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Fl. Seneg. tent.: 280, t. 65 (1832). |
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Combretaceae |
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2n = 24 |
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Anogeissus schimperi Hochst. ex Hutch. & Dalz. (1927). |
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NÔÇÖgalama, African birch (En). NÔÇÖgalama, bouleau dÔÇÖAfrique (Fr). |
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Anogeissus leiocarpa occurs from Senegal to Eritrea and Ethiopia, south to DR Congo. In Benin the tree is occasionally planted near villages for its dye and in Burkina Faso and Mali plantations have been planned. |
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In West Africa, the leaves are used in the oldest African traditional dyeing process of cotton textiles known as ÔÇśbasilanÔÇÖ, a term particularly used by the Bambara and Malink├ę of the Mand├ę group of people. In general the Mand├ę people first weave cotton into rather narrow strips of cloth which are sewn together in larger units that are used to make clothes. Basilan, a Bambara word, means ÔÇśserving to obtain a resultÔÇÖ, referring in this case to a plant which serves for colouring. Cloth dyed with a decoction of the plant is called ÔÇśbasilanfiniÔÇÖ, ÔÇśfiniÔÇÖ meaning ÔÇścloth, textileÔÇÖ. The colouring agents of plant origin used in basilan dyeing impart a yellow, ochre or ochre-red colour to cotton and as the plants used are rich in tannins they also play a role as mordants. Dyers of the S├ęnoufo people of Mali and northern C├┤te dÔÇÖIvoire use decoctions of leaves of Anogeissus leiocarpa (nÔÇÖgalama), Terminalia macroptera Guill. & Perr. (w├┤l├┤, Combretaceae), Lannea microcarpa Engl. & K.Krause (nÔÇÖpeku, Anacardiaceae) or Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (gajaba, a cultivar with red leaves, Poaceae), to which sometimes traditional potash or ash obtained from the leaves of Adansonia digitata L. (baobab, Bombacaceae) is added, as a dye bath for the traditional ÔÇśred cloth of KorhogoÔÇÖ. The Hausa people of northern Nigeria use the leaves of Anogeissus leiocarpa similarly. In Mali cotton cloth dyed yellow or ochre-yellow with Anogeissus leiocarpa and Terminalia macroptera is used particularly to dress newly circumcised boys and excised girls because of its antimicrobial activity. The dress of ÔÇświsdom holdersÔÇÖ (hunters, seers, mask masters) is generally coloured ochre-red with Lannea microcarpa on a yellow background made with Anogeissus leiocarpa. Since 1990, the local and international success of basilan textiles has led to the development of a modern basilan industry thanks to the innovative efforts of the NÔÇÖdomo (ÔÇśCentre for the Conservation of Traditional ArtsÔÇÖ, branch of the Kasoban├ę Group in S├ęgou, Mali). ÔÇśBogolanÔÇÖ is another traditional dyeing technique, developed from basilan, and deeply rooted in Mali. ÔÇśBogoÔÇÖ means ÔÇśearth, mudÔÇÖ, so bogolan means ÔÇśobtaining a result with mudÔÇÖ and ÔÇśbogolanfiniÔÇÖ ÔÇścloth dyed with mudÔÇÖ. In this technique a pattern is drawn with iron-rich mud on a background dyed first using the basilan technique. The mud reacts with the basilan dye creating a black colour. Several bogolan styles exist. Bambara people draw the patterns with mud and these turn black when they react with the basilan-impregnated cloth. Sheyna people (Korhogo, C├┤te dÔÇÖIvoire) do it the other way round; they first draw the design with basilan, usually passing several layers of the decoction over the lines and surfaces of the pattern and then they either draw again on the designs with a last layer of liquid mud applied with a brush made of palm-tree stem or they plunge the whole cloth into a bath of diluted mud. Where the mud comes into contact with the design traced with basilan on the tissue, black patterns are formed and fixed into the cloth while the mud washes out from the rest of the surface, leaving a white ground in the natural colour of cotton. The designs obtained on bogolan bear special meanings or messages, and the most elaborate compositions are found in Mali in the regions B├ęl├ędougou (Kolokani), Fadougou (Banamba), Pondo (south of Djenn├ę) and Bendougou (Bla). In these regions it is mostly the women who practise the bogolan technique, following the ancient procedures inherited from their ancestors. The themes of the designs, especially those of the loincloths from these districts, relate to local cultures and communities, their history, fashions, myths, family events, the hierarchy of social groups, and some are also endowed with protective powers. This dyeing technique, formerly only applied by women on special family occasions, has evolved during recent years to become an important branch of the craft economy in Mali. Dyeing with Anogeissus leiocarpa has even become a full-time occupation for many people. The bark, leaves and roots of Anogeissus leiocarpa also serve for traditional tanning of hides to leather, particularly those of goats in parts of northern Niger. The leaves colour the leather yellow. The bark yields a gum used in leather-working because of its adhesive properties. The ash of the leaves and the bark are used as mordants to improve the fastness of many other dyes and in the indigo dyeing process to maintain the necessary alkaline pH. The leaves are sometimes used as fodder for small ruminants. The wood of Anogeissus leiocarpa is an excellent fuel and yields good charcoal. In the whole Sahel region fuel has become so scarce that even these useful trees are being sacrificed. The wood, called ÔÇśkaneÔÇÖ in trade, is hard and much used for piles and rafters in house construction, for agricultural implements, tool handles and occasionally in cabinet making. In 2002 the Ministry of Economic Affairs in Mali encouraged wood carvers to use local instead of imported wood, which further increased the use of Anogeissus leiocarpa wood. Woodash from this tree is used in northern Nigeria to dehair skins in preparation for their tanning. The bark, leaves and roots are used in traditional medicine for humans and animals. They have antimicrobial and anthelmintic activity and are usually taken as decoctions. A decoction of the leaves or leafy twigs is used against yellow fever, jaundice, different kinds of hepatitis, common cold and headache. In Burkina Faso powdered bark and a bark decoction are used to treat wounds, eczema, psoriasis, anthrax, carbuncles, boils and several kinds of ulcers. The bark decoction is also known as a muscular tonic. In Niger a leaf decoction is applied against haemorrhoids and skin diseases. The bark and the exuding gum prevent and cure dental caries and toothache and are commonly used in Africa. The gum, fairly soluble in water, is chewed and in northern Niger it is considered the best chewing gum substitute for gum arabic. In Ghana and Nigeria the roots are used and traded as chewing sticks. In C├┤te dÔÇÖIvoire the fleshy roots are used against labour pains and in Burkina Faso to accelerate wound healing. The seeds have a wide bactericidal and fungicidal activity in humans and animals. Anogeissus leiocarpa is a graceful ornamental avenue and shade tree of the drier regions and could also be used for reforestation. In Eritrea it is planted to stabilize river banks. In Burkina Faso Anogeissus leiocarpa is a highly esteemed and respected holy tree, named ÔÇśsiigaÔÇÖ, meaning ÔÇśthe soulÔÇÖ. |
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Traditional bogolan cloth started being commercialised on a fairly small scale in Mali in the 1970s, mostly by women from the districts Kolokani, Banamba, San, Djenn├ę and S├ęgou who were seeking to increase the family income. This commercial development really started to become more important in the 1980s, and since then several centres of big scale bogolan cloth production have emerged, e.g. the town of San. Between 1980 and 2004, trade in clothes and hangings decorated in the bogolan technique has boomed and these textiles are now exported in large quantities all over the world. The craft is most thriving in Mali, where Bamako and Mopti have become commercial centres for the export of bogolan cloth to Senegal, Ghana, South Africa, Europe (France, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium), Asia (Japan) and America (United States, Canada). The bogolan industry has spread to neighbouring countries; after Mali, Burkina Faso and more recently Senegal, C├┤te dÔÇÖIvoire and Niger have also started producing bogolan cloth on a large scale. In the early 1990s it became fashionable in Mali to wear cotton clothes decorated using the bogolan technique. So production for local use was added to export production and at present in the town centres many womenÔÇÖs associations practise bogolan dyeing as a source of professional income, which is also attracting more and more male craftsmen. Bogolan cloth production and trade requires the harvesting and processing of huge quantities of leaves of Anogeissus leiocarpa. In S├ęgou, an important workshop where 15 artists work used about 1500 kg of dry leaves in 2004, allowing more than 5000 m2 (or 1800 kg) cloth to be dyed. The total demand for leaves in S├ęgou is estimated at 6000 kg, corresponding to more than 20,000 m2 dyed cloth. During recent years Bamako exported about 520 t of dyed cloth annually. This corresponds with 430 t dried leaves, estimated to be about 20% of the total quantity used in Mali. Bark of Anogeissus leiocarpa has been exploited for cosmetic purposes in Burkina Faso since 2000, initiated by the French cosmetic industry in collaboration with the population of Koro village. A plantation of 1800 trees (5 ha) is being planned for the production of bark to supplement production from wild trees. |
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The leaves of Anogeissus leiocarpa contain ellagic, gallic and gentisic acids, derivatives of gallic and ellagic acid and several flavonoids (derivatives of quercetin and kaempferol). The high concentration (up to 17%, based on dry matter) of hydrolysable tannins (gallic and ellagic acid derivatives) explains the usefulness of Anogeissus leiocarpa in the bogolan technique. Cloth impregnated with the leaf extract helps to fix other colours (e.g. the brown-red obtained by the bark of Lannea microcarpa), Anogeissus leiocarpa acting as a very efficient mordant on cotton for other natural dyes. The majority of the medicinal uses of Anogeissus leiocarpa are likely to be based on its tannin content. No experimental data on their non-toxicity appears to have been published but the popular use of giving the bark decoction to drink to new-born infants is of interest in this connection. The bark contains nearly no flavonoids but is rich in derivatives of ellagic acid (2.5ÔÇô5% of the dry matter) and contains the polyalcohol sorbitol, terpenoids (╬▒-amyrin, ╬▓-amyrin and ╬▓-sitosterol) and traces of alkaloids. Six molecules of ellagic acid derivatives were observed and four of them were isolated and characterized. These molecules are 3,3ÔÇÖ,4ÔÇÖ-tri-O-methylflavellagic acid, 3,3ÔÇÖ-di-O-methylellagic acid, tri-O-methylellagic acid and 3, 3ÔÇÖ-di-O-methyl-4-╬▓-O-xylopyranosyl-ellagic acid. These derivatives are good antioxidants acting as scavengers of free radical oxygen and as protectors of DNA from injury by alkylating agents. They are anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic agents and have anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic activities. Research has shown that the ellagic acid derivatives show an inhibition of certain enzymes of the metalloproteinase type in several types of cellular skin cultures and retard the degradation of collagen. This research resulted in the elaboration of a substance named ÔÇśanogellineÔÇÖ which is now used in some cosmetic skin creams made in France. Extracts of stem and root bark and of the leaves showed antifungal activity against a number of pathogenic fungi. Moderate antibacterial activity of the bark was also demonstrated. Chewing sticks made of Anogeissus leiocarpa showed strong activity against a wide spectrum of bacteria, including some contributing to tooth-deterioration. Anogeissus leiocarpa extracts exhibited in-vitro activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains. The gum of Anogeissus leiocarpa contains amino acids (glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, glycine) as well as 20% of a polysaccharide. On hydrolysis the polysaccharide gives 12% D-xylose, 32% L-arabinose, 5% D-galactose, 2% D-mannose and 20% oligosaccharides (with traces of rhamnose, ribose and fucose). The wood is heavy and hard. The heartwood is dark brown to black and distinctly demarcated from the whitish yellow sapwood. The density is 720ÔÇô1200 kg/m3 at 15% moisture content. The grain is wavy or interlocked, texture fine. The shrinkage rates are small. The wood air-dries slowly but easily, and kiln drying is rapid. Slight checking and end splitting may occur, as well as moderate bending and twisting. The wood is moderately easy to saw, but difficult to plane, mortise and bore. It finishes and polishes well and is easy to turn and glue, but nailing is difficult. It is rather resistant to powder-post beetles and termites, but not to marine borers. It is extremely resistant to preservatives. |
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In regions where Anogeissus leiocarpa is rare or absent, two other plant species can be used as a substitute for the bogolan technique. The leaves of Combretum glutinosum Perr. ex DC. (tyangara, cangara, Combretaceae) can be used or, when these are not available, the twigs of Hexalobus monopetalus (A.Rich.) Engl. & Diels (fugany├ę, Annonaceae). Although these two species are less appreciated than Anogeissus leiocarpa, they can be used in a similar way for dyeing. The leaves of Combretum glutinosum contain ellagic and gallic acid derivatives and flavonoids like Anogeissus leiocarpa while the chemical components of Hexalobus monopetalus are different. |
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Evergreen shrub or small to medium-sized tree up to 15(ÔÇô30) m tall, with straight, slightly grooved bole up to 1 m in diameter and open crown with gracefully drooping, pubescent branches; bark grey to mottled pale and dark brown, scaly, flaking off in rectangular patches, fibrous, exuding a dark gum. Leaves alternate to nearly opposite, simple and entire; stipules absent; petiole 1ÔÇô6 mm long; blade ovate to elliptical or ovate-lanceolate, 2ÔÇô10 cm ├Ś 1ÔÇô4 cm, base cuneate or obtuse, apex obtuse or acute, densely silky hairy when young, lateral veins in 4ÔÇô8 pairs, prominent beneath. Inflorescence an axillary or terminal, usually solitary globose head 0.5ÔÇô2 cm in diameter; peduncle up to 2.5 cm long, bearing 2 pairs of deciduous bracts. Flowers bisexual, regular, 5-merous, pale yellow, fragrant; receptacle stalk-like, 3ÔÇô4 mm long; sepals connate into a lobed campanulate cup c. 1 mm high; petals absent; stamens 10, filaments filiform, c. 3 mm long, anthers cordate; ovary inferior, 1-celled, rusty hairy above the middle, style simple, filiform. Fruit a rounded samara 4ÔÇô10 mm ├Ś 6ÔÇô11 mm ├Ś 2ÔÇô2.5 mm, with 2 wings, yellowish to reddish brown, shortly beaked, 1-seeded, packed horizontally into dense cone-like infructescences 1ÔÇô2 cm in diameter. Seed ovoid-fusiform, c. 3 mm ├Ś 2 mm. |
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Anogeissus comprises 8 species, 5 of which occur in tropical Asia, 2 in Arabia and 1 in tropical Africa. The genus seems most closely related to Conocarpus, which differs by its flower heads arranged in panicles, usually 5 functional stamens and fruits without beak. Indian sumach (Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. ex Guill. & Perr.) contains tannins and flavonoids similar to those of Anogeissus leiocarpa and is similarly used for tanning hides and dyeing textiles in India, Sri Lanka and Nepal. |
