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Breaking Down the IG Warrantless Surveillance Report
Posted on Sun Jul 12, 2009 at 02:36:32 PM EST
Tags: NSA warrantless surveillance (all tags)
The ACLU hits the highlights of the Inspector General's unclassified report (pdf) on the Bush administration's warrantless electronic surveillance program.
- The White House asked the CIA to prepare independent "threat assessments" to determine whether the surveillance program was necessary, but then told the CIA to add a paragraph to the end of each threat assessment stating that terrorists possessed the intent and capability to stage terrorist attacks within the United States (p. 7);
- Many officials, agents and analysts believe that "most PSP (Presidential Surveillance Program) leads were determined not to have any connection to terrorism," and that "the mere possibility of the leads producing useful information" justified the program (p. 32), directly contradicting previous statements that the program was critical;
- Information derived from the PSP was "vague or without context," leading analysts to rely on more useful tools (p.34);
- Agencies generally have no meaningful way to tag what information they used, and possibly are still using, that was collected under the illegal program as opposed to information collected by lawful means (pps. 32-35);
- and Former Attorney General Alberto Gonzales' testimony before Congress claiming Justice Department attorneys did not express legal concerns with the program was found to be "incomplete," "confusing," and "inaccurate."(p. 37).
I'd also note, as I did the other day, that key Bush officials refused to be interviewed for the report, such as Counsel to Vice President David Addington, White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card, Attorney General John Ashcroft, DOJ Office of Legal Counsel Deputy Assistant Attorney General John Yoo, and former Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet.
The Public Record does a good job of explaining John Yoo's role in advising Bush that it's okay to circumvent the 4th Amendment, as far back as October, 2001 and perhaps earlier, to days after the 9/11 attacks.
Yoo worked directly with White House officials on the PSP and was the only official in the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel who was aware of the program's existence.
....In September and October of 2001 Yoo, now a UC Berkeley law professor, "prepared several preliminary opinions relating to hypothetical random domestic electronic surveillance activities..."
Although the report does not go into details about the "hypothetical" scenarios, an investigation based on previously released government documents showed that 11 days after 9/11 Yoo drafted a 20-page memorandum that offered up theories on how the Bush administration could sidestep Fourth Amendment protections against unreasonable searches and seizures in the event the U.S. military used "deadly force in a manner that endangered the lives of United States citizens." (my emphasis.)
From the report:
DOJ Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) Deputy Assistant Attorney General John Yoo was responsible for drafting the first series of legal memoranda supporting the program. Yoo was the only OLC official "read into" the PSP from the program's inception in October 2001 until Yoo left DOJ in May 2003. The only other non-FBI DOJ officials read into the program during this period were Attorney General Ashcroft and Counsel for Intelligence Policy James Baker.
What about Jay Bybee, then John Yoo's supervisor? The report says:
Jay Bybee was OLC Assistant Attorney General from November 2001 through March 2003, and Yoo's supervisor. Bybee told the DOJ OIG that in early July 2001, before he was confirmed, he learned that Yoo was already under consideration for one of OLC Deputy Assistant Attorney General slots. Bybee said he was "enthusiastic" about Yoo and later agreed to Yoo's request to be assigned to the "national security portfolio" because Yoo had more national security experience than any of the other OLC deputies.
However, Bybee stated he was never read into the PSP and could shed no further light on how Yoo came to draft the OLC opinions on the program.
Bybee was not happy he was kept out of the loop.
Former Attorney General Gonzales and former OLC Assistant Attorney General Bybee both told the DOJ OIG that they did not know how Yoo became responsible for analyzing the legality of the PSP. Bybee told us that he was "surprised" and "a little disappointed" to learn through media
accounts that Yoo had worked on the PSP without Bybee's knowledge.Bybee said that it would not be unusual for a Deputy Assistant Attorney General such as Yoo to have direct contact with the White House for the purpose of rendering legal advice, but that the OLC Assistant Attorney General must be aware of all opinions that issue from OLC. Other senior DOJ officials also criticized the assignment of a single OLC attorney to draft the legal rationale for the program.
As it turns out, Yoo failed to include an important Supreme Court case in his November, 2001 memo and dismissed 4th Amendment concerns. Had others been in the loop, Yoo's dubious reasoning may have been caught earlier.
The first OLC opinion directly supporting the legality of the PSP was dated November 2, 2001, and was drafted by Yoo. As discussed in Section IV of this report, deficiencies in Yoo's memorandum identified by his successors in the Office of Legal Counsel and the Office of the Deputy Attorney General later became critical to DOJ's decision to reassess the legality of the program in 2003.
In his memos, Yoo took the position:
According to Yoo, the ultimate test of whether the government may engage in warrantless electronic surveillance activities is whether such conduct is consistent with the Fourth Amendment, not whether it meets the standards of FISA. Yoo wrote that "unless Congress made a clear statement in FISA that it sought to restrict presidential authority to conduct warrantless searches in the national security area - which it has not - then the statute must be construed to avoid such a reading."
In practical terms:
Yoo dismissed Fourth Amendment concerns regarding the PSP to the extent that the authorizations applied to non-U.S. persons outside the United States. Regarding those aspects of the program that involved interception of the international communications of U.S. persons in the United States, Yoo asserted that Fourth Amendment jurisprudence allowed for searches of persons crossing the border and that interceptions of communications into or out of the United States fell within the "border crossing exception."
Yoo further opined that electronic surveillance in "direct support of military operations" did not trigger constitutional rights against illegal searches and seizures, in part because the Fourth Amendment is primarily aimed at curbing law enforcement abuses.
Yoo also wrote that the activity described in the Presidential Authorizations was "reasonable" under the Fourth Amendment and therefore did not require a warrant. In support of this position, Yoo cited Supreme Court opinions upholding warrantless searches in a variety of contexts, such as drug testing of employees and sobriety checkpoints to detect drunk drivers, and in other circumstances "when special needs, beyond the normal need for law enforcement, make the warrant and probable-cause requirement impracticable."
Yoo wrote that in these situations the government's interest was found to have outweighed the individual's privacy interest, and that in this regard "no governmental interest is more compelling than the security of the Nation."
What case did he neglect to cite, that so troubled his OLC successors?
Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952), a leading case on the distribution of government powers between the Executive and Legislative Branches. Justice Jackson's analysis of President Truman's Article II Commander-in-Chief authority during wartime in the Youngstown case was an important factor in OLC's subsequent reevaluation of Yoo's opinions on
the legality of the PSP.
Another important issue: How many criminal defendants in federal cases didn't get discovery they were legally entitled to because of DOJ not being in on the program? The report says:
Analysis of this discovery issue was first assigned to Deputy Assistant Attorney General Yoo in 2003: However, no DOJ attorneys with terrorism prosecution responsibilities were read into the PSP until mid-2004, and as a result DOJ continued to lack the advice of attorneys who were best equipped to identify and examine the discovery issues in connection with the PSP.
...The DOJ OIG also recommends that DOJ carefully consider whether it must re-examine past cases to see whether potentially discoverable but undisclosed Rule 16 or Brady material was collected under the PSP, and take appropriate steps to ensure that it has complied with its discovery obligations in such cases.
In addition, the DOJ OIG recommends that DOJ implement a procedure to identify PSP-derived information, if any, that may be associated with international terrorism cases currently pending or likely to be brought in the future and evaluate whether such information should be disclosed in light of the government's discovery obligations under Rule 16 and Brady.
I won't be surprised to see some of these defendants raise this report in legal challenges to their convictions.
< Who Would Holder Investigate in a Torture Probe? | Kids Recant Sex Abuse Claim Against Dad After He Serves 20 Years > |


