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US 5053489 A Abstract A carbohydrate-free polypeptide coded for by a human DNA sequence of 309 nucleotides is immunologically reactive with monoclonal antibody against the human DF3 breast carcinoma-associated antigen. The nucleotide sequence is also useful as a probe to reveal restriction fragment length polymorphisms in human DNA.
Claims(7) 1. A polypeptide that:
(1) is free or substantially free of bound carbohydrate; and (2) includes all or a portion of an amino acid sequence that is coded for by a double stranded DNA molecule containing in one strand a first nucleotide sequence ##STR2## and containing in the other strand a second nucleotide sequence complementary to the first nucleotide sequence. 2. A polypeptide of claim 1 that is free of bound carbohydrate.
3. A polypeptide of claim 2 whose amino acid sequence excludes those amino acid sequences of naturally occurring DF3 antigen that are not included in the amino acid sequence coded for by the human nucleotide sequence depicted in claim 1.
4. A polypeptide of claim 3 that includes all of the amino acid sequence that is coded for by the human nucleotide sequence depicted in claim 1.
5. A polypeptide of claim 1 capable of reacting with anti-DF3 antibody.
6. A polypeptide of claim 1 that was synthesized in a non-human cell.
7. A polypeptide of claim 6 that was synthesized in a prokaryotic cell.
Description This application is a continuation-in-part of application U.S. Ser. No. 149,831 filed Jan. 29, 1988. Women with breast carcinoma tend to have elevated serum levels of a molecular antigenic determinant referred to as the DF3 antigen (DF3). This provides the basis for a currently used diagnostic assay in which samples of a women's serum are reacted with antibodies that bind specifically to DF3 (anti-DF3 antibodies; D. F. Hayes et al, J. Clin. Oncol. 4, 1542-1550; D. F. Hayes et al, J. Clin. Invest. 75, 1671-1678, 1985). The current invention relates to genetically engineered molecules that carry an immunologically active portion of the DF3 antigen; i.e., one that reacts with anti-DF3 antibodies. The molecules can be used to improve the reproducibility of the diagnostic assay. They can also be used as the basis for an alternative, more sensitive assay. In a related invention, individual women can be categorized as to their genetic material that determines the structure of DF3. It has been demonstrated that naturally occurring DF3, that occurring in human breast carcinoma cells or the plasma of patients with breast cancer, is a member of a family of related but not identical high-molecular weight tumor-associated antigens (M. Abe et al, J. Immunol. 139, 257-261, 1987). Naturally occurring DF3 has been partially characterized as a high molecular weight mucin-like glycoprotein (H. Sekine et al., J. Immunol 135, 3610-3615, 1985; M. Abe et al., J. Cell Physiol. 126, 126-132, 1986), a molecule with both a polypeptide component and a carbohydrate component. The polypeptide component is comprised of one or more chains, each consisting of amino acids linked end-to-end in a specific sequence. On the average, it accounts for about 15 percent of the DF3 molecule, there being batch-to-batch variability and, within each batch, molecule-to-molecule variability, in the ratio of polypeptide to carbohydrate. As a result DF3 antigen is a collection of closely related but not necessarily identical molecules having the common property that they react with anti-DF3 antibodies. In human MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells, the antigen consists of two distinct glycoproteins with molecular weights in the range of 330 and 450 kilodaltons (kd), respectively (H. Sekine et al., J. Immunol 135, 3610-3615, 1985; M. Abe et al., J. Cell Physiol. 126, 126-132, 1986). DF3 antigen that circulates in the plasma of patients with breast cancer also has molecular weights ranging from approximately 300 to 450 kd (D. Hayes et al J. Clin. Invest. 75, 1671-1678, 1985). In the currently used diagnostic assay for DF3, interpretation of the results requires that controls involving known amounts of DF3 be run. DF3 isolated from extracts of carcinoma cells is used to calibrate the assay. However, because of the above noted variability in the structure of DF3 antigen from molecule to molecule and from batch to batch, it would be advantageous to have a method of preparing a more reproducible version of the antigen. Improved reproducibility would be achieved if a carbohydrate-free polypeptide, capable of reacting with anti-DF3 antibody could be prepared. Previous work with the naturally occurring version had suggested that the carbohydrate portion of DF3 was essential for reaction with the anti-DF3 antibody. Nevertheless, in the current invention, synthesis of carbohydrate-free polypeptides with an antigenic determinant capable of reacting with anti-DF3 antibody (DF3 polypeptides), was achieved. Furthermore, these DF3 polpeptides can be synthesized in bacteria, which are expected to provide a less costly means of producing it. The ability to synthesize an antigenically active polypeptide in bacteria also provides the basis for an alternative, potentially superior, means of detecting DF3 in human sera. In bacteria, the polypeptide can be synthesized with a higher specific radioactivity than is possible in human cells. It can then be used in a competition assay, one where anti-DF3 antibodies are allowed to react with a mixture of radioactive DF3 polypeptide that was synthesized in bacteria and nonradioactive antigen from the person's serum. This type of assay has been used with the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA; See, for example, February, 1983 package insert for Carcinoembryonic Antigen Radioimmunoassay, Roche Diagnostics, Nutley, New Jersey 07110) the nonradioactive antigen will compete with the radioactive DF3 for antibody binding sites, the diminished binding of radioactivity being an index of the amount of DF3 antigen in the person's serum. This type of assay is expected to be able to detect smaller amounts of antigen in a person's serum than the currently used assay can. In an example of the invention, a DF3 polypeptide was synthesized in the prokaryotic organism, Escherichia coil (E. coli), a bacterium. Although there is still uncertainty as to both the number of polypeptide chains in a naturally occurring DF3 antigen molecule and the size of each chain, it is likely that the synthetic DF3 polypeptide represented less than a complete naturally occurring chain. Incomplete synthesis of an antigen polypeptide chain is a possible result of the procedure used to initially isolate DNA coding for an antigenically active site. First, messenger RNA (mRNA) was isolated from human breast carcinoma cells, which are known to synthesize