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Review: Toward an integrated evolutionary understanding of the mammalian placenta. | |
MedLine Citation:
PMID: 21306776 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE |
The placenta is fundamentally important for the success of pregnancy. Disruptions outside the normal range for placental function can result in pregnancy failure and other complications. The anatomy of the placenta varies greatly across mammals, as do key parameters in pregnancy such as neonatal body mass, length of gestation and number of offspring per pregnancy. An accurate understanding of the evolution of the mammalian placenta will require at minimum the integration of anatomical, developmental, physiological, genetic, and epigenetic data. Currently available data suggest that the placenta is a dynamic organ that has evolved rapidly in a lineage specific manner. Examination of the placenta from the perspective of human evolution shows that many anatomical features of the human placenta are relatively conserved. Despite the anatomical conservation of the human placenta there are many recently evolved placenta-specific genes (e.g. CGB, LGALS13, GH2) that are important in the development and function of the human placenta. Other mammalian genomes have also evolved specific suites of placenta-expressed genes. For example, rodents have undergone expansions of the cathepsin and prolactin families, and artiodactyls have expanded their suite of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins. In addition to lineage specific birth and death of gene family members, the pattern of imprinted loci varies greatly among species. Taken together, these studies suggest that a strategy reliant upon the sampling of placentally expressed and imprinted genes from a phylogenetically diverse range of species is appropriate for unraveling the conserved and derived aspects of placental biology. |
D E Wildman |
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Publication Detail:
Type: Journal Article; Review |
Journal Detail:
Title: Placenta Volume: 32 Suppl 2 ISSN: 1532-3102 ISO Abbreviation: Placenta Publication Date: 2011 Mar |
Date Detail:
Created Date: 2011-02-28 Completed Date: 2011-06-07 Revised Date: 2013-06-30 |
Medline Journal Info:
Nlm Unique ID: 8006349 Medline TA: Placenta Country: England |
Other Details:
Languages: eng Pagination: S142-5 Citation Subset: IM |
Copyright Information:
Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier Ltd. |
Center for Molecular Medicine & Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. email@example.com |
Export Citation:
APA/MLA Format Download EndNote Download BibTex |
MeSH Terms | |
Animals Biological Evolution* Female Genomic Imprinting / genetics Humans Mammals / anatomy & histology, physiology* Phylogeny Placenta / anatomy & histology, physiology* Pregnancy |
Grant Support | |
Comments/Corrections |
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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Effect of Nicotinic Acid on Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Obese Subjects (ANITA)
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- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
Our working hypothesis postulates that lipolysis is a determinant of inflammation in adipose tissue (AT). Inhibition of lipolysis, e.g. using the oldest normolipidemic drug, nicotinic acid, has proved valuable to combat the metabolic syndrome. Our proposal will determine whether part of the beneficial effects of this antilipolytic compound is due to a diminution of AT inflammation.
To this aim, the effect of nicotinic acid or placebo will be studied in male obese subjects with or without a training program which goal is to enhance lipolysis.
Condition | Intervention | Phase |
Obesity |
Behavioral: training Drug: nicotinic acid Drug: Placebo |
Phase 2 |
Study Type: | Interventional |
Study Design: | Allocation: Randomized Endpoint Classification: Pharmacodynamics Study Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment Masking: Double Blind (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor) Primary Purpose: Basic Science |
Official Title: | Effect of Nicotinic Acid on Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Obese Subjects |
- Comparison of changes of AT inflammation will be measured by gene expression analysis [ Time Frame: Visit 1(T0), Visit 2 (T+8 weeks of treatment) and Visit 3 (T+16 weeks of treatment) ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
- Comparison of changes in insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance [ Time Frame: Visit 1(T0), Visit 2 (T+8 weeks of treatment) and Visit 3 (T+16 weeks of treatment) ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
Enrollment: | 24 |
Study Start Date: | January 2010 |
Study Completion Date: | June 2012 |
Primary Completion Date: | June 2010 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure) |
Arms | Assigned Interventions |
Placebo Comparator: placebo
for 16 weeks
Behavioral: training
the last 8 weeks, the subjects will follow a training program calculated to optimize use of lipid
Drug: Placebo
Obese subjects will receive nicotinic acid or placebo for 16 weeks
Active Comparator: nicotinic acid
for 16 weeks :
Behavioral: training
the last 8 weeks, the subjects will follow a training program calculated to optimize use of lipid
Drug: nicotinic acid
Obese subjects will receive nicotinic acid or placebo for 16 weeks
Detailed Description:
24 male obese insulin resistant subjects will receive nicotinic acid or placebo for 16 weeks. The last 8 weeks, the subjects will follow a training program calculated to optimize use of lipid. Insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance will be assessed using, respectively, fasting-based estimates of insulin sensitivity (plasma and muscle) and oral glucose tolerance test. Plasma parameters of adipokines and, inflammatory and metabolic parameters will be determined. As an index of AT inflammation, the percentage and the phenotype of macrophages will be determined using flow cytometry of cells of the stromavascular fraction of subcutaneous AT. Macrophage infiltration will be investigated by light microscopy. The characterization of the inflammatory profile of AT will be completed by measurements of the expression of genes that are either specific markers of human AT macrophages or inflammatory and anti-inflammatory adipokines. This combination of approaches has never been carried out during a pharmacological intervention in humans. The following points will be addressed:
- determine the influence of lipolysis on AT inflammation, specifically on macrophage activation and adipokine production.
- examine the causal relationship between adipocyte FA metabolism, AT inflammation and insulin sensitivity.
- establish whether the beneficial effect of antilipolytic drugs may be attributable at least in part to a decrease in AT inflammation.
Ages Eligible for Study: | 25 Years to 45 Years |
Genders Eligible for Study: | Male |
Accepts Healthy Volunteers: | No |
Inclusion Criteria:
- Signature of informed consent form
- Age 25 to 45 year-old
- Male, insulin resistant obese subjects (30<BMI<40 kg/m2),
- Blood arterial pressure<140/90 mmHg
Exclusion Criteria:
- History of cardiovascular disease
- Treatment with drugs which can interfere with cardiovascular system and autonomic nervous system (i.e. beta blockers).
- Treatment with nicotinic acid
- Treatment with fibrates, statins, cholestyramine and ezetimibe
- Treatment with thiazidics
- Fasted hyperglycaemia > 1,26 g/l (Diabetes)
- Triglycerides >5 g/l
- Blood arterial pressure > 140/90 mm Hg
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01083329
France | |
Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Purpan University Toulouse Hospital | |
Toulouse, France, 31059 |
Principal Investigator: | Claire Thalamas | University Toulouse Hospital |
No publications provided by University Hospital, Toulouse
Additional publications automatically indexed to this study by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number):
Responsible Party: | University Hospital, Toulouse |
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: | NCT01083329 History of Changes |
Other Study ID Numbers: | 0816302 |
Study First Received: | February 25, 2010 |
Last Updated: | October 22, 2012 |
Health Authority: | France: Afssaps - Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé (Saint-Denis) |
Keywords provided by University Hospital, Toulouse:
nicotinic acid lipolysis training program adipose tissue inflammation obese |
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Inflammation Pathologic Processes Niacin Niacinamide Nicotinic Acids Antimetabolites Cardiovascular Agents Growth Substances Hypolipidemic Agents |
Lipid Regulating Agents Micronutrients Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action Pharmacologic Actions Physiological Effects of Drugs Therapeutic Uses Vasodilator Agents Vitamin B Complex Vitamins |
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on April 23, 2015


text:
The Samsung I5700 Galaxy Spica is one of the first Android phones in the market with DivX support for videos backed by the DNSe 2.0 sound engine. The Samsung I5700 Galaxy Spica runs on Android v1.5 and uses a TFT screen instead of AMOLED. The Samsung I5700 Galaxy Spica has a dual band 3G connection that can work at a speed up to 3.6 MBps.
The Samsung I5700 Galaxy Spica has rather limited internal memory compared to its costly counterparts; however, the total storage power has been ramped up with the ability to add a 32 GB microSD card. The Samsung I5700 Galaxy Spica has a 3 Megapixel camera that is good enough for capturing images and videos with sufficient clarity.
The Samsung I5700 Galaxy Spica has one big advantage over other android phones. The Samsung I5700 Galaxy Spica has an 800 MHz CPU that makes it the fastest android phone in the world right now. Backed with all other standard features like Wi-Fi, GPS, integration with Google services etc., the Samsung I5700 Galaxy Spica is a phone to own.
The Samsung I5700 Galaxy Spica would appeal just for the DivX support in videos for those who have ever watched video in DivX format. The Samsung I5700 Galaxy Spica has a host of other standard features that are listed in detail under the "specifications" tab in this page.
Length | 115 mm |
Width | 57 mm |
Thickness | 13.2 mm |
Weight | 124 gm |
Internal Memory | 180 MB |
Memory Card Type | microSD |
Extensible Memory | 32 GB |
Battery | Li-ion |
Talk Time | Up to 11 hrs |
Standby Time | Up to 650 hrs |
Capacity | 1500 mAh |
Bluetooth | Available |
Wi-Fi | Available |
3G | Available |
USB Connector | Available |
WAP | Available |
GPRS | Available |
Input Type | Touch Screen |
Display Type | TFT |
Resolution | 320 x 480 pixels |
Speaker | Available |
Type | Megapixel |
MegaPixel | 3.15 |
Music Player | Available |
Video Player | Available |
Music Formats | MP3, WMA, eAAC |
Video Formats | MP4, H.263, H.264, WMV, DivX |
Ringtones | MP3 |
SMS | Available |
MMS | Available |
Available |
1 Year Manufacturer Warranty |
Internet | Available |
Games | Available |
Android OS | Available |
This product ships to India. |
Free Shipping to India. |
Applicable Local Taxes,Octroi charges shall be borne by the customer. |
Product will be delivered for all urban areas serviceable by major courier agencies.For remote / rural areas the product will be sent by local couriers / Indian Speed Post and may take little more time. |
No Deliveries on Sunday and National Holidays. |
Awesome gadget! Go for it guys..
