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Marble Vishnu on Garuda Statue 19" Item # 22bm7
- Materials: Black Marble from Bihar, India
- Total Height Including Base: 19 inches
- Base Width & Depth: 12 x 5 inches
- Weight: 42 pounds
- Vishnu has 10 arms which is unusual for the Hindu God of Preservation of the Dharma
- He rides atop his vehicle Garuda who is depicted as a full eagle rather than an god with eagle characteristics
- Garuda has a snake trapped in his beak
- This marvelous sculpture is hand carved from one piece of black marble by the artists of South India
Vishnu is majestically seated on his vahana or vehicle, the eagle king, Garuda. His 8 arms are fanned out like rays of the sun. In his bottom right hand going clockwise Vishnu holds a club, arrow, discus, conch, bow, noose, trident and lotus. His other hand is held up in the abhaya mudra or "fear not" hand gesture. This shows that Vishnu's devotees have nothing to fear from Vishnu the preserver. Vishnu rides upon Garuda. Garuda is the eagle king who is usually depicted having a golden body, white face, red wings, and an eagle's beak and wings but a man's body. He wears a crown on his head. He is ancient and huge, and can block out the sun. However, in this modern representation the artist, has depicted Garuda as a large eagle without any of the human characteristics that Garuda usually has. Garuda, like any eagle, is eating a snake. His claws are dug into a snakes body and his beak is about to grasp a snakes head. Another large, 5 headed cobra is raised above the head of Vishnu in a protection posture.
About the Black Marble: The black marble, called sange-rathek, is found in Jhansi, in the state of Bihar, India. The stone is known for its wonderful deep black/blue color and the colored purple and yellow veins that flow through the stone. Looking into a piece of sange-rathek is like staring into deep space and seeing distant galaxies. It is a very unique and wonderful stone. Sculpture is very rare to find in this stone because there are seldom pieces of raw stone large enough to accommodate a full-sized sculpture.
About Vishnu
"Only the unlearned deem myself (Vishnu) and Shiva to be distinct; he , I , and Brahma are one, assuming different names for the creation, preservation and destruction of the universe. We, as the triune Self, pervade all creatures; the wise therefore regard all others as themselves."
~ Vishnu explains the Nature of the Trinity (trimurti ~
Vishnu is one of the principal Hindu deities, worshiped as the protector and preserver of the world and restorer of dharma (moral order). He is known chiefly through his avatars (incarnations), particularly Rama, Krishna and Buddha. In theory, Vishnu manifests a portion of himself anytime he is needed to fight evil, and his appearances are innumerable; but in practice, ten incarnations are most commonly recognized.
Vishnu appears to be a prime example of how older gods and cults have been absorbed into Hinduism. Thought to be linked with an earlier sun god, Vishnu's ten incarnations may also be examples of older gods that have been amalgamated.
Vaishnavites, one of the largest Hindu groups, are the devotees of Vishnu as Ishvara, the Supreme Being, worshiped in the forms of his manifestations or incarnations. Because of his pervasive presence, images as the focus of worship are of great importance, as are temple architecture and carving.
The Ten Avatars of Lord Vishnu
Vishnu's preserving, restoring, and protecting powers have been manifested in the world in a series of ten earthly incarnations known as avatars. The avatars arrive either to prevent a great evil or to affect good upon the earth. Nine are said to have descended already: three in nonhuman form, one in hybrid form and five in human form. The most important are Rama, fearless upholder of the law of dharma and Krishna; youthful hero of the Bhagavad-Gita Vishnu's final avatar is expected to arrive at a time when the earth is at the end of its present cycle, with the purpose of destroying the world and subsequently recreating it.
Matsya the Fish - Saved humanity and the sacred Veda text from the flood.
Kurma the Turtle - Helped create the world by supporting it on his back.
Varaha the Boar - Raised the earth out of water with his tusks.
Narashima, half-man, half lion - Destroyed a tyrant demon king.
Vamana the Dwarf - Subdued king Bali, a powerful demon.
Parashurama the Brahmin - Destroyed the warrior caste.
Rama - Rescued his with Sita and killed the demon Ravana.
Krishna - told the Epic poem Bhagavad-Gita to the warrior Arjuna.
Buddha - The enlightened one.
Kalki the Horse - Yet to come to the earth.
About the Artist
White, red and black marble statues are easy to take care of as they just need some annual upkeep to keep them looking as they did when they were first carved. Here are some easy tips to keep your White, red and black marble statues from Lotus Sculpture looking like the gods they are:
- Dust the statue as needed to prevent dirt build up
- To make the statue shine use a cotton cloth to buff the sculpture
- You can use a small amount of natural oil such as coconut oil or olive oil to further polish the sculpture
- Use a tooth brush to get into the hard to reach spaces of the sculpture
- DO NOT TOUCH the painted surfaces of any of the white marble statues. This will damage the painting if done often
USA Shipping
This sculpture is in our Oceanside, California store and ready for immediate shipping. The shipping charge is automatically calculated by UPS for shipping within the United States. Each sculpture is usually shipped within 24 hours of the order with the exception of the weekend. To obtain a shipping quote simply add the statue you are interested in to your shopping cart and then select click on the "Calculate Domestic Shipping" button. Lotus Sculpture uses Instapak foam injection packing system or bubble wrap and recycled peanuts to ensure that all our pieces arrive undamaged. Click here to learn more about Lotus Sculptures packing.
International Shipping
This sculpture is in our Oceanside, California store and ready for immediate shipping to anywhere in the world. If you are in Canada please select "UPS Standard to Canada" for the shipping option. If you are an international customer please select "International Shipping" during checkout. The shipping charge will be calculated as $0. Lotus Sculpture will email you the correct shipping cost subject to your approval or you may call us at 760-994-4455 or email us at [email protected] for a shipping quote. Lotus Sculpture uses Instapak foam injection packing system or bubble wrap and recycled peanuts to ensure that all our pieces arrive undamaged. Click here to learn more about Lotus Sculptures packing.
Enter your information below and we will provide you with a DHL and TNT shipping quote for Marble Vishnu on Garuda Statue 19"
Our statues all over the world using both TNT and DHL as they are the most reliable and least expensive options for our international customers.
Please email [email protected] or call me directly 1(760)-994-4455 with any questions.


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29 year old woman | North Richland Hills, TX, USA | Seeking men 28-35 within 50 miles
Why fit in when you were born to stand out?
I am looking for someone with high energy who can keep me on my toes. I love a good night out, but I equally love relaxing at home, cooking dinner, sharing a bottle of wine. My guilty pleasure is mindless TV after a long day, I am a big fan of DVR! I work for an airline, so I am lucky to have a job that allows me to travel affordably. Like they say, work hard to play hard! Family is extremely important to me. My parents have been married for 40 years. They are my role models when it comes to love. I am from Missouri originally. My parents and brother still live there, but my two sisters and I have all decided the South better suits us. Basically, I am down to earth and would love to find someone who is on the same page as me. I'm not looking for someone to complete me. I'm looking for someone to walk beside in life.
Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Exploring new areas , Shopping/Antiques , Volunteering , Wine tasting
Cycling, Running
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I have Dogs
I have a labradoodle named Muppet, he is my buddy!
My new favorite place is Hawaii. I recently traveled there and had a blast, I LOVE the attitude on the island, I look forward to going back again!
Missouri State University, Springfield, MO
Movies, Running, Biking, TV, Socializing
In my free time, I love running, biking, movies, going to sporting events... Basically anything that promises a good time!
Harlan Coben
Her | What she is looking for | |
Appearance | ||
Height: | 5'6" (167cms) | 5'10" (177cms) to 6'2" (187cms) |
Body type: | Athletic and toned | No preference |
Eyes: | Green | No preference |
Hair: | Dark blonde | No preference |
Lifestyle | ||
Smoke: | No Way | No Way |
Drink: | Social Drinker | Social Drinker |
Occupation: | Travel / Hospitality / Transportation | No preference |
Income: | $35,001 to $50,000 | No preference |
Relationship: | Never Married | No preference |
Have kids: | No | No preference |
Wants kids: | Definitely | Definitely, Someday |
Background | ||
Ethnicity: | White / Caucasian | Black / African descent, White / Caucasian |
Faith: | Christian / Catholic | Christian / Catholic, Christian / LDS, Christian / Protestant, Spiritual but not religious, Christian / Other |
Languages: | English | English |
Education: | Bachelors degree | High school, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree |

subset: commoncrawl


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Comment: Re:Maybe it is neither (Score 2) 331
It may well be that 'sharing economy' is just a manifestation of a deeper problem, the inability of the drivers of development in the past century -- capitalism and democracy -- to cope with the problems the modern world is facing.
They're coping just fine, they're just not sharing. They'd rather put it in offshore taxshelters.