the antigen. DNA copies of the mRNA were then made. (Failure to isolate intact mRNA molecules or synthesize complete DNA copies are two possible reasons why incomplete synthesis of an antigen chain is ultimately achieved.) Each DNA fragment was then attached to the DNA of a bacterial virus such that, if the fragment contained the ability to direct the synthesis of human DF3 polypeptide, that peptide would be expressed as part of a fused polypeptdie also containing the bacterial polypeptide, beta galactosidase. The resulting population of DNA molecules are distributed among a very large number of bacterial cells by a transfection process. At a subsequent step, each bacterial cell was tested for the ability to direct the synthesis of a polypeptide that would react with anti-DF3 antibody. Prior to completing the test, there was uncertainty as to whether the procedure employed would be successful in generating bacteria capable of making an antigenically active polypeptide: Not only would the polypeptide lack the carbohydrate portion it has in humans, there was an excellent chance that it would be smaller than its intact human form. As it turned out, several bacteria that produced antigenically active polypeptide were found, the one presented in detail here being typical of the group. Regardless of the precise relationship of the E. coli-produced DF3 polypeptide to the naturally occurring one, the results presented above provide the following picture: (1) the polypeptide component of DF3 has antigenic activity in the absence of any carbohydrate component; (2) probably only a portion of the polypeptide (not more than 103 amino acids) is required for antigenic activity; and (3) the antigenically active portion of the DF3 polypeptide retains its antigenic activity when part of a polypeptide that is partly comprised of polypeptide sequences naturally foreign to it. As to this latter point, consider the fact that, in E. coli, the DF3 polypeptide was joined to the 116,000 dalton bacterial polypeptide, beta galactosidase. An advantage of this latter property is that the antigenically active site can be made part of a tyrosine-rich polypeptide, and radioactive iodine can be attached to the tyrosine residues, thereby increasing the specific radioactivity of the antigenic probe for use in the competition diagnostic assay. Electrophoretic mobility patterns of an antigen are a reflection of its structure. The electrophoretic mobility patterns for circulating DF3 antigen are heterogeneous and differ among individuals (D. Hayes et al., J. Clin. Invest. 75, 1671-1678, 1985). Subsequent studies in family members have demonstrated that the electrophoretic mobility pattern of plasma DF3 antigen is genetically determined by codominant expression of multiple alleles at a single locus (D. Hayes et al., Blood, 1988, 71:436). The aforementioned electrophoretic and genetic studies would not, however, make it obvious how one could detect the changes in DNA strucuture. Person-to-person variation in DNA structure of specific genes has been successfully demonstrated for some other genes using the technique of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). In RFLP analysis, one analyzes the size of DNA fragments that carry a particular gene after controlled digestion (by a restriction endonuclease) of that person's DNA. The technique can be used to categorize individuals genetically and also assist in identifying the individual who is the source of a particular tissue or group of body cells. Applicant used RFLP analysis to investigate the size of DNA fragments that carry the gene for the 103-amino acid antigenically active DF3 polypeptide. He discovered that indeed such RFLP analysis reveals variations in DNA structure that correlated with the variations in size of the circulating antigens. Whether there is a correction between a particular DNA structure and a predisposition to breast cancer is unknown. In one aspect, the invention is a polypeptide that: (1) is free or substantially free of bound carbohydrate; and (2) includes all or a portion of the amino acid sequence that is coded for by the human nucleotide sequence of ##STR1## a dot indicating that the nucleotide is identical to the one directly above it in the mode of representation used here; in a related aspect, the polypeptide includes all or a portion of one of the following four amino acid sequences: 1) ALA PRO GLU SER ARG PRO ALA PRO GLY SER THR ALA PRO PRO ALA HIS GLY VAL THR SER, or 2) ALA PRO ASP THR ARG PRO ALA PRO GLY SER THR ALA PRO PRO ALA HIS GLY VAL THR SER, or 3) ALA PRO GLU THR ARG PRO ALA PRO GLY SER THR ALA PRO PRO ALA HIS GLY VAL THR SER, or 4) ALA PRO ASP SER ARG PRO ALA PRO GLY SER THR ALA PRO PRO ALA HIG GLY VAL THR SER where each line of a sequence is read from left to right; of course, both an end-to-end linkage of any two of the amino acid sequences or an end-to-end linkage of two copies of any one of the sequences can be used in the polypeptide. In another aspect, the invention is an antigen that reacts with anti-DF3 antibody and whose polypeptide component wash synthesized in a non-human cell under the direction of a human nucleotide sequence. In another aspect, the invention is a recombinant DNA molecule that codes for a polypeptide capable of reacting with an anti-DF3 antibody; in another aspect, the invention is a prokaryotic organism containing such a recombinant DNA molecule in a form in which it can be expressed to direct the synthesis of a polypeptide that reacts with an anti-DF3 antibody. [A recombinant DNA molecule, in the present application, is one which does not occur in nature until human intervention leads to its construction and which, except for a specific desired nucleotide sequence, is free or substantially free of human DNA.] In another aspect, the invention is a DNA molecule containing the sequence of 309 nucleotides depicted above, said DNA molecule being substantially free of other mammalian DNA. In another aspect, the invention is a process of hybridizing a DNA molecule comprising the sequence of 309 nucleotides depicted above against restriction enzyme generated fragments of human DNA that have been fractionated on the basis of size. In another aspect, the invention is a process which comprises binding an anti-DF3 antibody to a polypeptide which was synthesized in a non-human cell under the direction of a human nucleotide sequence. In a further related aspect, it is a process which comprises binding an antibody to a polypeptide that was synthesized in a nonhuman cell said polypeptide being one that contains all or part of one of the following four amino acid sequences: 1) ALA PRO GLY SER ARG PRO ALA PRO GLY SER THR ALA PRO PRO ALA HIS GLY VAL THR SER, or 2) ALA PRO ASP THR ARG PRO ALA PRO GLY SER THR ALA PRO PRO ALA HIS GLY VAL THR SER, or 3) ALA