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Apple Addresses New iPad Battery Charge Issue
Nathan Eddy
Posted 2012-03-27
The new iPad's battery may show it as fully charged before it is. That's due to a cycling feature built into iOS.
There are reports that the new iPad keeps charging beyond the point where the battery icon indicates it is 100 percent chargedwhich is actually a value-added feature that Apple Vice President Michael Tchao said has been built into the products operating system, iOS, for a while. DisplayMate analyst Ray Soneira reported that the iPad says it is fully charged when it is not. What is happening, according to Tchao is that the new iPad runs on a cycle where it fully charges, then discharges, then fully recharges in order to maintain an optimum charge. That circuitry is designed so you can keep your device plugged in as long as you would like, he
the technology blog AllThingsD. Its a great feature thats always been in iOS.
Apple promises 10 hours of battery life for the latest version of the iPad, which has yet to be given an official moniker Apple usually bestows upon the updated versions of its products. Yankee Group analyst Carl Howe told AllThingsD that battery charging is a complex process, the specifics of which are best left to engineers. Whats really subtle is that consumers think they understand that 100 percent means full, Howe was reported as saying. That might have been the case with older batteries, but todays batteries have microprocessors managing their charging. So 100 percent is whatever that microprocessor says it is its not any absolute measurement of ion concentration or anything.
The battery life indicator, however small an overall component of the tablet, has not been the only feature that has drawn attention to the iPad. The new tablet also
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the back of the new iPad reached temperatures as high as 113 degrees Fahrenheitthan the iPad 2 when running a processor-intensive game, according to a recent test by Consumer Reports. The iPad 2, subjected to the same tests, ran between 12 and 13 degrees cooler than the new iPad. The new iPad features a high-resolution Retina Display, an improved camera and processor, and comparable battery life to its predecessors. The new iPads prices top out at $699 for the WiFi-only, 64GB model and $829 for the 64GB model with WiFi and 4G. Apple
it has sold 3 million new iPads since the next-generation tablets March 16 release. Philip Schiller, the companys senior vice president of worldwide marketing, claimed in a company release that the opening sales weekend had produced the strongest iPad launch yet. Apple could sell
66 million iPads
this year, buoyed by strong interest in its newest version, according to Gene Munster, an analyst with Piper Jaffray. By 2015, Munster suggested, the iPad market will expand to some 176 million units. He also believes that Apple will release a sub-$300 iPad sometime in 2013. Due to the strong launch, we are raising our [calendar year 2012] iPad estimates from 60 [million] to 66 [million], Munster wrote in a March 20 research note. We believe the unprecedented ramp of the iPad over the past year is evidence that the tablet market will be measurably larger than the PC market.
Nathan Eddy is Associate Editor, Midmarket, at eWEEK.com. Before joining eWEEK.com, Nate was a writer with ChannelWeb and he served as an editor at FierceMarkets. He is a graduate of the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University.
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When you're achieving the naturalness and sheer sonic accuracy that the new Q Series is capable of, the centre channel has to be an exceptional performer. With the 130mm (5.25in.) Uni-Q® point source array flanked by two of KEF's new low distortion bass drivers of the same size, the iQ60c is just that. Vocals are clear and precisely located, whatever the volume. Lower frequency effects are equally involving and delivered with real clout. So, as well as the radically innovative design, high end components and advanced engineering; you'll find yourself immersed in an intricate three-dimensional soundscape. | |
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After allegedly hitting up celebrities like Eddie Murphy and Bruno Mars, Rosci Diaz has now conquered another celebrity. This time it's NBA retiree Shaquille O'Neal. Just a few weeks ago Shaq was seen with the former reality TV star Hoopz in the Bahamas but now has allegedly moved on with Rosci Diaz after the Super Bowl. Is this a good look for Shaq or should he stay with Hoopz? What do you think?
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Timing of Grapevine Sampling During the period of mid-June until mid-August when hot temperatures prevail, the viruses become less active and are not as readily detected as during the cooler spring, fall or winter. Grapevine fanleaf virus is especially active in the spring, but can also be detected in fall and winter testing, especially if testing canewood. Pierce's Disease, which is caused by a bacterium, can be detected all year, but different testing methods are required in the winter. Fungal pathogens are detectable by our assays all year round. To perform a fungal evaluation and subsequent assays, please submit a sample consisting of, at minimum, the graft union portion of the trunk and below, including the root system. The entire vine may be submitted to allow for examination of the cane growth patterns and to assess the entire vine's health status. For best results, please submit a representative sample of the untreated seed lot to be tested. Seed treatments may affect the accuracy of the test. To avoid any delays, submit enough seed to complete the assay. Include the following information with the sample. • Your name Agri-Analysis LLC For our service brochure, please click here: page 1 and page 2. Click here to download a sample request form. For testing cost, please contact us or email at firstname.lastname@example.com or call us at 1.800.506.9852. Sampling for Almond Leaf Scorch
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IHRA officials announced Sunday that the Second annual ACDelco Nationals presented by Chevrolet are postponed until Saturday, June 1, due to rain.
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Gates will open at 8:00 a.m. Saturday. Returning racers will have a chance to make a time trial run before eliminations resume Saturday afternoon and evening.
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Giving Birth in the Developing World
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The Effects of Incomplete Employee Wage Information: A Cross-Country Analysis
by Solomon Polachek, Jun Xiang
(September 2005)
published in: Research in Labor Economics, 2006, 24, 35-75
In this paper, we define a tractable procedure to measure worker incomplete information in the labor market. The procedure, which makes use of earnings distribution skewness, is based on econometric frontier estimation techniques, and is consistent with search theory. We apply the technique to eleven countries over various years, and find that incomplete information leads workers to receive on average about 30-35% less pay than they otherwise would have earned, had they information on what each firm paid. Generally married men and women suffer less from incomplete information than the widowed or divorced; and singles suffer the most. Women suffer more from incomplete information than men. Schooling and labor market experience reduce these losses, but institutions within a country can reduce them, as well. For example, we find that workers in countries that strongly support unemployment insurance (UI) receive wages closer to their potential, so that doubling UI decreases incomplete information and results in 5% higher wages. A more dense population reduces search costs leading to less incomplete information. A more industrial economy disseminates wage information better, so that workers exhibit less incomplete information and higher wages. Finally, we find that foreign worker inflows increase incomplete information, and at the same time reduce average wage levels, at least in the short-run.
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NM9034 : Air Ambulance leaving Oban
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Oban Airport (North Connel) :: NM9035
Completed in the early months of World War 2 and originally known as RAF Connel Ferry, the airfield initially served as both an emergency landing ground and an annex to the Oban flying boat base. In January 1944, it became an air ammunition park but continued to receive aircraft until the RAF departed on 16 October 1945. Purchased by Oban Burgh Council in 1967, commercial flights were operated by Loganair for a few months between Oban, Glasgow and Mull. However, for much of the past 45 years, the airfield has been the preserve of private pilots and the Connel Flying Club.
Following studies initiated in 1999, Argyll & Bute Council secured funding in 2005 and over the following years spend some £9 million resurfacing the main runway at Connel, constructing new passenger facilities and a new control tower and upgrading the airfields on Colonsay and Coll. Today in mid-2012, Hebridean Air Services Link provide regular week-day flights from Connel to Colonsay, Islay, Tiree and Coll.
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Twins and triplets face added layer of difficulty in college admissions
Filed under: Teens, Life & Style, Day Care & Education, Resources
Getting into college is tough. There are so many choices, so much paperwork to fill out. Then there's the very likely chance that you (or your child) won't get into the college of choice. Sometimes there is a legacy to follow--mother went to a certain school, and older sibling went to a certain school. But what if the competition is your twin? She'll be competing for the same spot you might occupy at the same school. And, it's quite possible only one of you will get in. The competition gets even more fierce when you're a triplet. With more women having children later in life, which has lead to more cases of multiples being born (through IVF as well as the old-fashioned method), it's a situation on the rise.
It has long been believed that many top schools such as Harvard will only accept a few students from each school or geographic area. If two students from the same school apply then the competition between them gets pretty tough. If that logic is true, then it's even worse within the same household. Harvard maintains that it does not follow this practice. Other ivy league schools such as Duke take being a multiple into careful consideration--for one, it's important to keep the identities of the children separate, as an easy clerical error can confuse the two (or three) siblings into one); additionally, by considering the multiples as individuals and together the school can examine the seemingly minute differences that may or may not set them apart from each other academically. More often than not, multiples share the same interests and have similar aptitudes.
Many multiples are choosing to follow separate paths in order to remain loyal to each other yet be successful and get into the school of choice without dampening opportunities for their siblings. Whether or not it's best to separate multiples in school is a good idea remains to be seen. Studies in Finland indicate it has little impact. Mostly the decision works best when left to the siblings, who may or may not prefer to lead separate lives.
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JoAnn said...I just wanted to make a quick correction: Duke is not an Ivy League School. A fantastic school, nonetheless, but not Ivy League. The Ivy League schools are: Harvard, Yale, Brown, Dartmouth, Princeton, Penn, Cornell and Columbia.
Paul Cyopick said...I'm just hoping to get mine through senior kindergarten first. University seems too far away right now.


