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Wendy B. Young
Information is the raw ingredient supplying the public policy process. Throughout the process of policymaking, information is traded and transformed by participants seeking to influence the process and emerging policy. In the past two decades, the supply of information available to inform public policy has expanded and diversified in response to an increase in competition and partisanship in the policymaking process.
A dramatic new development, fueled by congressional committee restructuring in the 1970s and 1980s, that emulates trends in the manufacturing industries, is occurring in information trading. The increasingly competitive and partisan environment and the subsequent desire for an ever-shortening response time prompts participants in the policymaking process to seek strategies that quickly sort the excess information that they receive and customize the information into a product that they can use immediately to advance their targeted message of the moment. Participants in the public policymaking process are making the same discovery as Japanese manufacturers: just-in-time (JIT) management strategies can shorten production time and enhance market competition. Policymakers are using think tanks, interest groups, and lobbyists to supply ready-to-
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The Market for Information in Health Policy: Using the "Just-in-Time" Strategy
Wendy B. Young
Information is the raw ingredient supplying the public policy process. Throughout the process of policymaking, information is traded and transformed by participants seeking to influence the process and emerging policy. In the past two decades, the supply of information available to inform public policy has expanded and diversified in response to an increase in competition and partisanship in the policymaking process.
A dramatic new development, fueled by congressional committee restructuring in the 1970s and 1980s, that emulates trends in the manufacturing industries, is occurring in information trading. The increasingly competitive and partisan environment and the subsequent desire for an ever-shortening response time prompts participants in the policymaking process to seek strategies that quickly sort the excess information that they receive and customize the information into a product that they can use immediately to advance their targeted message of the moment. Participants in the public policymaking process are making the same discovery as Japanese manufacturers: just-in-time (JIT) management strategies can shorten production time and enhance market competition. Policymakers are using think tanks, interest groups, and lobbyists to supply ready-to-
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use information, outsourcing background work traditionally supplied by congressional and executive branch agencies. In turn, the growing distance between policymakers and these executive branch agencies whose programs generate the data used by external information suppliers to create customized information products, is putting these agencies' budgets at risk and reducing the capacity for intramural and extramural evaluation of federal health care programs.
With the advent of JIT strategies, the process of supplying information to health policymakers is taking on characteristics of the Japanese manufacturing process. U.S. policymakers and Japanese automakers are using JIT strategies to manage excess supply, shorten production time, increase flexibility, spread their risk to suppliers, and reduce cost. Just as the JIT manufacturing strategy has helped Japanese manufacturers expand their market share, policymakers using the JIT strategy are seeking a competitive edge for influencing policy proposals and political agendas. A look at how JIT manufacturing works at Toyota, the most cited example of the widespread use of the JIT strategy in manufacturing, highlights the attractive features of these strategies: reducing excess supply, timeliness, more flexibility, shared risk, and reduced cost (Schonberger, 1982).
A Response to Excess Supply
Japanese manufacturers adopted the JIT strategy when they realized that their suppliers had overproduced the required products and created an excess capacity (Schonberger, 1982). When steel-makers overproduced steel, Japanese manufacturers decided that they no longer needed to stock steel or make their own components to keep their production times from being slowed by gaps in the supply of steel parts. Although eliminating their stock increased manufacturers' dependence on their suppliers, they compensated
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for this by eliminating the waste that resulted from transporting, storing, and cataloging materials.
The JIT strategy drastically reduces the timeline from product design to customer delivery by outsourcing the components (Bowman and Kogut, 1995). Toyota is as much as 1.5 years faster than any U.S. or German carmaker at bringing a car with a new design to market (Smith, 1995). Simultaneous engineering gives suppliers the same time to change the components as the assembly plant has to change the production process. The car design as well as its parts can be modified throughout development, because suppliers participate in the creation of the idea and the design of the car that results from that idea (Dale, 1994). The new product emerges into the market in time to match changing customer tastes and gives Toyota a market advantage before other carmakers have comparable products.
The JIT strategy increases flexibility by closing the supply market. Each essential component has one exclusive supplier. There is no competitive bidding process. Toyota supplies are customized components, tailor-made for each car design. Suppliers continuously refine their components by roaming the assembly plant and talking with workers about potential improvements in the assembly process or the performance of their components. Either a component is ready to use (arrives at the moment and location in the assembly line process where it is to be installed and works properly) or the assembly worker and supplier change the component or the assembly process.
Shared Risk
Extensive outsourcing to sole contractors puts suppliers at the same risk as manufacturers for product failure, a benefit for manu-
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facturers who grant exclusive contracts. More than 70 percent of Toyota's components are outsourced (Smith, 1995). Suppliers share the responsibility for meeting the production quotas set by the manufacturer. In turn, suppliers are given complete access to the assembly process and workers and a preferred operation site in close proximity to the assembly plant that they supply. These exclusive suppliers also have exclusive contracting rights to supply all subcomponents and other less frequently used parts obtained from subsuppliers. The manufacturer shares with these exclusive suppliers its savings from reducing production time, improving quality, and increasing market share (Smith, 1995).
The car assembly plant in Toyota City is the hub of consecutive rings of suppliers located according to Toyota's dependence on them (Smith, 1995). The innermost ring contains the sole engine supplier, whose close proximity makes it possible to deliver a load of engines every 20 minutes at the dock adjacent to the engine assembly station. Located in the next ring are suppliers of essential parts to the major suppliers, such as those making engine parts. The outer ring provides space for marginal subsuppliers who operate on their own timetable to sell to any customer a set of standard components.
Reduced Cost
The cost of production of goods of very high quality is less when the JIT strategy is used (Schonberger, 1982). By relying on suppliers to deliver goods for assembly on a JIT basis, the costs of bidding for, packaging, storing, and wasting defective or excess supplies are eliminated rather than just being passed along the supply chain. Also, a faster product assembly time lowers labor costs. Streamlining customer delivery also lowers labor costs. For example, in the United States WalMart is using JIT strategies to save one third of its costs by moving goods directly from the manufacturer to the store shelf (McInerney and White, 1995).
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Over the past two decades, the restructuring of congressional committees and increasing ease of travel between home districts and the Capitol have erased any earlier clear distinction between campaigning and policymaking activities. Members of Congress are readily accessible to constituents and can engage in the policymaking agenda of most committees, so they must have information that is current and framed to be consistent with their platform. An information industry has emerged to supply such tailored information on a just-in-time basis. However, this industry is overproducing, so that the supply of information has exceeded the need at any given moment, and created even more reliance on JIT strategies to sort and retrieve only the information needed at the moment.
Growing Demand for Information Creates Excess Supply
The restructuring of Congressional committees in the 1970s and 1980s set off a dramatic transformation of the public policymaking process (Ricci, 1993; Smith, 1988). Prior to 1970 seniority and specialization determined committee appointments, giving policymaking order and consistency. Over several terms on the same committee, members and their staffs became experts in a policy specialty and trained new committee appointees. Adequate information was available from congressional and executive branch resource offices, and this information generally fit the information needs of each committee. Without the ease of jet travel, representatives and senators stayed in Washington during the session, so that their information and support network were their political party, committee member and staffs, and colleagues (Smith, 1988).
The growth of jet travel in the 1970s put constituents in immediate contact with their representatives and senators, and members of Congress spent more time in their districts. Greater constituent contact led to more focus on one's own agenda, and as television coverage of congressional activities grew in the 1970s, individual members could readily promote their own agendas (Smith, 1988).
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The restructuring of congressional committees, which dismantled traditional committees and created new subcommittees, opened the committee appointments so that even new members could realistically campaign for committee seats to promote their agendas (Ricci, 1993). Committee appointments and agendas were no longer controlled by party, tenure, specialization, and loyalty (Ricci, 1993; Smith, 1988).
Opening the committee appointments dispersed power and expanded the agenda as the policymaking process engaged more participants and a wider range of perspectives (Ricci, 1993; Smith, 1988). All committee and subcommittee members acquired staff, and the staff expanded the agenda to showcase the member and the member's special issues (Smith, 1988). Members of special interest groups could now promote their goals by supporting a certain member of Congress for key committee appointments. The market for policy information grew from the relatively permanent and exclusive group of staff serving a few senior members of Congress to a large and diverse range of staff serving each member of Congress who expressed interest in a particular policy issue. Individual members constructed their own fleet of consultants to advise them on, for example, media, strategy, polling, and direct mail replacing the political party organization's traditional role (Smith, 1988). Washington, D.C., thus began to see a proliferation of advocacy, lobbying, consulting, and think tank organizations seeking to supply information to those involved in an expanded and more diverse policymaking process (Knoke, 1990; Smith, 1988). For example, conservatives created their own think tanks (e.g., the Heritage Foundation and the Cato Institute) to compete with well-established liberal and moderate operations (Ricci, 1993).