PRO GLU THR ARG PRO ALA PRO GLY SER THR ALA PRO PRO ALA HIS GLY VAL THR SER, or 4) ALA PRO ASP SER ARG PRO ALA PRO GLY SER THR ALA PRO PRO ALA HIS GLY VAL THR SER. In subgeneric aspects of the above inventions that involve DF3 polypeptides, the entire polypeptide sequence coded for by the human DNA component of pDF3.9 are required and, in other subgeneric aspects, those are the only naturally occurring DF3 sequences present. In additional subgeneric aspects of the above inventions that involve anti-DF3 antibodies, the anti-DF3 antibody of the invention is that produced by hybridoma No. DF3 of the laboratory of Donald W. Kufe, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Mass. (Hybridoma No. DF3 ). FIG. 1: Immunological identification of pDF9.3 encoded recombinant antigen. Lambda gtll and pDF9.3 recombinant phage were used to lysogenize E. coli Y1089. Protein extracts were prepared from the lysogens and 10 μl of the bacterial lysates were electrophoresed in SDS/7.5% polyacrylamide gels, electroblotted onto nitorcellulose and, after the nitrocellulose was blocked with 1% BSA in Tris-buffered saline plus Tween 20, it was incubated with anti-beta-galactosidase antibody (Lane 1) or MAb DF3 (Lane 2). MAb DF3 was also preincubated with 10 ng (Lane 3), 100 ng (Lane 4) and 500 ng (Lane 5) of purified DF3 antigen prior to probing the filters. Antibody binding was detected by an enzyme linked immunoabsorbant assay (the antibody was reacted with goat anti-mouse IgG linked to alkaline phosphates) using nitroblue tetrazolium as substrate and developed with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-nitryl phosphate (Reagents were those of the Protoblot Lambda gt11 Immunoscreening System, Promega Biotec, Madison, Wis.). Several apparent proteolytic breakdown products are noted using the anti-beta-galactosidase antibody. FIG. 2: Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA with the pDF9.3 probe. DNAs (20 μg) from human tumor cell lines were digested to completion with EcoRI (A), PstI (B) and HindIII (C), and electrophoresed in 0.6% agarose gels. The gels were denatured and the DNA fragments transferred to nylong filters. The filters were hybridized with the 32 P-labeled pDF9.3 cDNA insert. The filters were then washed and exposed to x-ray film. FIG. 3: Northern blot analysis with pDF9.3 and immunoblotting with MAb DF3. A. Total cellular RNA (20 μg) from human tumor cell lines was electrophoresed in a 1% agarose/formaldehyde gel, transferred to nitrocellulose and hybridized with the 32 P-labeled pDF9.3 cDNA insert. B. Extracts of the human tumor cells were analyzed by SDS/3-15% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoblotted with MAb DF3, and then reacted with rabbit anti-mouse Ig and 125 I-labeled protein A. FIG. 4: Nucleotide sequence of the pDF9.3 cDNA insert. An oligo (dT) primed cDNA library was prepared from human MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells in lambda gt11 (P. Walter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 82, 7889-7893. 1985). Immunologic screening of the lambda gt11 library was performed as previously described (R. A. Young et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A. 80: 1194-1198, 1983) using affinity purified MAb DF3 (0.25 μg/ml) [D. Kufe et al., Hybridoma 3, 223-232, 1984, describes the isolation of the hybridoma, presently referred to as Hybridoma No. DF3 in the laboratory of Donald W. Kufe, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Mass. The hybridoma was injected into mice, the ascites recovered, and the Mab DF3 antibodies purified by the MAPS II kit of Biorad, Richmond, Calif.] and anti-mouse IgG conjugated with alkaline phosphates (Promega Biotech, Madison, Wis.). Positive plaques were isolated and the phage was further purified to homogeneity by repeated antibody screening. DNA was isolated from MAb DF3 positive recombinant phage, digested with EcoRI and electrophoresed in 1.2% agarose gels containing ethidium bromide to determine the size of the insert. Lysogenization of E. coli Y1089 with phage and induction of fusion protein with isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) were performed as described previously (R. A. Young et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A. 80: 1194-1198, 1983, R. A. Young et al., Science 222: 778-782, 1983). The lysate of IPTG induced lysogen was subjected to electrophoresis in SDS/7.5% polyacrylamide gels (U. K. Laemmli, Nature 227, 680-685, 1970) and transferred to nitrocellulose filters for immunoscreening (W. N. Burnette, Anal. Biochem. 112: 195-203). The human breast carcinoma cell lines (BT-20, T47D, MCF-7, ZR-75-1), an ovarian carcinoma cell line (OV-D) and the HL-60 promyeloctyic leukemia cell line were maintained in exponential phase (M. Abe et al., J. Immunol. 139: 257-261, 1987; E. Friedman et al., Cancer Res. 46, 5189-5194, 1986; E. Sariban et al, Nature 316, 64-66, 1985). BT-20 is ATCC No. HTB, 19, T47D is ATCC NO. HTB 133, MCF-7 is ATCC No. HTB 22, ZR-75-1 is ATCC No. ATC CRL 1500, and HL-60 is ATCC No. ATC CCL 240 at the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md. High molecular weight DNA and total cellular RNA were isolated by the guanidine isothiocyanate/cesium chloride method (L. G. Davis et al., Basic Methods in Molecular Biology, Elseview, N.Y., p. 130-135, 1986). The DNA was digested with EcoRI, PstI or HindIII. The DNA fragments were separated by electrophoresis in 0.6% agarose gels and then transferred to nylong membranes. The prehybridization and hybridization conditions were as described in the Zeta Probe manual (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Richmond, Calif.). The purified RNA (20 μg) was analyzed by electrophoresis in 1% agarose-formaldehyde gels followed by transfer to nitrocellulose paper. The hybridization conditions were as described previously (E. Sariban et al., Nature, 316, 64-66, 1985). The pDF9.3 cDNA probe was labeled with [32 P] dCTP (Amersham, Arlington Heights, Ill.) by the random primer method (A. P. Beinburg et al., Anal. Biochem. 