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OCR for page 500
Sexuality Across the Life Course in the
United States
John H. Gagnon
In all societies one of the major axes on which sexual life is ordered
is the age of individuals as organized into a socially constructed life
course (CIausen, 1972; Reigel and Meachum, 1976~. However, the
timing in the life course in which various forms of sexual conduct will
be learned, expressed, and disappear, and the relationship of sexual
conduct to other aspects of social and psychological life vary from one
society to another and from one period to another in the history of
any specific society (Ford and Beach, 1951; Marshall and Suggs, 1971;
Dover, 1978; Katz, 1983; Hermit, 1984; Duberman, 1986; D'Emilio
ant! Fieeciman, 1988~. Thus not only does the patterning of sexuality
even across such a relatively narrow life stage as adolescence differ in
an advanced industrial society with a predominantly Jucleo-Christian
religious tradition like the United States and in developing societies
with differing religious traditions, but also important cliiTerences can
be found in the sexual lives of adolescents in the United States
and those in other Western inclustrial societies (Jones et al., 1986~.
Similarly, differences in the sexual life of adolescents can be found
across relatively short time spans in the history of the United States;
one need only contrast the 1920s with the 1950s or either of these
decades with the 1980s.
As a result of this grounding in social and cultural processes,
chronological age and the biological events associated with it rarely
John H. Gagnon is in the Department of Sociology, State University of New York at
Stony Brook.
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directly explain sexual conduct. For example, the biological changes
associated with puberty interact with the social and cultural con-
texts that provide the framework for interpreting one's changing
bodily characteristics and reproductive capacities (Gagnon and Si-
mon, 1973~. In the same fashion, the social and cultural expectations
about the appropriate levels of sexual activity for the elderly often
shape the sexual declines associated with aging (Verwoercit et al.,
1969; Brecher et al., 1984)
Understanding that variations in sexual conduct are stratified by
culturally defined life stage groupings floes not entail the acceptance
of culturally universal sequences of human psychosocial development
(Baltes and Brim, 1979~. The staging of the life course in any
culture, and the sexual activities that are linked to it, depend on
social constructions within cultures rather than on the automatic
biological unfolding of the organism (Nardi, 1973; Neugartan and
Datan, 1973; Uhlenberg, 1978~. Thus, in the United States, although
the scripts for sexual conduct (the who, what, when, where, and why
of conduct) and the interpersonal sexual networks through which
they are expressed change across life course stages, both the sexual
scripts and the networks can be matched only partially with age/stage
periods in the life course (Gagnon, 1973; Simon ant! Gagnon, 1987~.
The matching of life events to age/stage periods is most precise
in strongly age-graded traditional societies with a relatively lim-
ited set of irreversible role transitions across the life course (Kagan,
1980~. In industrial and postindustrial societies, such matchings
of life events to age/stage periods seem most satisfactory early in
life, which accounts for much of the success of age/stage variables
in human development theory and research related to infancy and
childhood. However, there is cross-cultural and historical evidence
that even these early moments of the life course are not immune to
change (for an instructive example, see Kett, 1978~.
The complexity of life course stages has increaser! in the more
advanced industrial societies. Both increases in discontinuities early
in the life course (as a function of participation of sharply age-
graclec! family and schooling practices) ant! a greater diffuseness of
stage boundaries later in life (e.g., when relatively age-indepenclent
patterns of affectional and sexual coupling and recoupling) can be
observed. With increases in societal complexity and social mobil-
ity, individuals turn out less often to be exactly what they might
have been expected to be, given their life chances at birth (Brim and
Wheeler, 1966~. In contrast to more traditional societies with limited
adult role sets, limited rates of individual mobility, and slow rates
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of sociocultural change, rapidly changing advanced industrial soci-
eties are characterized by individuals with wider role networks and
less predictable life courses. In such cultures, personality structures
themselves might be expected to be more fluid.
These differences in societies make it important to examine those
social strata and experiences that crosscut age/stage periods and in-
crease the variability of conduct within age and stage groupings.
Some of these stratification systems begin early in life to allocate
inclividuals into relatively fixed streams of individual development,
isolating them from conventional life courses. For instance, some
birth defects, when responded to by the society, often create specially
segregated clusters of differentially ablest individuals with quite dif-
ferent age/stage patterns. Other strata rest on characteristics such
as race, religion, or the socioeconomic status of parents; sometimes
this status is relatively easy to change, other times, it is not, depend-
ing on the social context (Featherman, 1980~. Other stratifications
that differentiate age groups appear later in life. College attendance
by some young persons and going to work after high school by oth-
ers often affirm prior, but less stringent, boundaries between young
persons of different social classes in high school. Going to college or
going to work creates new social ant] sexual networks that exclude
former potential sexual partners and open slots for new ones.
One important division in the society that is particularly relevant
to sexuality and crosscuts all other strata, including age, is gender
(Ross), 1985~. The gendering of social life has seemed so natural
that it appeared to most to be part of the biological background.
It is only through the efforts of feminist scholars, both women and
men, to denaturalize the gender order and point out its social ori-
gins, that one has been able to observe the importance of gender
in structuring the conceptions of sexuality. Over the last 15 years
there have been important changes in research and theorizing about
gender and sexuality in most social science disciplines. In general,
these reconsiderations have followed in a social constructionist tra-
dition (Ortner ant! Whitehead, 1981; Tiefer, 1987), but important
contributions have been made by those who have focused on what
they consider to be "essential" differences between the genders and
their sexuality (Rich, 1983~.
Although much of this work has been theoretical or critical,
important original empirical work has been published, particularly
in social history. While it is not possible to review here in detail this
extensive and theoretically rich literature, a number of points need!
to be made in light of it (some important recent works are by Rubin,
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1975, 1984; English et al., 1981; Snitow et al., 1984; Vance, 1984; and
CaTifia, whose works are cited in Rubin, 1984~. Such work points out
the necessary considerations that must be given to gender differences
in sexuality as they are "found" to exist across the life course. In
some cases these differences will be illusory; in others they will be
real, but culturally transient; in still others they will be functions of
the interests, both scientific- ant! otherwise, of the observers. Such
cautions should be kept in mind when considering the life course
constructed below.
Linked to the issue of gender is the problem of violence ant! its
sequelae in the lives of women. Some of this violence involves sexual
acts, but large amounts of violence against women may not be specif-
ically sexual and still be consequential for their sexual lives. Making
too sharp a distinction between sexual and nonsexual violence may
conceal rather than illuminate both the origins and the consequences
of gander-related violence(Strauset al., 1980;FinkeThoretal., 1983~.
While some men are the victims of specifically sexual violence (perpe-
trated almost exclusively by other men), this is not a routine aspect
of men's lives. Relatively unexamined, however, is the nonsexual vi-
olence between men (including games involving physical aggression),
which is often traceable to the direct or indirect competition among
men for the attention of, or access to, women. However, women of
all ages, but more often the young, are relatively frequent targets
of sexual coercion and violence (Groth, 1979; Russell, 1984~. From
being forced by lovers and spouses to perform sexual acts they do not
wish to perform to acts of sexual violence by strangers, the specter
or the experience of violence related to sexuality is part of the back-
ground of female sexuality. The climate of potential violence (heavily
reinforcer! by, and represented in, the mass media), as well as the
experience of actual violence by women, must have effects on their
sexual lives. How to factor this climate and these individual events
into a life course perspective on the sexual relations between women
and men is not entirely obvious, but such experiences, on average,
may be as important as other major life events (e.g., divorce) or life
conditions (e.g., Tow income) in structuring women's sexuality.