I have this one since SAMSUNG released this in INDIA. I am in love with this gadget. If you are in market for a budget oriented ANDROID phone, I would insist to go for this, trust me, you will not be disappointed at all.


text:
Refuting reports that the government has ordered PSU banks to lower rates, banking secretary DK Mittal told CNBC-TV18 that they have only "advised" PSU banks to "re-look" at their rates which are higher than private banks. Though desired, there is no truth in news doing the rounds public sector banks have been ordered to cut rates after repo rates were slashed by 50 bps on Tuesday. Refuting such report published by a section of the press , banking secretary DK Mittal told CNBC-TV18 that they have only "advised" PSU banks to "re-look" at their rates which are higher than private banks. Below is the edited transcript DK Mittal's interview on CNBC-TV18. Q: There are reports that you have written to bank chairmen asking them to cut interest rates after the repo cut and the CRR cut by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), is that true? A: No, that is not correct. What we have advised banks is to relook at the whole structure of the rates and that is in larger perspective, particularly of retail loans, where the public sector banks are charging higher rates and higher amount than the competitor. But we have suggested them to relook at the whole rate policy that they have in view of the repo and the CRR cut. Q: In case after the review some of them believe there is no case to lower their, for instance, base rates, would that satisfy you? A: Yes 100% because that is commercialism. The lending rates will have to go along with the deposit rates. We will have to track both and each bank has a different kind of a deposit portfolio. So they will have to act inline with the deposit portfolio they have. Q: There is a feeling in the market that perhaps lending rates will be reprised faster than deposits and that could lead to a compression in margins. Do you think margins could be under some kind of pressure if the base rates were to be cut and the repo cut being passed through because deposits are not very high currently? A: I will not say that the scenario is not possible. But that is why the banks will have to take a call as to how they are placed in terms of the deposits, the levels of CASA (current account, savings account) with them and their ability to mobilise CASA. We have suggested banks to take that call instead of reaching a stage where they would not be able to decide on anything. This is important from the economy and banking point of view. Q: You mentioned that lending rates of public sector banks were higher than that of private banks? A: Yes, that is right. Particularly in the case of housing loans which are of Rs 25 lakh and above. Most of the public sector banks, with the exception of the State Bank of India (SBI), lend at rates much higher than the private sector banks and non-banking financial companies (NBFCs). Q: Have you directed PSU banks to lower lending rates? A: No. But we have pointed it out to them because it contained an entire gamut of factors affecting the retail growth such as pricing, procedures, timelines and appraisal pressure. Retail loans is a segment that is reasonably vibrant with lesser risks. ADS BY GOOGLE |
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Mark Tushnet's Thurgood Marshall and the Rule of LawMary L. DudziakEmory University School of Law; Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences September 10, 2008 Quinnipiac Law Review, Vol. 26, p. 711, 2008 USC Law Legal Studies Paper No. 08-22 Abstract: This essay, written for a symposium issue of the Quinnipiac Law Review on the work of Mark Tushnet, takes up Tushnet's writings on Thurgood Marshall. Tushnet's body of scholarship on Marshall includes two books, Making Civil Rights Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1936-1961, and Making Constitutional Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1961-1991; an edited collection: Thurgood Marshall: His Speeches, Writings, Arguments, Opinions and Reminiscences; and many articles and essays. Tushnet follows Marshall from his early career as a civil rights lawyer through his service on the United States Supreme Court, focusing more than other biographers on Thurgood Marshall as a lawyer, and paying particular attention to Marshall's conception of the rule of law. The essay explores Marshall's understanding of the rule of law, bringing in the example of Marshall's confrontation with Kenya's first president, Jomo Kenyatta, in 1963, and the tension between Marshall's embrace of Kenya's new leaders, with whom he worked on Kenya's independence constitution, and his concern about their failure to protect the rights of Kenya's Asian minority. In this episode, the rule of law appears as more than fairness and consistent application of legal principles, but also as a form of politics. This ties Marshall's work in Africa in with the conception of law in Tushnet's broader body of work. Number of Pages in PDF File: 16 Date posted: September 12, 2008Suggested Citation |
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KALW Almanac
Wednesday April 3, 2013
By Joe Burke
- 93rd Day of 2013 / 272 Remaining
- 79 Days Until The First Day of Summer
- Sunrise:6:50
- Sunset:7:35
- 12 Hours 45 Minutes of Daylight
- Moon Rise:2:30am
- Moon Set:1:00pm
- Moon's Phase:43 %
- The Next Full Moon
- April 25 @ 12:59pm
- Full Pink Moon
- Full Sprouting Grass Moon
- Full Egg Moon
- Full Fish Moon
This moon's name came from the herb moss pink, or wild ground phlox, which is one of the earliest widespread flowers of the spring. Other names for this month's celestial body include the Full Sprouting Grass Moon, the Egg Moon, and among coastal tribes the Full Fish Moon, because this was the time that the shad swam upstream to spawn.
- Tides
- High:4:55am/7:11pm
- Low:11:58am
- Rainfall (measured July 1 – June 30)
- This Year:15.77
- Last Year:12.88
- Normal To Date:21.61
- Annual Seasonal Average:23.80
- Holidays
- Tweed Day
- Anniversary - Pony Express Mail Service
- National Chocolate Mousse Day
- Whole Grain Sampling Day
- Mothering Sunday-United Kingdom
- On This Day In …
- 1829 --- James Carrington patented the coffee mill.
- 1860 --- The first Pony Express mail, traveling by horse and rider relay teams, simultaneously leaves St. Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento, California. Ten days later, on April 13, the westbound rider and mail packet completed the approximately 1,800-mile journey and arrived in Sacramento, beating the eastbound packet's arrival in St. Joseph by two days and setting a new standard for speedy mail delivery. Although ultimately short-lived and unprofitable, the Pony Express captivated America's imagination and helped win federal aid for a more economical overland postal system. It also contributed to the economy of the towns on its route and served the mail-service needs of the American West in the days before the telegraph or an efficient transcontinental railroad.The Pony Express debuted at a time before radios and telephones, when California, which achieved statehood in 1850, was still largely cut off from the eastern part of the country. Letters sent from New York to the West Coast traveled by ship, which typically took at least a month, or by stagecoach on the recently established Butterfield Express overland route, which could take from three weeks to many months to arrive. Compared to the snail's pace of the existing delivery methods, the Pony Express' average delivery time of 10 days seemed like lightning speed.
- 1866 --- Rudolph Eickemeyer and G. Osterheld of Yonkers, New York patented a blocking and shaping machine for hats.
- 1882 --- Jesse James, one of America's most notorious outlaws, is shot to death by Robert Ford, a member of his gang who hoped to collect the bounty on Jesse's head. Jesse James, born in Clay County, Missouri, in 1847, joined a Confederate guerrilla band led by William Quantrill at the age of 15. After the war's end in 1865, Jesse, his brother Frank, and brothers Cole, James, and Robert Younger decided to team up and use their military raiding skills for armed robbery. In February 1866, 18-year-old Jesse planned their first target: a bank in Liberty, Missouri. On February 13, Frank James led a group of about a dozen men, including Cole Younger and other former Confederate guerrillas, in the first recorded daylight bank robbery in the United States. They left the bank with $60,000 in gold and silver coins, paper money, and government securities.
- 1933 --- First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt informed newspaper reporters that beer would be served at the White House. This followed the March 22 legislation that legalized "3.2" beer.
- 1948 --- Even the most ardent non-fans of country music can probably name the weekly live show and radio program that is regarded as country music's biggest stage: the Grand Ole Opry, out of Nashville, Tennessee. Yet even many committed country fans are unfamiliar with a program that, during its 1950s heyday, eclipsed even the Opry in terms of its impact on country music itself. From its premiere on this day in 1948 to its final weekly show in 1960, The Lousiana Hayride, out of Shreveport, Louisiana, launched the careers not only of several country-music giants, but also of a young, genre-crossing singer named Elvis Presley, the future King of Rock and Roll. In many ways, The Louisiana Hayride was a straightforward knock-off of the Grand Ole Opry, but with two key differences. While both programs focused on country music and targeted the same geographic area with their 50,000-watt signals, The Louisiana Hayride embraced new artists and new musical innovations that the staunchly traditionalist Grand Ole Opry would never consider. While the Opry would rarely if ever feature a performer who had not yet had a hit record, the Hayride often featured up-and-coming artists who had yet to find an audience. And while the Opry banned the electric guitar, the Hayride embraced the instrument that would help transform one strain of "hillbilly music" into the new, hybrid form called rock and roll.
- 1955 --- The American Civil Liberties Union announces it will defend Allen Ginsberg's book Howl against obscenity charges. The U.S. Customs Department had seized some 520 copies of the book several weeks earlier as the book entered the U.S. from England, where it had been printed. Poet Allen Ginsberg had first read the title poem, Howl, at a poetry reading in the fall of 1956 to enormous acclaim from his fellow Beat poets. The poem's racy language, frank subject matter, and lack of form offended some conservative readers, but to young people in the 1960s, it sounded a call to revolt against convention.
- 1956 --- Elvis Presley performed on "The Milton Berle Show." The show was broadcast live from the aircraft carrier USS Hancock. Elvis played the songs "Heartbreak Hotel," "Money, Honey," and "Blue Suede Shoes."