132, 6-13, 1984) to a specific activity of approximately 109 cpm/μg DNA. Cells were suspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.4), 0.2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and aprotinin (0.015 tryspin inhibitor units/ml). the suspensions were sonicated and protein concentration was determined by the Bio-Rad protein assay (Bio-Rad Laboratories). The protein samples (100 μg) were analyzed by electrophoresis in SDS/3-15% gradient polyacrylamide gels and transferred to nitrocellulose paper (H. Towbin et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 4350-4354 1979). The nitrocellulose filters were washed with 5% bovine serum albumin in PBS for 1h at room temperature (25� C.), incubated with MAb DF3 (0.25 μg/ml) for 2h, rabbit anti-mouse Ig for 1h and then 125 I-labeled protein A for 2h. The filters were washed five times, dried and exposed to x-ray film. The 309 bp pDF9.3 cDNA insert was subcloned into the EcoRI site of E. coli phage M13mp8 and M23mp9. The DNA sequence was determined by sequencing both strands via the dideoxy chain termination method (F. Sanger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 5463-5467, 1987) using Klenow fragment DNA polymerase I (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.) and [alpha-35 S]dCTP (Amersham). MAb DF3 was used to screen the lambda gt11 library prepared from MCF-7 cells. Screening of 800,000 plaques yielded three positive clones which were further purified by repeated antibody screenings. Physical mapping showed that each of these recombinant clones contained inserts of similar size and that they had similar restriction maps (data not shown). One clone, designated pDF9.3 was characterized further. A beta-galactosidase fusion protein was prepared by infecting E. coli Y1089 with pDF9.3 and then analyzed by immunoblotting. The lambda gt11 lysogen produced a protein corresponding in molecular weight and antigenicity to beta-galactosidase (FIG. 1, Lane 1). MAB DF3 was unreactive with beta-galactosidase and other antigens present in the bacterial lysate (data not shown). In contrast, the recombinant pDF9.3 lysogen produced a fusion protein with an estimated mass of 126 kd which reacted with both MAb DF3 (FIG. 1, Lane 2) and the anti-beta-galactosidase antibody (data not shown). Competition assays were also performed to further confirm that the epitope expressed by pDF9.3 shares homology with that identified by MAb DF3 on the DF3 glycoprotein. Thus, MAb DF3 was preincubated with purified DF3 antigen (M. Abe et al., J. Immonol. 139: 257-261, 1987) before immunoblot analysis of the pDF9.3 fusion protein. Preincubation of MAb DF3 with increasing amounts of purified DF3 antigen progressively inhibited reactivity of the antibody with the fusion protein (FIG. 1, Lanes 3-5). This finding indicates that the epitope on the fusion protein originates from the same reading frame that codes for the DF3 epitope. Identification of the cDNA was further studied by Southern blot hybridizations using 32 P-labeled pDF9.3 prepared by subcloning the 309 bp insert into the EcoRI site of pUC8. Southern blot analysis of gemonic DNAs from the human tumor cell lines digested with EcoRI, PstI, and HindIII are shown in FIG. 2. Hybridization of the 309 bp cDNA with the EcoRI and PstI DNA digests revealed restriction fragment length polymorphisms. The EcoRI digest yielded two fragments ranging from 7 to 12 kb in size for DNAs from each of the cell lines except BT-20. [In FIG. 2b, for BT-20, a faint band migrated the same distance as the approximately 3.0 kb band from MCF-7 cells.] Similar findings were obtained with the PstI fragments which ranged in size from 3.5 to 6 kb. The single EcoRI and PstI restriction fragments obtained with BT-20 DNA indicates the presence of two alleles of identical size or only a single allele. In contrast to these results, digestion of each of the DNA preparations with HindIII revealed only a single fragment of 23 kb. This finding would correspond to the absence of a HindIII restriction site in the alleles identified by pDF9.3. Total cellulor RNA was prepared from each of the human tumor cell lines and monitored by Northern analysis for transcripts which hybridized to the pDF9.3 probe. A single 4.7 kb mRNA was detectable in BT-20 cells (FIG. 3A). In contrast, cell lines derived from the other breast and ovarian carcinomas expressed two transcripts which ranged in size from approximately 4.1 to 7.1 kb (FIG. 3A). Furthermore, no hybridization was detectable with RNA from HL-60 cells (FIG. 3A). These findings by Northern blot analysis were compared to those obtained by immunoblotting with MAb DF3 and extracts prepared from each of the cell lines. The results indicated concordance in patterns of expression at the RNA and protein levels (FIG. 3B). Thus, BT-20 cells expressed a single transcript and a single DF3 glycoprotein, while the other epithelial cell lines expressed two transcripts and two DF3 antigens. Moreover, HL-60 cells had no detectable RNA and no detectable MAb DF3 reactive species. These findings further suggested that the transcripts detected by Northern analysis code for the DF3 core protein and that the size of these transcripts determines the size of the MAb DF3 reactive glycoproteins. The reactivity of the fusion protein with MAb DF3 indicated that the cDNA insert contained an open reading frame which encodes for the DF3 epitope. The nucleotide sequence of pDF9.3 was found to be highly rich (85%) in GC base pairs (FIG. 4). Moreover, the sequence was found to consist entirely of 60 bp tandem repeats. These repeats were nearly identical with the exception of some transversions (FIG. 4). Furthermore, comparison of the pDF9.3 sequences with that of all genese with known sequences failed to reveal any significant homology. Prokaryotic organisms, especially bacteria, are preferred organisms for expressing the DF3 polypeptide. Many bacterial expression systems are well documented. Techniques for taking a DNA sequence of known nucleotide sequence, such as pDF9.3, and inserting it into a plasmid or other DNA molecule so that its expression can be achieved, and preferably regulated, are well established. Techniques for allowing an antibody to react with an antigen are well documented. Insertion of pDF9.3 into a plasmid can result in the expression of any one of six amino acid sequences, depending on which of its two DNA strands is in the same strand as the controlling plasmid promoter and depending upon which one of the three possible reading frames for pDF9.3 is in phase with the initiation codon for the polypeptide that is fused to the pDF9.3-coded polypeptide. Northern blot analyses, done using RNA with sequences contained in one strand of pDF9.3 and then using RNA with sequences from the complementary pDF9.3 strand, and using RNA from BT-20 cells containing pDF9.3, demonstrated that the RNA strand depicted in FIG. 4 is the one which is transcribed into the RNA that is translated into the DF3 polypeptide. Furthermore, polypeptides that reacted with anti-DF3 antibody were detected in about half of E. coli cells that were infected with lambda gt11 phage containing, at its EcoRI site, pDF9.3 cDNA. As a result, based on known base sequences of lamba gt11, it was deduced that pDF9.3 DNA codes for a polypeptide that is capable of reacting with anti-DF3 antibody and that contains the following four closely related amino acid sequences: 1) ALA PRO FLU SER ARG PRO ALA PRO GLY SER THR ALA PRO PRO ALA HIS GLY VAL THR SER, and 2) ALA PRO ASP THR ARG PRO ALA PRO GLY SER THR ALA PRO PRO ALA HIS GLY VAL THR SER, and 3) ALA PRO GLU THR ARG PRO ALA PRO GLY SER THR ALA PRO PRO ALA HIS GLY VAL SER, and 4) ALA PRO ASP SER ARG PRO ALA PRO GLY SER THR ALA PRO PRO ALA HIS GLY VAL THR SER. It has previously been demonstrated that DF3 antigen in human breast tumors and milk is comprised of mucin-like glycoproteins with molecular weights ranging from 300 to over 450 kd (H. Sekine et al., J. Immunol 135, 3610-3615, 1985; M. Abe et al., J. Cell Physiol. 