As more outside groups participated in the policymaking process, the staffs of members of Congress and committee staffs became flooded with the explosion of materials supplied by this growing information industry. Congressional offices expanded their staffs to keep up with the growing agenda and information, and their growth expanded the agenda further, stimulating a new supply of information products (Smith, 1988). The information supply grew to become excessive, disorderly, and dissonant; it was no longer
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orderly and consonant with the needs of members. The nature and work of congressional staff leaves them ill equipped to sort and store the voluminous and conflicting information that they received on any policy subject. With an endless new supply arriving daily, information products became something used at the moment for the current political agenda or discarded.
I became aware of the information explosion as it related to health care policy almost instantly when I began work for Senate Minority Leader Tom Daschle as a 1995-1996 Robert Wood Johnson (RWJ) Health Policy Fellow. The amount of mail and other correspondence related to health care issues was a pile of material at least a foot high that arrived daily and was distributed somewhat randomly by the office interns into the mailboxes of the two health legislative assistants and me. Each piece was passed along to the other two members of the team involved with health-related issues, who could keep material of special relevance or interest and toss the rest. I quickly learned to save material relevant to the stage of an issue at the moment and toss anything else. The amount of mail was too large to catalog for later retrieval. Anything that became relevant at a later date could be retrieved from the source or, more readily, from a group advocating the issue. For example, I filed all the mail that we received on medical savings accounts during the health insurance reform debate. I did not, however, attempt to save all the mail that we received on various provisions of Medicare and Medicaid reform. I relied instead on the Center for Budget and Policy Priorities, some key foundations, Families USA, and a few other groups for up-to-date summaries that supported our office's agenda.
Rising Value of Timeliness
The value of timeliness is increasing as the debate on a specific topic expands and becomes more competitive. Differences between campaigning and policymaking are becoming blurred. The continuous contact with constituents and the all-important and frequent media coverage, especially via C-SPAN, has members of Congress constantly campaigning (Smith, 1988). All stakeholders, public of-
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ficials, and private interests are in a constant race to create from events the opportunity to advance their political agenda (Kingdon, 1995).
Congressional staff have discovered that outsourcing can shorten the time that they take to produce policy and political materials to advance the message of the moment. Beyond the thorough, objective problem and policy analyses that they obtain from congressional and executive branch offices (Congressional Research Service, General Accounting Office, Physician Payment Review Commission, Prospective Payment Assessment Commission, and legislative staff of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS]), and the budgetary analyses that they receive from the Congressional Budget Office and the Office of Management and Budget, congressional office staff who work on health issues rely on a selected group of think tanks and interest groups for information (Knoke, 1990). These outside information traders supply within a day or two targeted information products that are ready to use for a legislative provision, floor debate on alternative proposals, or talking points for a press conference to propose new legislation.
As an RWJ fellow working on the many versions of Medicaid reform proposals, I developed a short list of interest groups and think tanks to supply me with a quick answer, rebuttal, or response to fit into a memo, talking point, chart, or brief remarks that I needed to draft within a few hours or a day. One strategy crafted to oppose the May 1996 Republican Medicaid reform provisions as part of the welfare reform movement highlighted how the proposed changes in Medicaid would make Medicare benefits inaccessible for many vulnerable dually eligible senior citizens. Although the data were checked with DHHS legislative staff, the Kaiser Family Foundation and Center for Budget and Policy Priorities were called on for the information required to craft the message. Reliance was also placed on the Center for Budget and Policy Priorities for an analysis of the total combined federal and state funding cuts in the Republican Medicaid block grant proposal.
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Interdependence: Trading Political Cover for Inside Tips
Capitol Hill is surrounded by a series of consecutive rings of information suppliers whose proximity to the Hill is relative to the interdependence (Knoke, 1990) similar to the rings of suppliers surrounding the Toyota manufacturing plant. Those highly interdependent with congressional offices share the most risks with these offices. Think tanks and interest groups that are among a congressional office's preferred sources for timely and tailored information products gain advance notice of intended tactical and legislative changes. They also stand ready to deliver tailored information products on an on-call basis. Think tanks that produce information that leans toward one ideological side of an issue and is tailored for the needs of a select group of congressional offices are vulnerable to charges of using methodologies to support the think tank's and congressional members' preconceived views of the issue. Think tanks sometimes bolster their own recommendations by criticizing conflicting information dispensed by other think tanks as based on flawed methodology produced by a group whose beliefs are too strong to see the truth. These think tanks also face the risk to their continuing existence that depends on an ideological balance within Congress to stimulate a bipartisan debate in need of further information.
The think tanks and interest groups offer congressional offices political cover by taking credit for controversial tactics in order to protect the image of a member of Congress (Smith, 1988). They can create a safe moderate position for an elected official by strongly advocating or opposing a more radical position and then agreeing publicly to graciously support the representative's or senator's ''astute and prudent" compromise. During the 1996 health insurance reform debate, mental health advocacy groups pushed very strongly for prohibiting any distinction of insurance benefits for mental health coverage from other benefits. When the bill moved to conference committee to resolve differences between the House and Senate versions, these groups formed a coalition to publicly support members who advocated the compromise: no differentiation in annual and lifetime caps. These mental health advocacy groups were
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in constant communication with the Daschle and other Senate offices during conference committee negotiations. As part of the many conversations with these groups' representatives, they were kept up to date on the trade-offs under consideration on all provisions of the health insurance reform bill, not just the mental health provision.
The think tanks and interest groups that work closely with congressional office staff condense information from research reports, government reports, polls, and the news media and tailor it to fit into the congressional office's political message. These customized information packages relieve congressional staff from trying to quickly read and interpret comprehensive information from objective sources and reshape it to fit the message of the moment. These products, which are delivered quickly, speed up the response time for congressional offices and make it possible to issue new messages that day before the key television or print deadline.
Representative John Kasich, an Ohio Republican and chairman of the House Budget Committee, recently told a Chicago Tribune reporter that he relied on the Heritage Foundation and a few other right-wing groups to prepare his arguments for defunding the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (Warren, 1996). Located four blocks from the U.S. Capitol, the Heritage Foundation is a think tank that emerged in the 1970s when congressional restructuring broadened the debate to include more conservative policy alternatives (Ricci, 1993). The Heritage Foundation is a prototype for using the JIT strategy to supply information to individuals involved in the policymaking process. The typical Heritage Foundation information product is a "brief," which is a one-page statement promoting a policy proposal or a preferred explanation of a social problem. Heritage Foundation staff produce briefs by taking background information from reports by university researchers, federal agencies, news media, and polls and condensing and casting the information to fit the preferred political message. These briefs are marketed to conservative congressional offices, whose staff can copy or extract the material to fit the proposal or message that the member wants to support. The Heritage Foundation also supplies information products to Republican Party organizations for public issue and election campaigns (Ricci, 1993; Toner, 1996).
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Outer-Ring Information Production
Most university and independent research and policy centers with expertise in social and health problems are outside the beltway (the highway around Washington, D.C., delineating what is perceived to be an insular political and social world), making their role in the policy information market resemble that of the universal parts subsuppliers located farther from the hub of the Toyota assembly plant. They neither seek nor desire the interdependencies that innerring think tanks have built with congressional offices. Their products are objective, comprehensive analyses that demonstrate the current status and trends of a social problem or that evaluate the effectiveness of public programs. Their information products stimulate awareness within the congressional and executive branches of social problems that may benefit from program and policy changes. Articles in the Journal of Pediatrics or the Journal of Health and Social Behavior, just to give two examples, are more likely to be used by think tanks and lobbying groups to support their positions than to be read by congressional staff looking for ideas on new legislation. The products of most university researchers provide the raw material that is modified and extracted by think tanks and interest groups in closer proximity to the Congress that feed the daily information market on a JIT basis. The distance between most researchers and Capitol Hill and researchers' focus on objectivity and thoroughness carve out for them a more peripheral contribution to the moment-by-moment policy and political efforts on the Hill.
Federal Deficit Reduction: Downsizing, Privatizing, and JIT Strategies
Public interest in reducing the deficit and the proclivity to look toward the private market rather than government for solutions have resulted in numerous changes in the information that is produced by the federal government (Donahue, 1989). Along with White House initiatives to downsize government (Gore, 1993), the 104th Republican Congress's downsizing initiatives ranged from privatizing the
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House beauty and barber shops and food services to eliminating the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) and significantly reducing the budget for the Agency for Health Care Policy Research (AHCPR). In addition, the growing privatization of Medicare and Medicaid through managed care capitation contracting reflects the current thinking that private enterprises are more cost-effective than public operations.
Beyond the general interest in reducing federal spending, policymakers' growing reliance on JIT information products places federal agencies like OTA and AHCPR at special risk and eased the closure of OTA. In the heat of the moment, when the pace of policy action is extremely rapid and the stakes are the highest, congressional offices may be more dependent on outside think tanks and interest groups for the quick, tailored information needed to supply the political message of the moment. The essential value of OTA's comprehensive study reports delivered to Congress within a year or two of a committee's request may be overlooked when attention is directed toward deficit reduction and downsizing (Coates, 1996). Congressional offices receive OTA and AHCPR products frequently through their secondary use, since these federal agencies' products are often recycled because their information is used by such well-respected entities as the Institute of Medicine and universities to inform and strengthen their work (Coates, 1996). OTA data, conclusions, and policy recommendations are also frequently cited in targeted message-oriented paragraphs prepared on request by inside-the-beltway think tanks and interest groups for a congressional member's statement or proposal planned for later that day.
