation, School, Young
Author's infos
Gender: N/A Age: N/A Location: N/A
Posted Sat 28th of August 2004
I was 12 when I had my first wet dream. I had just finished 6th gradeand attended summer school at a high school i planned to go to. It was a co-ed school, not like the other private schools. Well there were many hot girls, but i wasn't aroused or anything. It was school, and I came to do what i intended, learn. Between getting lost and classes, i couldn't help but think of all the girls around. I wasn't staring, but I was wishing for once i could hook up with one, not for sex, but for "love" at this age. Well there were many, but one caught my eye. She was 5' 3 with nice baseball sized tits. She had a perfect body, with a great ass, and beautiful hair and eyes. After a week or so, i awoke in the middle of the night with my underwear filled with some liquid. At first i thought i was going to the bathroom, but then i realized that my cock was hard. I wondered if this was cum or sperm or something else, but soon i learned how to make more.
Another night, i woke up to find myself having a vivid dream where i was humping the girl i liked. In reality, i was humping my pillow, but it felt so good that i kept going. Soon i came again. THe next night i was curious and aroused my own dick. It felt weird touching myself, (humping a pillow was better), but i was in bliss. After a month, i was jerking off almost every night. The smell of cum was strong, but i enjoyed it.
Soon after the first night experience, i was really into looking at porn. It was summer and no one was ever around. I would watch the porn movies, not to jerk off, but to learn how sex worked. From time to time, i would jerk off in front of the computer, but would rather in a dream. Then it ended.
Summer school ended and i never saw the girl of my dreams again.
School started up again, and i found myself staring at my new teacher. She was fairly tall around 5' 8 with small perky tits, and a nice ass. She was new and young. I would find myself staring at her when i finished work, but i knew no one saw me. More than once in class, i fantasized fucking her, and got hard-ons. Everyone in my class was beginning to mature and some friends were popping "boners". I was too, but tried to hide it as I was young and my dick wasn't as big, so it was fairly easy. I would fantasize about my crush too, but it was just a dream. She and I knew that she didn't like me.
School ended faster than i expected, and i was soon into summer. Summer actually i did nothing. I never came in contact with any girls so i couldn't fantasize about anyone. Once in awhile, i would jerk off, but it wasn't the same.
I was accepted into the high school that i attended at summer school. I was both excited and nervous. First day, was an orientation where seniors lead some freshmen around. My senior was a girl. She was white around 5'8 or 5'9 with small perky boobs. SHe had a very nice tight ass, and her looks were to die for. She was fit for sure. After orientation though, never quite saw her. There were other girls to deal with. And there were a lot. Girls usually think that all guys can think about is sex, but for me. Having a girlfriend was a big deal. I was never a smooth talker or a pimp. I had never actually went on a date. WIth all these girls around, i was always nervous and sweating. I was always shaking, and could only talk to the guys without studdering. I was trying to hide it and act tough, but in my mind, i was about to die. I could sse myself fucking any single one of them. All of the girls seemed, to have huge boobs, which didn't help me either. Even some of my friends caught me staring at some girls. Walking to class was the hardest. First, there were lots of people around. Second, all the hot girls would sometimes flash a smile to someone else but me. Third, all the senior girls were tall that their boobs were at my face. But i didn't really worry to much.
So i never really fucked anyone, and you may think this is a waste of time. But u wait, and i'll complete this when it happens. If it doesn't, well who said it had to be true... XP
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106 comments
2010-07-25 17:23:40
haha 15 years later.... im gonna finish that story when i have sex yea right?!?!
Anonymous reader
2009-06-07 02:14:01
Anonymous reader
2009-05-24 13:39:17
that was shit pointless
Anonymous reader
2008-06-19 21:30:09
wow leave him alone at least he being honest wow u know something not many people age 14 get sex unless there fucking ugly trust me, the only person in my grade thats no longer virgin are fucking, ugly they look like the hit every branch on the ugly tree on her way down from heaven
2008-04-17 21:11:01
so he's 14
cause he said he'd finish the story when it happens
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Off the Air
A collection of press clippings, special projects or appearances including Garrison Keillor.
The Last Day of Summer Love
September 13, 2010
PHC staffer Ella Schovanec is on the Summer Love tour with Garrison, Sara Watkins, Fred Newman and The Guy's All-Star Shoe Band and will update us periodically from the road.