The most important stratification of individuals on specifically
sexual grounds is the result of an erotic preference for persons of ei-
t her the other or the same gender. This cleavage begins to be sharply
felt by many in adolescence but often only becomes fully articulated
in young adulthood. The social cleavage between those who prefer
sex with the same gender and those who prefer sex with persons of the
other gender is extremely complex and has undergone considerable
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historical change since the end of World War II (D'Emilio, 1983~.
It should be noted that many persons having ongoing sexual experi-
ences with persons of the same gender do not think of themselves as
gay, lesbian, or homosexual. Some of these persons have such sexual
relations out of a variety of motives and in a variety of contexts,
some of them subcultural. Thus, young men who have regular sex
with women may intermittently sell themselves (usually their penis)
to persons of the same gender for sex, never thinking of themselves as
homosexual (Reiss, 1961~. Delinquents, young men in the military,
young men down on their luck-, and working-cIass men in need of
sexual outlet in absence of women may engage in such "homosexual"
activity. Some men from some Latin cultures and some aggressive
men in prisons do not discriminate between the gender of their sexual
partners as long as they are in the active/insertive sexual role (Car-
rier, 1976~. Such persons, and others that could be identified, are
often described as bisexual, but this is much too simple, except as a
purely behavioral identifier (Schwartz and Blumstein, 1977~. There
are men who identify themselves as gay who have sex with women
and women in lesbian relationships who may have sex with men on
an intermittent basis (Gagnon, 1977; CaTifia, 1983~.
Most people who have sex with partners of the same gender
solely on a situational or contextual basis have only a limited portion
of their social relationships with those having same-gender erotic
preferences and often have most of their sexual activity with persons
of the other gender. Prior to the early 1970s, this pattern of living
a life hidden among the heterosexual majority was probably true of
large numbers of persons who would have identified themselves as
homosexual or at least predominantly interested in sex with persons
of the same gender. Life entirely in the closet or at least concealing
their predominant sexual preference to important persons in their
lives (parents, spouses, children, other relatives, coworkers, good
friends, members of the religious community) was the common con-
dition of persons with same-gender sexual desires (Humphrey, 1978~.
Homosexuality was thought to be sinful, criminal, pathological, or
deviant, and research was usually conducted by scientists holding
these presumptions on persons living under these conditions of social
repression (Bieber, 1962, Socarides, 1978~. Many individuals partic-
ipated clandestinely and fearfully in the limited institutions of the
"homosexual community," whereas others lived in sexual relation-
ships open to limited friendship circles ant! social groups (Warren,
1974~. Fear of blackmail, robbery, police harassment or brutality,
loss of jobs, and discovery by unknowing loved ones was endemic
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(Kinsey et al., 1948; Gebhar<1 et al., 1965; Simon and Gagnon, 1967;
Weinberg and Williams, 1974~.
The social transformations of the 1960s and 1970s created from
the earlier homosexual community a new social collectivity that has
come to be callecl the gay mate and lesbian communities in which new
sexual identities have been created (Plummer, 1981; Escoffier, 1985~.
Part of this social solidarity was the emergence of a more complex
community in metropolitan centers based on a wide variety of needs
and interests (Humphreys, 1972; D'Emilio, 1983~. Gay and lesbian
political groups, newspapers and book publishers, community service
agencies, restaurants, employment and other agencies,- and medical
and legal professionals have flourished in these communities. As a
tradition of greater openness emerged, it was possible for some gay
men and lesbians to be "open" to all the important persons in their
lives as well as to the general public, whereas others remained either
selective or constrained in their openness. Despite these changes,
however, there floes not seem to have been a reduction in homophobia
among the general population, at least as measured by attitude
questions about homosexuality on national surveys (see Figure 7-2
in Chapter 7~.
The relation of the gay male and lesbian communities to the
larger society has come to Took more like that of other minority com-
munities based on ethnicity, religion, and race, which prized both
their cultural singularity and their relation to the larger culture,
polity, and economy (Paul et al., 1982; D'Emilio, 1983~. Some gay
men and lesbians live their entire lives within their own communities,
spending the majority of their lives working ant! living with persons
having the same sexual preference. Others work and live partially
in the social world populated by a majority of heterosexuals, some-
times open, and sometimes not, but have most of their important
affectional ties and interpersonal connections in the gay and lesbian
communities. Still others retain strong ties to members of the hetero-
sexual majority (including parents and children)�sometimes open
about their sexual preference and sometimes not�and sustain con-
nections of the widest variety with members of the larger society.
Although an imperfect analogy, one might think of the relations of
Jews to the non-Jewish majority in the United States at an ear-
lier stage in history a relationship that ranged (and still ranges,
though with less anti-Semitism) from the insularity of the Hasidic
communities to the invisibility of secular Jews in the larger society.
Given these restrictions on the universality of life course models
or even the lack of a dominant model in the United States, it is still
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useful to attempt to characterize the sexual life course in the United
States in order to identify modal sexual processes and experiences
as well as those that vary substantially from them. It is important
to point out that the presentation of the age/stage periods in a
time order from early to late does not mean that earlier experience is
always strongly determinative of later experience (Brim and Wheeler,
1966~. The demands of current social circumstances are often more
determinative of current sexual conduct than are early experiences
that are post hoc thought to connect earlier to later behavior. Sexual
conduct at later moments in the life course should not be thought of
as a simple reenactment of, or as preformed by, earlier patterns of
nonsexual or sexual conduct (Gagnon and Simon, 1973~.
What follows then is a heuristic framework for the life course
of those with other-gender and same-gender preferences in erotic re-
lations in the United States for the last two decades and perhaps
extending into the future until the turn of the century. There are
many variations from this framework. It is not meant to be prescrip-
tive or normative, although it may be treated by some as such, but
rather descriptive and indicative of sexual patterns in one culture
and at one point in time. In addition it should be emphasized that
both the life course and the patterns of sexual conduct are changing
in relatively unpredictable directions as a result of the influence of
much larger social forces.
Infancy stretches in time from birth to the middle of the third year
of life when independent locomotion and language skills have been
developed. The center of the child's life moves from the mother (and
less often a father or other caretaker) to a more extended group
of individuals in and out of the family. Although, historically, the
psychoanalytic tradition viewed these years as critical for mature psy-
chosexual development, more contemporary research suggests that
the importance of these early experiences (e.g., weaning, toilet train-
ing, parental attachment) to adolescent and adult sexual patterns is
quite limited. This is in accordance with other work in human devel-
opment which suggests that early experience may be less critical for
later development than previously assumed, although this remains a
serious point of controversy among developmental psychologists (Ka-
gan, 1971~. Perhaps of most importance in the United States is the
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successful acquisition of some elements of a conventionalized gender
identity, and perhaps the most important of these is the preliminary
sense of being a boy or a girl. Although it has been argued that
this acquisition of gender identity is an all or none process some-
what like imprinting, a more cautious formulation would be that the
components of the conventional gender identity package are proba-
bly learned in a more cumulative fashion over the entire period of
childhood (Luria, 1979~.