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Wood-anatomical description (IAWA hardwood codes): Growth rings: (1: growth ring boundaries distinct); (2: growth ring boundaries indistinct or absent). Vessels: 5: wood diffuse-porous; 13: simple perforation plates; 22: intervessel pits alternate; (23: shape of alternate pits polygonal); 25: intervessel pits small (4ÔÇô7 ╬╝m); 29: vestured pits; 30: vessel-ray pits with distinct borders; similar to intervessel pits in size and shape throughout the ray cell; 41: mean tangential diameter of vessel lumina 50ÔÇô100 ╬╝m; (42: mean tangential diameter of vessel lumina 100ÔÇô200 ╬╝m); (47: 5ÔÇô20 vessels per square millimetre); 48: 20ÔÇô40 vessels per square millimetre. Tracheids and fibres: 61: fibres with simple to minutely bordered pits; 66: non-septate fibres present; 69: fibres thin- to thick-walled; 70: fibres very thick-walled. Axial parenchyma: (76: axial parenchyma diffuse); 78: axial parenchyma scanty paratracheal; 79: axial parenchyma vasicentric; 93: eight (5ÔÇô8) cells per parenchyma strand. Rays: 97: ray width 1ÔÇô3 cells; 109: rays with procumbent, square and upright cells mixed throughout the ray; 115: 4ÔÇô12 rays per mm; 116: Ôëą 12 rays per mm. Mineral inclusions: 136: prismatic crystals present; 137: prismatic crystals in upright and/or square ray cells; 139: prismatic crystals in radial alignment in procumbent ray cells. (P. D├ętienne & E.A. Wheeler) |
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The germination of Anogeissus leiocarpa seeds takes a long time and seedlings are not easy to obtain. Once established the plant is slow growing. Normally the tree is evergreen, but due to bush fires (OctoberÔÇôNovember) it can stay without leaves for several weeks. Flowering is year-round but most abundant at the beginning of the rainy season between January and April. The flowers have a strong sweet smell. Fruiting is most abundant between March and May. The infructescences disarticulate when they become dry and the winged fruits are easily dispersed by wind. |
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Anogeissus leiocarpa is found from the driest savanna to the wetter forest borders, in wooded grassland and bushland and on riverbanks where annual rainfall is 200ÔÇô1200 mm. It often grows gregariously on fertile soil in moist situations, from sea-level up to 1900 m altitude. |
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Propagation is by seed, which is light with 140,000ÔÇô150,000 seeds/kg. Seeds soon lose their viability (within 6 months) and their germinating capacity is rather low. Up to now Anogeissus leiocarpa is mainly harvested from the wild, but in Mali and Burkina Faso commercial cultivation has started (e.g. a plantation of 5 ha is present in Koro, Houet Province, Burkina Faso). |
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Anogeissus leiocarpa can be pollarded and the tree has some ability to coppice. It is very sensitive to fire. |
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Anogeissus leiocarpa is a hardy tree species and no serious diseases or pests are known. |
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Harvesting of the leaves at the beginning of the flowering period ( JanuaryÔÇôFebruary) is preferred, but because the tree is evergreen, they can be harvested any time of the year. The best period to harvest the bark is at the end of the dry season, from the end of March until the beginning of June, both because of the availability of manpower and of the optimum concentration and condition for exploitation of the active principle anogelline present in the bark. In Burkina Faso ÔÇśgood harvesting practicesÔÇÖ for harvesting bark as issued by the National Forestry Department should be followed to limit the damage to the trees; they include instructions for the use of adapted utensils and rules for the maximum quantity of bark that can be harvested (1ÔÇô1.5 kg fresh bark per tree, corresponding to 0.5ÔÇô1 kg dry bark). For every harvest a ÔÇśharvest authorisationÔÇÖ, issued by the Regional Environment Direction, is needed, for which tax has to be paid. Material for export is strictly controlled and needs a phytosanitary certificate. |
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The annual yield of dry leaves is estimated to be 20ÔÇô25 kg/tree and of dry bark 0.5ÔÇô1 kg/tree. Total annual yield of dry leaves in Mali for bogolan utilisation is estimated to be about 2000 t from 100,000 trees. |
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The production of a bogolan cloth is a 4-step process. First comes the preparation of the iron-rich mud. This is done about 2ÔÇô4 weeks before use. The mud is collected from the banks of certain rivers, lakes or ponds and kept in a container. It is stirred from time to time, adding a bark decoction of Terminalia macroptera or Piliostigma reticulatum (DC.) Hochst. (nyama, Caesalpiniaceae). Then the cloth is dyed using the basilan technique, using the leaves of Anogeissus leiocarpa and sometimes Lannea microcarpa bark. To prepare the dye bath the leaves are either put in water in a large cooking pot with a small amount of baobab ash-lye added and boiled, or the leaves are just soaked in water without heating for 2 days. The latter way is preferred in S├ęgou (Mali) because the result is as good and no fuel is needed. The cloth to be dyed is soaked in the bath and subsequently dried in the sun. Soaking and drying is repeated several times to obtain a deeper colour, taking care that the same side of the cloth is always exposed to the sun. The third step consists of drawing the design on the cloth with the prepared mud, using an iron tool (ÔÇśbiny├ęniÔÇÖ) or a pen made out of a Borassus leaf stalk (ÔÇśkalaÔÇÖ). The black designs on the cloth are created by the iron salts present in the mud that react with the yellow or ochre-red basilan dyes rich in hydrolysable tannins. The mud can be applied several times to obtain a very deep black. Eventually the cloth is dried, cleaned and washed. The dry mud sticking to the cloth is removed by washing in a river; when water is scarce the mud is first removed by rubbing and shaking and then the cloth is washed with clean water. After drying again, the bogolan cloth is ready. In the bogolan technique the bark of Lannea microcarpa is sometimes used to obtain different colours. If a uniform orange to red-brown colour is required for the background, the whole textile can be soaked in the Lannea bark decoction. Mud is then applied to the cloth to decorate it with black designs. This can also be repeated several times to obtain a true black. Dyeing with Lannea gives reddish colours and Anogeissus gives yellow colours. |
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No germplasm collections of Anogeissus leiocarpa are known. In regions where Anogeissus leiocarpa is collected, the harvesting contributes to the growing scarcity of the tree populations, also because little rejuvenation appears to be taking place. Formerly Anogeissus leiocarpa occupied whole forests on fertile soils. At present, Anogeissus leiocarpa is becoming rarer because land is being cleared for agriculture, wood is collected for timber and fuel and the seeds are difficult to germinate. |
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At present, dyeing with vegetable dyes, mainly based on the use of Anogeissus leiocarpa leaves, meets the international demand for natural products, allowing whole families, among which many young people, to earn a living. Taking into account the importance of Anogeissus leiocarpa in the success of this type of textile production and trade (the whole cotton industry benefits from the export of bogolan cloth), and because most workshop owners have transmitted their know-how and trained a generation of young people, it is urgent to ensure a continuing supply of this tree for the coming years. This can be done in two ways. First, through careful management of wild populations of Anogeissus leiocarpa: a similar protection policy as the one applied in Mali for some other useful tree species (e.g. baobab, shea butter tree) could be extended to this species. A second possibility is cultivation of Anogeissus leiocarpa. In addition to the plantations that have been established in Burkina Faso, propagation trials to renew old populations are being carried out and paid for by some dyer artists in S├ęgou (Mali). Such initiatives deserve support and should be undertaken on a much larger scale. However, long-term investments are difficult to plan, owing to the fluctuating nature of international fashion trends. |
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ÔÇó Arbonnier, M., 2004. Trees, shrubs and lianas of West African dry zones. CIRAD, Margraf Publishers Gmbh, MNHN, Paris, France. 573 pp. ÔÇó Burkill, H.M., 1985. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa. 2nd Edition. Volume 1, Families AÔÇôD. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom. 960 pp. ÔÇó Cardon, D., 2003. Le monde des teintures naturelles. Belin, Paris, France. 586 pp. ÔÇó Duponchel, P., 2004. Textiles b├▓g├▓lan du Mali. Collections du Mali No 8. Mus├ęe dÔÇÖEthnographie, Neuch├ótel, Switzerland. 334 pp. ÔÇó Irvine, F.R., 1961. Woody plants of Ghana, with special reference to their uses. Oxford University Press, London, United Kingdom. 868 pp. ÔÇó Kerharo, J. & Adam, J.G., 1974. La pharmacop├ęe s├ęn├ęgalaise traditionnelle. Plantes m├ędicinales et toxiques. Vigot & Fr├Ęres, Paris, France. 1011 pp. ÔÇó Liben, L., 1983. Combretaceae. Flore du Cameroun. Volume 25. Mus├ęum National dÔÇÖHistoire Naturelle, Paris, France. 97 pp. ÔÇó Malgras, R.P.D., 1992. Arbres et arbustes gu├ęrisseurs des savanes maliennes. A.C.C.T. & ├ëditions Karthala, Paris, France. 478 pp. ÔÇó Neuwinger, H.D., 2000. African traditional medicine: a dictionary of plant use and applications. Medpharm Scientific, Stuttgart, Germany. 589 pp. ÔÇó Scott, A.J., 1978. A revision of Anogeissus (Combretaceae). Kew Bulletin 33: 555ÔÇô566. |
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ÔÇó Adam, J.G., Echard, N. & Lescot, M., 1972. Plantes m├ędicinales Hausa de lÔÇÖAder. Journal dÔÇÖAgriculture Tropicale et de Botanique Appliqu├ęe 19(8ÔÇô9): 259ÔÇô399. ÔÇó Adjanohoun, E.J., Ahyi, M.R.A., Ak├ę Assi, L., Akpagana, K., Chibon, P., El-Adji, A., Eym├ę, J., Garba, M., Gassita, J.N., Gbeassor, M., Goudote, E., Guinko, S., Hodouto, K.K., Houngnon P., Keita, A., Keoula, Y., Hodouto, W.P., Issa Lo, Siamevi, K.M. & Taffame, K.K., 1986. Contributions aux ├ętudes ethnobotaniques et floristiques au Togo. M├ędecine Traditionelle et Pharmacop├ęe. Agence de Coop├ęration Culturelle et Technique, Paris, France. 671 pp. ÔÇó Aubr├ęville, A., 1950. Flore foresti├Ęre soudano-guin├ęenne. Soci├ęt├ę dÔÇÖEditions G├ęographiques, Maritimes et Coloniales, Paris, France. 533 pp. ÔÇó Bamidele Sanni, S. & Okor Dorcas, I., 1983. The fluoride content of Nigerian chewing sticks. IRCS Medical Science 11: 604. ÔÇó Batawila, K., Kokou, K., Koumaglo, K., Gbeassor, M., de Foucault, B., Bouchet, P. & Akpagana, K., 2005. Antifungal activities of five Combretaceae used in Togolese traditional medicine. Fitoterapia 76(2): 264ÔÇô268. ÔÇó Bhatt, S.K. & Saxena, V.K., 1979. Efficacy of successive extracts of seeds of Anogeissus leiocarpa against some human pathogenic fungi. Indian Drugs 17: 263ÔÇô264. ÔÇó Bouquet, A. & Debray, M., 1974. Plantes m├ędicinales de la C├┤te dÔÇÖIvoire. Travaux et Documents No 32. ORSTOM, Paris, France. 231 pp. ÔÇó Cozzi, R., Ricordy, R., Bartolini, F., Ramadori, L., Perticone, P. & De Salvia, R., 1995. Taurine and ellagic acid: two differently-acting natural antioxydants. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 26: 248ÔÇô254. ÔÇó Dalziel, J.M., 1937. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa. Crown Agents for Overseas Governments and Administrations, London, United Kingdom. 612 pp. ÔÇó Govindarajan, R., Vijayakumar, M., Rao, C.V., Shirwaikar, A., Rawat, A.K., Mehrotra, S. & Pushpangadan, P., 2004. Antioxidant potential of Anogeissus latifolia. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 27(8): 1266ÔÇô1269. ÔÇó InsideWood, undated. [Internet] http://insidewood.lib.ncsu.edu/search/. Accessed May 2007. ÔÇó Keay, R.W.J., 1954. Combretaceae. In: Keay, R.W.J. (Editor). Flora of West Tropical Africa. Volume 1, part 1. 2nd Edition. Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations, London, United Kingdom. pp. 264ÔÇô281. ÔÇó Majid, S., Khanduja, K.L., Gandhi, R.K., Kapur, S. & Sharma, R.R., 1987. Influence of ellagic acid on antioxidant defense system and lipid peroxidation in mice. Biochemical Pharmacology 42: 1441ÔÇô1445. ÔÇó Nacro, M. & Millogo-Rasolodimbi, J., 1993. Plantes tinctoriales et plantes ├á tanins du Burkina Faso. Editions ScientifikA, Amiens, France. 152 pp. ÔÇó Nduji, A.A. & Okwute, S.K., 1988. Co-occurrence of 3,3ÔÇÖ,4ÔÇÖ-tri-o-methylflavellagic acid and 3,3ÔÇÖ-di o-methylellagic acid in the bark of Anogeissus schimperii. Phytochemistry 27: 1548ÔÇô1550. ÔÇó Osawa, T., Ide, A., Su, J.D. & Namiki, M., 1987. Inhibition of lipid peroxydation by ellagic acid. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 35: 808ÔÇô812. ÔÇó Smart, R.C., Huang, M.T., Chang, R.L., Sayer, J.M., Jerina, D.M. & Conney, A.H., 1986. Disposition of the naturally occuring antimutagenic plant phenol, ellagic acid and its synthetic derivatives, 3-O-decylellagic acid and 3,3ÔÇÖ-di-O-methylellagic acid in mice. Carcinogenesis 7: 1663ÔÇô1667. ÔÇó Som├ę, B.L., Sawadogo, J.M. & Chauvel, F.P.B., 1983. La phytoth├ęrapie dans le Gourma, Burkina Faso in synth├Ęse de la premi├Ęre semaine d├ępartementale de la sant├ę publique de Fada, 21ÔÇô31 janvier 1982. Editions Laafia, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. 77 pp. ÔÇó Taiwo, O., Xu, H.X. & Lee, S.F., 1999. Antibacterial activities of extracts from Nigerian chewing sticks. Phytotherapy Research 13(8): 675ÔÇô679. ÔÇó Viron-Lamy, C., Chemineaud, L., Darnault, S., Lhermite, S., Olivier, M., Andr├ę, P. & Saunois, A., 2001. From phytochemical screening to structural determination: Anogeissus leiocarpa bark extract. Congress on Separation Techniques, Paris, France. Poster. ÔÇó Vonthron-S├ęn├ęcheau, C., Weniger, B., Ouattara, M., Tra Bi, F., Kamenan, A., Lobstein, A., Brun, R. & Anton, R., 2003. In vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of ethnobotanically selected Ivorian plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 87(2ÔÇô3): 221ÔÇô225. |
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ÔÇó Liben, L., 1983. Combretaceae. Flore du Cameroun. Volume 25. Mus├ęum National dÔÇÖHistoire Naturelle, Paris, France. 97 pp. |
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Andary, C., Doumbia, B., Sauvan, N., Olivier, M. & Garcia, M., 2005. Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC.) Guill. & Perr. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. Jansen, P.C.M. & Cardon, D. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources v├ęg├ętales de lÔÇÖAfrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. <http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp>. Accessed . |
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General importance | |
Geographic coverage Africa | |
Geographic coverage World | |
Dye and tannins use | |
Ornamental use | |
Forage/feed use | |
Timber use | |
Auxiliary use | |
Fuel use | |
Medicinal use | |
Fibre use | |
Climate change | |


