text:
Ok this is rediculous...clen again
Ok this is rediculous...clen again
I'm sorry, I see there are already to many clen threads now. But, I've taken 200mcg's of liquid clen today. Plus! I've had a pot and a half of coffee. I **** you not I'm fighting every urge to curl up in the fetal possition and pass out. I'm dead serious. Hell, I swear this stuff has a completly reverse effect on me. I better stay away from DNP, my metabolism might just come to a complete stop!
- Stats
- 6'3" 190 lbs.
- Join Date
- Oct 2002
- Age
- 31
- Posts
- 301
- Rep Power
- 303
- Level
- 14
- Lv. Percent
- 86.84%
Yeah everyone will react differently to things, seems your just acting very differently to clen. How are the other aspects in your life that might affect energy levels. Are your gettin enough sleep, good diet, are you currently under a lot of stress, maybe overtraining? Dont mean to ask newbie questions, just trying to help you figure it out....
Are you ADD or ADHD? Stimulants will often have reverse effects. Such as ritalin makes "normal" people hyper and insomiacs but it calms ADD down.
200 mcg?! that is a hell of a lot of clen! you shouldnt need that much and maybe the higher dosages are reversing the effects.. i mean hell if you were doing the pyramid scheme dosaging you would onlyneed a maximum of 120..
PharmD - 06-03-2003, 04:58 PM
Well. To answer the last question, yes 200mcg's but I started at a low dose and went up because I saw no results. I'm not ADD that I know of. I'm getting 8-10 hours of sleep, and I'm eating clean. I'm on a diet but I do eat plenty. I seriously doubt I'm overtraining, I had a week off not to long ago intentionally to rest before my cut. I've had such a lack of energy that I have drastically cut my workouts from 16-20 sets to ~10-12 sets. I'm horribly discouraged.
dude clen makes a lot of people sleepy.
i just shaky as hell on clen, but at the same time also sleepy, but it works great for me
same thing happens to my g/f.
Is it the clen with ketofin in it? that will make you sleepy.
I don't think it has ketofin in it. It says nothing about it and it's liquid reasearch. BTW my body tempn is 97.1 all of the time.
- Stats
- 5'11" 176 lbs.
- Join Date
- Dec 2002
- Age
- 38
- Posts
- 492
- Rep Power
- 81928
- Level
- 21
- Lv. Percent
- 91.71%
What was your body temp. before the Clen cycle? I believe Clen raises body temp. only between .5 and 1 degree.
William Llewellyn's Anabolics, Underground Anabolics, and SSRG ebook editions! - 06-04-2003, 05:32 PM
I was sleepy as heck on clen, the only thing was if I took a nap I felt like hell afterward. Thought it was the T3 but maybe not.
Also how are you measuring body temp, that is lower than a normal temp. - 06-04-2003, 06:38 PM
You should take clen until you start to feel sides. That is the dosage to continue on with or slightly reduce it. Most feel this somewhere between 100-160mcg.
When on clen, by the end of the day your body will often feel very worn out and tired.
Similar Forum Threads
OMG this is long overdue!!! A **** EPIC SUPPLEMENTS GIVEAWAY!!!! Its that time again
By needtogetmuscle in forum Company PromotionsReplies: 344Last Post: 06-30-2011, 09:39 AM -
Making sure this is OK.
By tandemaxle in forum AnabolicsReplies: 0Last Post: 04-22-2008, 12:40 AM -
Ok, this is totally stupid, but funny as hell
By DmitryWI in forum General ChatReplies: 2Last Post: 05-29-2007, 09:09 PM -
this is rediculous
By khan8 in forum Exercise ScienceReplies: 95Last Post: 07-13-2006, 11:40 PM -
So This Is Where Everybody's Been Hiding.....
By GEORGE YOUNG in forum AnabolicsReplies: 14Last Post: 12-18-2002, 06:10 PM


text:
Configuring Antivirus Software
Updated: November 1, 2013
Applies To: System Center 2012 - Data Protection Manager, System Center 2012 R2 Data Protection Manager, System Center 2012 SP1 - Data Protection Manager
DPM is compatible with most popular antivirus software products. However, antivirus products can affect DPM performance, and, if they are not configured properly, they can cause data corruption of replicas and recovery points. This section provides instructions for mitigating such problems.
Configuring Real-Time Monitoring for Viruses
To minimize performance degradation on the DPM server, disable antivirus real-time monitoring of replicas for all protected data sources by disabling real-time monitoring of the DPM process DPMRA.exe, which is located in the folder Microsoft Data Protection Manager\DPM\bin. Real-time monitoring of replicas degrades performance because it causes the antivirus software to scan all affected files each time DPM applies changes to the replicas.
Additionally, if you experience degraded performance while using DPM Administrator Console, disable real-time monitoring of the csc.exe process, which is located in the folder Windows\Microsoft.net\Framework\v2.0.50727. The csc.exe process is the C# compiler. Real-time monitoring of the csc.exe process can degrade performance because it causes the antivirus software to scan files that the csc.exe process emits when generating XML messages.
For instructions for configuring real-time monitoring for individual processes, see your antivirus product documentation.
Setting Options for Infected Files
To prevent data corruption of replicas and recovery points, configure the antivirus software on the DPM server to delete infected files rather than automatically cleaning or quarantining them. Automatic cleaning and quarantining can result in data corruption because these processes cause the antivirus software to modify files with changes that DPM cannot detect. Any time that DPM attempts to synchronize a replica that has been modified by another program, data corruption of the replica and recovery points can result. Configuring the antivirus software to delete infected files avoids this problem. Note, however, that you must run manual synchronization with consistency check each time that the antivirus software deletes files from a replica. For instructions for configuring your antivirus software to delete infected files, see the product documentation.
See Also
For additional resources, see Information and Support for System Center 2012.
Tip: Use this query to find online documentation in the TechNet Library for System Center 2012. For instructions and examples, see Search the System Center 2012 Documentation Library.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Top Links
main detailsbiographyby votesphoto galleryquotesFilmographies
by yearby typeby ratingsby votesby TV seriesby genreby keywordBiographical
biographyDid You Know?
photo galleryquotesCassie Bascomb (Character)
from Calendar Girl Murders (1984) (TV)
Edit Credits- Calendar Girl Murders (1984) (TV) Played by Sharon Stone
Additional Details
You may correct errors and omissions on this page directly. Clicking the 'Update' button will take you through a step-by-step process.


text:
What Does DogFriendly.com Offer? Select From Our Pull-Down Menu Dog-Friendly Hotels & Lodging Dog-Friendly City Guides ...Attractions, Restaurants & More Dog-Friendly Ski Resorts Dog-Friendly Camping/RV Parks Dog-Friendly Beach Guide Dog-Friendly Outdoor Dining Dog-Friendly Attraction Guide Dog-Friendly Park Guide Off-Leash Dog Parks Public Transportation & Dogs Dog Camps Dog-Friendly Events Dog Photo Gallery Dog & Pet Store Dog Travel Guide Books Top 10 Dog-Friendly Cities Top 10 Dog-Friendly Resorts DogFriendly.com's Newsletter Book Reseller Information Advertise with DogFriendly.com Online Press Kit About Us/Contact Us
U.S. Dog Travel Guides
Dog City Guides
Outdoor Dining
Dog Parks
Dog & Pet Store
Campgrounds & RV Parks
Dog Travel Books
Mobile Apps
Dog Photos
Knights Inn Brownwood
Knights Inn BrownwoodDog-Friendly Hotels606 Early BoulevardBrownwood,Texas 76802Call 866-676-3077 To Book This Hotel Get Map or Directions Our pool is temporarily closed due to stage 3 drought. We apologize for any inconvenience and thank you for your understanding. Welcome to the Knights Inn Brownwood. 40 rooms all on the ground floor with in front of room parking. Outdoor swimming pool with picnic area. Free Wireless Internet.Dogs of all sizes are allowed. Dogs are allowed for a nightly pet fee.
=indicates DogFriendly.com's dog-friendly advertisers!
Air Travel
Highway Guides
Books and Ebooks
List Your Property
About Us
Press Kit
Contact Us
Recommend Places


text:
It's FREE. Based on your input and our analysis. How we do it?
All fields are required for calculation accuracy.
See more Lower East Side Family Union Jobs » | |
Search All Jobs | |
Preventive Services Case Planner | Lower East Side Family Union | $38,000 | Forest Hills, NY, 11375 | 10/01/2012 |
Case Manager | Lower East Side Family Union | $35,000 | New York, NY, 10001 | 01/03/2012 |
Lower East Side Family Union salary is full-time annual starting salary. Intern, contractor and hourly pay scale vary from regular exempt employee. Compensation depends on work experience, job location, bonus, benefits and other factors.


text:
Quality CareFind out why Mayo Clinic is the right place for your health care. Make an appointment.
Meet the StaffFind a directory of doctors and departments at all Mayo Clinic campuses. Visit now.
Research and Clinical TrialsSee how Mayo Clinic research and clinical trials advance the science of medicine and improve patient care. Explore now.
Visit Our SchoolsEducators at Mayo Clinic train tomorrow's leaders to deliver compassionate, high-value, safe patient care. Choose a degree.
Professional ServicesExplore Mayo Clinic's many resources and see jobs available for medical professionals. Get updates.
Give to Mayo ClinicHelp set a new world standard in care for people everywhere. Give now.
Mayo Clinic offers appointments in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota and at Mayo Clinic Health System locations.
You may find it helpful to talk to other people who've been through the same experience you're having. Ask your doctor if there are support groups in your area, or contact the National Headache Foundation at www.headaches.org or 888-643-5552.
Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization. Make a difference today.
Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization. Proceeds from website advertising help support our mission. Mayo Clinic does not endorse non-Mayo products and services.
Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic.


