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US 6821116 B2 Résumé The invention relates to a system and method for scanning a plurality of teeth and gums in a patient's mouth. The system includes a mouthpiece, a camera that fits in the mouthpiece, and an electronic storage medium. The camera can move in an arc within the mouthpiece to preferably scan the entire mouth of the patient and is preferably connected to or includes a CD, DVD, a computer hard drive, or electronic diskette to save the image for later use. The image can then be compared to a patient's prior image or compared to a dental standard to determine the patient's dental health and cosmetic characteristics.
Revendications(22) 1. An apparatus for scanning an oral environment of a patient, comprising:
a mouthpiece;
a scanning device disposed within the mouthpiece and capable of moving within the mouthpiece to simultaneously capture one or more images from both an upper portion and a lower portion of the oral environment; and
an electronic storage device for storing each image of the oral environment, the storage device being connected to the scanning device.
2. The apparatus of
3. The apparatus of
4. The apparatus of
5. The apparatus of
6. The apparatus of
7. The apparatus of
8. The apparatus of
9. The apparatus of
10. The apparatus of
11. An apparatus for obtaining and manipulating electronic images of a plurality of a patient's teeth which comprises:
a mouthpiece;
a scanning device disposed within the mouthpiece and capable of moving within the mouthpiece to simultaneously scan a plurality of both upper and lower teeth to provide one or more electronic images that includes the dental characteristic of gingival color, gingival height, tooth color, tooth height, and tooth width of each tooth of the plurality of teeth; and
an electronic storage device for storing each image of the oral environment, the storage device being electronically connected to the scanning device.
12. The apparatus of
13. The apparatus of
14. The apparatus of
15. The apparatus of
16. The apparatus of
17. The apparatus of
18. The apparatus of
19. The apparatus of
the gingival color and gingival height of each tooth with a prior electronic image of the same.
20. The apparatus of
21. The apparatus of
22. The apparatus of
Description The invention relates to methods and devices for scanning an oral environment. More specifically, the invention relates to a computer-based system for scanning and analyzing images of the mouth for storage and comparison to known images and prior images of the same patient. There has been as shift in recent years in dentistry from a philosophy of drilling and filling teeth to one of prevention and cosmetics. Many serious dental health problems can be treated or prevented if detected early. Such detection relates to the appearance and color of the teeth and gums. Due to concerns about the visual appearance of their teeth, many people also undergo clinical procedures to enhance their smiles or to correct certain defects. Such clinical or cosmetic procedures of this type generally involve the modification of tooth shape, alignment, and color. The appearance, i.e., color and texture, of the gums provides an indication about a patient's dental health. If the gums are red or swollen, this may indicate the onset of gingivitis or other gum disease. Dental professionals (e.g., dentists, hygienists) presently "eyeball" the teeth and gums to determine whether or not there are any health issues. The dental professional may record on the patient's chart that the gums appear "pink" or "red."At the patient's next visit, the dental professional may notice that the gums still appear red, or that they appear more red or pink. It is difficult, however, to determine whether the color or visible texture of the gums has changed, e.g., are the gums more or less red than the previous visit, or are they different in some other way. The dental professional may have seen numerous patients since a particular patient's last examination and may not remember the precise color of the gums of the particular patient. This is made further difficult because the gum color is usually a shade of pink or red and descriptions are subjective. As a person ages or as disease progresses, the gum tissue will often recede from the teeth. This condition may result in bone loss. The level of the gum-line can also indicate whether the gums, the tooth, or even the underlying bones are healthy, especially when compared to the previous level of the gum-line to determine whether it has receded. The dental professional may attempt to measure the level of the gum lines with a measuring device placed along the tooth structure. Gingival height is typically measured from the incisal edge of the tooth to the gum tissue. This technique is very imprecise for measuring as different dental professionals may measure slightly differently, and the same dental professional may even measure slightly differently on different days from different spots. This makes comparison to a standard or to the patient's previous measurement inaccurate or difficult at best. There is also a trend in dentistry in that many patients desire cosmetic treatments to modify tooth alignment, size, and color. It may be necessary to reduce the tooth size or to increase the size with porcelain laminate veneer. The existing protocol for these procedures requires the dental professional to take an impression of the patient's teeth and construct a replica of the teeth from the impression. The dental professional then measures the replica using a ruler or similar device to get the size of the teeth and their position and relationship to each other. The dental professional must then perform calculations to determine the proper treatment. While certainly better than an "eyeballing" technique, this procedure still lacks precision. Each dental professional may measure the teeth in a slightly different way, so that the data are not reproducible when the patient visits different dental professionals. Other sources of potential error include faulty or out-dated equipment. Patients may also desire to change the shade of their teeth, generally by whitening or otherwise brightening them. A necessary first step in this regard is to determine the shade of the existing teeth. The goal may be to whiten all of the