- 1965 --- Bob Dylan appeared on the pop music charts for the first time. Subterranean Homesick Blues entered the Top 40 at number 39. The song stayed on the charts for eight weeks. Dylan would chart a total of 12 singles on the pop charts between 1965 and 1979. He appeared in the films Don't Look Back, Eat the Document and Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid. He made the film Renaldo and Clara in 1978. Dylan co-starred in the film Hearts of Fire in 1987. He became a member of the Traveling Wilburys and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988. Dylan won the Grammy's Lifetime Achievement Award in 1991.
- 1968 --- Civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his "mountaintop" speech to a rally of striking sanitation workers in Memphis, Tenn., less than 24 hours before he was assassinated.
- 1974 --- The Super Tornado Outbreak. 148 tornadoes in 13 states in 26 hours. The world's largest tornado outbreak in recorded history. It included six F5 tornadoes and 30 F4 tornadoes. The first tornado hit at 1 p.m. and the final tornado hit at 2 a.m. the following morning.
- 1979 --- Jane Byrne became the first female mayor in Chicago.
- 1982 --- The temperature in Lamberton, Minnesota dropped from 78 degrees F to 7 degrees F in 24 hours. The 71 degree drop in temperature is a Minnesota record.
- 1996 --- At his small wilderness cabin near Lincoln, Montana, Theodore John Kaczynski is arrested by FBI agents and accused of being the Unabomber, the elusive terrorist blamed for 16 mail bombs that killed three people and injured 23 during an 18-year period. Kaczynski, born in Chicago in 1942, won a scholarship to study mathematics at Harvard University at age 16. After receiving his Ph.D. from the University of Michigan, he became a professor at the University of California at Berkeley. Although celebrated as a brilliant mathematician, he suffered from persistent social and emotional problems, and in 1969 abruptly ended his promising career at Berkeley. Disillusioned with the world around him, he tried to buy land in the Canadian wilderness but in 1971 settled for a 1.4-acre plot near his brother's home in Montana. For the next 25 years, Kaczynski lived as a hermit, occasionally working odd jobs and traveling but mostly living off his land. He developed a philosophy of radical environmentalism and militant opposition to modern technology, and tried to get academic essays on the subjects published. It was the rejection of one of his papers by two Chicago-area universities in 1978 that may have prompted him to manufacture and deliver his first mail bomb. Indicted on more than a dozen federal charges, he appeared briefly in court in 1996 to plead not guilty to all charges. During the next year and a half, Kaczynski wrangled with his defense attorneys, who wanted to issue an insanity plea against his wishes. Kaczynski wanted to defend what he saw as legitimate political motives in carrying out the attacks, but at the start of the Unabomber trial in January 1998 the judge rejected his requests to acquire a new defense team and represent himself. On January 22, Kaczynski pleaded guilty on all counts and was spared the death penalty. He showed no remorse for his crimes and in May was sentenced to four life sentences plus 30 years.
- Birthdays
- Herb Caen
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- Eddie Murphy
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- Richard Thompson
- David Hyde Peirce
- Jenny Garth
- William Marcy "Boss" Tweed
- Bud Fischer
- Virgil Grissom
- Doris Day
- Jimmy McGriff
- Marsha Mason


text:
Below is the poem entitled Lovers Chant (Cowritten by my love, Rain) which was written by poet Jay Smith. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by Jay Smith
Best Jay Smith Poems
Wind: My head to my pillow, it sings me my song, Rain: With dreams that you and I, together aren't wrong, Wind: Your imaginary voice, I touch your pure skin, Rain: Though dreams are the only time together, our love is within, Wind: Your bedsheets, my arms, caressing you so lightly, Rain: My lips, your throat, kissing you so gently, Wind: Our heartbeats a sync, our bodies a dance, Rain: Moving gracefully in our true romance, Wind: I hold your waist, cherish your skin, Rain: I look into your eyes, get lost within them, Wind: Together we become, one romantic Aether, Rain: True kiss lay upon our lips, as we lay at last together,


text:
Key Ingredient- Peppermint
Published on by Maddy - SkinStore Beauty Expert
Peppermint has been widely used in Eastern and Western medicine to alleviate a variety of different ailments. Peppermint helps to ease pain and also kill bacteria. Its antimicrobial properties make it a key ingredient in products for oily or acne prone skin types. Here are a few peppermint wonders that we can't live without:
Sundari Essential Oil for Oily Skin has a lightweight blend of essential oils that replenishes oily skin without clogging pores. Stimulating peppermint oil cools the skin while rosemary oil works as an astringent to firm and tone. Loaded with vitamins A and E this blend helps to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. The product also helps to regulate oil production within the skin. Peppermint also increases circulation, which purges pores of toxins and debris. With regular use the skin will appear balanced, nourished, and calm.
Cellex-C Betaplex Clear Complexion Masque contains an aromatic blend of essential oils such as peppermint, menthol, rosemary, and Echinacea. Blemish prone skin is soothed and bacteria is kept at bay with a blend of antiseptic peppermint, rosemary and Echinacea. Alpha beta hydroxyl acid (3%) is included to help to slough off dead skin surface cells revealing a radiant smooth complexion.
Decleor Cleansing Gel leaves oily skin squeaky clean and refreshed. Peppermint purifies and rebalances skin without stripping the skin or disrupting its natural pH balance. With continued use blemishes occur less frequently, pores are tightened and shine is reduced.
What's your fave minty marvel? We'd love to hear your comments on our Facebook page!


text:
Date Span: | 1949-1983 |
Creator: | Brown, George W. (1917-1986) |
Extent: | .75 linear foot. |
Collection Number: | RG99.0246 |
Repository: | University of Iowa Archives |
Summary: | Member of faculty, University of Iowa colleges of law and engineering. Transportation safety consultant. |
Access: This collection is open for research.
Use: Copyright restrictions may apply; please consult Special Collections staff for further information.
Acquisition: These papers were transferred to the University of Iowa Libraries after the death of Professor Brown in 1986. Processed by Earl M. Rogers in 1997. Guide posted to the Internet in 2000; updated January 2008.
Preferred Citation: George W. Brown Papers, The University of Iowa Libraries, Iowa City, Iowa.
Repository: | University of Iowa Archives |
Address: | 100 Main Library University of Iowa Libraries Iowa City, IA 52242 |
Phone: | 319-335-5921 |
Curator: | David McCartney |
Email: | firstname.lastname@example.com |
Website: | http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/sc/archives |
"George Wallace Brown was born in Chicago, Illinois, May 28, 1917, and died in Frankfort, Michigan, July 18, 1986. His degrees were B.A., University of Iowa, 1940; M.S. (chemistry), 1942; and Ph.D. (physiology), 1952. Brown was a captain in the U.S. Army during World War II, taught anatomy and civil engineering at the University of Iowa, and was a transportation consultant.
Browse by Series:
Series 1: GENERAL
This collection is indexed under the following subject terms.


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15th May 2012, 10:11 PM | #1 |
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http://www.esafono.it/DOCMONO.pdf is mine Yaqin MC-100B modified that it's ideal for two monoblocks the secondary 4 ohm and 8 ohm are in parallel to increase current
Please download my best audio idea https://www.facebook.com/DiyAudioHiEnd |
15th May 2012, 11:41 PM | #2 | |
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Hey Stee:
Dude you need to look for another supplier or stop going to pick and save for your drugs! Art Quote:
16th May 2012, 07:27 AM | #3 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Nov 2010
Paralleling up the 4R and 8R outputs will not increase current, the primary will see shorted turns so you'll end up with rather less current.
16th May 2012, 10:59 AM | #4 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Mar 2004
Location: Budapest, Hungary
Could you explain how the current feedback works, and why is it better than the conventional voltage feedback? I suppose the source impedance of the preamplifier should be low. |
16th May 2012, 11:50 AM | #5 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: May 2007
I can't see any current feedback, just a resistor added in series with the output. I can see shunt feedback, which will give you an unusually low input impedance - almost certainly unhelpful and it may raise distortion in the source. You could try doing shunt feedback properly, with higher resistance values. There is a small advantage to shunt feedback: it removes common-mode distortion from the input stage, but this is usually so small that it can be ignored.
Paralleling 4 and 8 ohms secondaries is daft - you just use up power heating your copper windings. |
16th May 2012, 01:18 PM | #6 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Nov 2011
Location: Athens
Almost 8K8 input impedance ! too low , you will need a preamp with very low output impedance to drive it .
16th May 2012, 09:07 PM | #7 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Jul 2005
Location: milan
thanks for your contributions
Meanwhile precise that it is not of a proposed
is a change that is playing very well the feedback current functions as a real-time equalizer (shunt power resistor 50W) corrects the defect of natural bass tones However, the input impedance becomes 2K2 the pilot with a V-DAC the parallel between the secondaries is effective for the current delivered really have to reconnect 8 windings (16 wires) I highly recommend it
Please download my best audio idea https://www.facebook.com/DiyAudioHiEnd |
16th May 2012, 10:40 PM | #8 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: May 2007
Sorry, I don't understand. You mention a shunt power resistor but your circuit shows a series resistor. This has nothing to do with shunt feedback.
If your OPT secondary wiring works then it is not as you have described. Paralleling 4 and 8 ohm outputs will fail. However, some OPT (e.g. Sowter) have four identical secondaries which can be wired in different ways to get 1, 4, 9 or 16 ohms. |
16th May 2012, 10:47 PM | #9 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Dec 2011
Taking the feedback from a current-sampling resistor will cause a boost in the voltage response at the bass resonant frequency of most speakers. Since that would be more agreeable with some speakers than others, it might be worth having a pot to vary between current mode and the usual voltage mode (variable damping).