126, 126-132, 1986). DF3 antigenicity was found to be sensitive to both neuraminidase and proteases (H. Sekine et al., J. Immunol 135, 3610-3615, 1985; M. Abe et al., J. Cell Physiol. 126, 126-132, 1986). These results suggested that sialyl oligosaccharides on a peptide backtone are required for DF3 antigenicity. In the present study, MAb DF3 positive plaques were isolated using a lambda gt11 cDNA library prepared from human MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells. The MFC-7 cells have been previously shown to express DF3 antigen (M. Abe et al., J. Immunol. 139: 257-261, 1987). One of the positive lambda clones (pDF9.3) was further purified and found to produce a beta-galactosidase fusion protein which specifically reacted with MAb DF3. The reactivity of MAb DF3 with plaques from this expression library and the fusion protein indicates that this antibody reacts with the core protein of DF3 antigen. However, DF3 antigenicity has also been shown to be sensitive to neuraminidase (H. Sekine et al., J. Immunol 135, 3510-3615, 1985; M. Abe et al., J. Cell Physiol. 126, 126-132, 1986). Thus, MAb DF3 binding to the protein may be enhanced by the presence of glycosidic linkages. Although patients with breast cancer and certain other carcinomas have higher levels of circulating DF3 antigen, the electrophoretic mobilities of the MAb DF3 reactive species are similar to those in normal subjects (D. Hayes et al., J. Clin. Invest. 75, 1671-1678, 1985;H. Sekine et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 3: 1355-1363, 1985). Indeed, more recent results have indicated that the variation in electrophoretic mobility of circulating DF3 antigen among family members is related to a genetically determined polymorphism (D. Hayes et al.; Blood, 1988, 71:436). The present findings support this genetic polymorphism. Thus, considerable fragment size variation was observed after hybridization of the pDF9.3 probe to EcoRI and PstI restriction digests of DNA from different cell lines. The EcoRI restriction fragments varied from 7 to 12 kb in size and the different cells had only one or two bands. Furthermore, the PstI fragments varied from 3.5 to 6 kb and each DNA preparation similarly yielded one or two bands. In contrast, hybridization of pDF9.3 probe to HindIII DNA digests revealed only one 23 kb band and indicated that this restriction enzyme has digestion sites outside the region identified by this probe. The variation is allele size identified with pDF9.3 correlated with the presence of different sized transcripts. Thus, cells with two restriction fragments in the EcoRI or PstI DNA digests had two different sized mRNAs. In contrast, BT-20 cells had only one detectable restriction fragment in these DNA digests and expressed only one transcript. This relationship also extended to the variation in electrophoretic mobilities of DF3 antigen. BT-20 cells expressed a single MAb DF3 reactive species, while the other epithelial tumor cells expressed two DF3 antigens. Moreoever, HL-60 cells had no detectable transcripts and no detectable DF3 antigen. Taken together, these findings support out previous findings that the heterogeneity of DF3 antigen production is controlled by multiple alleles at a single locus expressed in an autosomal codominant fashion (D. Hayes et al.; Blood, 1987, in press). The nucleotide sequence analysis of pDF9.3 provides a possible explanation for the variability in restriction fragment size and the polymorphic patterns of DF3 expression. In this regard, we have identificed a 309 bp cDNA clone which consists of multiple tandem repeats. These repeats are GC rich and encompass 60 bp. Variation in the size of the DF3 alleles could thus be due to differences in the number of these repeats and occur as a result of unequal crossing-over events. The presence of closely related repeates may also explain the finding that MAb DF3 binds to two or more epitopes in the same DF3 molecules (D. Hayes et al., J. Clin. Invest. 75, 1671-1678, 1985). The total number of these repeats in the full length cDNA, however, requires further investigation. Similar variable tandem repeats have been reported for other genes including those coding for carcinoembryonic antigen (W. Zimmerman et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 2960-2964, 1987), insulin (Q. I. Bell et al., Nature 295: 31-35, 1982), alpha- and beta-globulin (D. R. Higgs et al., Nucleic Acid Res. 9, 4213-4224, 1981; R. A. Spritz, Nucleic Acid Res. 9, 5037-5047, 1981), Epstein Barr virus (S. H. Speck et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 9298-9310, 1986), c-Ha-ras (D. J. Capon et al., Nature 302, 33-37, 1983), and a hypervariable minisatellite family (A. J. Jeffries et al., Nature 314: 67-73, 1985). Furthermore, the human complement receptor (CR1) gene consists of homologous repeats approximately 1.6 kb in size (V. M. Holers et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 2459-2463, 1987). Allelic variants of CR1 differ by 1.6 kb and also correlate with variations in size of both the CR1 transcripts and products (V. M. Holers et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 2459-2463, 1987). The lengths of most internal repeats, however, range between 120 and 300 bp (W. L. Li in Evolution of Genes and Proteins, Eds. M. Nei et al.; Sinaur, Sunderland, Mass. p. 14-37, 1983). Moreover, homology of the internal repeats for many vertebrate proteins ranges between only 20 and 50% (W. L. Li in Evolution of Genes and Proteins. Eds. M. Nei et al., Sinaur, Sunderland, Mass., p. 14-37, 1983). In contrast, the internal repeats identified in the present study exhibit a particularly high degree of homology. This finding could suggest that the DF3 gene solved more recently by duplication of a primordial gene or by exon shuffling. Non-Patent Citations
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Methods of Dealing with Conflict - Part II
November 28, 2008 | Author: PM Hut | Filed under: Conflict Management, People Issues
Methods of Dealing with Conflict - Part II (#2 in the series Methods of Dealing with Conflict)
By Global Knowledge
Various ways for dealing with conflict fall somewhere on two axes: concern for others versus concern for self. Some models are more successful than others. Skilled communicators know when to apply each of these methods and how the various strategies may be used in combination.
