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Say your machine shop just received an order for 316 stainless fuel-injector nozzles requiring angled holes to be drilled on the workpiece face. Or perhaps your best medical customer needs miniature blood-pump impellers with complex 3-D blade geometries like those on a jet-engine turbine. How are you going to make them?
Conventional wisdom says do as much as possible on a Swiss-style machine, then chuck them up one at a time on a tilt-rotary table and tie up a $100,000 machining center just to whittle away a thimbleful of material. And then the deburring remains, which is not only time-consuming but, if done improperly, degrades part quality. There has to be a better way.
You might perform some of this work with fixed-angle drilling attachments, but these are limited. Brian Such, Elk Grove Village, Ill.-based customer support group manager for Marubeni Citizen-Cincom Inc., Allendale, N.J., explained that drilling any hole requires two angle attachments—one for the center drill and another for the drill itself—each costing upwards of $10,000. If you have two different angled holes to drill, you'll spend $40,000 and burn up four stations. And contouring work? Forget it, because only a programmable B-axis will do.
The SwissTurn Blitz from Po Ly Gim has an independent slide with six B-axis tools that can work on either the main or sub spindle.
A B-axis? Why would a Swiss-style machine—already crammed with dozens of tools and enough axis letters to score big in Scrabble—need even more complexity? The answer is simple. On any machine tool, eliminating secondary operations saves time and improves part quality—Swiss-style machines are no exception.
A programmable B-axis means you aren't hindered by fixed-angle tool attachments. Instead of losing an entire station to a single operation—drilling an angled hole or milling a 45° angle—Swiss machine shops can drill or mill at any angle until the cows come home, often while using the same cutting tool to machine multiple features, which is impossible with a fixed-angle attachment. The ability to do multiple-angle interpolation similar to a 5-axis machining center is also a major advantage.
It's for these reasons that Swiss-style machine tool builders offer B-axis machines. For example, Citizen's M432 VIII is a gang/turret machine, meaning it carries both gang-style tool posts as well as a live-tool-capable lower turret. Citizen has also equipped the machine with a B-axis tool post in the upper part of the work area, on which are mounted three rotary tools capable of multiaxis contouring through 105°.
Only three tools? "Some builders put the B-axis on the turret and add a toolchanger," Such said. "Sure, you can get more tools that way, but it's also more expensive to build and slower."
According to Such, Citizen performed market surveys and found that three is the magic number when it comes to B-axis rotary tools for most Swiss operations. "We elected to do three tools on the slide based on what our customers were asking for."
A Citizen M432 VIII B-axis with three rotary tools on the gang-style tool post.
A Po Ly Gim CSL 42-2Y Swiss-style machine with a B-axis on the turret.
Such noted that most customers use the B-axis option more for multiple-angle drilling than for complex surfacing. One example is a hydraulic component. What previously took 85 seconds to produce on the customer's old Swiss-style machine takes 57 seconds on the M432 VIII, with no change to feeds and speeds. "By having the B-axis on the gang slide, it allows the turret to do additional work while the slide is busy drilling the holes," he said.
One of the biggest benefits to a B-axis Swiss-style machine, according to Such, is reduced setup time. "Not only are you setting up fewer tools, you also avoid mounting one or more fixed-angle attachments and touching off tools sitting at various angles," he said. "And with the Cincom controller, all you have to do is set the tool in the Z-axis, program the correct angle and go."
The controller is a key part of the B-axis puzzle. According to Such, most B-axis controls can be difficult to operate and program, so Citizen simplified its control. It partnered with Mitsubishi to develop proprietary, easy-to-use software based on the 700 series Mitsubishi control. "We didn't just bolt another axis motor on the machine. The B-axis is completely integrated into the machine."
As proof, Such offers a hypothetical situation: the middle of a B-axis drilling operation where the tool is buried in the workpiece at 30°. "You could shut the machine off in the middle of the cut, power it back up, go to jog mode for that tool and crank it out with the handwheel. The machine will move the tool at the correct angle. Try that with any other machine and you can kiss that tool goodbye."
The Citizen B-axis option typically costs $15,000 to $20,000 on a Swiss-style machine that costs $460,000.
German machine tool builder INDEX TRAUB Drehmaschinen GmbH & Co. KG has come up with a different way to build the B-axis. Tyler Economan, proposal engineering manager at INDEX Corp., Noblesville, Ind., described the design of the company's Model TNL 18-7B automatic Swiss-style production lathe as one equipped with a pivoting upper turret capable of performing main or sub spindle machining, eight tool positions carrying up to 24 tools, and programmable B-axis rotation up to 100°.
The B-axis on the Tsugami SS-207 is used to machine the blades shown here using 5-axis simultaneous machining strategies.
"This machine was introduced at EMO and is new to the U.S. market, and we're finding it's an ideal fit for users who have complex parts made from difficult-to-machine materials," Economan said. "To achieve these geometries before, you had to use form cutters or angled heads. Now you can simply adjust the B-axis to whatever angle is required and machine with the same rigidity and benefits as you would on a vertical machining center."
TRAUB may take a different design approach than Citizen and other Swiss-style machine builders, but that doesn't make its machine easier on the pocketbook. Economan justified the "more than a Cadillac" expense of its equipment by emphasizing the machine's ability to reduce cycle times and increase flexibility. "You can improve your return on machine investment," he said. "In some instances, we have demonstrated that even a 20 percent increase in productivity easily justifies a 40 percent increase in machine price."
The B-axis option is also not new for Japanese machine tool builder Tsugami Corp. It introduced the TMU1 more than 9 years ago, and it is geared toward turning complex, multiaxis medical and aerospace parts using a 16-tool turret and a B-axis live-tool spindle serviced by a 60-tool automatic toolchanger.
Typical parts machined on the Traub TNL18.
Ron Gainer, Swiss product manager for Rem Sales LLC, Windsor, Conn., exclusive U.S. distributor for Tsugami, explained that its new SS207 B-axis Swiss-style machine was introduced last year. He said: "The SS207 is a 20mm machine with three rotary tools mounted on the programmable tool post for use on the main spindle, and three for the subspindle. With full B-axis capability on a lower- cost, gang-style Swiss machine, you can often avoid having to purchase a more complex machine with a toolchanger. It's basically for any shop that makes a lot of angular holes or does multiaxis contouring work."
Gainer added that, before the SS207, attachments were required to make angular holes on Tsugami gang-style Swiss machines. "Now it's just program the code and go," he said. "Shops are making small, complex medical parts that require B-axis operations, including contouring, rigid tapping and even thread milling and whirling. And shops are always looking for ways to reduce setup time."
B-axis tools on the Zeit machine from Po Ly Gim provide a simple way to drill angled holes and perform 5-axis milling. They also increase flexibility for axial and radial machining.
The SS207 with B-axis capability costs about 15 percent more than a comparable Swiss-style machine without a B-axis.
Another B-axis Swiss-style machine offering is from Po Ly Gim Machinery Co. Ltd., Taiwan, which is distributed in the U.S. by Brooksville, Fla.-based Eurotech Inc. Jeff Walz, president of Eurotech, said Po Ly Gim has been building gang-style B-axis Swiss-style machines for more than 10 years, but they were not imported until recently.