I'd move the coupling caps and bias adjust components to the driver follower grids, then direct drive the output grid stoppers from the follower cathodes which would have the cathode resistors returning to the negative supply. Supporting grid current, that variation would increase the available output power without adding any parts or giving up performance at lower power. A switch on the screens to allow pentode mode would be handy if one ever had the need for the full 75 Watts or so output (100 if plate supply is bumped up to 600V). I like the performance of inverting mode. Then the feedback takes care of hum and noise in the input stage and there are no common-mode issues. I would scale the input/FB values up a bit even though my current gear can drive 2.2K. (the grid is a virtual ground) |
17th May 2012, 05:19 AM | #10 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Jul 2005
Location: milan
easy to try
Like all tube amp owners complain
pressure is always low enough with this arrangement equalizes the system directly on the load current compensating for the response of the whole amp / speaker in real time must give up some power, however, This is why I turned to minimum bias 22mA is a class AB However DF96, some OPT (e.g.this Yaqin) have four identical secondaries in each output 4, 8 ohms which can be wired in parallel I repeat also that the lifting-up of the cathode as internal feedback (with positive signal) should never be used because it introduces emphasis
Please download my best audio idea https://www.facebook.com/DiyAudioHiEnd Last edited by Stee; 17th May 2012 at 05:23 AM. |
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A short latency between radiation exposure from nuclear plants and cancer in young children
Journal of Health Services
March, 2006
Joseph J. Mangano, MPH, MBA
Previous reports document a short latency of cancer onset in young children
exposed to low doses of radioactivity. The Standard Mortality Ratio for cancer
in children dying before age ten rose in the period 6-10 years after the Three
Mile Island and Chernobyl accidents in populations most exposed to fallout.
SMRs near most nuclear power plants were elevated 6-10 years after startup,
particularly for leukemia. Cancer incidence in children under age ten living
near New York and New Jersey nuclear plants increased 4-5 years after increases
in average Strontium-90 in baby teeth, and declined 4-5 years after Sr-90
averages dropped. The assumption that Sr-90 and childhood cancer are correlated
is best supported for a supralinear dose-response, meaning the greatest
per-dose risks are at the lowest doses. Findings document that the very young
are especially susceptible to adverse effects of radiation exposure, even at
relatively low doses.
The latency period between radiation exposure and the onset of cancer has been
documented to be as long as several decades. However, some radiation-induced
cancer occurs after a much shorter period. Perhaps the first evidence of a
short latency was documented in the 1950s, with high rates of thyroid and other
cancers typically within ten years of X-ray irradiation to infants and young
children. (1-3) Leukemia rates among Hiroshima and Nagasaki survivors were
elevated beginning five years after the 1945 bombings, reaching a peak ten
years after. (4-6) Adults treated with therapeutic radiation for ankylosing
spondylitis demonstrated increases in mortality from leukemia within two years,
and prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, and extracranial tumors (each after
five years). (7) Lung cancer after the same treatment became elevated beginning
nine years after exposure. (8) Irradiation treatment for cervical cancer
resulted in elevated pancreatic cancer and leukemia 1-4 years after exposure.
(9-11) Peak levels of bone cancer after injection of Radium-224 occurred eight
years after treatment. (12)
Even at relatively low doses, irradiated adults are at greater risk for cancer just several years after exposure. A peak of chronic myeloid leukemia incidence was observed 6-10 years after Xrays to the back, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys. (13) Mormon families in Utah living directly downwind of atmospheric nuclear weapons tests in Nevada were found to have significantly higher incidence of all cancers combined and certain radiosensitive tumors 7-15 years after the tests began. (14) Four to five years after the Chernobyl accident, thyroid cancer among adults in the Czech Republic and Poland increased. (15-16)
The developing fetus and infant has demonstrated a predisposition to cancer from various types of low-dose radiation exposure within a decade. Pelvic X-rays to pregnant women in the 1950s initially was linked to a near-doubling of the risk of cancer death before age ten. (17-18) Subsequent reports on larger populations confirmed this excess, both for leukemia and other childhood cancers. (19-21)
Elevated levels of radiosensitive cancers in the young shortly after exposure to atmospheric nuclear weapons test fallout have also been documented. Peaks in acute myeloid leukemia deaths in U.S. children age 5-9 occurred in 1962 and 1968, about five years after the peak testing periods of the late 1950s and early 1960s. (22) From 1948-1952 to 1958-1862, the number of Utah residents under age 30 who had their cancerous thyroid gland removed surgically rose from 6 to 30, much faster than the national increase. (23) In five Nordic countries, leukemia incidence in children under age five peaked during the highest periods of fallout from bomb tests. (24)
More recently, an elevation in leukemia diagnosed in the first year of life was seen in children born in 1986 and 1987, just after the accident at Chernobyl, representing a latency period of less than two years between in-utero exposure and diagnosis. These elevations were documented in multiple nations, including Belarus (25), Greece (26), Scotland (27), the U.S. (28), Wales (29), and West Germany (30), plus a grouping of European countries. (31) A latency beginning just four years between the accident at Chernobyl and elevated thyroid cancer rates in children has been reported in Belarus and the Ukraine. (32-34) Rising thyroid cancer incidence in children has also been reported within ten years of the accident in the moderately exposed areas of Belgium (35), East Hungary (36), and northern England (37). While some reports have found no excess in non-thyroid cancers in children irradiated by Chernobyl fallout, elevated rates within ten years of exposure have been documented in the Ukraine (38) and Turkey. (39)
Other reports have found unexpectedly high rates of childhood cancer, often leukemia and typically diagnosed before age ten, near nuclear installations. Early childhood cancer near nuclear plants likely represents effects of exposures in utero and in infancy. In the United Kingdom alone, at least eleven such reports representing different nuclear plants exist. (40-50) Similar results were observed in Canada (51), France (52), Germany (53), and the former Soviet Union. (54) Reports on this topic from the U.S. have been limited to several examining populations near a single facility at least two decades ago. (55-59) Data from a 1990 National Cancer Institute report show that cancer incidence age 0-9 near each of four U.S. reactors exceed the state rate. (60) A recent analysis shows that cancer incidence age 0-9 within 30 miles of each of 14 U.S. plants exceeds the national average for 1988-1997, based on 3669 cases. (61)
The many reports documenting a 5-10 year lag between radiation exposure and childhood cancer onset, plus elevated childhood cancer near nuclear power plants, illustrate the heightened sensitivity of the fetus and infant to toxins. This report will further examine this susceptibility by analyzing temporal trends in childhood cancer in populations exposed to low-dose nuclear power plant emissions 5-10 years after initial exposure.
The first part of this report will analyze changes in childhood cancer
mortality in four U.S. populations exposed to radioactivity from nuclear
reactor emissions. Mortality is used since it is easily available for each U.S.
county for each year from 1979-2002. Deaths to children before age ten are used
due to the heightened sensitivity to the fetus and infant, and the expected
latency of 5-10 years.
Because of the expected brief latency between exposure and disease onset, cancer deaths age 0-9 in the periods 1-5 and 6-10 years after startup (used in the 1990 National Cancer Institute study of 52 U.S. nuclear power plants) can serve as controls and cases, respectively. Temporal changes in the Standard Mortality Ratio (SMR), representing the ratio of observed to expected (local vs. national) rates, will be examined. Significance of differences in observed and expected changes will be tested using a standard z-score test.
The four exposed groups in the study are:
1. Three Mile Island
On March 28, 1979, reactor unit 2 at the Three Mile Island nuclear installation
in Pennsylvania experienced a partial core meltdown from loss of cooling water.
The damaged reactor emitted elevated (but still relatively low) levels of
radioactivity; the total of 14.2 curies of airborne iodine-131 and effluents
(all radioisotopes with a half life of over eight days) was about 400 times
greater than the average annual emissions from the plant to that time. (62) The
majority of fallout from the accident traveled with prevailing winds, in a
north-northeasterly direction, being detected in elevated levels in the
environment in distant locations such as Albany NY (63) and Portland ME. (64)
Cancer mortality for children age 0-9 residing in the 34 contiguous counties north and northeast of Three Mile Island will be studied. (see Appendix 1) Of these, 28 are in Pennsylvania and 6 in New Jersey, and all lie within 130 miles of the plant. SMRs in the period 1979-1983 (1-5 years after the accident) and 1984-1988 (6-10 years after) will be compared. ICD-9 diagnosis codes 140.0 – 239.9 are used to identify all cancers combined, in all four study groups in this report. SMR changes for leukemia (ICD-9 204.0 – 208.9) and all other cancers combined will also be reviewed.
2. Chernobyl
On April 26, 1986, reactor unit 4 experienced at the Chernobyl plant in the
Ukraine experienced a total core meltdown. Fallout from the disaster was
propelled well into the stratosphere and across the globe. In the U.S.,
elevated but relatively low levels of environmental radioactivity were observed
beginning May 5, as precipitation returned fallout to earth. Short lived
radioisotopes remained elevated during the remainder of May and June; and long
lived isotopes did not return to pre-accident levels for another three years.
U.S. government measurements during May and June identified areas of the country that received the greatest levels of Chernobyl fallout. The upper Midwest and Pacific northwest, along with New York City, Washington DC, and Maine, had the highest concentrations of iodine-131 (half life of 8.05 days) in pasteurized milk from May 6 – June 30. (Table 1)
Table 1 |
Site |
No. Samples |
Average I-131* |
Boise ID |
8 |
71.0 |
Average picocuries of iodine-131/liter of pasteurized milk, May 6–June 30
1986 The change in SMR for cancer age 0-9 from the periods 1986-1990 and 1991-1995 (1-5 and 6-10 years after the accident) for 17 states and the District and Columbia will be compared with the remaining U.S. states. In New York, only the New York City area was included, since the average I-131 concentration in Buffalo and Syracuse was 8.0, well below the New York City average (14.0). In California, only the 29 northern counties were included, as I-131 averages for Sacramento and San Francisco (19.6 and 17.2) were well above that for Los Angeles (6.7). See appendix 2 for a list of states and counties studied. |
3. Counties near New Nuclear Plants –
Startup Before 1982
The 1990 study by the National Cancer Institute examined cancer mortality before
and after startup of 52 nuclear power plants. The 1990 report calculated SMRs
for five-year intervals (1-5 years before and after startup, 6-10 years before
and after startup, etc.) for various age groups. This report will examine the
change in SMR from 1-5 years after startup to 6-10 years after startup for
children age 0-9 living near plants. Included will be data from each of the 20
areas near nuclear plants (defined by the 1990 study) with the largest
populations, which account for 89% of annual cancer deaths age 0-9 near the 52
plants. Over 18.3 million persons lived in these counties in 2000 (Table 2).