On top of the inherent difficulties in producing for congressional members comprehensive research or analysis within the typical 60-day to 6-month window of attention for a specific issue, reports by OTA and AHCPR can yield findings and recommendations that are more favorable to one special interest than another. Regardless of how sound the methodology and how balanced the range of stakeholders are on a study commission, federal agencies that produce partisan recommendations or find one rationale as a better explanation than another are at risk of incurring the displeasure or even the active opposition of politicians and powerful stake-
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holders who stand to lose if the study's findings are implemented. AHCPR's back pain study that documented the lack of better outcomes from more expensive surgical rather than less expensive medical treatment spurred an intensive lobbying campaign that resulted in congressional proposals for radical funding reduction and even the elimination of this agency by the 104th Congress. The next year, AHCPR moved away from promulgating clinical practice guidelines, and encouraged external think tanks and private-sector research centers to continue this work.
The current partisan policy environment of continuous campaigning fueled by the JIT supply of customized information products is reducing the public's role from that of a stimulus for Congress to make policy to that of a consumer of policy made by Congress (Ricci, 1993). The public has been relegated to the role of customer and policymaking is acquiring more marketing characteristics. Although JIT sources provide congressional offices with timely and ready-to-use information for their partisan policymaking activities, the feedback loop between Congress and the inside-the-beltway operators emphasizes political receptivity more than policy effectiveness. The focus often leans more toward what sells, not what lasts. The capacity to evaluate policy effectiveness is at risk from the growing disinterest in maintaining the federal infrastructure that monitors federal health policy. Competing interest in balancing the budget and downsizing the government seeks to eliminate, downsize, or privatize the federal agencies and programs that produce and analyze the data needed to evaluate the consequences of changes in federal health programs and the transformation of the health care delivery system (Gaus and Fraser, 1996).
Medicare claims data, for example, will diminish in size and representation as the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) approves more managed care contracts for capitation rather than fee-for-service payment. The General Accounting Office (1996) recently emphasized the need for HCFA to collect individual pa-
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tient encounter and satisfaction data from health maintenance organizations as the Medicare claims database erodes. Although the claims database has many limitations, especially for determining differences in client satisfaction and outcomes, it has been the primary data set for identifying unnecessary regional variations in cost, utilization and treatment patterns (U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, 1994). The Medicare claims database provided the data for AHCPR's first round of medical effectiveness studies, the Patient Outcome Research Teams.
As HCFA director in the late 1980s, William Roper looked to AHCPR to be part of the expanded federal infrastructure necessary to evaluate health outcomes in the future as services moved out of the hospital setting and health plans shifted from the fee-for-service system to one of managed care (Roper, 1996). Since then, AHCPR has had diminished capacity as Congress has leaned toward expecting the private-sector market to regulate itself. Although the private sector is generating quality and outcomes data, these self-reported data are not uniformly available and lack external validity, comparability, and standardization across demographic differences (Roper, 1996; Physician Payment Review Commission, 1995). Just after the Physician Payment Review Commission called for a strong research infrastructure to support and improve the development and use of practice guidelines (Physician Payment Review Commission, 1995), Congress deleted from the Conference Committee Report on Medicare Reform the Medicare reform provisions of the Balanced Budget Act of 1995 (H.R. 2491) requiring Medicare choice plans to report aggregate encounter data on physician visits, nursing home days, home health days, inpatient days, and rehabilitation services. Congressional sentiment continues toward privatization and self-regulation and away from a major federal role in quality monitoring. Private funding for large-scale, objective, comparable research will be increasingly critical to evaluating the impact of the changes occurring in public-and private-sector health programs and services (Gaus and Fraser, 1996).
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Beginning with the restructuring of the U.S. Congress in the 1970s, the environment for policymaking has become increasingly diverse and more partisan. With more committee appointments, members have more podiums to advance their own agendas. They use these to advance two goals: campaigning and policymaking. The shorter policymaking work week, due to the ease of jet travel back to the member's district, and expanded television exposure have increased the value of each moment in the week. JIT information supply helps congressional staff to shorten preparation time to increase the number of opportunities for member's public exposure. A preferred small network of think tanks and interest groups loyal to a member of Congress's agenda serves as an extension of the office staff in their daily work.
Congressional and executive branch resource offices provide the extensive, objective, bipartisan background and analyses that congressional committee and personal staff use to develop legislative proposals. JIT sources, however, are becoming the more common supplier of the customized, ready-to-use information that congressional office staff need to prepare the daily partisan and strategy work.
The popularity of JIT sources may be reinforcing the shift toward privatization and downsizing and eroding the federal capacity for conducting thorough evaluations of its policies. The evaluation of federal health policy and concurrent changes in the private health care sector may fall increasingly to the private sector to fund and conduct, with fewer public data being available to support this work.
Bowman, E.H., and B.M. Kogut. 1995. Redesigning the Firm. New York: Oxford University Press.
Coates, V.T., 1996. Rebuilding the Office of Technology Assessment. The Chronicle of Higher Education, Section B, p. 4, November 1.
Dale, B.G., ed. 1994. Managing Quality, 2nd ed. New York: Prentice-Hall.
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Donahue, J.D. 1989. The Privatization Decision: Public Ends, Private Means. New York: Basic Books.
Gaus, C.R., and I. Fraser. 1996. Shifting paradigms and the role of research. Health Affairs 15(2):235-241.
General Accounting Office. 1996. Medicare: Federal Efforts to Enhance Patient Quality of Care. Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Health, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives (Pub. No. GAOHEHS-96-20). Washington, D.C.: General Accounting Office.
Gore, A. 1993. From Red Tape to Results: Creating a Government That Works Better and Costs Less. New York: Times Books, Random House. (Reproduced in entirety from the U.S. Government Printing Office document.)
Kingdon, J.W. 1995. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies, 2nd Ed. New York: Harper Collins.
Knoke, D. 1990. Political Networks: The Structural Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.
McInerney, F., and S. White. 1995. The Total Quality Corporation. New York: Truman Talley Books.
Physician Payment Review Commission. 1995. Annual Report to Congress. Washington, D.C.: Physician Payment Review Commission.
Ricci, D.M. 1993. The Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think Tanks. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
Roper, W. L. 1996. "Can the Marketplace Assure Quality of Care?" Pp. 39-47inThe Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Lectures, 1994-1995: Looking Back, Looking Forward: "Staying Power" Issues in Health Care Reform. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Schonberger, R.J. 1982. Japanese Manufacturing Techniques: Nine Hidden Lessons in Simplicity. New York: Free Press.
Smith, H. 1988. The Power Game: How Washington Works. New York: Ballantine.
Smith, H. 1995. Rethinking America. New York: Random House.
Toner, R., 1996. Interest groups take new route to Congressional election arena. New York Times, pp. Al, A10, August 20.
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. 1994. Identifying Health Technologies That Work: Searching for Evidence (Pub. No. OTA-H-608). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Warren, J. September 29, 1996. GOP's budget guy is mostly right, sometimes right on. Chicago Tribune, Section 2, p. 2.


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Washington State Legislature
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Wed January 11, 2012
AP: Gay marriage within reach in Wash. Legislature
OLYMPIA, Wash. — Washington's Legislature is on the verge of having enough support to approve gay marriage, with votes continuing to realign in the state Senate.
In contacts with all 49 senators over the past week, The Associated Press found that more lawmakers are now firmly supporting gay marriage than opposing it. That margin currently stands at 22-18, and the measure needs 25 votes to pass the Senate.
Four other Democrats say they are considering whether to support it, including one who is leaning in favor. A pair of Republicans are among those supporting the proposal, and two first-term members of the GOP say they are still discussing the issue with constituents.