"The B-axis is a compelling feature," he said. "It gives you a lot more flexibility with angled holes, but, more than that, it allows you to basically double your live-tool capacity, in that the B-axis can swing around and do axial or radial work in addition to its regular job. We've also seen customers use the B-axis to reach inside a cross-hole and deburr the intersection. There's always a push to drop the part off complete." CTE
Swissline Precision Manufacturing Inc., Cumberland, R.I., is the largest user of Tsugami products under one roof in North America. With 51 machines ranging from 7mm to 38mm capacity, Manufacturing Engineer Mike Chenevert states the obvious: "We have quite the gamut of machinery."
After gaining ISO 13485 medical certification last year, new doors opened for Swissline. "We started quoting a lot more medical work, including angled holes and surfacing work," Chenevert said. As a result, Swissline purchased a pair of Tsugami SS207 B-axis Swiss-style machines.
"It was definitely time to increase our arsenal," he said. "We really didn't have the capability to do some of the parts we were seeing before we bought the B-axis machine. We had angular attachments and such, but that wasn't enough. It's a great platform to start B-axis machining with."
Chenevert described one of the new parts Swissline previously had to no-quote. "It had a knurl that couldn't be done with conventional knurling methods," he said. "But with the B-axis, we're able to mill the knurl by interpolating four axes simultaneously."
Slightly more machine agnostic than Swissline is Swiss Automation Inc., Barrington, Ill. With equipment from a variety of machine tool builders, including Tornos Deco, Hardinge and TRAUB, Swiss Automation's favorite is Citizen, with nearly 70 Swiss-style machines on the shop floor. The most recent addition is an M432 VIII.
Shop Foreman Mike Merrill said the machine has so far only been used for angle drilling. "We're not doing any contouring work. The big advantage for us is you can get really close to the part—much closer than you can with a turret—and because it's programmable, you don't need to spend a fortune on different angle holders. You can program it right in, three tools on one block, with three different angles if you want."
Although setup time hasn't improved that much because the shop sets up angled holders offline, the machine is easier to use and has reduced cycle times. "There's no more indexing, and since the turret is freed up you can do more work," Merrill said. "It depends on the application, but if you have a multitool job, it will definitely be faster."
Affordable B-axis Swiss-style machines are within the grasp of most shops, but they may have to rethink their processes and, perhaps, their expectations. They don't necessarily need an order for a miniature turbine component to justify the purchase of a B-axis Swiss-style machine. The opportunity for reduced setup time and increased part quality can be reason enough.
As Citizen's Such said, "Most people want to hear about how our customers are doing impellers and propellers on these machines, but the fact is they are mainly doing regular parts faster."
—K. Hanson
Probably the first thing a shop's programmer's will say when he sees a B-axis Swiss-style machine rolling through the loading door is, "You want me to program how many axes?"
U.K.-based CAD/CAM developer Delcam PLC has been in the software business since 1991, and Hanan Fishman, president of Delcam's PartMaker Inc., Fort Washington, Pa., noted that Swiss-style B-axis programming has been a strategic part of the company's development over the past 12 months.
He said: "The B-axis Swiss-style machines produce a lot of unique opportunities on myriad levels. The first is obviously the evolution of 5-axis machining—there are lots of parts that need this today, especially in aerospace and medical. Clearly, this type of work requires a CAM system."
Fishman explained that there's a big difference, however, between programming five axes for a machining center and programming five (or more) axes on a Swiss-style machine.
"It's like the difference between figure skating and hockey," he said. You can program a single tool on a vertical machining center and it is like Peggy Fleming, performing precise and complex maneuvers on the skating rink. If she falls—meaning the tool breaks—then you pick her up, dust her off (replace the tool) and start skating again. "It might hurt, but it's not a big deal," he said.
Now picture a hockey team, with all those players moving around. Their movements might not be as complex as those of a figure skater, but there's still a lot going on at one time. This is like a Swiss-style machine, where you have tools flying around all over the place—bump a few of those skaters together and you're going to have a lot of blood on the ice.
"The cost of collision is much higher," Fishman said. "And by adding the B-axis to a Swiss machine, you've just put Peggy Fleming on the same ice as the Philadelphia Flyers. This is why you need a good CAM system, one with machine simulation, so you can avoid the crash before it happens."
Despite this, according to Fishman, many shops still try to do programming by hand. "Our biggest competitor isn't another CAM system—it's the manual programmer," he said. "Back in the day of long production runs, who cared if you took a few hours or even an entire day to program a job? But with decreasing lot sizes and increasing complexity, many shops are seeing one or more setups per shift, and more difficult ones at that. In this instance, it's just not feasible to program manually, as it cuts into production time. Worse, you run a much greater risk of collision."
B-axis programming, like CAD/CAM for milling, is "automating the impossible," Fishman continued. "It's simply not feasible without a system. But very often on a Swiss machine, at least on simpler work, it's more a matter of automating the tedious and mundane. It can be done, but no matter how good of a manual programmer you are, the first time you get to see what that part looks like is after you've cut it on the machine. Not so with a good CAM system. The machine tool builder gives us Pinocchio. With PartMaker, we turn him into a real boy."
Eurotech Inc. (352) 799-5223 www.eurotechelite.com
INDEX Corp. (317) 770-6300 www.indextraub.com
Marubeni Citizen-Cincom Inc. (201) 818-0100 www.marucit.com
PartMaker Inc. (888) 270-6878 www.partmaker.com
Rem Sales LLC (860) 687-3400 www.remsales.com
Swiss Automation Inc. (847) 381-4405 www.swissautomation.com
Swissline Precision Manufacturing Inc. (401) 333-8888 www.swisslineprecision.com


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Mercedes-Benz GLK By: Scott Mortara
We Like: That Mercedes is finally giving the U.S. a small-displacement diesel engine.
We Don't Like: That Mercedes isn't letting us get our hands on it until next year.
When you first lay eyes on the 2013 Mercedes-Benz GLK, nothing pops out as significantly changed, but according to M-B, there are more than 1000 new parts on the revised SUV. The most notable change for the GLK is the introduction of the new 2.1-liter, four-cylinder diesel engine.
The exterior gets a slew of minor changes. A new nose has the GLK looking more like the rest of its kin in the M-B lineup. New headlamps get LED running lights; the upper and lower grilles have been reworked; the new taillights have LED accents; and there are new exhaust tips and a redesigned chrome skidplate.
The interior styling is more luxurious than the previous-generation GLK's. The shifter has been moved from the center console to the steering column to allow for a few more cupholders. The rectangular dashboard vents are replaced by huge round ones poached from the SL. One of the nicest improvements is the massive piece of burled wood covering the dash from edge to edge.
While the exterior and interior changes are definitely appreciated, it's what's new under the hood that really impresses. Mercedes is finally giving us a small-displacement turbo diesel in addition to a reworked natural V-6. The new diesel is, of course, turbocharged, putting out 190 hp and 369 lb-ft of torque while promising extremely good fuel economy when it arrives in the spring. The refreshed V-6 gets direct injection and an increase in compression, giving the GLK a power bump to 302 hp and 273 lb-ft while improving fuel efficiency.