Table 2 |
Plant |
Startup |
Counties |
Population |
Shippingport |
1957 |
PA, Hancock WV |
214,079 |
Source:Bureau of the Census, 2000 Census of the United States, www.census.gov, State/County quick facts |
4. Counties Near New Nuclear Plants –
Startup Since 1982
Beginning in 1982, a total of 23 U.S. nuclear plants began operations at
installations with no existing nuclear reactors. These were not included in the
1990 study because of the late startup date. For purposes of this report,
proximate areas were defined as those counties situated completely or mostly
within 30 miles of the plant.
Of the areas proximate to these 23 plants, the most populated 14 (with 88% of the childhood cancer deaths a decade after startup) were selected for study. One of these, near the Catwaba plant in South Carolina, was excluded from the analysis, since it lies close to the McGuire plant, which began operations four years before Catawba startup, and is included in the previous analysis. Over 17.5 million Americans lived in counties proximate to these plants in 2000 (Table 3). The SMR for childhood cancer age 0-9 for the periods 1-5 years and 6-10 years after startup will be compared near each plant. If a plant began operations in 1982, the periods 1983-1987 and 1988-1992 will be used.
Table 3 |
Plant |
Startup |
Counties |
Population |
Summer |
1982 |
Chester, Fairfield, Lexington, Newberry, Richland, Union SC |
660,202 |
Susquehanna |
1982 |
Carbon, Columbia, Luzerne, Montour, Schuylkill, Sullivan, Wyoming PA |
645,411 |
Diablo Canyon |
1984 |
San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara CA |
586,028 |
Limerick |
1984 |
Berks, Bucks, Chester, Montgomery, Lehigh PA |
2,466,961 |
Byron |
1985 |
Boone, DeKalab, Ogle, Stephenson,Winnebago (IL), Rock, Walworth WI |
755,250 |
Fermi 2 |
1985 |
Lenawee, Monroe, Washtenaw, Wayne MI |
2,628,892 |
Palo Verde |
1985 |
Maricopa AZ |
3,072,149 |
River Bend |
1985 |
E./W. Baton Rouge, E./W. Feliciana, Pointe Coupee LA, Wilkinson MS |
503,999 |
Waterford |
1985 |
Ascension, Jefferson, LaFourche, Orleans,St. Chas, St. Jas, St. J. the Baptist LA |
1,219,073 |
Perry |
1986 |
Ashtabula, Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake OH |
1,815,112 |
Braidwood |
1987 |
Grundy, Kankakee, Kendall, Will IL |
698,178 |
Harris 1 |
1987 |
Chatham, Durham, Harnett, Lee, Orange, Wake NC |
1,168,781 |
Seabrook |
1990 |
Rockingham, Strafford NH, Essex MA, York ME |
1,299,753 |
Total 13 Areas |
17,529,789 |
Source:Bureau of the Census, 2000 Census of the United States, www.census.gov, State/County quick facts. |
The second part of this report examines the effects of radioactive emissions, as detected in the bodies of children. The average Strontium-90 concentration in baby teeth was measured for over 4,000 American children, most residing near nuclear power plants. The ratio of Sr-90 per gram of calcium at birth in each baby tooth was measured in a radiochemistry laboratory, using a scintillation counting technique.
Average Sr-90 concentrations were analyzed by the birth year of the tooth donor, since much of the Sr-90 uptake in deciduous teeth occurs during pregnancy and early infancy. Temporal trends in Sr-90 averages were compared with trends in cancer incidence for children under age ten in counties near nuclear plants with the largest numbers of teeth. These plants include Suffolk County NY (near the Brookhaven National Laboratories); Monmouth and Ocean Counties NJ (near the Oyster Creek plant); and Putnam, Rockland, and Westchester NY Counties (near the Indian Point plant). The correlation between these two trends will be assessed using a Poisson regression analysis testing the hypothesis that they are related. Linear and quadratic correlations will be tested, using the actual value, square root, and fourth root of Sr-90 averages.
The specific methodology to calculate Sr-90 concentrations for each tooth has been described previously (66) (67). Teeth from Suffolk County were analyzed using a Wallac WDY 1220X Quantulus low-level scintillation spectrometer, while a Perkin-Elmer 1220-003 Quantulus Ultra Low-Level Liquid Scintillation Spectrometer was used for other teeth. In addition, the method used to clean teeth before testing differed between Suffolk and other teeth; a more sophisticated preparation for non-Suffolk teeth, plus use of a different counter, allowed more Sr-90 to be detected. However, results for each area are internally consistent, allowing Sr-90 patterns and trends to be analyzed.
Sr-90 results are compared with cancer incidence diagnosed in children age 0-9 who resided in counties near nuclear plants at the time of diagnosis. Cancer registries from the states of New Jersey and New York provided counts of incident cases, while the U.S. Census Bureau counts and inter-censal estimates for resident population were used. Three-year moving averages, rather than individual years, are used for both Sr-90 and cancer rates, to increase statistical power of the comparison.
1. Three Mile Island
In the 34 downwind (north and northeast) counties closest to of Three Mile
Island, the SMR for cancer in children age 0-9 rose 23.8% (0.87 to 1.08) from
1979-1983 to 1984-1988, the periods 1-5 years and 6-10 years after the
accident. The crude cancer mortality rate age 0-9 in the 34 counties increased
3.6%, compared to a national decline of 16.4%. Because the number of local
deaths in each five-year period (127 and 135) was relatively small, the rise in
SMR is of borderline significance at p<.09. (Table 4) While the SMR for
leukemia fell from 0.95 to 0.88, the ratio for all other cancers combined rose
from 0.83 to 1.17, statistically significant at p<.03.
4 SMR (Deaths) |
Type of Cancer |
1979-1983 |
1984-1988 |
% Change SMR |
All Cancers Combined |
0.87 (127) |
1.08 (135) |
+23.8 |
p<.09 |
Leukemia |
0.95 ( 48) |
0.88 ( 35) |
- 6.8 |
p<.90 |
All Other Cancers |
0.83 ( 79) |
1.17 (100) |
+41.0 |
p<.03 |
Source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, http://wonder.cdc.gov, underlying cause of death. Uses ICD-9 codes 140.0-239.9. |
2. Chernobyl
From 1986-1990 to 1991-1995 (1-5 years and 6-10 years after the accident, the
SMR for cancers age 0-9 in the 18 states with the most fallout from the
Chernobyl accident rose from 0.97 to 1.06, a significant increase (p<.02).
The crude cancer death rate age 0-9 declined 6.6% in the 18 states, compared to
a reduction of 14.0% elsewhere in the U.S. The SMR rise for leukemia (0.90 to
1.01) exceeded that for all other cancers (1.00 to 1.07). Neither increase
achieved statistical significance (p<.10 and p<.13). (Table 5)
5 SMR (Deaths) |
Type of Cancer |
1986-1990 |
1991-1995 |
% Change SMR |
All Cancers Combined |
0.97 (1501) |
1.06 (1466) |
+ 8.7 |
p<.02 |
Leukemia |
0.90 ( 434) |
1.01 ( 422) |
+11.5 |
p<.10 |
All Other Cancers |
1.00 (1067) |
1.07 (1040) |
+ 7.0 |
p<.13 |
Source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, http://wonder.cdc.gov, underlying cause of death. Uses ICD-9 codes 140.0-239.9. |
3. Counties Near Nuclear Plants
(startup before 1982)
The SMR for all cancers in children dying before their 10th birthday in the
most populated 20 areas near nuclear power plants cited in the 1990 National
Cancer Institute report increased for 17 of the 20 areas from 1-5 to 6-10 years
after plant startup. Table 6 shows the total SMR rose from 0.99 to 1.18.