The intensity and consistency of environmental demands for con-
forming gender conduct among the- young may make the acquisition
of gender identity appear to be a form of natural development, but
there is evidence that various elements of gender identity seem to be
accessible to change later in life (Maccoby ant! Jacklin, 1974~. Thus
gender-linked differences in the behavior of small children, such as
assertiveness, often wash out in the context of the demands of adult
work lives (Epstein, 1981~. In most Western societies and partic-
ularly in the United States, this earliest portion of the life course
is linked to sexuality as expressed by most postpubertal individuals
primarily through cumulative gender role and nonsexual learning,
which serve as a frame for the future acquisition and practice of both
heterosexual and homosexual conduct in adolescence (Money and
Ehrhardt, 1972; Kessler and McKenna, 1974; Gagnon, 1979~.
In the preschool period, say from ages 3 to 6, children enter an
expanding world of interpersonal and media experiences. Moth-
ers, fathers, siblings, grandparents, same-age peers, the mass media
through television, and preschool and day-care experiences rapidly
complicate and enrich the world of children. Here, the differences
among various cultures and points in the history of any given culture
become more sharply focused. The presence or absence of the mass
merlin, churchgoing, full-time care by mothers, and urban or village
living shape not only the daily life of the child but also the ways
in which knowledge about sexuality is acquired and the systems of
meaning to which it is linked. (The historical study of sexual life is
rapidly expanding; for examples, see Foucault, 1978; Boswell, 1980;
Weeks, 1981; Gay, 1984; and Crompton, 1985.) Few children in the
world are as bombarded with gentler role models linked to the con-
sumption of toys and other products, or to explicit models of personal
attractiveness that become the basis of sexual attractiveness later in
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life, as are chiTciren in the United States (for a review, see Brown et
al., 1988~.
The aspects of the conventional gender identity package acquired
in infancy are systematically reinforced and policed by the widest va-
riety of audiences. Children first learn about modesty and shame,
and systematic restrictions are placed on their access to various bod-
iTy pleasures. Their earliest inquiries about sexuality are commonly
unanswered, their bodily parts and reproductive processes are either
mislabeled or nonTabeled (Sears et al., 1957; Gagnon, 1965~. It is
characteristic of the majority of families to avoid references to sexual
matters and protect children from sexual information. Nearly all
retrospective studies of adolescents and adults on sources and timing
of sexual learning indicate the limited role that parents play in these
Later Childhood}
The transition of children from the home to elementary school has
clearly changed with the increase of working mothers and day-care
or preschool programs. Many of the experiences that once charac-
terized the first day of school are now spread out over a much longer
period. The significance of the first six years of school has probably
not changed a great clear, however. The elementary school in its nor-
mal practices extends and further reinforces the conventional gentler
role package in still another set of environments. School opportu-
nities and peer relationships sharpen the gender divisions between
boys and girls in both formal and informal school programs. Fail-
ure in schools for either academic or other reasons begins to set the
stage for nonconformist and risk-taking behaviors that characterize
young people who are reached inadequately by the schools them-
seIves. Pressures toward general conformity to rules and regulations
offer other opportunities for deviance among chiTciren.
There are still strong tendencies for children to spend the major-
ity of their time and emotions in same-gencler peer groups. Whereas
the strength of gender divisions has been growing weaker among ur-
ban, upper middle class groups, the support for same-gender frien(l-
ships remains strong among most social groups in the society (Hess,
1981~. Schools tend to reinforce these patterns through both the cul-
tural preferences of teachers and the institutionaTizecl gentler prac-
tices of the school itself.
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Television maintains its continuing pressure on gender role con-
formity through Saturday morning programming for children, partic-
ularly the advertisements, as well as through programming directed
toward aclults that is seen by children. Of particular importance to
sexuality are the effects of these materials on what children expect
to happen in adolescence and adulthood. Indeed, perhaps the most
important training that children receive about the social context of
their sexual futures comes from the mass media, largely television,
but also from the cinema shown on television. Thus, the importance
of physical attractiveness, success with the opposite gender, falling
in love, being a member of a couple, and high consumption standards
are the staples of adult television that children watch (Brown et al.,
Although there is evidence of an increase in more explicit sexual
or sexuaTity-related mass media materials, the effect of these materi-
als on prepubertal children is unknown. This new explicitness exists
at two levels. The first is the one that attracts attempts at social
control: programs or magazines that contain nudity, open references
to sexuality, or language that may offend. Although this material
often evokes attempts at censorship, the majority of prepubertal
chiTciren may not understancl much of it. The second aspect of the
new explicitness is the relatively constant public debate conducted
in the mass media about such topics as pornography, contraception,
abortion, and adolescent sexuality, as well as public education pro-
grams about AIDS prevention. This openness of debate and public
discussion about sexuality, without any explicitly sexual depictions,
may offer more informal sexual information to older children than
pornography. For example, the access of girls to mass market maga-
zines intendecl for women, which heavily emphasize issues of sexual
adjustment, orgasm, extramarital sex, and sexual dysfunction, may
be more critical than the availability of more sexually open materials
in movies or on television. The recency of this increased sexual open-
ness means that we do not yet have a generation that has grown up
under this informational regime. These mass media forces in sexual
eclucation of the prepubertal young are also relevant to the adoles-
cent and young adult periods as well, but equally little is known
about their consumption or influence. It may well be that exposure
to these materials actually has no consequence for the current or
future lives of children or young people; the dilemma is that there is
no acceptable scientific evidence one way or the other.
This is also the period! in life when sex play among children
begins to take place. In the early years, most sex play among younger
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children has motives specific to their developmental stage (Gagnon,
1965~. In these cases, adult interpretation of the conduct as sexually
motivated (i.e., motivated by sexual desires possessed by adults) is
probably in error. Among most children, even when they are close to
puberty, the motivation for such exploration is probably not the full
complement of adult sexual desires or preferences. However, there is
evidence that some older chiTciren, who live in environments in which
the sexual conduct of-adults is more observable and acceptable or
who are targets for the sexual interest of postpubertal youth, may be
involved in sexual experimentation which in techniques and motives
is more like that of adults. Much of this evidence comes from studies
of child sexual abuse (FinkeThor, 1984~.
Despite the growth of sexual knowledge from media sources,
there is little evidence that either parents or schools have engaged in
vigorous attempts to reduce the general sexual ignorance of children
during these years, although this may be changing as a consequence
of the dangers associates! with AIDS. For example, the recent Na-
tional Health Interview Survey found that approximately 60 percent
of parents with children and adolescents from ages 10 to 17 reporter!
that they had talked to these youngsters about AIDS (Dawson and
Thornberry, 1988~. It is not clear what their children would re-
port about the same matter. Most pre-AIDS research reports that
teaching about sex and reproduction remains limited in the schools
(Jones et al., 1986:57-58~. Even AIDS risk prevention programs for
children tend to be less informative than they might be. Studies in
the last decade suggest that even youthful parents rarely tell their
children much about sexuality (Kline et al., 1978~. What seem to be
most strongly reinforced publicly are conventional marriage, family,
and reproductive roles, whereas sexual knowledge remains part of a
covert underground fed indirectly by the media and peers.