text:
With much of the world's population living in close proximity to water and humidity, corrosion of metallic materials has been an inevitable part of the human experience. While the oxidation of iron (rust) is the most easily identified form of corrosion, this oxidation process represents only a fraction (albeit substantial) of material losses. Today, the impact of corrosion on society and the associated degradation of materials are far reaching owing in part to the increased complexity and diversity of materials systems, which include not only metallic materials but also ceramics, polymers, and composites, which are subject as well to environmental extremes. While legacy corrosion concerns remain, advancing technology and the need for global sustainability bring with them new and emerging corrosion issues whose negative impacts must be minimized through appropriate materials selection, mitigation and monitoring, and new materials development. See Figure 1.1 for an example of multiple simple mitigation efforts.
The impacts of corrosion are often described in economic terms. Financial losses have been assessed in several studies which concluded that premature materials degradation costs industrialized nations approximately 3 percent of their gross domestic product (GDP).1 In the United States it is estimated that between
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 11
Its Influence and Control
With much of the world's population living in close proximity to water and
humidity, corrosion of metallic materials has been an inevitable part of the human
experience. While the oxidation of iron (rust) is the most easily identified form of
corrosion, this oxidation process represents only a fraction (albeit substantial) of
material losses. Today, the impact of corrosion on society and the associated degra-
dation of materials are far reaching owing in part to the increased complexity and
diversity of materials systems, which include not only metallic materials but also
ceramics, polymers, and composites, which are subject as well to environmental
extremes. While legacy corrosion concerns remain, advancing technology and the
need for global sustainability bring with them new and emerging corrosion issues
whose negative impacts must be minimized through appropriate materials selec-
tion, mitigation and monitoring, and new materials development. See Figure 1.1
for an example of multiple simple mitigation efforts.
The impacts of corrosion are often described in economic terms. Financial
losses have been assessed in several studies which concluded that premature
materials degradation costs industrialized nations approximately 3 percent of their
gross domestic product (GDP).1 In the United States it is estimated that between
1 Gerhardus H. Koch, Michiel P.H. Brongers, Neil G. Thompson, Y. Paul Virmani, and Joe H. Payer,
Corrosion Cost and Preentie Strategies in the United State, National Technical Information Service
Report No. FHWA-RD-01-156, 2001.
OCR for page 11
research oPPortunities corrosion science engineering
in and
FIGURE 1.1 A mooring ring, shackle, and thimble with rope illustrate three different techniques for
combatting the effects of materials degradation,. Originally, the ring and eye bolt were painted, the
shackle and thimble were galvanized (zinc coated), and the mooring line was made of nylon. Courtesy
of Erik Svedberg.
$2 trillion and $4 trillion are lost to corrosion each decade—on a relative scale,
this amount equates to the cost of repairing the infrastructure damage of three or
four hurricanes as large as Hurricane Katrina, which caused massive damage in
New Orleans, southern Mississippi, and Alabama.
However, the true costs of corrosion to society are even more pervasive and, in
practice, difficult to compile. Several studies, including a recent National Research
Council (NRC) report on corrosion education,2 have described both the economic
impacts of corrosion and the less measurable impacts such as loss of readiness—
that is, the nation's ability to respond militarily or otherwise to emergencies or
other situations involving national security. For example, while the maintenance
and replacement costs associated with the corrosion of military systems can be
2 National Research Council, Assessment of Corrosion Education, The National Academies Press,
Washington, D.C., 2009, available at http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12560.
OCR for page 11
corrosion—its influence control
readily estimated, the dollar costs associated with the military's inability to respond
promptly to a national emergency are difficult to capture directly. Similarly, while
the costs of replacing deteriorating bridges and highway infrastructure can be
estimated—including the impacts on national productivity and security brought
about by failures and traffic congestion during repairs—such estimates require
assumptions that are subject to considerable judgment.
Corrosion can affect public health, the environment, and global sustainability
in ways that cannot be quantified simply in terms of GDP loss. The deterioration
of an early generation of medical devices and implants resulting from interactions
with human body fluids, the leaching of corrosion products into the environment,
and the weakening of the nation's energy and transportation infrastructures all
have impacts that greatly exceed those that are purely financial. The NRC report
Assessment of Corrosion Education3 discusses the broader impact of corrosion and
educational challenges in greater detail (Figure 1.2).
Interestingly, the physical processes that cause materials to degrade may be har-
nessed for society's benefit. For example, the fabrication of semiconductor devices
relies on a variety of etching, deposition, and oxidation processes often operating
at the nanometer level. The ability to precisely control the rates and extent of these
processes is critical to that fabrication. Corrosion-associated processes are also rel-
evant to other technologies, both in terms of routes by which to synthesize materials
and as a means to understand their performance from a mechanistic standpoint.
Examples of materials issues include biodegradability and recycling, battery design
and development, nanoporous metals for catalysis and sensing, and fuel cells and
gas separation membranes. State-of-the-art corrosion research therefore has the
potential not only to contribute significantly to many other fields of science and
engineering but also to enable them.
Corrosion has historically been defined as the destructive oxidation of metallic
materials. More recent definitions have described corrosion as the degradation of
any material and its attendant loss of function by exposure to and interaction with
its environment. The committee, mindful of the increased application of nonmetals
in important structural applications, chose to define corrosion in the following
broader context: Corrosion is the environmentally induced degradation of a mate-
rial that involves a chemical reaction. Mechanical degradation mechanisms, such
as creep, wear, and fatigue, are not considered to be corrosion, although corrosion
processes may accelerate these degradation modes. Worth mentioning at this point
3 National Research Council, Assessment of Corrosion Education, The National Academies Press,
Washington, D.C., 2009, available at http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12560.
OCR for page 11
research oPPortunities corrosion science engineering
in and
FIGURE 1.2 Corrosion affects nearly every aspect of modern society. In many of these areas, however,
its impact is difficult to quantify.
is hydrogen embrittlement, the process by which various metals and alloys become
brittle and crack following exposure to hydrogen. Hydrogen embrittlement or
hydrogen cracking is often the result of the unintentional introduction of hydrogen
into susceptible metals and alloys during formation or finishing operations. The
leading types of corrosion are outlined in Box 1.1.
It should be pointed out here that corrosion processes often involve multiple
conjoint effects. Rarely does a single mechanism or event drive corrosion; rather, a
number of events combine to produce severe effects. Thus, we must keep in mind
that corrosion processes usually occur in the context of other factors (loads, wear,
crevices, temporally and spatially varying environments, etc.). One such combination
of factors can lead to mechanically assisted corrosion in total hip replacements:
OCR for page 11
corrosion—its influence control
Types of Corrosion
Metallic Corrosion
Uniform, or "general," corrosion
Crevice related
Corrosion by high-temperature gases (oxidation,1 sulfidation, chlorination, etc.)
Deposit-induced corrosion, which includes "hot corrosion"
Galvanic mechanically assisted corrosion
Stress corrosion cracking
Corrosion fatigue
Fretting corrosion
Erosion corrosion
Hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen-induced cracking, and hydrogen attack
Nonmetallic Corrosion
Recession of ceramics in the presence of water vapor or volatile compounds
Diffusion-controlled leaching (ion exchange) in glass
Glass network hydrolytic dissolution
Ultraviolet degradation of organic coatings and polymers
Autocatalytic (acid-driven) degeneration
Metal-ion-induced oxidation
1 Oxidation is used here in a very narrow sense to indicate gas-metal reactions that form
oxide products.
• Wear (typically fretting),
• Passive oxide abrasion,
• Repassivation,
• Hydrogen ion generation, and
• Crevice environments.
It is the biological inflammatory response to these processes that generates
aggressive oxidative environments in vivo (generation of reactive oxygen species,
etc.) that combine to lead to severe attacks on medical alloys. Ti alloys can become
subjected to pitting in vivo, and Co-Cr-Mo alloys can undergo penetrating inter-
granular corrosion as well, leading to implant fatigue and fracture.
OCR for page 11
research oPPortunities corrosion science engineering
in and
Another kind of corrosion sustained by medical implants is the metal-ion
oxidation sustained by polyurethane pacemaker leads. This failure mode is highly
complex and involves water transport across the insulation of the lead, allowing
contact with the Co-Cr alloy, which then corrodes by a fretting mechanism. The
metal ions, in particular Co2+, then penetrate the polyurethane and oxidize it in a
catalytic fashion. This leads ultimately to an electrical breach in the lead and failure
of the pacemaker, often resulting in the death of the patient.
EXAMPLES OF CORROSION MITIgATION CHALLENgES
Corrosion may be inevitable, but there are ways to retard it—that is, to slow
the kinetics of deterioration. The mitigation strategy for a material must be tailored
to the environment and to the composition and structure of the material. Some
materials are inherently slow to corrode, especially in the absence of oxygen; others
corrode slowly by forming layers of protective corrosion product (Box 1.2).
Materials with different properties will require different mitigation strategies:
• Metals and alloys without intrinsic corrosion resistance. Such materials can
corrode in otherwise innocuous waters or atmospheres, when dissolved oxygen is
present or in which water can be reduced to generate free hydrogen. These metals
and alloys usually need to be actively protected. Alloys such as low-carbon steels
can be used in thick sections to accommodate the loss of material.
• Passie metals and alloys. Usually alloys such as stainless steel or nickel-
chromium can be used unprotected in innocuous environments and in a certain
range of aggressive environments such as seawater or mild acids, depending on
the content of alloying elements. Superpassive metals—such as tantalum, which
resists strong hydrochloric acid—also exist but are considerably more expensive.
The main issue with passive metals is their propensity for localized—rather than
• Copper-based materials. Owing to the thermodynamic immunity of copper,
corrosion is normally slow or absent unless oxygen or another strong oxidant is
present. Aqueous sulfide solutions are an exception. When oxygen is present or in
the presence of acid rain, these materials may react like other nonpassive metals
(see Figure 1.3).
• Certain high-strength alloys. These alloys can survive at very high temperatures
because they form surface layers that protect against oxygen in the application envi-
ronment or because they are given metallic coatings that perform this function.
• Glass and ceramics. Such materials are affected not by electrochemical pro-
cesses but mainly by simple dissolution of the material. One way of protecting
against the corrosion of glass is to add lime: added to soda-glass it reduces solubility
in water.
OCR for page 11
corrosion—its influence control
In his 2007 book The World Without Us,1 Alan Weisman suggests that copper and its alloys
are the structural materials most likely to survive for thousands of years in a world suddenly
depopulated of human beings. This conclusion, based on a strictly thermodynamic criterion
(copper being the most noble structural metal and sometimes found uncombined in nature), may
not be correct, however, given that some invented materials, like stainless steel, will also endure
for thousands of years because their surface is protected by passivating oxide films.
1 Alan Weisman, The World Without Us, Thomas Dunne Books, New York, 2007.
FIGURE 1.3 Bronze statue with a protective layer of patina created by slow chemical alteration of the
copper content, producing a basic carbonate. The statue has been exposed to the coastal weather
outside the city hall of Stockholm. Courtesy of Erik Svedberg.
OCR for page 11
research oPPortunities corrosion science engineering
in and
• Polymers. Degradation is due to a wide array of physiochemical processes.
One common problem is swelling, where small molecules infiltrate the structure,
reducing strength and stiffness and causing a volume change. Conversely, many
polymers are intentionally swelled with plasticizers, which can be leached out of
the structure, causing brittleness or other undesirable changes. The most common
form of degradation, however, is a decrease in polymer chain length. The mecha-
nisms that break polymer chains are ionizing radiation (most commonly ultraviolet
light), free radicals, and oxidizers such as oxygen, ozone, and chlorine. Additives
as simple as a UV-absorbing pigment (i.e., titanium dioxide or carbon black) can
slow these processes very effectively.
Mitigation techniques can be roughly classified as either active or passive.
Examples of active mitigation techniques include inhibitors, external cathodic
protection, with or without coatings, and sacrificial anodes. Passive techniques
include material selection, organic and inorganic coatings, and metallic coatings
(including both barrier and sacrificial coatings). One other example of mitigation
is control of the environment (oxygen, ions, etc.) such as is sometimes done in
boilers when oxygen and ions are removed while inhibitors (amines) are added.
The decision to use one technique or a combination of techniques depends on the
type of corrosion that is expected, the tolerance for risk, the cost of the technique,
the material, the environment, and other factors related to the design of a structure,
such as accessibility and size.
The committee assembled and distributed a questionnaire focused on corro-
sion mitigation in order to better understand the current concerns and problems.
The questionnaire, which was made available to key personnel at DOD, MTI, and
LMI; the NACE Technical and Research Activities Committees; and directly through
the ROCSE Web site, gathered information on the respondents' backgrounds; types
of corrosion that were of greatest concern; types, costs, and efficacies of mitiga-
tion systems employed; and idealized mitigation systems. Respondents were also
given the opportunity to suggest scientific advances that could lead to new and/or
better mitigation technologies. Almost 200 people from a wide variety of indus-
try sectors responded to the questionnaire. The majority of the respondents had
been involved with corrosion mitigation for more than 15 years managing assets