Because of the large number of deaths in each period (587 and 590), the change
was statistically significant at p<.003. Only one of the 20 changes near
individual plants (Shippingport) was statistically significant. The increase in
SMR for leukemia (1.00 to 1.22) exceeded that for all other cancers (0.98 to
1.15). Both increases achieved statistical significance (p<.03 and p<.05,
Table 6 |
Type of Cancer |
1-5 Yrs Aft |
6-10 Yrs Aft |
% Change SMR |
All Cancers Combined |
0.99 (587) |
1.18 (590) |
+19.3 |
p<.003 |
Leukemia |
1.00 (276) |
1.22 (264) |
+22.9 |
p<.03 |
All Other Cancers |
0.98 (311) |
1.15 (326) |
+16.6 |
p<.05 |
All Cancers by Plant |
Shippingport |
0.84 ( 20) |
1.47 ( 29) |
+73.7 |
p<.05 |
Dresden |
1.00 ( 22) |
1.26 ( 26) |
+26.6 |
Yankee Rowe |
0.65 ( 11) |
1.23 ( 17) |
+89.9 |
Indian Point |
0.98 ( 75) |
1.22 ( 79) |
+23.9 |
San Onofre |
1.07 (186) |
1.11 (153) |
+ 3.4 |
Fermi 1 |
0.68 (7) |
1.18 ( 10) |
+73.2 |
Oyster Creek |
1.12 ( 15) |
0.69 ( 8) |
- 38.6 |
Millstone |
1.34 ( 17) |
0.60 ( 5) |
- 55.6 |
Pilgrim |
1.02 ( 19) |
1.10 ( 16) |
+ 8.3 |
Quad Cities |
1.03 ( 11) |
1.48 ( 12) |
+43.3 |
Turkey Point |
0.94 ( 48) |
1.12 ( 49) |
+18.3 |
Zion |
0.74 ( 18) |
1.01 ( 20) |
+36.2 |
Duane Arnold |
1.06 ( 8) |
1.29 ( 8) |
+22.3 |
Rancho Seco |
1.14 ( 44) |
1.43 ( 55) |
+25.1 |
Three Mile Island |
0.87 ( 28) |
1.29 ( 36) |
+47.4 |
Cook |
1.35 ( 9) |
1.54 ( 8) |
+14.1 |
Fort St. Vrain |
0.67 ( 10) |
1.11 ( 16) |
+67.0 |
Salem |
0.79 ( 12) |
1.01 ( 13) |
+27.5 |
Sequoyah |
1.60 ( 13) |
1.51 ( 10) |
- 5.6 |
McGuire |
0.78 ( 14) |
1.16 ( 20) |
+49.2 |
Total |
0.99 (587) |
1.18 (590) |
+19.3 |
Source: National Cancer Institute. Cancer in Populations Near Nuclear Facilities. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990. |
4. Counties Near Nuclear Plants
(startup since 1982)
Table 7 shows that the cancer SMR for age 0-9 in the 13 most populated areas
near nuclear plants started since 1982 rose from 0.92 to 1.05, which is of
borderline significance (p<.08). The ratio rose in 9 of 13 areas near
nuclear plants, declined near three, and was essentially unchanged in another.
The crude rate near the 13 plants fell just 1.6%, compared to larger declines
nationwide. The SMR increase for leukemia (0.85 to 1.04) was roughly double
that of all other cancers (0.96 to 1.06). Neither of these changes achieved
statistical significance (p<.12 and p<.28, respectively).
Table 7 |
Type of Cancer |
1-5 Yrs Aft |
6-10 Yrs Aft |
% Change SMR |
All Cancers Combined |
0.92 (353) |
1.05 (368) |
+14.7 |
p<.08 |
Leukemia |
0.85 (115) |
1.04 (124) |
+21.6 |
p<.12 |
All Other Cancers |
0.96 (238) |
1.06 (244) |
+10.6 |
p<.28 |
All Cancers by Plant |
Summer |
0.95 ( 14) |
0.76 ( 10) |
- 19.8 |
Susquehanna |
0.41 ( 6) |
0.87 ( 11) |
+113.0 |
Diablo Canyon |
0.54 ( 7) |
0.77 ( 10) |
+ 42.9 |
Limerick |
0.76 ( 39) |
0.99 ( 48) |
+ 30.8 |
Byron |
0.59 ( 10) |
1.26 ( 19) |
+112.6 |
Fermi 2 |
0.94 ( 64) |
1.20 ( 73) |
+ 28.2 |
Palo Verde |
1.01 ( 55) |
0.89 ( 49) |
- 11.6 |
River Bend |
0.83 ( 11) |
1.18 ( 13) |
+ 41.7 |
Waterford |
0.69 ( 24) |
0.94 ( 26) |
+ 35.6 |
Perry |
1.10 ( 47) |
1.31 ( 48) |
+ 18.6 |
Braidwood |
0.57 ( 8) |
0.71 ( 10) |
+ 25.3 |
Harris 1 |
1.67 ( 31) |
1.06 ( 19) |
- 36.7 |
Seabrook |
1.37 ( 37) |
1.37 ( 32) |
- 0.3 |
Total |
0.92 (353) |
1.05 (368) |
+ 14.7 |
Source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, available at http://wonder.cdc.gov, underlying cause of death. Uses ICD-9 codes 140.0-239.9. |
5. Strontium-90 Trends and Childhood Cancer Incidence Figures 1, 2, and 3 illustrate the comparisons of average Sr-90 in baby teeth and cancer incidence under age ten near three nuclear plants. Each represents between 10 and 14 three-year periods (moving average) covering persons born in the 1980s and the early 1990s. The analyses include a large number of teeth and cancer cases (453 and 390 for Suffolk County, 167 and 434 for Monmouth and Ocean Counties, and 239 and 371 for Putnam, Rockland, and Westchester Counties). Each of the three indicates a similarity of trends in Sr-90 and childhood cancer with a four-year latency between the two in New York and a five-year latency in New Jersey. For example, the average Sr-90 level in Suffolk County teeth steadily rose from 0.97 to 1.68 picocuries of Sr-90 per gram of calcium, from 1981-1983 to 1984-1986. The rate of Suffolk children 0-9 diagnosed with cancer steadily rose from 1.518 to 2.075 cases per 10,000 persons from 1985-1987 to 1988-1990. The correlation was statistically significant (p<.05) for Monmouth/Ocean and Suffolk Counties, but fell short of significance for Putnam/Rockland/Westchester). It was also significant for all three areas combined, after taking into account that there may be confounding factors. P-values were similar whether the actual value, square root, or fourth root of the Sr-90 measurements was used. However, the quadratic (fourth root) of Sr-90 best fits the assumption that the two variables are related; the Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) is highest or each area when the fourth root is used for Sr-90 (Table 8). |
Table 8 |
Counties |
P-value |
Monmouth/Ocean NJ |
Actual Sr-90 value |
.039 |
1.005 – 1.201 |
1.099 |
Square root of Sr-90 |
.038 |
1.020 – 2.003 |
1.430 |
Fourth root of Sr-90 |
.038 |
1.058 – 6.716 |
2.665 |
Suffolk NY |
Actual Sr-90 value |
.043 |
1.011 – 2.029 |
1.432 |
Square root of Sr-90 |
.049 |
1.002 – 4.908 |
2.218 |
Fourth root of Sr-90 |
.053 |
0.978 – 28.886 |
5.314 |
Putnam/Rockland/Westchester NY |
Actual Sr-90 value |
.704 |
0.912 – 1.146 |
1.022 |
Square root of Sr-90 |
.693 |
0.688 – 1.755 |
1.099 |
Fourth root of Sr-90 |
.688 |
0.346 – 5.029 |
1.316 |
All Areas Combined |
Actual Sr-90 value |
.020 |
1.005 – 1.064 |
1.035 |
Square root of Sr-90 |
.021 |
1.017 – 1.223 |
1.115 |
Fourth root of Sr-90 |
.021 |
1.041 – 1.650 |
1.311 |
The latency period between radiation exposure to the fetus and infant and onset
of cancer has often been documented to be about 5-10 years. This latency
includes various types of radiation exposure (from Xrays, nuclear weapons test
fallout, the Chernobyl accident) and various types of cancer (leukemia, thyroid
cancer, and other malignancies).
In the United States, the issue of whether nuclear reactor operations have affected childhood cancer risk is largely unexamined. This is a pertinent area of study, since atmospheric and subterranean weapons tests ceased in 1963 and 1992, respectively. The 103 U.S. nuclear power reactors now in operation represent nearly one-fourth of the world's total, and include some of the oldest reactors.
This report analyzes cancer mortality in children exposed to radioactivity from nuclear power reactors who died before their tenth birthday. Because the lag between exposure and diagnosis is often 5-10 years, the periods 1-5 years and 6-10 years after initial exposure were compared. Excess cancer deaths among children during the first five years after exposure would not be expected, and thus represent a control group, while an elevated level of cancer deaths 6-10 years after exposure would be expected.
In areas of the U.S. exposed to the greatest levels of fallout from accidents at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl, and areas proximate to newly-started nuclear reactors, increases in the Standard Mortality Ratio 6-10 years after initial exposure in children under age ten were observed. Increases in SMR ranged from 8.7% to 23.8% (see Figure 1); each of these temporal changes achieved or approached statistical significance. For each of the four areas studied other than the area near Three Mile Island, the SMR increase for leukemia exceeded that for all other cancers. SMRs were all less than 1.00 in the period 1-5 years after initial exposure, and were greater than 1.00 in the period 6-10 years after; this indicates that populations with cancer rates below the national average changed to those above the national standard in just a few years.
In addition, the report examines the relationship between temporal trends in-body radioactivity (i.e. Sr-90 in baby teeth at birth) and childhood cancer incidence near three U.S. nuclear installations. For each area, the pattern of childhood cancer increasing 4-5 years after a rise in Sr-90 (and decreasing 4-5 years after a Sr-90 decline) was consistent. While the relationship achieved statistical significance in just two of the three areas, plus all three areas combined, the link between fetal/infant exposures from nuclear plant emissions and cancer in childhood is suggested. Much of the Sr-90 in deciduous teeth for children living near nuclear plants probably represents emissions from the plant that is ingested in air and food. (67)
An important finding in the analysis of Sr-90 and childhood cancer trends is that the quadratic (fourth root) value of Sr-90 in baby teeth provides the highest incidence rate ratio, and thus supports the theory that a quadratic of Sr-90 fits the assumption of a link better than linearity. Thus, the upward supralinear dose-response best describes the relationship between in-body Sr-90 and childhood cancer risk. This relationship indicates that the greatest per-dose risk occurs at the lowest dose levels, which is a critical aspect of understanding health risks of radioactive environmental emissions routinely released from nuclear facilities.
This report represents an in-depth examination of temporal childhood cancer patterns near U.S. nuclear plants. The findings are important in several ways. They support the pattern of a relatively short lag period between exposures early in life and disease onset. The pattern of children exposed to radiation being especially susceptible to leukemia as opposed to other types of cancer is consistent with many earlier findings.