Both the physical assault of children and the sexual contacts
of children with adults are important experiences that have only
recently become the focus of intense public debate, criminal proceed-
ings, and social movements (FinkeThor, 1984; Russell, 1984~. Both of
these experiences, in combination or separately, may have important
consequences on adult social and sexual adjustment. There is esti-
mated to be a substantial amount of sexual contact between adults
(usually male) and young children of both genders which varies in du-
ration, level of sexual intimacy, and degree of consanguinity (Finkel-
hor, 1979~. However, the actual amount of such contacts and their
impact are often obscured by research methods and classificatory
OCR for page 500
women in these divorces are often left with the full care of adolescent
children. Women who divorce in this period are often much less
marriageable than their former spouses.
The importance of the mass media as a source of fantasy or
reassurance may increase in these years. Soap operas and sporting
events may serve similar functions for gender-segregated audiences.
The crisis of aging may be particularly acute for gay men among
whom youth, at least in the recent past, was an important aspect of
sexual relations. This may not be as acute among lesbians, partic-
ularly of the same generation, who may be involved in quite stable
Tong-term relationships. What impact the AIDS epidemic will have
on the traditional focus on youth in the gay community is unclear.
Sharp declines in the number of partners of older gay men may well
have impact on the youthful orientation of gay life, at least in prac-
tice if not in fantasy. In this period, both gay men and lesbians with
children will experience the transition of these children into young
adults. Depending on the relationships to their families of origin,
they will share the same problems as maTe-female couples in dealing
with aging parents. The problem of aging particularly among gay
men has been adciressed by McWhirter and Mattison (1984) and
Kimmel (1978).
MicIdle Age
As most individuals move into their middle 50s ant! early 60s, they
move out of the parenting role and their lives increasingly rotate
around their primary affectional-sexual partners, friends, and work
peers. Grandchildren may be reminders of family life, but for most
this is far more attenuated than their own experiences of chiTc! rearing.
Their aclult children and their grandchildren are independent markers
of a transition in the life course.
This is a period of continuing, reduction in sexual relations in
marriage, and some marriages may be almost entirely asexual. It is
also a period when sexual relationships outside the couple decline
in number ant] intensity, regardless of gender preference. There is a
steady increase of nonsexual commitments between the individuals
in the couple as the erotic core of their relationship disappears.
At least some individuals in this period have ceased to conceive
of themselves as sexual actors. This may be connected to clecTines
in health and physical attractiveness. Nonmarital or noncoupled sex
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may be affected by this process because the psychological plausibility
of an individual being a potential sexual partner floes rest upon
attractiveness and health.
The Young OIL
As indivicluals move out of the labor force in their middle 60s, there is
often a reduction in their interaction with persons younger than they
are. This accentuates the importance of their spouse or Tong-term
partner, friends, and adult children. This is true of those with same-
or other-gender sexual preferences. Traclitionally, during this period!
in the life course, there is often the substitution of nonsexual com-
mitments, leisure, hobbies, memories, and sometimes grandchildren,
as the basis for the couple.
There is some evidence that in the past there was a substantial
reduction in sexual relations among most older couples and that
the majority of couples may have been entirely asexual by age 70
(Kinsey et al., 194S, 1953; Christensen and Gagnon, 1965~. There is,
however, some more recent longitudinal data suggesting that stable,
Tow rates of sexual activity do occur among some couples and that
asexuality is not a necessary accompaniment of aging (George and
Weiler, 1981~.
Health status is absolutely critical to sexual life in these years
(as it is in earlier portions of the life course), because life-threatening
illnesses are psychological as well as physical threats to sexuality
(Martin, 1981; Weizman and Hart, 1987~. However, it is important
to note that changes in the general health of the population are
also changing the life course itself. Thus the phenomena of "youth
creep" (i.e., healthy 70-year owls in 1980 are more like 60-year ol(ls
were in 1960; healthy 60-year olds in 1980 are more like 50-year
olds were in 1960; and so forth, to some upper limit, in both the
physical health and the social desires of older persons) will have
unknown consequences for sexuality. This process may well reduce
the "desexualization" of older persons commonly notes] in earlier
generations (Brecher et al., 1984~.
The business sector of the society has been taking notice of this
more affluent and active older population by providing new leisure,
housing, travel, and mass media products for them. Each of these
products focuses on the greater youthfulness and continued sexual
potential of this group.
Women are being widower! at a relatively high rate during this
period, and some recoupling that involves sexuality does occur.
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There is often some intergenerational conflict with children about
these recouplings because they provoke both sexual and property
� ~
Among the elderly after age 70, the forces that affected sexuality
in the years after 60 should retain their impact. What consequences
the very large number of persons of this age in the early years of the
twenty-first century will have on their sexuality is unknown.
The density of references in the latter half of this preliminary at-
tempt to suggest some links of sexuality to the life course decreases
steadily as the focus of discussion moves from childhood and youth
to later life. This decline follows the national cultural prejudice that
finds sexual learning and sexual conduct among the young far more
interesting than the changes in the sexual life of their elders. This
may be due to the fact that the sexual activities of the young seem
to generate more passion as well as more social problems. Whatever
the reasons, the research literature on sexuality (which is not very
abundant in any case) nearly evaporates as our attention-moves from
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text:
Application of the Kubelka–Munk Correction for Self-Absorption of Fluorescence Emission in Carmine Lake Paint Layers
Applied Spectroscopy, Vol. 63, Issue 12, pp. 1323-1330 (2009)
Acrobat PDF (55551 KB)
The variations of the fluorescence emission of carmine lake travelling through an absorbing and scattering medium, such as a paint layer, were investigated by ultraviolet (UV)–visible absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy, and imaging techniques. Samples of the lake were studied in dilute and saturated solutions, on a reference test panel and a real case study. Relevant spectral modifications have been observed as a function of the lake concentration mainly consisting of a fluorescence quenching, red shift of emission maxima, and deformation of emission band. The application of a correction factor based on the Kubelka–Munk model allowed fluorescence spectra obtained in solution and on painted samples of known composition to be compared and correlated, highlighting that the fluorescence of the lake within paint layers is affected by both self-absorption and aggregation phenomena. This approach has been successfully applied on a painting by G. Vasari for the noninvasive identification of carmine lake. The results reported here emphasize the necessity of taking physical phenomena into account in the interpretation of the fluorescence spectra for a proper and reliable characterization and identification of painting materials in works of art.
Catia Clementi, Costanza Miliani, Giovanni Verri, Sophia Sotiropoulou, Aldo Romani, Brunetto G. Brunetti, and A. Sgamellotti, "Application of the Kubelka–Munk Correction for Self-Absorption of Fluorescence Emission in Carmine Lake Paint Layers," Appl. Spectrosc. 63, 1323-1330 (2009)
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subset: commoncrawl


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Nofa staging age-group in summer
-A A +AThursday, February 20, 2014
HUNDREDS of young and aspiring footballers across the province are expected to beat the summer heat when the Negros Occidental Football Association (Nofa) stages the 2014 U12 Boys and U13 Girls Provincial Festival of Football on March 29 and 30 and April 5 and 6 in Bacolod City.
Qualified to join these tournaments are boys born on or after January 1, 2002 and girls born on or after January 1, 2001.
The top teams in the tournament will represent the province and Nofa to the Philippine Football Federation Regional Festival of Football also in April 2014.
This event will provide more avenues for future Filipino football stars to expose themselves in a highly-competitive tournament. Furthermore, it will help the development of students and out-of-school youth in various communities in the province.
Organizers see the possibility that festival dates change due to number of participating teams. (HGD)
Published in the Sun.Star Bacolod newspaper on February 20, 2014.