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Non-Acceptance of Demands
Dogs maul boy to death
Sorrow stalks Gurjants family members
Harjeet Kaur (left) and Sukhpal Kaur, daughters of Gurjant Singh of Behman Jassa Singh village, narrating their plight at Chak Ram Singh Wala village
in Bathinda district on Thursday. Photo by writer
PAU-201 variety
Play urges people to shun superstitions
Man killed in road mishap
Mandi Board orders re-auction of paddy
MES workers stage dharna
Govt staff to observe pen-down strike today
Sushil Goyal Tribune News Service
Bathinda, March 25 Talking to TNS, state president of the union Darshan Singh Bajaj said these days were very crucial for the state government as the current financial year was nearing its end. He said in case the government compelled them to continue their pen down strike for an indefinite period from March 27, all grants and funds to the tune of crores of rupees would lapse after March 31, as no bill would be passed by the treasuries and no money would be collected by the offices. Bajaj said the main demand of the union was scrapping of governments decision that makes mandatory for clerks and stenorgraphers to pass a Punjabi typing test or computer test. He said due to this, clerks in service for 15 years had still been working on the starting basic pay scale of Rs 3,120, as no increment had been given to them during these years. He said the union wanted that in place of imposing condition of computer test on clerks and stenos, the government should allow them to attend only a 120-hour computer course. Bajaj said regarding higher pay-scale for clerks in the light of enhanced educational qualification from 10+2 to graduate, the CM had assured them in October last that he would get a survey conducted to know how much financial burden the step would draw to the state exchequer. Nothing had been done so far, he regretted. Meanwhile, a large number of ministerial employees, including women, today held a rally outside the Mini-secretariat here in support of their demands. The leaders urged the employees to make the pen down strike a big success to compel the government to accept their demands immediately. Among the leaders who were present or addressed the rally included Darshan Singh Bajaj, Gopal Singh, Kuldip Sharma, Ashok Chopra, Gurdev Singh Kot Fatta, Sukhpal Singh Sidhu, Randhir Singh Dhillon, Gurpreet Singh, Sham Lal, Tek Singh and Amarjit Sharma. |
Dogs maul boy to death
Sriganganagar/Abohar, March 25 Some residents including Lalit Kumar Harwani revealed to The Tribune that Roshan
Lal, son of Paras Ram Bawri, was on his way back from school and was to join the parents, who were harvesting crop. On the way, a group of stray dogs attacked him. He cried for help. The parents and other farm workers rushed for help but in full view the dogs dragged the minor boy, continued biting until more workers joined the rescue operation carrying
lathies. The boy was rushed to the civil hospital but he succumbed to his multiple wounds. Scores of villagers led by sarpanch Pat Ram, social activist Baba Chuni Lal and Santosh Bishnoi shifted Roshan's body from the hospital, kept it on the road near 24BB village and staged
dharna. Vehicular traffic was jammed amidst shouting of slogans. Roshans mother Sharda Devi was in an inconsolable condition. The protesters said just 10 days back the stray dogs had tried to kill another boy in broad daylight. This was the third such incident.
Tehsildar Hoshiar Singh along with SHO Balraj Singh Mann and others rushed in and negotiated with the protesters. The dharna was lifted in the evening after the administration promised to get the cremation ground shifted within a week besides pursuing the staff concerned to initiate action to combat the stray dog menace. |
Sorrow stalks Gurjants family members
Chak Ram Singh Wala (Bathinda), March 25 After protests, a committee fighting for the cause of family managed to make the administration release Rs 8 lakh in the name of the three surviving girls. During negotiations, two of them were assured of government jobs. At the time, all three daughters of Gurjant Singh namely, Harjeet Kaur, Rampal Kaur and Sukhpal Kaur, were unmarried. Later, Harjeet and Rampal got married but luck did not smile on Rampal, a physically challenged. She became an alleged victim of dowry and later returned to her parental house. The youngest one, who is still unmarried, has now been living with Harjeet at her in-laws' house in village Chak Ram Singh Wala, fearing a threat to life. Narrating the plight to TNS, Harjeet cursed the government as well as their "bad luck". She alleged, "The government had promised jobs for Sukhpal and Rampal, as they were 10+2 pass. But the promise has not been kept till date." "Further, about half of the compensation was spent on marrying Rampal with a wish to make up her physical weakness by fulfilling her in-laws' every demand," she said with tears in eyes. Wiping her tears, Sukhpal said, "Just after six months, Rampal's in-laws started harassing her. Despite being well aware about the tragedy we had recently faced, they demanded Rs 4.5 lakh to buy a car. We withdrew the remaining compensation from our accounts and handed it over to them." She alleged, "Later, they started pressurising us to reach a compromise with the cops, who were accused of abetting our parents and sisters to commit suicide. They asked us to settle the case for a handsome amount and fill their pockets if wanted to see Rampal happy." Consoling both of them, Harpreet Singh, husband of Harjeet said, "About 10 days back, she was beaten up by her brother-in-law. Finally, we brought her back and lodged a case against her in-laws for committing atrocities and demanding dowry. Now, she is living at her paternal uncle's house, which is also located at Behman Jassa Singh village." "We lost everything due to the harassment but even after that the police kept on torturing us mentally. An inspector rank officer, who was also accused of abetment in the incident, had many a times threatened us to withdraw the case. We want justice..." Both could not utter anything more. It may be recalled that in his recent report to the High Court, the district and session judge, Bathinda, Kuldip Singh, who held the judicial probe has indicted the team of cops for fabricating evidence, abetting suicide, dereliction of duty and misrepresenting facts. |
Delayed nod for purchase fails to provide relief to rice millers
Kulwinder Sandhu Tribune News Service
Moga, March 25 About 40-lakh tonnes of this variety of paddy was procured by various agencies during the last procurement season and its milling was yet to begin in all the districts of the state. The state government had spent more than Rs 4,000 crore to procure it. As per the orders issued by Dr Ashok Kumar Deputy Commissioner (S&R) of the union ministry of consumer affairs, food and public distribution on March 23, a copy of which is with The Tribune, the relaxation has not been given in the Majha and Doaba belts of the state comprising as many as 11 districts. The relaxation in broken rice has been increased from 25 per cent to 28 per cent and in case of damage from four to 4.75 per cent for the national pool. Earlier, the damage percentage limit was four per cent. The Centre has given partial relaxation for purchase of the PAU-201 variety after six months of the beginning of the last years procurement. Hukam Chand Chabra, president, rice millers association, Moga district, said shortage of labour, ensuing summer season and power cuts is likely to add to the problems of the rice millers in addition to the condition of partial relaxation without value cut. |
Play urges people to shun superstitions
Bathinda, March 25 Three plays Awesale yudhan di naika, Main phir aawanga and Pret were staged to disseminate the ideology of the martyrs and aware the people against superstitions. Besides, members of the Tarksheel Society, namely Kulwant Singh, Balbir Singh and Harinder Kumar, performed magic tricks to educate people that magic is not a divine force, but only an art. An exhibition was also organised by the Tarksheel Society. Banners carrying quotations of Shaheed Bhagat Singhs ideology and posters exposing the tricks of tantriks and information about eye, body and blood donations were displayed at the exhibition that attracted a large number of visitors. Revolutionary, scientific and Tarksheel books were also displayed at the exhibition. State-level leaders of the Tarksheel Society Bhura Singh Mehma Sarja and Ranjit Singh exhorted people not to believe superstitions. |
Man killed in road mishap
Fazilka, March 25 They were returning to their village Sidhwala in the wee hours today. On the way, their bike went out of control and fell into a 10 feet drain near village Jandwala. As the day broke, the nearby villagers noticed an accident and pulled out Sona Singh and Jarinail Singh. Sona Singh was found dead. However, Jarnail Singh was shifted to the Civil Hospital Jalalabad. Sona Singh and Jarnail Singh went to meet their friend at a brick kiln at village Maur. The postmorterm of Sona Singh was conducted here in the local civil hospital today. |
Mandi Board orders re-auction of paddy
Fazilka, March 25 Talking to TNS, he said that he had ordered the re-auction of the same. Now, an officer of the rank of Deputy General Manager of Punjab Mandi Board from Chandigarh to be sent for the auction, which would be held at Ferozepur instead of Fazilka shortly, he added. Lakhowal said he would institute a probe to find out the role of officials, posted in Fazilka, into the bungling and if any of them found guilty of causing financial loss to the state exchequer, strict action would be taken against him. |
MES workers stage dharna
Bathinda, March 25 The protesters demanded opening of gate of 132-KV grid and the gate of sub-station number three, stoppage of shifting of office of the B&R of GE (North), and promotions of workers. Among others, Jasvir Singh, Darshan Singh, Gurmej Singh, all union leaders, addressed the protesters.
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In atomic force microscopy (AFM), tip quality depends mainly on the dimensions and shape of the probe, the durability of the tip apex, and the nature of the interaction between sample and probe. With this in mind, researchers have experimented with mounting ultra sharp and high aspect ratio carbon nanotube (CNT) bundles onto the apex of an AFM tip to improve spatial and potential resolution. Although AFM tips functionalized with a carbon nanotube have attracted considerable attention, attaching CNTs to scanning probes is not a trivial matter, which limits their practical use. An alternative approach, whereby a CNT is grown onto the AFM tip, also can be very time-consuming and requires a costly set-up. A team at the Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena in Germany has now demonstrated a fast and cheap process for the fabrication of carbon nanotube AFM tips with the help of microwave ovens.
Posted: Oct 26th, 2010Plastic solar cells are emerging as alternative energy sources for the future because of their potential for cheap roll-to-roll printing, ease of processing, light-weight and flexibility. However, their current performance is still low for practical applications which partially originate from the poor understanding of device physics and nanoscale morphology of the photoactive layer. Photoconductive atomic force microscopy (pcAFM)is a powerful characterization tool to better understand the complex optoelectronic and morphological phenomena of organic solar cells at the nanoscale. This article briefly described the applicability of the pcAFM technique for analyzing solution-processed, polymer and small molecule bulk heterojunction solar cells. Due to the nature of charge generation, transport and collection occurring at the nanometer scale, the useful information on device operation can be lost from macroscopic measurements.