text:
Giuliani is seen as the new white knight for troubled corporations, the Times reported; "the crème de la crème of clean," as one arbitrageur put it.
The former mayor has enjoyed the benefits of both the bull market and the bear market on Wall Street. As mayor, he presided over the city at a time when the stock boom swelled city coffers, providing five straight years of billion-dollar-plus budget surpluses that greased his term in office and helped him avoid the toughest budget crunches. Now that the stock bubble has burst, the hero of 9-11 is now in a position to profit as a private consultant to those same Wall Street entities as they struggle to pick up the pieces.
Private citizen Giuliani has to be happier still that as the current city administration wrestles with a mammoth budget crisis, his own contribution to those fiscal woes has largely escaped scrutiny. Giuliani's approval ratings remain sky-high, while those of Mayor Mike Bloomberg, the one struggling with the deficits, have plummeted as he talks bluntly about the need for cuts.
An infinitely courteous Bloomberg has so far declined most finger-pointing, especially at Giuliani, whose endorsement last year helped win him office. The City Council leadership has been similarly reticent. The reasoning in both wings of City Hall is presumably that little purpose is served in riling the enormously popular former mayor, possibly sending him off on a diatribe of his own.
Giuliani himself worried about none of those courtesies when he took office, repeatedly accusing former mayor David Dinkins of exacerbating city fiscal problems and then hiding them.
Budget analysts say, however, that the Giuliani contributions were manifold.
"He dug a deep fiscal ditch," said Harvey Robins, a budget watchdog who served as an aide to the Koch and Dinkins administrations. "There were a number of choices Rudy could have made to improve things, but he preferred either to ignore long-standing problems or deny their existence."
"While 9-11 and the recession certainly bear some of the blame for the city's fiscal plight, the Giuliani administration failed to address the fundamental structural imbalance in our finances," said Doug Turetsky of the city's Independent Budget Office. "In fact, that imbalance may have worsened in the latter years of his term as recurring expenditures grew faster than sustainable tax revenues."
The city's five consecutive years of record earnings are the most in its history, according to the Citizens Budget Commission, a nonprofit fiscal analysis organization. "They dwarfed anything in the past," said Diana Fortuna, president of the organization. The surplus was a whopping $3.2 billion in fiscal year 2000, and $2.9 billion in fiscal 2001.
"I think it was a conscious decision to develop a surplus," said Fortuna. "They used conservative revenue forecasts and the surplus would keep getting bigger. Then they would say, 'We are going to use it in next year's budget.' We'd say, 'This is a giant one-shot deal and you won't have it there when we need it, and there will be a bigger budget gap.' "
When recession hit in late 2001, the surplus was suddenly needed. "That is part of why we have such a large gap now," said Fortuna. "If we had been living within our resources in the late '90s, we would have a gap that is $2 billion less today."
Another way to handle the surplus might have been to pump it into projects aimed at productivity savings, said Turetsky. "It is when you have surpluses that you are best able to invest in productivity changes that make the workforce function more efficiently," he said.
For example, the IBO suggested, the city could have invested in dual-bin sanitation trucksa common sight outside the citythat would have enabled the city to cut an entire separate recycling pickup. Or, in another widely used and cost-efficient sanitation method, the city could have equipped sanit trucks with metal arms for overhead pickups of standard street containers, an improvement over current labor-intensive procedures.
City expenses also grew during Giuliani's term. The Republican mayor came into office vowing to reduce the size and cost of government. He made good on the pledge during his first term, bringing overall city spending down by 2 percent. But the second term was a different story. City expense spending (not including state and federal contributions) rose by 6 percent in 1998, 4 percent in 1999, another 6 percent in 2000, and, finally, an added 9 percent in the Giuliani administration's last full year, according to the Independent Budget Office. In the last five years of the Giuliani administration, spending grew at twice the rate of inflation.
Debt service, which represented just 5 percent of the city's budget at the beginning of his administration, accounted for 17 percent of the city's budget by the time he left office.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The fastest growing healthcare stock in the United States is a micro-cap that will grow your portfolio like it's on steroids. Several years ago, Millennium Healthcare (MHCC) modeled their business to align with Obamacare, and now revenues are ready to explode from $1 MILLION PER YEAR to over $200 MILLION PER YEAR. This explosive growth is being driven by recently announced contracts with over 400 physician offices and by demand from thousands of additional physicians who are standing in line to sign up with Millennium. Millennium's state-of-the-art cardiovascular and cancer diagnostics for early detection are FREE TO PATIENTS and FULLY PAID TO THE DOCTOR by Medicare and private insurance companies. The patient pays nothing, yet receives the benefit of the best non-invasive early detection tests available. With the new Affordable Care Act and complex ICD-10 billing codes, Doctor's incomes are declining. Millennium HealthCare diagnostics will provide doctors with average additional income of more than $500,000 per year per office. Millennium's offering to physicians is so attractive that over 400 offices have already signed up, 1,000 more offices are in legal and ready to be signed and thousands more are lined up to become a Millennium customer. Millennium is now beginning to roll out the diagnostics to their customers. Millennium has about 70 million shares outstanding and sales contracts that will deliver over $200 million per year. With an industry average price to sales ratio of 6 to 1, Millennium shares could easily be trading over $10 per share in the next 12 months. And . . . consider that thousands of additional doctors are in now in line to sign with Millennium, and that could make these sizeable numbers appear small. Millennium shares have been trading between $.60 and $1.50 for the past month and with record contracts and sales about to happen, shares have the potential to increase the value of any stock portfolio dramatically.
Sentiment: Strong Buy
Since this is posted on an Echo Therapeutics message board, are you stating that Millennium is buying Echo Therapeutics? Do you have any piece of objective or official proof of this? The last quarterly report said that Millennium was undergoing a modification of their YT-1300 light freighter, thus the DBA name of Millennium Falcon, LLC.