Comment: Re:What does it mean? (Score 1) 328
No, that doesn't make sense. Because you are saying that New Jersey cannot regulate sales of cars in their own state because of where they are made.
Or did the longstanding rules (much older than NJ rules) in several of these states become unconstitutional because they apply to Tesla where before they only applied to Detroit/Japan/etc?
Is there any sale more basic than a direct sale? How can banning such a sale, for vehicles made in another state, not be interfering with interstate commerce? Were Teslas actually made in NJ, the laws prohibiting direct sales would not be interfering. So, you are correct that the state of manufacture is relevant, but for opposite the reason your suggesting. As to cars made in another country? This is irrelevant to the matter at hand.
Comment: Re:What does it mean? (Score 4, Insightful) 328
Comment: Re:Recycling Personalities (Score 5, Informative) 448
The bills from the Obama administration will dwarf the minor fraction of debt that was from the Iraq war.
Discretionary spending under Obama has grown at the slowest rate for any president since Eisenhower. Admittedly, the sequester has played a big role in this. The annual deficit Obama largely inherited from Bush has been cut in half. Go ahead and live your delusion. Some of us, including the parent poster HAVE moved on. Will you?
Comment: CDNs do not violate Network Neutrality (Score 5, Insightful) 150
Comment: Re:I think... (Score 1) 213
Comment: Re:Bigness destroys companies (Score 1) 113
At least, until Google owns enough of the infrastructure to join the 'big boys' in their little club. Then it'll just be more of the same, but with 1 extra player.
This would be just huge as a switch completely to the dark side for Google. I might even be looking for my pitch fork.


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Thomson Masterpiece Road Seatpost
The Masterpiece is Thomson's ultimate seatpost. It combines incredibly light weight with the characteristic strength and functionality of a Thomson. Masterpiece seatposts weigh approximately 40 grams less than Thomson's Elite seatpost of the same size, while maintaining high strength and durability.
Finish |
Polished |
Clamp Type |
Dual Bolt Micro Adjust |
Clamp Offset |
Zero |
Diameter |
27.2mm, 30.9mm and 31.6mm |
Color |
Black |
Bought a new Ellsworth Evolution from PP. the Ellsworth users a 27.2, so I wanted a post that was dependable, tough, dependable, easy to adjust, dependable, gorgeous, dependable, and reasonably light. Thomson, they just work. I have never been sorry I bought a Thomson product---ever. Ya, I know it's listed as a road post here, but I'm not concerned...it's a Thomson.


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Meet and Communicate with Fun Singles Near You on BBW Personals Plus
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to dreamland
Here on DLA there is one common passion -- role playing. Our hope is to be an escape from the real world and to become a place where you and your fellow role players control what happens. Our admin have great hopes for this site as well as tons of plans and things to add on. Please enjoy our graphics section, writing section as well as a tutoring section to help improve your skills, we hope that you will enjoy your time here. So go ahead potential members, click that register button or post in our c-box, and start your adventure and your time here CHAT BOX
no spam. no hate. no ads.
those cool cats.
are awesome.
are nice.
Site concept to Beeh and Debzy. Content credited to members, unless otherwise stated. Beautiful skin is credited to Revo. Graphics credited to Beeh. | Choose a topic
How to register and the added benefits of being a registered member. The benefits of using cookies and how to remove cookies set by this board. How to reset your password if you've forgotten it. Editing contact information, personal information, avatars, signatures, board settings, languages and style choices. How to get emailed when a new reply is added to a topic. How to send personal messages, edit your messenger folders and archive stored messages. Where to find a list of the board moderators and administrators. How to view members contact information. How to use the search feature. How to log in and out from the board and how to remain anonymous and not be shown on the active users list. Hosted for free by zIFBoards* (Terms of Use: Updated 2/10/2010) | Powered by Invision Power Board v1.3 Final © 2003 IPS, Inc.
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English Chants: Click on a link to be directed to the page with
the free MP3: For free worksheets and listening exercises to match these chants check out 123 Listening! Note: If you download a free song,
please (please : ) consider signing up for our mailing list below
so I can keep you informed of new free downloads, or send me an
email and say hello.
If you like the song, please tell a friend.
Quick Links- Top 5 Free Chants 1.
I Like English Chant
Let's Count 1-10 Wake
Up Extras: ABC Phonics Animals! Clothing (2 Chants) Days of the week Happy New Year! Opposites Months Places: The Zoo, The Park Sports For more free chants click here. |
Home Page Free Songs Free Chants Shop Blog Reviews About Contact Tell A Friend |


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Skittles (confectionery)
Loose Skittles
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
Energy | 1,680 kJ (400 kcal) |
90.7 g
Sugars | 75.6 g |
Dietary fibre | 0 g |
4.4 g
Saturated | 3.9 g |
Trans | 0 g |
0 g
Vitamins | |
Vitamin A equiv. |
0 μg |
Vitamin C |
0 mg |
Trace metals | |
Calcium |
0 mg |
Iron |
0 mg |
Sodium |
15.1 mg |
Amounts converted and rounded to be relative to 100 g serving.
Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. |
Skittles is a brand of fruit-flavoured sweets, currently produced and marketed by the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company,[1] a division of Mars, Inc. They have hard sugar shells which carry the letter S. The inside is mainly sugar, corn syrup, and hydrogenated palm kernel oil along with fruit juice, citric acid, and natural and artificial flavours.[2] The confectionery has been sold in a variety of flavour collections, such as Tropical and Wild Berry.
History and overview
Skittles were first made commercially in 1974 by a British company.[3] They were first introduced in North America in 1979 as an import confectionery.[2] In 1982, domestic production of Skittles began in the United States.[2]
Skittles' "taste the rainbow" theme was created by New York ad agency D'Arcy Masius Benton & Bowles circa 1994.[4]
On March 2, 2009, Skittles launched a web-based marketing campaign where their official website became a small overlay with options to view different social media sites in the main area, including its official YouTube channel, a Facebook profile, and a Twitter account.[5] The move was debated by people interested in social media.[6][7]
Skittles is the most popular candy among youth and the second most popular chewy candy, after Starburst, among all persons in the United States.[8]
Skittles has one of the most-"liked" brand pages on Facebook, with over 25 million followers. The page's success may be due to its eccentric posts, such as: "Most cacti are just looking for hugs."[9]
Skittles are produced in a wide variety of flavours and colours, including sour varieties. Skittles has hinted at new flavour releases on its Facebook page, using such statuses as "Locking myself in the Rainbow kitchen until I see some results!" A 2011 posting contained confirmation of a new flavor: "Putting the last touches on a new Skittles flavor. Tweak the Rainbow."[10] In 2013, Skittles replaced the lime-flavoured Skittles with green apple, causing a backlash from some consumers. The lime became part of their Darkside packets.
See also
- ^ "Skittles". Wrigley. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
- ^ a b c "Skittles". Wrigley. Retrieved July 28, 2012.
- ^ "SKITTLES Bite Size Candies Backgrounder". Mars North America Newsroom. 23 August 2005. Archived from the original on February 1, 2009.
- ^ Ives, Nat (July 9, 2004). "Skittles overhauls a familiar theme to encourage experiencing the candy, not just tasting it". The New York Times.
- ^ Steel, Emily (March 3, 2009). "Skittles Cozies Up to Social Media". Wall Street Journal.
- ^ Capell, Kerry (March 8, 2009). "When Skittles Met Twitter". BusinessWeek.
- ^ Burkitt, Laurie (March 12, 2009). "Skittles' Stupid Social Media Trick". Forbes.
- ^ Severson, Kim (March 28, 2012). "Skittles Sales Up After Trayvon Martin Shooting". The New York Times.
- ^ Eichenwald, Kurt (May 2013). "Facebook Leans In". Vanity Fair.
- ^ Skittles (January 1, 2011). "Putting the last...".
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Skittles. |
- Official U.S. website
- UK Site at Wrigley
- Former official US website as of 14 February 2008 (courtesy of the Internet Archive)
- Skittles nutritional information and ingredients
- US Facebook page
- UK Facebook page
This confectionery-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |


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(See also: our official weekly playlists as reported to CMJ)
Notes: marie subs for shelley shells. LAVA MOTHS LIVE IN STUDIOOO
Notes: Brandok hosting
Notes: featuring a very special *little* (wink,wink) blues set
Notes: jolly good show!
Notes: Andrew N. fillin' in for jon
Notes: featuring new journeyman DJ Paul Simpson 5:27-5:53
Notes: Kari subbing for Matt G. (first Hour from my personal collection only.) 4am-6am WCBN library, and a couple of my own...
Notes: David is subbing for Aaron OK!!!


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Date: 4 years ago
Runtime: 6:10
Views: 59,242
All Comments
You guys are my favorites. I may leave but I always return. Love that you bareback and show lots of cum. Drives me wild. I am going to get myself to the Inn one day soon. Just hope you guys are there when I am.