Our last stop, Charlottesville, Virginia, brought us back to the bowl of The Blue Ridge Mountains. Thomas Jefferson built his essay in architecture here: Monticello. He planted over a thousand kinds of fruit trees, experimented with hundreds of vegetable varieties, read five books at a time, and wrote The Declaration of Independence. It makes you feel shiftless in comparison. And while I was touring the hills, our cast and crew were working on their own masterpiece.
In my opinion, they saved the best show for last. Robin and Linda Williams, our resident Virginians, were right at home here and the crowd was crazy for them. Sara Watkins and Richard Kriehn nearly brought down the house with their dueling fiddles. And for the first time this tour, Rich Dworsky sang the Ketchup Advisory Board song, "Life is flowing, like ketchup on bean curds..."
After the show, Fred Newman described the tour as the best kind of summer camp, and it was all that and more.
Our Summer Love tour came to an end, but just like summer gives way to fall, we'll be back broadcasting from St. Paul for the street dance on September 25th. See you there.
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Off the Air Archive
- Garrison Keillor on Poetry
- Garrison Keillor on KSTP
- Garrison Keillor and Gary Eichten
- John Lithgow in Conversation with Garrison Keillor
- Summer Love Tour: Summer's End in Memphis
- Summer Love Tour: East Bound and Down
- Summer Love Tour: Kansas City
- Summer Love Tour: The Great Frontier
- Summer Love Tour: Fairly Colossal
- Summer Love Tour: Around the Bend, like a majestic Eagle
- Summer Love Tour: Thriller, thriller night
- Summer Love Tour: Terra Nova
- Summer Love Tour: The Porthole on the World
- Summer Love Tour: Portsmouth, VA
- Summer Love Tour: Greensboro, NC
- Summer Love Tour: Five Questions with Andra Suchy
- Summer Love Tour: Five Questions with Richard Kriehn
- Summer Love Tour: Kickoff in Grand Rapids, MI
- The Moth presents Garrison Keillor: Lessons in Swimming
- Garrison Keillor on libraries, writing, and radio
- Garrison Keillor interviews baseball historian John Thorn
- Honda Jazz 'This Unpredictable Life'
- Happy 2011, Friends!
- My Above Average Stroke
- GK on "The Office" last night?
- Garrison Keillor and Alexander McCall Smith talk books
- F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay
- The Last Day of Summer Love
- Summer Love in the Tar Heel State
- Charmed by Balmer
- A Summery Day in Salem
- Summer Love in Knoxville, TN
- GK Answers Questions at the State Fair
- Summer Love: Back Home... for a minute
- Summer Love: Up the Coast and Over
- A note from Sara Watkins
- Summer Love and the Great Salt Lake
- Summer Love Tour hits the Southwest
- The Reviews are In!
- Summer Love Tour: Getting From Point A to Point B
- Summer Love Tour: All About the Weather
- More photos from the Summer Love tour
- Summer Love Tour: Richmond, VA
- Summer Love Tour: The first days
- GK on Midday: Club Book event in Blaine, MN (6/15/2010)
- Bill Hinkley 1942 - 2010
- Photos from the Cinecast
- GK Responds to Cinecast Posts
- T-Minus 90 Minutes and Counting...
- Feb. 3, 2010: Wednesday Night Rehearsal
- Everything You Wanted to Know about Converting Radio into Moving Pictures (But Were Afraid to Ask)
- Steele Sisters Get Their Due
- More Press on the Cinecast Event
- Feb. 2, 2010: Informal Rehearsal
- February 2, 2010: Tales from Load-In
- Great GK quotes
- February 1, 2010: 7:00 p.m.
- Two from Ohio
- 'Prairie' is live on the big screen
- Robin and Linda: A Cure to the Thursday Blues
- Boston Globe: Lake Wobegon Streams to Theaters
- In a World...
- Here and Now
- GK reads from "Christmas Blizzard" (video)
- Harry Smith videos from The Early Show (CBS)
- 10/27/09: Midday


text:
Pronunciation: /ˌdɪdʒɪˈteɪlɪn/
Definition of digitalin in English:
A drug containing the active constituents of digitalis.
Example sentences
- Deer also avoid plants that people consider medicinal and poisonous: foxgloves (the plant source of the cardiac drug digitalin), poppies (the plant source of opium), daffodils, and lily-of-the-valley.
- Digitalis, a drug prepared from digitalin, a glycoside obtained from the common foxglove, is used in medicine.