valued at more than $10 million each. A variety of corrosion mechanisms were
cited as being troublesome to the respondents, with pitting corrosion the biggest
single problem. What most concerned the respondents was safety. Many corrosion
mitigation strategies were relied on by the respondents, the most frequent being
material selection, monitoring/inspections, external cathodic protection with coat-
ings, organic coatings, and inhibitors. A majority of respondents reported having
spent more than $200,000 per year on corrosion mitigation.
OCR for page 11
corrosion—its influence control
Overall, the respondents were at least moderately satisfied with their choice of
mitigation technique. In responses to questions about difficulties encountered with
the different techniques, some areas of concern became apparent, including sensors
for measuring localized corrosion, remote sensing, protection under disbonded
coatings, surface preparation requirements for coatings, lack of training, and lack
of reliable real-time models to predict lifetimes and damage mechanisms. When
asked where future mitigation research should be focused, most questionnaire
respondents suggested monitoring and modeling (especially remote monitoring
or monitoring of localized corrosion and modeling for lifetime prediction and for
new alloy performance), coatings (especially for high-temperature applications or
to reduce the need for surface preparation), and development of active systems.
The responses are given in more detail in Appendix B, "Results of the Com-
mitee's Corrosion Mitigation Questionnaire."
SuCCESS STORIES FROM CORROSION RESEARCH
The success stories that follow are not exhaustive. Rather, they were selected
to illustrate the impact of advances in science and engineering—emerging tools,
analytical approaches, and new materials design, synthesis, and processing—on
strategies for material and operational solutions to environmentally induced degra-
dation. These advances have historically helped the community develop an under-
lying scientific understanding as well as the technological means to mitigate corro-
sion. The committee is confident that the community will continue to pursue these
goals and felt that it was not necessary to arbitrarily limit (or to underestimate)
the imagination of researchers by specifying which developments and techniques
should be pursued, particularly given the vast range of related phenomena. Rather,
historical examples are contained in many of these success stories, which, addition-
ally, offer a glimpse into why future advances hold promise for greater progress in
combating corrosion and also illustrate the other factors (such as societal needs,
technological drivers, policy, multidisciplinary approaches, and thrusts of critical
size) that contribute to successful endeavors to deal with corrosion. The examples
begin with general materials development and then move to application-specific
success stories.
Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant Alloys
Despite the fact that it is not thermodynamically possible to develop alloys
that are totally immune to corrosion, there have been extraordinary developments
with respect to heat- and corrosion-resistant alloys in the last century, and—as a
result of research efforts—these developments have accelerated over the last few
decades. Among the many success stories that are associated with these new mate-
OCR for page 11
research oPPortunities corrosion science engineering
0 in and
rials, one of the most important has been the development of the modern family
of austenitic stainless steels.
As early as 1821, Berthier, based on the work of Faraday and Stodart, produced
stainless alloys of iron and chromium.4 However these alloys were extremely brittle
and had no structural usefulness. The first useful stainless steels were developed
in the beginning of the twentieth century by Monnartz in Germany and Brearley in
England,5 but it was not until the 1912-1914 period that the commercial success of
these austenitic steels—primarily based on the addition of 18 percent chromium
and 8 percent nickel—was first recognized.6
In the 1970s—when strength considerations became an issue for stainless
steels—duplex versions were developed, which also increased resistance to chloride
stress corrosion cracking. In the 1980s stainless steels with higher molybdenum
were formulated to solve problems with localized corrosion encountered in ag-
gressive environments.
This abbreviated history of stainless steels illustrates the successes in the devel-
opment of iron-based, corrosion-resistant alloys. Developments were accompanied
by use of increasingly sophisticated experimental and characterization techniques
from advances in allied fields. However, it was also a labor-intensive effort, and the
time period—from recognition of the problem, to an understanding of its origin,
to the development of the most resistant alloys—was on the order of 80 years. This
was hardly an efficient process.
Even with advances in alloy development technologies, it still took almost a
quarter of a century to improve the nickel-containing alloys of the 600 family of
stainless steels to the more corrosion-resistant versions (e.g., alloys 690, 22, 59, and
2000) that are enabling many applications in extremely aggressive environments
found in the chemical industries, nuclear reactors, steam generators, and sour oil
and gas production.
The development of heat-resistant alloys was similarly lengthy and inefficient.
In the 1970s the protective oxide layers on nickel-based alloys were much improved
by alloying them with elements that resulted in a more stable and tenacious layers
of alumina versus chromia. It is only now that the concept of alumina protective
layers is being applied to more cost-effective and high-temperature iron-based
heat-resistant alloys, effectively producing a new class of stainless steels based on
the principles of selective oxidation and advanced microstructural control of pre-
cipitates for strengthening.7
4 Louis Kuslan, "Berthier, Pierre," pp. 72-73 in Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Charles Scribner's
Sons, New York, 1970-1980.
5 See "Harry Brearley, 1871–1948," Tilt Hammer Web site at http://www.tilthammer.com/bio/brear.
6 New York Times, January 31, 1915.
7 Y. Yamamoto, M.P. Brady, Z.P. Lu, P.J. Maziasz, C.T. Liu, B.A. Pint, K.L. More, H.M. Meyer, and
E.A. Payzant, Creep-resistant, Al2O3-forming austenitic stainless steels, Science 316:433-436, 2007.
OCR for page 11
corrosion—its influence control
In the last few decades, amorphous and nonequilibrium alloys processed using
heretofore exotic methods (e.g., spun cooled, sprayed, sputter deposited, and laser
surface melted) presented the potential for extraordinary advances in the devel-
opment of corrosion-resistant alloys. Iron- and nickel-based metallic glasses have
been developed whose corrosion resistance rivals that of the best conventional
nickel-based superalloys in the low-temperature regime.8 This advance was enabled
by certain glass-forming elements that allow for the addition of large amounts of
traditional corrosion-beneficial alloying elements without detrimental effects; the
emergence of metallic glass composites; and the benefits of selected minor alloying
elements. In addition, multifunctional amorphous and semiamorphous alloys9 that
offer tunable barrier, sacrificial, and chemical-inhibiting capabilities have also been
produced. While these materials had long been considered impractical, laser surface
treating used by heavy equipment manufacturers has enabled mass production of
coatings and bulk metallic glasses and demonstrated routes to practical processing
technologies that can produce significant improvements in corrosion protection.
What's Next for Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant Materials?
The emergence of the metallic glasses and alumina-forming stainless steels as
potentially highly corrosion-resistant materials is only one example of the progress
that is continuing to be made. Both show ways in which lessons learned, new mate-
rials developments, the incorporation of modern tools into research activities, and
growing understanding of the relationships between structure, materials behavior,
and component design can speed the development of such alloys. Key challenges
remain, however, in the design or specification of materials for targeted lifetimes
in particularly aggressive environments.
Conclusion (Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant Materials)
The most impressive corrosion-resistant alloys in the last half century began
to be developed by metals producers. Work on amorphous metals and advanced
surface treatments have been funded by university-led efforts or consortia of uni-
versities and companies. One area where industry has taken the lead recently is
corrosion-resistant rebar materials where cost-effective stainless grades are being
8 J.R. Scully, A. Gebert, J.H. Payer, Corrosion and related mechanical properties of bulk metallic
glasses, Journal of Materials Research 22(2):302-313, 2007; R. Huang, D.J. Horton, F. Bocher, and J.R.
Scully, Localized corrosion resistance of Fe-Cr-Mo-W-B-C bulk metallic glasses containing Mn+Si or
Y in neutral and acidified chloride solutions, Corrosion 66, 035003, 2010; doi:10.5006/1.3360908.
9 F. Presuel-Moreno, M.A. Jakab, N. Tailleart, M. Goldman, and J.R. Scully, Corrosion resistant
metallic coatings, Materials Today 11(10):14-23, 2008; M.A. Jakab and J.R. Scully, Storage and release
of inhibitor ions from amorphous Al-Co-Ce alloys: Controlled release on demand, Nature Materials
4:667-670, 2005.
OCR for page 11
research oPPortunities corrosion science engineering
in and
FIGURE 1.4 Femoral replacement part (T28) with stress corrosion cracking. Courtesy of Stanley A.
Brown, U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Conclusion (Medical Deices)
As advances in the understanding of medicine and technology allow for inno-
vative devices and therapies, new and better materials will have to be developed
for use in the human body. Up to now most of the materials used in implantable
medical devices were developed for other applications and later applied for medi-
cal uses because they had some of the desired requirements (strength, flexibility,
fatigue resistance, electrical conductance, corrosion resistance). However, the cost
of developing and qualifying materials for implantation is often not very attractive
for the many companies. Government funding for R&D in implantable medical
devices is especially desirable in this area. Current understanding of how biology
and materials interact is still quite primitive. To truly design new medical devices
from first principles requires a far better understanding of the interface of mate-
rials and biology.
OCR for page 11
corrosion—its influence control
Nuclear Reactor Systems
Commercial and military nuclear reactors have experienced a wide range of
corrosion problems over the past 55 years, and—starting in the 1960s—corrosion
research has been put to good use to mitigate and solve those problems. All oper-
ating plants in the United States use ordinary light water with few impurities but
have nevertheless been surprisingly susceptible to corrosion.
In boiling water reactor systems, the dominant problem had been intergranular
stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in 304 austenitic stainless steel sensitized by weld-
ing, which was causing crippling levels of plant outage. This situation was trans-
formed by the recognition that the cracking could be controlled by modifying the
water chemistry and the surface condition of the wetted surfaces of the plant.
First, the impurity content of the water was reduced; then, hydrogen was intro-
duced, at undesirably high levels, to lower the corrosion potential of the steel. Then,
in a classic application of corrosion science, it was shown that the wet deposition
of noble metals on the plant surfaces could achieve a similar level of protection
with much lower hydrogen levels. All this practical mitigation was supported by
extensive corrosion science research, including the development of in situ probes
for monitoring hydrogen content, electrode potential, and crack growth rate.
In pressurized water reactors, corrosion problems have been associated mostly
with steam generators, where nickel-based alloy 600 was originally used for the
tubing that separated the primary reactor coolant water from the water that is
boiled to drive the turbines. This proved to be a bad choice because the material
was susceptible to SCC from both sides. However, remedial measures—including
heat-treating the tubing material, retubing with a new alloy, and reducing the
deposition of sludge arising from impurities in the feed water—prolonged the life
of the steam generators.
In the process of this mitigation, superb research in support of critical issues
was done in metallurgy, chemical engineering corrosion science, and even geo-
chemistry. Now, the industry is in the position that it can—with fair confidence—
predict extremely long life for its new plants as well as exceed the life extension
targets for refurbished plants.
Both kinds of nuclear plants have experienced SCC problems of neutron-
irradiated material in the core, and some of the most ambitious corrosion research
of the past two decades has dealt with the resulting blend of material property
alteration, microstructure, and SCC behavior using advances in modeling and
characterization. As a result of experimentation and basic research, material life
can be predicted more accurately, and recommendations exist for new alloys with
enhanced resistance to this specialized form of SCC. The ultimate goal is quantita-
tive prediction of life once the corrosion and degradation mechanisms have been
fully understood.
OCR for page 11
research oPPortunities corrosion science engineering
0 in and
Models and real-time information measured at the plants allow the plant life
to be extended while still operating within technical specifications. This real-time
information provides a deeper understanding of plant behavior and leads to im-
proved plant performance. This multitiered approach of using modeling, sensors,
and plant information allowed researchers to solve the problem of corrosion-
triggered activity transport around the primary cooling circuit, leading to a buildup
of radiation fields outside the core. Several models, in conjunction with plant data,
are used around the world to predict the accumulation of those unwanted radiation
fields.14 The models take into account that the water chemistry of pressurized water
reactors is affected by water radiolysis, chemical reactions, and convection of the
injected chemicals like hydrogen gas, boron, and lithium (to maintain the proper
percent hydrogen). Particle deposition is modeled around the entire primary cool-
ant loop. Such modeling and monitoring are used to assure that exposure of plant
personnel to radiation can be kept at levels that meet regulatory standards.
The "chemistry control" of primary and secondary coolant fluid has become
a mature, integral part of nuclear reactor corrosion control, because water chem-
istry and the oxidizing power of the fluids are key factors in corrosion initiation
phenomena and propagation rates. Water chemistry, potential, and redox electrode
sensors have all been developed that enable the verification of key water chemistry
variables and their manipulation in various ways to reduce corrosion. Moreover,
damage sensors have been developed to help verify model predictions and confirm
the beneficial effects of water chemistry "housekeeping" on rates if stress corro-
sion propagation. These advances in sensor and measurement technology have
been instrumental in programs to extend reactor service life and to reduce reactor
downtime. These measurements and others are crucial to the ability to predict the
lifetime of existing and new nuclear power reactors and corrosion in both.
What's Next for Nuclear Reactor Systems?
New designs and new types of advanced nuclear power plants (e.g., supercritical
steam) present the same need for in-depth understanding of corrosion processes
and the associated means to control corrosion's detrimental effects. Indeed, for new