teeth to a certain predetermined shade, or it may be to match the shades of some of the teeth to the others. Currently, the dental professional will utilize a standardized shade guide, such as VITA™, BIOFORM™, and CHROMASCOP™. These guides are generally used in a rudimentary fashion. The guide itself is a plastic plate with color tabs that are shaped like teeth. The dental professional holds one or more of the tabs up to the patient's tooth and visually determines the closest match. There is a great deal of subjectivity involved in such a measurement and the dental professional may not be sufficiently skilled or qualified for the task. The lighting and ambient light in the room can also affect selection of the tooth shade. The current method of recording these data is that the dental professional typically writes his findings on the patient's chart. Not only does this method present the problems of subjectivity of the measurement and difficulty in comparing one visit with the next, the lack of precision of language can present challenges for the dentists and their assistants. This is especially true if a patient sees a different dentist or a different hygienist is reading the chart for a subsequent examination. This is not a problem with certain measurements, such as x-rays, that are kept in the patient's file and can be read by any dental professional without the need for remembering and interpreting prior subjective measurements and imprecise language. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,766,006, 5,961,324, 6,132,210, 6,206,691, and 6,210,159 disclose systems and methods for determining tooth shades by comparing those shades to standard shades. This information can be used to more accurately determine a patient's tooth shade and correlate this to the standard for changing the shade of the tooth. The systems and methods of these patents are generally intended for use in connection with the restoration of a single tooth, rather than for monitoring the patient's entire mouth. Thus, there is a need for a system for obtaining dental information from a patient wherein reliable, reproducible information is obtained regarding the color and orientation of the patient's teeth, as well as the color and position of the patient's gums with respect to the teeth, and for saving the data in a format from which they may be readily retrieved and used in the future. There is also a need to use these data for comparison to standardized guides for tooth and gum health, as well as for tooth size, shape, shade, and other information. The present invention provides these and other features in a manner which is not heretofore known in the art. The invention relates to an apparatus for scanning an oral environment including a mouthpiece, a scanning device disposed within the mouthpiece for capturing one or more images of the oral environment, and an electronic storage device for storing each image of the oral environment. The storage device is connected to the scanning device, which will preferably include a camera capable of moving within the mouthpiece. The device may further include one or more mirrors slidably or rotatably attached to the mouthpiece to redirect images at various angles into the scanning device. The electronic storage device preferably includes a CD, a DVD, digital tape, a computer hard drive, a flash card, a smart card, or an electronic diskette. In another embodiment, the electronic storage captures each image for storage on photographic paper or negative. For this embodiment, the storage device comprises a computer and associated printer. The mouthpiece includes a tab for a patient having teeth to bite on to temporarily hold the apparatus adjacent the patient's teeth. A track is typically included in the mouthpiece on which the scanning device moves. The apparatus may also include a monitor to display the captured image. The invention also relates to a method of obtaining and manipulating an electronic image of a plurality of a patient's teeth including scanning the plurality of teeth to provide a first electronic image that includes at least one dental characteristic of gingival color, gingival height, tooth color, tooth height, or tooth width of each tooth of the plurality of teeth, and transferring the first electronic image to an electronic storage device. The method may further include scanning the plurality of teeth to provide a second electronic image that includes at least one dental characteristic of gingival color, gingival height, tooth color, tooth height, and tooth width of each tooth of the plurality of teeth and comparing the at least one dental characteristic of the second electronic image to that at least one dental characteristic of the first electronic image. The method may further include comparing the dental characteristic of the teeth of the first electronic image with the same dental characteristic in a dental standard image. Preferably, these comparisons are performed electronically. The method may also include calculating the ratios of the widths of at least two of the plurality of teeth in the first electronic image with respect to each other. The method may also include matching the tooth color of at least one tooth of the first electronic image to the color of an adjacent or contra-lateral tooth to facilitate restoration of the at least one tooth. In anther embodiment, the method also includes scanning a preparation to determine the color of the preparation and provide a second electronic image and matching the color of the preparation in the second electronic image to the tooth color of the first electronic image. Preferably, the scanning is performed by a camera and the electronic storage device includes a CD, a DVD, digital tape, a computer hard drive, a flash card, a smart card, or an electronic diskette. Preferably, the image may be displayed on a monitor and the displaying is concurrent with the transferring to the electronic storage device. The invention will be better understood in relation to the attached drawings illustrating preferred embodiments, wherein: FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of the invention; and FIG. 2 shows a partial cross-sectional view of the invention in place in a patient's mouth. The invention relates to a system and method for simultaneously scanning at least two teeth