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Research Excellence Framework (REF) 2014 results
London School of Geometry and Number Theory (LSGNT)
EPSRC award offers new PhD opportunities in pure mathematics
UCL Mathematics and Statistical Science 5th in league table for UK mathematics departments
Helen Wilson and Mark Ronan comment on the Fields Medal 2014
The Department - History and Background
The Mathematics Department is situated at the corner of Gower Place and Gordon Street on the main College site. It occupies floors 5-8 above the Students' Union and consists of lecture rooms, lecturers' offices and the departmental office. There is also a student common room and a quiet room with a small student library.
The Mathematics Department at UCL is an internationally renowned department within one of the world's most prestigious universities. It has a research rating in the official UK league tables comparable with that of Oxford and Cambridge.
The department's reputation dates from 1826 when it was one of the founding departments of UCL and as such it is the third oldest mathematics department in England. The first Professor of Mathematics was Augustus De Morgan who is famous for his laws of sets. It was he who posed the famous 'Four Colour Problem' when he was quoted as saying, 'A student of mine asked me today to give him a reason for the fact which I did not know to be a fact – and do not yet. He says that if a figure be anyhow divided and the compartments differently coloured so that figures with any portion of common boundary line are differently coloured, four colours are wanted, but no more.' This problem eluded the efforts of mathematicians for over a hundred years and was eventually proved using 1,200 hours of computer time!
Another world renowned professor was J J Sylvester. He was a pupil of De Morgan, and was one of the founders of modern algebra and, in particular, was responsible for introducing the term matrix. The department's Astor chair in Pure Mathematics was founded from an endowment given to the College by the famous New York immigrant, William Waldorf Astor, in 1902 and MJM Hill held the first chair. One of the most distinguished holders of the Astor chair was Harold Davenport who was famous for his contribution to number theory.
The department's Goldsmid chair in Applied Mathematics was founded specifically with the mathematician W K Clifford in mind. His work on geometry was a significant precursor of general relativity, and some of his analyses in non-Euclidean geometry are still considered as good models for various Einstein cosmologies. Another distinguished holder of this chair was Karl Pearson who was one of the founders of biometry and the use of statistics in many branches of science. He is remembered for the Pearson Significance Test in statistics. A more recent holder of the chair was Sir Harrie Massey, one of the foremost figures in space research and a leading world expert on atomic and molecular collisions.
Among recent members of the department was one of the century's greatest theorists in fluid mechanics, Sir James Lighthill. He held the Lucasian chair at Cambridge which was once held by Newton and is currently held by Stephen Hawking.
Since its beginning, mathematics at UCL has been enhanced by its many outstanding members of staff. Indeed two of its students (and later staff) Professor Klaus Roth (1958) and Professor Alan Baker (1970) have gone on to win the Fields Medal, the mathematician's equivalent of the Nobel Prize. Another former member of staff Professor Tim Gowers won the Fields Medal in 1998 for work he did whilst at UCL. In all there have only ever been six British winners of Fields Medals!
The department currently has 32 full-time members of staff of whom eighteen are full professors, and a number of Honorary Research Fellows, including in all five Fellows of the Royal Society. The department also has several Postdoctoral Research Fellows and, at any time, an average of ten Pure and ten Applied graduate students. We also welcome a regular stream of distinguished visiting academics from home and abroad. The broad range of research interests is reflected in the large choice of courses available in the third and fourth years of the degree programmes, from computational geometry to fluid mechanics and from mathematical ideas in biology to cosmology. The world-rated research journal Mathematika is published by the department.
The department has been joined by CORU (the Clinical Operational Research Unit) which applies mathematics to a wide range of medically oriented research topics. The department also participates in CoMPLEX (Centre for the application of Mathematics and Physics in the Life sciences and EXperimental biology).
The original prospectus for the Mathematics Department in 1826 stated:
'THE MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES are so justly valued as a discipline of the reasoning faculties, and as an unerring measure of human advancement, that the commendation of them might seem disrespectful to the judgement of the reader, if they did not afford by far the most striking instance of the dependance of the most common and useful arts upon abstruse reasoning. The elementary propositions of Geometry were once merely speculative; but those to whom their subserviency to the speed and safety of voyages, is now familiar, will be slow to disparage any truth for the want of present and palpable usefulness.'
Nearly all of this remains as true today as then!
Page last modified on 17 sep 12 17:42


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How to Sew Ruched Fabric Pillow Shams
High-end, fabric pillow shams can be a splurge when decorating a bedroom. With basic sewing skills, inexpensive white cotton can be transformed into beautiful, designer look-alike shams at a fraction of the cost.
By: Marian Parson
Materials Needed:
- 3 yards 45" wide white cotton fabric (for two standard shams)
- iron and ironing board
- sharp scissors
- pencil
- yardstick
- sewing machine
- all-purpose white cotton thread
- quilting ruler or square
Prep and Cut Fabric
Wash and press fabric then spread on a flat work surface. Measure, then mark and cut out the following fabric pieces for two standard shams:
(2) 21" x 28" pieces for pillow back
(2) 4" x 21" pieces for envelope flap (6-8" wide for loftier pillows)
(2) 45" x 28" pieces for pillow front
(12) 13" x 2" pieces for ties
(4) 4" x 21" pieces for trim
Make Ruching
Spread one 45" x 28" pillow front piece onto work surface with right side facing down. Line up yard stick or measuring tape along pillow width (28"). Make a pencil mark at 9" and 18". Note: At this point, fabric will be divided into thirds, with one third being 1" wider than other two. (This side will be hemmed in step 6.) Use a quilting ruler or square to draw a straight pencil line at each of these marks down the length of fabric. Sew along both pencil lines with all-purpose white cotton thread — but do not double back at the start or end of stitches to knot (Image 1). Gently pull on thread at one end to ruche fabric (Image 2). Repeat on other stitched line. Once gathered, spread ruches evenly over 20" (Image 3). Repeat with other piece cut for pillow front.
Sew Trim
Gather four 4" x 21" pieces cut for trim. Place one fabric piece horizontally on ironing board. Visually divide fabric piece into quarters length-wise. Fold over top 1/4 of fabric and press (Image 1). Fold up bottom 1/4 of fabric and press (Image 2). Repeat with three other fabric pieces. Place one trim piece over each ruched seam with folded edges face down and pin into place (Image 3). Sew along each side of trim to secure (Image 4). Repeat with all trim pieces. Tip: A coordinating or contrasting ribbon can also be used for trim.
Hem Back and Envelope Flap
Gather pieces cut for back and envelope flap. Create a double hem by folding fabric over twice on one 21" side of each piece. Press when folded (Image 1) and stitch hem into place. Repeat until one side is hemmed on each 12" piece. If using a fabric with a "right side", make sure hem is on bottom of fabric piece.
Make Ties
Gather fabric pieces cut for ties. Position one horizontally on ironing board. Visually divide into quarters length-wise. Fold top 1/4" over and press then fold bottom 1/4" up and press. Fold entire piece in half, with raw edges covered in the fold, and press (Image 1). Sew along top and end of tie to secure (Images 2 and 3). Repeat until all 12 ties are made. Trim threads.
Attach Envelope Flap and Ties
Gather both pillow fronts, envelope flaps and 6 ties. Position pillow front on work surface with widest 1/3 fabric section facing towards you (mentioned in Step 2) and facing up. Place envelope flap on top, right-side-down, raw edges facing you. Insert raw ends of three ties, spaced evenly along pillow case edge. Pin everything together, pleating ruched fabric by hand (Image 1). Sew along pin line and remove pins. Fold over and press along seam line. Pin envelope flap and front of pillow together (Image 2). Sew line about 1/8" from seam edge to hold envelope flap in a folded position and create a small trim edge (Image 3). Repeat with other pillow case.
Sew Ties to Back
Gather both back pieces and six remaining ties. Fold bottom raw edge of ties under and pin to inside hem of back piece (Images 1 and 2). Make sure ties line up with those sewn onto front of pillow sham. Sew ties to pillow back (Image 3). Repeat with remaining back piece and ties.
Assemble and Sew Pillow Sham
Place back piece on work surface, face up. Place pillow front directly on top, face down. Ties should be facing same direction and envelope flap should be visible on top. Line up edges and pin three sides, leaving side with ties open (Images 1 and 2). One side will need to be gathered by hand, due to ruching. Sew along three sides, leaving about 1/2" seam allowance. Remove pins and trim all threads. Turn pillowcase right-side-out, insert pillow form and tie ties (Image 3). To create an optional edge, sew along three seams 1/8" in as in Step 6. Tip: Enlarge this pillow case to create Euro or king shams or even a matching duvet cover.
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DmC: Devil May Cry
Just finished nephalim: immediate reaction to combat, bosses, plot etc.