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We will be releasing several Sidekicks for Blackjack Gold. Sidekicks are plugins you can install to add spice to the game. Some are free. Some require separate registration. Pawn Shop is free. Some sounds come installed. The primary sound file (BJSounds) with over 300 different voice recordings requires separate registration. We will be releasing other Sidekicks for Blackjack Gold. Watch our website for new Sidekicks.


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i ran the sbf file in rsd lite and it passed. I tried booting up and it didnt work. I then remembered to do a factory reset. Heres where the problem is. I cant boot into recovery mode. Ive done this in the past but it just goes into a blank screen when i let go of the home and power button. it basically just turns off. I went from liberty 0.6 to apex 2.0rc but i didnt wipe data then thats why i had to do the sbf in the first place.
fixed it! any one else having this issue heres what i did. I ran the shado sbf file it passed. No recovery. I then ran the vrz_mb810_2.3.340 sbf file and it went to 99% and failed. said code corrupt on bootloader screen. i found this file on droid-life.com I ran shado sbf again it passed. Then i got my recovery back.


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OK -all you back yard chefs. My wife just bought home a slab of baby back ribs. What's your favorite way to cook them? Today I will be limited to oven and gas grill but fel free to include charcol or smoker recipes as well.
Are you cooking them today/tonight? Ribs really benefit from a good dry rub down and sitting in the fridge over night, so tomorrow would be ideal for cooking them. I would then recommend cooking them in the oven on the lowest setting your oven will go (probably 250) for about 4-6 hours. Then throw them on the grill to lock in the flavor and get some good grill char on them. If you need a good dry rub recipe just let me know.
I agree. Dry rub, stack 'em up and wrap them in plastic wrap over night. If you have a smoker, I use apple wood for 5-6 hours at 225-235, with apple juice in the water pan. For the last hour, wrap them in aluminum foil with a drizzle of apple juice. I don't put sauce on them, just go with the rub. Creates a nice bark, lots of flavor from the rub. (don't have the rub recipe at work or I'd post it for you) With your tools at hand, I would agree with the suggestion above. Low and slow in oven for 4-5 hours (I put a little water in the pan to keep them moist) then finish them on the grill with your favorite sauce, indirect heat.
I smoke them with apple, hickory and pecan at 225 - 250 for three hours, spray with apple juice or pepsi about every half hour after the first hour of smoking. Then foil them up good and tight for another two hours and then unwrap and back on the grill for another hour. They will melt in your mouth.
Originally Posted by roscoedog I smoke them with apple, hickory and pecan at 225 - 250 for three hours, spray with apple juice or pepsi about every half hour after the first hour of smoking. Then foil them up good and tight for another two hours and then unwrap and back on the grill for another hour. They will melt in your mouth. This! Only I do a dry rub on mine. The spray is a combination of Apple juice, my dry rub, a whole onion chopped and garlic. I let that simmer a bit while I'm getting the smoker ready. I strain and put it into a spray bottle. I then add the leftover apple juice from the jug to the pan with all the stuff that was just strained out and let that reduce down to the consistency of pancake syrup. Once it hits that, I add whole tomatoes (canned), tomato sauce, tomato paste and a little bit more rub. let that cook a while. Stick blender it to make it all nice and smooth and add some apple cider vinegar to thin out to the consistency of catsup. Serve that on the side. It's a great BBQ sauce. And since I've already put 4 hours of smoke on the meat, I really don't like the liquid smoke flavor that some BBQ sauces put in them. S
You guys are making me hungry.
great white buffalo http://centraliowastormchaser.blogspot.com/
Heres how I do it: Let them sit in apple cider over night in the fridge. Pull them out of the cider a couple hours before cooking (save cider) and put a rub on them. I prefer a slightly spicy rub to offset the sweetness of the cider and sweet BBQ sauce I use. After the rub has been on an hour or two throw them on a hot grill for about five minutes, meat side down, just long enough to brown them. Put the cider and ribs in a pan, I use a disposable aluminum pan similar to a trukey pan that has a sealable lid (very important to seal the pan, the steam from the cider makes the ribs very tender), cider should go about half way up the ribs. I usually add sweet onions as well, but you don't have to. Cook them on a low heat for 3-6 hours. It's preferable to use the lowest heat, 250 or so, for the longest time, 6 hours or more, but you can go 300 for 3 hours and it will still tast good. Ribs are done when the meat pulls back from the bone by about an inch, you can also use a meat thermometer to check. Take them out of the pan and return them to the grill for another five minutes or so to crisp them up a bit. The last step is totally optional, I apply BBQ sauce to the ribs and let them cook on the grill for another 5-10 minutes. BBQ purists probably will cringe at this method, but I'v had pretty good results with it. There are never leftovers.
Whatever sauce/pretreat you use, cook fat side down and include a pan of liquid on the grill (assuming you have a top rack for the ribs). I like to flavor the water with hickory smoke or woodchips.
John Walters is my hero
Anyone else have one of those "infrared" grills? I cant seem to get the heat right. I havent found a good balance yet. Any tips on doing ribs on this?
A little preparation ahead of time results in flavor-packed ribs that don't dry out on the grill. For every two racks of ribs, brine them in about a gallon of water with a half cup of salt and a half cup of sugar in it. Pull them out after an hour, pat them dry, apply your favorite rub, wrap them, and refrigerate for at least several hours or overnight if possible. Grill them on indirect heat for a couple of hours. With the brine method, they stay moist without having to mess with things like foil or cider pans on the grill.
I brined my turkey one year and it cooked a heck of alot faster on the outside. Do ribs get affected like that?
Originally Posted by bostinelosd I brined my turkey one year and it cooked a heck of alot faster on the outside. Do ribs get affected like that? I have not had any problems with the brine method. The key is to use a weak brine solution and don't leave the ribs in too long so that they don't end up soaking up too much of the brine. If anything , the cooking appears to be more even. A nice rub crust on the outside with flavor that penetrates all the way through the meat.
for $25 there's a butcher shop near my house that does all this for me
My parents like to boil their ribs in beer before throwing them on the grill and lathering in sauce. I have no complaints about this method...
Chuck Lidell: I paint my toenails with pink and black polish. Problem is, I get more paint on my toes and on the carpet than on my nails. Any advice? Maria Sharapova: Don't you beat up other guys for a living? I don't know how to answer this.
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Things to see and do - Jedburgh
Leaving for Great Britain
Jedburgh Abbey :
Nearby tourist sites
Nearby Restaurants
Ancrum Cross Keys
Cotation :
Type de cuisine : classic
Jedburgh Abbey
Jedburgh Abbey : Michelin's recommendations
Founded in 1138 for the Augustinian order, this was one of the many Border abbeys established by David I in a bid to spread monasticism in 12C Scotland. The stone church took 75 years to complete and was the setting for the coronation of Malcolm IV and many other royal events. It was often plundered and attacked before finally being abandoned after a raid in 1545. The visitors' centre offers an introduction to the abbey.
Useful Information
- Address : 45 Abbey Bridge End GB - Jedburgh TD8 6JQTD8 6JQJedburgh
- Phone : 01835 863925
- Website : http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk
- Prices : 5.50 £ (children 3.30 £)
Opening hours :
- [Apr-Sep: 9.30am-5.30pm; rest of year: 9.30am-4.30pm (last admission 30min before closing) - closed 25-26 Dec]