Every situation is different and needs to be judged on its own merits. Often, the choice of the approach or method is based upon that which provides a solution and which provides a long-lasting solution versus a temporary fix.
The "My-way" method typically promotes coercion or competition – a difficult dynamic to sustain (becomes "my way or the highway"). In this situation, one side uses their power over the other to force a decision to be made or a solution to be agreed upon. This creates a win-lose situation. It does result in a solution, but it's not the "best" as seen by the "losing" party. The only time this method might be absolutely necessary is during an emergency when a manager must require compliance immediately because of safety or legal reasons.
Still, it is usually better to avoid this strategy, because it often promotes a win-lose attitude. The "No-way," "Avoidance," or "Withdrawal" method often does not result in a solution, making it counterproductive. This occurs when one side will not address the conflict and will instead walk away from the issue, resulting in a lose-lose situation. It is a temporary fix or solution, which only begs the problem to resurface until it is dealt with, either effectively or not. It may be minimally used, however, if you need to buy time to cool off or get additional information.
The "Your-way" or "Accommodation" method is capitulation, but it may be successful if the other side has previously done the same, or if there is no other alternative and the relationship must be sustained. Quite often it is accomplished by downplaying the differences of each side. In this way, the disagreeing members will be more likely to compromise.
The "Half-way" or "Compromising" method can work under the same circumstances as those for "your way". A compromise means that both sides have to give up something in order to find common ground. In this case, neither side totally wins, but neither side totally loses.
A true compromise is possible only when all parties involved attempt to meet all of the parties halfway. This occurs when there is equal concern for others as there is for yourself. Each side gives and each side gets. Everyone gives just enough so all parties end up satisfied.
The downside of compromise stems from the fact that many people see a compromise not as a win-win solution, but as a lose-lose proposition. They either feel they gave too much or did not receive enough, no matter what it was they gave or received during the compromise. The "what" becomes relatively unimportant in these situations, and it is the "how much" that becomes the focus, correctly or incorrectly. What you end up with is an "MUC" – a mutually unacceptable compromise where neither side will be committed to making the proposed solution to the problem actually work. It also faces the danger of one side not getting what it wants (known as the "tyranny of the majority"). A compromise in this manner is seen as a temporary solution.
The power of the "Our-way" or "Collaboration" method is often most successful for long-term results, because it gets the buy-in of everyone who is involved in the outcome, creating a win-win solution. It does, however, require the most time and effort, and that is the reason it may not be employed as often as it should. In theory the Collaboration method works great, but in a real-world situation it may not be feasible. For example, if two children are fighting over an orange, as adults we may be tempted to offer the following solution: simply cut the orange and half. Each child receives half an orange and is told to go away and leave the adults alone. But with this approach, we must go further. Ask each child why they want the orange. Perhaps one child wants the orange because he or she is thirsty, and wants to drink the juice from the fruit. The other child may want the orange in order to obtain the seeds, plant them, and grow additional oranges. Simply splitting the orange between the children would result in only a partial success.
With an "Our way/collaborating" approach, based upon the children's needs, you can accommodate both parties. You must first build consensus within your group about a strategy (both children desire different parts of the orange). Then, make certain that is the best strategy and that you have the time to successfully implement it. One child can remove the seeds as the other presses the fruit to extract the juice. During the process, solicit feedback from everyone (brainstorming can be a useful tool here). Acknowledge disagreement, but focus on the things that everyone can agree on, and stay positive while taking small steps, and you will be successful.
Sometimes the "Our way" method is possible, but at times it is not, such as when there is not enough time to reach a solution. In any case, it always requires a project manager to work harder and dig even deeper in order to understand the "why" of the disagreement.
Confrontation is also known as problem-solving. The word confrontation may sound negative, but in this context it isn't. It means you are simply dealing with and attempting to solve a problem. This can be done in several ways, but all of them require you to begin by researching the facts of the conflict and then making a decision based upon those facts. It is considered to be a win-win technique and one that PMI feels should most often be used by project managers.
This article was originally published in Global Knowledge's Business Brief e-newsletter. Global Knowledge delivers comprehensive hands-on project management, business process, and professional skills training. Visit our online Knowledge Center at www.globalknowledge.com/business for free white papers, webinars, and more.
© Copyright 2008, Global Knowledge. All rights reserved.
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Re: Installing Drill
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>From the best of my knowledge I don't think there is a install script available yet for Drill. I'm sure this is something we will do soon or it can be something you can contribute as well. Tim On Thu, Aug 15, 2013 at 10:28 PM, Arun Soman <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > Hello All, > Can you please give direction on how to install drill in a local cluster > > Thanks in advance. > |


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From basic footbridges made out of fallen tree trunks to the high and mighty Golden Gate, bridges can take all kinds of wonderful and strange forms – some of which don't even look like bridges! The longest, widest, and tallest bridges in the world are featured in this issue, along with some elementary technical info for kids curious about how bridges are built. First, they'll learn about the three main types – beam, arch, and suspension — and how they work, and then they'll also check out some interesting variations, such as movable, seesaw, covered, and cable-stayed bridges (including the most famous one, the Alamillo Bridge in Spain, which looks like a harp).