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Combat: pretty darn cool. Honestly, I never liked the focus on "style" since it seemed to be saying "its more important to look flashy than do what works", something you don't find in other great games of the genre like Ninja Gaiden. The combat here seems to go out of its way to encourage you to use different moves and weapons depending on the combinations thrown at you. And it flows like a dream. Platforming: so H&S games have been trying to incorporate platforming into their core mechanics forever and it ALWAYS feels horrible and tacked on. NGB's pointless platformy sequences, DMC's clunky mechanics, God of Wars spinning death towers *shudder*. This might be the first H&S game that made me excited for those sections. I think it broke up the fighting parts really well. Level Design: Wow. Just wow. A match, at least, for Bayonetta and that's saying something. Some of those designs were brilliant, particularly the entire Bob Barkus sequence of levels. Challenge: yeahhhh this is the big one. I finished DMC3 on DMD and honestly this game doesn't exactly LET you win, but that sense of overcoming challenges is just not there at all, even a little bit. I never once thought "damn it, im gonna be here all night" at any sequence and consequently the sense of achievement was lower. Bosses: DMC3, those were some damn fine bosses. And some of Bayos. These bosses...well, they dont suck exactly (looking at you, bosses in Human Revolution), they're entertaining in their own way but its a little too completely straightforward how you have to beat them. The final boss is an exception but even that one has been done a LOT better before. So...not terrible, just not very good. Plot: ok some people have hated on this but why? Voice acting and expressions were good, story was slickly told, I cared about the characters, even got to see a little depth to a demon king. The twist has been done before and you can see it coming but its handled quite well, actually. More tragic than "MUHAHAHAHAH". So, what do you all think? I dont think it can take on DMC3/NGB/Bayo which remain the pinnacles of this kind of game (GoW doesnt really count its very different) but it makes a reallly good effort. Sure doesn't deserve the hate its been getting. --- Duncan MacLeod: There can be only one. | |
Definitely doesn't deserve the level of hate it's received I agree. --- GT: iKaptain K00Li ''Be silent. Keep your forked tongue behind your teeth. I did not pass through fire and death to bandy crooked words with a witless worm.'' | |
I don't get why everyone's been hating on the voice acting. Some of the most casually delivered dialogue I've heard in a video game. --- -Rell | |
FantomRell posted... I don't get why everyone's been hating on the voice acting. Some of the most casually delivered dialogue I've heard in a video game. I agree on the voice acting. I think this has the best voice acting in the series. Not that that says a whole lot, bit still. Only a few of Dantes lines sound real weak. But I feel like Vergils voice actor actually did pretty good, considering what he had to work with. --- Each day humans come one step closer to self destruction. I'm not destroying the world, I'm saving it. -Albert Wesker |
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Solange Knowles
Label's creative director fights against 'fashion gone quiet' with sparkle, yellows and purples at New York fashion week show
Were you a fashion cliche last year – and did you reference the correct fast-food dish with your iPhone case? Take this quiz to find out
Stuart Heritage: Whether it was Solange's kooky bikes or King Joffrey Baratheon's dodgy wine, the past year has offered wedding planners a wealth of new ideas
Designer's long-awaited sportswear collection for the high-street chain launched at the Fort Washington Avenue Armory in New York. There was glitter. There were abs. There was Missy Elliott
Mathew Knowles, the pop star's former manager, says that the incident was a 'Jedi mind trick' staged to boost ticket and album sales for all parties involved
It's only six months old, and already 2014 is a whirlwind of memes, selfies and celebrity nonsense chat. And that's just the important stuff. Stuart Heritage picks out the year's defining moments – featuring the rise of Isis and a Murray meltdown
Rihanna went see-through, Lupita Nyong'o went for statement print and Marion Cottilard went for serious lace in Dior. The A-listers were out in force for the Council of Fashion Designers of America
Sales of tracks have increased 233% after CCTV footage showed Solange allegedly fighting her brother-in-law
Barbara Ellen: Men are bigger than women. And they're not routinely the least bit scared of us
Rapper, his wife Beyoncé, and her sister, release statement about video showing Solange kicking and punching her brother-in-law
Marina Hyde: There are plenty of theories about what prompted the attack but how can we possibly find the facts without a full public inquiry?
As if we weren't jealous enough already of everyone who got to dance it up in the California desert this weekend, turns out Beyoncé joined her sister Solange on stage
The electronic music festival in Hvar, Croatia is back for its second year, unveiling its initial line-up and online ticket sales information
Who was the queen of sharp tailoring, who outshone Liberace and which baby eclipsed Harper Beckham? We applaud the best dressed of 2013, writes Lauren Cochrane
Dev Hynes takes to Twitter for a series of missives rumoured to be aimed at Beyoncé's little sister
A new label set up by Solange Knowles aims to change the way we view women in R&B
Sean Michaels: Singer takes time out to focus on her family: 'I had to make the best decision for my mental/physical health'
From Mumford & Sons to Chic, via Solange and Kenny Rogers, we round up the best live performances for your pleasure
To watch on mobile click the headings!
Beyoncé's little sister made her Glastonbury debut on the Park stage – but the enticing subtlety of her records doesn't make for an impactful festival set
Who should you catch on the opening day of Glastonbury? Disclosure, Solange and Goat, say our writers!
Six Glastonbury acts that are lower down the bill but are worth watching – and may just be headlining in five years' time
Emma John: Ex-Beatle's show blocked a schedule that included Jack Johnson, Björk and R Kelly in a balmy Tennessee setting


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As the surface distractions fell away, tragedy summoned a deeper identity. Liberals hoisted huge flags. Strangers sobbed together in grocery aisles. People flew into American action, filling firemen's boots and stitching rescue-dog booties. Gradually the shock faded. By October, most had accepted with alacrity the president's urgings to resume their normal lives, reinvest in the market, return to the skies.
But for thousands of Muslim refugees, Sept. 11's terror refracted, splitting into a thousand memories and private fears. In the place they'd come to feel safe, they saw flames and smoke and body counts. Sarajevo clawed its way back to the surface, along with Srebrenica and Kosovo; Chechnya; the Sabra and Shatila massacres; the gassings in Iraq.
Now there was no place left to go.
Nerves kept constant vigil, with no end in sight. Immigrants started to worry that their phones were tapped. Co-workers reported Arab-Americans to the FBI because they were Muslim. On Sept. 28, the Pew Research Center released a nationwide poll of 1,200 Americans: Almost one-third favored interning legal immigrants from unfriendly countries during times of crisis. On Oct. 3, a Wirthlin Worldwide survey showed that more than eight of 10 Americans supported restrictions on the number of Arabs or Muslims immigrating to the U.S. And 58 percent said there should be "tighter controls on all Muslims" traveling on planes or trains. Nearly one-third condoned acts of vandalism or threat against Muslims and Arab citizens, calling them "understandable." Since Sept. 11, the Council on American Islamic Relations has logged about 800 hate crimes against Arab-Americans -- and many Arab-Americans said they wouldn't report one. Not now.
Teenage Nazar* left his parents in Herat, in western Afghanistan, to come here with his older sister. She'd been interpreting for a Norwegian who wanted to bring social services to women in their village. When the Taliban tried to stop her, she fled.
Now she and Nazar live in an apartment near Grand Boulevard and Chippewa Street. She's working in a factory, and Nazar is a sophomore at a city public school. His mind burns with memories of earlier classrooms: "One day the Taliban comes and asks all the students, 'Do you have TV at home?' All of us say, 'No, we don't have TV,' and they say, 'Who has pictures, who has mirrors?' One boy had a picture postcard of an Indian film star in his bookbag, and the Taliban arrested him."
Nazar and his friends ran to the boy's father, who sold candy in a little shop on the street, and tried to tell him what had happened. Then, when the Taliban let the boy go, Nazar asked how he was. "He said they did bad things on him, they used him as a girl. He said he could not show his face.
"He was sitting in the same chair near to me; he was my classmate," Nazar bursts. "He was a very hard worker -- his family was very poor, but he was the smartest in the classroom. But he didn't like to stay any more in life. In Afghanistan we have a river, like the Missouri River, and after one month he put himself in the water." Nazar gulps. "His mother went crazy after that. It was very sad."
Nazar had his own brush with the Taliban, walking to a (later banned) English class. Saying his hair was too long, they arrested him. "They took any money we had and shaved our heads," he says. "Then they asked us about the Quran, and when I couldn't answer one of the prayers, they said, 'You are not Muslim.'" After three days, they released him. "But I saw in my own eyes," he continues, "they got two boys -- one 19, one 20 -- who went to visit their girlfriends. The Taliban said, 'Why do you look at women?' Then they brought the boys in front of everyone in the big stadium and shot them.
"When I got here, I felt very free, I felt very good," he finishes, his voice lifting. "Except I am worried about my family. And now I am shy, because it is a shame on me that those people are in Afghanistan."
His name is Elfar. Osama Elfar. Born in Alexandria, Egypt, he studied at an aeronautical institute in Cairo, then transferred to the companion program at Emory-Riddle Aeronautical University in Florida. He came in 1996, but at the end of 1997, his dad had run out of money to support him, so Elfar went to a campus job fair and landed a job in St. Louis, doing maintenance for a commuter airline.
By this fall, Elfar, now 30, had saved enough money to enroll in the University of Missouri-St. Louis/Washington University joint program in mechanical engineering. But he continued working off campus, and he took only two classes -- both violations of his full-time-student visa.


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"I convinced Bob to let the planning committee at least do some thinking about other possible audiences, but promised him we'd make a decision quickly and stick with it. We started by talking through some criteria for a target audience and had some conversations with some members of the Wellington Community Coalition. We learned that several of them are quite passionate about impacting mothers of infants by encouraging and supporting breastfeeding. We found a small amount of data for Heartland that shows rates of both initiation and duration of exclusive breastfeeding are quite low in comparison to national data. We've narrowed our focus on behaviors to breastfeeding for mothers of infants and reducing TV/screen time or increasing fruit and vegetable consumption for children.
Dan helped me put together a table so we can compare the three options we have based on some our own criteria for choosing an audience/behavior. Take a look at this table and tell me what you think. Based on our answers, which audience/behavior do you think we should choose?"
Page 33 of 45 in Problem Description
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Subject: Black Resources , Families , History , Hobbies , People , Genealogy , Genealogy
Description: Information on African American genealogy including subject collections devoted to African American, Native American, and Hispanic Genealogy Resources, Genealogy Societies, Historical Societies, State Archives, Census Info, and obituaries. Other pages contain a Partial Listing of African Americans Lynched in the U.S. Since 1859, Historic African American Settlements, and more. Searchable.
Language: English
Source: http://ccharity.com/


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Consumer Fraud
Recommended: Recommended |
Classified Ad Seller Scams: dddScams and scammers using this email: email@example.com Are you looking to sell a car that is located in Hawaii? Did your respond to an ad? Note that he says: That's a clue to a scam right there! Here are the clues that this is a scam:
An actual email that illustrate this type of CraigsList scam:Any highlighted passages below are to draw your attention to typical scam clues: Email 1 - from the scammer: Email 2 - from the scammer: |
Copyright CFR 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009
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text:
Return to Thesis Information page.