text:
Buy bulk Dollar Tree products! Perfect for restaurants, businesses, schools, churches, party planners & a... more
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"Life is never too short, we just don't do what we want with it.
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text: : Shell, I also, saw Juda (Juda) and Manday (Monday: age 100) zena, thanks so much. My nine year old son has been doing the research on the Backstroms. He was looking through the 1870 census and had gotten so tired that he wanted a break. When i went to turn off his machine I saw Peter Backstrom. He had given up too soon. When we saw Mandy was born in Africa he was so excited. I can't wait to tell him this. Is Peter related to your family? I have not gone back and researched the siblings yet. I have only been doing the grandparents. Shell


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Jennifer Leonard Powers
Duplicate Memorial
Would it be possible to combine this memorial with a duplicate memorial # 76679726?
Thank you,
Added by
Jennifer Leonard Powers
on Oct 21, 2014 5:07 PM
Are you still active?
Added by
on Sep 30, 2014 1:14 PM
Harold R
Jonathan Belding memorial
I have been notified that a duplicate memorial has been created for Jonathan Belding.
My # 20355618 created Jul 08, 2007
Your # 107182927 created Mar 23, 2013
I have added your birth details to my memorial #20355618.
Added by
Harold R
on Jun 24, 2014 2:58 PM
Ron Hanks
Kenneth McNeil
Thanks for taking care of the family link so quickly.
Added by
Ron Hanks
on Feb 08, 2014 7:56 AM
Barbara Yates 26884022
I have requested that you add the burial information, the location is in addition 11 Block 1 Lot 56 There are so many stones at this cemetery, it would be easier to locate if you could just add that information. I generally add the plot info in a caption of a photo I added, but I wasn't the one that added this photo, so I don't have that option. I apologize for requesting more than once, but I didn't hear from you after I've sent a sac back in September 2012. Please update this information.
Added by
on Jan 12, 2013 7:54 AM
sandra stacks
Robert L Steele
Robert Steele is my brother may i have the right to his memorial.thanks Sandra Stacks
Added by
sandra stacks
on Aug 23, 2012 2:25 PM
Andrew J Hankins
I recently acquired a photo of Andrew J Hankins with what I think is one of his sons, son's wife and child.
I'd like to identify the son and wife and was hoping you might be able to help since you seem to have memorials for all of those Hankins in Lawton, OK.
I can email you the photo. My email is email@example.com. If you have an Ancestry account you can also view the photo there. I've yet to find a memorial for Andrew or Lydia.
PS: my mom is a Hankins! My 3rd g-grandfather was Fielding (1789-1883).
Thx, Sherrill
Added by
on Sep 26, 2011 10:35 PM
Maxine Barnett
Cornelius Russell
I am a decendent of the above named and in the process of writing a Vignette on my great, great, great grandmother, which is Cornelius Russells' youngest daughter(Eliza). I have attempted to find a photo of him and his wife Sarah, but to no avail. The information and photos that I have gathered from the probate court and Long Lane Farm appear to be accurate. I am interested to know if you have any other information relating to him and his wife.
Thank you in advance for any assistance that you maybe able to provide.
Maxine S Barnett
Added by
Maxine Barnett
on Sep 26, 2011 1:41 PM
Jan Lange
Thank you
Thank you so much for the Havlik transfer. And thank you for establishing the memorial and providing pictures to those of us who live far away. It is good work that you do.
Added by
Jan Lange
on Aug 27, 2011 5:56 AM
Bula & Leonard Maybin
Thank you for the kindness of the Maybin transfer .cc
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on Jun 16, 2011 11:33 AM
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Introduction to C#: Writing Code |
Introduction |
The programs you will write are meant to give instructions to the computer about what to do, when to do something, and how to do it. You write these instructions in an easy to understand English format, using words we will study. This means that a regular instruction uses normal text with alphabetic characters, numbers, and non-readable symbols. Normally, you can write your instructions using any text editor such as Notepad, WordPad, WordPerfect, or Microsoft Word, etc. When writing your instructions, there are rules your must follow and suggestions you should observe. We sill study each one of them as we move on. |
A comment is a line or paragraph of text that will not be considered as part of your code of a program. There are two types of comments recognized by C#. To display a comment on a line of text, start the line with two forward slashes //. Anything on the right side of // would be ignored. Here is an example: // This line will be ignored. I can write in it anything I want The above type of comment is used on only one line. You can also start a comment with /*. This type of comment ends with */. Anything between this combination of /* and */ would not be read. Therefore, you can use this technique to span a comment on more than one line. |
Practical Learning: Creating Comments |
using System; // using System.Collections.Generic; // using System.Text; /* namespace GeorgetownCleaningServices1 {*/ class Program { static void Main(/*string[] args*/) { } } //} |
Code Colors |
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We review Call of Duty 3 for the WII Production Date: 2008 Show's Origin: Jamaica W.I
Views: 235 | Posted: 01/03/2012
By: mlbslugger111
Check out the new Medal of Honor game
Views: 494 | Posted: 05/25/2011
By: ViKING7
Medal of Honor: Heroes 2 - Controls trailer
Views: 1,417 | Posted: 05/25/2011
By: Nanogleak
I've been tracking this game since I came across it, heres some footage from Gamespot's EA coverage of the Wii version of the game. Hope you enjoy this interview of the developer or game tester. This game has 32 player online with no friend codes, so that makes this third party game a must have for any hardcore Wii owners out there.The graphics are Xbox quality with next-gen bloom and runs at 60 fps. The Controls rival Metroid Prime 3 according to IGN. This game is not just another cash in, it's an new level of the fps experience for the Wii. >>Yes, Wii zapper comes packed in.<<
Views: 16,235 | Posted: 05/25/2011
By: dman147
This is a clan taht is really now called Extreme Xtermators. But it is for PSP and Wii
Views: 496 | Posted: 05/25/2011
By: Chris24
Views: 271 | Posted: 05/25/2011
By: Joggy
This is official trailer of the game
Views: 332 | Posted: 05/25/2011
By: ManU4Life
Medal of Honor Heroes 2
Views: 2,262 | Posted: 05/25/2011
By: PibbMan
An interview done with a booth attendant on MoH Heroes 2 for the PSP and Nintendo Wii.
Views: 1,559 | Posted: 05/25/2011
By: Tommyfare
Medal of Honor Heroes 2 Trailer
Views: 923 | Posted: 05/25/2011
Week of
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Release Date: 05/05/2015
Release Date: 05/07/2015
An action-packed shooter from London-based developer Roll7.
Xbox One, PS4, PC
Release Date: 05/19/2015
The Witcher series has expanded into open-world monster hunting territory with its latest iteration. Expect plenty...