plant concepts, knowledge gained from current R&D should be used prescriptively
(rather than remedially and reactively, as in earlier generations of plants) in the
design of components and control systems to avoid operational problems from
14 International Atomic Energy Agency, High Temperature On-Line Monitoring of Water Chemis-
try and Corrosion Control in Water Cooled Power Reactors: Report of a Coordinated Research Project,
-, IAEA-TECDOC-1303, July 2002; Nuclear Energy Education Research, Electrochemistry of
Water-Cooled Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Energy Education Research (NEER) Final Technical Progress
Report, Grant No. DE-FG07-021D14334, August 8, 2006.
OCR for page 11
corrosion—its influence control
corrosion and environmental effects. Indeed, as water-cooled reactors are driven to
higher efficiencies and burn-ups and stricter limits on safety performance, corro-
sion challenges will only multiply and the environments to which the materials will
be subjected become more extreme. Then there are the formidable corrosion chal-
lenges in advanced (generation IV and beyond) reactor systems. Supercritical water
poses extreme risks of stress corrosion failure, especially in pressure vessel designs
(as opposed to the CANDU-like design), and water radiolysis in such conditions is
not well enough understood to provide a baseline for definition of the environment.
Neutron irradiation complicates such assessments even further. Developments in
high-temperature gas-cooled systems will be plagued by corrosion issues due to
impurities in the helium gas, and other advanced designs using liquid metals will
be subject to various forms of degradation, including corrosion.15,16
Conclusion (Nuclear Reactor Systems)
In response to regulatory and economic pressures, some of the best and most
critical successes in corrosion science and engineering have come about by solving
a host of initially unanticipated problems related to the continued safe operation
of nuclear plants.
Radioactive Waste
Disposal of high-level nuclear waste is a worldwide issue. The United States
alone has 77,000 tons of high-level nuclear waste, equivalent to one half pound for
every citizen. The Federal Nuclear Waste repository was established to isolate this
waste for at least 10,000 years without radionuclide release, which will be dependent
on the successful choice, fabrication, and total performance of an engineered waste
barrier that is resistant, but not immune, to corrosion.
The total system relies on defense in depth through vitrification and immo-
bilization of the nuclear waste within glass, the storage of borated stainless steel
baskets, and enclosure in a modern corrosion-resistant alloy. An extraordinary ef-
fort has been under way around the world to verify acceptable performance over
what had heretofore been unthinkable lifetimes. This has brought about some
revolutionary new lines of thinking in the corrosion field—on, for instance, the
theory, experiment, and modeling of extremely low corrosion rates; the revisita-
tion of such issues as long-term passivity of alloys in complex environments; and
15 U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Basic Research Needs for Adanced
Nuclear Energy Systems, 2006.
16 C. Cabet, J. Jang, J. Konys, and P.F. Tortorelli, Environmental degradation of materials in ad -
vanced reactors, MRS Bulletin 34(1):35-39, 2009.
OCR for page 11
research oPPortunities corrosion science engineering
in and
on critical partnerships with experts in other fields who are able to bring insights
from, and advances in, their fields to bear on the problem.
Conclusion (Radioactie Waste)
Unprecedented coupling between corrosion scientists, geochemists, and risk
assessment experts can serve as a useful model for any high-priority thrust in
corrosion. Our understanding of corrosion, welding, phase stability, and nickel-
chromium-molybdenum superalloys has been advanced to levels equal to any other
alloy system. While translation to practice awaits policy and political decisions, this
research has led to a vast improvement in corrosion science and to technological
confidence that an engineered waste barrier can be perfected to contain nuclear
Protective Coatings for High-Temperature Combustion Turbines
Coatings are used in a variety of applications to protect alloys that exhibit at-
tractive properties at high temperatures but would be too reactive in the service
environment. For example, aluminum-oxide-forming bond coats provide super-
alloys used in the hot sections of gas turbines with oxidation resistance as part of
the ongoing drive toward higher efficiencies and better performance characteristics
for air-breathing propulsion and land-based power systems.
Alternatively, materials that already exhibit good high-temperature proper-
ties and corrosion resistance at the requisite temperatures are desirable. As such,
ceramics and ceramic-composite materials such as silicon carbide have been the
subject of study and development for a number of years. However, when such
composites were targeted for use in combustion turbines, the presence of water
vapor at elevated pressures revealed that silicon dioxide is unstable owing to
its susceptibility to volatilization. Work at the National Aeronautics and Spaces
Administration (NASA) Glenn Research Center and elsewhere conclusively dem-
onstrated the impact of water vapor on silicon carbide recession and produced
a robust model that definitively described the recession rates in terms of the im-
portant environmental parameters.17 This work also indicated candidate materials
that could be used for environmental barrier coatings18 to protect these composites
(Figure 1.5) and enabled the development of reliable accelerated testing of can -
17 See, for example, E.J. Opila, Oxidation and volatilization of silica formers in water vapor, Journal
of the American Ceramic Society 86:1238-1248, 2003.
18 See, for example, K.N. Lee, D.S. Fox, and N.P. Bansal, Rare earth silicate environmental bar-
rier coatings for SiC/SiC composites and Si3N4 ceramics, Journal of the European Ceramic Society
25:1705-1715, 2005.
OCR for page 11
corrosion—its influence control
FIGURE 1.5 Combustor liner made from SiC-fiber-reinforced SiC (SiC/SiC) composite for the Solar
Turbines, Inc., Centaur 50 gas turbine. An environmental barrier coating was applied to the inside
circumference of the outer ring and to the outside circumference of the inner ring (the surfaces facing
the combustion gas). Inset: Cross section of the coating; BSAS, barium-strontium aluminosilicate;
mullite, aluminosilcate; underlying the Si layer is the SiC/SiC composite. Courtesy of Solar Turbines,
Inc., and Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
didate coatings.19 Collaborations between NASA, the national laboratories, and
industrial partners have led to the development of robust processes for applying
state-of-the-art coatings to SiC matrix composites.
19 R.C. Robinson and J.L. Smialek, SiC recession caused by SiO scale volatility under combustion
conditions: 1, Experimental results and empirical model, Journal of the American Ceramic Society
82:1817-1825, 1999; E.J. Opila, J.L. Smialek, R.C. Robinson, D.S. Fox, and N.S. Jacobson, SiC recession
caused by SiO2 scale volatility under combustion conditions: II, Thermodynamics and gaseous-
diffusion model, Journal of the American Ceramic Society 82:1826-1834, 1999; P.F. Tortorelli and K.L.
More, Use of very high water-vapor pressures to evaluate candidate compositions for environmental
barrier coatings, Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 00 1:363-367, 2005.
OCR for page 11
research oPPortunities corrosion science engineering
in and
What's Next for Protectie Coatings?
The need for even higher engine efficiencies and performance requires materi-
als that show extraordinary stability and resistance to degradation at environmental
extremes of temperature, pressures, and reactive species.20 Increasingly robust envi-
ronmental barrier coatings will be needed, or failures as those described in Box 1.3
will continue to occur. These coatings will require the development of even more
advanced mechanistic knowledge and models.
Conclusion (Protectie Coatings)
Through government and industry collaborations, a fundamental understand-
ing of the degradation mechanisms associated with high-temperature volatiliza-
tion of SiC matrix composites, combined with the development of highly reliable
coating processes, has paved the way for use of the high-temperature SiC matrix
composites in aero propulsion and land-based combustion turbine applications.
The ability to use SiC matrix composites in oxidizing environments containing
water vapor and other impurities has pushed by 200°C the envelope for the tem-
perature at which this structural material can be used, making it one of the most
robust commercial materials for very high temperature applications.
SuMMARY OBSERVATIONS
There has been significant progress in the development of corrosion-resistant
materials, understanding of basic mechanisms by which corrosion occurs, and the
implementation of mitigation techniques. This progress has allowed for the current
state of materials usage in both common and harsh environments. The primary
drivers for corrosion research have been industrial and government needs. Address-
ing these needs has led to advances in science, as well as further practical improve-
ments, which then provide for further scientific advances. Although there is always
a possibility for doing more, the government has played a vital role in the field of
corrosion research—including challenging industry with critical problems (e.g.,
related to access to space, nuclear power, reduced maintenance of roads and bridges,
and performance of military equipment), funding and conducting research, estab-
lishing standards, and prescribing regulatory requirements for safety and health.
Nevertheless, the industrial research and development base that led to many of the
advances in new materials and understanding of corrosion behavior has eroded,
and as such, the government agencies that have responsibilities dependent on the
20 U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Basic Research Needs for Materials
under Extreme Enironments, report on the Workshop on Materials under Extreme Environments,
June 11-13, 2007, available at http://www.er.doe.gov/bes/reports/files/MUEE_rpt.pdf.
OCR for page 11
corrosion—its influence control
Corrosion Challenges with Infrastructure Systems
Infrastructure systems are meant to safely serve society for long periods. Design codes
provide guidance and requirements to limit the corrosion of these infrastructure systems with
the objective of ensuring these longer service lives. It is generally not the objective of these
codes to prevent all corrosion, but in conjunction with proper inspections to limit the risk of
failure resulting from corrosion. However, these guidelines and requirements have not always
resulted in long-lasting infrastructure systems. Corrosion in our infrastructure systems results
in reduced structural capacities, which can lead to structural failures. Figure 1.3.1 shows
the underside of a steel bridge member exhibiting significant corrosion—in this case, good
inspection practices revealed the damage, thereby preventing failure. However, corrosion has
led to failures (in 1967, corrosion and fatigue of an I-beam on the Silver Bridge resulted in its
collapse,1 killing 26 people who were using the bridge. More recently (2000), a pedestrian
bridge in Charlotte, North Carolina, failed due to corrosion of the steel reinforcement, injuring
107 people.2 Underground infrastructure systems also exhibit corrosion. Figure 1.3.2 shows
a failed cast iron pipe. Water pipe failures throughout the United States have led to closures
of subways, roads, and businesses, often temporarily crippling the local economy. In fact, the
failure of large-diameter water mains has led to significant flooding and millions of dollars in
FIGURE 1.3.1 The underside of a steel bridge member exhibiting significant corrosion. Courtesy
of the Texas Department of Transportation, © 2007. All rights reserved.
OCR for page 11
research oPPortunities corrosion science engineering
in and
BOX 1.3 Continued
FIGURE 1.3.2 A failed cast iron pipe. Courtesy of Mark Lewis, East Bay Municipal Utility
repair costs. The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) regulates the
inspection and incident reporting of pipelines carrying hazardous materials. Increased inspec-
tion requirements have led to a 40 percent reduction in serious incidents.3 Although corrosion
has resulted in and will continue to result in significant loss of economy, the implementation
of sound inspection requirements have proven to reduce serious incidents and failures. With
better science and engineering, a more economical solution to corrosion prevention can likely
be discovered.
1 National Transportation Safety Board, A Highway Accident Report, Collapse of U.S. 35
Highway Bridge, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1971.
2 R.P. Poston and J.S. West, Investigation of the Charlotte Motor Speedway Bridge collapse,
ASCE Conference Proceedings 171:243, 2005.
3 U.S. Department of Transportation Web site, http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/portal/site/PHMSA,
accessed April 20, 2010.
OCR for page 11
corrosion—its influence control
materials used will need to consider new options. In addition, despite major differ-
ences in corrosion problems as well as solutions from industry to industry, the issue
is always there. To ensure that corrosion-related issues are identified and solutions
implemented, industry must be integrally involved.
Advances in corrosion research have also been facilitated over the years by
developments from other fields. Major advances in materials characterization and
computation and modeling in recent years make this an opportune time to address
previously unsolvable corrosion problems.
New materials developments have been significant, and recent developments
based on computational methodologies allow the process to occur at a much
faster pace. However, corrosion resistance is not yet among the properties being
optimized (see the section on integrated computational materials science and
engineering in Chapter 3).
With some exceptions (see, for example, the nuclear reactor systems success
story outlined above), a common element lacking in materials development and
selection is the ability to predict the effects of corrosion on useful system lifetime
and to use condition monitoring to detect end of life. Methodologies for accelerated
testing and predictive modeling are often lacking but are nonetheless critical to the
design and management of complex systems. Recent advances in data analysis and
engineering practice are aimed at predicting and managing lifetime using advanced
techniques of informatics, which can be of great value to knowledge discovery
regarding corrosion processes and development of mitigation strategies but has,
for the most part, been lacking in corrosion efforts. Hence, corrosion is not one of
the properties generally considered in this new prognosis strategy. The impact of
corrosion on society is very significant and affects nearly every aspect of daily life
in an industrialized country. In monetary terms, degradation by corrosion causes a
loss of several percent of the gross domestic product of industrialized nations every
year. Other major impacts of corrosion may be challenging to estimate, such as loss
of productivity, but are no less significant to society than pure monetary loss.
Although corrosion processes are inevitable, their rate of progression can
be significantly curtailed by appropriate mitigation strategies. Many examples
exist of how mitigation was successfully achieved after corrosion problems were
observed and often became the limiting factor in the engineering lifetime of an
Corrosion research has been inspired by application needs, seeking to under-
stand the specific details of the mechanisms of corrosion. Mitigation, which is a
corrosion engineering activity, has been most successful when it has been guided
by an understanding of the forces driving corrosion processes.
OCR for page 11