Posted: Sep 15th, 2010An intriguing novel approach to extract the energy from the photosynthetic conversion process has been demonstrated by researchers at Stanford and Yonsei Universities. They have inserted ultrasharp gold nanoelectrodes into living algae cells and extracted electrons, thereby harnessing an - albeit very tiny - electrical current. This is electricity production that doesn't release carbon into the atmosphere. The results demonstrate the feasibility of collecting high-energy electrons in steps of the photosynthetic electron transport chain and prior to the downstream processes associated with energy loss. In addition, the system allows direct monitoring of specific charge transfer reactions in live cells, leading to broad applications for investigating developmental processes and the responses of cells and organelles to light and chemical stimuli.
Posted: May 3rd, 2010Most of the material properties investigated by atomic force microscopy are acquired by processing the deflection signal of the cantilever, which is applied to Electrostatic Force Microscopy (EFM) measurements as well. For EFM, the sample surface properties would be electrical properties and the interaction force will be the electrostatic force between the biased tip and the sample. Electrostatic Force Microscopy maps electric properties on a sample surface by measuring the electrostatic force between the surface and a biased AFM cantilever. EFM applies a voltage between the tip and the sample while the cantilever hovers above the surface, not touching it. The cantilever deflects when it scans over static charges.
Posted: Apr 21st, 2010Imaging soft biological samples in liquid with Atomic Force Microscope has long stood as a very challenging task. Until recently, most of the works in this field has been carried out in tapping mode AFM, during which the cantilever driven by a piezoelectric actuator vibrates in the vicinity of the cantilever's resonance frequency, and briefly touches the sample surface at the bottom of each vibration cycle, resulting in a decrease of its oscillation amplitude. By keeping such amplitude at a preset value using feedback control, a topographic image of the sample surface is obtained. However, stable, high-resolution imaging of very fragile and sensitive biological samples such as live cells or individual proteins is not trivial in tapping mode due to potential sample distortion or even damage during the brief contact between the AFM tip and sample surface at the end of each oscillation cycle. The XE-series AFM with Crosstalk Elimination and high force Z-scanner has successfully solved these problems.
Posted: Mar 9th, 2010Solar cells, or photovoltaic cells, are used to convert sunlight into electrical power. As traditional power sources grow scarce, other forms of producing electrical power are gaining firm footing in the power supply mix. Solar cells are already widely used in a variety of applications - from spacecraft, to small portable devices, to farm installations, to roadway signs. As energy prices increase, public demand for solar power has surged. In order to meet the longevity, yield, and price requirements of consumers and industry, public and private sector research has increased dramatically. While traditional tools are helpful to investigate and improve solar cells, AFM/SPM offers metrology, topography and roughness analysis at much higher resolution than with optical techniques.
Posted: Mar 2nd, 2010Many nanotechnology applications are plagued by very poor wear resistance of device components at the nanoscale. Gears, bearings, and liquid lubricants can reduce friction in the macroscopic world, but the origins of friction for small devices such as micro- or nanoelectromechanical systems require other solutions. Despite the unprecedented accuracy by which these devices are nowadays designed and fabricated, their enormous surface-volume ratio leads to severe friction and wear issues, which dramatically reduce their applicability and lifetime. Although there is a significant amount of research work going on in the area of nanoscale friction, at present there is much less research conducted on nanoscale wear. Researchers have now demonstrated extremely low wear rates at the nanoscale, representing a technological breakthrough for numerous applications in emerging fields such as nanolithography, nanometrology, and nanomanufacturing.
Posted: Feb 15th, 2010In characterizing materials, especially live biological specimen such as cells, it is important not only to be able to explore the surface but also any subsurface structures and properties - without damaging or destroying the sample and for hard and soft materials alike. For example, many synthesized nanoparticles can readily get inside a cell. Therefore studying the cell surface, while useful, can provide little or no knowledge about the particles hidden in the interior of the cell. Another example is the detection of nanoscale defects in nanofabricated structures such as those made by electron beam lithography; or the detection of embedded cracks and voids in nanocomposite materials. Researchers have now shown that an atomic force microscope can obtain a range of surface and subsurface information by making use of the nonlinear nanomechanical coupling between the probe and the sample.
Posted: Jan 18th, 2010


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April 30, 2010, 03:59 PM | #1 |
Junior Member
Join Date: April 30, 2010
Posts: 1
Walker Colt I.D., please
I have truly tried to identify the manufacurer/year of a 1847 "Walker Colt"
The serial number is A 51894 and is located in front of the trigger guard. Along the top it reads "ADDRESS SAM COLT NEW - YORK CITY I am seriously considering purchasing this from a friend and do not want either of us to be cheated. Thank you so much for any advice you can give. |
April 30, 2010, 06:53 PM | #2 |
Senior Member
Join Date: March 19, 2008
Location: High & Dry in Missouri Ozarks
Posts: 1,926
What other markings are there on it? Look under the loading lever for markings.
Fingers (Show Me MO smoke) McGee - AKA Man of Many Colts - Alter ego of Diabolical Ken; SASS Regulator 28564-L-TG; Rangemaster and stage writer extraordinaire; Frontiersman, Pistoleer, NRA Endowment Life, NMLRA, SAF, CCRKBA, STORM 327, SV115; Charter member, Central Ozarks Western Shooters Cynic: A blackguard whose faulty vision see things as they are, not as they should be. Ambrose Bierce |
May 1, 2010, 08:15 AM | #3 |
Senior Member
Join Date: November 2, 2007
Location: Northern Orygun
Posts: 4,875
Are there any proof marks on the right side of the frame or the bottom of the frame?
Uberti and ASM are the two Italian manufacturers of the Walker. ASM is no longer in business, they produced a few Colt revolvers with the Colt info stamped on the top of the barrel. I don't know if that includes the walker. Does it have a period (.) after "ADDRESS" and the small raised "L" after "SAM"? |
May 1, 2010, 08:41 PM | #4 |
Senior Member
Join Date: September 19, 2008
Posts: 4,679
The "Buy-it-Now" price on this ASM Walker, on gunbroker, was $320:
auctionarms has a $325 BIN ASM Walker: http://www.auctionarms.com/search/di...3147&oh=671475 Another, on GA @ $310: http://www.gunsamerica.com/939322628...44_Caliber.htm . |
May 2, 2010, 04:27 AM | #5 | |
Senior Member
Join Date: March 2, 2010
Location: France
Posts: 108
I have an Uberti 1858 Remington dated 2005, with the letter as "A" before the serial number. Maybe, it seems to be like to say Aldo (Uberti). Quote:
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Lady Antebellum's Hillary Scott Engaged!
Posted Jul 6th 2011 at 09:35 AM by Kiki Von Glinow
Forget the fireworks -- for Lady Antebellum's Hillary Scott, the fourth of July light show took place on her ring finger. Scott's drummer boyfriend, Chris Tyrell proposed to the 'Need You Now' singer over the holiday weekend, according to E! News.
The couple first met in 2010 while both were performing on the Tim McGraw tour -- nothing like a few tour buses and good ol' country music to get spa...


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This is an All-in-one scale used for every needs of your diets and weight control. It measures body weight, body fat, body water and calories at the same time. Wireless Infrared Remote Control makes it easy for user to read figures without having to neal or bend down. Product features:
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Recall previous readings of body fat, easy to track history figures. This function can be turned off easiliy.


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One person is dead after a crash between a motorcycle and a semi in Madison County.
The State Highway Patrol says the collision happened around 12:30 a.m. Sunday at the intersection of S.R. 38 and U.S. 40.
Officers shut down the roadway for about three hours as they investigated the crash.
The cause of the crash is still under investigation.
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By Kim P. from Boca Raton, FL on 8/11/2013
Love Hurley and SwimOutlet's prices!
Hurley boardshorts
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The material is great. You feel you're free and almost not wearing anything at all. The pocket is also nice, as is the grippy rubbering stuff woven into the cords (for tying up at the waist). My main complaint is that the sizing seems to be on the big side by about half an inch. You may need to try one size down.
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These shorts look really nice, and the material and build looks like high quality. The 34 in size was too big, so I sent them back for a 33. We'll see if that fits.
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I am a girl and I love my new Phantoms! The material feels AMAZING! Doesn't cling when it gets wet! It stretches and moves with you, at times you feel naked! These are so nice, I bought a second pair the other day!NOTHING bad about these! Just make sure you read the cleaning instructions and don't get a small size just because they are stretchy. My friend got a pair that was an inch smaller than her typical size because she figured it would be ok with the stretch. She regrets that and got her second pair the right size and says they feel better!


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WWII tank stalls in middle of street
UPDATED 9:02 AM EDT Jun 13, 2012It wasn't the National Guard or a military operation that left a tank in the middle of the road.
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The Secret Alliance: Cables Show Arab Leaders Fear a Nuclear Iran
Part 3: The End of Patience
Meanwhile, the Americans' efforts to achieve a dialogue with the mullah regime remained fruitless. The Russian domestic intelligence service FSB reported that Iran was still trying to buy Russian equipment for its missile and nuclear program: measuring devices, high precision amplifiers, pressure indicators, various composite materials and technology to create new missile engines. The FSB foiled many of these attempts. Iranian sham companies also tried to buy measuring devices and other equipment in China, Germany and Switzerland.