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Bringing attention to overlooked feature
As a favour, I've been asked for my opinion and possible solution for a usability problem.
Imagine a website that gives a calendar grid of prices for each day and you can view a month at a time.
To change the month, there is a horizontal slider above the calendar grid, but when I watched someone use the page they commented that they wanted to change to a later month but missed the slider completely.
(you can view the page in action here: http://bit.ly/bObHbu)
Pop up bubble
One suggestion I thought of was an overlay styled like a speech bubble that points to the slider and reads: "Did you know... you can view another month by dragging the date slider" which would have a close button, or close automatically when clicking outside the bubble.
I feel like I've seen this used before, maybe to show new features of a website after a redesign in the past (Yahoo! or BBC?) but now I can't find any examples, does any one have any examples of this, or other ways of pointing out functionality?
Don't use a slider
Another idea is not to use a slider at all - buttons or tabs could be used to allow people to change the month that is currently viewed, as could a drop-down list with months as options. The slider was chosen because it was though it would be more fun to use, and make the page feel more interactive rather than completing a form - again I'd love to hear anyones thoughts around this


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108th Annual Meeting of the AALL The 108th Annual Meeting will be held from July 18 to July 21 in Philadelphia, PA. For more information, please visit the Annual Meeting page. Webinar: PACER, PAA & NextGen: What Does it all Mean for Me? On Tuesday, February 10 from 1:00 pm -2:00 pm EST (10:00 am PST), Edith (Eydie) Flores, Management Analyst at the PACER Service Center in the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, spoke about the transition from legacy PACER to NextGen and will take your questions about the process including setting up PACER Administrative Accounts, billing, individual accounts, and more. A recording will be available soon. Visit the webinar page for more information.
PLL Summit VI The 2015 PLL-Summit VI: The Innovation Imperative will be held on Saturday, July 18, 2015 in Philadelphia, PA. For more information, please visit the PLL Summit page. PLL Grants The 2015 Annual Meeting and Conference grant application is now available. All applications are due by March 27th. For more information about the grants covering travel to Philadelphia and registration costs to attend the PLL Summit, see the Grants Committee page. PLL Awards Nominations The Awards Committee is accepting nominations for librarian recognition. The deadline is April 10, 2015.