text:
Get Flash to see this player.
- Clip 1Clip 2Clip 3Clip 4Added: August 09, 2010
Brynn Tyler machine fucked to oblivion in her ass and pussy but a fast pounding, custom machine only found on fuckingmachines.com
Categories: Fetish
Rate This VideoRating : 3.5 (2 votes)
Copyright © 2015 Fucking Machine Free Porn Tube. All rights reserved


text:
Top Definition
A retrovirus. A type of cytokine that causes heart cells to engage in apoptosis, simulating a heart attack.
Solid Snake!
por denise osborne
11 de Dezembro de 2003
1 more definition
One of the biggest bitch-slaps to gamers ever created. When the best characters die in a game because of a mutated virus, Thats some bullshit.
Snake is like 85 looking now because of foxdie. The game.
por DarkHazard
25 de Agosto de 2010


text:
Previous Episode | Next Episode
Turn The Other Cheek
by Dave KochThis page has been viewed 12 times this month, and 245 times total.
Unknown Tag: 'short_stud_crew'
Unknown Tag: 'short_voice_crew'
Unknown Tag: 'short_dir_crew'
Unknown Tag: 'short_prod_crew'
Unknown Tag: 'short_write_crew'
Unknown Tag: 'short_edit_crew'
Unknown Tag: 'short_music_crew'
- 2007
- Moral Orel, Shadow Machine Films, Williams Street
- Cartoon Network
- Moral Orel Episode Guide
- Cartoon Characters: Clay Puppington, Doughy, Presbo the Clown, Coach Stopframe, Sal Figurelli, Principle Fakey, Walt Gluegon, Orel Puppington, Bloberta Puppington, Miss Sculptham, Tommy, Block Posabule.
- Vocal Talent: Scott Adsit (Clay Puppington, Doughy, Presbo the Clown), Jay Johnston (Coach Stopframe, Sal Figurelli, Principle Fakey, Walt Gluegon), Carolyn Lawrence (Orel Puppington), Britta Phillips (Bloberta Puppington, Miss Sculptham, Tommy), Tigger Stamatopoulos (Block Posabule).
- Directed By Chris McKay.
- Produced By Corey Campodonico.
Executive Producer: Dino Stamatopoulos.
Co-Executive Producers: Scott Adsit, Jay Johnston.
Associate Producer: Eric Blyler.
Line Producers: Victoria L. Howard, Jeanine Rohn. - Animated By Cameron Baity, Christopher Calvi, Melissa Goodwin, John Harvatine IV, Liz Harvatine, Josh Jennings, Martin Jimenez, Pete Levin, Matthew Manning, Ethan Marek, Kelly Mazurowski, Sarah E. Meyer, Tennessee Reid Norton, Thomas R. Smith, Eric Towner, Michael Wolfe.
Stop-Motion Animators: Eileen K. Kohlhepp, Tennessee Reid Norton. - Written By Scott Adsit.
- Edited By Chris McKay.
Additional Crew:
- Director of Photography: Jeff Gardner.
- Production Design: Jed Hathaway.
- Property Designer: Joe Schmidt.
- Production Illustrator: Brad Vancata.
- Additional Scenic: Tim Geisen, Clark James, Kurt Zendler.
- Visual Effects: Chris McKay.
- Lighting Technician: Drex Reed.
- Puppet Costumer: Amy Wulfing.
- Post-Production Coordinator: Jason Lassen.
- Additional Carpenter: Ronny Wormser.
- Puppet Fabricators: Thomas Smith, Rebecca Stillman, Amy Wulfing.
- Production Associate: Mike Fasolo.
- Additional Production Assistants: Ryan Colston, Feldo Nartapura.
- Interns: Eric Dubrae, Christine Sandoval, Michael Stiles.
- Insurance: Marc E. Spivey.
Submit Additional Information:
Do you have anything to add to this page? Have we made any mistakes... or do you ahve any additional information about Turn The Other Cheek? If so, we would love to hear from you. Please send us a quick note with your additions or corrections to this page, and we will make the corrections as soon as possible!
Report Errors / Submit Additional InformationCartoon Summary:
Orel teaches the school bully that the best defense is no defense.
Cartoon Comments:
Do you love Turn The Other Cheek, or do you think it is the worst cartoon ever? Let us know what you think! Surely you have an opinion... so share what you think. Take a minute and post your own comments about this cartoon here.