Following that, a comprehensive of history of bridges, for kids, highlights a 1,400-year-old Chinese one, as well as a Roman aqueduct dating from 19 B.C.. A fascinating section on how the Brooklyn Bridge was built in the late 1800s should give kids some sense of just how arduous and expensive it is to put up these massive structures. Next, kids will see how bridges have also inspired a number of hit songs, books, paintings, and films – like the famous flick Bridge on the River Kwai – which explore both the literal and symbolic meaning of bridges. For kids thinking that engineering might be for them, this issue also shows them that design and construction is not just about crunching numbers – it takes artistry, too!


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Publisher: Samhain Publishing, Ltd. | Date published: 04/11/2006 DescriptionHe found her six feet under and unearthed a passion beyond their wildest dreams. Buried six feet deep is not what Private Investigator Charlene Madison, had expected when she agreed to meet an informant at New Orleans' most famous cemetery. Neither was encountering the devil himself when Devin Leduc rescues her, only to imprison her in his arms. She can't explain her attraction to him, especially once he reveals his secret. After centuries of darkness, Devin has found his light. Charlene makes his body burn with desire, along with his temper when her penchant for justice and her stubborn nature lead her straight into danger. Together they will unmask a killer and discover a love so fulfilling, nothing, not even death, will quench the flames of passion. Product Warnings Warning: This title contains hot, steamy explicit sex, m�nage a trois, and violence told in contemporary, graphic language.


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October 26, 2009 by Core'dinator Filed under Core Teacher Projects
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Tags: Core Essentials, Core'dinations ColorCore Cardstock, Sarah Hodgkinson, Scrapbook Layouts and Projects, Vintage Collection
Fabulous card!
Love this. This inspired me to create some wall art. I wrote about it here and linked back to the original inspiration.
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A novel cyclization product from the polyphosphoric acid catalyzed addition of propanal to limonene
Chandra, Vinesh & Lassak, Erich V. (1991) A novel cyclization product from the polyphosphoric acid catalyzed addition of propanal to limonene. ACGC Chemical Research Communications, 1(1), pp. 6-9.
The polyphosphoric acid catalyzed addition of propanal to limonene yielded a novel bicyclic ether 2,2,6-trimethyl-4-ethyl-3-oxabicyclo[3.3.1]non-6-ene (I). The yield of (I) was significantly increased by carrying out the reaction under nitrogen rather than in air.
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Citation countsare sourced monthly from Scopus and Web of Science® citation databases.
These databases contain citations from different subsets of available publications and different time periods and thus the citation count from each is usually different. Some works are not in either database and no count is displayed. Scopus includes citations from articles published in 1996 onwards, and Web of Science® generally from 1980 onwards.
Citations counts from the Google Scholar™ indexing service can be viewed at the linked Google Scholar™ search.
ID Code: | 53798 |
Item Type: | Journal Article |
Keywords: | limonene, propanal, monoterpenes, 2,2,6-trimethyl-4-ethyl-3-oxabicyclo[3,3,1]non-6-ene, bicyclic ether |
Subjects: | Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification > CHEMICAL SCIENCE (030000) > ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (030500) > Natural Products Chemistry (030502) |
Divisions: | Current > Schools > School of Curriculum Current > QUT Faculties and Divisions > Faculty of Education |
Copyright Owner: | Copyright 1991 Vinesh Chandra & Erich Lassak |
Deposited On: | 24 Sep 2012 09:02 |
Last Modified: | 25 Mar 2013 18:14 |
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Other Hardware and Peripherals Other Apple systems and peripherals discussions including the Apple Watch. |
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I purchased a 30" HD Cinema Display last night at the Apple store and the idiot behind the counter recommended that I purchase a Radeon 9800 Pro (256 meg) video card to support the screen. What he didn't tell me is that there are a select few video cards which will actually run the cinema at quality resolution (beyond 1280x800).
Before knowing what I know now, I went out and purchased a Radeon 9800 Pro only to find that it did NOT support high resolutions (as every person would want when they spend 2,500 for a display). I called so many retailers that I lost count and have talked with several Mac employees, both at various apple stores around here and at Apple Care (3 times). I'm frustrated to the bone after spending an entire day and getting absolutely nowhere. To everyone who owns a 30" cinema display, what video card are you using to support the 2560x1600 resolution and where did you purchase this video card from? Right now, the only 4 cards I know that work properly are: * ATI Radeon 9650 * ATI Radeon X850 XT * NVIDIA GeForce 6800 Ultra DDL * NVIDIA GeForce 6800 GT DDL One of the retailers I called told me that both Nvidia cards were discontinued. Can anyone please confirm this? I'd also like assistance in finding an online retailer who will sell me one of these 4 cards. Thank you VERY much in advance. |
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Mac Specs: iMac 2.4 C2D 10.10.2, iMac 2.16 C2d 10.6.8, Macbook2007 10.8.4, Mac Mini 10.8.4, iPhone 3GS Note 8!!
Check this URL. This card will install in a G4 or G5 Powermac and run the 30" at full resolution and probably is a bit less expensive than some out there.
http://www.anandtech.com/mac/showdoc.aspx?i=2502 That is a review on the card. It's an ATI 9600 PC/Mac AGP card. |
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Read toward the bottom of the page. Says it works with one 30" Apple Display. |
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University of California, Berkeley | |||||
Directory News Site Map Home | |||||
Jepson eFlora: Taxon page
Key to families | Table of families and genera |
Indexes to all accepted names and synonyms: | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | |
Annual, perennial herb, aquatic, (generally fresh to alkaline), glabrous, from rhizomes, tubers, or winter buds. Stem: erect, simple to branched, cylindric to compressed, rooting at lower nodes; nodal glands present or not. Leaf: simple, cauline, alternate or in subopposite pairs; submersed thread-like to round, sessile or petioled; floating present or not, elliptic to ovate, petioled, leathery; sheath open, continuous with petiole or ± free from blade base, generally stipuled, stipules fused and ligule-like or not. Inflorescence: spike, cylindric to spheric, axillary or terminal, generally emergent, peduncled; bracts 0. Flower: inconspicuous, bisexual; perianth parts [0]4, clawed, ± green, limb generally adaxially concave; stamens [2]4, each fused to base of perianth part [or not], filament generally 0 [short, wide], anthers open to outside; pistils [1]4, ovary 1-chambered, ovule 1, attached to chamber base, style 0 or short. Fruit: drupe, generally obovate, sessile. Seed: 1.