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Obama can learn from GMA? Only in a negative way � Bayan
The umbrella group Bagong Alyansang Makabayan today said that the only things Obama can learn from Philippine president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo is how to use power to �lie, cheat, steal and suppress your enemies.�
This was the militant group�s response to claims by Executive Secretary Eduardo Ermita that �If there�s anything to learn, it would be President Obama learning from President Arroyo,�
�She is the model� probably in the face of adversity, the new president can learn from other leaders, like the Philippine president, on how to face up to problems and challenges especially when there are constant attacks from the opposition and detractors,� Ermita said.
�It takes a lot of nerve to make Mrs. Arroyo a model of leadership for the US president. She is a teacher through negative example. We all know how unlike Obama, Mrs. Arroyo did not win any elections. We know that the Arroyo government has gained notoriety because of corruption, cover ups and human rights abuses,� said Bayan secretary general Renato M. Reyes, Jr.
�What could GMA possibly impart to Obama considering her dismal track record and her gross unpopularity in her own country? Unless Obama wants to make short work of his presidency and descend into public disapproval, he better shun Arroyo and her bad examples,� Reyes said.
Bayan described Mrs. Arroyo as a �George Bush clone in Asia�. Arroyo supported the US invasion of Iraq, even sending Philippine troops for the US occupation. Arroyo is also a vocal supporter of the Bush-instigated �war on terror�.
�People should be reminded what kind of a fanatical supporter of George W. Bush Mrs. Arroyo has become. Till the end, she found no fault in Bush and his policies. How can Obama learn anything from a Bush clone?� Reyes said.
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Buy Dick Tracy from Amazon.com: Blu-ray + Digital Copy DVD VHS
Disney has a history of trying to imitate their competitors' success. Two years after Star Wars, they gave us The Black Hole. Shortly after the first Harry Potter and Lord of the Rings movies struck box office gold, On paper, the two franchises were very similar. Each began with comics in the 1930s and centered on a no-nonsense urban hero challenged by a variety of flamboyant villains. Both universes were tapped for film serial treatment during Hollywood's Golden Age. Both had endured to some degree, although a 1960s Dick Tracy series modeled after the popular (but campy) Adam West "Batman" never made it beyond a pilot. Still, Tracy could be found fighting crime in newspapers, comic books, and syndicated cartoons when the 1990 film started to take shape.
Dick Tracy was championed by Warren Beatty, who first wanted to make the movie back in 1975. Film rights passed from studio to studio, with various writers, directors, and stars attached at different points. Beatty would end up producing, directing, and starring in the movie, utilizing a script by Jim Cash and Jack Epps, Jr., a team behind such films as Top Gun, The Secret of My Success, and Turner & Hooch. This would be Beatty's third time at the helm, following the hit comedy Heaven Can Wait and the Russian Revolution epic Reds. Quite different from both of those, Dick Tracy would continue Beatty's streak of Oscar wins, though this time he personally wouldn't receive even a nomination.
Police detective Dick Tracy (Beatty) follows his gut more than protocol, but he does his best to protect his unnamed metropolis from the many purveyors of organized crime. Tracy has a loyal girlfriend in Tess Trueheart (Glenne Headly), who's anxious for him to pop the question but somewhat willing to accept that his job comes first. He also picks up a kid with no name other than "Kid" (Charlie Korsmo, making the first of his three big movie appearances from 1990-91), a streetwise, always-hungry orphaned urchin he looks after for the time being.
Tracy's work eats into his time with Tess and the Kid, because the city's criminals are planning something big. Al "Big Boy" Caprice (Al Pacino), a mob boss with a hand in every racket known to man, proposes that his fellow rogues unionize with him to work in tandem and share in the profits of every criminal act. True to the comic strip, these villains are boldly drawn with appearances or personalities that match their names: the wrinkled Pruneface (R. G. Armstrong), the large-headed Little Face (Lawrence Steven Meyers), Flattop (William Forsythe), accountant Numbers (James Tolkan), pianist 88 Keys (Mandy Patinkin), the nearly indecipherable Mumbles (Dustin Hoffman), and so on. With even the district attorney (Dick Van Dyke) on their side, Big Boy sees Tracy as the infuriating only threat to their operations. Knowing that blame for any strike on Tracy will fall on him, though, Big Boy discourages a quick kill.
Meanwhile, Big Boy's newest moll, the lounge singer Breathless Mahoney (Madonna), has eyes for Tracy, but, fearing her life, is reluctant to testify against her boss. Things take a turn for the worse when Tracy is framed by a faceless figure for the D.A.'s murder and thrown in jail, allowing crime to prosper in his absence.
The parallels between Batman and Dick Tracy extend beyond timing and origins. The two each rely on a blonde femme fatale and a classic actor portraying an over-the-top villain Batman's huge commercial success opened Dick Tracy up to inevitable comparisons and even if Burton's franchise launcher isn't nearly as good as childhood memories have influenced many to claim, it still is a little more compelling than Beatty's film.
Beatty possesses clear fondness for the material, which made its newspaper debut six years before he was born. The general public did not seem to share his enthusiasm, certainly not by 1990 and not the younger demographics so essential to films' success. No matter how true to the comic strips it may be, the film's broad brush strokes yield an atmosphere of ridiculousness, from grotesquely made-up antagonists to a one-dimensional hero. Though full of gunplay and deadly criminals (content that may have led Disney to use its more adult Touchstone Pictures banner), the colorful film still looks like a live-action cartoon. Perhaps the hope was that both the kids of the day and their parents who grew up on the comic strip could find common ground and enjoy this. But especially now, the film feels too childish for adults and too dark and violent for children.
Today's adults should still find the film sufficiently interesting, with its bold design and deep cast of movie stars. Being a kid when this was released may help some, but this isn't the formative generation-uniting film experience that has helped to elevate the status of contemporaries like Home Alone or even Hook. I should know. This was one of the few films I saw in theaters back then and I have clear memories of going to stores and asking if they had "Dick Tracy cards" (the collectible trading variety), often to clerk bewilderment. And yet, the power of nostalgia does nothing to make me consider this more than a moderately enjoyable time. Family films of the early '90s are already old enough to have a distinct sensibility and one that doesn't always play well today.
Dick Tracy doesn't so much feel like a product of its time as something that wanted to be timely and relevant. The rarely-working Beatty was in no place to know what the public wanted; his last time in front of the camera had been the epic bomb Ishtar. And while the whole imitating success thing worked for Disney on Narnia (for the first film, that is), the other attempts have proven that something vaguely resembling a big hit rarely produces the impact and enjoyment of that model blockbuster. Hence, the lack of demand for sequels to Black Hole, Bedtime Stories, Dick Tracy, and the Home Alone-esque Blank Check.