of a patient. Preferably, the scan will encompass at least the smile of the patient, i.e., the visible zone of the teeth, the front 8 upper teeth and the front 8 lower teeth. More preferably, the scan will encompass the entire upper or lower mouth of the patient, or both. The image should more preferably capture both the lower and upper teeth in a single scan. Cameras that may be adapted for use according to the present invention are commercially available from companies such as Sony Corporation of Tokyo, Japan, which capture electronic images on recordable CDs. Referring to the drawings, the device 1 includes a camera 8 fit into or formed into a mouthpiece 3 that fits inside the patient's mouth. The mouthpiece 3 may include one or more tabs 4 for the patient to bite on to secure the mouthpiece 3 in place. The camera 8 can then move along a track 6 and scan back and forth in an arc, around the length of the mouthpiece 3 and across the buccal side of the patient's teeth. In this way, the camera 8 can capture the image of the teeth and gums. The device 1 may alternatively include mirrors that move within the mouth around the camera lens to help to capture images of the teeth and gums that the camera 8 could not otherwise scan or to capture a full can of the mouth. In one embodiment, the camera is stable within the mouthpiece, while the mirrors move along the track 6. In one embodiment, the image is stored on CD or other electronic media housed in the camera for later use. Alternatively, an electrical cord 2 connects the camera 8 to an electronic storage device, discussed below. The camera can be secured at the end of a tab and rotates on its axis as it scans the teeth. The camera may operate in low ambient light or may include one or more light sources to facilitate a sharp image. The light source may be any suitable source known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The source may be suitable for the camera to be used to scan the lingual side of the patient's teeth, as well as the lingual gums, if desired. For example, a small bulb can be attached to the tab away from the bite surfaces thereof. Alternatively, the light source can be mounted on the camera housing. The mouthpiece may be made of rubber, plastic, or any other suitable materials known to those of ordinary skill in the art that are safe for use in the patient's mouth. It should be substantially rigid so as to help protect the scanning device. The mouthpiece may optionally include a positioning guide to ensure that the device is in the same position in the patient's mouth for subsequent scans. This is important for comparing subsequent images of the same patient or for comparing to standards. Preferably, the camera could be easily removed from the mouthpiece for maintenance or repair when needed. The mouthpiece could be disposable or easily sanitized to prepare it for use by the next patient. In another embodiment, a dental dam, plastic sheet, or other protective cover can surround the mouthpiece. After use, the protective cover can be removed, disposed of, and replaced so as to minimize contamination from the scanned patient to the operator of the apparatus or a subsequent patient. The resulting image from the scan can advantageously be displayed on a monitor or similar device in real time as the mouth is scanned. Preferably, the display is concurrent with the transfer of the image to the electronic storage device. Alternately, the display can occur after the scan is completed, and either concurrently with or subsequent to the capturing of the image by the electronic storage device. The display may be located directly in the examination room, such that the dental professional may use the display for on-the-spot diagnosis, or it may be shown in the laboratory where it may be viewed by a technician or for later viewing by the dental professional when preparing the patient's chart. The electronic images resulting from the scan may include such information as gingival color, gingival height, tooth color, tooth height, and tooth width for the teeth that are scanned. In one preferred embodiment, gingival color and height are both imaged. In another preferred embodiment, tooth color and height are both imaged. The image can include all 4 pieces of information for the plurality of teeth, as well. Using an image from a subsequent scan, the dental professional can compare the gingival color or gingival height to the gingival color or gingival height of the prior image to determine whether these have changed. The dental professional may further compare the gingival color or gingival height to a dental standard image to assist in a diagnosis. The dental professional may also calculate the widths of the teeth in the image with respect to each other. This information can be used to properly shape the teeth. The image should show a plurality of teeth, such that the dental professional may compare the tooth color to adjacent or contra-lateral teeth to match the shade or color. The device may also be used to scan a preparation to determine its color. The tooth color shown in the image can then be matched to this color, as desired. This matching takes into account the starting color of the teeth, such that the degree of similarity of the color of the tooth to the color of the preparation initially is taken into account when determining how to color the tooth to match the preparation color. If the tooth is very similar to the preparation color, much less shading will be necessary to match the color than if the tooth color is initially very different from the preparation color. As an example, if the teeth are stained from tobacco, such that they have a deep yellow shade, much more shading will be required to match the teeth to a bright white preparation than if the teeth are just slightly dulled from certain foods. Preferably, a suitable software package will allow these manipulations to match the color of the teeth to the color of the preparation to be performed electronically. Since the images are an accurate, straight-on representation of the buccal surfaces of teeth, the image can be processed to enable the software to determine the exact dimensions of the tooth for the technician, thus avoiding the need to take physical measurements. The images may also be compared to standards to determine whether the teeth