Thesis "Title Page"
Ib. Thesis "Title Page" Sample
II. Thesis "Table of Contents" Page Sample
III. Thesis "Introduction" Sample
IV. Thesis "Body of Thesis" Sample
V. Thesis Quotes and References" Sample
VI. Thesis "Conclusion/Summary" of Thesis Sample
VII. Thesis "Bibliography
& References" Sample
(Internet Bibliographical listings and References.)
(Disc Bibliographical listings and References.)
Thesis Title Page Guidelines
Center everything on Title Page between left and
right margins.
Title page is numbered as "i" but the number is not shown on the page.
Start of "Title Page" Guidelines:
(Unless otherwise noted, all text is
to be centered on page.)
End of "Title Page" Guidelines
Begin "Title Page" Sample
EXAMINATION OF CHRISTIANITY by Joseph P. Writer A thesis submitted to Salt Lake
Baptist College in partial Salt Lake Baptist College In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master's degree at Salt Lake Baptist College and/or Salt Lake Bible College, I agree that the Library shall make its copies freely available for inspection. I further agree that extensive copying of this thesis is allowable only for scholarly purposes, consistent with "fair use" as prescribed in the U.S. Copyright Law. In addition, Salt Lake Baptist College and Salt Lake Bible College can use this thesis in part or in whole for use in any manner for any classes taught, whether those classes be on-campus, distance-learning, or online. That includes placing the thesis, in whole or in part, on the internet if need be for educational purposes. Any other reproduction for any purposes or by any means shall not be allowed without my written permission. |
End "Title Page" Sample
Thesis Table Of Contents Sample
Begin "Table of Contents" Sample
ch. 1 - The Doctrine of God - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - pp. 100-163 ch. 2 - The Doctrine of Christ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - pp. 164-193 ch. 3 - The Doctrine of Man - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - pp. 194-259 ch. 4 - The Doctrine of Doctrines - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - pp. 260-283 ch. 5 - Conclusion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - pp. 284-289 Epilogue - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - pp. 290-292 Bibliography - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - pp. 293-299 References - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - pp. 300-304 |
End "Table of Contents" Sample
Thesis Introduction Sample
Begin "Introduction" Sample
INTRODUCTION What prompted the writing of this thesis was a series of conversations that I had with a Christian brother in November and December of 1994. He was from a neighboring church that had recently been split by the introduction of ecstatic laughing and barking - a movement that had just begun to gather speed in the Pacific Northwest. This brother and his family were considering visiting our church. He felt that they could no longer stay in their previous church, because of the unscriptural direction it had taken. Now they were looking for a new church home. In order to set the scene we must ... [Introduction continues.] He also stated that the scholars that he had heard and read believed (and he agreed with them) that, "There are no major differences between the versions anyway. In fact, [he stated] I looked up several of the changes mentioned in [Mr. Ray's] book and felt they all were minor ones." He went on to say that he felt that this fact bore out his belief in, "no major changes." For this reason he stated that he had, "ceased looking up any more of them." ... [Introduction continues.] As we now get into the main body of the thesis, I would ask several things of you ... [Introduction continues.] Remember this: God can perfect you for the work of the ministry only to the extent that the tools He uses (Apostles, prophets, evangelists, pastors and teachers, and His Bible) are perfect. (Ephesians 4:11-12; II Timothy 3:16-17) Here we will concentrate basically on the most important one of the five - the basis of our Religion and, more importantly, of our faith - His Holy Bible. (Romans 10:17) [Introduction continues.] |
End "Introduction" Sample
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Quotes and References Sample
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Conclusion/Summary of Thesis Sample
Begin "Conclusion" of Thesis Sample
CHAPTER FIVE WE MUST NOT AND CANNOT LET THIS HAPPEN! We must "earnestly contend for the faith which was once delivered unto the saints." (Jude :3) And the "faith" of the New Versions is not "THE faith." We have also seen that in those new so-called "bibles" their god is called "the One," which is that supposedly "universal God" of Hindu/New Age religion. Impersonal and unfeeling, it is some ephemeral yet cohesive "It" that permeates the universe, which is its body, and like some sort of "godly" glue, binds it together. And in their particular brand of theology, the two are inextricably dependent, one upon the other, for continued existence. (Look out Luke Skywalker! Shades of, "May the force be with you.") Their "Christ" is "a son" of "a god" and he is merely a human being, inherently no different from any other, who, strictly through his own efforts, ascended to Christhood and became "the Christ." He is presented as merely one of many Avatars who came to earth to help man. That "Christ," is definitely NOT the true Christ of the true Bible who is the true and only Saviour of mankind. Their "Trinity" is some Gnostic manifestation of the "emanations" originating from some kind of "Universal Self," which used those emanations, (or to some, those emanations acted entirely and even rebelliously on their own) to bring about the creation of the universe. This whole thing, in reality, was nothing but a fantasy concocted up so that their Gnostic "god," who is perfect and sinless, would not have to actually "touch" this "evil, material creation." Also, their "Trinity" is a manifestation, again, of some type of Hindu/New Age "force" instead of "the Godhead " (Father, Son, and Holy Ghost) that is taught in God's true, preserved, Bible- the KJV. Their Salvation is totally one of works. You must "persevere... strive to attain... hold on..." and read your bible for growth up "into" complete salvation, and someday, somehow, you just might "grow up" and be saved. If this be the true way, then what of God's GRACE? It is in vain. What of God's MERCY? It is not needed. What of Christ's BLOOD? It is shed without meaning. What of the CRUCIFIXION? It is a beautiful but sad story of the death of a mere man. What of our REDEEMER? We were never sold into sin, we are just sin-sick; therefore, we have no need to be redeemed, we can get better on our own. In fact NO ONE, in their perverted presentation of the scriptures, is EVER saved, we are merely "being saved." What of all of these things? According to them all of our beliefs are theological nightmares that the newly- wakened readers of the New Versions are told can be put away as mere childish fears. [Conclusion continues.] II Timothy 1:13
II Timothy ch. 2 II Timothy ch. 3 II Timothy ch. 4 Paul knew he was going to die and he is here telling Timothy, and us, that he had contended right to the very end. And we should do the same - NO MATTER WHAT THE COST! THE PERFECTLY PRESERVED WORD God expects us to strive for perfection; to be "throughly furnished unto all good works." That means we are to be perfected for the ministry. And the only way that is possible is through His perfect Word. To further that end, He has perfectly preserved it for us and makes it available to us for our perfection. We have that perfect Word preserved for us in the only English Bible that is true to the autographs, as attested to by history, time and a preponderance of evidences, the King James Version. In it, the KJV, we have the only Bible translation in English attested to by the Spirit of God and the spirit of man. This attestation is in two ways: In its effects on men's lives since it was first published over three centuries ago; and through the witness of 1/10 of a million written attestations of both saints and sinners over a two millennia span to the textual tradition from which it sprang. WE HAVE THE WORD OF GOD And that is the King James Bible. It has stood the test of time. It has stood the test of fire. And it has stood the test of life changes in the millions who have read and practiced the things written in it. IT DOES NOT SIMPLY CONTAIN THE WORD OF GOD, IT IS THE PRESERVED WORD OF GOD FOR ENGLISH SPEAKING PEOPLE! We have proved the unreliability of the New Versions and have shown that they create such major doctrinal chaos that in them the living Word of God is reduced to nothing but a dead compendium of the ungodly heresies of the last two millennia. They are unreliable and unusable, so stick with the Bible that is living and true, the King James Version. REMEMBER! YOU CAN ONLY BE AS PERFECT [You may include Epilogue if you so desire but it is not required.] EPILOGUE I know that I was led of God to write this thesis and I pray that it will obtain to the strengthening of some of you in the faith. Also, I believe that it will strengthen your assurance, as it has mine, that we do possess the Preserved Word of God in the King James Version. Any Bible that could not withstand a God-guided scrutiny of it would not be worthy to be called the Word of God. The King James has done this and is worthy; while the New Versions have not, and are only fit for the dung heap. I pray that together we may, with assurance, "Preach the word" to the saving of the souls of the lost and the edification of the saved. And that we can now do this with ABSOLUTELY NO RESERVATIONS about the tool that God has placed in our hands with which He will enable us and use us to carry out those God-given tasks. I have tried to write in the spirit and not in the flesh. God has blessed and I believe that the zealous testiness and anger that has, at times, come through my pen will be forgiven me in the spirit of His love. I pray that those who read this work will understand that my anger was never directed toward any flesh and blood person but was always directed toward the orchestrator of the evil, Satan himself. When it has flowed over the misguided translators it was only because they stood between Satan and my godly anger and the swelling tide inundated them on its way to reaching him. To those who disagree with the stand I've taken here but who may read this if God so leads them this way, I would plead holy boldness and a zeal to serve my God and Saviour upon those words herein that may have seemed harsh. Again I say, that though my words, of necessity, may have been directed at certain people, my wrath was directed solely at the one who used those people as mere tools, Satan. A LABOR OF LOVE Mk12:30 Mk12:31 Jn 13:34 Jn 13:35 This was a labor of love toward those who do not agree with me because they DO NOT UNDERSTAND how the devil can deceive, even when using what SEEM TO BE God's own words, but are not. ("Yea, hath God said?") I pray that God will use this work to open your eyes. It was also a labor of love toward those who agree with the stands that I've taken here. A labor of love and a prayer that this study will strengthen you as it has strengthened me. And last, but most important, it was a labor of love for My God and My Saviour, Jesus Christ, without whom I would not be here to write and you would not be here to read. I owe everything I am, have, will be, and will ever have or ever do, to the one who bought me- Jesus Christ. II Timothy 4:1-5 |
End Conclusion of Thesis Sample
Thesis Bibliography & References Sample
Begin "Bibliography & References" Sample
BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Ray, Jasper James. God Wrote Only One Bible.