The color, shape, size, and texture of that dick make me hungry for meat. Great slobbering hunks of meat.
i agree that this btm is the luckiest man on earth, i rreally envy him....
i'm gonna cry cuz i don't have sb to fuck me like that and seed me
Hey..Where is the CUM INN? Would love to visit this place..can you help me out?
This is what great male butt-fucking is all about! Nothing like the feeling of a man's pulsing crown slippin' in and out of your tight greasy grip!
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fuckin hot vid, men. wish i had been suckin the hairy bottom while he had that beautiful black dick slidin in and out of him. then i could've taken the nutt out of the top, too.
Man if I was gettin fucked that good and blowin my load, I wouldn't bother with holding a camera.
I would love to take a ride on that anytime......Planning my trip to Florida, would love to go when you guys will be there......
Amazingly hot vid. I would have loved to have taken all that hot cum.
Damn hot guys! Wish I was in that sling taking all of your cocks and cum loads.


text:
Eden In Love to send care packages to Boston
Published 10:30 PM HST Apr 27, 2013Local clothing retailer Eden In Love is helping to send care packages to those in Boston.
The views expressed are not those of this site, this station or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to accept our terms of use.blog comments powered by Disqus


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You won't be able to dismiss this by usual means (escape or click button), but you can close it programatically based on user choices or actions.
"Great quality, but the card itself is a bit smaller than I anticipated it to be. Overall it does the job and looks great!"
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"Instead of a "direction" card I am using this as a "More Info" card to send out with my save the dates. It is the perfect size and I was able to put hotel information & wedding website on it, The designer was awesome to work with !"
"Loved how these came out! Classy and elegant. The editor helped with the wording and spacing of the card when it went to preview. Would highly recommend!"
"You can change whatever you need to on these invites. We changed the directions to information. And then just included information on where to book a place to stay and what restaurants where around. Plus it was a good way to provide activities for people to do and other little information."


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Mystically Wired: Exploring New Realms In Prayer - eBook
Have questions about eBooks? Check out our eBook FAQs.
Product Description
Product Information
Format: DRM Protected ePub Vendor: Thomas Nelson Publication Date: 2012 | ISBN: 9781418560348 ISBN-13: 9781418560348 Availability: In Stock |
Publisher's Description
We are designed to make connections to God through prayer in more ways than we can imagine.
Prayer can be so much more than a simple conversation. It can be a wordless connection with God, a step beyond the boundary of the separated self. It can be a way to listen to the silence. And it can be learned. We can learn how to pray in ways we never thought possible. It doesn't take more effort; it takes more understanding.
Wilson's book shows how the brain is designed by God:
- To calm itself
- To relax into love
- To become increasingly aware of how connected everything is in God
- To experience a deeper intimacy with our Creator
Prayer is something that our brains want to do with a little help. Ken Wilson tells us how.
Praise for Mystically Wired:
ôSmart, savvy, candid, credible, unafraid, self-effacing, and shot through with passionate love of Jesus . . . yes, hands down, this is the best book on prayer that I have ever read.
ù Phyllis Tickle, Compiler, The Words of Jesus: A Gospel of the Sayings of Our Lord
ôI confess, I donÆt normally like books on prayer, but Mystically Wired is a big exception. While this book is incredibly practical, I was routinely blown away by the intuitive genius of KenÆs view and application of prayer. Page after page, thinking I knew what was next, I was surprised with fresh insight and unique perspectives on connecting with God. Being an evangelist, I was excited to realize I could also send this to spiritual friends who donÆt follow Jesus as a way to introduce him.ö
ù R. York Moore, National Evangelist InterVarsity Christian Fellowship USA
ôIt began the day JesusÆ disciples came to him and asked, æLord, teach us to pray.Æ Ever since, Christ-followers have been wanting to learn the ways of prayer. Ken WilsonÆs Mystically Wired is an extraordinary contribution to that learning tradition. ItÆs a wonderful read that leaves you feeling, æYes, this is for me. Yes, I can do this. Yes, itÆs within reach.Æö
ù Brian McLaren, Author/Speaker/Activist
ôI wandered away from religion because religion thought it had all the answers. Pastor Ken Wilson, though, understands that life and faith are really about having the right questions. If you want to pray for favors, put this book down now. If you want the answers, the help here is only partial. But if youÆre looking for a wide-ranging inquiry, and a path that can bring you closer to the mysteryùwithout the mumbo-jumboùdelve within.ö
ù Carl Safina, Author, Song for the Blue Ocean and The View From Lazy Point
ôMystically Wired was a breath of fresh apologetic air for me. I pray and I experience God, and I find fixed hour prayer deeply meaningful, but this book shows that God made us to do such things and our brain is wired to communicate with God.ö
ù Scot McKnight, Karl A. Olsson Professor in Religious Studies, North Park University
ôIn my library there are scores of books on prayerùby legends and modern guides as well. It is not easy to make a genuine contribution to this body of literature. But Ken Wilson has done so. Mystically Wired manages to bring together the best of the sciences and philosophies of mind, brain, and consciousness with deep spirituality and candid personal reflection. While it will happily fit my on my shelf, it fits best in a heart yearning to pray.ö
ù Todd Hunter, Anglican Bishop
Author Bio
Ken Wilson is senior pastor of a Vineyard Church in Michigan. Active in national evangelical environmental initiatives, his church is noted for serving the poor and exploring contemplative prayer disciplines, serving as online host to The Divine Hours.
Author Info
Product Reviews
Loco9090MSAge: 45-54Gender: female5 Stars Out Of 5This book is written in a very easy to understandMay 24, 2013Loco9090MSAge: 45-54Gender: femaleQuality: 5Value: 5Meets Expectations: 5This review was written for Mystically Wired: Exploring New Landscapes in Prayer.This book helps you to understand how prayer works, and why it is important.
Danielle ATyngsboro, MAAge: 25-34Gender: female5 Stars Out Of 5Great Prayer HandbookJanuary 14, 2011Danielle ATyngsboro, MAAge: 25-34Gender: femaleQuality: 5Value: 4This review was written for Mystically Wired: Exploring New Landscapes in Prayer.I recently read the book "Mystically Wired" by Ken Wilson and was pleasantly surprised. It's not often that you are able to find a book that takes prayer and makes it something completely approachable. Prayer is something that most people are intimidated by, so by making it approachable Wilson does something powerful for millions of people looking to get closer to God.
Wilson breaks the book into what I think are two basic sections: how God wired us to pray and relate to him, and then how we can actually go about doing that. The way that he breaks this down is key I think - first understand how it works, then understand how to make it work. Since this is a basic approach to most things that we encounter and tackle in our daily lives, it makes coming to God in prayer a completely realistic thing for someone who may have previously been nervous, intimidated, or just avoided prayer thinking it's too hard. By demonstrating that we're all wired to pray, explaining that we're all uniquely wired, and giving several practical ways to step into the shallow end of the "prayer pool", Wilson removes the barriers that most people have to engaging with God in prayer.
I was truly amazed by how incredibly practical this book was. There were several points at which I agreed with the author, appreciated his challenges, and felt encouraged to take simple steps to come to God in prayer. As someone who found my faith relatively recently, prayer is not always something that comes naturally to me. What Wilson does that I really appreciated was recognize that a lot of people are coming from this position of discomfort and present ways to get past and challenge those barriers. The thing that Wilson does that I found really handy was that he not only give several steps and tools with which to approach God in prayer; at the end of the book he provides an appendix of 10 steps for the reader to use as an easy reference. A month from now I won't remember every single thing that he spelled out in the book, but having an appendix certainly helps with that issue.
Something that may turn a person off to this book is that in the first chapter or two he heavily references the mystics in his discussion of how we are wired to pray. A lot of people may be turned off by this, but I would encourage anyone deciding to read this book to be patient with Wilson as his points are incredibly relevant if you hear him out with an open mind. I personally don't have any problem with the concept of mystics and mysticism, but I understand where this may be a put-off to some.
I would highly recommend this book to anyone looking for practical tools and understanding when it comes to prayer. Again - I caution that some may be turned off by the first chapter or two, but I encourage anyone who gets this book to seriously get past that and hear out the author. His points are valid, they make sense, and the fact he offers simple things that we can do to become more engaged in prayer on increasingly deep levels is great. The reviews on the back of the book all basically state that this was the best book on prayer that they had ever read - and on a lot of levels I would agree. If you struggle with prayer or are just looking to explore new/deeper areas of prayer - get your hands on this book. -
South AfricaAge: 35-44Gender: male2 Stars Out Of 5Nice practise, too much theoryOctober 4, 2010South AfricaAge: 35-44Gender: maleQuality: 3Value: 2Meets Expectations: 2This review was written for Mystically Wired: Exploring New Landscapes in Prayer.I was looking for a book to help me deepen my prayer life, so when I was given an opportunity to review this one, I jumped at it. It says "Mystically Wired is a practical guide to cooperating with your brain's inate capacities in order to experience a richer, fuller prayer life. Your brain is wired and waiting to pray in new ways, enabled by a fresh understanding of some ancient prayer disciplines."