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Arcspray 140
The Arcspray 140 System is an affordable medium capacity, lightweight arcspray system for the engineering sector, with an integrated electric drive unit. The flexible drive system means there is no motor in the pistol and unique constant geometry (CG) head ensures smooth and repeatable alignment of the wire for long periods for consistent spray quality. The Arc 140E can be used for the application of engineering coatings and for reclaiming parts. The system is designed to work with all standard Arc 140 accessories such as extensions, Arcbeam and Purecoat.
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3on3 Kill Confirmed Quick Cup
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The 4on4 Wintercup already has a winner and the Big Ben Cup is also almost over. We thought it was time for a little change. That's why we're starting a 3on3 Kill Confirmed Quick Cup.
Kill ConfirmedIt's the first cup of its type and takes place on the 24th of April at 7 p.m. You can check the rules in the settings and one round lasts 45 Minutes. Please note that there is a Check-In for the cup at 6.30 p.m. Good luck to all combatants and have fun. SurpriseThis cup will be the first one with a new rule set, so ideas and improvement proposals are very welcome. We will reward the best idea/improvement proposals with one month of CSL Premium! You can sign up now. Sign upMw3 3on3 Kill Confirmed Quick Cup - Rules
<< MW3: SupportIf there are problems during the tournament send a Support Ticket to our admin staff. Your Consoles.Staff Team
Thursday, 19/04/12 15:09
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US 4019181 A Abstract A responder system in which incoming frequency f0 is converted to a harmonic frequency, e.g. 2f0, by means of a non-linear element, for example a diode, which is connected between capacitance and inductance in two parallel-connected series resonant circuits, one of which is closely tuned to the incoming frequency f0 while the other is closely tuned to the selected harmonic frequency. Incoming frequency f0 is fed to the interconnected ends of the two resonant circuits, whereby both resonant circuits are excited at their respective resonance frequencies, and the harmonic frequency 2f0 is radiated back via a common antenna connected to the interconnected ends of the two series resonant circuits. When transmitting binary information by means of pulses at the harmonic frequency 2f0 the retransmitted pulses can be marked in certain pulse intervals by eliminating the resonance condition in the second resonant circuit (2f0) during a part of the interval, so that a dip will be produced in the retransmitted pulse, while in other intervals the pulse is retransmitted continuously.
Claims(7) 1. A transponder system including an interrogator station which is provided with a transmitter and a receiver, said transmitter being arranged for wireless transmission of an interrogation signal in the form of a pulse train having a given carrier frequency, and a responder station comprising a common transmitting and receiving antenna connected to two terminals, a first resonator connected between said terminals and tuned to the incoming carrier frequency, a second resonator connected between said terminals and tuned to a harmonic of the incoming frequency, a rectifier element with a non-linear characteristic coupled between the first and second resonators to produce d.c. trigger pulses from the incoming signal and to excite said second resonator for retransmitting a reply signal at the harmonic frequency, a modulator triggered by said d.c. pulses from the rectifier element an including control means for eliminating and restoring the resonant condition in said second resonantor in response to a binary information signal which is fed into the modulator.
2. A transponder system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said control means includes a voltage controled resonator coupled to said second resonator to detune the same at a predetermined voltage.
3. A transponder system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said resonators are two series-resonant circuits which are connected in parallel and which are coupled with the common antenna, the first circuit being tuned to the given carrier frequency and the second circuit to the harmonic of this given carrier frequency, the rectifying element being connected to the junctions of inductors and capacitors of these series-resonant circuits.
4. A transponder system as claimed in claim 3, wherein a capacitor is connected in series with the rectifying element, the two series-resonant circuits being arranged in such a way that the capacitors of these circuits are connected in series between said terminals together with the series combination of the rectifying element and the capacitor.
5. A transponder system as claimed in claim 2, wherein the voltage controlled resonator comprises a series-resonant circuit which is connected across one of the elements of the second series-resonant circuit and which comprises a varactor, the modulator being provided with a signal generator connected across the varactor.
6. A transponder system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the carrier frequency of the reply signal is an even harmonic of the given carrier frequency, the responder station being constructed in mircostrip technique while the first resonator comprises a 1/2λ open microstrip conductor, where λ is the wavelength associated with the given carrier frequency in the microstrip conductor, the responder station comprising two semiconductor elements and two low-pass filters, either semiconductor element being connected between one of the ends of the microstrip conductor and a low-pass filter and either low-pass filter being connected to the modulator, the second resonator comprising a 1/8λ microstrip conductor which is connected between the centre of the 1/2λ microstrip conductor and an earth terminal, a varactor one terminal of which is connected to a point of the 1/8 microstrip conductor, a further microstrip conductor of a length greater than 1/8λ and smaller than 1/4λ of which one end is connected to the other terminal of the varactor and a third low-pass filter which is connected between a first spaced 1/8λ from the other end of the further microstrip conductor and an output of the modulator, whilst that part of the 1/8λ microstrip conductor which is situated between the earth terminal and the point to which the varactor is connected together with the varactor and with that part of the further microstrip conductor which is situated between the varactor and the connecting point of the third low-pass filter forms a parallel resonant circuit, the modulator comprising a signal generator by which during said part of the pulse duration the resonance frequency of the parallel resonant circuit is adjusted to the harmonic of the given carrier frequency under the control of a control signal supplied by the generator.
7. A transponder system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the receiver of the interrogator station comprises a demodulator which comprises a differential amplifier in which a reply signal received is compared with a reference voltage for supplying a first signal level when the reference voltage is exceeded by the received reply signal voltage and for supplying a second signal level which differs from the first signal level when the reference voltage is not exceeded by the received reply signal voltage, a first flip-flop which is provided with a trigger input, a signal input, a signal output, an inverse signal output and a resetting input, the trigger input being coupled with an output of the differential amplifier, the signal input being coupled with a transmitter of the interrogator station for supplying to it a first pulse-shaped reference signal which is derived from the interrogation signal, a first NOR gate circuit to which the first pulse-shaped reference signal and a second pulse-shaped reference signal derived therefrom which has a pulse-repetition frequency which is twice that of the first reference signal, are supplied and whose output is connected to the resetting input of the first flipflop, a second NOR gate circuit which is coupled with the output of the differential amplifier and which is connected to the inverse signal output of the first flipflop, a third NOR gate circuit which is coupled with the output of the differential amplifier and which is connected to the signal output of the first flipflop, a second flipflop and third flipflop which are identical to the first flipflop and to whose trigger inputs the second pulse-shaped reference signal is applied, the signal inputs of the second and third flipflops, respectively being connected to the outputs of the second and third NOR gate circuits, respectively, while the demodulated received reply signal is derived from the signal outputs of the second and third flipflops.
Description The invention relates to a transponder system comprising an interrogator station which is provided with a transmitter and a receiver and comprising a responder station having common input and output terminals, the interrogator station being arranged for the wireless transmission of an interrogation signal in the form of a pulse train which has a given carrier frequency, the responder station comprising a first resonator which is coupled to the common input and output terminals for generating from the interrogation signal pulses received a reply signal which has a carrier frequency which is a harmonic of the frequency of the received carrier signal and in which the responder station comprises a modulator for modulating the reply signal in amplitude for the transmission of information. Such a transponder system in which the modulator comprises an adjustable attenuating network connected between the common input and output terminals for adjusting the attenuation of the first resonator depending on the information to be transmitted is inter alia known from British Patent Specification No. 723,815. This manner of modulating has the disadvantage that not only the required modulation of the amplitude of the reply signal is obtained but that the received interrogation signal is also attenuated. For that reason the energy required for the modulator is obtained from a separate energy source so that the responder station is not passive. To eliminate this drawback it is known to transfer the supply energy for the modulator by wireless means generating a separate signal or to postpone the transmission of a reply signal until a complete pulse of the interrogation signal has been received and vice versa. It is also known to separate the receiving and the transmitting circuit of the responder station by using separate input and output terminals. However, these solutions require either a considerable increase in the required equipment or a low signal transmission speed. Furthermore, the transponder system must be used in railway signalling systems, whereby the train is provided with the interrogator station and whereby a number of passive responder stations are placed along railtracks to send signalling information to the train. However, such rail-bound vehicles generate a large number of high level interference signals. This means that a modulation for the transmission of information wherein pulses of the reply signal are suppressed, is not suitable for use for rail-bound vehicles, due to an inadmissibly small signal-to-noise ratio. Therefore the railway companies demand that, in the transmission of binary coded information, the two binary signal values be transmitted by means of a pulse. The invention has for its object to provide a simple transponder system which eliminates said disadvantages and which satisfies said requirements and which is particularly suitable for use in railway signalling systems. The transponder system according to the invention is characterized in that at least one rectifier element having a non-linear characteristic, which is coupled with the first resonator is provided for generating said harmonic, the modulator being connected across the rectifier element for feeding energy to the modulator, and in that a tunable second resonator, which is coupled to the first resonator as well as to the modulator, is provided for modulating reply signal pulses in amplitude for part of the pulse duration, in accordance with the information to be transmitted whereby the oscillation having the given carrier frequency which is produced in the first resonator substantially not being affected by the modulation. The invention and its advantages will be further explained with reference to the embodiments shown in the Figures, in which: FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a transponder system, FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of a responder station for use in a transponder system according to FIG. 1, FIG. 3 shows some signals generated by the responder station shown in FIG. 2, FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of part of the responder station for use in a transponder system shown in FIG. 1, FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of the demodulator for use in a receiver of an interrogator station of the transponder system shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 6 shows some signals which may be produced in the demodulator shown in FIG. 4. FIG. 1 shows a transponder system which comprises an interrogator station 1 and at least one passive responder station 2. The interrogator station 1 comprises in known manner a transmitter 3 for transmitting to the responder station 2 an interrogation signal in the form of a pulse train which has a carrier frequency fO. This interrogation signal is converted in a manner described hereinafter to a reply signal which is characteristic of this responder station and transmitted to a receiver 4 of the interrogator station 1. This receiver comprises a demodulator 5 which demodulates a received reply signal in a manner described hereinafter. FIG. 2 shows a responder station which is suitable for such an identification system and which comprises the following component parts: an aerial 6, having common inputs and output terminals 6-1, 6-2; a coupling circuit 7; a first resonator 8; a second resonator 9 and a modulator 10. As shown in FIG. 2 the first resonance device 8 consists of two series resonant circuits 11, 12 and 13, 14 connected in parallel and a diode 16 connected between the junctions between capacitance and inductance in the two resonant circuits. One of the resonant circuits 11, 12 is closely tuned to the incoming frequency fO and the other resonant circuit 13, 14 is closely tuned to the selected harmonic, for example 2fO. The rectified output is produced by means of a capacitor 18 connected in series with the diode 16 and terminals 19, 20 arranged on opposite sides of the diode 16 for feeding-out DC power. A coupling impedance is connected between the input and output terminals 6-1, 6-2, which coupling impedance consists in the shown example of an inductance 21 which is connected to the interconnected ends of the resonant circuits. The second resonance device 9 consists of a series resonant circuit comprising an inductance 22, a fixed capacitance 23 and a variable capacitance 24, e.g. a varactor. The input terminals and output 6-1, 6-2, can in turn be connected to an aerial for reception and transmission. Control information for the variable capacitance 24 is obtained from the modulator 10. Operation is as follows. An incoming signal at the frequency fO passes to the resonant circuits and will cause the first circuit 11, 12 to oscillate. Then high voltages mutually displaced by substantially 180� in phase will be set up across the capacitor 12 and the coil 11. These high voltages will cause a current of frequency fO to flow through the diode 16. As a result of the non-linear current-voltage characteristic of the diode the current through the diode will be deformed and will inter alia contain a high percentage of the second harmonic 2fO. As a result the second resonant circuit 13, 14 also will be caused to oscillate at its resonance frequency, which in the example is 2fO. The two resonance currents are substantially closed through the coil 21, which coil completes the resonant circuits and will determine the impedance transformation. The harmonic signal will be radiated via the antenna connected to the common input and output. FIG. 2 also shows how a DC voltage can be derived from the frequency doubling diode 16, which is made possible in that the said capacitor 18, which blocks the DC current, is connected in series with the diode 16. The equipment connected across the diode 16, which equipment receives its operating voltage from the diode, is in the example constituted by the modulator 10. This device is assumed to have a high impedance. The coupling impedance 21 is then dimensioned such that it will match the input terminals 6-1, 6-2 which have a low impedance, to the circuit across the diode 16, which has a high impedance. The harmonic signal, which is retransmitted from the responder statin towards the interrogator station, is assumed to comprise binary information in the shape of zeros and ones in different time intervals according to a given code. One of the binary digits, for example 0, can then be represented in that the retransmitted pulse is extinguished during a part of the time interval, while during a time interval which comprises the other binary digit, i.e. 1, the harmonic signal is retransmitted continuously. FIG. 2 shows how this can be achieved in a simple manner in that the resonance condition in the second resonant circuit in the said first time interval is eliminated by means of the series resonant circuit 22, 23, 24 connected across the inductance 14. In this series resonant circuit the capacitance 24 is variable and controlled with a voltage obtained from a signal generator, e.g. a sweep generator 25 included in the modulator 10, while the remaining elements are fixed. The value of the capacitance 24 is selected such in relation to the obtained sweep voltage from the modulator 10 that the circuit 22, 23, 24 will be in resonance condition at the frequency 2fO for a certain value of the received sweep voltage. For example, 24 may be dimensioned such that, when no voltage is obtained from the sweep generator 25, the tuning frequency of the series resonant circuit 22, 23, 24 will be widely different from 2fO and its influence upon the second resonance circuit 13, 14 will be negligible. On the other hand when a sweep voltage is obtained from the generator 25 the resonance frequency of the series resonant circuit 22, 23, 24 is swept such that during the sweep it will pass the value 2fO. In the circuit 22, 23, 24 the capacitor 23 will produce DC isolation for the voltage across 24 in the same manner as the capacitance 18 produces DC isolation for the voltage across the diode 16. The sequence of ones and zeros is determined by a code unit 26 which receives control information in the shape of DC voltages at a number of control inputs 27. The interrogation signal is pulsed. The clock information for the code unit is derived from the received pulse signal via the rectifying diode 16 and is led to a clock input 28. At its output 29 the code unit delivers a pulse sequence containing the required reply code of ones and zeros. In the example given the binary sign 1 is represented by a