Dick Tracy was no Batman at the box office, but it narrowly managed to gross over $100 million, one of only nine films to do so that year. Impressively, it went on to receive seven Academy Award nominations, the most drawn by any Disney movie since Mary Poppins earned thirteen nods back in 1964. With the exception of Pacino's supporting actor nomination (his first Oscar attention since the 1970s), the movie only competed in minor categories, most of them technical in nature. Nonetheless, as one of the bigger films in modern Disney history, Dick Tracy seemed to warrant more than the barebones DVD treatment fans had to wait until 2002 for it to receive. Rumors cropped up about a deluxe edition coming under Disney's short-lived Vista Series banner. Those never materialized, however, and on Tuesday, the film makes its Blu-ray debut still accompanied by no bonus features, unless you count a digital copy. Beatty announced the high definition plans 18 months ago along with plans for a Dick Tracy sequel that sound dubious at best. VIDEO and AUDIO
As on DVD, Dick Tracy is treated to exemplary picture and sound. The 1.85:1 video is sharp, vibrant, and nearly spotless. You can question whether the colors are as saturated as they should be, but the results are definitely great. The 5.1 DTS-HD master audio delights as well. Disney's first completely digital soundtrack, this one brims with life from performances of original Stephen Sondheim songs to commanding effects like explosions and Tommy gun rounds. The film makes a fine leap to high definition, the presentation taking advantage of the higher resolution and less compression while leaving almost no room for improvement. Though the case doesn't mention them, the Blu-ray includes a Russian dub and subtitles and Portuguese subtitles in addition to the standard French and Spanish language options.
BONUS FEATURES, MENUS and PACKAGING
As stated above, the only bonus feature is a digital copy, which adds to the list price but probably not your enjoyment.
The Blu-ray opens with an Oz: The Great and Powerful trailer, The plain menu plays score over the 5-color poster/cover art. The disc does not support bookmarks, does not resume playback, and doesn't even remember where you left off during the movie. It's nearly 2013 and yet one of the biggest studios of all still can't get that simple technology down pat.
The side-snapped keepcase is topped by a cardboard slipcover repeating the artwork behind it. The lone insert supplies directions and a unique activation code for the digital copy disc it covers. That digital copy disc holds the movie in one iTunes and two Windows Media formats for disc-less computer and device viewing.
Dick Tracy falls short of the great crowd-pleasing entertainment and Batman-sized hit it set out to be, but such a bold, ambitious production deserves to be seen. There is plenty to like, too, from Pacino's unabashedly hammy turn to the faithful live-action rendering of a bold comic strip world. It just doesn't add up to anything superb or easy to recommend.
It is absurd that a film of this size continues to get nothing in the way of extras, but that is apparently per Warren Beatty's wishes. Beatty has fought to hang onto rights to the character, even going so far as to make a lawsuit-prompting half-hour television special in 2010 that finally premiered on TCM over the summer. Seems like if that wasn't the "slapdash" and "selfish" charade that Tribune Media Services claimed it to be, it would have been included here along with deleted scenes (Beatty has confirmed that he cut a half-hour to appease Disney executives) and production publicity materials.
Alas, Dick Tracy looking and sounding its best since theatrical release will still be enough for some to pay the $20 asking price.
Support this site when you buy Dick Tracy now from Amazon.com: Blu-ray + Digital Copy / DVD
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Dick Tracy
Theatrical Release: June 15, 1990 / Running Time: 128 Minutes / Rating: PG
Director: Warren Beatty / Writers: Jim Cash, Jack Epps, Jr. (screenplay); Chester Gould (characters)
Cast: Warren Beatty (Dick Tracy), Al Pacino (Alphonse "Big Boy" Caprice), Madonna (Breathless Mahoney), Glenne Headly (Tess Trueheart), Charlie Korsmo (Kid), Mandy Patinkin (88 Keys), Dustin Hoffman (Mumbles), William Forsythe (Flattop), R. G. Armstrong (Pruneface), Dick Van Dyke (D.A. Fletcher), Paul Sorvino (Lips Manlis), Charles Durning (Chief Brandon), Seymour Cassel (Sam Catchem), James Keane (Pat Patton), Estelle Parsons (Mrs. Trueheart), Michael J. Pollard (Bug Bailey), Henry Silva (Influence), James Tolkan (Numbers), Ed O'Ross (Itchy), James Caan (Spuds Spaldoni), Kathy Bates (Mrs. Green), Catherine O'Hara (Texie Garcia), Robert Beecher (Ribs Mocca), Allen Garfield (Reporter), John Schuck (Reporter), Charles Fleischer (Reporter), Lawrence Steven Meyers (Little Face), Robert Costanzo (Lips' Bodyguard), Hamilton Camp (Store Clerk), Jack Kehoe (Customer at Raid)
Songs: "Sooner or Later (I Always Get My Man)", "More", "What Can You Lose", "Live Alone and Like It", "Back in Business"
Disney teamed with Walden Media to make The Chronicles of Narnia. The 2008 family comedy fantasy Bedtime Stories clearly modeled itself after Night at the Museum, the big hit from two Christmases earlier. After Tim Burton's Batman handily topped 1989's charts, Disney aimed for similar results on the following summer's Dick Tracy.
(in Pacino's case, this unlikely performance would lay the groundwork for his volcanic turns in films like Scent of a Woman, Heat, and The Devil's Advocate). There was art design that relied heavily on the old school technique of matte paintings (Tracy's partly done by Harrison Ellenshaw, a sci-fi veteran following in the footsteps of his father, Mary Poppins Oscar winner Peter). There were even similar sounding Danny Elfman scores and the images of the hero crashing through a skylight. While it's true that Dick Tracy wrapped filming right when Batman opened in theaters, these two movies were too big for all of these similarities to occur by sheer coincidence.
Still, it won three: Best Original Song, Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, and Best Makeup. Despite those honors, the movie received mixed reviews and even the children who grew up with it are reluctant to exalt it as a great movie, as the unspectacular 6.0 average user rating on IMDb shows.
Blu-ray Disc Details
1.85:1 Widescreen
5.1 DTS-HD MA (English), Dolby Digital 5.1 (French, Russian), Dolby Surround 2.0 (Spanish)
Subtitles: English for Hearing Impaired, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian
Not Closed Captioned
Release Date: December 11, 2012
Suggested Retail Price: $26.50
Two single-sided discs (BD-50 & DVD-5 DVD-ROM)
Blue Keepcase with Side Snap in Cardboard Slipcover
Still available on DVD ($9.99 SRP; April 2, 2002)
video ads for "Castle": The Complete Fourth Season and Who Framed Roger Rabbit: 25th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray, and an anti-smoking spot. The menu's Sneak Peeks listing repeats those first three, followed by ads for ABC dramas and the Mary Poppins Broadway musical. Dick Tracy's original trailer remains absent.
New to Blu-ray: The Dark Knight Rises Catch Me If You Can The Muppet Christmas Carol Men in Black 3
Madonna: A League of Their Own Evita | Al Pacino: The Godfather Trilogy Scarface Jack and Jill
Written by Jim Cash & Jack Epps, Jr.: Top Gun | Songs by Stephen Sondheim: Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street
Turn of the '90s on Blu-ray: The Rocketeer Billy Bathgate & Blaze Arachnophobia Scrooged Sister Act Newsies
1990s Best Makeup Oscar Winners: Bram Stoker's Dracula Mrs. Doubtfire Ed Wood Braveheart Men in Black
1990s Best Original Song Oscar Winners: Beauty and the Beast Aladdin The Lion King Pocahontas Titanic
Captain America (1990) The Spirit White Fang Hocus Pocus The Princess Bride
DVDizzy.com Top Stories:
Reviewed December 7, 2012.
Text copyright 2012 DVDizzy.com. Images copyright 1990 Touchstone Pictures, Silver Screen Partners IV, and Touchstone Home Entertainment.
Unauthorized reproduction prohibited.