Perhaps the most important aspect of the report is documentation of an apparent childhood cancer risk at relatively low levels of exposure. Many previous studies involved considerably larger doses, including fallout from atomic bomb tests and radiation from the Chernobyl accident. Radioactivity in the U.S. from the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl accidents were considerably less than that in Belarus/Ukraine after Chernobyl. While environmental emissions of fission products from nuclear plants vary, they are typically lower than those involved in major accidents or bomb test fallout.
Results indicate that ongoing exposure to radioactivity may present an increased health risk to infants and children not previously understood. Exposures like Hiroshima and X-rays represent a single dose, while nuclear plant emissions are continuous, and long lived isotopes from Three Mile Island/Chernobyl remained in the U.S. food chain for several years.
The study has limitations that should be addressed in subsequent research efforts. Perhaps the most important of these is the need to continue to improve dose estimates for exposures from nuclear plant emissions; and the need to further explore epidemiological comparisons of health risk. A case-control comparison of in-body doses of radioactivity in children with and without a disease such as cancer living proximate to nuclear facilities would be useful to fill this need. This report isolates only one specific type of cancer (leukemia). It examines only potential effects on young children, not adolescents or adults. It examines patterns of cancer mortality only in the first decade after initial exposure, and not thereafter. Not all increases in SMR, or the correlation between Sr-90 in baby teeth and childhood cancer incidence, are statistically significant.
Despite these shortcomings, the epidemiological findings documented here represent an important contribution to the understanding of radiation risks to the very young. With tens of millions of Americans living proximate to nuclear reactors, more detailed studies should be pursued forthwith.
The author wishes to thank Araceli Busby, PhD, for her assistance with statistical significance testing for this manuscript.
Counties |
Jersey Counties |
2 |
States |
Counties |
California* |
California |
New York |
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18. Stewart A, Webb J, Hewitt D. A survey of childhood malignancies. British Medical Journal 1:1495-1508, 1958.
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20. Bithell JF, Stewart AM. Pre-natal irradiation and childhood malignancy: a review of British data from the Oxford survey. British Journal of Cancer 31:271-287, 1975.
21. Monson RR, MacMahon B. Prenatal x-ray exposure and cancer in children. In Radiation Carcinogenesis: Epidemiology and Biological Significance. Boice JD, and Fraumeni JF, eds. New York: Raven Press, 1984.
22. Archer VE. Association of nuclear fallout with leukemia in the U.S. Archives of Environmental Health 42:263-271, 1987.
23. Weiss ES, Olsen RE, Thompson C, et al. Surgically treated thyroid disease among young people in Utah, 1948-1962. American Journal of Public Health 57(10):1807-1814, 1967.
24. Darby SC, Olsen JH, Doll R, et al. Trends in childhood laukaemia in the Nordic countries in relation to fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing. British Medical Journal 304:1005-1009, 1992.
25. Ivanov E, Tolochko GV, et al. Infant leukemia in Belarus after the Chernobyl accident. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 37:53-55, 1998.
26. Petridou E, Trichopolous D, Dessypris N, et al. Infant leukaemia after in utero exposure to radiation from Chernobyl. Nature 382:352-353, 1996.
27. Gibson BE, Eden OB, Barrett A, et al. Leukaemia in young children in Scotland. Lancet ii:630, 1988.
28. Mangano JJ. Childhood leukaemia in US may have risen due to fallout from Chernobyl. British Medical Journal 314:1200, 1997.
29. Busby C, Scott Cato M. Increases in leukaemia in infants in Wales and Scotland following Chernobyl: evidence for errors in statutory risk estimates. Energy Environment 11:127-139, 2000.
30. Steiner M, BurkhartW, Grosche B, et al. Trends in infant leukaemia in West Germany in relation to in utero exposure due to the Chernobyl accident. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 37:87-93, 1998.
31. Parkin DM, Clayton D, Black RJ, et al. Childhood leukaemia in Europe after Chernobyl: 5 year follow-up. British Journal of Cancer 73:1006-1012, 1996.
32. Karakov VS, Demidchik EP, Astakhova LN. Thyroid cancer after Chernobyl. Nature 359:21, 1992.
33. Likhtarev IA, Sobolev BG, Kairo IA, et al. Thyroid cancer in the Ukraine. Nature 375:365, 1995
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35. Blackburn DJ, Michel LA, Rosiere A, et al. Occurrence of thyroid papillary carcinoma in young patients. A Chernobyl connection? Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 14(5):503-506, 2001.
36. Lukacs GL, Szakall S, Kozma I, et al. Changes in the epidemiological parameters of radiation-induced illnesses in East Hungary 10 years after Chernobyl. Langenbecks Arch Chir Suppl Kongressbd 114:375-377, 1997.
37. Cotterill SJ, Pearce MS, Parker L. Thyroid cancer in children and young adults in the North of England. Is increasing incidence related to the Chernobyl accident? European Journal of Cancer 37(8):945-947, 2001.
38. Noshchenko AG, Zamostyan PV, Bondar OY, et al. Radiation-induced leukemia risk among those aged 0-20 at the time of the Chernobyl accident: a case-control study in the Ukraine. International Journal of Cancer 99(4):609-618, 2002.
39. Gunay U, Meral A, Sevinir B. Pediatric malignancies in Bursa, Turkey. Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology, and Oncology 15(2-4):263-265, 1996.
40. Sharp L, McKiney PA, Black RJ. Incidence of childhood brain and other non-haematopoietic neoplasms near nuclear sites in Scotland, 1975-94. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 56(5):308-314, 1999.
41. Busby C, Cato MS. Death rates from leukaemia are higher than expected in areas around nuclear sites in Berkshire and Oxfordshire. British Medical Journal 315(7103):309, 1997.
42. Black RJ, Sharp L, Harkness EF, et al. Leukaemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: incidence in children and young adults resident in the Dounreay area of Carthness, Scotland in 1968-91. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 48(3):232-236, 1994.
43. Draper GJ, Stiller CA, Cartwright RA, et al. Cancer in Cumbria and in the vicinity of the Sellafield nuclear installation, 1963-90. British Medical Journal 306(6870):89-94, 1993.
44. Goldsmith JR. Nuclear installations and childhood cancer in the UK: mortality and incidence for 0-9 year-old children, 1971-1980. The Science of the Total Environment 127(1-2):13-35, 1992.
45. Kinlen LJ, Hudson CM, Stiller CA. Contacts between adults as evidence for an infective origin of childhood leukaemia: an explanation for the excess near nuclear establishments in west Berkshire? British Journal of Cancer 64(3):549-554, 1991.
46. Ewings PD, Bowie C, Phillips MJ, et al. Incidence of leukemia in young people in the vicinity of Hinkley Point nuclear power station, 1959-86. British Medical Journal 299(6694):289-293, 1989.
47. Cook-Mozaffari PJ, Darby SC, Doll R, et al. Geographical variation in mortality from leukemia and other cancers in England and Wales in relation to proximity to nuclear installations, 1969-78. British Journal of Cancer 59(3):476-485, 1989.
48. Roman E, Beral V, Carpenter L, et al. Childhood leukaemia in the West Berkshire and Basingstoke and North Hampshire District Health Authorities in relation to nuclear establishments in the vicinity. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition) 294(6572):597-602, 1987.
49. Forman D, Cook-Mozaffari P, Darby S, et al. Cancer near nuclear installations. Nature 329(6139):499-505, 1987.
50. Heasman MA, Kemp IW, Urquhart JD, et al. Childhood leukemia in northern Scotland. Lancet 1(8475):266, 1986.
51. McLauthlin JR, Clarke EA, Nishri ED, et al. Childhood leukemia in the vicinity of Canadian nuclear facilities. Cancer Causes and Control 4(1):51-58, 1993.
52. Viel JF, Pobel D, Carre A. Incidence of leukaemia in young people around the La Hague nuclear waste reprocessing plant: a sensitivity analysis. Statistical Medicine 14(21-22):2459-2472, 1995.
53. Hoffmann W, Dieckmann H, Schmitz-Feuerhake I. A cluster of childhood leukemia near a nuclear reactor in northern Germany. Archives of Environmental Health 52(4):275-280, 1997.
54. Zaridze DG, Li N, Men T, et al. Childhood cancer incidence in relation to distance from the former nuclear testing site in Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan. International Journal of Cancer 59(4):471-475, 1994.
55. Johnson CJ. Cancer incidence in an area contaminated with radionuclides near a nuclear installation. Ambio 59(4):471-475, 1981.
56. Hatch MC, Beyea J, Nieves JW, et al. Cancer near the Three Mile Island nuclear plant: radiation emissions. American Journal of Epidemiology 132(3):397-412, 1990.
57. Goldsmith JR. Childhood leukemia mortality before 1970 among populations near two United States nuclear installations. Lancet 1(8641):793, 1989.
58. Enstrom JE. Cancer mortality patterns around the San Onofre nuclear power plant. American Journal of Public Health 73(1):1218, 1983.
59. Johnson CJ. Cancer and infant mortality around a nuclear power plant. American Journal of Public Health 73(10):1218, 1983.
60. Jablon S, Hrubec Z, Boice JD, et al. Cancer in Populations Living Near Nuclear Facilities. National Cancer Institute. NIH Pub. No. 90-874. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990.
61. Mangano JJ, Sherman J, Chang C, et al. Elevated childhood cancer incidence proximate to U.S. nuclear power plants. Archives of Environmental Health 58(2):74-83, 2003.
62. Tichler J, Doty K, Lucadamo K. Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants: annual reports. Upton NY: Brookhaven National Laboratory. NUREG/CR-2907.
63. Wahlen M, Kunz, CO, Matuszek JM, Mahoney WE, Thompson RC. Radioactive plume from the Three Mile Island accident: Xenon-133 in air at a distance of 375 kilometers. Science 207:639-640, 1980.