voltage at the output 29, whereas the binary digit corresponds to a lower voltage 0, which does not trigger the sweep generator 25. This generator thus delivers no sweep voltage to the variable capacitance 24, which will retain its initial bias voltage during the whole interval. In this condition the series resonant circuit 13, 14 is, as mentioned, not influenced by the circuit 22, 23, 24 but all the time closely tuned to the second harmonic of the transmission frequency, which harmonic therefore will be retransmitted continuously during the interval. During an interval, which will comprise the other binary digit, i.e. 0, the code unit delivers at its output 29 a voltage which starts the sweep generator 25. The sweep voltage from the generator 25 will result in that the resonant circuit 22, 23, 24 during the sweep will be driven to resonance at 2fO. The said series resonant circuit forms in this condition a low impedance for 2fO and the power fed out at the harmonic frequency 2fO will be low. When the sweep voltage approaches this condition, in which the resonant circuit 22, 23, 24 is tuned to 2fO, the amplitude of the oscillation in the series resonant circuit 13, 14 will successively decrease and will then again increase successively on cessation of the said condition, so that a dip will appear in the retransmitted harmonic signal. A reply pulse comprising such a dip thus will represent binary zero. The shape of the reply pulses in the described equipment is shown in FIG. 3, in which the first and third pulses represent binary 1 and the second and fourth pulses represent binary 0. The responder station can be extended to generate several harmonics by means of further diodes and associated resonant circuits, which are connected in the same maner as shown for the described circuit. The circuit shown is symmetrical about an axis and corresponding parts in the two halves of the circuit have been provided with the same references but with a prime allotted to the references in the left-hand part. Referring to FIG. 4 a microstrip line 30 (e.g. Zo = 50 Ω), which is connected to earth at a point 31, leads from the antenna (not shown) to a point 32 on a microstrip line 33 (e.g. Zo = 100 Ω). The line 33 has a length, measured from the end point 34 to a central point 35, which is equal to λ/4, where λ is the wavelength corresponding to the frequency fo of the interrogation pulses transmitted from the interrogation station. The line 33 continues from the central point 35 in an equal microstrip line 33' of the same length λ/4 to an opposite end point 34'. To the point 35 the second resonance service to be described more fully hereinafter is connected. The part of the line 33, which is situated between the points 32 and 35, forms a small inductance and produces impedance matching (corresponds to 21 in FIG. 2). The microstrip lines 33, 33' together form a half-wave resonator for the interrogation frequency fo and a full-wave resonator for the double interrogation frequency or reply frequency (corresponds both to 11, 12 and 13, 14 in FIG. 2). Each end point 34, 34' of the microstrip line 33, 33' is connected via a diode 37, 37' to a point 38, 38' which for high frequencies is earthed. The earthing of the points 38, 38' is produced by means of two microstrip lines 39' and 40, 40' having one end connected to the said points 38, 38' and the opposite end open. One of the said lines 39, 39' has a length of λ/8 and serves as a quarter-wave stub for the double interrogation frequency or reply frequency 2fO. The second line 40, 40' has a length of λ/4 and serves as a quarter-wave stub for the interrogation frequency fO. The two diodes 37, 37' produce rectification and frequency doubling of the interrogation pulses at frequency fo. The points 38, 38' are connected via microstrip lines 41, 41' to broad microstrip line parts 42, 42' together forming low-pass filters which in turn are connected to output terminals 43, 43'. At said terminals 43, 43' the detected pulses from the diodes 37, 37' will appear. The microstrip line parts 42, 42' have a length of λ/8. The second resonance device is, as mentioned, connected to the central point 35 on the microstrip line 33, 33'. This device has influence on the frequency 2fo only but no influence on the frequency fo. The cause of this is as follows. The end points 34, 34' of microstrip line 33, 33' have high impedance relative to earth for the frequency fo (and also a relatively high impedance for the frequency 2fo) owing to the fact that a DC voltage is built up on the side of the diodes 37, 37' remote from the microstrip line 33, 33', which voltage is approximately equal to the maximum amplitude of the HF voltage in the point 34, 34', so that the diodes 37, 37' are driven to cut-off. As regards the frequency fo the central point 35 is situated at a distance of a quarter of a wavelength from the respective end point 34, 34' while the point 35 as regards the frequency 2fo is situated at a distance of a half wavelength from the end points 34, 34'. The high impedance in point 34, 34' is therefore as regards the frequency fo transformed to a low impedance in the point 35 where the second resonant device is connected. Thus, the second resonance device has negligible influence on the fo signal. As regards the frequency 2fo, however, the high impedance in the points 34, 34' is transformed to a high impedance in point 35. The instantaneous impedance of the second resonance device connected to the point 35 can then influence the frequency 2fo. The second resonance device (corresponding to 22, 23, 24 in FIG. 2) consists of a microstrip line 44 having one end connected to the said central point 35 on the line 33, 33' and its opposite end 45 earthed. The line 44 between 35 and 45 has a length of approximately λ/8, i.e. it serves as a quarter-wave stub for the frequency 2fo. The low impedance in the point 45 is therefore transformed as regards the frequency 2fo to a high impedance in the point 35 (if the influence of the further resonance circuit to be described hereinafter can be neglected). One terminal of a varactor 46 is connected to the microstrip line 44 in point 47. In the embodiment shown the point 47 lies relatively close to the earthed end point 45 and that part of the microstrip line 44 which lies between 47 and 45 represents an inductance. In parallel across this inductance lies the varactor 46, which has its opposite terminal connected to a microwave stub in the shape of a microstrip line 48. The free end of microstrip line 48 here is open and from a point 49 on line 48 a microstrip line 50 leads to a broad microstrip line part 51 having a length of λ/8 which line part 51 together with line 50 forms a third low lens filter which filter is connected to an output 52 of a not shown modulator. To the output 52 a signal from a signal generator of the modulator is adapted to be applied, which signal determines the instantaneous value of the capacitance of the varactor 46. In the embodiment shown the distance between point 49 and the open free end of microstrip line 48 is approximately equal to λ/8 and the said point 49 therefore serves as HF-earth for the frequency 2fo. The said inductance represented by the distance 45, 47 of the line 44 forms together with the capacitance of varactor 46 and the reactance (in this embodiment inductance) of microwave stub 48 a parallel resonant circuit. If this resonant circuit is in resonance for the frequency 2fo the point 47 will have a high impedance, for this frequency 2fo and the high impedance in point 47 is transformed by the line 44 to a low impedance in the point 35. In the absence of resonance in the said resonance circuit the low impedance in the earthed point 45 will, as previously mentioned, be transformed to a high impedance in the point 35. In the said first case, i.e. when the resonant circuit 45, 46, 47 and 48 is tuned to the frequency 2fo and the point 35 has a low impedance, a great part of the power on the frequency 2fo will be absorbed in the resonant circuit. The outcoupling of power at the frequency 2fo will be low. In the said last case, when the resonance frequency of the resonant circuit is situated far away from 2fo, the outcoupling of power at the frequency 2fo will be high. If the retransmitted pulse is to be modulated the signal from the signal generator applied to the varactor 46 via the output 52 is controlled so that the resonance frequency of the resonant circuit is swept past the frequency 2fo during a part of the interrogation pulse. The retransmitted pulse at the frequency 2fo will then be amplitude modulated with a dip coinciding in time with the instant at which the resonance frequency is equal to 2fo. Many modifications of the arrangement shown are possible. In particular the modulation resonant circuit can be modified in various manners. Thus, the varactor 46 can be connected to the microstrip line 44 at any point along the line and the microwave stub 48 can have any shape which is adapted to the actual type of varactor arrangement. This demodulator is adapted to distinguish between pulses of the reply signal representing binary one and binary zero originally shaped as shown at the left in FIG. 5. One is in the given example represented by an uninterrupted pulse and zero by a pulse with a dip. The pulses are first led to a pulse shaper in the form of a differential amplifier 53, in which they are compared in amplitude with a reference voltage Vref on an input 54. The reference voltage may for example be chosen to be equal to half the amplitude of the incoming pulses. The amplifier operates such that its output voltage is high when the amplitude of the input pulse exceeds the reference voltage and low when the amplitude of the input pulse is lower than the reference voltage. The reply signal will then be as shown at point 55 of FIG. 5. The shown demodulator is provided with three so-called D-flip-flops 56, 57 and 58 of equal construction, one NAND-gate 59 and three NOR-gates 60, 61 and 62. Each of the D-flip-flops has one trigger input T, one signal input D, one data output Q, one inverted data output Q and one reset input R. The operation of the D-flip-flops is that the voltage appearing at the signal input D at the instant when a pulse of a first reference signal is applied to the trigger input T, is transferred to the output Q. The voltage at Q remains on the assumed level until the next reference pulse, when new setting takes place etc. Thus, if the voltage at D is high at the instant when a reference pulse is applied to T, the output voltage at Q will go high or remain high, as the case may be, until the next reference pulse. Similarly, if the voltage at D is low when a reference pulse is applied, the output voltage at Q will be low and stay low. The signal appearing at the output Q is the inverse value of the signal at Q. The reference pulses are defined as the positive edges of pulses led to the trigger input T. Resetting of the flip-flops to rest position, i.e. the condition in which the voltage at output Q is low, occurs when the voltage at the reset input R goes high. The operation of the whole device shown in FIG. 5 will now be described, reference being made to the time diagrams in FIG. 6. A received reply signal shaped as shown at point 55 is fed to a first input 63 of a decision circuit realized by NAND-gate 59. This signal is also shown in the diagram c in FIG. 5. At a second input 64 gate 59 receives an enabling signal, which signal is high so as to open the gate 59, only if the signal-to-noise ratio S/N exceeds 15 dB. If the signal to noise ratio is lower than 15 dB the voltage at the second input 54 of gate 59 is low and the gate is closed. The signal-to-noise ratio can be determined by a signal-noise detector, not shown in the figure. This is done by comparing a voltage achieved by sampling during reception of a pulse and a voltage achieved by sampling in a pulse space. If the gate 59 is open the shaped reply signal arrives, after inversion, at the trigger input T of flip-flop 56. Owing to the inversion at the output of 59 the negative edges in the input shaped reply signal will serve as a trigger signal for 56. To the signal input D of flip-flop 56 is applied a first reference voltage pulse A of the shape as shown in diagram a. The pulses in signal A coincide in time substantially with the pulses in the shaped reply signal but are leading a small time period δ relative to the pulses in the said reply signal. The pulses in signal A are derived from and coincide in time with interrogation pulses in the transmitter 3 in the interrogater station shown in FIG. 1, while the reply signals are the reply pulses which are delayed a time period δ equal to the delay in the system. As mentioned the negative flanks in the reply signal act as trigger signals for 56. In the shown example the first reply signal has the value 0 and thus has a dip. The first edge in this dip occurring at T1 acts as trigger pulse for 56 and as the voltage at input D (signal A shown in diagram a) in FIG. 6 is high at this moment T1 the voltage at output Q goes high. The signal at signal output Q of flip-flop DF1 is called C and is shown in the last diagram g in FIG. 6. The next trigger pulse for 56 occurs at the rear edge of the first reply signal pulse; time instant T2. Owing to the time delay δ the voltage at input D is low at this instant T2 and the voltage at output Q goes low. A pulse extending between T1 and T2 is obtained at output Q of flip-flop 56, as shown in the last diagram g in FIG. 6 (signal C). In the given example the second reply signal pulse is a one and has no dip. Only one trigger pulse for 56 is generated, namely at the rear edge of the pulse, time instant T3. At this instant the voltage at input D is low and the voltage at output Q remains low. The last reply signal pulse is again a 0 and a pulse is generated between T4 and T5 at output Q of 56 in the same manner as described for the first reply signal pulse. Thus, as shown in the last diagram g in FIG. 6 a C pulse is generated at output Q of 56 each time a reply signal pulse having a dip is fed to the device, while reply signal pulses without such a dip or missing reply signal pulses will not give rise to any pulses C at output Q. According to the foregoing a C pulse at output Q of 56 indicates that a reply signal pulse with a dip representing binary 0 has been received. However, before this pulse is accepted as a true reply signal pulse of binary value 0 it is subjected to a further signal treatment, which is effected by means of gate 60 and flip-flop 59. For this purpose the inverted C signal C derived at output Q of 56 is led to a first input 65 of NOR-gate 60. To the second input 66 is applied the inverted reply input signal derived from the output of gate 59, while the output signal from 60 is led to the signal input D of flip-flop 57. A second reference signal B shown in the second diagram b in FIG. 5 is led to the trigger pulse input T of 57 and an output signal for the whole device representing binary 0 is taken from output Q of 57. The signal B has as shown; double frequency as compared with the first reference signal A and is derived from this signal in known maner. This signal B has a positive edge coinciding both with the positive and negative edges in signal A. Thus, a trigger pulse for flip-flop 57 is generated at each edge in signal A (FIG. 6a); instants t1, t2, t3 ... t8. The condition required for the voltage at output Q of 57 to go high now is that the voltage is high at input D of 57 at instants coinciding with any of the trigger pulse instants t1, t2 .... t8. A condition for this in turn is that both input voltages (C and reply) of gate 60 are low. This only occurs if signal C at output Q of 56 is high simultaneously as the input reference signal (FIG. 6c) is high. The signal C at output Q of 56 is high as a result of the presence of a dip in the reply signal pulse and signal C remains high to the end of the reply signal pulse. In the example given the first reply signal pulse has a dip and a C signal is generated during the pulse. At trigger pulse instant t2 both the reference signal and C signal are high and the voltage at output Q of 57 goes high. It remains high until the next trigger pulse instant t3, when both C signal and reply signal are low. The next reply signal pulse in FIG. 6 has no dip and no C pulse is generated. According to the foregoing the voltage at input D of flip-flop 57 cannot go high in the absence of a C pulse and no output pulse at Q of 57 is generated. This is also valid in case of a missing reply signal pulse. The last reply signal pulse in FIG. 6 has a dip and an output pulse is generated at output Q of 57 in the same manner as described for the first reply pulse. Now assume that a negative edge like that appearing at T1 in FIG. 6 is caused by an interference in transmission. The flip-flop 56 cannot distinguish between correct negative edges representing dips in reply signal pulses and interferences, and the output voltage C at output Q of flip-flop 56 will go high and remain high. However, in case of an interference, at the next following trigger pulse instant for 57, for example t2, there will exist no reply signal at high level and the output voltage at output Q of 57 cannot go high. Thus 60 and 57 will block C pulses, which are caused by interferences, and only allow correct C pulses to give rise to output pulses from 57. NOR-gate 61 and flip-flop 58 serve to generate an output pulse which represents binary 0, i.e. a reply signal pulse without a dip. 61 and 58 are connected in the same manner and fed with the same signals as the gate 60 and flip-flop 57 except that instead of the inverted signal C fed to gate 60 in the arrangement 60, 57 the non-inverted signal C is fed to the corresponding gate 61 in the arrangement 61, 58. The C pulse is as mentioned caused by a dip in the reply signal pulse and thus 58 will generate a pulse at its output Q in case of a reply signal pulse without dip in the same manner as described for 57 in case of a reply signal pulse with a dip. In order to eliminate the risk that flip-flop 56 at start of the system assumes a condition in which the output voltage at Q is high and remains in this condition, the said flip-flop is repeatedly reset. Resetting is effected by means of the first and second reference signals A and B, shown in diagrams a and b in FIG. 6, which are led to the inputs of NOR-gate 62. Owing to the inversion at the output of 62 resetting will take place when both signals A and B are low. As can be seen from the diagrams in FIG. 6 this will occur when flip-flop 56 already normally is in its reset condition and the resetting thus will not disturb the described normal operation of 56. Patent Citations
Referenced by
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On demand
Portugal Limestones
Latest news from the Portugal Limestones blog. Limestone analysis, reviews, projects information and more information about Portuguese limestones.
Portugalimestones was present at the Marmomacc 2014 stone fair that took place in Verona, Italy. Portugalimestones was presented as a trademark / international brand of suppliers of Portuguese limestones with its own stand where different limestones were displayed.
Portuguese limestones are great materials to be used on diverse landscaping uses. There are large quantities of limestone available, some have very good technical properties for the exterior use on more extreme climates, have a very uniform color and look.
Limestone stock