2. Sproul, R.C. Knowing Scripture. 3. Edited by Moulton, Harold k.
The Analytical Greek Lexicon
Revised. 4. Thiessen, Henry Clarence.
Introduction To the New Testament. 5. Chafer, Lois Sperry. Rev. by Walvoord, John F.
Major Bible
Themes. 6. Burckhardt, Jacob. The Civilization of the Renaissance In
Italy, An Essay. 7. Johnson, George; Hannan, Jerome D.; & Dominica, M. The
Story of the Church. 8. Gundry, Robert H.
A Survey of the New Testament. 9. Phillips, J.B. The Young Church In
Action. 10. Josephus
37 B.C. - A.D. 70. 11. Whiston, William, trans.
Josephus. 12. Tidwell, Josiah Blake. The Bible Period by
Period. 13. Rall, Franklin Harris. New Testament
History. 14. Baigent, Michael; and Leigh, Richard.
The Dead Sea Scrolls Deception. 15. Dowley, Tim, et al Eds. Handbook To the History of
Christianity. 16. Fosdick, Harry Emerson. The Modern Use of the Bible. 17. Fosdick, Harry Emerson. A Guide to Understanding the
Bible. [Bibliography
continues.] BIBLIOGRAPHY (cont.) 108. Bierman, A.K. Life and Morals. 109. Smith, Samuel. Ideas of the Great
Psychologists. 110. Geirwitz, James. Looking at Ourselves.
111. http://saltlakebiblecollege.org/courses
112. http://foundationforbiblicalstudies.org (List each web site as one source. However, if you link from one of your listed Internet Source sites to a completely separate site, then that separate site can be listed as a separate reference.
You may use a reasonable number of internet sources- up to 50% maximum.)
113. A+ Bible. Bible Disc Publishers Inc.
Los Angeles, CA 114. Disk of the Masters, The. Monson Publishing Boston, MA (If you use books off of CD libraries then list the books separately under the normal list of books.)
REFERENCES (Instructions:
Number and Title
correspond to those in the Bibliography.) 1. God Wrote Only One Bible 2. Knowing Scripture 3. The Analytical Greek Lexicon
Revised 1978 Edition. 4. Introduction To the New Testament 5. Major Bible Themes 7. The Story of the Church 11. Josephus 14. The Dead Sea Scrolls Deception 15. Handbook To the History of Christianity 16. The Modern Use of the Bible 18. God's Incomparable Word 19. Let's Weigh the Evidence 20. Bible Versions 21. New American Standard Bible (NASB) (1973) 22. Pagans and Christians REFERENCES (cont.) 23. New Age Bible Versions |
111. http://saltlakebiblecollege.org/courses (There are no page numbers entered here unless there are page numbers on the web page.) 112. http://foundationforbiblicalstudies.org |
113. A+ Bible. Bible Disc Publishers Inc. |
End "Bibliography & References" Sample


text:
From: Yam (c-24-126-152-19.we.client2.attbi.com)
In Reply to: What did you have for dinner tonight? posted by Jim on March 25, 2003 at 7:13 pm:
Where are you? It's warming up here in So CA and I'm not ready for the heat just yet. There are too many good pc recipes that need to be cooked before the summer heat arrives. My pc was busy today because I'm leaving town for a few days and I had to prepare my food to take with me. I pc'd & froze asparagus, brussel sprouts, beets and spuds. I washed and bagged 3 lbs of salad and packed up my beans, salad and fruit. I might take the pc with me so I can cook up meals for my step daughter and her family. She just had a baby,(C-section) so she won't feel like cooking for awhile. Too bad she hates beans! Maybe I'll make the risotto for them. Hmmmmm, good idea. Tonight's dinner was brown rice with Soychorizo, onions, rotel and cilantro, Yum!


text:
Neen Williams Skater Profile
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text:
Bill S.1499 187th (2011 - 2012)
An Act permitting cities and towns to impose an excise on the use of off-street parking facilities
By Mr. Petruccelli, a petition (accompanied by bill, Senate, No. 1499) of Anthony W. Petruccelli for legislation to permit cities and town to impose an excise on the use of offstreet parking facilities. Revenue.
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text:
University of California, Santa Barbara
Evaluation of landforms, soils, and deposits formed by active tectonics is providing basic data necessary for long-term earthquake prediction, seismic-hazard evaluation, and probabilistic seismic-risk assessment.
Investigation of active tectonics based on geomorphic techniques varies from regional reconnaissance work to detailed, site-specific, process-response study. Geomorphic indices and landform assemblages are useful in regional evaluation to identify relative tectonic activity and sites where rates of active-tectonic processes may be evaluated. Process-response studies involve coupling of geologic and geomorphic processes with responses of the landscape. Such an approach involves study of faulted Holocene (less than 10,000-yr-old) deposits; faulted landforms such as offset streams, alluvial fans, marine terraces, river terraces, and glacial moraines; and change in fault-scarp morphology with time.
Rates of active-tectonic processes may be calculated from geomorphic evaluation, provided deformation of a specific landscape feature is measured and chronology of the deformed feature is established. It is usually easier to identify and measure deformation of features than establish chronology, and even if rates of tectonic deformation can be established, evaluation of their significance may be difficult because they often vary in time and space owing to geologic constraints. For examples, slip rates may vary along different segments of the same fault owing to changes in tectonic framework, and rates of uplift of terraces or other landforms may change through time as a function of mechanics of deformation.
Understanding and long-term prediction of earthquakes associated with active tectonics has experienced remarkable progress in recent years through the study of near-surface processes (geomorphology). Studies of geologically young (less than 10,000-yr-old) and slightly older (less than 125,000-yr-old) landforms, soils, and deposits are providing basic data necessary for long-term earthquake prediction, seismic-hazard evaluation, and probabilistic seismic-risk assessment. A large number of faults capable of producing damaging earthquakes have been identified and evaluated to determine rates of movement and potential earthquake hazard. For a few faults, including the San Andreas Fault north of Los Angeles, California, and the Wasatch Fault near Salt Lake City, Utah, recurrence intervals of recent (prehistoric) earthquakes have been determined (Allen, 1983).
Information concerning rates of movement along
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Active Tectonics: Studies in Geophysics
Investigation of Active Tectonics: Use of Surficial Earth Processes
University of California, Santa Barbara
Evaluation of landforms, soils, and deposits formed by active tectonics is providing basic data necessary for long-term earthquake prediction, seismic-hazard evaluation, and probabilistic seismic-risk assessment.
Investigation of active tectonics based on geomorphic techniques varies from regional reconnaissance work to detailed, site-specific, process-response study. Geomorphic indices and landform assemblages are useful in regional evaluation to identify relative tectonic activity and sites where rates of active-tectonic processes may be evaluated. Process-response studies involve coupling of geologic and geomorphic processes with responses of the landscape. Such an approach involves study of faulted Holocene (less than 10,000-yr-old) deposits; faulted landforms such as offset streams, alluvial fans, marine terraces, river terraces, and glacial moraines; and change in fault-scarp morphology with time.
Rates of active-tectonic processes may be calculated from geomorphic evaluation, provided deformation of a specific landscape feature is measured and chronology of the deformed feature is established. It is usually easier to identify and measure deformation of features than establish chronology, and even if rates of tectonic deformation can be established, evaluation of their significance may be difficult because they often vary in time and space owing to geologic constraints. For examples, slip rates may vary along different segments of the same fault owing to changes in tectonic framework, and rates of uplift of terraces or other landforms may change through time as a function of mechanics of deformation.
Understanding and long-term prediction of earthquakes associated with active tectonics has experienced remarkable progress in recent years through the study of near-surface processes (geomorphology). Studies of geologically young (less than 10,000-yr-old) and slightly older (less than 125,000-yr-old) landforms, soils, and deposits are providing basic data necessary for long-term earthquake prediction, seismic-hazard evaluation, and probabilistic seismic-risk assessment. A large number of faults capable of producing damaging earthquakes have been identified and evaluated to determine rates of movement and potential earthquake hazard. For a few faults, including the San Andreas Fault north of Los Angeles, California, and the Wasatch Fault near Salt Lake City, Utah, recurrence intervals of recent (prehistoric) earthquakes have been determined (Allen, 1983).
Information concerning rates of movement along
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faults, potential earthquake hazard, and recurrence of large earthquakes obtained from quantitative field studies in geomorphology is extremely useful in long-term (tens to hundreds of years) land-use planning, a goal of which is earthquake-hazard reduction. Specifically, studies of active faults are providing critical information necessary for residential and commercial zoning near active faults; establishing building codes; and planning for large dams, nuclear power plants, liquified natural gas facilities, and other critical facilities.
Geomorphic evaluation of active tectonics has taken two approaches depending on whether reconnaissance information or detailed evaluation is desired. Reconnaissance work to identify areas where active tectonics is particularly significant generally involves the use of geomorphic indices (sensitive to rock resistance, climatic change, or tectonic processes) or assemblages of landforms produced or modified by active-tectonic processes. Detailed, site-specific study of active tectonics often involves evaluation of process-response models that attempt to explore relations between landforms, earth materials, geomorphic processes, and active tectonics integrated through time. The concept of time or chronology is introduced here because without establishment of a reliable chronology, process-response models will not yield rates of faulting and recurrence intervals of damaging earthquakes that are necessary in evaluating seismic risk. Much of the remainder of this paper will emphasize these points: use of geomorphic indices in reconnaissance studies of active tectonism; landform assemblages as indicators of active tectonism; and use of process-response models in establishing relations between landforms, earth materials, geomorphic processes, and tectonic processes for devising rates of active tectonics. Figure 8.1 summarizes the two main ap
FIGURE 8.1 Active tectonics and geomorphology: data input, output, and use to society.
proaches to studying geomorphologic indicators of active tectonics and use to society.