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Tips For Writing Multiplatform Mobile Apps 7/10/2012 Write once, run anywhere is the dream. Cross-platform tools can help, but problems remain. Post a Comment
Microsoft Visual Studio 11 Makes Metro Real 3/5/2012 VS 11 is a live beta, meaning it just got a little less risky to build production Metro apps. Post a Comment


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Hi, Y'all! Popping in for a quick post to share one of my projects around the web. Over on eHow, you'll find my DIY steps for recreating this baby photo party garland that is super cute for 1st birthday parties, graduations, nursery decor, etc! You can click here to see the full step-by-step of this DIY! … { read more }
Hello Summer Giveaway!
We are listening! Due to popular demand we are giving away a CANON CAMERA (you can see in this post here that I shoot with a Canon and love it), a Cedar Play Set, and several cotton candy machines! That's right, COTTON CANDY MACHINE. Every party needs one of those! ;) I'm so thrilled to have partnered with some of my favorite bloggers for this giveaway! Read below to find out how to EASILY … { read more }
Peach & Raspberry Crisp Parfaits
HEY Y'ALL! I'm over on Homes.com today sharing a delicious summer dessert; Peach & Raspberry Crisp Parfaits! I love this recipe because it's super easy and perfect for a DIY dessert bar. You could even serve up different flavors of crisps and cobblers along with ice creams and toppings. Instant summer party! So hop over to Homes' blog here to get the recipe and more pics! … { read more }
Treasure Hunting for Outdoor Summer Parties!
Happy Monday, Y'all! So remember when I shared that I was designing a fabulous outdoor summer party with the help of Pier 1? I'm back to share how I found the perfect pieces to pull the party together. The "treasure hunting" experience for any of my party designs is always my favorite. Sometimes it's something as simple as a bowl of oranges that can spark an entire party style. So I hopped in the … { read more }
Easy 4th of July Sparkler Cake!
With the 4th of July coming up, you might be getting ready to entertain quite a crowd! Or maybe you're headed to a neighborhood party, family function, or other patriotic soiree and need to take a treat for the group. Do not stress! This easy cake to the rescue! Look how festive and fun this 4th of July cake looks! I always love a simple, delicious idea that is great for a group. Gotta love … { read more }
Lilly Pulitzer Inspired Party Ideas
Nothing says summer like Lilly Pulitzer's playful prints in pink, orange, aqua + more! The iconic floral prints aren't just for patterned dresses because Lilly-inspired parties are a perfect are a trend that will never go out of style. Whether you're throwing a colorful cocktail party, a summer soiree, or a children's party, consider these Lilly-inspired party ideas for lots of … { read more }
The Perfect 4th of July Cocktail!
So my brother (who happens to be the blogger behind the fabulous Spiced) was in town to meet Blakely a week ago, and so we had to take a little time to create some delicious recipes! Behold, the perfect 4th of July cocktail: The Blueberry Coconut Sparkler! We sipped on this in style all day long. RUN get these ingredients for your 4th of July party, y'all! SO GOOD! ***CLICK HERE FOR THE RECIPE on … { read more }
Summer Drink: Pineapple Coolers
When the temperatures start rising into the 90s down here in Nashville, there is one thing that is a must - a fruity frozen beverage to beat the heat. Even if you're sitting comfortably in the air conditioning, there is something so "vacation feeling" about sipping on a frozen concoction, right? I'm not sure why we leave frozen drinks to vacation time because they are truly so easy to make at … { read more }
I want to hear from you!
Hi Y'all! Happy Friday! I'm gearing up for a weekend full of summer fun AND shooting some super exciting projects and recipes that I can't wait to share with you! Meanwhile, I have a 5 question survey that I would love for you to fill out! It will help me bring you the content you truly love... P.S. Don't forget to enter to win 1 of 2 $200 credits to Minted - giveaway ends 6/15/14! Hop … { read more }
Summer Drink: Frozen Basil Blender!
Who wants a cocktail?! So this frozen concoction was actually part of a summer garden party I hosted last year (you might have seen it here), but I just had to share the recipe with you in case you missed it. I've remade this delicious cocktail numerous times. It is always a hit and deserves a top spot in your summer recipe list. I really would have thought you had lost your mind about … { read more }


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The FCC wants to move the U.S. to 5G. Here's what that means.
Interview by
Feb 18, 2015
The Federal Communications Commission just wrapped up a public comment period on 5G
Using a cell phone while trapped on a plane (yes, seriously)
Nov 21, 2013
This week's sign that the apocalypse is upon us.
The end of area codes: Why (212) won't mean anything
Mar 7, 2013
The FCC may allow Internet phone providers to assign any area code regardless of the customer's actual geographic location. Do area codes still matter? How has our relationship with area codes evolved?
Comcast is giving away Internet phone calls
May 24, 2012
Is Voice Over Internet Protocol reliable? And what's in it for Comcast?
Hacktivists outnumber regular hackers in data theft
Mar 23, 2012
A new report says hacktivist hacks now outnumber traditional for-profit cybercrime attacks. Plus, new efforts to stop cramming and gamers demand a better ending.
Did Alec Baldwin really need to stop playing Words With Friends?
Dec 12, 2011
How important is it to turn off gizmos on a plane?
Or you could get a different phone...
Oct 3, 2011
If you're sick of keeping up with the Joneses and getting a new phone every couple years, why not consider one that will last forever? Danish firm...
Power Walker!
Aug 25, 2011
Researchers at the University of Wisconsin released a study showing how to power our Smartphones from the kinetic energy in our shoes. That means...
Bono Mack wants answers by August 2
Jul 19, 2011
The Republican Representative from California sent a STRONGLY WORDED LETTER to the U.S. Telecom Association, the Information Technology Industry...
FBI will probe News Corp for possible voice mail hacks in the US
Jul 15, 2011
The FBI says it's launching an investigation as to whether the same sort of voice mail hacking that has allegedly taken place in England may have...


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follow Dictionary.com
9 Grammatical Pitfalls
Earth as a goddess, from Greek Gaia, spouse of Uranus, mother of the Titans, personification of gaia "earth," as opposed to heaven, "land," as opposed to sea, "a land, country, soil," a collateral form of ge (Dorian ga) "earth," of unknown origin, perhaps pre-Indo-European. The Roman equivalent goddess of the earth was Tellus (see tellurian), sometimes used in English poetically or rhetorically for "Earth personified" or "the Earth as a planet."
see Gaia.
also Gaia (GAY-uh)
The Greek goddess of the Earth and primal mother figure, who gave birth to the sky, the mountains, and the sea. She was also the mother of the giant Titans and the Cyclopes (see Cyclops).
GUI Application Interoperability Architecture. An OSF project.


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Date: 6 years ago
Runtime: 1:36
Views: 23,764
All Comments
Fabulous tits and gorgeous dark nipples...can't think how I missed these until now
Thank you
I love those huge tits of yours.....they'd look better with my mouth on them though. let's see more!!!!
Oh my god.....
Those are beautiful tits. Got me rock hard instantly.
Hope to see more!
You like comments huh.... I like 42h tits.... hows that? LOL keep it sexy


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Environmental Issues: Air
Air Main Page
All Documents in Air Tagged mercury
- Poisoning the Great Lakes
Mercury Emissions from Coal-Fired Power Plants In the Great Lakes Region
Report - Mercury emitted into the air from coal-fired power plants is by far the leading man-made source of mercury in the Great Lakes and the rivers and streams of the region. The report analyzed pollution data to determine the top 25 mercury emitting power plants in the Great Lakes states, and the top three in each state.