text:
Miele Launches Countertop Coffee System
Posted on November 15, 2012 by
The Miele CM5200 Countertop Coffee System |
PRINCETON, N.J.-Miele has extended its coffeemaker lineup with the new CM5200 Countertop Coffee System.
The new system includes one-touch control for producing cappuccinos, lattes and macchiatos automatically. It can dispense two coffee beverages at once and features adjustable portions. The design also offers a dedicated hot-water spout for tea or hot chocolate.
Also part of the design is an automatic-cleaning program, which uses water from the integrated tank to clean the milk pipework each time the machine is shut off.


text:
Profile of Little Falls harrier Mitchell Lamb.
Team: Little Falls Mounties
Sport: Cross Country
Age: 17
Year in school: Senior
Sport to play: Football or Basketball but I'm not any good
Sport to watch: Football
Team: New York Yankees
Athlete: Derek Jeter
Class in school: History
Movie: The Dark Knight
TV show: Two and a Half Men
Actor: Will Smith
Band: Coldplay
Song: "Viva la Vida" by Coldplay
Food: Spaghetti or Steak
Explain what you enjoy most about your sport and athletics.
Scholastic sports are great for so many reasons. I personally like them for the ability to succeed as a team. More than that though I enjoy the comraderie shared by teammates.
What is your most memorable athletic moment?
The most memorable athletic moment I have was winning the section championship last year (at Westhill). It was so tense and when they finally said our name it was just insane.
Tell us about someone who inspires you in sports and why.
Lance Armstrong because he has had to overcome so much adversity and still has to do it with the steroid allegations he faces.
What are your greatest challenges balancing academics and sports?
My greatest challenge is actually sitting down and doing the work because there are just so many other things I'd rather be doing. Once I get started it's easy but I force myself to start.
What are your plans after graduating from high school?
After high school I would like to go to college for a degree in radio/tv broadcasting. I really want to be an announcer of some sort.
appeared in October 7, 2011 edition of The Times