Geomorphic indices are useful tools in evaluating active tectonics because they quickly provide insight concerning specific areas or sites in a region that is adjusting to relatively rapid rates of active-tectonic deformation. Indices that have been most successful are related to erosional and depositional processes associated with fluvial (river) systems. The best known of these are the stream-gradient index (SL index) developed by Hack (1973), the mountain-front sinuosity (Smf index) developed by Bull (1977a, 1978), and the ratio of valley-floor width to valley height (Vf index) also developed by Bull (1977a, 1978).
Stream-Gradient Index
The stream-gradient index (Hack, 1973), later applied to the San Gabriel Mountains in southern California by Keller (1977), is defined as
where SL is the stream-gradient index, ΔH/ΔL is the local gradient of the stream reach where the index is computed (ΔH is the drop in elevation of the reach and ΔL is the length of the reach), and L is the total channel length from the drainage divide to the center of the reach, measured along the channel.
The SL index is crudely related to the available stream power, defined as the product of water discharge and water-surface slope, and thus reflects the ability of the stream to transport its load. The index is a surrogate for stream power because the upstream channel length is proportional to bankfull discharge and the slope of the water surface is approximated by the slope of the channel bed.
The stream-gradient index is particularly sensitive to changes in slope and thus is a valuable tool in evaluating active tectonics with a strong vertical component of deformation. However, the index is also sensitive to rock resistance (resistant rock produces a steep channel slope), and differentiating between effects of tectonics and rock resistance may be difficult. That is, values of the index are high in areas where the rocks are particularly resistant or where active tectonics has resulted in vertical deformation at the Earth's surface. Therefore, anomalously high SL indices in rocks of low or uniform resistance is a possible indicator of active tectonics. Figure 8.2 shows stream-gradient indices for the San Ga-
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FIGURE 8.2 Stream gradient (SL) indices for the San Gabriel Mountains, California. See text for explanation.
briel Mountains in southern California. Areas of anomalously high indices are located along the southern and eastern fronts of the range. Although it was previously known that rates of uplift were relatively high in these areas, the indices verified this and also delineated an area of unusually high indices near the location of the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. Thus a regional evaluation of the San Gabriel Mountains suggests that detailed studies along the southern and eastern fronts of the range as well as near San Fernando have the best chance of yielding rates of vertical tectonics (uplift), slip rates along active faults, and recurrence intervals of damaging earthquakes. Areas where stream-gradient indices are relatively low are associated with two general conditions: areas where soft sedimentary rocks are abundant and along major strike-slip faults (the San Andreas and San Gabriel Faults) where horizontal movement has crushed the rocks producing zones low in resistance to erosion.
The SL index over a region can be computed from small-scale topographic maps. The index could also be computed from analyses of elevational data stored in computer systems. Therefore, in theory, large regions may be evaluated quickly, although interpretation of the index will remain crude because it may be difficult to separate effects of rock resistance from active tectonics. Nevertheless, the SL index is a valuable reconnaissance tool useful in isolating smaller areas for detailed work.
Mountain-Front Sinuosity
Mountain-front sinuosity (Smf) is defined as
where Lmf is the length of mountain front along the mountain-piedmont (foot of mountain) junction and Ls is the straight-line length of the front. The Smf index reflects a balance between the tendency of streams and slope processes to produce an irregular (sinuous) mountain front and vertical active tectonics that tends to produce a prominent straight front (Bull and McFadden, 1977). Thus, mountain fronts associated with active uplift are relatively straight, but if the rate of uplift is reduced or ceases, erosional processes will begin to form a sinuous front that becomes more irregular with time.
Mountain-front sinuosity was used by Bull and McFadden (1977) to evaluate the marked contrast in tectonic activity north and south of the Garlock Fault in California. North of the fault the values of Smf are low, suggesting active tectonics, whereas south of the fault the Smf values suggest relative tectonic stability.
Rockwell and Keller (in press) used mountain-front sinuosity in the Ventura Basin, southern California, where Smf values vary from about 1 to 3. Low sinuosity (1.01 to 1.14), characteristic of technically active fronts, can be maintained in the Ventura area if a threshold rate of uplift greater than 0.4 mm/yr is maintained.
Mountain-front sinuosity, like the stream-gradient
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index, is a valuable reconnaissance tool when evaluating effects of active vertical tectonics. The Smf index is particularly attractive because it can be quickly and easily measured from aerial photographs, satellite or other high-altitude imagery, or topographic maps.
Ratio of Valley-Floor Width to Valley Height
The ratio of the width of valley floor to valley height Vf may be expressed by
where Vfw is the width of valley floor, Eld and Erd are the respective elevations of the left and right valley divides, and Esc is the elevation of the valley floor (Bull and McFadden, 1977). In determining Vf, the data are measured at a given distance up from the mountain front. The index reflects differences between broad-floored canyons with relatively high values of Vf and V-shaped canyons with relatively low values. Comparison of Vf values measured from valleys emerging from different mountain fronts or different parts of the same front provides an indication of whether the streams are actively downcutting (forming V-shaped valleys with low Vf) in response to active tectonics or are being eroded laterally (forming broad valleys with high Vf) in response to relative stability of the front.
The Vf index was tested by Bull and McFadden (1977) for mountain fronts north and south of the Garlock Fault. They found that values of the index varied from 0.05 to 4.7, with the lower values being derived from valleys north of the fault where mountain fronts are tectonically active. The index was also tested by Rockwell and Keller (in press) for mountain fronts near Ventura, California, where Vf ratios show similar trends to that established by Bull and McFadden—being lower for relatively active fronts than for fronts with lesser rates of uplift.
A genetic classification of landforms is possible because different geomorphic processes tend to produce a characteristic assemblage of landforms. For example, the discussion of geomorphic indices suggested that active vertical tectonics tends to produce straight mountain fronts with V-shaped canyons and streams with relatively steep gradients for a particular rock type. On a more local scale, as for example along a specific mountain front or fault zone, active tectonics often modifies or produces characteristic landform assemblages. For example, alluvial fans have a variable morphology somewhat dependent on tectonic processes, and active strike-slip faulting produces a specific set of tectonic landforms. A tacit assumption in the evaluation of landform assemblages produced by active tectonics is that the more pristine or fresh appearing the landforms are, the younger the tectonics is assumed to be. Discussion of alluvial-fan morphology and tectonic activity as well as the assemblage of landforms associated with strike-slip faulting will illustrate the above concepts.
Alluvial Fans
An alluvial fan is the end point of an erosional-depositional system in which sediment eroded from a mountain source is transported to the mountain front. There it is deposited as a cone or fan-shaped body of fluvial and/or debris-flow deposits (Bull, 1977b). The stream is the connecting link between the erosional and depositional parts of the system (Bull, 1977b) and therefore has a significant influence on the morphology of the alluvial fan. Radial profiles for most fans are composed of several segments, which together are gently concave. Breaks in slope mark boundaries between segments, and younger segments may be identified from older ones based on relative soil profile development, weathering of alluvial clasts, dissection of the surface by small streams, and development of desert varnish [see Bull (1964, 1977b) for a more detailed discussion of segmented alluvial fans].
Alluvial-fan morphology is an indicator of active tectonics because the fan form reflects varying rates of tectonic processes such as uplift of the source mountain along a range-bounding fault or tilting of the fan surface. When the rate of uplift of the mountain front is high relative to rate of stream-channel downcutting in the mountain and to fan deposition, then fanhead deposition tends to occur, and the youngest fan segment is near the apex of the fan. If the rate of uplift of the mountain front is less than or equal to the rate of downcutting of the stream in the mountain, then fanhead trenching occurs and deposition is shifted downfan. Younger fan segments will then be found well away from the mountain front (Figure 8.3 shows these two conditions). Change in sediment or water yield may also cause fanhead trenching, but this tends to be temporary if mountain-front uplift persists (Bull, 1964).
The above model of segmented alluvial fans relative to active tectonics has been successfully tested for alluvial fans in Death Valley, California (Hooke, 1972). Hooke found that eastward tilting and normal faulting produced segmented alluvial fans. On the east side of
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FIGURE 8.3 Alluvial fan morphology: (A) deposition adjacent to mountain front and (B) deposition shifted downfan as a result of fanhead entrenchment. See text for further explanation. From Bull (1977b).
the valley alluvial fans are relatively small and steep, and active normal faulting produces a straight mountain front with young fan segments being deposited on fanhead areas. On the west side of the valley alluvial fans are larger, not so steep, and not so influenced by mountain-front uplift. Lesser uplift and eastward tilting of the fans has shifted to the locus of fan deposition downfan; fanhead trenching occurs, and the younger fan segments are located well away from the fan apex. A similar tendency was noticed for alluvial fans in the Ventura, California, area that are being tilted basinward by active tectonics (Rockwell and Keller, in press). As with the geomorphic indices, the study of alluvial fans provides reconnaissance information concerning relative rates of active tectonics.
Landform Assemblage: Strike-Slip Faulting
Active strike-slip faulting produces a characteristic assemblage of landforms including linear valleys, offset or deflected streams, shutter ridges, sags, pressure ridges, benches, scarps, and small horst and grabens known as microtopography (see Figure 8.4, opposite page). Figure 8.5 shows fault-related landforms associated with an offset alluvial fan located along the San Andreas Fault in the Indio Hills of southern California. The fan is offset about 700 m, and making an assumption concerning the age of the fan from soils (Keller et al., 1982a) the slip rate for this part of the San Andreas Fault is at least 1 cm/yr and probably closer to 3 cm/yr. Small streams at the upper part of the fan are offset several meters, suggesting that tectonic creep or moderate to large earthquakes have occurred in the past few thousand years. There have been no large earthquakes along the southern part of the fault in historical time (several hundred years), but the geomorphology in the fault
FIGURE 8.5 Sketch map of offset alluvial fan along the San Andreas Fault in the Indio Hills, California. Modified from Keller et al. (1982a).