text:
Newegg.ca - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg.
If you are reading this message, Please click this link to reload this page.(Do not use your browser's "Refresh" button). Please email us if you're running the latest version of your browser and you still see this message.
Newegg.ca - Computer Parts, Laptops, Electronics, HDTVs, Digital Cameras and More!
The 24 hour programmable timer delivers coffee when you want it! Just set it up the night before, and wake up to the delicious odor of fresh-brewed coffee in the morning. Can't wait for the pot to stop brewing? No problem with the pause and serve feature!
Wake up to the wonderful appetizing odor of fresh, hot coffee, every morning! Great coffee with little effort is yours with this fantastic, dramatic coffeemaker from Delonghi!
Filter Results |
Design flawsPros: The idea for water fill is nice and why I got this one. Cons: My unit, like many others, leaks horribly. The leaks are inside the machine and seep out through the walls and corners. Out of 10 cups about 2 end up on the counter. Other Thoughts: The functionality would be nice if they just had better quality control. The maker is useless to me now because cleaning up 1/2 the kitchen every morning gets old fast. 1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? |
My Favorite Coffee MakerPros: The font loading is definitely the greatest feature. Never having to move the coffeemaker to fill is incredible. Best coffee, and I love my coffee, from any machine I have owned. Starbucks look out. Cons: Only two cons I have with this machine. Other Thoughts: I think DeLonghi did a pretty good job with this machine. Perhaps a stronger enamel paint on the warmer and a back lighted clock would make this machine is, in my opinion, be one of the best on the market. Did you find this review helpful? |
DeLonghiPros: Brews quickly, timer works well. Nice looking unit. Cons: The water fill area is narrow. Did you find this review helpful? |
Good Coffee - Weak CarafePros: Excellent Tasting Coffee. Front Loading is Excellent. Easy to Clean. Coffee is perfect temp to drink immediately after brewing. Cons: On our third carafe for this coffee maker already. First one cracked while being washed in the top rack of the dish washer. Ok, maybe our fault. Second one shattered while being hand washed in hot water in the sink. Glass is very thin on the carafe. Other Thoughts: Overall a good buy for the price. 1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? |
Perfect giftPros: Beautiful look; Cons: ? Other Thoughts: Thanks to newegg.ca ... fast delivery + good price = new customer satisfied ... A1 Did you find this review helpful? |
Makes good coffeePros: Permanent wire mesh filter basket doesn't need paper filters. Swing open basket/fill area makes it easy to load the basket and fill the tank with water. Programmable start feature handy for folks that want their coffee fresh and waiting for them when they get up. Cons: Digital LCD clock has no backlight, so it's hard to see in a low light situation for setting the programmable start. If you brew a full pot of coffee you need to be kind of careful when pouring the first few cups out of the carafe or it will spill some. Other Thoughts: I bought this about 6 months ago from a local store because the B&D junk I used to have died suddenly on me. I have had no leakage problems with my machine, unlike some people have said in reviews here. And to the dummy that said it put grounds all over in his machine; well it isn't designed to use paper filters. That's why they give you the wire mesh basket for your coffee. And that is a feature I love about this machine. No more running out of those paper filters and then having to make do with paper towels until you make a trip to the store. Also, Newegg has a better price on this than the store I bought mine from, but then I didn't have to wait for it to be delivered either. Did you find this review helpful? |
LEAKS, LEAKS, LEAKSPros: Easy water & coffee loading. Good cup of coffee. Looks good. Cons: Started leaking during brewing and would not stop. After 3 times, I decided to dissassemble the unit and find out why it was leaking. Belive me it was no small feat. I found that there was a hard water tube from the the bottom to the top approx. 6 inches long that just gets sandwiched between the top and bottom when the top is installed. After putting it back together, it worked for about 2 weeks (we use it 7 days aweek) and started leaking again. This is definitely a design flaw. The coffee maker was not designed to come apart. I am now going to get intouch with DeLonghi and see what they will do. I am assuming I will need to ship the unit some where. It is definitely not worth it. I had a $15.00 coffee maker before and that lasted 3+ years. 1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? |
My Favorite (30-years a Java Nut)Pros: Slow percolating option offers a richer coffee flavor: takes 18-22 minutes VS. normal near 10-minutes for full 12 cups water. Patience has it's rewards. Very fine metal screen filter is easy to empty (folding loop handle sits right on top) and clean ( basket is side screened and solid plastic bottom allows better steeping action.) Easy to program. You will never have escaping steam rise above the unit! The cord has a interior cavity to hold excess slack. Looks like Darth Vader would have rewarded it the Dark Side aesthetic approval! DeLonghi brand highly regarded for ultra expensive gourmet products: think Lamborghini. Cons: Fit and finish mixes the black plastic and stainless steel parts that appear more utility than luxury. Other Thoughts: Brews nearly as good a cup of coffee as a Starbucks french press without the fussy cleanup. I paid full retail at Crate and Barrel and highly recommend this unit as a sweet spot price for value. 1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? |
Design flaw in carafe -> cracks and leaksPros: Nice features Cons: Cracked carafe makes it worthless - special design does not allow replacement with other brand carafe. It's a safety hazard. Other Thoughts: Has some nice features, but with a serious flaw in the design of the carafe. I've owned two of them (I'm a slow learner) in the past ten months and the same problem occurred with each. With regular use, a crack will form at the bottom of the handle causing the carafe to leak and risk breaking when full. The top of the handle is poorly secured, while the bottom is attached to a metal band. The result is increased pressure on the too-thin glass of the lower portion of the carafe - and it cracks. This happened twice even though I only brew a half-pot on most days. When the coffee leaks, it boils on the hot plate and makes the carafe stick to it - a dangerous situation for trying to pick it up since there is already a crack there. 0 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? |
Coffee grounds galorePros: Makes farily good coffee at 6 cups. Was inexpensive compared to others. Newegg actually did shipthis. Must've been before the new crew that punishes the buyers for free shipping. Cons: Impractical to clean, have to turn it upside down with a sink nozzle hose. Other Thoughts: Get another model or settle for difficult to clean and 6 cup capacity 1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? |
Policy & Agreement | Privacy Policy
© 2000-2015 Newegg Inc. As used herein, "Newegg.ca" means Newegg Canada Inc. unless the context specifically refers to the www.newegg.ca web address.


text:
Full text loading...
No data available.
Please log in to see this content.
You have no subscription access to this content.
No metrics data to plot.
The attempt to load metrics for this article has failed.
The attempt to plot a graph for these metrics has failed.
The full text of this article is not currently available.
Fabrication of one-dimensional GaAs channel-coupled InAs quantum dot memory device by selective-area metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy


text:
I was curious if anyone had their parking assignments changed this year? Our pass was "upgraded" to Lot A2 because we had to increase our giving level to keep our game seat assignments. While it wasn't a concern last night because I was able to host a Cyclone Tent Tailgate I was wondering if anyone else has ever tailgated in Lot A2 and if it is as much fun as Lot G7?
We've parked in A3 for the last few years. It depends on what you like in your tailgate. If you want to be around a lot of young people and don't mind everything that comes with the young crowd than G7 would be better. For someone like myself I prefer A3 (A2 should be the same). Clean, lots of room, pavement, etc. It seems like most people who tailgate in this area keep to their own tailgate. It's hard to criticize tailgating anywhere at ISU.
Last edited by dmclone; 08-29-2008 at 05:52 PM.
Forum Rules


text:
If you have an e-cig blog/review/news site, and you want to be able to link to it (or continue to link to it) from the ECF, there is now a review process that must be completed. This is a very simple and easy review to ensure that such sites aren't those that exist mainly for the purpose of getting ECF members to click on affiliate links so the owners make money from them.
Please apply here directly if you wish to be able to link to your site from this forum: http://www.e-cigarette-forum.com/inf...s-manager.html


text:
You are here:
Search Results
First Prev | 1 Next Last
Nene Valley Railway (1003716)
Wansford Station Old Great North Rd StibbingtonPeterborough
Tel (Main): 01780 784444
Fax: 01780 784440
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Website: www.nvr.org.uk
Organisation Details:
Organisation Type:Leisure-Railway
Accessible Toilets: Yes
Wansford is the headquarters of the Nene Valley Railway. Full access is provided to most locations for disabled persons and most trains have a specially adapted carriage. Special toilet facilities are available at Wansford.First Prev | 1 Next Last
Contact Us
Call the helpline
0844 412 1770
accredited by DIAL-UK
Donate by text
Text CFDS34 + Amount e.g. "CFDS34 £5"


text:
By JOANN LOVIGLIO / Associated Press
PHILADELPHIA (AP) -- Vice President Joe Biden says there's a real sense of urgency from lawmakers and police about enacting gun control measures.
Biden was joined Monday at Girard (juh-RAHRD') College by law enforcement officials, U.S. Deputy Attorney General James Cole and Democratic members of Pennsylvania's congressional delegation.
Biden says ideas like universal background checks for gun purchases have widespread support.
The Obama administration is pushing for new gun control measures in the wake of the school shooting in Newtown, Conn., on Dec. 14.
Proposals include a new ban on military-style weapons, a ban on high-capacity magazines carrying more than 10 rounds of ammunition, and background checks for all gun sales.