The deadline for negotiations had expired. And Qatari Prime Minister Jassem al-Thani claimed that President Ahmadinejad had already threatened that: "We beat the Americans in Iraq; the final battle will be in Iran."
America, the superpower, failed to get the Iranian rulers on the phone. It became clear that the time of patience was coming to an end -- a development apparent in the documents.
Again and again, the same phrase is used: "The United States would not tolerate a nuclear Iran." In some cases, it sounded like a direct threat, as it did in the minutes of a conversation between the US ambassador in Kuwait and the son of the country's prime minister.
"She (the ambassador) emphasized that the President's hand is still outstretched to Iran, but at some point Iran will have to face the consequences of its recalcitrance; moreover, the President was walking a carefully considered fine line in dealing with others who wished to take actions we hoped to avoid."
"Dr. Ahmad (the son of the prime minister) took Ambassador's point and noted that a year or two ago, many in Kuwait hoped a silent, targeted strike would take out the troublesome reactor and leave the region more relaxed. He suggested that now, however, Iran might have multiple reactors and was so intent on achieving its nuclear goal that no matter what the West did, Iran would get the bomb."
And how is one to interpret the following comment US Defense Secretary Robert Gates made to Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan: "If Iran developed nuclear weapons, we were facing two scenarios: nuclear proliferation in the Middle East or a regional war (or perhaps both)."
Or that of US Assistant Secretary of Defense Alexander Vershbow, who said in Moscow: "If we fail to stop Iran's pursuit of nuclear weapons, we could have a 'volatile, possibly explosive' situation in the Middle East."
Whenever there was new information about the Iranian nuclear program or when important meetings of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) were about to take place, the US State Department sent cables called "action requests" to all of its embassies. In the cables, the ambassadors were instructed to urge their host countries to increase the pressure by issuing statements against Iran.
On Nov. 21, 2009, it was once again time for that to happen. "Posts (ambassadors) should also begin laying the foundation for possible future action in response to Iran's non-cooperation." In a Jan. 29, 2010 cable, the State Department instructs its ambassadors to explain why a tougher approach to Iran was becoming necessary.
By now, Iran's Arab neighbors were almost unanimous in their insistence on sanctions. Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed, the foreign minister of the Emirates, demanded that the United States and its allies "have to decide how to stop Iran." Even the otherwise reserved Saudis said that they were convinced that Iran planned to develop a nuclear weapon and was not about to be dissuaded.
A report on preparations for a visit to Saudi Arabia by US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton reads: "The King told General Jones that Iranian internal turmoil presented an opportunity to weaken the regime -- which he encouraged -- but he also urged that this be done covertly and stressed that public statements in support of the reformers were counterproductive. The King assesses that sanctions could help weaken the government, but only if they are strong and sustained." By now, the United States was pressuring all countries in the region to support sanctions, which they eventually did. The Qataris, referring to Iran, said: "While we're neighbors, we're not friends."
Pressure was also applied to the Europeans, who were repeatedly asked to take action against specific companies. The Americans also urged the German government not to issue any more Hermes guarantees for business with Iran. The Italian oil company ENI, which was active in Iran, was asked to withdraw from the country, but the Italians refused to comply.
The tone of the secret cables was becoming more abrasive. In one cable, for example, sent after Turkish Prime Minister Erdogan had dismissed Western concerns about the Iranian nuclear program, the Americans write: "His desire for a 'good' Washington visit is the goad we will continue to use to try to turn him back towards the international community consensus on Iran." But it didn't work. The Turks later voted against new sanctions.
Two countries, in particular, came into focus: Russia and China. The Americans needed both to approve sanctions in the Security Council.
Another surprising insight gained from the secret reports is that the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia played an important role in convincing the Russians and the Chinese. Although the two countries maintained a reserved profile in public, behind the scenes they helped thwart Chinese trade relations with Iran, which were worth more than $20 billion in 2009. China is the most important buyer of Iranian oil.
Last July, the crown prince of Abu Dhabi traveled to Beijing and urged the Chinese to threaten Iran that they would reduce their oil imports. Saudi Arabia offered to make up for the loss of Iranian oil imports by providing the Chinese with its own oil. The Chinese seemed interested, and their foreign minister held talks with Saudi Aramco, Saudi Arabia's state-owned oil company, and sounded out new trade relations with other Saudi government officials. "Saudi Arabia is encouraging other Gulf countries to meet with China to explore similar cooperation," a report from January 2010 reads.
In Moscow, it was a question of money and psychology: "Success in moving Russia to support tougher actions against Iran will require a coordinated strategy involving our friends and allies, including Israel and Saudi Arabia." The goal was to make the sanctions palatable to resource-rich Russia. It was in Russia's financial interest to prolong the conflict over Iran indefinitely. An internal analysis from the US embassy in Moscow reads: "As the world's largest exporter of oil and gas, Russia also benefits significantly from the 'instability premium' embedded in world oil prices due to tensions with Iran." A "premium" of $5 a barrel translated into an increase of $9 billion in annual oil export revenues for Moscow.
Just How Great Is the Threat?
The US diplomats extensively cite new analyses that supposedly support the view that Iran lacks the technical capability to build long-range missiles, and that that won't change for several years. In that case a nuclear missile attack on Europe, Russia or the United States would be unrealistic.
Even in Israel, not everyone is convinced that the construction of an atom bomb in Iran is imminent. During a meeting between the Americans and the Israelis in May 2009, Amos Yadlin, the head of Israeli military intelligence said that Iran "does not want to be North Korea or what Iraq was before 2003." Iran intends to keep resolutions and sanctions at a certain "manageable level" and continue to produce low enriched uranium until there is enough for several bombs. Then, he told the Americans, "Iran could decide to produce a bomb by 2010, but Iran is waiting for the right time in the future."
Translated from the German by Christopher Sultan
- Part 1: Cables Show Arab Leaders Fear a Nuclear Iran
- Part 2: The Fears of the Arabs
- Part 3: The End of Patience
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Reproduction only allowed with the permission of SPIEGELnet GmbH
A time lapse of 251,287 documents: The world map shows where the majority of the cables originated from, and where they had the highest level of classification. View the atlas ...
By its very nature, field reporting to Washington is candid and often incomplete information. It is not an expression of policy, nor does it always shape final policy decisions. Nevertheless, these cables could compromise private discussions with foreign governments and opposition leaders, and when the substance of private conversations is printed on the front pages of newspapers across the world, it can deeply impact not only US foreign policy interests, but those of our allies and friends around the world.
To be clear -- such disclosures put at risk our diplomats, intelligence professionals, and people around the world who come to the United States for assistance in promoting democracy and open government. These documents also may include named individuals who in many cases live and work under oppressive regimes and who are trying to create more open and free societies. President Obama supports responsible, accountable, and open government at home and around the world, but this reckless and dangerous action runs counter to that goal.
By releasing stolen and classified documents, Wikileaks has put at risk not only the cause of human rights but also the lives and work of these individuals. We condemn in the strongest terms the unauthorized disclosure of classified documents and sensitive national security information.
- Photo Gallery: Arab Rulers Urge Tough Action Against Iran
- The Brink of War: Unstable Pakistan Has US on Edge (11/30/2010)
- The US Diplomatic Leaks: A Superpower's View of the World (11/28/2010)
- The Birth of a Bomb: A History of Iran's Nuclear Ambitions (06/17/2010)
- SPIEGEL 360: Our Complete Coverage of the WikiLeaks Diplomatic Cables
Corriere della Sera
Police Seize Possible Leonardo Painting
Supreme Court Scuppers Same-sex Marriage
German Politics
Merkel's Moves: Power Struggles in Berlin -
World War II
Truth and Reconciliation: Why the War Still Haunts Europe -
Green Power: The Future of Energy -
European Union
United Europe: A Continental Project -
Climate Change
Global Warming: Curbing Carbon Before It's Too Late


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So, please, please don't throw stuff at us, but we all know: You can't be at the top forever. It is just impossible. While there will never be another Ryan Gosling (in our hearts and our minds), with his recent announcement that he's taking an imminent break from acting — and this is the time we ask you to refrain from hurling items in our direction — it's time to find the next adorable, hilarious, and genuine guy to step up and take his place. Because we need our memes, our hunky edibles, and a new standard-bearer for all that is good in the world. Are we not throwing anything yet? Yes? Okay, let's set up some criteria:
Ryan Gosling is charming. He charms us frequently, so anyone that replaces him can't be too self-serious and also needs to have a personality off-screen. Also, Gosling can act. So, any hopeful looking to fill his big Canadian boots has to have some chops, too. Our guy Ry also came from an indie-ish background, so a taste for the challenging adds some points. Lastly, the new Ryan Gosling has to be really really ridiculously good-looking. But that last part? Well, that's just a given.