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FIGURE 8.4 Assemblage of landforms associated with active strike-slip faulting. Modified from Wesson et al. (1975).
zone suggests that earthquakes are likely to be generated there in the future.
Active strike-slip faulting in the offshore southern California continental borderland also has distinctive geomorphic expression characterized by linear troughs, sags, tectonic benches, fault scarps, and offset or deflected channels associated with submarine fans. A recent study of the San Clemente Fault zone (Legg and Luyendyk, 1982), utilizing topographic data from Seabeam surveys, demonstrated that the data base and resolution is now sufficient to begin studying submarine-tectonic geomorphology to improve mapping of active faults and to evaluate long-term earthquake hazard. Figure 8.6 shows topography and tectonic landforms associated with the San Clemente Fault zone (M.R.Legg, University of California, San Diego, personal communication, 1983).
Many of the topographic features associated with active strike-slip faulting such as sags, pressure ridges, and fault scarps can be explained by simple shear that produces contraction and extension as illustrated on Figure 8.7 (Wilcox et al., 1973; Sylvester and Smith, 1976). Others are better explained by extension or contraction associated with releasing or constraining bends or steps of fault traces as illustrated on Figure 8.8 (Crowell, 1974; Dibblee, 1977).
Process-response models in active tectonics are broadly defined to include the investigation of earth ma-
FIGURE 8.6 Sketch map of part of the San Clemente Fault zone. Data are from Seabeam survey. Courtesy of Mark R.Legg, University of California, San Diego.
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FIGURE 8.7 Simple shear associated with strike-slip faulting produces preferred orientation of fractures, faults and folds (A) as well as extensional and contractional landforms (B). Figure modified from Wilcox et al. (1973), Sylvester and Smith (1976), and Keller et al. (1982a).
terials, landforms, and late Pleistocene-Holocene chronology, the purpose of which is to derive rates of active tectonics (slip rates on faults, rates of uplift or subsidence, and recurrence intervals of damaging earthquakes). Such investigations have been very successful in recent years and are providing basic data necessary for long-term (tens to hundreds of years) earthquake prediction. Examples include (1) paleoseismic construetion (occurrence and recurrence intervals of prehistoric earthquakes) obtained from studying faulted Holocene-alluvial sequences of stream, marsh, lake, or landslide deposits (Clark et al., 1972; Sieh, 1978; Davis, 1981; Rust, 1982); (2) paleoseismic construction based on fault-scarp morphology change with time (Wallace, 1977; Bucknam and Anderson, 1979; Nash, Chapter 11, this volume); and (3) rates of uplift, slip rates on active faults, and/or recurrence intervals of assumed earthquakes based on chronology and offset of landforms such as alluvial fans (Keller et al., 1982a), marine terraces (Matsuda et al, 1978; Lajoie et al., 1979, 1982; Keller et al., 1982b), offset streams (Sharp, 1981; Sieh, 1981), and glacial deposits (Schubert, 1982).
Fault-Scarp Morphology
Slope morphology of scarps produced by faulting is a successful geomorphic indicator of active tectonics. Figure 8.9 shows generalized slope elements associated with a fault scarp. All the elements shown need not be present for a particular scarp, and because slopes are dynamic changing landforms, the dominance of one element relative to others changes with time. Table 8.1 and Figure 8.10 summarize form-process relationships for fault-scarp morphology change with time as discussed by Wallace (1977) for the Great Basin area in Nevada. Wallace was able to develop the chronology shown on Figure 8.10 and Table 8.1 by studying fault scarps that truncate 14C-dated shorelines of Pleistocene Lake Lahontan, are associated with volcanic ash of known age, were produced by known earthquakes, or can be dated by tree rings (dendrochronology).
Recurrent displacement along the same fault line produces a composite fault scarp. Wallace (1977) stated that multiple displacements on a compound fault scarp
FIGURE 8.8 Pressure ridges and sags associated with restraining and releasing bends and/or steps along strike-slip faults. Modified after Crowell (1974) and Dibblee (1977).
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FIGURE 8.9 Basic slope elements that may be present on a fault scarp. After Wallace (1977).
FIGURE 8.10 Change in slope elements (fault-scarp morphology) with time for fault-scarp degradation in the Great Basin area of Nevada. After Wallace (1977).
can be recognized by sharp breaks in slope on the scarp, benches or terraces associated with small channels that have eroded through the fault scarp, knickpoints (short vertical or steep sections) in channels that cross the scarp, scarp height that exceeds that likely produced by a single event, and progressive displacement (older material has been displaced more than younger material).
Change in fault-scarp morphology with time is being treated quantitatively. Bucknam and Anderson (1979) developed relations between scarp height and scarp-slope angle for fault scarps in Utah with estimated ages ranging from 1000 to 100,000 yr (Figure 8.11). Their studies verify Wallace's (1977) conclusion that with
TABLE 8.1 Fault Scarp-Slope Morphologya
Slope Element
Process (Formation and/or Modification
Comments and General Chronology
Top of fault scarp (break in slope); initially sharp, becomes rounded with time
Produced by faulting; modified by weathering, mass wasting
Becomes rounded after free face disappears; usually rounded after about 10,000 yr
Free Face
Straight segment; initially 45° to overhanging
Produced by faulting; modified by weathering, gullying, mass wasting; eventually buried from below by accumulation of debris
Dominant element for 100 year or so; disappears after about 1000–2000 yr
Debris Slope
Straight segment; at angle of repose of material usually 30° to 38°
Accumulation of material that has fallen down from the free face
Is dominant element after about 100 yr, remains dominant until about 100,000 yr, disappears at about 1,000,000 yr
Wash Slope
Straight to gently concave segment; overlaps the debris slope; slope angle generally 3° to 15°
Fluvial erosion and deposition; deposition of wedge or fan of alluvium near toe of the slope; some gullying
Is developed by 100 yr, significant by 1000 yr, and dominant by 100,000 yr
Base of fault scarp (break) in slope) slope; may be initially sharp, but with time may become indeterminate as grades into original slope
Fluvial erosion and deposition; owing to change in process/form from upslope element (free face, debris slope, or wash slope) to original surface below the fault-scarp slope
More prominent in young fault scarps or where wash slope is not present; on scarps older than about 12,000 yr. the basal slope break is sharper than the crestal slope break
aAfter Wallace (1977) for fault scarps in the Great Basin.
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FIGURE 8.11 Relationship between fault-scarp height and scarp-slope angle from scarps ranging in age from 103 and 105 yr. After Bucknam and Anderson (1979).
time the angle of a scarp degrades to a lower-slope angle. For example, for a 3-m-high scarp (shown on Figure 8.11), as the scarp-slope angle decreases from 28° to 10° the scarp age increases from 1000 to 100,000 yr. In theory, once fault-scarp degradation curves, such as those on Figure 8.11, are derived for an area, the investigator can assign estimated ages to fault scarps of known height and slope angle and estimate the earthquake hazard and history. However, care must be taken in making paleoseismic statements because (1) the initial scarp from a single event may vary with materials composing the scarp and local change in pattern of fault displacement, e.g., multiple, composite-overlapping rupture versus single rupture scarps (A.J.Crone, U.S. Geological Survey, personal communication); and (2) temporal and spatial variations in climate may produce a variable fault-scarp morphology.
Faulted Holocene Deposits
Erosional and depositional processes produce stream, marsh, lake, and landslide deposits that, when faulted, may produce valuable information concerning slip rates, rates of uplift or subsidence, and paleoseismicity. Two examples from the San Andreas Fault system in southern California are the Coyote Creek Fault—part of the San Jacinto Fault zone (a major branch of the San Andreas Fault)—and the San Andreas Fault at Pallett Creek (Sieh, 1978).
Holocene paleoseismicity on the Coyote Creek Fault was determined by evaluating progressive vertical displacement of lake deposits. Clark et al. (1972) and Sharp (1981) estimated that the recurrence interval for earthquakes similar to the April 9, 1968, Borrego Mountain earthquake (M=6.7) varies from 50 to several hundred years. The slip rate for the fault is also variable, being 1 to 5 mm/yr for Holocene (less than 10,000 yr) offsets and as high as 8 to 12 mm/yr for a mid-Pleistocene (about 700,000 yr) offset.
Geomorphic investigation of the San Andreas Fault north of Los Angeles has helped answer an important question for understanding the earthquake hazard—how often do large earthquakes occur? Data from Pallett Creek, 55 km northeast of Los Angeles (Sieh, 1978) and two other sites up to 125 km northwest of Pallett Creek (Davis, 1981; Rust, 1982) suggest that three large prehistoric earthquakes since the sixteenth century may be correlated over a long (125 km) segment of the fault. Sieh (1978) believed that evidence from faulted peat deposits at Pallett Creek (dated by 14C) suggest that there may have been 12 large earthquakes in the past 1700 yr. One of these was historical (1857) and 11 were prehistoric, suggesting an average recurrence interval of 145 yr. However, the length of time between such events may vary from as short as 50 yr to as long as 250 yr (Sieh, 1978). Using the most recent five events, which are well dated and established, the average recurrence interval is about 200 yr (K.E.Sieh, California Institute of Technology, personal communication, 1984). Paleoseismic construction of this segment of the San Andreas Fault, known as the "Big Bend," is providing data useful in long-term earthquake prediction.
Faulted Landforms
Evaluation of faulted landforms (especially those with multiple displacements) including stream channels, river terraces, marine terraces, and glacial moraines is helping answer fundamental questions concerning active tectonics. Some of these questions are: (1) Are rates of faulting constant through time? (2) Which faults produce the greatest earthquake hazard? (3) Are historical rates of faulting, based on first-order leveling, verified in the recent geologic record? (4) What is the potential for seismic shaking or ground rupture at a particular site? (5) What is the likely displacement per event and recurrence interval of earthquakes for specific active faults?
Study of a series of marine terraces (Matsuda et al., 1978) south of Tokyo, Japan—believed to have been produced by a series of sudden uplifts during large earthquakes—suggest that there have been four great
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FIGURE 8.12 Faulted terraces of the Ventura River near Oak View, California.