- Clean Air Saves Lives
Real stories of American families with asthma
Overview - Four real stories of American families with asthma. Includes videos and images.
- EPA Mercury and Air Toxics Rule Curbs Pollution
The Obama Administration Protects Our Air and Our Health
Overview - The Mercury and Air Toxic Standards
Documents Tagged mercury in All Sections
- The Minamata Convention on Mercury: Contents, Guidance, and Resources
Overview - It will take an international solution to curb the world's mercury pollution problem -- and the United States should lead the way.
- Mercury Contamination
A Guide to Staying Healthy and Fighting Back
Guide - Power plants and chemical facilities are the main sources of mercury pollution, but this hazardous chemical makes its way into our homes and bodies in fish. This guide provides information about the health effects of mercury exposure, shows where it's coming from, offers tips for eating fish more safely and highlights opportunities to help stop mercury pollution.
- Testimony from Linda Greer on Mercury Legislation
Testimony - Testimony from Linda Greer, senior scientist and director of the Natural Resources Defense Council's public health program, on mercury legislation before the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, May 13, 2008.
- Compact Fluorescent Lights Are Safe for Your Home
Fact Sheet - CFLs are safe, and can help your family save energy and money. Get document in pdf.
For additional policy documents, see the NRDC Document Bank.
For older publications available only in print, click here.
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- Charity Navigator awards NRDC its 4-star top rating.
- Worth magazine named NRDC one of America's 100 best charities.
- NRDC meets the highest standards of the Wise Giving Alliance of the Better Business Bureau.


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A collection of more than 600 lots of the NASA space program in action, from the early days of Mercury, to the triumphs of Apollo, are heading to auction, Feb. 26 through London-based Bloomsbury Auctions. Among the expected highlights of the sale is a clear photo of astronaut Neil Armstrong on the moon, with the American flag to his left. Read More +
Tag Archives: historical photographs
Antique photos of California criminals sell twice in four months
A book filled with mug shots of early 20th century California prison inmates sold for $31,200 at Swann Galleries in New York just four months after it was sold fro $2,150 at an Oregon auction. The fascinating book features 710 photographs and was once owned by the San Francisco Police Department, an early proponent in using photography in identifying criminals. Read More +
Copies of The Aitken Bible and the Book of Mormon, with link to church founder, may make history at Heritage
An incredibly rare copy of The Aitken Bible, 1782, the first Bible printed in English in America, and an 1830 first edition of "The Book of Mormon" consigned by the descendents of John Wesley Brackenbury, a stepson of founder Joseph Smith, both provide collectibles for Heritage Auctions' Sept. 12, 2011 Signature Rare Books Auction at Heritage.
Read More +


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Released: Sep 01st, 1996
Running Time: 120
Director: Alex Sanders
Company: Wicked Pictures
Sid Deuce, Montana Gunn, Lovette, Sean Rider, Tracy Love, Eden (I), Caressa Savage, Jay Ashley
Critical Rating: AAA
Genre: Feature
Alex Sanders, veteran of high-octane sex scenes and wonderful comic performances is the latest performer to wash his dirty laundry in public as a writer/director. Such conceptually challenging fare as the adolescent Zorro adventures in Anal Bandits, and now the Laundromat antics in Spinners clearly prove that the gonzo cycle is almost wrung dry.
Bikini-clad babes stuffed into Laundromat dryers? Please. This sort of the fluff 'n' fold imagery is a good excuse for the bleached blonde performers, but it won't put the starch in Joe Q. Public's shorts.
Spinners is no washout, though. Bold videography and Fab tease shots by Jake Jacobs help to correct the spin, and plenty of facial rinses lighten the load.
Lovette's tempa-cheer rises visibly when Sean Rider agitates her backdoor laundry chute, and Tracey Love's delicate derriere receives similar attention from Jay Ashley's anal overload. Mr. Clean, er, Sanders really turns the tide by orally washing Eden's crack like an industrial stain remover. A-L-L and that's all.


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Mandelblatt, Bertie R (2002) Where only ghosts and tourists come to dine : the Creole and Cajun cuisines of Southern Louisiana and the commodification of history. Masters thesis, Concordia University.
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This thesis interrogates the ways that the material biographies of the Creole and Cajun cuisines of southern Louisiana undermine and ultimately betray the discursive fictions that they are typically required to perform in popular culinary discourse. The thesis begins with an investigation of the contemporary literature concerning the commodity, commodity fetishism and consumption, particularly in the arena of cuisine, in order to better understand how the commodification of cuisine enables specific fantasies regarding American colonial history related to race and ethnicity. After elaborating the concept of the biography of the object, the thesis studies six specific recipes in detail. The historical trajectories of key ingredients in the recipes are traced in order to explore the ways the development of cuisine in 18 th -century Louisiana related to the violent interaction between French and Spanish colonists, Native American peoples, and the enslaved West African labour force. The thesis concludes by reconceptualizing the cuisines of Louisiana as diasporic cuisines.
Divisions: | Concordia University > Faculty of Arts and Science > Communication Studies |
Item Type: | Thesis (Masters) |
Authors: | Mandelblatt, Bertie R |
Pagination: | iv, 141 leaves ; 29 cm. |
Institution: | Concordia University |
Degree Name: | Theses (M.A.) |
Program: | Communication Studies |
Date: | 2002 |
Thesis Supervisor(s): | Gagnon, Monika Kin |
ID Code: | 1947 |
Deposited By: | Concordia University Libraries |
Deposited On: | 27 Aug 2009 13:23 |
Last Modified: | 08 Dec 2010 10:23 |
Related URLs: |
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Articles tagged 'pedro isaias'
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Title | Summary | Date |
ECMS: Electronic Copyright Management Systems |
Pedro Isaias considers Electronic Copyright Management Systems (ECMS). |
June 1999, issue20, feature article |
ECMS: Technology Issues and Electronic Copyright Management Systems |
Pedro Isaias looks at the relevant ECMS e-Commerce technology. |
September 1999, issue21, feature article |


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Is Borg a GOAT candidate?
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borg number one
Join Date: Oct 2007
Location: Houston, Texas
Posts: 7,580
I agree Gizo. Good analysis. All the "greatest players ever" have big time pluses and also some minuses and you've discussed the McEnroe rivalry well. They played 14 times and ended up 7-7 having played each other only on carpet, hard courts, and grass at Wimbledon. This was when the surfaces were faster indoors, at Wimbledon and at the US Open too. Plus, with McEnroe and the old technology, the dynamics favored a reall great net rusher more than it does today. Borg won two big matches at Madison Square Garden versus McEnroe both in January 1980 & January 1981, while losing once at Wimbledon and winning once at Wimbledon. He lost both US Open finals, while winning the FO twice in both 1980 and 1981. So from January 1980 until the the end of 1981, he won two YEC, one Wimbledon, two French Opens, and lost two US Open finals. That's a stellar record by any account at the four biggest tourneys during those years. Of course, you didn't have a slow hard court major to compete at either.
Bjorn Borg defied analysis. No one could manufacture a man that won 6 French Open and 5 straight Wimbledon titles. - Andrew Longmore
borg number one
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