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What? The water is an essential part of the drink. That's like having a little hot water with a tea bag to stretch it out.
addy! 'sup mate...dunno what the hell brewferm Diabolo is, if you like and im still welcome pm me the nu-rave link coz ive lost it ages ago
Brewferm Diabolo is a home brew Belgian Ale 8% abv like tis quite nice for that level of alcohol. Radio - http://nurave.vmlinuz.co.uk:10000/nurave128.m3u Chatroom - www.nu-rave.com/chat
pernod and water. i tried pernod and redbull...yuck! they dont mix. so pernod and a dash of water.. and the odd neat shot of 50mls for the warm breath. gettin me numbers checked soon so ya know.. well you might.
Pernod is good with sour and bitter mixers, Red Bull is completely wrong for that sort of drink. I'm drinking some whiskey, Redbreat 12 YO.
alcohol only? or more a drug thing? you going clubing human traffic stylee? or down the local boozer? and whats with all the questions meth lab you fuckin prick..init. call me a cunt (please, i like it..gimme a shiver it does) imma stay in and paint my nails.. erm i mean erm err yea going out on the town man yea cutting up them rugs heh, i just ribbin ya i aint painting me nails..aint got no mephedrone speed weed combo. damn shame. lets here it for ethanol.. and the huge demand it puts on police resources and the violance it causes..the number 1 date rape drug of all time completaly accepted by the know nothing masses. im staying home and doin the poly-drug downer shuffle..gime booze gimme weed gimme benzo's indeed, gimme methadone not mephedrone and lots to feed my greed, gimme dangerous potential overdose and choking on my sick, gimme twice as much as that bloke coz im such a fuckin prick. yea that rhymed. *shrug* have a good'un sporno
tried dentists mouthwash? i has half price shiraz. tis okay but not a patch on the half price cab-shiraz i was on earlier
happy anniversary gonna get proper pissed or just tipsy? or is it somebody elses gig and your going along for the piss up?


text:
A stunningly bright and engaging graph interface that uses colour extremely effectively.
Posted in Interface → Web AppA fun and adorable example of typographic art. The typeface itself exudes playfulness.
Samadara GinigePosted in Branding → LogoThis mark is a stylized version of sun setting behind snowy mountains. I love the impact of the mark, while the simply set type perfectly compliments the intricacy of the design.
Posted in Branding → LogoSometimes, the colour of an element can do wonders for an interface. This is one of those occasions. Another grey slider would have made this a mundane design at best, but the perspective and bright colour of the slider makes it jump right out at you.
Posted in Interface → ElementThis site uses dramatic photography and impressive lighting effects to capture your attention. The busy background made creating readable typography difficult but the designer handled the problem like a pro and has created a beautiful and readable page.
Posted in Web Design → Portfolio


text:
Candlelight Peak | [ Sizes: Orig | Med | Small | Thumb ] | |
The true summit of Candlelight can be seen further up the ridge from the false summit (high point, top left). This view from the Whitney Portal area shows the main section of the East Ridge route. (Mt. Irvine is at the rear, center.) | Image Data Image Type(s): Informational |


text:
Hi, I'm Austrian, living in Munich, Germany and working as an ophthalmologist. I love music, so if I had not become a doctor I was a musician :)
Wolfgang has completed online and offline ID verification.
Wolfgang and his partner are a lovely couple. They are friendly, polite and considerate. The flat was left in perfect condition, I would welcome them back anytime and recommend to anyone.
"Wow." When I came back home, I said "wow". Everything was at the same condition when I left. Wolfgang used the apartment very cleanly. I even thought I slept outside. He had very good manner and kept all house rules. Thank you, Wolfgang.
Wolfgang was and excellent guest. Clean, friendly and flexible. I would have him back any time and highly recommend him!
Wolfgang ist ein sehr freundlicher und aufgeschlossener Gast, man kommt sehr schnell mit ihm ins Gespräch. Er hat eine sehr angenehme Art, ist sehr hilfsbereit und auch sehr ruhig. Rundum ein super Gast den man gerne bei sich aufnimmt. Einfach Top Also wenn er wieder mal in Düsseldorf weilt würde ich mich sehr freuen ihn wieder als Gast bei mir begrüßen zu dürfen. lieben Gruß Olaf
Wolfgang and his girlfriend were wonderful guests. there were no problems of any kind. They arrived punctually and left the studio exactly as I had delivered. Two boys educated and also very nice. Will always welcome guests if they decide to return to Milan and back to stay in my house. Hello and thank you
Wolfgang & his girlfriend stayed with me in my apartment and they were the best! They were respectful, sweet and they smiled and laughed all the time which made me enjoy them even more. They loved New York and also gave me some great ideas of some places to visit that I haven't had the chance to enjoy. I give Wolfgang my highest recommendation and want you to know if you are hosting him, you will be lucky to get to know him and host him.
Wolfgang and Ailin are great, I recommend them for sitting in your place. The flat was clean, and everything was all right.


text:
The Man Who Came to Dinner (film)
The Man Who Came to Dinner | |
theatrical release poster
Directed by | William Keighley |
Produced by | Jerry Wald |
Screenplay by | Julius J. Epstein Philip G. Epstein |
Based on | The Man Who Came to Dinner (1939 play) by Moss Hart George S. Kaufman |
Starring | Bette Davis Ann Sheridan Monty Woolley |
Music by | Friedrich Hollaender |
Cinematography | Tony Gaudio |
Edited by | Jack Killifer |
Distributed by | Warner Bros. |
Release dates
Running time
112 minutes |
Country | United States |
Language | English |
The Man Who Came to Dinner is a 1942 American comedy film directed by William Keighley,[1][2] and starring Bette Davis, Ann Sheridan and Monty Woolley as the title character. The screenplay by Julius and Philip G. Epstein is based on the 1939 play of the same title by Moss Hart and George S. Kaufman. The supporting cast features Jimmy Durante and Billie Burke.
During a cross-country lecture tour, notoriously acerbic radio personality Sheridan Whiteside (Monty Woolley) slips on the icy steps of the house of the Stanleys (Grant Mitchell and Billie Burke), a prominent Ohio family, and insists on recuperating in their home during the Christmas holidays. The overbearing, self-centered celebrity soon comes to dominate the lives of the residents and everyone else who enters the household. He encourages young adults Richard (Russell Arms) and June (Elisabeth Fraser) Stanley to pursue their dreams, much to the dismay of their conventional father Ernest.
Meanwhile, Whiteside's spinster assistant Maggie Cutler (Bette Davis) finds herself attracted to local newspaperman Bert Jefferson (Richard Travis). When she reads Bert's play, she is so impressed she asks Whiteside to show it to his contacts, and then announces she will quit his employment and marry Bert. However, her boss is loath to lose such an efficient aide and does his best to sabotage the blossoming romance. He also exaggerates the effects of his injuries in order to be able to stay in the house. He suggests actress Lorraine Sheldon (Ann Sheridan) would be perfect for one of the leading roles, intending to have her steal Bert away from Maggie. Lorraine convinces Bert to spend time with her to fix up the play. When Maggie realizes Whiteside is behind the underhanded scheme, she quits. Somewhat chastened, Whiteside concocts a plan to get Lorraine out of the way, with the help of his friend Banjo (Jimmy Durante). They trap Lorraine in a sarcophagus, and Banjo ships her off to Nova Scotia.
Finally fed up with Whiteside's shenanigans, insults, and unbearable personality, and realizing that he has been "faking" his injuries for quite some time, Mr. Stanley orders him to leave. Before he does, Whiteside blackmails him into allowing his children to do as they please by threatening to reveal Stanley's sister Harriet's past as an infamous axe murderess. As Whiteside departs, he falls on the icy steps again and is carried back inside, much to Stanley's consternation.
Cast notes
- Both Monty Woolley and Mary Wickes reprised their roles from the origninal Broadway production.[3]
- In an uncredited bit part, a nearly unseen Gig Young, in his distinctive voice, has one line, "How's the ice?", in the after-skating scene, about 26 minutes into the film.[4]
- Mary Wickes, who reprised her role from the stage, was making her screen debut in this film.[5]
- Also making his screen debut was Russell Arms.[5]
Four of the leading characters are based on real-life personalities. Sheridan Whiteside was inspired by celebrated critic and Algonquin Round Table member Alexander Woollcott, who eventually played the role on stage; Lorraine Sheldon by musical stage actress Gertrude Lawrence; Beverly Carlton by playwright and renowned wit Noël Coward; and Banjo by Harpo Marx.[6][7]
When Bette Davis saw the Broadway production of The Man Who Came to Dinner, she decided the role of Maggie Cutler would be a refreshing change of pace following her heavily dramatic role in The Little Foxes. She urged Jack L. Warner to purchase the screen rights for herself and John Barrymore, who tested for the role of Whiteside but was deemed unsuitable when he had difficulty delivering the complicated, fast-paced dialogue, even with his lines posted on cue cards throughout the set, as a result of his heavy drinking.[6]
Both Charles Laughton and Orson Welles, who wanted to direct the film, campaigned for the role, and Laird Cregar and Robert Benchley made screen tests, but executive producer Hal B. Wallis thought the former was "overblown and extravagant" and the latter "too mild mannered." Warner suggested Cary Grant, but Wallis felt he was "far too young and attractive." Although Monty Woolley, who had created the role on stage, was not familiar to movie audiences, Wallis finally cast him in the role, despite Warner's concern that the actor's homosexuality would be obvious on screen.[7] Orson Welles later played the role many years later in a television adaptation of the play.