text:
Publisher's Description
+AlgoLab Photo Vector is a handy tool for designers and CAD/CAM professionals to create, cleanup, make fast corrections, edit designs and create input to CAD/CAM systems including CNC vectors. It is especially useful for cleaning up and editing scanned designs on textile, fabric, vinyl, carpets, mats, and other materials. It helps to simplify images and create mosaic.


text:
Margaret E. Gearhart, 95, died Wednesday, Feb. 5, 2014 at Serenity Hospice and Home, Oregon.
She was born Oct. 19, 1918 in Oregon, the daughter of Milton and Ethel (Hinkle) Wilde.�
She graduated from Oregon High School and cosmetology school.�
She married Kenneth M. Gearhart on Nov. 28, 1939 in Iowa.�
She and her husband owned and trained harness horses. They retired in 1980.
She is survived by her sister, Eleanor (Gerald) Finkle, Arizona; several nieces and nephews, her special friends and her friends at Family First.�
She was predeceased by her husband, parents, sisters, Marian Wilde and Edith Jenkins; brothers, Harold and William Wilde.
Arrangements will be at a later date.��Finch Funeral Home,� Mt. Morris, is assisting the family.


text:
Olympic medal winning wrestlers Sushil Kumar and Yogeshwar Dutt were honoured at a unique function organised at Chandni Chowk here on Thursday.
On behalf of the Chandni Chowk Market Association, Asian Wrestling Council vice-president Ashok Aggarwal felicitated the two wrestlers in traditional style. Sushil, Yogeshwar and their mentor Satpal were given a buffalo, 100 litre of desi ghee and 100kg of almonds each amid loud cheers from thousands of fans.
Keywords: Olympic medal winners
More In: Other Sports | Sport


text:
Beneath a gleaming chrome and glass marquee, celebrities swarmed one night this week to the opening of Manhattan's new $300,000 French movie theater, the Paris. They had paid $12.50 a head to look at one another and a movie (La Symphonic Pastorale), test the comfort of the 571 natural-birch seats, and sip coffee and bouillon in the lounge.
They liked the theater's proportions. But what the Paris' owners, the French Pathé movie syndicate*, liked about the theater was its dollars, which should fatten Pathé's lean coffers. For Pathé, whose crowing cock once...
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For all his puffed-up talk of "call options" and "arbitrage opportunities," John Carney's argument that smart men prefer to date not-so-smart women struck many of you as, well, dumb. walshlarry presented the most compelling evidence in support of this view.
The astonishing thing is that Carney can utter a phrase like "Or, are me and the anonymous hedgefund guy..." all while considering himself one of the "smart guys".
Thanks for reading, everyone.


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Wear this skirt for fun, summery days or change the colors and wear with tights for season-spanning style. It's an easy project made in rounds so there is little finishing required.
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Thinking of pulling the trigger on this, I have a 2012 Sport with JBL, and looking to replace everything, a few questions:
Can i Keep the factory backup camera and bluetooth mic?
What other accessories will I need, like wiring harness, steering wheel controls harness, etc. Would like to keep the same functions I have now, or close to it as possible.


text:
University Experts Available for Analysis of U.S. Debt Ceiling and Deficit Situation Issues
July 29, 2011
The United States is expected to hit its debt ceiling on or near Aug. 2 and no deal is in place from Congress to raise the debt ceiling. Economics experts in and out of government have said that if we reach Aug. 2 without having passed legislation to raise the debt ceiling, the U.S. will at worst default on its $1.3 trillion debt and likely will have to stop funding government expenditures.
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The Campagnolo Super Record 11 EVO Crankset is the perfect match for the EPS electric shifting derailleur, with stiffer and faster-shifting chainrings. Campagnolo's EXtreme Performance Shifting System (XPSS) was specially developed to improve shift timing, and features a redesigned tooth profile to optimize their 11-speed operation. Thanks to the chainring design, there are now eight sectors specialized for upshifting, and two diametrically opposed sectors for downshifting. This makes instantaneous and precise shifting possible both up and down. Hollow carbon crank arms and spider reduce weight of stress-free sections, improved crank set weight to stiffness ratio.
Record 11 external cups sold separately.
Lengths: 170, 172.5, 175mm
Chainrings: 34 x 50
Weight: 628 g.
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We trust there is no loyal man in this county so blind to his own and his State's interests that he can be induced to stay away from the polls next Wednesday...
Filmed by the Maryland State Archives
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Toms antiplaque tartar control plus whitening toothpaste helps to control plaque and tartar buildup and whitens teeth every time brush, without artificial ingredients or harsh abrasives that can damage enamel.
Calcium carbonate, glycerin, water, xylitol, hydrated silica, sodium lauryl sulfate, zinc citrate, chondrus crispus (carrageenan), sodium bicarbonate, foeniculum vulgare (fennel) oil.
Brush thoroughly, preferably after each meal but at least twice a day, or as directed by a dentist or physician.
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This toothpaste really whitens your teeth naturally and it is excellent if you have problem with your gums. It is the only toothpaste that I use and have gotten excellent results and checkups with my dentist since I have used this product.
This toothpaste works best for my temperature sensitive teeth.
This toothpaste works best for my temperature sensitive teeth. Am using from last 2 years.


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Message to the House of
Representatives Returning Without Approval the Bill for the Relief of Paulette
the House of Representatives:
am returning herewith without my approval H.R. 2316, a bill for the relief of
Paulette Mendes-Silva.
bill would give the United States District Court for the District of Columbia
jurisdiction to hear Ms. Mendes-Silva's claim that the Public Health Service
was negligent in inoculating her against yellow fever on March 12, 1963,
despite the fact that Ms. Mendes-Silva never filed an administrative claim or
filed suit in a timely manner, as required by the Federal Tort Claims Act.
I feel sympathetic to Ms. Mendes-Silva because of her condition, I cannot sign
H.R. 2316 because there is no equitable basis for relief. The bill's
beneficiary failed to pursue the remedies available to her in a timely manner.
Moreover, available medical evidence contradicts her assertion that the
Government was responsible for her disability.
am greatly concerned with the adverse precedential
impact that my approval of H.R. 2316 would have upon litigation against the
Federal government. There must be some limit to the time during which the
Government must remain prepared to defend itself against specific claims. That
limit is set forth in the Federal Tort Claims Act, 28 U.S.C. at 2401(b).
am also greatly concerned that this private relief bill would allow a claimant
to circumvent the orderly administrative process for asserting claims against
these reasons, I cannot approve H.R. 2316.
White House,


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Avg. Customer Rating (Based on 19 Reviews)
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Great training tool
By Jen from Pa on 1/10/2013
Perfect for correcting swimmers with too much bend at the knees in their kick
Great for a couple of uses
By Waterkids from Dallas, TX on 5/16/2014
These have been very useful in preventing the bicycle kick. I also teach water survival to children 6 mo- 6 yrs, and these have also been helpful to reduce kicking in the float. My only complaint is that I wish they came a bit smaller or could be tightened more, as they tend to slide off the smaller children.
very helpful
By sean from Honolulu, Hawaii on 5/15/2014
very good training tool, I wish it came in a larger size for bigger swimmers
By Susan R. from BRADENTON, FL on 3/25/2014
These worked so well for my students, I ordered more! If there's a drawback, it's the size. I have some 5 years old students it's too big for, some that it's too small for. But they work great!
big help!
By Susan R. from BRADENTON, FL on 12/8/2013
it works well for little children (2-6 years old). Too small for my 8 year olds. would have been nice to have some kind of directions in the package, but I figured it out. also have to have one on upside down to avoid rubbing the velcro straps against each other. as a swim instructor, it's helped a whole lot correcting poor kicks, but I'm not convinced how well it will work long term. it helps while they're wearing it, but haven't used it long enough to evaluate long term.
Terrific piece of equipment!
By Sue B. from Grand Rapids, MN on 10/22/2013
We ordered one of the Speedo Kids Kicking Coach and tried it out at the next lesson after it arrived. It worked so well that we immediately ordered 3 more, so more of our kids can benefit from them. Thanks so much for a great product!
By Emily MC from Hamilton, OH on 5/3/2013
I wish I could afford 10 more pairs! They really work in assisting kids with their kicks!
WHAT? Not to bend my knees?
By Elizabeth from Bronx, NY on 1/24/2013
The hardest thing when swimming has to be not bending the knees, how akward is that? Well, this item really helps SPECIALLY when you combine it with the ankle elastic.
We tried it at our swim school and it did the job!
By Jeffery Purchin from Arroyo Grande California on 12/28/2012
This product helped our students with there legs
Great Kicking aid
By Sheila M. from Pleasant Grove, UT on 5/30/2012
We love these for teaching young kids to kick. We use them with almost all our level one and two swimmers and they really help to get rid of the bicycle kicking. The only complaint I have is that they only come in one size!