Sounds good, doesn't it?
I have to admit the book didn't do a great deal for me. The second half had some useful prayer techniques; and they are summarised nicely in the annexure, which is very useful. However the first half was focused on convincing us that our brains are scientifically wired to respond to activities such as prayer in a certain way. It felt at time as if the writer was trying to convince me that prayer was "scientific" and that our religious response is in fact a physiological response to the meditative aspect.
This is not what the writer was getting at, as he has some very real spiritual insights. But it felt a little apologetic at times, as if prayer needed to be explained. -
Kelamenter SmithDetroit, MIAge: 35-44Gender: female5 Stars Out Of 5August 6, 2010Kelamenter SmithDetroit, MIAge: 35-44Gender: femaleThis review was written for Mystically Wired: Exploring New Landscapes in Prayer.Mystically Wired is more than practical, it is a life application on prayer. It gives me a sense of feeling comfortable with saying my prayers. Praying should not be a challenge to us nor should we feel intimated, we should feel privileged to be able to pray. This book is a great asset in developing a prayer life, Ken Wilson mention that our brain is already wired, we just have to activate it by making time to pray continuously. Prayer is a key essential in developing a relationship with our Heavenly Father. I would definitely recommend this book and to read it thoroughly knowing that you will benefit from reading this great book.
Amanda3 Stars Out Of 5July 17, 2010AmandaThis review was written for Mystically Wired: Exploring New Landscapes in Prayer.The book divides neatly into two halves: the what & the how. In the first half, Wilson lays out his argument for why our brains are designed to pray. He talks at length about what we do when we pray-what we experience, where we "go", etc. While I thought he made interesting points, the style of the book got in the way of the message. Chapters are lengthy, but broken up by headings, sometimes as many as 2 or 3 separate "sections" in as many pages. Typically I encourage that as I think it helps readers track what the author is trying to convey. However, in the context of this book it was very distracting. It made the material seem disjointed. Every time another heading appeared, I felt as if I had to make a mental switch to a new topic. My issues with this part of the book weren't with the substance of what was being said, but with the style of the book itself. It read at times like a scholarly article, yet the "voice" would quickly switch to a personal, more conversational tone, which I felt was probably Wilson's most natural voice.The second half of the book is the "application" section - the "now what?" To be candid - this section saved the book. I felt like Wilson was in his element here, providing methods for putting into practice the concepts he had introduced. I ended up using nearly 50 little post-its in this section, flagging thoughts that jumped out at me as particularly insightful - sections on the importance of meditation and how to calm the seemingly incessant internal chatter in your head.While I'd say I enjoyed the message of the book the style was a hurdle that I couldn't ever entirely overcome. {Disclosure: I reviewed this book via Booksneeze, Thomas Nelson Publishers' blogger review program. Thomas Nelson provided me with a free copy of this book in exchange for an objective, honest review. All opinions are my own.}
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The Safety and Immune Response to Influenza Vaccination in Pregnant Women
This study has been completed.
Adimmune Corporation
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
Adimmune Corporation
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: January 18, 2012
Last updated: December 27, 2012
Last verified: December 2012
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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the antibody response to the influenza vaccine (AdimFlu-S), as measured by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) at 4 weeks post immunization in pregnant women in compliance with the requirements of the current European Union (EU) recommendations for the evaluation of the immunogenicity for a new formulation of a licensed flu vaccine (CPMP/BWP/214/96). Besides, the vaccine safety will also be evaluated.
Condition | Intervention | Phase |
Influenza |
Biological: AdimFlu-S Influenza Vaccine |
Phase 4 |
Study Type: | Interventional |
Study Design: | Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment Masking: Open Label Primary Purpose: Prevention |
Official Title: | The Safety and Immune Response to Influenza Vaccination in Pregnant Women |
Resource links provided by NLM:
MedlinePlus related topics:
Drug Information available for:
Influenza Vaccines
U.S. FDA Resources
Further study details as provided by Adimmune Corporation:
Primary Outcome Measures:
- The primary endpoint will be the seroprotection rate which is defined as the proportion of subjects with HAI titer ≥ 1:40. The other immunogenicity endpoints include seroconversion rate and geometric mean folds increase in HAI titer. [ Time Frame: Immunogenicity profile was assessed before vaccination, 4 weeks after the vaccination and at the end of gestation period. Moreover, the HAI titer of the cord blood was also measured and compared with the maternal blood sample. ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]The primary endpoint will be the seroprotection rate which is defined as the proportion of subjects with HAI titer ≥ 1:40. The other immunogenicity endpoints include seroconversion rate and geometric mean folds increase in HAI titer. Immunogenicity profile will be assessed before vaccination, 4 weeks after the vaccination and at the end of gestation period.
Secondary Outcome Measures:
- The secondary endpoint is to evaluate the safety and tolerability profiles including the presence or absence of the pre-specified reactogenicity events and other serious/non-serious adverse events of the AdimFlu-S. [ Time Frame: The safety information is collected from the day of vaccination to 8 weeks after the delivery. ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]Safety outcomes include immediate reactions at the time of vaccination, solicited local and systemic reactions for 7 days, unsolicited adverse events until the first post-vaccination serum collected (Day 28), and serious adverse events and adverse events of special interest until 8 weeks after the delivery.
Enrollment: | 46 |
Study Start Date: | November 2011 |
Study Completion Date: | August 2012 |
Primary Completion Date: | June 2012 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure) |
Arms | Assigned Interventions |
Experimental: AdimFlu-S Influenza Vaccine, 0.5mL/dose, receive 1 dose |
Biological: AdimFlu-S Influenza Vaccine
Suspension for injection
Ages Eligible for Study: | 18 Years and older |
Genders Eligible for Study: | Female |
Accepts Healthy Volunteers: | Yes |
Inclusion Criteria:
- Pregnant female aged ≥ 18 years old.
- Subject is pregnant for at least 3 months, inclusive.
- Subject is willing and able to adhere to visit schedules and all study requirements.
- Subject has read and signed the study-specific informed consent.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Subject with previous complicated pregnancy or preterm delivery, spontaneous or medical abortion;
- Subject with history or concurrent high risk of dangerous gestation such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), pregnant induced hypertension, or preeclampsia;
- Subject received any influenza vaccine within the previous 6 months;
- Subject has a history of hypersensitivity to eggs or egg protein or similar pharmacological effects to study vaccine;
- Subject or her family has the history of Guillain-Barré Syndrome;
- Subject has current upper respiratory illness (URI), including the common cold or nasal congestion within 72 hours;
- Subject with influenza-like illness as defined by the presence of fever (temperature over 38ºC) and at least two of the following four symptoms: headache, muscle/joint aches and pains (e.g. myalgia/arthralgia), sore throat and cough;
- Subject receive any treatment with an investigational drug or device, or participation in a clinical study, within 3 months before consent;
- Subject has immunodeficiency or is under immunosuppressive treatment.
- Subject received any vaccine within 1 week prior to study vaccination or expected to receive one within 1 week after study vaccination;
- Subject received any blood products, including immunoglobulin, in the past 3 months before consent;
- Subject has underlying condition in the investigators' opinion may interfere with evaluation of the vaccine;
Contacts and Locations
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study.
To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the Contacts provided below.
For general information, see Learn About Clinical Studies.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01514708
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01514708
Taiwan | |
National Taiwan University Hospital | |
Taipei, Taiwan, 100 |
Sponsors and Collaborators
Adimmune Corporation
More Information
No publications provided by Adimmune Corporation
Additional publications automatically indexed to this study by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number):
Keywords provided by Adimmune Corporation:
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on April 16, 2015
No publications provided by Adimmune Corporation
Additional publications automatically indexed to this study by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number):
Responsible Party: | Adimmune Corporation |
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: | NCT01514708 History of Changes |
Other Study ID Numbers: | FLU11T12P |
Study First Received: | January 18, 2012 |
Last Updated: | December 27, 2012 |
Health Authority: | Taiwan: Taiwan Food and Drug Administration |
Keywords provided by Adimmune Corporation:
Influenza Vaccination Vaccine Pregnancy |
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Influenza, Human Orthomyxoviridae Infections RNA Virus Infections |
Respiratory Tract Diseases Respiratory Tract Infections Virus Diseases |
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on April 16, 2015


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6213 Newick Dr., Columbus, GA 31907
- $79,900
- 82 Days on site
- Beds: 4
- Baths: 2 Full
- Single Family Home
- 1,510 sq ft
Great brick home in quiet neighborhood, 4 bedrooms, 2 full bathrooms. One with ceramic tile floors and shower and the other one has tile floors with tube and shower combo. Large family room, nice kitchen with lots of cabinets and ceramice tile floors, separate dining room, sunroom that is heated and cooled and laundry room. 1 car carport, fenced yard, wired outbuilding, an additional covered concrete pad good to storage boat or a camper. Home is on conditions and priced to sale.