text:
Anne Chu
American (New York City, New York, 1959)Ball Player Riding over a Mountain
oil and casein on wood and bronze
Not on view at this time; find out where you can see works from our collection at locations around the Bay Area while our building is closed for expansion
25 9/16 in. x 18 1/2 in. x 9 13/16 in. (65 cm x 47 cm x 25 cm)
Acquired 2005
Collection SFMOMA
Gift of Helen and Charles Schwab
© Anne Chu


text:
25 Free Craft Projects for Every Crafter - The Ultimate Craft Guide
Bonus: Get our newsletter & special offers for free. We will not share or sell your email address. View our Privacy Policy
Mollie Makes Christmas
Mollie Makes Christmas
By Mollie Makes Magazine
Gifted by Interweave Press
Reviewed by Melissa Conner
One of my favorite family Christmas traditions is making handmade gifts for my family and friends. From baking cookies to crocheting scarves, we all love making gifts for each other. Not only is it more personable, but it's so fun to create something special for someone you love!
If you love handmade gifts for the holidays, you're going to love Mollie Makes Christmas: Living and Loving a Handmade Holiday. This beautiful book by the designers of Mollie Makes magazine is filled with lovely crochet projects, knitting projects, paper crafts, sewing ideas, and lots more. You're sure to find something for everyone on your list in this collection of unique handmade gifts.
As a lover of all things vintage, I absolutely fell in love with the Paper Decoration String of Stars project. Made from patterned paper, upcycled books, recycled Christmas cards, and more, this stunning paper chain would look beautiful hanging in a window or on your Christmas tree. It's easy to make and a great way to use up leftover paper scraps.
If you love making gifts for your loved ones, you're going to love Mollie Makes Christmas. The 20 projects in this book are easy and fun to make, and there's literally something for everyone. So put a few more logs on the fire, grab a cup of hot cocoa and take out those craft supplies. This year, celebrate a beautiful handmade Christmas.
Tags / Related Topics
Your Recently Viewed Projects
Love these projects? Get MORE delivered to your Inbox – FREE Click Here!
bevjones 2762190
Jul 24, 2013
This book looks like it could be 'right up my alley'. The projects sound fun and interesting to make.
- WAS THIS HELPFUL? YesNo
Report Inappropriate Comment
Are you sure you would like to report this comment? It will be flagged for our moderators to take action.
Thank you for taking the time to improve the content on our site.
Something worth saving?
- SAVE all your favorite crafts
- ADD personal notes
- QUICKLY reference your crafts
Free eBooks
- 12 Fabulous Picnic Craft Ideas + Restaurant Copycat Recipes
- 14 Toilet Paper Roll Craft Ideas
- 17 Flower Craft Ideas: How To Make Paper Flowers, Easy Fabric Flowers and More
- 18 Tie Dye Patterns for Shirts, Decor, & More
- 26 Spring Crafts for Kids
- Crafts for Mom: 30 Free Craft Projects for Mother's Day
- Easter Eggs: Easter Egg Designs, Tips for Perfect Hard Boiled Eggs, Egg Recipes
- Garden Crafts
- Graduation Crafts
- Hop into Spring: Easter Crafting and Recipe


text:
Betty Crocker bright-colored, fruit-flavored snacks include:
It will be a favorite for the kids no matter which one you choose.
Product and nutrition details
Product locator
Fruit Roll-Ups tumbled into the marketplace in 1983, but research and development on the concept began in 1975.
When Late Night talk show host Jimmy Fallon was up for an Emmy Award, his pals made a trophy from Fruit Roll-Ups and Fruit by the Foot.
Whether it's apparel or kitchenware, cookbooks, costumes or toys, you'll find it at the General Mills Shop.
Search online; have it shipped.


text:
Follow Us!
Receive our FREE e-newsletter. Sign Up
Hannah Banana Foundation brightens the lives of chronically ill, hospitalized and terminally ill patients by giving therapeutic gifts such as art supplies, toys, journals and activity-oriented books directly to patients while they are in care.
Hannah Banana Rocks Again Benefit 2010 T-Shirts:


text:
Virginia Knitters
Anybody out there from my area? Just nosy I guess.
I'm not real close but I live in Chesapeake (Deep Creek). :waving: I've never been to Gloucester...just as far as the Coleman Bridge in Yorktown! :wink:
I'm at the other end of the state in Pulaski... hi :waving:
Mechanicsville Baby here...HI!!! :clink:
Hi, MzKtKat,
My son & his family live near you in Chesterfield County. Their mailing address is actually P'burg, but they're in the county. Give me a "holler" if you ever this way. Julie |
My parental types are in Chesterfield :)
I'm from the Franklin area- known for it's particularly bad smell from the IP paper mill!! I don't get too far these days--I have Fibromyalgia = arthritis and I'm just sore most all the time. But it'd be really nice to see some other knitters nearby!! SURELY there are more VA knitters than us!! I'm not a very prolific knitter, but I would like to knit with others some time.
My son and his wife live in Covington--is that near Pulaski, I wonder? |
I'm in Stafford... it's near Fredericksburg
All times are GMT -4. The time now is 01:18 AM. |
copyright knittinghelp.com


text:
use the following search parameters to narrow your results:
e.g. subreddit:aww site:imgur.com dog
subreddit:aww site:imgur.com dog
see the search faq for details.
advanced search: by author, subreddit...
~15 users here now
GENERAL RULES Updated 11/2014
Use constructive criticism - do not put others down. Please try to follow reddiquette when possible.
All posts have to be related to hair. (SFW only)
Spam will not be tolerated. Do not advertise your product, blog, or salon here. You will be reported, but more than likely your post will be caught in the spam filter anyway, so it's a waste of time.
For style advice and product recommendations, please be sure to include the type of hair you have and condition it's in, as well as the whole overall look you are trying to accomplish. For color advice: include things like whether or not the hair has been dyed before, and if so with what and how many times, and a picture! If you're not comfortable using your own picture, we would advise for you to use a celebrity hair color or style picture when describing a desired style, at least, for better advice! We highly suggest using imgur.com to upload images.
If you don't know how to describe a haircut to the barber then take the picture to him/her. It's always much better than explaining. It doesn't leave anything open to misinterpretation.
Other Communities you may enjoy:
/r/AskWomen - your window into the female mind
/r/beauty all things beauty
/r/frugalbeauty beauty for your budget
/r/malehairadvice - hair advice for men
/r/femalehairadvice - hair advice for women
/r/beards - share your magnificent beard and admire beard's of other people
/r/moustache - moustaches
/r/nopoo - a place to discuss natural hair care and alternatives to (sham)poo
/r/tressless - a hair loss community for sufferers of alopecia and balding
tldr; have respect for yourself and others, and don't spam.
If you feel your entry was unfairly removed or you were unfairly blocked, contact a moderator.
**PLEASE don't hold it against the mods if your post is not posted -- it's probably just stuck in the spam filter and we missed it. If you bring it to our attention we will hunt for it.
Going short in the near future! Any suggestions as to what would look nice? (self.Hair)
submitted 2 years ago by EmilioSleeves
My regular hair.
Up in a ponytail.
As the title says, I'm going to be cutting my hair very soon! I've had long hair for almost all my life, so cutting it short is making me very nervous--I have no idea what would look good!
The reason I'm cutting my hair is because I want to donate it. If you also had some tips on how to make sure my hair is as healthy as possible before donation, it would be much appreciated! :)
[–]cliched 1 point2 points3 points 2 years ago (2 children)
I poorly shopped you with different hairstyles. And by poorly, I mean poorly. But if you stare at them long enough and from a certain distance it looks good lol
one two
Maybe it'll give you some reference.
I think a little below chin length bob would look good.
[–]toastNcheeze 1 point2 points3 points 2 years ago (1 child)
I like 2!
[–]Zombie_Unicorn 0 points1 point2 points 2 years ago (0 children)
I agree, I think a bob would do great things for your facial structure - there are very few people that a tapered bob DOESN'T look good on, or a nice full bob with some side-swept bangs like in the (not so) poorly photoshop job #2.
[–]kroseg 0 points1 point2 points 2 years ago (0 children)
It looks like your hair is already really healthy so keep doing what you're doing! How much do you want/need to cut? I'd recommend finding several pictures of different lengths to try to narrow down a cut you are interested in. Either way I think you'd look great with shoulder length hair or even a short bob! Good luck and have fun!
π Rendered by PID 11667 on app-05 at 2015-04-26 15:51:50.037407+00:00 running 3702653 country code: US.