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The First Art Newspaper on the Net
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Sunday, May 3, 2015
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Last Week
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Exhibition at MICA and University of the Arts honors legendary fiber artist Lenore Tawney
Lenore Tawney, Round and Square, collage, 1966, photo courtesy Lenore G. Tawney Foundation. Photo: George Erml.
Maryland Institute College of Art
honors Lenore Tawney H'92 (19072007), a leading figure in the contemporary fiber arts movement, in the multi-venue exhibition, Lenore Tawney: Wholly Unlooked For. Coordinated in conjunction with the Lenore G. Tawney Foundation, two art and design colleges display complementary aspects of Tawney's work this winter: MICA presents her line-based objects while University of the Arts in Philadelphia highlights her paper-focused pieces.
The MICA exhibition, co-curated by fiber chair Piper Shepard and faculty member Susie Brandt, features approximately 30 drawings, weavings, sculptures and installations produced throughout Tawney's career, while the University of the Arts exhibition highlights Tawney's collages, drawings, books and postcards. "By presenting parallel exhibitions at MICA and the University of the Arts, each with an emphasis on different aspects of Lenore Tawney's work, we can focus on her expansive practice," Shepard said.
MICA exemplifies the range of Tawney's loom explorations through nine weavings. The earliest example, from the 1950s, followed traditional tapestry techniques. However, two weavings on display from later that decade reveal how her work shifted from densely woven works to light gossamer constructions, in which she began "drawing" with threads on the loom and moved away from figurative imagery to abstraction. In the 1960s, she began a groundbreaking body of work she called "woven forms," which involved manipulating the loom as never seen before in the modern era and established her as a pioneer in exploring new approaches to fiber art.
Making its first public showing in more than 20 years, another exhibition highlight is Tawney's Scripture in Stone, installed in Brown Center's Leidy Atrium. The use of black canvas and linen threads sets this 14-foot square piece apart from other works in Tawney's Cloud Sculpture series of hanging works, each comprising thousands of individually knotted threads. With Scripture in Stone, Tawney plays on her favorite "circle in the square" theme, seen throughout the exhibition, on an architectural scale.
Tawney made discoveries through her work by engaging in immersive processes, such as weaving, writing, knotting and collaging. Her life and work involved acts of gathering, sorting, building up and paring down of materials. Lenore Tawney: Wholly Unlooked For provides the first public showing of studio materials and personal belongings inspiring the artist. Both exhibition locations offer a glimpse into the artist's daily life and work by showcasing items, such as studio collections, handmade garments and photographs.
"To be an artist, you must be brave," Tawney said at MICA's 1992 Commencement ceremony during which she received an honorary degree. "You can't let yourself be scared by a blank sheet of drawing paper or a white canvas. But what you put on that paper or canvas must come from your deepest self, from a place you do not even know."
MICA's long relationship with Tawney began when she received the honorary degree and presented a solo exhibition at the College, both in 1992. "During this relationship, we developed a great appreciation for her art, her spirit and her approach to artmaking," MICA President Fred Lazarus IV said. "After her death, we have been delighted to continue working with the Lenore G. Tawney Foundation to not only carry on her legacy, but to inspire young fiber artists with her processes and perspectives as an artist. This exhibition is a key component of that partnership." The Lenore G. Tawney Foundation created a scholarship for MICA fiber students in 2006.
Maryland Institute College of Art
Lenore Tawney
Susie Brandt
Last Week News
December 9, 2012
Park Avenue Armory presents Ann Hamilton's first installation in New York in over a decade
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art celebrates 15 years of the Logan Collection
Industrial history brings new life to Parisian suburb just a 20-minute metro ride from the city centre
The Heckscher Museum of Art presents "Modernizing America: Artists of the Armory Show"
Tortoiseshell craftsmen adapt to new century turning out only 100 pairs of hand made glasses per year
Head of the Institute of Archeology of Belize sues over Indiana Jones crystal skull
Six and seven figure sales dominate the first three days of contemporary and modern art fair Art Miami
Georgia Museum of Art exhibits works by American painter and printmaker Minna Citron
Air de Paris exhibits works by Adriana Lara, Guy de Cointet, Trisha Donnelly and Allen Ruppersberg
Franklin Bowles Gallery in New York opens exhibition by the Spanish artist Miquel Gelabert
First major UK solo exhibition by Libyan Italian artist Adelita Husni-Bey opens at Gasworks
Recent acquisitions and a new exhibition announced at Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art
Liz Descheness photographic works on view in new exhibition at Vienna's Secession
Galerie Michel Rein in Paris opens exhibition by Christian Hidaka
Discovery in New England brings to light an obscure California-made motorcycle once thought 'extinct'
One-time refugee from punk and sometime band member Ted Riederer exhibits at Jonathan Ferrara Gallery
Grosvenor Gallery presents works by one of the greatest masters of postwar Greek art
Great Dam of China opens the floodgates for artist Donald Wyland
New Museum announces limited-edition wearable MP3 player featuring fifteen live performances
Michaan's Tiffany Auction produces multimillion dollar sale
December 8, 2012
Archaeologists find Maya ceramics and mural paintings in three underwater caves in Mexico
Fortuny and Wagner:Wagnerism in the visual arts in Italy opens at Palazzo Fortuny in Venice
Discovered: French and Italian archaeologists find the lost port of ancient Rome
Ringling organizes America's first comprehensive Veronese exhibition in two decades
New role for Curator Scott Rothkopf at the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York
Rio bids final farewell to star architect Niemeyer with national tribute worthy of a head of state
Flowers Gallery presents a selection of photographs from Edmund Clark's Guantanamo: If The Light Goes Out
Exhibition of recent works by Giovanni Anselmo, Jannis Kounellis, Giuseppe Penone and Emilio Prini at Sprovieri
Peabody Essex Museum appoints Austen Barron Bailly as its first Curator of American Art
Former Florida Governor Jeb Bush to lead Philadelphia's National Constitution Center
Dazzling prices in £6m Bonhams Fine Jewellery Sale with over £1m for Van Cleef & Arpels brooch
If you will it, it is not a dream: Yael Bartana opens solo exhibition at Vienna's Secession
Portland Museum of Art breaks records for the month of November with Winslow Homer exhibition
Pérez Art Museum Miami capital campaign receives $5 million contribution
Alaska reclaims missing moon rocks since 1973
Aargauer Kunsthaus opens survey of current art practices in the Canton of Aargau
Shortlist of The Art India Breakthrough Artist Award at the Skoda Prize announced
Winchester rifle belonging to "Doc" Carver, partner of Buffalo Bill, to be sold at auction
Navajo child's blanket leads Bonhams $1.28 million Native American Art Sale in San Francisco
December 7, 2012
11th annual Art Basel Miami Beach features 257 leading international galleries
Cavemen better at drawing animal movement: study by open access journal PLoS ONE
Restoration of Jacopo da Pontormo altarpiece reveals unrecorded drawing clearly visible at the top
Berlin marks 100 years since Nefertiti find with major exhibition 'In The Light of Amarna'
Italian police recover 2,000-year-old Egyptian sphinx stolen from Etruscan necropolis of Montem Rossulum
Painting attributed to El Greco smashes pre-sale estimate at Bonhams Old Masters Sale
After a 4.8 million dollar makeover, London's Charles Dickens Museum reopens
1933 King Kong three sheet brings $388,375 to set house record at Heritage Auctions
Glassblowing comes to the iPhone: VMFA and The Martin Agency launch app inspired by Dale Chihuly's artwork
Swiss contemporary art generates enthusiasm among collectors at Sotheby's
The New Art Dealers Alliance returns to Miami Beach for the 10th edition of NADA Miami Beach
Bernar Venet invited by Bugatti to create a work of art on view at the Rubell Family Collection
Aqua's 8th installment packs another powerful punch during Art Basel Miami week
World's most important porcelain tea service sells at Bonhams for £541,250
Sweden's Nationalmuseum announces acquisition of photographic portraits by Hans Gedda
RISD Museum bids farewell and warm wishes to Curator Judith Tannenbaum
The Helmut Newton Foundation opens exhibition of works by François-Marie Banier and Helmut Newton
Tamara Beckwith, co-owner of the Little Black Gallery, joins Channel 4's Four Rooms
Just discovered Scharl Portrait of Einstein up for sale for first time
December 6, 2012
Raphael's Head of a Young Apostle achieves second-highest price for any Old Master work
Architect Oscar Niemeyer, who recreated Brazil's sensuous curves in reinforced concrete, dead at 104
The J. Paul Getty Museum announces acquisition of Northern Renaissance masterpiece
Norton Simon Museum presents an installation of Vincent van Gogh's "Self-Portrait," 1889
Exciting new finds highlight the ongoing success of the Treasure Act and Portable Antiquities Scheme
Tate Modern's Turbine Hall to present electronic music pioneers Kraftwerk The Catalogue 12345678 live
Cleveland Museum of Art announces several recent acquisitions across all departments
Art Miami LLC to acquire vibrant Aqua Art Miami Fair in Miami Beach, now in its 8th year
"Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Prints and Objects" on view at the University of Miami Lowe Art Museum
Exhibition of Jonas Mekas' film, video and photographic works opens at the Serpentine Gallery
240 works by Honoré Daumier being shown to the public for the first time
'Peanuts' creator Charles Schulz' love letters going to auction at Sotheby's in New York
Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History to unveil largest aquamarine gem
Julian Lennon launches photo exhibit in Miami
Beatles trove offered in Heritage December event to celebrate 50 years of 'Beatlemania'
"A Universal Archive: William Kentridge as Printmaker" opens at The Bluecoat in Liverpool
Record set at Kaminski Auctions for pair of rare English glass decanters
Analia Saban wins Norton Museum of Art's inaugural Rudin Prize
American paintings, scarce contemporary works bring high prices at Swann Galleries' auction
Evolve the Gallery loans Ali: The Greatest Collection to Muhammad Ali Center in Louisville
December 5, 2012
Louvre opens $196 million branch in an abandoned coal mining town in northern France
Rijksmuseum Schiphol celebrates ten-year anniversary with an exhibition of paintings
Bellwether year for interest in Islamic art increases demand for antique Oriental carpets
New York's Museum of Modern Art to display video games starting in March 2013
Museum of Contemporary Art, North Miami is only U.S. venue for major Bill Viola exhibition
PULSE Miami 2012 art fair hosts eighty-six national and international galleries
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum names Greg Harris as President and CEO
Exceptional musical clock owned by Egypt's lavish monarch, King Farouk, leads Bonhams Fine Clocks Sale
Billboards in Times Square spread Yoko Ono's message of peace throughout the holiday season
Leading artists open exhibition at the Institute of Contemporary Arts celebrating history of Fourth plinth
Solo exhibition of works by American painter Martin Mull opens at Ben Brown Fine Arts
Design Miami celebrates its eight edition with thirty-five participating galleries
A dozen church painters from European countries seek to revamp ancient practice
Bonhams Entertainment Sale to include memorabilia from acclaimed science fiction film and television series
Myanmar graffiti artists unhappy with new ban
Moscow Museum of Modern Art opens Aidan Salakhova's largest-ever exhibition
Gallery ups prize money for BP Portrait Award 2013 as call for entries is announced
Absolut Art Bureau at Art Basel Miami Beach-Güiro: An art bar installation by Los Carpinteros
Dinosaur skull seized from Wyoming home
December 4, 2012
Video artist and musician Elizabeth Price wins United Kingdom's 2012 Turner Prize for arts
Dallas Museum returns Orpheus Mosaic to Turkey at DMX signing ceremony
A Show Of Hands: Sotheby's announces sale of photographs from The Collection of Henry Buhl
Kept in Jean-Léon Gérôme's family for 140 years, Promenade du Harem will be sold at auction
Iconic calendar signed by Marilyn Monroe highlights Heritage Auctions' entertainment event
Uzbekistan claims 'undiscovered' masterpiece by Italian Renaissance master Paolo Veronese
Ecstatic abstractions in pure resin art by Andrea Dasha Reich on view in Miami
Works spanning forty years of Mario Nigro's career on view at The Kunstsammlung Chemnitz
Bonhams 20th Century Decorative Arts Sale comprises outstanding pieces from across decades
RM Auctions concludes record 2012 calendar with $11.5 million John Staluppi 'Cars of Dreams' Museum sale
Complete 20 volume set of Edward Curtis' landmark The North American Indian at Heritage
"Fortuny y Madrazo: An Artistic Legacy" on view at Queen Sofía Spanish Institute in New York
Transformative modern artist Sol LeWitt wall drawing installed at Einstein Medical Center Montgomery
The Southwestern collection of Bob Langell to be offered at Clars
San Antonio Museum of Art releases first-ever guide to the collection
Celebrated art historian Dr. Marilyn Stokstad establishes endowed directorship at Spencer Museum of Art
Reflections on Water in American Painting currently on display at the Morris Museum of Art
Dubai-based artist showcases 'bleeding Syria' map
Google Art Project selects Philbrook Museum of Art
Most Popular Last Seven Days
Art Institute of Chicago to receive largest gift of art in the museum's 136-year history
Fake Chinese painting dupes visitors to London's Dulwich Picture Gallery
All new Renzo Piano-designed Whitney Museum of American Art reopens in New York
World's first auction of Iraqi Modernism sets world record prices at Bonhams
Museum of Modern Art launches walking tour of Jacob Lawrence's Harlem
7.8-magnitude earthquake deals heavy blow to Nepal's rich cultural heritage
Exhibition of recent paintings and pastels by Lisa Yuskavage opens at David Zwirner
From Sèvres to Fifth Avenue: Exhibition of French porcelain opens at The Frick Collection
Sotheby's to offer extremely rare elephant bird egg expected to fetch £30,000-50,000 at auction
First major exhibition in the UK to present a history of Indigenous Australia opens
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Three Alumni and One Faculty Member Exhibit Solo Shows at the Maryland Institute Collage of Art
Joan Waltemath Named Director of MICA's Hoffberger School of Painting
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The most varied versions
of this beautiful prayer.
to a Mexican poet.