- Year Built: n/a
- 82 Days on site
- Single Family Home
- Beds: 4
- Baths: 2 Full
Listing Details
- Property Type
- Single Family Residence
Public Facts: As provided by County Assessor and Recorder offices. May not reflect recent additions or improvements. If you see any errors, the best way to get the records updated is to contact your local county records office. If any of the information in this section conflicts with property information provided by a listing agent or broker, agent-provided information should be deemed more reliable.
Local Info
Population 58,739 | Median Household Income $56,024 | Median Years In Residence 8 |
Median Homeowner Age 34 | Households with Children 50.53% | Percent of Homes Rented 32.87% |
Nearby Elementary Schools
- Wesley Heights Elementary School
- 1801 Amber Dr
- Georgetown Elementary School
- 954 High Ln
- Forrest Road Elementary School
- 6400 Forrest Rd
Nearby Middle Schools
- East Columbus Magnet Academy
- 6100 Georgetown Dr
- New Bethel Christian Academy
- 2423 Woodruff Farm Rd
- Fort Middle School
- 2900 Woodruff Farm Rd
Nearby High Schools
- Kendrick High School
- 6015 Georgetown Dr
- St Anne-Pacelli Catholic School
- 2020 Kay Cir
- Lighthouse Christian Academy
- 3641 Norris Rd
These are the closest schools to your requested location. Proximity does not guarantee enrollment eligibility. Please consult your real estate agent or school district to confirm the schools you are zoned to attend.
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text:
US 7869412 B2 Abstract In an example embodiment, there is described herein a method for providing quality of service during a contention period. A tiered access protocol enables an Access Point to act as a channel arbitrator and gain control a channel during a contention period. The Access Point waits a specified amount of time before taking control of a channel for either transmitting an outbound frame or initiating Polled-Contention Free Bursts. In addition, a method for increasing the time span between Delivery Traffic Indication Message beacons by tracking when Wireless Stations are able to receive messages and instantly delivering messages to those Wireless Stations.
Claims(18) 1. A method, comprising: determining a predetermined interval corresponding to a service rate for providing quality of service; waiting for the predetermined interval to expire; reserving a channel for a predetermined time period during a contention period using high priority access; and polling to initiate a point controlled contention free burst during the contention period while the channel is reserved, wherein the polling comprises sending an outbound unicast data frame with a priority token, the priority token instructing a receiving station to send an inbound frame with an equal priority or a greater priority than the priority token.
2. The method according to
3. The method according to
4. The method according to
5. The method according to
6. The method according to
7. The method according to
receiving an inbound frame; and
re-starting the waiting for the predetermined interval to expire responsive to receiving the inbound frame.
8. The method according to
determining whether a channel load exceeds a predetermined level;
reserving the channel using high priority access responsive to determining the channel exceeds the predetermined level; and,
polling to initiate a point controlled contention free burst responsive to determining the channel exceeds the predetermined level during the contention period.
9. The method according to
10. The method according to
11. The method according to
12. The method according to
13. An apparatus, comprising: an access point configured to wirelessly communicate with at least one station over a channel within a basic service set; wherein the access point is configured to determine a predetermined interval corresponding to a service rate for providing quality of service to a wireless station; wherein the access point is configured to wait for the predetermined interval to expire; wherein the access point is responsive to the predetermined interval expiring to reserve the channel for a predetermined time period during a contention period using high priority access; and wherein the access point is configure to poll the station to initiate a point controlled contention free burst during the contention period while the channel is reserved, where the access point is configured to send an outbound unicast data frame with a priority token, the priority token instructing a receiving station to send an inbound frame with an equal priority or a greater priority than the priority token.
14. The apparatus according to
the access point is configured to determine a channel load;
wherein the access point is configured to employ polling to initiate a point controlled contention free burst responsive to determining the channel load exceeds a predetermined threshold.
15. The apparatus according to
16. The apparatus according to
17. The apparatus according to
the access point is configured to wait for the channel to be clear a sensing time period before initiating polling;
wherein the sensing time period is a short interframe space after receiving an inbound transmission, the sensing time period is a short interframe space after a station to station transmission that originates within the basic service set, otherwise the sensing time period is a point coordination interframe space.
18. The apparatus according to
a poll timer coupled to the access point, the poll timer is set to the predetermined interval for the station;
wherein the access point is responsive to receiving an inbound frame from the station to reset the poll timer to the predetermined interval.
Description This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/953,820 filed on Sep. 12, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,251,232 which claims the benefit and priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/252,717 filed Nov. 22, 2000. Networks conforming to the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 protocol (Nov. 18, 1997) use two protocols, the DCF (Distributed Coordination Function) and PCF (Point Coordination Function) for channel arbitration. The DCF performs well under low load situations. The PCF is optimal under high load conditions. The DCF works better in networks where Basic Service Sets (BSSs) overlap, the PCF is ideally suited for networks where BSSs are carefully planned not to overlap. The DCF has a relatively low implementation complexity, whereas the PCF is reputed to be more complex to implement. The DCF does not allow explicit access control, the PCF does. The DCF efficiency drops considerably in densely populated BSSs, the PCF has no scaling problem. Due to the inability of the PCF to work well under overlapping Basic Server Set (BSS) conditions and the high implementation complexity, the PCF has not yet been widely adopted in current 802.11 implementations. The demand for better medium efficiency and a versatile QoS (Quality of Service) platform, however, increased interest in this optional access mechanism of the 802.11 MAC (Media Access Control). The hybrid nature of the 802.11 MAC has caused proposals to focus either on the DCF or the PCF. However, by only looking at the PCF and not considering the DCF overlooks the fact that the 802.11 MAC always spends some time under the DCF access mechanism rules and that the DCF is also an integral part of a PCF based system. The system always has to spend at least a small part of its time under the DCF. The PCF has the fundamental characteristic that a station can't access the medium unless explicitly polled. However, to be polled, the station must first make itself known to the Point Coordinator, which requires medium access. Therefore, a PCF based solution should support both contention-free and contention periods. A contention period is useful for bursty traffic, adjacent BSSs, probe requests, association and re-association requests, etc. Latency is introduced if the channel is overloaded in the contention period. Delay sensitive applications, such as VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol), require short DTIM (Delivery Traffic Indication Message) intervals (e.g. 30 milliseconds) to minimize CF (Contention Free) polling latency. A fast DTIM beacon rate wastes bandwidth because of the beaconing overhead and because contention-based transmissions cannot span the TBTT (target beacon transmission time). A fast DTIM beacon rate also requires power-save Wireless Stations (WSTAs) to wake up more often, for example to receive multicast frames and buffered unicast frames. In installations with multiple QoS applications with different service rates, the DTIM beacon rate cannot match the sampling rate for each application. Actually, it is difficult to match the sampling rate for any application. It is not efficient to arbitrarily poll WSTAs in every CFP (Contention Free Period). Periodic polling is not optimal for intermittent traffic. For example, VoIP traffic can be intermittent due to silence suppression. Depending on the �load of the medium�, the system may spend more or less time in the CFP. In a heavily loaded system, the system may spend the larger part in the CFP while a mildly loaded system may spend the larger part in the CP (Contention Period). The balance between the two access mechanisms is a function of the medium load. As a consequence, both access mechanisms must provide the same QoS capabilities. The transition between one access mechanism and the other must be a smooth one. This is especially a challenge in average loaded systems where the DCF efficiency is starting to breakdown while the PCF efficiency is not yet optimal. For the upper layer protocol (or application) the performance profile of the service should be linear over all medium conditions and this is something that should be considered when proposing a PCF based system. Therefore, when proposing PCF enhancements, one also to consider the interaction between the PCF and the DCF and the dynamics of the system as a whole under various medium load conditions. PCF combines the ability of full medium control with optimal medium efficiency, without suffering from scalability problems. However, there are two issues that limit the use of the current PCF for QoS systems. Section 9.3.4 and specifically clause 188.8.131.52 of the IEEE 802.11 standard imposes strict rules upon the order in which stations are addressed or polled. This is undesirable in a QoS system. Secondly, there is no mechanism, other than the More-Data bit, that allows a station to communicate its queue states to the PC. Another concern is that PCF and DCF applications do not always coexist well. The PCF model only supports �polled� inbound transmissions during a CFP. As a result long PCF-based CFPs can starve DCF-based stations. The problem is exacerbated when CFPs in overlapping BSSes must be scheduled to avoid CFP contention. PCF polling is appropriate for isochronous applications, but DCF is more appropriate for asynchronous data. It should not be assumed that PCF polling is used for all high-priority inbound transmissions. Among