(M greater than 8) earthquakes in the last 6000 yr with an average recurrence interval of 1500 yr. The investigators also located an area where they believe a large earthquake is likely in the relatively near future. They base their long-term prediction on the fact that the area near the expected epicenter may be a seismic gap, identified by a local uplift rate that is less than the regional average during the last several thousand years.
Investigation of faulted terraces in New Zealand, Japan, and the United States are yielding estimates of slip rates and recurrence intervals of potential earthquakes. A flight of seven terraces of the Waiohine River, New Zealand, have been progressively offset during the late Pleistocene and Holocene along the Wairarapa Fault (Lensen and Vella, 1971). Making assumptions concerning the chronology the investigators concluded that the horizontal slip rate for the fault is 3.4 to 6 mm/yr, and assuming a 3-m horizontal displacement per earthquake event, a recurrence interval of 500 to 900 yr is obtained. A similar study of a flight of nine terraces of the Kiso River, Japan—progressively displaced (left-lateral) by the Alter Fault—is presented by Yoshikawa et al. (1981). A 14C date of about 27,000 yr for a terrace with measured horizontal and vertical displacement of 140 and 28 m, respectively, provides a slip rate of about 5 and 1 mm/yr, respectively. Assuming a 8-m displacement per event (based on an M=8.4 earthquake in 1891 on a similar fault 60 km to the east) yields a recurrence interval of 1600 yr for a similar event on the Alter Fault. As a final example of river terraces, investigation of several late Pleistocene-Holocene terraces of the Ventura River near Oak View, California (Keller et al., 1982b), displaced by flexural-slip faulting (Figure 8.12), yields slip rates that vary from about 0.3 to 1.1 mm/yr. The important aspect of the study was the recognition that the faults produce a ground-rupture hazard rather than seismic-shaking hazard (Yeats et al., 1981; Yeats, Chapter 4, this volume). Assuming a slip event of 25 cm (similar to a flexural-slip event near Lompoc, California, in 1981 that produced a 570-m rupture surface and an M=2.5 earthquake (Yerkes et al., 1981), the recurrence interval would vary from 250 to 750 yr.
Offset stream channels and glacial moraines are also yielding slip rates for active faults. Sieh (1981) and Sieh and Jahns (1984) estimated from offset stream channels of Wallace Creek along the south-central part of the San Andreas Fault (Figure 8.13) that the slip rate during the latest Pleistocene and Holocene has been about 30 to 40 mm/yr. Finally, Schubert (1982) reported an estimated range of slip rate (3 to 14 mm/yr) for the right-lateral Bocono Fault in western Venezuela. His estimate was based on several measured offsets (60 to 260 m) of
FIGURE 8.13 Channel offset along the San Andreas Fault. See text for explanation. After Sieh (1981).
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TABLE 8.2 Uplift and Tilting of Bedrock and River Terraces over the Ventura Avenue Anticline
Geomorphic Surface
Present Height above Ventura River (m)c
Potential Range Uplift Rate to Present (mm/yr)d
Minimum Possible Uplift Rate to Present (mm/yr)e
Age (yr)a
Sea Level (m)b
80,000 or 105,000
13.6±1.0 (minimum)
aBased on 14C and amino acid racemization chronology (Lajoie et al., 1982).
bAfter Lajoie et al. (1979).
cProjected to the axis of the anticline.
dAssumes complete range of possible adjustment of Ventura River to lower sea level.
eAssumes no adjustment of Ventura River to lower sea level.
lateral moraines with an estimated age of 18,000 yr based on palynological, sedimentological, and 14C methods.
Tectonic geomorphology, defined as the application of geomorphic principles to tectonic problems, is significant to society when rates and dates of tectonic events provide the data framework useful in long-term earthquake prediction and land-use planning to reduce the earthquake hazard. Important considerations in developing rates of active tectonics based on geomorphic evaluation are measurement of deformation associated with past tectonic events (such as offset streams, glacial moraines, alluvial deposits, or other features), development of the late Pleistocene to Holocene chronology to derive rates (defined as the ratio of measured deformation to the appropriate time interval), and interpretation of rates of active tectonics that often vary significantly owing to geologic constraints.
The most reliable rates of past tectonic events are derived from well-constrained, measured deformation and chronology. However, it is often easier to measure deformation than to establish the necessary chronology. Methods of establishing chronology are discussed by Pierce (Chapter 13, this volume).
The use of soil geomorphology in establishing late Pleistocene-Holocene chronology is emerging as a powerful tool in deriving rates of active tectonic deformation (see, e.g., Keller et al., 1982a,b; Dembroff, 1982; Rockwell, 1983; Rockwell et al., 1984). The basic idea is to produce a soil chronosequence, defined as a series of soils arranged from youngest to oldest for an area. Relative chronology is based on physical and chemical properties of the soils, and absolute chronology is provided by 14C dates and other methods discussed by Pierce (Chapter 13, this volume). Once the chronosequence is established, it may be applied over a large area independent of further absolute dates at sites where deformation is measured; that advantage is the real power of the soil chronosequence.
Rates of active-tectonic deformation must be carefully interpreted because they may vary in time and space owing to geologic constraints such as style of faulting and mechanics of folding. For example, slip rates of flexural-slip faulting near Oak View, California, vary from about 0.3 to 1.1 mm/yr as a function of fault location in a syncline and/or mechanics of folding (Keller et al., 1982b; Rockwell, 1983; and Rockwell et al., 1984), and rate of uplift associated with folding of the Ventura Avenue anticline has decreased from over 10 mm/yr in mid-Pleistocene time to about 5 mm/yr during the late Pleistocene and Holocene (Table 8.2), as a function of mechanics of folding (Keller et al. 1982b; Dembroff, 1982; Rockwell, 1983). Thus, there is not necessarily a direct relationship between rate of fault displacement or uplift and earthquake hazard. Understanding the tectonic framework and geologic constraints is necessary to make such a determination.
Reviews of the manuscript and suggestions for improvement by W.B.Bull and J.G.Dennis are appreciated.
Allen, C.R. (1983). Earthquake prediction—past and future, Geology 11, 682.
Bucknam, R.C., and R.E.Anderson (1979). Estimation of fault-scarp
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ages from a scarp-height-slope-angle relationship, Geology 7, 11–14.
Bull, W.B. (1964). Geomorphology of segmented alluvial fans in western Fresno County, California, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 352-E, pp. 89–129.
Bull, W.B. (1977a). Tectonic geomorphology of the Mojave Desert, U.S. Geol. Surv. Contract Rep. 14–08–001-G-394, Office of Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Engineering, Menlo Park, Calif., 188 pp.
Bull, W.B. (1977b). The alluvial fan environment, Prog. Phys. Geogr. 1, 222–270.
Bull, W.B. (1978). Geomorphic tectonic activity classes of the south front of the San Gabriel Mountains, California, U.S. Geol. Surv. Contract Rep. 14–08–001-G-394, Office of Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Engineering, Menlo Park, Calif., 59 pp.
Bull, W.B., and L.D.McFadden (1977). Tectonic geomorphology north and south of the Garlock Fault, California, in Geomorphology in Arid Regions, D.O.Doehring, ed., Publications in Geomorphology, State University of New York at Binghamton, pp. 115–138.
Clark, M.C., A.Gantz, and M.Rubin (1972). Holocene activity of the Coyote Creek Fault as recorded in sediments of Lake Cahuilla, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 787, pp. 112–130.
Crowell, J.C. (1974). Origin of late Cenozoic basins in southern California, in Tectonics and Sedimentation, W.Dickinson, ed., Spec. Publ. 22, Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral., pp. 190–204.
Davis, T. (1981). Late Holocene seismic record, western Big Bend of San Andreas Fault, Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs 13, 51.
Dembroff, G.R. (1982). Tectonic Geomorphology and Soil Chronology of the Ventura Avenue Anticline, Ventura, California, unpublished M.S. thesis, Univ. Calif., Santa Barbara, 122 pp.
Dibblee, T.W., Jr. (1977). Strike-slip tectonics of the San Andreas Fault and its role in Cenozoic basin evolvement, in Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sedimentation and Tectonics in California, San Joaquin Geol. Soc. Short Course, pp. 26–38.
Hack, J.T. (1973). Stream-profile analysis and stream-gradient index, U.S. Geol. Surv. J. Res. 1, 421–429.
Hooke, R.L. (1972). Geomorphic evidence for late-Wisconsin and Holocene tectonic deformation, Death Valley, California, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 83, 2073–2098.
Keller, E.A. (1977). Adjustment of drainage to bedrock in regions of contrasting tectonic framework, Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs 9, 1046.
Keller, E.A., M.S.Bonkowski, R.J.Korsch, and R.J.Shlemon (1982a). Tectonic geomorphology of the San Andreas Fault zone in the southern Indio Hills, Coachella Valley, California, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 93, 46–56.
Keller, E.A., T.K.Rockwell, M.N.Clark, G.R.Dembroff, and D. L.Johnson (1982b). Tectonic geomorphology of the Ventura, Ojai and Santa Paula areas, western Transverse Ranges, California, in Neotectonics in Southern California, J.D.Cooper, ed., Guidebook for78 Annual Meeting of the Cordilleran Section of the Geol. Soc. Am., pp. 25–42.
Lajoie, K.R., J.P.Kern, J.F.Wehmiller, G.L.Kennedy, S.A. Mathieson, A.M.Sarna-Wojcicki, R.F.Yerkes, and P.F.McCrory (1979). Quaternary marine shorelines and crustal deformation, San Diego to Santa Barbara, California, in Geological Excursions in the California Area, P.L.Abbott, ed., San Diego State University, pp. 3–15.
Lajoie, K.R., A.M.Sarna-Wojcicki, and R.F.Yerkes (1982). Quaternary chronology and rates of crustal deformation in the Ventura area, California, in Neotectonics in Southern California, J.D. Cooper, compiler, Cordilleran Section, Geol. Soc. Am. field trip guidebook, pp. 43–51.