text:
TEMPTU on Gabrielle Reece for OK! Weekly
Temptu S/B stars in OK! Weekly, Issue #23 on Olympic legend and Supermodel Mom Gabrielle Reece. Los Angeles' celebrity makeup artist, and Temptu aficionado Anthony Merante used Temptu S/B airbrush makeup on Gabby for her profile in the weekly magazine. Temptu S/B in Champagne Shimmer is perfect to add summer shimmer.


text:
U.S. Border Patrol agents seized $269,000 found in a truck's hidden compartment this week at the Interstate 10 West checkpoint near Las Cruces, officials said Friday.
The cash was found Tuesday when agents inspected a semi-truck that was hauling vehicles, officials said. The cash was in 17 vacuum sealed packages in a hidden compartment.
The men in the truck, Rolando Hermida Aguila, 39, and Jose Bernabe Miguel, 56, both Cuban citizens, denied any knowledge or ownership of the money, officials said. The money and vehicles were seized.
In a separate case, Border Patrol agents found 429 pounds of marijuana on April 28 in a tractor trailer at the N.M. Highway 26 checkpoint, officials said Friday. Agents also found a backpack with nearly $5,000.
Truck driver Richard Weeks Fitzgerald, 46, was turned over to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration.
Daniel Borunda may be reached 546-6102 or email@example.com


text:
Naomi Campbell Diamond Choker Necklace
Naomi Campbell polished off her ensemble with a stunning diamond choker by Harry Winston.
Brand: Harry Winston
Brand: Harry Winston
Naomi Campbell Long Wavy Cut with Bangs
Naomi Campbell styled her hair with barely-there waves and rounded bangs for the amfAR New York Gala.
Naomi Campbell Jewel Tone Eyeshadow
Naomi Campbell was in a matchy-matchy mood, rocking purple eyeshadow to go with her dress.
Show Diamond Choker Necklace Looks For:


text:
How to Overcome Vertigo Video
Dr. Purcell and Dr. O'Leary work with a patient to help her overcome vertigo.
Read the full transcript
Browse Most Popular Videos
Copyright © 2005 - 2015 Healthline Networks, Inc. All rights reserved for Healthline. Healthline is for informational purposes and should not be considered medical advice, diagnosis or treatment recommendations. Terms of Use | Privacy Policy


text:
Langelund Apartments
Welcome to Langelund Apartments.
Langelund Apartments is located in a scenic area located in the heart of Jutland. Within walking distance we can offer forest, lake and fishing.
Our apartments and rooms located in an old barn, which was completely renovated from 1999 to 2003. All apartments are modern, the buildings have lost their original charm.
We are a family of 6, who has lived on the farm since 1982. The family consists of Torben and Solveig and children Jesper, Lasse, Melina and Linnea.


text:
With the launch of the SEC Network on Thursday, Aug. 14, at 6 p.m. ET, Gator fans will gain 24/7 coverage of the Southeastern Conference and various Florida Gators' athletic events.
Click here for the original story.
Welcome to SECTalk.com
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Like every other GM right now, Danny Ainge says not to expect a deal
Feb 19, 2013, 5:25 PM EDT
If you only believed the public comments of NBA GMs, no trade was ever going to happen in the NBA. To make sure they have some leverage, they all say nothing is likely to happen. They talk but their not interested.
Danny Ainge is the king of that — he's had some conversations about everyone on the roster in the past few weeks, but in the end he says don't expect a deal.
That's what he told CSNNE.com's A. Sherrod Blakely. And it doesn't feel like he's lying.
"It looks unlikely that anything will be done," said Ainge, the Celtics' president of basketball operations….
Being busy is a given this time of year for Ainge, although there has been more dialogue between the C's and other teams this season than past years.
"We've had injuries," explained Ainge. "We wouldn't have been talking so much if we hadn't had so many injuries."
With Rajon Rondo, Jared Sullinger and Leandro Barbosa out for the season, the Celtics need some more bodies on the roster. Through trade or free agency there will be additions to the Celtics roster. There needs to be.
But big moves — Paul Pierce, Kevin Garnett — those are, to use Ainge's word, "unlikely."
- cantonbound13 - Feb 19, 2013 at 5:50 PM
Rondo for Howard. Do it!
- doublezero74 - Feb 19, 2013 at 6:05 PM
Rondo for Howard is asinine . Why would the lakers trade for an injured player?
- eventhorizon04 - Feb 19, 2013 at 11:05 PM
Also, the Lakers already have Steve Nash signed for 2 more years.
I don't get what the Lakers would want Rondo for – he can't play this year and is unlikely to be at 100% next year.
- ph53knowsall - Feb 19, 2013 at 6:35 PM
Because the Lakers season is over and the team as is, doesn't work. If you think otherwise, you're an idiot. They need to plan for next year and after.
- bknowledge - Feb 19, 2013 at 6:39 PM
Rondo and a couple of these pieces: Green, Sullinger, Bass, and Courtney Lee
for Al Jefferson and Paul Milsap…
- Kurt Helin - Feb 19, 2013 at 7:47 PM
No way the Celtics bring in two bigs in the last year of their deals they have to pay to keep next season.
- badintent - Feb 19, 2013 at 9:07 PM
That was easy !
- thekingdave - Feb 19, 2013 at 6:48 PM
Goes both ways, why would the Celtics trade for an injured player?
- eventhorizon04 - Feb 19, 2013 at 11:06 PM
Because Howard is at least playing in games this season, which is more than can be said about Rondo.
- cameltoehoe - Feb 19, 2013 at 7:30 PM
Worst GM on the NBA, bar none. Would love to slap the smug smile off his face, but I'll leave it up to KG's d***.
- andyhr17 - Feb 20, 2013 at 5:46 AM
I think most teams would take a terrible, awful GM that built the team for deep playoff runs every year, won a championship, and made it to another.
- doublezero74 - Feb 19, 2013 at 11:52 PM
Maybe they can get Lebron for Sullinger?? Stupid trade talk
- doublezero74 - Feb 20, 2013 at 12:00 AM
I'd like to see Bledsoe/jordan for KG and then deal rondo for Millsap and a 1st rd pick when he's healthy again.
- bigwii - Feb 20, 2013 at 1:11 AM
Why would the Celtics trade Rondo for an expiring contract like Howard, or Jefferson when Rondo is under a bargain contract and they can sign those guys in the offseason if they really want them people that are dumb annoy me