Most of the judges liked the styling changes, and everyone agreed the GLK is an exceptionally fun car to drive. It's quick, nimble, and confidence-inspiring, with exceptional braking. And the nanny wasn't overly intrusive, allowing you to slide the GLK a bit through the turns in Normal mode. In Sport mode, everything gets even better; it's not every day you find an SUV that rotates and lets you steer with the throttle.
The 2013 GLK is better in every way compared with the previous generation, but M-B didn't move the bar enough to warrant crowning it the 2013 SUOTY.

subset: commoncrawl


text: 7-17-04. I'm getting there... i'm on row 5 now... this is really fun, because i can do one of teh diamonds in an evening - now i just have to find some evenings!! Hopefully this project description inspires you to start something new! You can view the project photos below.


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CONTENTSYMS Athletic Dept.SPORTSAll Schedules in Schedule Star LIVEBoys' BasketballGirls' BasketballCheerleadingCross CountryFootballBoys' SoccerGirls' SoccerTrack & FieldGirls' VolleyballWrestlingAthletic FormsYMS Sport Registration PacketIHSA Concussion Info/FormSports Physical FormParent Transportation ReleaseYMS Athletic HandbookMiscellaneous |
Home » Boys' Basketball NewsYMS Reigns at RegionalsJanuary 24, 2013 By Suzanne Galmarini of Yorkville Middle SchoolIn 7th grade boys' basketball action last night your Yorkville Foxes captured the regional championship, defeating the Trojans of Shorewood Troy 61-57. Jon Jungr led all scorers with 24 points in a tremendous effort. Christian Payne followed up with 14 points as well as an unbelievable defensive game. Austin Reifsteck also finished the game with 10 points. The Foxes will play in the sectional championship on Wednesday, January 30th at 6pm at Shorewood Troy Middle School against the Minooka Indians with a chance to go to the IESA state tournament. GO FOXES!
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Pulled this on Blowout TV and dont have it in hand yet but gonna put a 500 OBO price tag on it or will trade for 1 nice card with a value in that range. Lemieux or Gretzky High end is what I would be looking for hockey wise, but would be willing to dig through buckets to check for something in other sports. Like I said 1-1 swap not trading for multiple cards
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The by-pass style cutter on this pruner allows you to quickly cut through branches up to 7/8" diameter in one motion unlike the alternative ratcheting style. Rubber coated metal handles provide balance when cutting through hard woods. Lightweight and packable with sturdy design for durability. Heavy duty sheath with belt loop included.
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An assassin comes out of retirement to rescue his mentor in the skinternational action extravaganza Killer Elite (2011). Jason Statham stars as Danny, an ex-special ops agent who is forced out of hiding when Hunter (Robert DeNiro), his mentor at Britain's Elite Special Air Service, is kidnapped. After Hunter is freed, he and Danny circle the globe in search of the three assassins
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Crochet and Knitting Tips Home
I've learned it's the little things that matter. Hopefully we have compiled a list of small tips that will really make your knitting fly off the needles! Please submit any tips you have compiled over your knitting years to
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If you're not sure whether you have enough yarn to knit one more row or two, tie a slip knot half way through your remaining yarn and knit your next row. If you don't reach the slip knot then you have enough for another row. If you do reach the slip knot then you'll need to start your next ball. Submitted by Kathryn -- thanks Kathryn!
Use your digital kitchen scale to figure out how much yarn you've used so far on a project. Each 50g ball weighs approx 1.75 ounces, while a 100g ball weighs in at 3.5 ounces.
Do you have a pattern for a turtleneck, but you'd rather have a crewneck? Try just knitting a few rows, instead of a few inches.
Wash your socks in the shower. Works perfectly for hand-wash only items!
Don't have a stitch marker rings with you? Use a rubber band or a paper clip.
"Right is right." When knitting something in the round (like a hat or socks), remember that the yarn attached to the needle should always come from the right needle - as opposed to the left. This is particularly important to remember when you pick your work back up (after setting it down to eat dinner).
When a pattern tells you to do something every 4 rows, think of it in terms of "every other knit row" instead of trying to count 4 rows...
To create a clean edge along the side of a project, simply slip the first stitch of every row (instead of knitting or purling it).
When decreasing at the beginning or end of a row, I usually decrease 1 stitch in from the end - to maintain a clean edge.
On vacation & don't have a cable needle? Use a pencil or pen to hold the stitches!
When using a variegated ball of yarn, like Rowan Tapestry or Regia Sock Yarn, rewind the second ball to match the color changes; especially when knitting a second mitten or hand warmers.
When casting on hundreds of stitches (e.g., for sideways scarf or sweater in the round), place a marker every 20 stitches. Then you don't have to count each time!
To save a dropped stitch, put a locking stitch marker on it until you can get to it.
Don't have a stitch holder? Cut a piece of scrap yarn and use that instead.
If you cannot pull the yarn out for a center pull, place the ball of yarn in a ziplock bag, zip it up, leave a tiny opening to pull the yarn through. You can also use knee high pantyhose... This will stop the yarn from rolling all over the place.
Don't know if that picked up stitch is twisted? Slip if off the needle, pinching between your fingers. Place back on the needle, making sure the right "leg" of the stitch is over the front of the needle.
NO KNOTS IN KNITTING! To join a new ball of yarn, overlap the new yarn (leaving a 4" tail) over the old yarn remaining. Knit 2 stitches with 2 strands held together. Drop the old tail and finish the row. Remember that when you get to these 2 stitches, they are not 4 stitches!
Can't remember which way to wrap the needle when forming knits and purls? The yarn always wraps the needle counterclockwise, when looking down at the point.
Which is the right side? When using the long tail cast on, the first row is a wrong-side row. When using a knitted cast on or cable cast on, the first row is a right side row.
Cast on and bind off using one needle size up to prevent tightness.
Photocopy your pattern and place a post-it on it. Note any pattern changes on your photocopy and keep then track of your rows on the post-it.
Supposed to create that cable every 6 rows? Place 1 split marker ring at the top of your work on the cable row - and every row after that. When you have 6 markers, it's time to do another cable! (You can keep the 6 rings at the bottom of the work until you need them).
Traveling for the holidays and don't have a point protector? Use the cork from last night's bottle of Merlot!
Always finish your row before setting your knitting down. This helps to avoid stretching and losing your place.
Working on socks and supposed to start the heel after 6 inches? If you'll be knitting somewhere without access to a tape measure, you can plan ahead! After you initially cast on your stitches, cut the cast on tail to exactly 6 inches. You can then use that tail as a measuring tape!
When working with Chenille, reduce your needle size -- a tighter gauge will hold your stitches in place and reduce the likelihood of worming. (Crocheting, which tends to produce a tighter gauge than knitting, is less likely to allow for worming.)