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Bartlesville Community Center
Address: 300 Se Adams Blvd ,
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Krystal Keith Interview: Toby's Daughter on Blues, Ballads, Big Guns and New 'Whiskey and Lace' Album
The title track of Krystal Keith's debut album is about an exotic dancer, and even though it's the last of 10 aggressive blues/rock/country tracks on 'Whiskey and Lace,' it's the best place to start. Keith helped write the song. In fact, it was the Oklahoma born-and-raised daughter of Toby Keith who pushed her band and co-writing partners to be even more aggressive.
Wynonna Judd Reveals Reason for Putting Tracking Device in Sister Ashley's Car
Kira Isabella, 'A Country Boy for Christmas' [Listen]
South Dakota Swimming Icon Dies
Brad Paisley Receives Rare Video Visionary Award, Performs 'Mona Lisa' at 2013 ACAs
Brad Paisley was in his element at the 2013 American Country Awards, as he not only got the chance to perform 'Mona Lisa,' but he also received the rare Video Visionary Award.


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© Kirsten Kapur
#15 Ruffled Wristers
Errata: Chart rows 23-28 are wrong. They should be:
Row 23: p1, k2tog, p2, k5, yo, p1, yo, k5, p2, ssk
Rows 24-28: k2, p2, k13, p2, k1


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I spent the early evening trying an array of remedies (a handy hint: white vinegar can help make the affected area smell like vinegar and cat pee), but I finally draped the seats in black trash bags so wife Leslie and I could bear it long enough to get to the Baaba Maal show at the Irvine Barclay Theatre. Let me tell you that black-trash-bag seat covers are tr�s creepy: you feel like you're riding in the Randy Kraftmobile or something.
I hadn't been to the UC Irvine campus for a while, and I thought I had been flung into an alternate-universe UCI. The place was teeming with new construction; it was all but impossible to tell the campus apart from the burgeoning corporate parks adjacent. We finally found the Barclay, where I found that in my spray-addled state, I'd left my money in my wallet at home. We parked illegally and left the show early, weighing the chances of my car being ticketed against the chances of the majestic but somewhat monotonal Mr. Maal ever playing a song with more than one damn chord in it.
With cash in tow this time—money: ask for it by name!—we also recently headed to HB's Old World Village (there to dine at the splendid Paolo's Ristorante) and couldn't help noticing while there how very old world some of Old World is. You know those boards with oval holes in which you stick your face to appear amid the painted image of a traditional German lad or buxom maiden? Some scamp drew lightning-bolt SS insignia on the lederhosened guy's lapel something like a year ago, and no one at Old World is apparently bothered enough to remove it. They could at least grout it.
Did you know that some Home Depots are open 24 hours a day, the same number of hours in that Kiefer Sutherland show? How hip is that? The bars have closed? Can't sleep? Lonely? Go to Home Depot. I predict that 24-hour Home Depots will become the pickup spot of the decade, though I, personally, am going to be very careful to pronounce the L whenever I ask, "Do you know where I can get some caulk?"


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February 10, 2013In agile design, stories are the basis for identifying new features for software and applications. A story typical covers a basic unit of required functionality. In user experience design stories incorporate real people in real places doing real things (http://uxmag.com/articles/storyboarding-in-the-software-design-process).
Whitney Quesenbery and Kevin Brooks , in their book, Storytelling for User Experience, list the following benefits of stories:
• They help us gather and share information about users, tasks, and goals.
• They put a human face on analytic data.
• They can spark new design concepts and encourage collaboration and innovation.
• They are a way to share ideas and create a sense of shared history and purpose.
• They help us understand the world by giving us insight into people who are not just like us.
• They can even persuade others of the value of our contribution.
If we have a story, we could simply write it down as in a screenplay, but stories often come to life when they are accompanied by sketches, and in user interface design we can intermix user interface sketches and wireframes in with storyboard panels that emphasize the person and the context of usage (e.g., the person is using a mobile device in a railway station). Storyboards allow us to portray user interactions within a real world context.
Sketching storyboards is great but it is not so easy to edit and re-order sketched story boards. This is where cartoon and storyboarding software comes in. You can digitize your sketches as electronic images/photos and then import them into storyboarding software where you can create interesting storyboard layouts, reorder images, add sketches, and add text. you can also intermix hand-drawn sketches with software wireframes.
You can see an example of using storyboard software in the following video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ByAuQ3AC84A&feature=player_embedded
Two tools for creating software storyboards are Indigo Studio and Comic Life.
Comic Life (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Life) "is a comic desktop publishing computer program developed by plasq, originally for Mac OS X. plasq has since released versions of Comic Life for Windows and iOS. Comic Life was previously bundled with Intel Macs.
The app is designed to create comic pages using digital photos."
The app is designed to create comic pages using digital photos."
The page below came from an early mini-review of Comic Life. (http://www.tuaw.com/2005/04/15/comic-live/)
I'm not artist, so I find storyboarding software to be extremely useful in creating a bridge between static wireframes and interactive experience.
It's true that software prototyping tools now you to move from wire frame to interactive prototype very easily, but there is still a place for storyboard because it allows you to show the context of use of the application interface that you are designing.
Bottom line, storyboard is a great technique for UI designers, and there is good storyboarding software out there which can add a lot of value to wire frames and sketches as an adjunct to the process of building interactive prototypes.
Posted in: Events | Tags: Comic Life, context of use, Indigo Studio, mie344, rapid prototyping, storyboarding, storyboarding software, user interface design
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Suzuki DR-Z125L 20122012 Suzuki DR-Z125L specifications, pictures, reviews and rating |
Picture credits - Suzuki. Click to submit more pictures. |
Suzuki's profilation of this bike |
This custom version of the DR-Z125 features full-size, 19-inch front and 16-inch rear tires and wheels and a front disc brake, making it a great choice for larger riders. It also offers a terrific combination of crisp handling and strong low-end and mid-range power. |
General information | |
Model: | Suzuki DR-Z125L |
Year: | 2012 |
Category: | Enduro / offroad |
Rating: | 64.2 out of 100. Show full rating and compare with other bikes |
Price as new (MSRP): | US$ 3099. Prices depend on country, taxes, accessories, etc. |
Engine and transmission | |
Displacement: | 124.00 ccm (7.57 cubic inches) |
Engine type: | Single cylinder, four-stroke |
Compression: | 9.5:1 |
Bore x stroke: | 57.0 x 48.8 mm (2.2 x 1.9 inches) |
Fuel system: | Carburettor. Mikuni VM20SS |
Fuel control: | OHC |
Ignition: | Digital-type CDI |
Lubrication system: | Wet sump |
Cooling system: | Air |
Gearbox: | 5-speed |
Transmission type, final drive: | Chain |
Chassis, suspension, brakes and wheels | |
Front suspension: | Telescopic, coil spring, oil damped |
Rear suspension: | Link type, coil spring, oil damped |
Front tyre: | 70/100-19 |
Rear tyre: | 90/100-16 |
Front brakes: | Single disc |
Rear brakes: | Expanding brake (drum brake) |
Physical measures and capacities | |
Weight incl. oil, gas, etc: | 74.0 kg (163.1 pounds) |
Seat height: | 805 mm (31.7 inches) If adjustable, lowest setting. |
Overall length: | 1,895 mm (74.6 inches) |
Overall width: | 735 mm (28.9 inches) |
Ground clearance: | 290 mm (11.4 inches) |
Wheelbase: | 1,270 mm (50.0 inches) |
Fuel capacity: | 4.80 litres (1.27 gallons) |
Other specifications | |
Starter: | Kick |
Light: | 55-watt headlight. LED-type taillight |
Factory warranty: | 6 month limited warranty |
Color options: | Yellow |
Further information | |
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Explore LGBT London
London's lesbians and gay men love to have a good time, which is why they celebrate not one but two Pride events in town. Expect a great atmosphere and a very friendly crowd. London's reputation as one of the world's gay capitals is why it hosted World Pride in 2012.