3 genera, ± 95 species: worldwide. [Haynes & Hellquist 2000 FNANM 22:47–74] Recently treated elsewhere to include Zannichelliaceae. Ruppia moved to Ruppiaceae. —Scientific Editor: Thomas J. Rosatti.
Unabridged references: [Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 1998 Ann Missouri Bot Gard 85:531–553]
Previous taxon: Monochoria vaginalis
Next taxon: Potamogeton
Citation for the whole project: Jepson Flora Project (eds.) 2013. Jepson eFlora, http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/IJM.html, accessed on Apr 25 2015
Citation for this treatment: [Author of taxon treatment] 2013. Potamogetonaceae, in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=231, accessed on Apr 25 2015
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We encourage links to these pages, but the content may not be downloaded for reposting, repackaging, redistributing, or sale in any form, without written permission from The Jepson Herbarium.


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French, Steven (2009) Shifting to Structures in Physics and Biology: A Prophylactic for Promiscuous Realism. [Preprint]
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Within the philosophy of science, the realism debate has been revitalised by the development of forms of structural realism. These urge a shift in focus from the object oriented ontologies that come and go through the history of science to the structures that remain through theory change. Such views have typically been elaborated in the context of theories of physics and are motivated by, first of all, the presence within such theories of mathematical equations that allow straightforward representation of the relevant structures; and secondly, the implications of such theories for the individuality and identity of putative objects. My aim in this talk is to explore the possibility of extending such views to biological theories. An obvious concern is that within the context of the latter it is typically insisted that we cannot find the kinds of highly mathematised structures that structural realism can point to in physics. I shall indicate how the model-theoretic approach to theories might help allay such concerns. Furthermore, issues of identity and individuality also arise within biology. Thus Dupre has recently noted that there exists a 'General Problem of Biological Individuality' which relates to the issue of how one divides 'massively integrated and interconnected' systems into discrete components. In response Dupre advocates a form of 'Promiscuous Realism' that holds, for example, that there is no unique way of dividing the phylogenetic tree into kinds. Instead I shall urge serious consideration of those aspects of the work of Dupre and others that lean towards a structuralist interpretation. By doing so I hope to suggest possible ways in which a structuralist stance might be extended to biology.
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Item Type: | Preprint |
Keywords: | Structural realism; models; gene identity; biological individuality |
Subjects: | General Issues > Models and Idealization Specific Sciences > Biology General Issues > Realism/Anti-realism |
Depositing User: | Steven French |
Date Deposited: | 06 Jan 2010 |
Last Modified: | 07 Oct 2010 11:19 |
Item ID: | 5080 |
URI: | http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/id/eprint/5080 |
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Rebecca Philadelphia, CA 12/23/2008 12:07:23 AM Yeahhh Preston Casanova!!! I love how they awarded "best dressed" to a naked dog - who's definitely confident and comfortable in "his own skin" :) Preston was my favorite on Greatest American Dog, and I loved watching the relationship bw him and his mom, who clearly puts his healthy and happiness first. I met them @ Puptoberfest- and they were even nice and more beautiful in person! Preston only wears clothing when appropriate... and did you know... his "mohawk" is actually edible... and eco-friendly?! Preston deserves to be top of the list for all the good work he's doing now, to help animals and people. Check him out online @ www.prestonsplanet.com or www.thepawtastics.org!
bertha SAN DIEGO, CA 12/6/2008 9:56:05 AM dogs will be dogs! even thou they have a special place in our hearts they will always be dogs, that is their identity and they are proud of it!!
Anna Maple Grove, MN 12/5/2008 1:43:22 PM Awww, I'm glad Willow won! She deserves it for being a search and rescue dog. :)


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Professional Locksmiths are employed by different businesses in today's world. However, many of them choose to open their own firms and provide services like re-keying and installing locks, when you are locked in or out of something. Some of them also provide mobile services. Several types of locksmithing tools are used nowdays.
In the earlier days, blacksmithing was nothing but the ability to open or close locks without using the original key. Locksmiths use to repair, replace, and rebuild all locks and their mechanical parts. They are made duplicate keys. Most of the professional locksmiths are employed in car workshops. They change the car locks on used cars for safety reasons. They also make master key for multiple locks in the building or on cars. Construction firms also hire professional locksmiths. Here, they install locks in the new building or home, or re-key locks on a renovated one. In addition, they also pick locks on old renovated homes or create master keys for newly constructed homes. There are now professional institutions offering locksmith training and certification. Professional Locksmiths work for the public; therefore, they should be positive, pleasant, and supportive in their approach. They should have mechanical aptitude, good eye-hand co-ordination, excellent eyesight, meticulous accuracy, manual dexterity, the ability to concentrate and neat appearance. Their good reputation would win public's confidence. Locksmiths should be honest, discreet, and implant confidence, as their work involves accountability and public trust. Some Locksmiths work in retail outlets to give advice on security products to the public or work for specialist firms to advise property owners on security issues. Security firms are the biggest employers of locksmiths and they have to constantly design new locks for a security firm or even pick locks during emergencies. Rescue services also employ locksmiths to rescue someone is trapped in a car or building during emergencies when locks have to be picked at once. Professional Locksmiths are in demand these days, as many people have become security conscious and want to install high-class electronic security systems in their house or office. Locksmithing training schools are offering professional locksmith certifications. Professional Locksmith Training Video
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