When working with chenille, take steps to reduce the amount of twist that you are introducing. Every knit stitch introduces a small amount of twist to the yarn, and knit stitches twist in the opposite direction from purl stitches. This is why any piece knit entirely in stockinette stitch (knit stitches all on one side, purl stitches all on the other side) will roll at the edges. Balancing knit stitches with purl stitches, such as in garter stitch or seed stitch, can reduce the worming effect.
When working with chenille, try knitting continental style. Continental-style knitting tends to introduce less twist to the yarn than English style (throwing the yarn).
When working with chenille, knit from the other end of the yarn. If the twist that you are introducing is in the same direction as the twist of the core yarn, you'll be much more likely to have trouble with worming. Working from the other end of the yarn may balance the twisting of the core yarn and reduce worming.
When working with chenille, remember that certain fibers have a higher tendency to worm. Slippery fibers such as rayon and microfiber and other synthetic fibers are more likely to worm than cotton. If your favorite chenille has a high percentage of slippery fiber, you may want to hold another yarn with it when knitting -- the other yarn may help to anchor your chenille in place.
Substituting yarns: Pretend you have a pattern that calls for 10 balls of Karabella Boise, which is 163 yds. Given that, you'll need a total of 10 x 163 = 1630 yds. Now, if you want to use the Rowan Wool Cotton (which has 124 yds per ball), you'll need 1630/124 = 13.14 balls. It's always wise to round up, so you should purchase 14 balls of the Rowan Wool Cotton.
Don't know how much yarn to leave for binding off? If you can stretch your leftover yarn across the width of the knitting 4 times, then you should have enough to cast off!
Casting on to the end of the row is the same as the Backwards Loop Cast on.
Use the K2tog decrease on the left hand side of the work (so that it slants to the right - towards the middle of the work). Use the SSK on the right hand side of the work (so that it slants to the left - towards the middle of the work).
Don't kinow what to do with a 1/2 ball of leftover sock yarn? Grab a new ball in a contrasting color & use the leftovers for the heels and toes!
Not sure what size to knit? Measure your favorite sweater from underarm to underarm, double it, & match it to the closest bust size on the pattern.
If you notice a difference between dye lots (or want to be extra careful), just knit 2 rows with the old lot and then 2 rows with the new lot... i.e., alternate between the 2 dye lots. This technique should make the differences less apparent.
If you need a stitch marker and don't have one, a straw cut into rings can work in a pinch. Also plastic bread clips can double as locking markers. I have used both of these when desperate!
Always carry a crochet hook in your knitting bag. They are invaluable for picking up stitches, doing provisional cast ons and repairing mistakes in your knitting. Submitted by Tam in Columbus, Indiana -- Thanks Tam!
If you do complicated projects, always have a simple project on the needles too (a plain sock or a dishcloth for example). Only work on the complicated project when you can give it your full attention. Carry the easy project around for those stolen moments when you want to sneak some knitting in. This gives you maximum knitting time but prevents mistakes on your complicated project. Submitted by Tam in Columbus, Indiana -- Thanks Tam!
When doing a garment that gives instructions for several sizes, photocopy your pattern and circle or highlight all the instructions that pertain to your size. This prevents making a size small front and size large back. Don't ask me how I know this. Submitted by Tam in Columbus, Indiana -- Thanks Tam!
Always read your pattern ALL THE WAY through before you start knitting. There is nothing as frustrating as having a pattern say "Knit in pattern for 10 rows" and then AFTER you do that discovering that the next line says, "While at the same time decreasing...." Submitted by Tam in Columbus, Indiana -- Thanks Tam!
If you are making a sweater and are lazy about gauge swatching (like me), make a sleeve first. When it gets large enough, measure your gauge. If you get gauge then you can carry on and you haven't "wasted" time or yarn on a swatch. If you don't get gauge then you only have a small piece to rip out instead of a whole sweater back. Submitted by Tam in Columbus, Indiana -- Thanks Tam!
Check on the internet for errata for your pattern. Everyone makes mistakes (including knitwear designers and pattern publishers). You can often save yourself hours of frustration by checking to make sure your pattern is correct. Most magazines and many designers have websites which list corrections for their patterns when necessary. If you are working from an older magazine that you have a subscription to, check the next couple of issues after your pattern was published. Corrections are usually published within a couple of issues. Submitted by Tam in Columbus, Indiana -- Thanks Tam!
Sometimes circular needles are twisted or bent. (Very difficult to work with.) Just put them in some hot water and let them soak for about 5 min. The length between the needles will be smooth and oh so nice. Submitted by Iris Stewart from Collinsville, OK -- Thanks Iris!
Traveling toothbrush holders for my double pointed needles! I find the ones with the smallest drainage hole, and you can find them for little money at most places. Just double check for length. You can toss the container in you knitting basket/bag when not in use and they come in many colors if you have multiple sets (like a lot of us have!) Submitted by Shirley from El Sobrante, CA -- Thanks Shirley!
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Principles of grouping
This article needs attention from an expert in Cognitive science. (April 2011) |
The Principles of grouping (or Gestalt laws of grouping) are a set of principles in psychology, first proposed by Gestalt psychologists to account for the observation that humans naturally perceive objects as organized patterns and objects. Gestalt psychologists argued that these principles exist because the mind has an innate disposition to perceive patterns in the stimulus based on certain rules. These principles are organized into six categories: Proximity, Similarity, Closure, Good Continuation, Common Fate, and Good Form.[1][2][3][4]
Irvin Rock and Steve Palmer, who are acknowledged as having built upon the work of Max Wertheimer and others and to have identified additional grouping principles,[5] note that Werheimer's laws have come to be called the "Gestalt laws of grouping" but state that "perhaps a more appropriate description" is "principles of grouping."[6][7]
The principle of proximity states that, all else being equal, perception tends to group stimuli that are close together as part of the same object, and stimuli that are far apart as two separate objects. This allows for the grouping together of elements into larger sets, and reduces the need to process a larger number of smaller stimuli. For this reason, people tend to see clusters of dots on a page instead of a large number of individual dots. The brain groups together the elements instead of processing a large number of smaller stimuli, allowing us to understand and conceptualize information more quickly.[citation needed]
The principle of similarity states that, all else being equal, perception lends itself to seeing stimuli that physically resemble each other as part of the same object, and stimuli that are different as part of a different object. This allows for people to distinguish between adjacent and overlapping objects based on their visual texture and resemblance. Other stimuli that have different features are generally not perceived as part of the object. Our brain uses similarity to distinguish between objects who may lay adjacent to or overlap with each other based upon their visual texture. An example of this is a large area of land used by numerous independent farmers to grow crops. Each farmer may use a unique planting style which distinguishes his field from another. Another example is a field of flowers which differ only by color.[citation needed]
The principle of closure refers to the mind's tendency to see complete figures or forms even if a picture is incomplete, partially hidden by other objects, or if part of the information needed to make a complete picture in our minds is missing. For example, if part of a shape's border is missing people still tend to see the shape as completely enclosed by the border and ignore the gaps. This reaction stems from our mind's natural tendency to recognize patterns that are familiar to us and thus fill in any information that may be missing.