those benefits and improvements that have been disclosed, other objects is and advantages of this invention will become apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The drawings constitute a part of this specification and include exemplary embodiments of the present invention and illustrate various objects and features thereof. In an example described herein is a contention-based channel access method where the channel access population is divided into two distinct groups; the first group is a set of channel access arbitrators, and the second group is the set of all other stations. Channel access is highly prioritized for the channel arbitrators so that an arbitrator can quickly gain control of a (e.g. heavily loaded) channel during a contention period and mitigate contention by directing (e.g. polling) which stations can access the channel. Referring to The arbitrator 12 gains control of the channel by sensing the channel being clear for a shorter time frame than that required for all other stations 14, 16 within the basic service set 10. In an example embodiment, the arbitrator 10 waits a maximum of a distributed is interframe space before reserving the channel. However, the arbitrator 10 may gain control of the channel during the contention period after the channel is idle for a short interframe space following an inbound transmission from a station to the arbitrator or a station to station transmission 17 that originates from a station (14 or 16) within the basic service set 10. Once the arbitrator 10 gains control of the channel, it may send multicast transmissions to a plurality of stations 14, 16, send a unicast transmission to a station, or poll stations with time bounded applications and receive inbound transmissions from those stations. In an example embodiment, all the transmissions are contention free bursts that include one or more data frame transmissions. Another example embodiment of this invention contemplates a multicast power-management enhancement that can be used to reduce the DTIM beacon rate. In 802.11 networks, access points buffer multicast frames and transmit those frames immediately following DTIM beacons, so that �power-save� stations can �sleep� between DTIM beacons without missing multicast transmissions. Some time-bounded applications require a rapid DTIM beacon rate to avoid latency. As a result stations must wake up more often and bandwidth is wasted because stations are prohibited from transmitting before a DTIM beacon. Presently, outbound multicast transmissions are made only immediately after a Delivery Traffic Indication Message beacon. The access point must buffer outbound multicast frames between DTIM beacons. Because the arbitrator is monitoring station service rates, the arbitrator knows when those stations being monitored are active on the channel and available to receive data from the arbitrator. Thus, the arbitrator may send outbound messages independent of any beacons. By associating the active stations to multicast groups, it may determine when all of the stations in the multicast group are available to receive frames. Therefore, an arbitrator can wait until all of the stations of a multicast group are active and broadcast a multicast frame independent of the DTIM beacon. Because the arbitrator has the capability to gain control of a channel during the contention period, multicast frames for time bounded applications may be transmitted during the contention period, thus obviating the need for more frequent DTIM beacons. In the preferred embodiment, the arbitrator would request that all stations must operate in active mode to join an �active multicast group.� While the multicast transmission method can be utilized to increase power savings, it is also contemplated that this method can be used anytime a group of stations running a time bounded application needs to receive a multicast frame. Divorcing the broadcast of multicast frames from the DTIM beacon, especially for parameterized QoS wireless stations requiring frequent servicing, can result in a reduction of the DTIM beacon rate. Reducing the DTIM beacon rate has the additional benefit of easing channel congestion. As with the power savings method, the access point buffers a multicast frame for a multicast group, associates the individual stations with their appropriate multicast groups, waits until every station of a multicast group is in an active mode, and broadcasting the frame. In an example embodiment, there is disclosed a method for managing prioritized channel access. Prioritized channel access is required for parameterized and prioritized stations. �Parameterized stations� are QoS stations with flows that require guaranteed bandwidth and bounded delays. It is assumed that such stations will use a signaling protocol, for example Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) with subnet bandwidth management (SBM), to request a constant service rate. Prioritized stations are QoS stations that transmit frames with a priority higher than �best effort�, without using a signaling protocol to set delay and bandwidth parameters. In an example embodiment, the method contemplates utilizing an AP channel access arbitrator that monitors the service rate for �parameterized QoS stations� and initiates unscheduled Point-controlled Contention-free Burst (�P-CFB�) polling, as required, during the contention period, to sustain a constant service rate for such stations. WSTAs may optionally use a signaling protocol to establish service rate parameters. The access arbitrator can use channel load feedback function to estimate channel load and contention. A P-CFB is essentially a contention-free burst that is extended to include PCF-like polling facilities. For outbound transmissions (e.g. transmission sent by AP 12), the channel access arbitrator 12 gains control of the channel and begins transmitting contention free bursts for the outbound transmissions. For inbound transmissions (transmissions to AP 12), the channel access arbitrator 12 gains control of the channel, polls the wireless station 14, and the wireless station's response is a contention free burst. Therefore, P-CFB can consist of one or more outbound transmissions, one or more polled inbound transmission, or any combination of inbound and outbound transmissions, separated by a Short interframe space (SIFS) time. A P-CFB is not associated with a DTIM beacon transmission and stations do not preset their Network Allocation Vector (NAV) for the maximum duration of a P-CFB. In the Point Controlled Contention Arbitration (PCCA) model, WSTAs must support P-CFB polling and a functional interface that enables a signaling protocol to communicate service rate requirements to a bandwidth manager in the AP. In an example embodiment, it is intended that parameterized services can be implemented by transparently layering a signaling protocol on top of the 802.11e protocol stack in a WSTA. The use of a signaling protocol is optional. Minimum AP requirements are as defined in the baseline proposal. An EAP need only support the level 1 Virtual Distributed Coordination Function (V-DCF) QoS protocol. An AP can optionally implement P-CFBs, CFPs, an overlap mitigation protocol, support for a QoS signaling protocol, and level 3 polling and TXOP (Transmission Opportunity) enhancements. An AP implements a signaling protocol and P-CFB polling to support a constant service rate for each parameterized station. Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) channel efficiency can be very high, even under heavy load, if the contention population is small. The PCCA model attempts to divide the entire station population into a small EAP (e.g. AP 12) population and a non-EAP (e.g. stations 14, 16) station population, for channel access purposes, so that an EAP can deterministically gain access to the channel, in the contention period, to transmit outbound frames or initiate a P-CFB. The EAP maintains control of the channel during a P-CFB with the DCF Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) and DCF channel reservation mechanisms. In one embodiment, the tiered channel access method, combined with some form of priority queuing, is all that is necessary to assure timely delivery of outbound high-priority unicast or multicast frames. CFPs can optionally be used to reduce contention, from hidden nodes, for outbound multicast transmissions associated with DTIM beacons. For inbound unicast transmissions, a channel access arbitrator (e.g. EAP 12) monitors the service rate for stations and initiates polling, as required, to maintain a constant service rate for parameterized stations. Note that inbound transmissions, in a BSS 10, are unicast. In a simple implementation, the access arbitrator (e.g. AP 12) can maintain a �poll timer� 18 for each parameterized station (e.g. stations 14 and/or 16). In an example embodiment, a station 14, 16 is polled if the poll timer 18 expires and the poll timer 18 is reset each time the AP 12 receives an inbound frame from the station. The duration of the poll timer 18 can be set long enough so that polling is never used on lightly, or moderately loaded channels and short enough so that the minimum delay for the respective flow is not exceeded. Note that a station can be polled in either the optional contention-free period or the contention period. An interactive voice session typically comprises of 2 fixed-rate intermittent flows. A flow periodically goes idle due to �silence suppression�. For such applications, the channel access arbitrator can use a channel load feedback function to monitor the channel load. The arbitrator initiates P-CFB polling for such stations if 1) the poll timer has expired, and 2) the channel load is greater than the channel load threshold associated with the flow. On moderately loaded channels, the point controller will not waste bandwidth polling for inactive flows. Streaming video applications typically generate a constant stream of variable-sized compressed frames. Note that a single arbitration algorithm can support both VoIP and streaming video, simply by setting the channel load threshold, for streaming video flows, to a low value (e.g. 0), to trigger P-CFB polling whenever the poll timer expires. The use of the optional multi-poll mechanism, is not prohibited during a P-CFB. However, simple, explicit polling works better with variable rate flows, for example streaming video and explicit polling can help prevent interference from hidden nodes. The point controller does not necessarily know the duration of an inbound transmission associated with a P-CFB poll. Therefore, the DCF channel reservation (i.e. in the Duration/ID field) in a P-CFB poll must be for a time slightly longer than the worst-case maximum fragment transmission time. A WSTA should adjust point controller channel reservations, as is appropriate. For example, a WSTA should cancel a point controller reservation, if it receives a unicast frame from the point controller, where the receiver address (RA) matches the WSTA address. A WSTA should shorten its reservation if receives a frame from the point controller, where the reservation is shorter, and