Bette Davis was unhappy with the casting of Woolley, and in later years she observed, "I felt the film was not directed in a very imaginative way. For me it was not a happy film to make – that it was a success, of course, did make me happy. I guess I never got over my disappointment in not working with the great John Barrymore."[6]
Critical reception[edit]
Bosley Crowther of the New York Times observed, "Any one who happened to miss the original acid-throwing antic on the stage – and any one, for that matter, who happened not to have missed it – should pop around, by all means, and catch the cinematic reprise. For here, in the space of something like an hour and fifty-two minutes, is compacted what is unquestionably the most vicious but hilarious cat-clawing exhibition ever put on the screen, a deliciously wicked character portrait and a helter-skelter satire, withal." He added, "Woolley makes The Man Who Came to Dinner a rare old goat. His zest for rascality is delightful, he spouts alliterations as though he were spitting out orange seeds, and his dynamic dudgeons in a wheelchair are even mightier than those of Lionel Barrymore. A more entertaining buttinsky could hardly be conceived, and a less entertaining one would be murdered on the spot. One palm should be handed Bette Davis for accepting the secondary role of the secretary, and another palm should be handed her for playing it so moderately and well." In conclusion, he said, "The picture as a whole is a bit too long and internally complex for 100 per cent comprehension, considering the speed at which it clips. But even if you don't catch all of it, you're sure to get your money's worth. It makes laughing at famous people a most satisfying delight."[8]
Variety made note of the "superb casting and nifty work by every member of the company" and thought the "only detracting angle in the entire film is [the] slowness of the first quarter. [The] portion in which the characters are being built up, before the complications of the story actually begin, is overlong."[1]
Time stated, "Woolley plays Sheridan Whiteside with such vast authority and competence that it is difficult to imagine anyone else attempting it" and added, "Although there is hardly room for the rest of the cast to sandwich in much of a performance between this fattest of fat parts, Bette Davis, hair up, neuroses gone, is excellent as Woolley's lovesick secretary."[7]
Time Out London said, "It's rather unimaginatively directed, but the performers savour the sharp, sparklingly cynical dialogue with glee."[9]
Monty Woolley was nominated for a New York Film Critics Circle Award in 1942 for Best Actor.[10]
DVD release[edit]
Warner Home Video released the Region 1 DVD on May 30, 2006. The film has an English audio track and subtitles in English, Spanish, and French. Bonus features include The Man Who Came to Dinner: Inside a Classic Comedy, the Joe McDoakes comedy short So You Think You Need Glasses, the musical short Six Hits and a Miss, and the original theatrical trailer.
- ^ a b Variety film review; January 7, 1942, page 44.
- ^ Harrison's Reports film review; December 27, 1941, page 206.
- ^ "The Man Who Came to Dinner" on IBDB.com
- ^ http://www.whosdatedwho.com/tpx_655112/the-man-who-came-to-dinner/
- ^ a b The Man Who Came to Dinner at the TCM Movie Database
- ^ a b c Stine, Whitney, and Davis, Bette, Mother Goddam: The Story of the Career of Bette Davis. New York: Hawthorn Books 1974. ISBN 0-8015-5184-6, pp. 153-154
- ^ a b c Passafiume, Andrea. The Man Who Came to Dinner" on TCM.com
- ^ New York Times review
- ^ Time Out London review
- ^ "imdb.com".
Further reading
- Wallis, Hal B. and Higham, Charles, Starmaker: The Autobiography of Hal Wallis. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company 1980. ISBN 0-02-623170-0
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Man Who Came to Dinner (film). |
- The Man Who Came to Dinner at the American Film Institute Catalog
- The Man Who Came to Dinner at the Internet Movie Database
- The Man Who Came to Dinner at the TCM Movie Database
- The Man Who Came to Dinner at AllMovie


text:
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From the Publisher
Lance Morrow The New York Times Book Review Chillingly thorough....Wonderfully done....An elaborate journalistic reconstruction that has the fascination of an acutely observed and troubling novel.Scott McLemee Newsday A remarkable piece of reporting.
Jerome E. Groopman The Wall Street Journal Stewart tells a riveting tale of terror, a true page-turner.
Joan O'C. Hamilton, Business Week Blind Eye is a flat-out horrifying nonfiction profile of Michael Swango...Stewart is an excellent writer and reporter...This is a brave and passionate book.
Ellen Clegg The Boston Globe Stewart penetrates the hermetically sealed world of medicine. In the process, he exposes the arrogance and the fraudulent professional courtesies that allowed Swango to move ahead unchallenged. In other words, Stewart does the work that hospital administrators and supervising physicians in Ohio, South Dakota, and New York should have done.
Dr. Robert B. Daroff The Plain Dealer (Cleveland) Swango's odyssey is so compelling that I became riveted. I needed to know when and how he would be caught, and what ultimately happened to him.
Steve Twedt Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Stewart has produced an extraordinary book.
R. Z. Sheppard Time magazine James B. Stewart's Blind Eye is a persuasive case against Dr. Michael Swango.
Steve Weinberg Chicago Tribune The facts gathered by Stewart are compelling. [He]...persuasively dissects the medical establishment.
Joseph Nocera Fortune Is Blind Eye worth reading? Yes, Jim Stewart's books always are.


text:
H.R. 6523 (111th): Ike Skelton National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2011
- Introduced:
Dec 15, 2010
111th Congress, 2009–2010- Status:
Enacted — Signed by the President
on Jan 7, 2011This bill was enacted after being signed by the President on January 7, 2011.
- Law:
Pub.L. 111-383
- Sponsor:
Ike Skelton
Representative for Missouri's 4th congressional district
Democrat - Text:
Read Text »
Last Updated: Dec 29, 2010
Length: 383 pages
About the bill
- Full Title
To authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2011 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes.
Legislative action may be ocurring on one of these bills in lieu of or in parallel to action on this bill.
Passed House
Last Action: May 28, 2010
- What is a bill?
The "H.R." in "H.R. 6523" means this is a House of Representatives bill in the United States Congress. A bill must be passed by both the House and Senate in identical form and then be signed by the President to become law.
- Cosponsors
- none
- Committee Assignments
The committee chair determines whether a bill will move past the committee stage.
- Votes
On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Pass, as Amended
Dec 17, 2010 1:36 p.m.
Passed 341/48
- Subject Areas
- Find Similar Bills
Search for similar bills.
Links & tools
- Primary Source
THOMAS.gov (The Library of Congress)
GovTrack gets most information from THOMAS, which is updated generally one day after events occur. Activity since the last update may not be reflected here. Data comes via the congress project.
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text: A fire fighting helicopter dips into Lake Hemet to pick up water... ニュース写真アイデルワイルド,アメリカ合州国,カリフォルニア州,ヘリコプター,危機・災害,横長,水,煙Photographer Kevork DjansezianCollection: Getty Images News 2013 Getty ImagesIDYLLWILD, CA - JULY 18: A fire fighting helicopter dips into Lake Hemet to pick up water under the smoke of the Mountain Fire July 18, 2013 near Idyllwild, California. The massive wildfire in Riverside County has grown to 23,000 acres and is advancing toward the mountain town of Idyllwild on one front and city of Palm Springs on the other front destroying several homes and forcing the evacuation of 6,000 people. (Photo by Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images)


text:
Hello Rodney, you probably get this all the time, but i was wondering what is the proper way to ground yourself using an anti-static bracelet. I have heard some people say to plug in your PSU and then attach to a metal part of your chassis, but others have said this is crazy. I am going to build my first system soon and was wanting to be very safe, so if you could supply any newbie tips it would also be greatly appreciated. Thanks.
Check this video out: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXR8ES0uL-Y
Ok, so make sure the PSU is plugged, got it. So next question, in your opinion where would the best place to put a computer together be at, in the floor or on a desk?
A video on this has also been done: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7fxNtoqzNY
thats not about building the case thats about where to run the computer
i say build it on the desk
less static and less back breaking. if you build it on the floor you better go to the chiropractic afterwards
Ok, thanks for the reply!
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text:
Whose funnier
IDK i'm bored, but this isnt a curbstomp race jokes arent funny
"There's a reason why Tucker doesn't have a career."LMFAO !
Yes Indeed
"The Ninjans said:LMMFAO"IDK i'm bored, but this isnt a curbstomp race jokes arent funny"Yes they are when they're written intelligently. Chris Tucker is pure "blacksploitation.""
Wow... Slinger is coming with the truth tonight
Chris Tucker was only in Jackie Brown for 10 minutes and he made me pee myself.....I think Rock is funnier though.
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