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Gibson's 5 Lazy Portfolio Returns Measured and Compared 0 comments
Gibson's 5 Equal Asset Allocation Strategy comes from Roger Gibson's widely read "Asset Allocation: Balancing Financial Risks." In it, Gibson outlined a simple yet diversified asset allocation model: putting equal amount of investment into 5 asset classes: US Equity, International Equity, REIT, Commodity, Fixed Income. For Fixed Income, he further outlined a 70%/30% US domestic/international bond investment.
The most noticeable feature in this model portfolio is its heavy weight into commodity asset class.
Recent studies suggest that managed futures in commodity could be an excellent diversifier with equity like positive returns. The recent representative study is a research paper by Yale Professors.
Fund Weight Ticker ETF US Equity 20% VFINX VTI International Equity 20% VDMIX EFA Real Estate 20% VGSIX RWX Commodity 20% CRSAX DBC US Bonds 14% VBMFX AGG International Bonds 6% OIBAX BWX
This is a well diversified four asset class portfolio with an aggressive profile. It is a little unusual to have commodities as an asset class before emerging markets,
This lazy portfolio will be compared with the same funds with a balanced (i.e. all equity asset classes equally weighted) buy and hold with monthly rebalancing and the ability to rotate styles within the asset classes. This will look at what difference alternative fund balances contribute to the results. We will look at a Five asset class SIB with Strategic Asset Allocation that will shed light on the benefits of extra asset classes.
Then we will compare the impact of tactical asset allocation on the Aronson funds and also a five asset class SIB to examine the returns delivered by a TAA strategy applied to Aronson and broader funds.
We would expect the performance of this portfolio to match the 5 asset SIB reasonably closely as they have the same weights.
full comparison
Annual returns 1 year 3 years 5 yea Gibson Equal 5 Original 9 -5 0 Gibson Five_SAA 15 -6 5 Five SIB_SAA 18 -1 7 Five SIB_TAA 14 7 14 Gibson Five_TAA 16 6 11
Notable elements of the resultsThe original lazy portfolio has relatively low volatility but the returns are disappointing. Using the same funds with a more traditional spread gives a better return. This is one data point that balanced assets make a better portfolio. The five asset class SIB has even better results. The five asset SIB has emerging markets rather than commodities which has been a better selection in recent history. From previous articles a six asset SIB will also have good returns and that includes both emerging markets and commodities.Tactical asset allocation delivers the best results and, again, the asset class selection of the SIB beats the Gibson choice (and again the six SIB which combines both is even better).The tradeoff is being involved monthly with your portfolio to squeeze out better returns compared to an annual review; once a month seems a reasonable level of effort to put extra money in your pocket. The spread of 5 year returns is around 14% which is significant in terms of having a bigger nest egg.Takeaways- Tactical Asset Allocation reduces downside risk and that wins in the current uncertain environment
- The Gibson five lazy portfolio has returns that can be improved upon
- ETF's can readily be used to implement these portfolios with good performance
- A 14% spread means that it's worth looking at alternatives
Disclosure: No Positions
Disclosure: No PositionsThemes: Portfolio-Building with ETFs, Closed-End Funds, Commodity ETFs, Currency ETFs, Developed Market ETFs Stocks: ACWI, ACWX, ADRE, AGG, BIV, BLV, BND, BSV, BWX, CRED, CIU, CSJ, DBC, DBV, DIA, DVY, EDV, EEM, EFA, EFG, EFV, EMB, ETF, GLD, GOOG, GSG, GXC, HPQ, HYG, ICF, IEF, IEI, IFGL, IGOV, IGR, IJH, IJJ, IJK, IJR, IJS, IJT, IVE, IVV, IVW, IWB, IWC, IWD, IWF, IWM, IWNBack To MyPlanIQ's Instablog HomePage »Instablogs are blogs which are instantly set up and networked within the Seeking Alpha community. Instablog posts are not selected, edited or screened by Seeking Alpha editors, in contrast to contributors' articles.
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Baker Hughes 401K Plan Provides Adequate Investment Choices $BHI, $SPY, $VTI http://seekingalpha.com/p/2j1a Jan 14, 2014
Learn From The Master: The Goldman Sachs 401K Plan Provides Stellar Investment Choices http://stks.co/3LLJ $GS $SPY $AGG $DBC Apr 13, 2012
barrons 10/13: PIMCO Taborsky: traditional asset allocation misguided. Should allocate based on risk factors. http://bit.ly/9lEKS. Oct 4, 2009
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Below is the poem entitled By your love which was written by poet cherie thomas. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by cherie thomas
Best Cherie Thomas Poems
Deeply motivated Highly concentrated Emotionally elated By your love... Im complicated Extremly frustrated Sometimes un-cooperative By your love... Passionetly persuaded Often intimidated Internally fixated By your love... Verbally Stimulated Visually captivated Unconditionally infatuated By your love... Would be... Completly aggravated Visibly violated Undeniably devistated Without your love!!!:(


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Minty Hot Chocolate Recipe
This hot chocolate mix features a tasty blend of mint and malt. We enjoy some each holiday season—especially after an evening of caroling! —Esther Lambright, Shipshewana, Indiana
- 2 cups chocolate malted milk powder, divided
- 1 cup butter mints
- 3 cups nonfat dry milk powder
- 1-1/2 cups instant chocolate drink mix
- 3/4 cup boiling water
- Chocolate mint reception stick candies, optional
- 1. In a food processor, combine 1 cup malted milk powder and mints; cover and process until smooth. Pour into a large bowl. Add milk powder, chocolate drink mix and remaining malted milk powder; mix well. Store in airtight containers.
- 2. For each serving, combine 1/4 cup mix and 3/4 cup boiling water; stir until dissolved. Garnish with stick candies if desired. Yield: 27 servings (6-3/4 cups mix).
Nutritional Facts
3/4 cup (calculated without candy sticks) equals 225 calories, 2 g fat (1 g saturated fat), 4 mg cholesterol, 271 mg sodium, 51 g carbohydrate, 2 g fiber, 7 g protein.
© 2015 RDA Enthusiast Brands, LLC


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Papers Published
- Morega, Al. M. and Bejan, A., Heatline visualization of forced convection laminar boundary layers,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 36 no. 16
pp. 3957 - 3966 [0017-9310(93)90146-W] .
(last updated on 2007/04/06)Abstract:
This paper reports in closed form the similarity heat functions H for laminar boundary layer flow on a flat wall. Plots of the constant-H lines ('heatlines') show that the path of convection from a hot free stream to a cold wall is unlike the path of convection from a hot wall to a cold fluid. The true path of convection in laminar boundary layer flow is visualized in charts drawn for both heat transfer modes (cold wall, hot wall), several Prandtl numbers (0.02, 0.72, 7) and isothermal walls and constant-flux walls. The paper stresses the heat transfer features that are brought into view for the first time by the heatline patterns. As a supplementary contribution, the paper reports the exact similarity solution for the wall with uniform flux in the Pr -> 0 limit, and proposes a closed-form local Nusselt number correlation that covers the entire Pr range.Keywords:
Heat convection;Laminar flow;Heat transfer;


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- The Amazing Spider-Man 2 Triple Strike Cruiser from Hasbro
- Part of the Spider-Man brand
- We recommend this product for ages 4 and up
What It Is
The Amazing Spider-Man 2 Triple Strike Cruiser is a basic vehicle with just the right amount of action for young kids. The toy also features what Hasbro is calling "Spider Strike," integrated magnets that add action to the toy. Place Spidey in the car, and match the magnet in his back to the magnet in the car seat, and the car pops open into the Triple Strike Cruiser. Press the button on the back and release the Spider Cruiser. Or stand Spidey up on the other piece to create the Web Glider. The figure is easy to move back and forth between the different positions.
Is It Fun?
This toy is all about open-ended, narrative-based play with a favorite superhero. We really like the basic simplicity of this toy, the easy transformations, and the different vehicles created.
Who It's For
The Amazing Spider-Man 2 Triple Strike Cruiser is for Spider-Man fans ages 4 and up.
What To Be Aware Of
Additional Spider-Strike toys are sold separately.