the RA address does not match. Simple P-CFB polling sequences, that consist of 1) an AP poll, 2) a W-STA data frame, and 3) and an AP ACK, work well in environments with hidden nodes. The reservation in the initial AP poll frame reserves the channel, in the coverage area of the AP, for the duration of the, possibly hidden, data transmission from the WSTA. The final AP ACK transmission cancels the reservation (e.g. which may exceed the duration of the, possibly null, data transmission). The hidden node problem is exacerbated by WSTAs that change frequencies or wake up, sense the channel idle for a Distributed Interframe Space (DIFS) time, and transmit. Such WSTAs may miss an initial poll or CTS frame that preceded a transmission from a hidden WSTA. The hidden node problem can be partially addressed by limiting the maximum duration of inbound transmissions so that unicast transmission sequences consist of alternating AP transmissions and bounded WSTA transmissions. Interleaved AP polls, for example, can be used to sustain the channel reservation at the AP during P-CFB polling in the contention period. WSTAs initially sense the channel for a time slightly greater than the maximum transmission duration of an inbound fragment, where a fragment can be a partial frame or a whole frame, after first waking up or changing frequencies. Note that the channel reservation at the AP cannot be sustained for unbounded back-to-back TXOPs, with either delayed ACKs or no ACKs. A WSTA �queue feedback mechanism� enables the point controller to determine the priority queue state in QoS stations, so that the point controller could use priority scheduling for inbound transmissions. Such a feedback mechanism would be useful for ordering polls and avoiding unnecessary polls. For example, the channel access arbitrator could reset its poll timer for a station if an ACK from the station indicated that it did not have data queued. It might also be useful to include a �priority token� on outbound unicast data frames. For example, a QoS station could respond to an outbound unicast transmission, where the RA address matched the station address, with an inbound transmission, with a piggybacked ACK, if it had an equal or higher priority data frame queued. Such a mechanism would be useful for maintaining a constant service rate, without explicit polling, for applications with constant bi-directional flows (i.e. interactive voice without silence suppression). In an example embodiment, the following channel access rules are used to implement the tiered channel access method during the contention period. An EAP (such as AP 12) can use the tiered access method to gain control of the channel for the transmission of any outbound frame (i.e. beacon, data, and management frames) or to initiate a P-CFB. An EAP can access the channel during the contention period (CP) after the channel is idle for a SIFS time following an inbound or WSTA-to-WSTA transmission sequence initiated by a WSTA within the BSS controlled by the EAP. Second, Contention Window Minimum (CWmin) values can be set differently for EAPs and WSTAs to prioritize EAP channel access, as defined in the baseline proposal. Third, an EAP senses the channel idle for a PIFS time before initiating the post-backoff following a successful or unsuccessful single-frame or burst transmission. QoS WSTAs and legacy WSTAs sense the channel idle for a DIFS time. Fourth, an EAP senses the channel idle for a PIFS time before restarting its backoff countdown, following a busy channel sense. Fifth, the configuration variable that controls the maximum duration of a P-CFB is the same as the variable that controls the maximum duration of an AP contention-free burst, as defined in the baseline proposal. Sixth, the DCF access mechanisms (channel reservation and CCA) are used to control the channel during a P-CFB. Bit 15 is set to 0 in the Duration/ID field, in a frame transmitted during a P-CFB, to indicate that the field contains a valid channel reservation value. It has been noted that 802.11 CSMA �slot� times can be ambiguous. In the contention period, stations that are waiting to access a busy channel must sense the channel idle for a fixed time before restarting the backoff countdown. In the integrated mode, the idle sense time is a PIFS time for EAPs and a DIFS time for other WSTAs. The end of a transmission provides a �slot synchronization point� for stations waiting to access the channel. The efficiency of a CSMA algorithm can be greatly increased if stations transmit on slot boundaries (i.e. following the end of a transmission). However, the present invention is not limited to this method. An aspect of an example embodiment is power management. The PCCA model adheres to the channel access rules defined in the 802.11 standard and the baseline proposal. The baseline proposal removes the restriction that buffered multicast/broadcast frames must be sent immediately following a DTIM beacon. If �strict ordering� is not enabled, then the current 802.11 standard specifies that an AP must buffer all outbound multicast frames and deliver them immediately following a DTIM beacon. Therefore, short DTIM intervals are employed to support multicast applications that cannot tolerate delays. The baseline proposal requires that QoS WSTAs must be CF-Pollable. Therefore, QoS power-save WSTAs do not use the Power Save Poll (PS-Poll) mechanism for the delivery of outbound buffered messages. Instead, a QoS PS WSTA must adhere to the existing standard for CF-Pollable stations. That is, it stays awake, after it receives a DTIM beacon with its association identifier (AID) bit set on, until either it receives a unicast frame with the more bit set off, or a Traffic Indication Map (TIM) with its AID bit set off. It is generally assumed, but not required, that QoS WSTAs with active flows will operate in active mode, because a point controller cannot successfully poll a WSTA that is in power-save mode. The baseline proposal defines �awake-time epochs� that can, optionally, be used to set an awake-time window for periodic polling and/or outbound data transmissions. However, awake-time epochs introduce complexity for P-CFB polling and PCF polling. If power management must be supported, it would be simpler to schedule P-CFB polls for power-save parameterized WSTAs, if such WSTAs used automatic power-save intervals, where power-save intervals are defined as follows: Such a power-save WSTA can remain in power-save mode for, at most, the duration of its �automatic power-save interval�, following an inbound transmission, where the duration is selected to match the WSTAs inbound transmission rate. The WSTA must operate in active mode, after a power-save interval expires, until the end of the next polling sequence or inbound transmission. The point controller can simply adjust the duration of the poll timer, for a WSTA, so that it is greater than the sleep-time window duration. The point controller can then poll a WSTA and/or deliver outbound buffered data for a WSTA when the poll timer expires. If �strict ordering� is not enabled, then the current 802.11 standard specifies that an AP buffers outbound multicast frames and delivers them immediately following a DTIM beacon. Therefore, short DTIM intervals are necessary to support multicast applications that cannot tolerate delays. A layer 2 multicast group is typically associated with a single higher layer application such as example streaming video. An example embodiment supports �power-save� and �active� multicast addresses, where a multicast address is classified as �power-save� if any station in the multicast group is in power-save mode. Then outbound frames destined to an �active� multicast RA address can be delivered immediately. Therefore, the DTIM interval can, potentially, be much longer. Note that a multicast registration protocol (i.e. GMRP) is required to associate multicast addresses with stations. It should be noted that outbound multicast transmissions are more susceptible to problems associated with inter-BSS contention and hidden nodes because multicast frames are not retransmitted, for example after a collision with a hidden node, and the DCF channel reservation mechanisms cannot be used for multicast frames. In the method of an example embodiment, CFPs are primarily used to increase the reliability for multicast transmissions. A CFP scheduling algorithm can be used to prevent CFPs in adjacent BSSes from colliding. In a single-BSS environment, the tiered access method enables an EAP to quickly access the channel in the contention period, with a worst-case latency equal to the maximum duration of a 2304-byte transmission sequence. Note that the tiered channel access method allows the EAP to use CWmin values of 0 in the absence of channel contention from other APs. The EAP uses the DCF CCA and DCF channel reservation mechanisms to maintain control of the channel during a P-CFB. SIFS frame spacing is used for both P-CFBs and WSTA CFBs. The maximum duration of a P-CFB can be increased to improve channel efficiency. Therefore, the example embodiment is comparable to a PCF-based solution with respect to determinism and channel efficiency. Networks with multiple and overlapping BSSes may have problems with hidden CFP's or hidden nodes. A �hidden CFP� is a CFP in a first BSS where the point controller is not within the range of a station in a second neighboring BSS. Likewise, a �hidden node� is a station in a first BSS that is not within the range of the point controller for a CFP in a second neighboring BSS. In environments with multiple, overlapping BSSes, inter-BSS contention is reduced and spatial reuse is increased by relying on short randomly-spaced DCF-based P-CFBs, with short localized reservations, rather than long scheduled PCF-based CFPs. The CFP rate can be decreased, and the inter-DTIM period can be increased because the CFP rate is independent of the application sampling rates. In networks with overlapping BSSs in the same Extended Service Set (ESS) or multiple ESSs, a CFP for a BSS is not completely contention-free unless all stations, in any neighboring BSS, that are in-range of any active stations in the BSS, set their NAV for CFPMaxDuration for the CFP. Therefore, the total �reservation area� for a CFP can be very large compared to the coverage area of the point controller for the BSS. In contrast, the reservation area for a P-CFB unicast transmission sequence is limited to the coverage area of the respective stations and the reservation is cancelled when the transmission sequence ends. Referring now to Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Sci ships
So i was thinking of the "OPness" of sci ships last night, and I realized that in all the talks of how out of hand sci is right now, I've never heard anyone mention sci ships inherit targeting abilities. Seems kind of crazy that a sci ships that has socmuch potential to shut down a target also needs FOUR extra ensign tactical abilities to disable not to mention target analysis on top of that. As much as I like these abilities on my Luna, I think taking these abilities off sci ships would be a good step in the right direction.