Closure is also thought to have evolved from ancestral survival instincts in that if one was to partially see a predator their mind would automatically complete the picture and know that it was a time to react to potential danger even if not all the necessary information was readily available.
Good Continuation[edit]
When there is an intersection between two or more objects, people tend to perceive each object as a single uninterrupted object. This allows differentiation of stimuli even when they come in visual overlap. We have a tendency to group and organize lines or curves that follow an established direction over those defined by sharp and abrupt changes in direction...[citation needed]
Common Fate[edit]
When visual elements are seen moving in the same direction at the same rate (optical flow), perception associates the movement as part of the same stimulus. For example, birds may be distinguished from their background as a single flock because they are moving in the same direction and at the same velocity, even when each bird is seen - from a distance - as little more than a dot. The moving 'dots' appear to be part of a unified whole. Similarly, two flocks of birds can cross each other in a viewer's visual field, but they will nonetheless continue to be experienced as separate flocks because each bird has a direction common to its flock.[citation needed]
This allows people to make out moving objects even when other details (such as the objects color or outline) are obscured. This ability likely arose from the evolutionary need to distinguish a camouflaged predator from its background.
The law of common fate is used extensively in user-interface design, for example where the movement of a scrollbar is synchronised with the movement (i.e. cropping) of a window's content viewport; The movement of a physical mouse is synchronised with the movement of an on-screen arrow cursor, and so on.
Good Form[edit]
The principle of good form refers to the tendency to group together forms of similar shape, pattern, color, etc. Even in cases where two or more forms clearly overlap, the human brain interprets them in a way that allows people to differentiate different patterns and/or shapes. An example would be a pile of presents where a dozen packages of different size and shape are wrapped in just three or so patterns of wrapping paper.
See also[edit]
- Global precedence
- Neural processing for individual categories of objects
- Perception
- Structural information theory
- Theory of indispensable attributes
- Pattern recognition
- ^ cf. Gray, Peter O. (2006): Psychology, 5th ed., New York: Worth, p. 281. ISBN 978-0-7167-0617-5
- ^ Wolfe et al. 2008, pp. 78,80.
- ^ Goldstein 2009, pp. 105–107.
- ^ Banerjee 1994, pp. 107–108.
- ^ Weiten 1998, pp. 144.
- ^ Palmer, Neff & Beck 1997, pp. 63.
- ^ Palmer 2003, pp. 180–181.
- Banerjee, J. C. (1994). "Gestalt Theory of Perception". Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Psychological Terms. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 107–109. ISBN 978-81-85880-28-0.
- Goldstein, E. Bruce (2009). "Perceiving Objects and Scenes § The Gestalt Approach to Object Perception". Sensation and perception (8th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-60149-4.
- Palmer, Stephen; Neff, Jonathan; Beck, Diane (1997). "Grouping and Amodal Perception". In Rock, Irvin. Indirect perception. MIT Press/Bradford Books series in cognitive psychology. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-18177-8.
- Palmer, Stephen E. (2003). "Visual Perception of Objects". In Healy, Alice F.; Proctor, Robert W.; Weiner, Irving B. Handbook of Psychology: Experimental psychology 4. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-39262-0.
- Weiten, Wayne (1998). Psychology: themes and variations (4th ed.). Brooks/Cole Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-534-34014-8.
- Wolfe, Jeremy M.; Kluender, Keith R.; Levi, Dennis M.; Bartoshuk, Linda M.; Herz, Rachel S.; Klatzky, Roberta L.; Lederman, Susan J. (2008). "Gestalt Grouping Principles". Sensation and Perception (2nd ed.). Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0-87893-938-1.
Further reading[edit]
- Enns, James T. (2003): Gestalt Principles of Perception. In: Lynn Nadel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science, London: Nature Publishing Group.
- Todorovic, Dejan (2008). "Gestalt principles". Scholarpedia 3 (12): 5345. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.5345.
- Palmer, S.E. (1999). Vision Science: Photons to Phenomenology. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-16183-1.


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10 things you need to do if you were FIRED yesterday
- Posted by James Altucher
I was brought into the office of the head of the company and he said, "your contract is up and we won't be needing you anymore." I asked. "Can I stay a few days more to just finish what I was working on?" And he said, "No. You need to leave today". He had thick blonde hair, blue eyes, a square jaw, was about fifty and looked a little bit like Robert Redford. He smiled at me then. Thats the last thing I remembered. His smile almost blinded me. I hate him. I was barely put together. I felt like the worst loser. I couldn't understand. I thought I had been doing good work. But suddenly I was damaged goods.
Another time I was…And another time I did…And another and another and another. I've been fired so many times I can't list them all. I can't possibly make you cry over my sorrows because we all have them.
I would pace at three in the morning. "I'm going to lose this house. My kids are going to switch schools. I have three months to live. I'm going to lose this house. I'm going to this and that and this/that." The chatter doesn't stop and its nightmarish at three in the morning. And at four, and at five, and it doesn't stop when the kids wake up and they don't know anything is different but I cry then because everything is different. Because the house is a prison. Because my head is a mental asylum.
No advice helps. You can't meditate. You can't exercise. You can't eat healthy. You can't shave. Or bathe. You can't even take deep breaths. They feel like bullshit breaths. Shit breathes in and shit breathes out. You can't pray or read spiritual texts. None of that stuff helps, you think. None of that immediately deposits money in the bank. None of that brings back your self-esteem which was so randomly stolen from you by faceless bureaucats living on the outskirts of cubicles.
So here's advice that helps. I hope you follow it because I know it worked for me:
Do just one thing today.
And then do one thing tomorrow. And the next. That's all. Just one thing a day. If you do your thing, then feel good. You did it. Tomorrow you do the next thing. THAT'S ALL YOU NEED TO DO.
Some preliminaries: First, you need to sleep. Make sure you sleep 8 hours a day, every day. And you can't drink. Delete your news-intake. You don't need news now. Things are bad. But they aren't as bad as they seem. The media lies every day about how bad things are. Trust me.
And then do one solid thing each day.
Here are some possible "one things":
– Schedule a lunch with someone you haven't seen in three years. Could be anyone. But it has to be someone you haven't seen in at least three years. This injects new blood into the system. You need a total transfusion to get rid of the infected old blood.
– Ideas. Find your "customers." Treat yourself like a one-man business. Make a list of customers (i.e. places or people you might want to work with) Then come up with a list of 10 ideas for each customer/place you might want to work. Ideas that can make them money. This way you keep your idea muscle intact. Don't let your idea muscle atrophy! Pitch your ideas to that customer if you can. If you can't , move onto the next customer. But wait until tomorrow. You did your thing for today. Be proud. THIS TECHNIQUE WORKS. Its worked for me.
– Gratitude. Make a list of the people you've worked with over the past ten years that you are grateful you worked with. Email them and tell them why you were grateful you worked with them. Ask them sincerely how they are doing. This is one of the most important things on this list.
– Wake up early, exercise, take a shower, wear a suit, go into the city, and walk around. Smell that freshness on you. It makes you feel as if you are ready for anything. And you are. That's all you need to do that day. Heck, go to a museum. You won't have this opportunity for freedom forever.