Legg, M.R., and B.P.Luyendyk (1982). Seabeam survey of an active strike-slip fault in the southern California continental borderland, EOS 63, 1107.
Lensen, G.J., and P.Vella (1971). The Waiohine River faulted terrace sequence: Recent crustal movements, R. Soc. N.Z. Bull. 9, 117–119.
Matsuda, T., Y.Ota, M.Ando, and N.Yonekura (1978). Fault mechanism and recurrence time of major earthquakes in southern Kanto district, Japan, as deduced from coastal terrace data, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 89, 1610–1618.
Rockwell, T.K. (1983). Soil Chronology, Geology and Neotectonics of the North Central Ventura Basin, California, unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. Calif., Santa Barbara, 424 pp.
Rockwell, T.K., and E.A.Keller (in press). Tectonic geomorphology of alluvial fans and mountain fronts near Ventura, California, in Proceedings of the 15th Annual Geomorphology Symposium, M. Morisawa, ed., State University of New York at Binghamton.
Rockwell, T.K., E.A.Keller, M.N.Clark, and D.L.Johnson (1984). Chronology and rates of faulting of Ventura River terraces, California, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 95, 1466–1474.
Rust, D.J. (1982). Radiocarbon dates for the most recent large prehistoric earthquake and for late Holocene slip rates: San Andreas Fault in part of the Transverse Ranges north of Los Angeles, Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs 14, 229.
Schubert, C. (1982). Neotectonics of Bocono Fault, western Venezuela, Tectonophysics 85, 205–220.
Sharp, R.V. (1981). Variable rates of late Quaternary strike slip on the San Jacinto Fault zone, southern California, J. Geophys. Res. 86, 1754–1762.
Sieh, K.E. (1978). Prehistoric large earthquakes produced by slip on the San Andreas Fault at Pallett Creek, California, J. Geophys. Res. 83, 3907–3938.
Sieh, K.E. (1981). A review of geological evidence for recurrence times of large earthquakes, in Earthquake Prediction—An International Review, Am. Geophys. Union, Washington, D.C., pp. 181–207.
Sieh, K.E., and R.H.Jahns (1984). Holocene activity of the San Andreas Fault at Wallace Creek, California, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 95, 883–896.
Sylvester, A.G., and R.R.Smith (1976). Tectonic transpression and basement-controlled deformation in San Andreas Fault zone, Salton Trough, California, Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 60, 2081–2102.
Wallace, R.E. (1977). Profiles and ages of young fault scarps, northcentral Nevada, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 88, 1267–1281.
Wesson, R.L., E.J.Helley, K.R.Lajoie, and C.M.Wentworth (1975). Faults and future earthquakes, in Studies for Seismic Zonation of the San Francisco Bay Region, R.D.Borchardt, ed., U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 941A, pp. 5–30.
Wilcox, R.E., T.P.Harding, and D.R.Seely (1973). Basic wrench tectonics, Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 57, 74–96.
Yeats, R.S., M.N.Clark, E.A.Keller, and T.K.Rockwell (1981). Active fault hazard in southern California, ground rupture versus seismic shaking, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 92, 189–196.
Yerkes, R.F., M.G.Bonilla, W.L.Ellsworth, A.G.Lindh, and J.C. Tinsley (1981). Reverse faulting and crustal unloading near Lompoc, northwest Transverse Ranges, California, Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs 13, 586.
Yoshikawa, T., S.Kaizuka, and Y.Ota (1981). The Landforms of Japan , University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 39–72.


text:
Brownie Recipe
There's Nothing Quite Like Classic Chocolate Brownies
I love trying out different brownie recipes, and my current obsession is this method from Nick Malgieri's Bake! In terms of brownie recipes, it's on the more complicated side: the batter has to be mixed for 10 minutes. However, the extra effort is rewarding — the resulting brownies are amazing.
They have a wonderful cracked top, fudgey melt-in-your mouth center, and crumbly sugary texture. Growing up, my dad always added half a bag of chocolate chips to his brownie batter, so now I do the same. The extra chocolate makes these brownies that much more delectable! You gotta bake them. Here's the recipe.
From Bake! by Nick Malgieri
8 ounces (2 sticks) unsalted butter
8 ounces premium unsweetened chocolate, cut into 1/4-inch pieces
5 large eggs, at room temperature
1 tablespoon vanilla extract
1/4 teaspoon salt
3 3/4 cups sugar
1 2/3 cups all-purpose flour (spoon into a dry-measure cup and level off)
One 9x13x2-inch pan lined with buttered foil
- Set a rack in the middle level of the oven and preheat to 375°F.
- Melt the butter in a medium saucepan over medium heat. Let the butter get hot and start to sizzle after it's melted. Remove the pan from the heat and add the chocolate all at once. Gently shake the pan to submerge all the chocolate in the butter. Set aside.
- Combine the eggs, vanilla, and salt in the bowl of an electric mixer fitted with the whisk attachment. First whisk by hand to mix. Whisk in the sugar by hand.
- Whip on medium-high speed for 10 minutes, until very light.
- Whisk the butter and chocolate smooth and scrape into the mixer bowl. Whip on the lowest speed just until smooth, then stop the mixer.
- Sift the flour onto a piece of paper, bend the paper, and slide the flour into the bowl. Mix again on lowest speed until the flour is absorbed — no longer.
- Remove the bowl from the mixer and use a large rubber spatula to give a final mixing to the batter.
- Scrape the batter into the prepared pan and smooth the top.
- Bake the brownies until they are firm, but not dry, and the point of a paring knife inserted in the center of the pan emerges with moist crumbs clinging to it, about 35 minutes.
- Cool in a pan on a rack. Unmold the brownies to a cutting board and remove the pan and paper. Cover with another board and invert the whole stack. Remove the top board and wrap the brownies on their board in a double thickness of plastic wrap. Keep the brownies at cool room temperature or in the refrigerator overnight before cutting. Use a ruler to mark, then cut the brownies into 2-inch squares. To serve, pile the brownies on a platter.
Makes 24 square brownies.
To Store: If you don't intend to serve the brownies all at once, only cut what you need; the whole slab will keep better wrapped in the refrigerator. Individual brownies tend to dry out quickly if they are not wrapped in plastic.
- Category
- Brownies, Desserts
- Cuisine
- North American


text:
See definition in
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
wind·lassPronunciation: /ˈwin(d)ləs/
Definition of windlass in English:
A type of winch used especially on ships to hoist anchors and haul on mooring lines and, especially formerly, to lower buckets into and hoist them up from wells.
Example sentences
- In addition to daily instruction from Captain and crew, the kids haul on lines, work the windlass to raise the anchor, and take responsibility for many tasks in the daily operation of the vessel.
- The deck layout features a large anchor locker forward with a mechanical anchor windlass as standard equipment.
- The anchor windlass is located in a foredeck locker to keep it out of the way when not needed.
Haul or lift (something) with a windlass.
Example sentences
- The sediment and heavy substance accumulating in the bottom of the sewers, impervious to flushing, is removed by process of windlassing at the manholes and transporting to the dumps.
- In addition, each member of the working party will carry one windlassing stick and the commander and assistant commander a pair of wire-cutters each.
- The cutter has a pair of windlassing lugs 1 and 3 which include enlarged portions 5 and 7 at their respective extremities.
Late Middle English: probably an alteration of obsolete windas, via Anglo-Norman French from Old Norse vindáss, literally 'winding pole'.
Words that rhyme with windlass
talus • bacillus • NicklausDefinition of windlass in:
- British & World English dictionary
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Rhys Meyers In Drunken Brawl; Hilton Sues Black Eyed Peas' Manager
- Jonathan Rhys Meyers was detained by French police this weekend for allegedly assaulting an airport cafe bartender who refused to serve him because he was drunk. They started fighting and when a waiter intervened, Rhys Meyers punched him.
Britney's Confused; Beyoncé May Be Sued; Blair Waldorf Nude?
- Britney shouted, "What's up London?" at a recent gig… In Manchester. Mancunians were irritated. [Daily Mail]


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With Abasand PK's Pizza in Fort McMurray you can rest assured that a tasty and affordable pie is only a phone call away. We offer 2 for 1 pizzas, appetizers, chicken wings and pastas. Dine in, take out or ask for our delivery service. For delicious dining options, call Abasand PK's Pizza today!
The food is the w... The food is the worst in town. Overcooked and greasy with no flavor or quality. It would get 0 stars if it was an option Business Owner ? Response


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To: | Jeff Garzik <jgarzik@xxxxxxxxx>, Donald Becker <becker@xxxxxxxxx> |
Subject: | SIOCADDMULTI for unicast broken |
From: | jamal <hadi@xxxxxxxxxx> |
Date: | Fri, 3 Jan 2003 16:46:40 -0500 (EST) |
Cc: | netdev@xxxxxxxxxxx |
Sender: | netdev-bounce@xxxxxxxxxxx |
Some programs require ability to accept packets destined to certain MAC addresses (in addition to their own). Example Jerome Ettienes vrrpd (http://w3.arobas.net/~jetienne/vrrpd/) The trick is to add unicast addresses via SIOCADDMULTI and accept those packets when they make their way up the stack. I think this used to work, no? Donald, any history/comments behind this? Patch attahced, not very well tested but looks safe. cheers, jamal
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January 6, 2012Turning the Page on a Decade of WarPresident Barack Obama, RealClearWorld | |||||
AP Photo We can't afford to repeat the mistakes that have been made in the past -- after World War II, after Vietnam -- when our military was left ill prepared for the future. As Commander in Chief, I will not let that happen again. Not on my watch. TAGGED: United States, Iraq, Barack Obama, Asia, Afghanistan, Pentagon, Leon Panetta, U.S. Department of Defense RECOMMENDED ARTICLES