I started thinking about it this way, if you fly a intrepid you've got potentially 8 extra abilities (4 targeting abilities, sensor analysis, ablative, shockwave torp, and photonics decoy). If you look at it like extra BO's, could you imagine the outcry if a ship came out with 8 extra ensign slots more than a normal ship? "OPness?" |
This thread cracks me up again. And you know what? Stop trying. (No offense) But you know what else? There will be nothing done about these 'possible' imbalances in the game. My personal experience tells me that every single Science Bridge officer ability is all but equal versus the equal ranked Engi/Tact officers. I must agree now that SS has been nerfed enough. But that was just for the SS... You know something else, most people who run Science ships alot don't feel the same as others who dont run Science/Ships alot. I know from my personal experience that Science in this game, as a whole, is just so much more dominating then anything else. Personally I couldn't care less anymore about the current balance in this game. :p |
how dare you talk of the intrepid in that manner. if it had any less gadgets i wouldn't fly it.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IHBwryfycvk STATION! |
The issue is that sci/sci sucks at PvE (well, it doesn't really suck in that you still can never lose, it just takes a lot longer to kill stuff), so Cryptic in their infinite wisdom decided to buff science ships to epic proportions (or they were too dumb to realize that changes like 1 sec global torp cool down would greatly benefit science ships over everything else). Of course, the obvious and correct answer from a game design perspective would be to make NPC enemies fail less so that playing the debuff class makes some amount of sense in PvE, but we all know that's not the way Cryptic works :rolleyes:
Sensor analysis isn't too relevant (although any boost to damage helps), except in dueling. Native target subsystem abilities are obviously very relevant.
In any case, sci doesn't need either of these goodies to be effective. Perhaps instead of taking away and causing grief for PvErs and RPers, Cryptic could give escorts and cruisers more goodies of their own? |
Sensor Analysis brings my broadsides up to Cruiser-levels of damage, while I have all of the fun Sci tools to reduce my target's effectiveness that a Cruiser doesn't have. Plus it boosts the Target Subsystems up a significant bit; the integrated BTS 1 acts as a BTS 2 and if you choose to go with a BTS 2 for your LtC Tac, it can act as a ghetto BTS 3 (likewise, a Beam Overload 2 can be bumped to a ghetto Beam Overload 3). |
I understand what your saying Marc, and I agree with you that the devs probably won't do anything to change it, but I will continue to hope for and try to encourage cryptic to balance out what could be an amazing game. I only have ten days left to play, but I still wish the best for STO and the pvp players that are left and hope that sooner or later, the pvp community will get some love. Hey, who knows, maybe heretic is reading this post right now ;-)
Having said that, my main IS a sci/sci character and science ships are what I cut my teeth on as I leveled my first toon. I Love science and the crowd control aspect of it, which is why I know that it can be so op and should be checked a bit. I do believe Hurley nailed it as far as why sci got so out of hand. It SUCKS leveling up a toon with science ships. Theyre role in pve is laughable, even WITH all their little gadgets. Again, cryptic took the easy route of just buffing something with no consequence to balance instead of taking the tougher route of fixing the pve content to make sci abilities more effective. As to the effectiveness of target abilities, I really believe theyre the best work around to all the healing right now. A 20%chance every fifteen seconds to shut down a subsystem for the first minute of an engagement seems quite powerful to me. That's not counting the power drain to the systems that the abilities do even if they don't proc. As far as sensor analysis, in a game of "who has the higher resistance" anything that helps lower their resistance IMO is a pretty big benefit as well. |
I think adding more goodies in a system that already has too many or at least too powerful buffs doesn't sound like a good idea to me. That doesn't mean that taking away SA or Subsytem Targeting is a better idea. I think both is barking up the wrong tree. |
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Source: FOOTYMAD
Vase trail: I'm Still Waiting
Match 1. Saturday 18th September 2010. 2nd Qualifying Round. Abbey Hey v Oldham Boro. Abbey Stadium, Gorton. With Nelson out of action for this season, and maybe longer, a few of the Blues faithful have taken to a spot of groundhopping, and I belatedly joined in a couple of weeks ago, taking in games at Padiham and Bamber Bridge. Eager to go beyond watching just the usual local suspects, I decided that it would be a good idea for myself and the missus to follow the fortunes of our intended Vase opponents Abbey Hey, and trail them and the inevitable subsequent victors right through to the Wembley final. The missus cried off ill before even the first match yesterday, but, determined as ever, I set off on the lone trek through the drizzle to Gorton, arriving 20 minutes ahead of kick-off. Within moments of parking up, a stray shot from the warm-up had careered into my car, and it really was a sign of things to come, as less than three hours later I felt somewhat deflated at the prospect of a replay - which will again be at Abbey's ground - on Tuesday evening after a turgid 0-0 draw. Despite both teams struggling somewhat towards the foot of the First Division in the Vodkat League, things looked semi-promising, as the editorial in the programme mentioned a recent league game between the two which ended with Boro victorious 4-3 despite finishing up with just nine men on the pitch. Things might have been very different if Boro's Chris Kibble had gobbled up one of two glorious opportunities within the first quarter hour. On eight minutes he rounded the keeper just to the right of the penalty spot, but with just a sole defender on the line to beat, he scuffed his shot, which was cleared with ease. And six minutes later he cut inside from the left, but though he connected well this time, his low shot cannoned back off the left hand upright when it looked easier to score. Oldham continued as the better side for much of the first half, though bar a scramble in the area there was little other threat on the home goal, while at the other end, all a disappointing Abbey had to show for their efforts was a 20-yard effort which flew high over the crossbar. The second half began much as the first had finished, with Abbey just about in the ascendancy, but it was only the Oldham no 8 Jamie Rother - who probably edged my vote as man of the match - who had threatened a goal, working well to retrieve an overhit cross from the right before turning and firing low at the keeper. Then, with 20 minutes left, a flurry of activity, as the home side called the Boro keeper into action for the first time, then another three in quick succession. As shot from nothing forced him to push a low shot around for a corner, and two minutes later he produced a double save, parrying Michael Knowles' 25-yard free-kick, before blocking the point-blank rebound from Martin Pilkington. Soon after, John Hardy drilled across goal from the left, but the keeper held the ball well. It was Oldham who had the final chance of the 90 minutes, as Rother fired in a rising shot from the edge of the area, but it was too close to Abbey's Hungarian keeper, nicknamed "Tony" by the locals, who collected easily. The extra half hour had very little in the way of goalmouth action, though one rare Abbey attack saw a home official shout "Pass the bloody thing", only for the player to drag a woeful 25-yard shot hopelessly wide and in his direction. "Not to me, you pillock!" his rather amusing next line. On this showing, I can't help but feeling that if Nelson had been kept going, we'd have seen both of these teams off comfortably, and would be embarking on another bit of a cup run. As Diana Ross warbled almost 40 years ago, I'm three games into my groundhopping season, and "I'm Still Waiting" for anything like a decent game of football. Maybe the replay will be more like the 4-3 game.


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URI to host winter horticulture school beginning Feb. 22
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3-week class will teach tree and shrub identification
KINGSTON, R.I. -- February 8, 2005 -- Horticultural professionals and advanced home gardeners interested in a more comprehensive knowledge of trees and shrubs are invited to participate in GreenShare WinterSchool sponsored by the University of Rhode Island Cooperative Extension.
This three-week class in landscape horticulture will be held on Tuesdays and Thursdays from Feb. 22 to March 8 in Room 123 of the URI Greenhouse on the Kingston Campus. Each session runs from 5 to 7 p.m.
"The ability to identify plant materials is an essential skill for anyone working in the green industry or for any avid gardener. A thorough knowledge of woody plants will give you a competitive edge and enhance your business image and improve your horticultural skills," said Marion Gold, director of the URI Cooperative Extension Education Center.
In the five-session, hands-on course, participants will learn to identify over 130 shrubs and trees, including rhododendrons, shade trees, conifers, and deciduous and evergreen shrubs. The course will provide the background needed for the plant identification portion of the R.I. Certified Horticulturist exam.
The course will be taught by URI Adjunct Professor Susan Gordon, curator of the renowned Kinney Azalea Gardens. A past president of the R.I. Nursery and Landscape Association, Gordon has taught woody plant identification at URI for 12 years.
In addition, a workshop on "Emerging Issues in Tree and Shrub Management" will be held March 31 from 9 a.m. to noon at URI's East Farm. Taught by URI faculty, industry representatives and staff of the R.I. Department of Environmental Management, this half-day session will present the latest science-based information on managing trees and shrubs in suburban and urban landscapes.
The three-week course fee is $165 for the general public and $150 for URI Master Gardeners and members of the R.I. Nursery and Landscape Association. The half-day workshop on "Emerging Issues in Tree and Shrub Management" is an additional $25.
For more information or to register for the class, call the Cooperative Extension Education Center at 401-874-2900.