– Slash. Make a list of all expenses you can slash. Make your runway as long as possible. There are plenty of sites to advise how to do this. Picture your worst-worst case scenario. Its never as bad as you think. Write it down. Write down the plan for the worst-case scenario. Then take a nap. You just had a hard day. You need to rest.
– Lunch, part II. Have lunch with one person in your industry. Have your ideas ready for that person. Have him critique your ideas. Learn.
– Reconnect. Contact other people who used to work at your old company. Maybe they even worked there ten years ago. Reconnect. Come up with ideas for them.
– Write. Write a book in the next three days. You can write a 30 page book about dieting ("100 ways to Lose 100 pounds") and put it on sale on Amazon in one day. Why not? The traditional book industry is over. Write the book "100 things to do the day after you are fired". Make it funny. Time to dominate the publishing industry while you are unemployed. Today make a list of all the possible 30 page books you can do. Then tomorrow start one of the books. I have one friend who just self-published a book. He was dead broke before that after being fired from his job. He made $100k in 90 days. No joke. This was about a month ago.
– Resentment. You are going to feel resentful about people at your old job. They wronged you. But listen closely: they are just trying to survive also. They aren't different from you and me, no matter how much you feel they wronged you. You need to make a list of all the good qualities that person has and send them an email why you think they are good at what they do. Thank them.
– Brainstorm. Go completely in a different direction. What other industry can you work in? What other location can you live in? Make up the wildest fantasies about what you can do. Keep going until there is one possible direction you can execute on today. Brainstorm what blog you can do (and what products you can sell on the blog). Brainstorm about photography (anyone need a photographer this weekend?) Brainstorm about ecommerce (check out penny auction sites where you can buy stuff for pennies and resell on Ebay). I don't know. I'm making stuff up. But brainstorm for an hour and some little slice of reality might peak through.
Remember: just one thing a day at first. Some of these things above seem crazy. But I'm not recommending anything that I haven't done and made money doing. All of them.
If you are feeling better, go for the full Daily Practice. But don't stress it. The Daily Practice has always worked for me when I've hit my low points on repeated occasions. But first do "one thing a day". No pressures.
And anyone who was fired yesterday, March 10, feel free to call me anytime to chat. Contact me first thru the email on this site, leave me your number, and I will call you. Corporate stability has always been a myth. But entrepreneurship and risk is also a myth. We were never without risk. Risk is life. But now you are forced to embrace it. The good thing is, sometimes embracing leads to love.
Related Posts:
First, follow me on twitter. I'll answer any tweets.
What it feels like to be rich (and when I lost everything)
The Daily Practice, to become lucky.
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Sedu Beach Beauty Sea Salt SprayGabby S.United StatesHairDark BrownFine or Thin HairThick or Coarse HairIdkI recommend just using it on the lower half of your hair because it works but it feels like there's hair spray on your hair. Its kind of still. It smells like coconut. If you have fly a ways then i say to use some near the root where the fly a ways are. over all its a good product and i would recommend it.posted Jun 29, 2013Link to this post
Sedu Revolution Pro 3600i Lightweight Io...L - 23NYHairDark BrownCurly HairColor Treated HairYou Get What You Pay ForI've usually been a firm believer that when a product costs more it is usually of better quality, and this case is no different. I have long-curly-color treated hair, not the completely unmanageable kind but still a pain to style. In fact, I hate blowing out my hair more than anything. Having used Conair hair dryers for most of my life, I didn't really think it mattered what the quality of the hair dryer was, but the talent of the person using it. After finally investing in this dryer, I was proven wrong. It is very powerful and the Ion boost makes a significant difference in frizz/smoothness. Due to the power of the tool, it can definitely cut your drying time, however, it is no miracle worker, you still have to make an effort (unfortunately). I chose this Sedu because I thought it was the lightest, though I am not entirely sure that is true, it is still very lightweight which is a plus for long haired ladies. I am very happy with the purchase especially since I bought it during a promotion and it came with some goodies, but I give it four stars instead of five because it can get very hot and I am definitely nervous sometimes that I can burn my scalp if I am not careful. Other than that, I would say, wait for a good deal on Folica.com and Happy Drying!posted May 30, 2013Link to this post
Sedu Revolution Pro 3600i Lightweight Io...Andrea D.Long Island, NYHairDark BrownNormal HairFine or Thin HairHair Raising ResultsMy old dryer was dying. Locally the choices were a bit pricey for the run of mill low end dryers so I turned to Folica to watch their video on how to choose the best dryer for your needs. Very helpful. I decided to take thier advice and go with a professional level A/C motor tourmaline and ionic features. HOWEVER, I have Rheumatoid arthrtis and I am tired of achy hands, wrist and shoulders from the weight of the dryer. I wanted LIGHTWEIGHT. This Sedu kept coming up and it looked to be the lightest. IT IS! No more pain from using the dryer. It is pretty quiet, small but very powerful and so ergonomically comfortable it makes it even easier to use. The price was excellent, the product is excellent and the quality is excellent. I have used it daily now most of the month so it has already gotten a bit of use t hat I can safely make the above claims. It does not frizz out my hair as I have fine thin hair and it really lets me control things so the style comes out the way I want, to the point I do not even need to add the hot rollers to get the lift or curve I want. I big brush and this dryer is all I now need. I think you will be pleased should you choose it. I am a bit picky and like to read up no end before choosing a product, and this one I LOVE.posted May 15, 2013Link to this post
Sedu Revolution Pro 3600i Lightweight Io...MeganHermosa Beach, CAHairBlondeColor Treated HairFine or Thin HairBest Dryer Ever!!!!I purchased this hair dryer back in February and I am in love! The dryer is powerful and still lightweight. My previous dryers were all a lot heavier. It cuts down my drying time in half! My hair has never looked so good!!!! I would recommend recycling your old dryer and getting this one.posted May 14, 2013Link to this post
Sedu Revolution Pro 3600i Lightweight Io...Diane F.Powell, Tn. 37849HairBlondeColor Treated HairLove This Hair Dryer.This hair dryer is great. Blows your hair dry really fast.posted May 13, 2013Link to this post
Sedu Beach Beauty Sea Salt SprayKarenPeterborough, ONHairBlondeColor Treated HairFine or Thin HairSmells Great, Works OkI was really looking forward to trying this. I have been using Alterna Boho Waves for about a year and thought i would try this because it is so highly rated.