64. Armentrout C. Report in In Re Three Mile Island Litigation Cases Consolidated II. Civil Actioln No. 1:CV-88-1452. Harrisburg PA, United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania, January 5, 1996.
65. Office of Radiation Programs. Environmental Radiation Data. Quarterly reports. Montgomery AL: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
66. Gould JM, Sternglass EJ, Sherman JD, et al. Strontium-90 in deciduous teeth as a factor in early childhood cancer. International Journal of Health Services 30(3):515-539, 2000.
67. Mangano JJ, Gould JM, Sternglass EJ, Sherman JD, McDonnell W. An unexpected rise in strontium-90 in US deciduous teeth in the 1990s. The Science of the Total Environment 317:37-51, 2003.
Joseph J. Mangano MPH MBA is National Coordinator of the Radiation and Public Health Project, a research group based in New York.
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- An unexpected rise in strontium-90 in US deciduous teeth in the 1990s
- Residence near power lines and mortality from neurodegenerative diseases: Longitudinal study of the Swiss population
- Should Turkey Point Be Abandoned?
- Exposure to Magnetic Fields and Survival after Diagnosis of Childhood Leukemia: A German Cohort Study
- Extremely low-frequency magnetic fields and health effects: literature review


text:
This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2008) |
corporation | |
Industry | computer and video game industry |
Founded | 2004 |
Headquarters | Atlanta, Georgia |
Key people
Christopher Klaus (Founder/CEO) Greg Frame (Co-founder/CGO)[1] |
Products | Virtual World, MMOG Platform |
Website | www |
Kaneva, LLC is a privately owned Atlanta-based company founded in 2004 by Christopher Klaus and Greg Frame. Kaneva is a 3D Virtual World that supports 2D web browsing, social networking and shared media.
In 2004 Kaneva worked with Georgia's Department of Economic Development to draft a new law that would promote video game development in Georgia. It passed in 2004.[2]
Kaneva was originally founded to develop a massively multi-player online game (MMOG). In late 2004, Kaneva released the first version of the Kaneva Game Platform.[3]
Kaneva later decided to use its own technology to develop a virtual world that combined video sharing, social networking and 3D environments. In 2005, Kaneva started development on the Virtual World of Kaneva, the company's flagship product.[4] The Virtual World of Kaneva was released into beta in mid-2006.
A new site was created in April 2006 to allow the community of game developers to collaborate on their Kaneva Game Platform projects. This site was named the Kaneva Elite Developers Site.
The Elite Developers program was later discontinued with their source code release in November 2009. The source code is hidden but still available to everyone on the resources page at in their developer web site.[5]
In the first quarter of 2010 Kaneva released their Kaneva 3D Applications and their 3D App Game Developer Program.[6] Kaneva shifted from featured MMO development to smaller scale 3D application development which closely mirrors the very popular Facebook applications.
As of June 2010, Kaneva had over five million members. However, no information has been disclosed on how many 3D Applications are in development.
Kaneva has several competitors, including Smallworlds, Entropia Universe, Utherverse, IMVU, Active Worlds, Second Life and Twinity.
- ^ "Kaneva website - "Leadership"". Kaneva. Retrieved 2007-01-25.
- ^ Jana, Reena; McConnon, Aili (April 13, 2007). "Digital Suburbia". Businessweek.com. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
- ^ Gonzalez, Nick (March 16, 2007). "Kaneva: A Place for (3D) Friends". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
- ^ Lowensohn, Josh (February 7, 2007). "Kaneva: MySpace + Second Life mash-up". Webware.com. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
- ^ Kaneva Downloads
- ^ 3D App Game Developer Program


text:
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Succeed Your Way-- And Live the Life You Want-- With the 19 Essential Secrets of Entrepreneurship
You Call the Shots
Succeed Your Way-- And Live the Life You Want-- With the 19 Essential Secrets of Entrepreneurship
What about the risks? Don't you need lots of money? Don't most start-ups fail? Johnson shares his essential secrets to entrepreneurial success that show you how he got into the life at very low risk, and, with very little money, took an idea that excited him and ran with it, achieving great success and satisfaction with businesses he loved. He didn't have an MBA; he didn't even have a college degree. But he had learned the simple yet vital secrets he reveals.
Cameron Johnson is a seriously happy entrepreneur who started his first business when he was nine with $50 and a home computer. Before he'd turned twenty-one he'd started twelve successful businesses and was offered $10 million in venture capital to grow his hot Web company CertificateSwap.com -- praised by Entrepreneur magazine as one of the Web businesses helping the tech industry get its groove back -- even bigger. He has never taken out a loan or racked up any debt, and every one of his businesses has been highly profitable -- so profitable that he made his first million before graduating from high school, and he's put away enough cash so that he could retire today. But that's the last thing on earth he'd want to do; he's much too happy starting up new companies.
Through the story of his own impressive career so far, in You Call the Shots, Johnson takes you behind the scenes of entrepreneurial success and empowers you to hit the ground running with your own great business idea, no matter how young you are or how little money you have to invest.
- Free Press |
- 224 pages |
- January 2007


text:
Thank you to everyone who had their picture taken with the library's 25′ Libby balloon! It was a great time! Checkout all of the pictures on our facebook page.
April eConnections – Davenport Public Library's Electronic Newsletter
How to checkout and download an e-book!
Did you receive an e-reader, tablet, or computer this holiday season or decide to buy one for yourself? Are you considering purchasing one in 2012? Then look no further to hear about one of the fastest-growing trends in America, e-books, and how to download them for free!
How to download an e-book! from Davenport Public Library on Vimeo.
Let's start with the basics. What exactly is an e-book (electronic book)? According to the Wall Street Journal, "an electronic book (also e-book, ebook, digital book) is a text- and image-based publication in digital form produced on, published by, and readable on computers or other digital devices." If you are thinking about buying an e-reader or tablet, make sure to do your research! There are many different types and brands on the market, and some can do much more than display e-books. So before you spend the money, know what you want. The Davenport library has resources to help!
Once you have your e-book reading device, decide where to go to download books. Like the variety of reading devices, e-books can be downloaded from a multitude of outlets. The popularity of e-readers and other portable electronic reading devices has caused the popularity of e-books to soar, making them readily available almost anywhere online. According to a news story done by WKRG-TV news reporter Lauren Styler, "as we reported earlier in June, Amazon.com is now selling more e-books than paper books." She also reported at a later date, "researcher Mark Mahaney predicts that eBooks will surpass printed book sales altogether within three years." This popularity has also caused the price of e-books to increase. Some e-books now cost almost as much as the same printed copy, making e-books an expensive commodity if you're not careful.
However, you don't need to spend a lot of money to download e-books. As a matter of fact, you don't have to spend any money at all. Just like you can check out books at your local library for free, you can also check-out e-books online from your library for free. Libraries across the country, including local Quad-City libraries, offer downloadable e-books for checkout. How do you check out an e-book online? First, know what type of device you have. Second, download and install the free software, which can be accessed through our website at www.davenportlibrary.com, click on downloadable e-books, WILBOR, and then the quick start guide. It will walk you through the step-by-step process which is as easy as 1-2-3! You can also scan the QR code in our ad or from our website, where our reference librarian will walk you through the process.
For more information, please contact the Davenport Public Library's reference department at 563-326-7832.
Happy reading!
Banned Books Week Reading by Whoopie Goldberg
Here is a reading by Whoopie Goldberg from one of Shel Silversteins books.
Why do you feel Silverstein's books are banned or challenged?
This video was provided by the American Library Association.
USPTO Names the Davenport Public Library to Support Intellectual Property Information Needs of Inventors and Entrepreneurs
First Center Focused on Electronic Access and Training for Patent and Trademark Information in the Nation
WASHINGTON – The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) today announced the designation of Iowa's Davenport Public Library as a Patent and Trademark Resource Center (PTRC). As the 81st library in the nationwide network, Davenport marks Iowa's return to the PTRC program and serves as the first center in the nation geared away from the "paper depository" concept towards electronic access and training for patent and trademark information.
Replacing the State Library of Iowa, the former PTRC for the state, the Davenport Public Library will provide a place for Iowans to access patent and trademark information with the help of USPTO trained librarians. USPTO's Patent and Trademark Resource Center – formerly known as the Patent and Trademark Depository Library Program (PTDL) – is a nationwide network of public, state, special and academic libraries authorized to disseminate patent and trademark information and to support inventors, intellectual property attorneys/agents, business people, researchers, entrepreneurs, students, historians and the general public who are not able to come to USPTO's offices in Alexandria, Virginia.
Services at the libraries are free and include assistance in using patent and trademark information, training on USPTO databases and hosting public seminars on intellectual property topics for novice and experienced innovators. A list of the current PTRC libraries can be found on the USPTO website at www.uspto.gov/go/ptdl.
The all electronic Patent and Trademark Resource Center will open to the public and celebrate its grand opening on Thursday, September 8, 2011. There will be a ribbon cutting at 10 a.m. at the entrance to the Main Library, 321 Main Street. Mayor Bill Gluba, the Quad-Cities Chamber of Commerce, and other elected officials will be on hand to celebrate the opening. Training with Tom Turner from the USPTO will be from 10:30 a.m. until 2 p.m. Members of a panel of local resources who work specifically in the patent, trademark and intellectual properties realm will begin at 2 p.m. If you wish to participate in the training on Thursday, September 8, please R.S.V.P. to Karen Neal at 563.326.7841.
The Patent and Trademark Resource Center (PTRC) program began in 1871 when federal law first provided for the distribution of printed patents to libraries for use by the public. A list of all the current libraries can be found on USPTO's website at www.uspto.gov/products/library/ptdl/locations/index.jsp.
To stay current with the USPTO, subscribe to regular e-mail updates at www.uspto.gov/subscribe.


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