- In this way a digitalin of indefinite composition is obtained, consisting of such glucosides as digitin, digitonin, etc.
Definition of digitalin in:
- US English dictionary
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text:
Radio Monumental CR is a live online popular radio station broadcasting from San José, Costa Rica. This radio station is playing Current Affairs, Spanish Music, Sports Talk etc genres of music 24 hours live. Official website of Radio Monumental CR is www.monumental.co.cr
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Popular Costa Rica Radio:
Radio Columbia
Radio Monumental CR
Radio Actual FM
103 FM Cientotres
Radio Reloj


text:
Hi, I have a few questions:
It's said that "A great cover can do wonders for a song". You've covered songs by some iconic 80's bands (Tears for Fears, Genesis) - why?
Reading some of the fan postings and questions, it's obvious your music has profound influence on them, giving them strenght to overcome adversity and fight their demons. How do you feel about that? Are there any bands that have similar effect on you?
And, I'm also joining the pleas from my fellow Aussies - when are we going to see you Down Under?


text:
Super Cooler SC-3026D Keg Dolly
Dolly for the Super Cooler container |
Dolly for the Super Cooler container
Super Cooler SC-3026D Keg Dolly Reviews
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text:
From a photo by Kent Keller that I absolutely had to recreate in pastel, I just loved the horses and the whole composition. Thank you Kent for your kind permission.
Here's Kents photo….
Done in pastel on grey mat board, 50 × 65cm 2011 Won 'Highly Commended' at Tarra Festival Art Show 2011 Sold at the same show.
Has been featured in 'Oz Talent', 'Equine Art and Photography' and 'Contemporary Pastel Painters' groups.
Wow – stunning work Heidi. I just love this! Makes me want to reach out and pat that velvety soft muzzle on the grey horse. Fabulous :)
Superb work. I am in awe. :o)
Beautiful work, love the softness yet strength in the detail
OHH, GOSH. WOW. and all those words,so good…..Ron
So beautifully captured and presented. This is an outstanding image.
Your skill with pastel is really amazing. I am in awe. (I pressed the button before I was finished).
This is amazing work! I love it!
I am amazed at your skills and talent Heidi! This is so beautifully done! I am honored you would paint one of my photographs!!!
Amazing work, congratulations!!
Beautiful, such meticulous attention to detail and accuracy!


text:
Katekyoo Hitman Reborn! DS Fate of Heat III - Yuki no Shugosha Raishuu!
General FAQs
FAQ/Walkthrough | 01/08/11 | kyoboy | 2.10 | 42K |
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text:
All sports leagues require a fixture list or a sports schedule. A sports schedule which is 'fair' to all stakeholders and which accommodates all requirements is central to the success of any league.
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text:
Two Charged with Fire That Killed Ga. Lieutenant
Photo credit: Lt. Jeffrey Little died Sunday after being caught in a collapse.
Dec. 17--Two Waycross men have been arrested on murder and arson charges in the Sunday morning fire in which a city fire lieutenant died when a house collapsed on him, police said.
Zachery Jacob Thompson, 17, of 1105 Carswell Avenue, and Ronnie Joseph Cranford, 23, of 505 Folks Street, were arrested Tuesday and booked into the Ware County jail, Waycross Police Chief Tony Tanner said.
They are charged in the death of Lt. David (Jeff) Little who died after the ceiling of a burned house collapsed on him and another firefighter about 2 a.m. Sunday. Little was pronounced dead just over an hour later at the Mayo Clinic's hospital in Waycross while the other firefighter, who was freed from the rubble quickly, suffered only minor injuries.
The two suspects were interviewed after a task force working the case developed information from a tip called into the Arson Hotline at the state fire marshal's office, Tanner said.
The pair was arrested after the interview, he said.
The task force was composed of investigators from the Georgia Insurance and Safety Fire Commissioner's office, the federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Waycross Police Department detectives and staff and the city fire marshal, Tanner said.
"We like the entire community were devastated by the senseless loss of Lt. Little and were hoping for a resolution in the case. The assistance given by the state fire marshal's office and the ATF was invaluable,'' Tanner said.
A memorial service for Lt. Little will be held at 2 p.m. Tuesday at First Baptist Church in Waycross. A funeral service will be held Friday in his hometown of Silacauga, Ala.
Terry Dickson: (912) 264-0405
Copyright 2013 - The Florida Times-Union, Jacksonville