My hair is very fine with some natural wave, so requires some product to bring out the curl. Sedu does an ok job of this. It smells fantastic, but I don't get nearly as much curl as I get from Alterna. Also, the Alterna product provides more control - I find the Sedu plumps the wave but there isn't a whole lot of definition.posted Apr 28, 2013Link to this post -
Sedu Revolution Pro 3600i Lightweight Io...Kathy S.Seattle, WaHairDark BrownNormal HairColor Treated HairBest Lightweight Dryer EverThis is a high quality, professional grade hair dryer that is so light I forget it is in my hand! I travel quite a bit and this is easy to pack and brings me the creature comforts from home to a hotel room. My add has added shine too. Highly recommended (and worth the price - although I did buy it when the site was running a 25% off special). Am thinking of getting another one to leave in my suitcase and one to keep at home.posted Apr 1, 2013Link to this post
Sedu Revolution Pro 3600i Lightweight Io...SusanHairGreyFine or Thin HairGreat Dryer!The best feature for me is that it has an "off/on" ionic switch. I have very fine hair and ionic dryers make my hair too limp. Also the light weight is good without giving up any of the power. This is the dryer I have been searching for!posted Mar 27, 2013Link to this post
Sedu Revolution Pro 3600i Lightweight Io...Paula C.New OrleansHairDark BrownNormal HairColor Treated HairSmall Dryer Big ResultsSmall lightweight dryer with the same output as my last big heavy expensive one. Great long round cord that will not tangle. There is no downside to this dryer. I highly recommend it.posted Mar 18, 2013Link to this post
Sedu Revolution Pro 3600i Lightweight Io...EmpressNYCHairBlackThick or Coarse HairDepends On Your Hair--can Be Too Much Of A Good Thingi'm growing out my hair (now past my shoulder) to donate to pantene lengths and needed a way to tame my hair without flat-ironing or japanese straightening which can damage hair. i have wavy asian hair and when let to dry after washing, twists and warps into all sorts of different unflattering waves.
my foray into pricy blow dryers came last month when i used my sister's $100 rusk speed freak. loved the results...fast and quiet. it left my blow out manageable, light with just the right amount of volume with minimal frizz. the best part was the blow out lasted into the second and third day (with a tiny bit of dry shampoo). at no point did my hair appear or feel oily (except for a little bit on the roots--that's where the dry shampoo comes in). i have never gotten sooooo many compliments in three days and thought well, if a $100 dryer works this well, something like the sedu 3600i would be even better.
the following week, after my purchase and a shampoo later i blew out my hair with the sedu the same way as i always have--round barrel brush and a tiny amount of chi silk infusion at the tips. it was very lightweight, easy to maneuver, and the buttons on the backside was great for not getting in the way but made it difficult to change settings quickly. also, the cool shot button was very awkward in that it's not raised from the handle. anyhow, the blow out was fast, easy and awesome! i did have the ionic button on the whole time and my hair was sleek, straight, shiny and felt not dried out. there was still some frizz up top from where some new growth was coming out. anyhow, at the end, i was in love! my hair felt silky, soft and looked like a commercial.
however, not 4 hours later, the ends started to curl again with my hair going limp and losing whatever body it had right after the blow dry (my other experiences with other blow dryers didn't have my hair go limp this quickly). then a few more hours after, my hair from root to tip felt and looked slick and oily. i don't know if it's the strong ionic output but it was odd. i blew out my hair again and the same happened another time. someone had suggested that i switch the ionic on and off but i thought for this price and what all goes into a blow out, i just didn't want to add another layer of complexity to the blow out like how much time and when and what temperature to change the ionic output.
other than that, it is an amazing blow dryer--just not for my hair after more than a few hours. i am planning on buying the rusk speed freak.posted Mar 13, 2013Link to this post
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US diplomat ordered to leave Russia in spy case
The FSB, the successor agency to the Soviet-era KGB, identified the diplomat as Ryan Fogle, a third secretary at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow, detaining him briefly overnight.
Ex-CIA boss David Petraeus takes USC teaching post
The University of Southern California announced Thursday that the retired general and former CIA director is joining the faculty to teach classes and mentor ROTC members.
Petraeus: Sorry for affair that led to resignation
David Petraeus apologizes for affair with biographer that prompted resignation as CIA chief
6 months post-Benghazi, Obama taps new Libya envoy
President Barack Obama nominated a new ambassador to Libya on Wednesday, filling a post that has been vacant since Chris Stevens was killed in the Sept. 11 Benghazi attack and signaling the United States' commitment to the North African country as it undergoes a perilous transition from decades of dictatorship.
US citing security to censor more public records
US citing national security in censoring public records more than ever since Obama's election
After filibuster, Senate confirms Brennan for CIA
Senate confirms Brennan as CIA director after Paul filibuster, White House statement on drones
Senator ends long floor speech blocking CIA pick
Kentucky senator ends lengthy speech blocking Obama's nominee to lead CIA
McCain, Graham warn on CIA nominee vote
McCain, Graham say they want answers from Obama administration, oppose CIA chief until then
Intel committee to vote next week on CIA nominee
Leaders of Senate Intelligence Committee say panel set to vote next week on Brennan nomination
Senate panel likely to vote this week on CIA pick
Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif.), chairwoman of the Senate Intelligence Committee says she expects the panel to vote later this week on the nomination of John Brennan to be director of the CIA.
Senator vows to delay Obama's nominees over Libya
Sen. Graham threatens to delay Obama's nominees for defense, CIA because of Libya attack
Obama salutes Panetta as he prepares to retire
Defense Secretary Leon Panetta said farewell to the U.S. military Friday, capping a venerated public service career that spanned four decades calling it "the honor of my life."
Lawmakers consider regulating drone strikes
CIA nominee Brennan defends drone strikes, says he doesn't know if waterboarding is effective
Brennan defends drone strikes, even on Americans
CIA nominee Brennan defends drone strikes, says he doesn't know if waterboarding is effective
Brennan's CIA bid chance to strike back at critics
Brennan's second bid to lead CIA offers a chance to strike back at critics and defend drones
Congress considers putting limits on drone strikes
Uncomfortable with the Obama administration's use of deadly drones, a growing number in Congress is looking to limit America's authority to kill suspected terrorists, even U.S. citizens.
Ex-CIA man Kiriakou gets 2 1/2 years for leaks
A 14-year CIA veteran was sentenced to more than two years in prison Friday for leaking a covert officer's identity to a reporter.
Obama officially signs Cabinet nominations
Minutes after his inauguration speech Monday, President Barack Obama signed documents officially submitting top administration nominations to the Senate.
GOP senator threatens delay on CIA nomination
President Barack Obama's choice of John Brennan to be the next CIA director hit a snag Tuesday as a Republican senator threatened to delay the nomination until the Obama administration provides answers on the deadly assault in Libya that killed the U.S. ambassador and three other Americans.


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Directions Cook onion, ground red chiles, red pepper and ancho chile in oil, stirring frequently, until onion is tender, about 5 minutes. Stir in remaining ingredients. Heat to boiling, reduce heat to low. Simmer uncovered, about 10 minutes, stirring occasionally. Makes about 2 1/3 cups of sauce. |


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Sunday, February 20, 2011
10 comments:
Deb, I'm glad you talked yourself off the ledge! I know sometimes it's hard to remember reading is suppose to be fun! ;-) Of course adding everything else on your plate today would make me pull my hair out too!