text:
Smooth R&B After Dark
Keep listening to 95-7 R&B
Listen Live
Audio Vault
Listen on Your Phone
Photo Galleries
R&B's Feed
Dale Murray
Charles Black
Theressa Brown
Bob Thomas
Alex Stewart
Reading and Succeeding
Theressa Brown
My Children
by Theresa Brown
posted Dec 1 2009 9:44AM
You know I have always loved children. Growing up in a family of 13 and having millions of nieces and nephews either you are going to love or hate children. I just happen to love them. But I never knew how much I could love children until I had my own. I was very scared when I first had my daughter Kristin, but she made it so easy for me. She was such a good baby. She loved to play. She was very smart and loved watching old movies with my mama. Today she owns all the old movies they watched together and watches them faithfully. Movies like, Calamity Jane, Gypsy, Meet Me in St Louis, My Fair Lady, Carmen Jones, and the list goes on and on. Kristin has been my biggest cheerleader. She encourages me when I am down, teaches me how to relax and always helps me to look on the bright side of every situation even when I don't want to see the bright side. She's only 16, but she has an old soul. She is a hard worker, beautiful, and I could not have asked for a better child. Not saying that we have not had our times, because I had to lay hands on her as they say in church, but she got it after a couple of times unlike her brother Collin. Collin Stephen, my second child and the son I so desperately wanted. Collin came into this world hollering. The boy would not stop crying. We use to call him Hollering Collin. He would only stay with me and my mama. If someone would watch him for me, I would have to sneak out the house to leave him. But you know what Collin has been such a joy. He has a great sense of humor. Of course he takes after his mama. He is kind and very caring. He just eats too damn much and I often want to glue his mouth shut with crazy glue so my food can last longer. Now he has to be jacked every now and then. Yeah I said jacked!! I tell him no matter how old or big he gets I am his mother and I bought him into this world….. Come on finish it with me….. That's right…. And I will take you out!!! He thinks that I am crazy and guess what he is right. You know after my divorce I was so afraid of raising my children alone, but with the help of my sisters, my mama, their father's parents, good friends and Jesus it has not been as bad as I thought. Of course I would love for Collin to have a man in his life to mentor him. I know as single mother's we are strong and we do raise our boys, but I know that a man is needed in a boy's life. But for now he is adjusting well. I am very proud of both of my children and many times if it wasn't for them just loving me for mommy I would have given up. But God gave me these two precious gifts and I am so thankful for them. Yes they fuss and argue and get on each other's nerves, they get on mine and I know that I get on there's, but we love each other. We still watch movies together, sit down at the dinner table every night for dinner and talk, laugh, and discuss our day. They still greet me when I come home from work, when I see them, I still hug them and they still hang out in my room all over my bed. They will always be my babies. Kristin and Collin I am so grateful for you two. Thank you both for not only being my children but also being my best friends. Love, Mother…. They call me "Mother."
Back To Blog
My Children
Please Enter Your Comments Below
Darlean Richardson
Dear Theresa, I been meaning to email you and tell you what a great inspiration you are. Girl the Midday inspiration is always a hit. When I am able to listen I am there to catch that word of encouragement. I also am trying to form my non-profit organization-Hug A Bear Foundation. I just wanted to tell you thank you for all that you do and be encouraged, and continue to let God use you. As always I am listening to the 95.7 DJ's and jamming to the sounds. Lastly, I am a single parent of one 19 year old young man. Girl that is my love child and I am so happy to have him in my life. The love that a mother gives her children are unconditional and I just can't understand if a woman would ever reject her kids. Take care. I'm not gonna talk you to death but Theresa I know you are good people, and I just want to say you go GIRLLLLLLLLLLLLLL! Darlean....Check me out on facebook sometimes. I'm all about inspiring amd motivating when I can! Darlean Richardson
Colby Heard
wow that looks so good. keep up the great work. you are a gift the the world. Happy New Year
, [url=http://wjaeoxswkpcr.com/]wjaeoxswkpcr[/url], [link=http://zzubublqvcoq.com/]zzubublqvcoq[/link], http://axamngnmxcry.com/
Title :
Comment :
Please enter the text as it is shown in the box below :
Refresh Image
Reading and Succeeding
95.7 R&B Video Blogs
advertise with us
Recent Blog Posts
How Do You Write "Uh Oh" in Arabic?
Mike Stanz
Apr 24
Chris Pratt Crushed by a Noahsaurus
Mike Stanz
Apr 24
Making FLOTUS's Day
Mike Stanz
Apr 24
Have Blacks Abandoned Baseball?
Mike Stanz
Apr 24
Chewing with Chewie
Mike Stanz
Apr 24
It's Dropping Trou Coming Around the Post...
Mike Stanz
Apr 24
Don't Push Iron Man!
Mike Stanz
Apr 24
Dancing with the Crutches
Mike Stanz
Apr 23
Apr 2015
Mar 2015
Feb 2015
Jan 2015
Dec 2014
Nov 2014


text:
Read what other Viator.com travelers think about the Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial Small Group Tour from Munich. What they loved, what they liked and what they think could be improved, it's all here to help you make the most of your next trip.
Click here for tour details, schedule and pricing
Our tour guide, Ian who is 1/2 German and 1/2 American gathered our group of about a dozen at the Munich Bahnhof where we boarded a train and then a bus for our 5-1/2 hour tour of Dachau. Ian was quite knowledgeable about the first Nazi concentration camp and gave us a comprehensive tour of what is left of the camp. Although there are only a few of the original buildings left and everything in and around the camp is clean and it is now much more populated around the camp, the exhibits did a good job of educating us. Ian filled in with other important information that helped us understand what we were seeing. For example, I didn't know there were so many satellite camps associated with the concentration camps. Please remember that these tour guides work for tips that are not included in the tour price.
This was an excellent tour, and Steven provided fantastic historical background. His insights greatly enhanced the tour and made it a very special experience. He was able to treat a sober experience with the respect required, but still present a historical perspective far beyond what is usually covered in history books. I would recommend this tour to anyone who wishes to not just see Dachau, but really experience and learn about Dachau.
Great tour.
I only cried 4 times ---but this tour was very enlightening---and a must see...the actual place was more disturbing than I ever imagined....and the tour guide was incredibly knowledgeable of the facts....no pictures could ever adequately describe this place....a period of history that should have never happened! ...but we all should remember why!
Highly recommend this tour for anyone who's ever had the slightest interest in the history and progression of Western Europe and Hitler's rise to power. I had the fortunate opportunity to visit the Holocaust Museum in Washington D.C. a couple weeks prior to this, so it was very powerful to see it all first-hand. Our tour guide was very knowledgeable and passionate about Dachau. He also guided other Munich tours as well, and was an archeologist by trade, so he brought a very unique perspective to the tour.
Keith W was a terrific tour guide for this tour. Very knowledgable on the subject. Gave plenty of time for pictures and questions. One of the best tour guides we had on this trip our any other trip
The tour was a very informative and sobering experience. The tour guide was excellent definitely recommend this tour.
This tour was amazing!
As part of our 12 day tour to Germany we choose to spend 3 days in Munich. An important site for my wife was to tour Dachau as her parents were survivors of the Holocaust. The day tour of Dachau was excellent as the tour guide that we had was very knowledgeable of World War II and the concentration camps through out Germany and how Dachau was started and its history. We have traveled thought out the world and have not had a better tour guide. Thank you Viator!
Mort Harris
This trip met and exceeded all of my expectations, and the tour guide was outstanding! I would highly recommend it.
Our Guide was great .Eye opening and respectful to the past . Fully recommend this tour.
My 16 year old son and I did this tour during a short trip to Munich. The tour guide was excellent, very knowledgeable and passionate about his subject, and committed to understanding what took place at Dachau in the broader context of German, European and Jewish history. It was always very interesting, and we moved at a good pace, that is neither too hurried or boringly slow. Dachau itself is a sombre place, of course, and very well organised for people such as us with only a few hours to be there. I felt that my son probably learned the equivalent of 2 months of Modern History syllabus in our 2-3 hours there. I was uncertain as to how he'd respond, but he was completely engaged the whole time by the tour and the guide's talk.
My only criticism of the guide is that he was a bit short with some latecomers, and not as welcoming as I felt he should have been to them.
The tour was well organized and very informational.
My wife and I took many tours on our recent trip to London, Paris, and Munich, all booked through Viator. They have all been very good to excellent. This trip however stands out as the best of all, thanks to our guide Keith W.. Although you can easily get to Dachau on a train, you would not have the excellent commentary provided by Keith. He explained the purpose, function, and most importantly the significance of preserving Dachau, as a reminder of those who gave their lives to free Europe. If I could give this tour 6 stars I would!!
Great tour. Learned so much. Guide Keith was excellent and knew his stuff. Would recommend this tour to everyone.


text:
And Where to Get Started
February 26, 1996
Well, I'm going to do you one better. To be announced this week is the introduction of an entire book online devoted to helping you find real-world resources in your community to better help yourself in a time of need. In cooperation with the publishers and authors of this book -- the American Self-Help Clearinghouse and Northwest Covenant Medical Center, Barbara J. White and Edward J. Madara, respectively -- Psych Central will be bringing this entire book to you in a free electronic format! While this book usually sells for a minimal cost (around $10), it is chock full of useful information. It contains descriptions and listings of specific resources throughout the world that exist to help people find out additional information on specific disorders, where a self-help group meets in their local community, or how to begin a brand new self-help group in your community if one does not exist. Useful and important information will now be available at your fingertips. Information on exactly how to access the book will be placed here as soon as we have it up.
I can't think of a more useful information resource to put on the Web, and this one was relatively easy to do so.
I had to go, unfortunately, to a twice-monthly update of this editorial because although I have lots to say (who doesn't?!?), I'm running out of time to say it all. Things at work have really picked up as we move into full development of the software and lexicon for a product that will allow professionals to dictate directly into their computer, using normal speech. This last part is important because it's called "continuous speech recognition." Everything on the market today is something different, called "discrete" or "broken" speech recognition, because it requires the user to pause inbetween each word in a very unnatural way (users have to train themselves to talk this way!). Well, with the system we're developing at work in conjunction with Philips Electronics, there's no awkward re-learning how to speak... (Imagine... Humans have to change their behaviors to satisfy the computer's needs! Ha!) Natural speech dictation and full recognition of vocabulary and medications commonly used in mental health today are all a part of this product, due to be released early 3Q 1996. It's cool stuff. If you're a professional, we'll be demonstrating this amazing new technology at both APA conventions.
If you thought that was too commercial-y, sorry! Didn't mean for it to sound that way... I just think this technology is pretty cutting-edge and amazing to see in person. On to other stuff... I put the next recipients of the "Best of the Web in Mental Health" awards up, which are now available for your perusal. Updates of the Web pointer and mailing list pointer will also come out this week.
We had 60-degree days here this weekend in Columbus! Wow. That was a nice break from the Winter weather, let me tell you!!
That's all for this week... As always, keep in good mental health!
That is, after all, what all this stuff is for, right?
If you want the whole shi-bang of over 3,000 separate resources that have to do with psychiatry and mental health online, then you might want to visit Psych Central. It appears in the March 1996 issue of NetGuide with a 4-star rating! And it's the largest and most comprehensive site of its kind in the world and we're looking to build upon it in the upcoming years, acting as a super guide to mental health online. If you didn't find what you needed here, look there next!
Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 29 Mar 2015
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.


text:
Haddow Fest - The Cribs
Hadouken , Kassidy, Mersault , The 10:04s, Three Blind Wolves, Ok Social club and many more
Festival Doors 1pm
Ticket for Haddow Fest and guaranteed access to see The Cribs @ The HMV Picture House.
Age Limit 14+ ID is Required 14-16 Year Olds Must Be Accompanied by an Adult.
Please note The Picture House and Liquid Rooms are 14+ , all other venues are 18+.
Get down early to avoid venue reaching capacity and disappointment.
line up subject to change. For line-up information please go to www.haddowfest.co.uk
Tickets are non refundable.


text:
Photo Courtesy of HomeOfHeroes.com |
During the Peninsula Campaign on June 27, 1862, Corporal Charles Hopkins was one of seven soldiers cited for heroism in action against Confederate forces at Gaines Mill, Virginia. He voluntarily carried a wounded comrade, under heavy fire, to a place of safety. Though twice wounded in the act, he continued in action until he was again severely wounded. |
Medal Of Honor Feature Sites |
History |
Citations |
Photos |
Living Heroes |
In Memory |
If you don't see links to
additional MOH Photos at LEFT, CLICK HERE. |
� 1999-2014 by HomeOfHeroes.com 2115 West 13th Street - Pueblo, CO 81003 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED If you reproduce the above photograph, please credit: HomeOfHeroes.com |
HomeOfHeroes.com now has more than 25,000 pages of US History for you to view.