Enjoy your day! I can almost smell those rolls baking! And I think it's great you're going to be Fancy Nancy! I wonder if my book group would like to do "Bring a Book Character to Life night?" Do we get to see photos?!Sounds like you've got a busy week ahead of you. :) But it looks like you have everything under control and in order. I'm sure your Fancy Nancy outfit will be precious, just be confident like little Nancy! Thank you for visiting my blog on Saturday, and following my fellow librarian right back. :D
ReplyDeleteOh, I've had days like that....
Fancy Nancy is a great character...I have a Fancy Nancy doll that I pose next to books periodically.
Here's MY SUNDAY SALON


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Epiglottal stop
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Epiglottal plosive)
Epiglottal stop | |||
ʡ | |||
IPA number | 173 | ||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | ʡ |
Unicode (hex) | U+02A1 | ||
Braille | |||
Sound | |||
The epiglottal stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʡ⟩.
Features of the epiglottal stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a stop.
- Its place of articulation is epiglottal, which means it is articulated with the aryepiglottic folds against the epiglottis.
- It has no defined phonation, although it is typically voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. Voiced epiglottal "stops" tend toward being epiglottal flaps.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
Archi | гӀарз | [ʡarz] | 'complaint' | ||
Dahalo[1] | [ndoːʡo] | 'floor' | |||
Haida | Northern dialects | g̱antl | [ʡʌntɬ] | 'water' | Corresponds to /ɢ̥/ in southern dialects. |
Jah Hut[2][not in citation given] | [ɲhɔːʡ] | 'tree' |
See also[edit]
- Diffloth, Gérard (1976), Jenner, Phillip N.; Thompson, Laurence C.; Starosta, Stanley, eds., Minor-syllable vocalism in Senoic languages (PDF) 1, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 229–247, JSTOR http://www.jstor.org/stable/20019158
- Maddieson, Ian; Spajić, Siniša; Sands, Bonny; Ladefoged, Peter (1993), "Phonetic structures of Dahalo", in Maddieson, Ian, UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages 84, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group, pp. 25–65


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Pomegranate Lemonade Spritzer
- Total Time:
- 12 hr 15 min
- Prep:
- 10 min
- Inactive:
- 12 hr
- Cook:
- 5 min
- Yield:
- 4 servings
- Level:
- Easy
- 1 1/2 cups pomegranate juice
- 1 cup freshly squeezed lemon juice, plus lemon wheels for garnish
- 1/2 cup sugar
- Seltzer water, for mixing
Pour the pomegranate juice into an ice cube tray and freeze overnight. Put the lemon juice and sugar in a small saucepan and bring to a simmer; cook, stirring, until sugar is completely dissolved. Cool to room temperature.
To serve, fill a tall rocks glass with 3 to 4 pomegranate ice cubes. Pour about 1/4 cup of the lemon syrup over the ice and top off with seltzer. Repeat with the remaining ingredients. Stir gently, garnish each glass with a lemon wheel and serve.
Cook's Note: This recipe is easily doubled or tripled for a crowd
Recipe courtesy Claire Robinson
Cooking Tips
More Recipes and Ideas
Lime Spritzer
Recipe courtesy of Melissa d'Arabian
Pomegranate Granita
Recipe courtesy of Dave Lieberman


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Please share news, pictures, stories or ask questions concerning the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.
Yellowstone National Park was established by the U.S. Congress and by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872. It is widely held to be the first national park in the world. Known worldwide for its wildlife and its many geothermal features, especially Old Faithful Geyser, one of the most popular features in the park.
Yellowstone National Park spans an area of 3,468.4 square miles (8,983 km2). More than half of the world's remaining geysers are in Yellowstone. The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem is the largest remaining nearly intact ecosystem in the Earth's northern temperate zone.
Some handy advice for anyone considering visiting or working in Yellowstone can be found in The r/Yellowstone FAQ.
Links Of Interest: r/JoshuaTree
What is the general round trip cost for two to visit Yellowstone? (self.yellowstone)
submitted 2 years ago by ticklemejimjam
I'm from Michigan, and I've never been able to afford a massive vacation like this, so I've never tried. Could anyone give me an estimate on something like a week long trip? Plane tickets, fees involved with the park, as well as any other costs that would go into this trip? What have you spent on past trips if you weren't from Wyoming or anywhere near the park?
[–]dinot2000 2 points3 points4 points 2 years ago (0 children)
Five day, four night road trip from Minneapolis with all the costs such as gas, campsite fee, entry fee to the park, souvenir here and there, ended up costing two of us around $900. We switched driving so we didn't stop at any hotels along the way which obviously saved us money.
[–]SmellsLikeUpfoo 1 point2 points3 points 2 years ago (1 child)
Camping or hotels/cabins? If camping, do you already have all the gear you need?
Planning to rent a vehicle? What kind do you need?
How are you planning to eat? Restaurants, camp food, etc.? Have you gone camping before?
[–]ticklemejimjam[S] 0 points1 point2 points 2 years ago (0 children)
Probably cheap lodgings near the park. Probably flying and and definitely renting a car (at least once we touch down, but maybe renting a car to drive to Wyoming if it's cheaper). We have Hiking and camping supplies, because my folks used to go to Isle Royale every summer, and we all used to go camping up near Mesick, MI.
[–]_Bones 1 point2 points3 points 2 years ago (0 children)
I went driving from Texas camping the whole way for roughly four grand solo. Two people could drive and camp for five grand most likely. I don't know about flying.
[–]Big_island_dude 1 point2 points3 points 2 years ago (1 child)
I drive out from Minnesota and always go for 1 week to 10 days(total trip). From MN to billings MT, and from MN to tensleep WY, I can make the drive in 1 day, and only driving during daylight(summer). I camp 80-100% of the time and usually travel with at least 1 other person. I have gone out alone, and with 2 others and a six year old child. I/we try to avoid restaurants. But eat 1 or 2 "good" meals when in cattle country. Over the past 3 years I have made the trip 6 times, and every time I have budgeted $800-$1000 for everything(Gas, Food, Camping/lodging, extras/fun stuff). I have never spent my budget. The trip I took alone I spent the most due too a couple extra nights in a hotel. Of all the people that I have traveled with, I have always been the person who spent the most money. I tend too be a little less frugal. If camping/driving I recommend buying as much of your non-perishable supplies as you can in Minnesota/Michigan. Once you hit the "tourist"(SD, WY, MT) highways, prices go WAY up. I think 2 people can have a great trip, and only spend $1000 combined. Gas is always the biggest expense. I recomend driving. It really is not that far from Michigan. A couple years ago I left Jenny lake in GTNP at 5am and was back in northern MN before midnight. But I love the road, so theres that...
Thank you so much! Extremely helpful! I won't have to save for as long as I thought I would, but I just found out I might actually have the opportunity to work at the park this upcoming summer! I could forgo all the expenses almost entirely lol
[–]EdFinnerty 1 point2 points3 points 2 years ago (1 child)
My wife and I drove out last summer and camped 10 days with our son. We spent 2 nights in a hotel (once going and one coming back) purchased our food on the way there and picked up a few souvenirs, and visited a few museums in Montana. We spent about $1000 total including gas. Hope that helps.
That's considerably helpful! Though I might only have to worry about gas now, since I very well may be working there this summer!
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