and gums are proportioned properly. The Golden Proportion is one such standard to determine tooth size and shape in relation to each other and to the mouth. The Golden Proportion is discussed in detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,659,625 and 5,867,588, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by express reference thereto. Using this standard, when the mouth is viewed from the front, the ratio of the width of central incisor to the width of the lateral incisor is 1.618 to 1. Likewise, the ratio of the width of the lateral incisor to the width of the canine is 1 to 0.618. Other aspects of the smile may also be in Golden Proportion to each other. The patient's teeth should also have approximately the same length. A computer facilitates to the operation of this system because it enables all these data to be stored in its memory or on a hard drive, can electronically process any of the information and can display it on a monitor for easy viewing by the dental professional or technician. In addition to matching a replacement tooth to the remaining teeth, these data can be used to determine cosmetic changes to all teeth to conform to desired optimum proportions as well as to correct any deficiencies that may later lead to dental problems. The data can further be used to compare before, after, and ideal conditions to inform the patient of progress. The software would preferably allow the operator, i.e., the dental professional or technician, to simultaneously display multiple shots of the tooth or teeth. For example, by displaying 6 individual shots of the front 6 upper teeth, the proportions of each tooth as well as its proportion with respect to adjacent teeth can be quickly and easily ascertained. The exact dimensions of width and height of the teeth can be quickly calculated by the software and the relation of one tooth to another can be provided with suggestions for any necessary or recommended modifications. This process can be repeated with the bottom 6 teeth to provide the patient with a complete smile makeover, when desired. The display of multiple images also enables the technician to view the contra-lateral tooth to the one being restored. The displayed images also enable the technician to generate an image of a missing tooth. When a central is missing or is defective, a lateral or contra-lateral central can be imaged and the image can be morphed into a central. The software compensates for size and slight shade differences between a lateral and a central, so that the technician will be looking at a central rather than trying to generate a central by looking at a lateral. The result is that the final restoration is much closer in shape and shade to the missing tooth than to the one used to generate the image of the missing tooth. Advantageously, the image may also be stored in an electronic storage medium, such as a CD, a DVD, a computer hard drive, an electronic diskette, digital tape, a mini disc, flash card, smart card, or any of a number of other such storage media. Preferably, the image would be directly stored to a CD or DVD. The image can be directly stored on a card or other electronic storage medium in the camera, and then transferred to a computer hard drive, CD, or DVD after then images are obtained. In this way, the image may be conveniently saved with the patient's file and viewed at a later time, such as at a subsequent examination or for analysis by the dentist or referral specialist at a later time when the patient may be unavailable. The patient could also view the saved image to see a "before and after" effect for dental procedures, as well as to see what their teeth might look like if certain procedures were performed. This latter can be accomplished using an overlay of a dental standard coupled with the patient's scan. Suitable computer software can be used to merge the images, if desired. The image may also be captured and/or stored on photographic paper or as a negative. In this way, still images may be printed that can be easily stored with the patient's file, or the patient may take such a picture with him should another dental professional or technician need to be consulted. The device is portable with an electrical cord connecting the camera in the mouthpiece with the storage medium. In this way, the dental professional may easily manipulate the device. Such cameras are commercially available from, e.g., Sony Corporation of Tokyo, Japan. In another embodiment, the camera digitally records the image and stores it on a card. After the images are recorded, they are later downloaded onto the electronic storage device. In this embodiment, the electrical cord is not necessary while the device is in the patient's mouth. Rather infrared, radio frequency, or an electrical cord can be used later to capture or transfer the scan to an electronic storage device. In an additional embodiment, the device is wall mounted, similar to existing x-ray devices. The device could either be swung over to the patient who is lying in the examination chair, or the patient could stand and place his mouth on the disposable and replaceable mouthpiece. The image could also be compared to a new image of the patient's mouth taken during a subsequent examination to determine if there are any significant changes to the patient's oral appearance, e.g., tooth color, gums, and the like, which may be analyzed by a dental professional to help determine dental health. The image may also be compared to dental standards that show progressions or symptoms of different oral and gingival diseases. The comparison could advantageously be performed electronically to increase the accuracy of such a comparison. A digital processor, such as a computer or similar device having an appropriate software package, could analyze and compare the image to determine whether further examination or treatment is needed. The processor can also be pre-programmed with the standards. In this way, the invention may be used as a learning tool for dental professionals and patients alike. Another use of the image is to compare the image to shade and color standard guides, such as VITA™, BIOFORM™, or CHROMASCOP™ to determine the patient's tooth shade. The digital processor could then relay this information to a lab technician, where the tooth shade may be matched to the shade of the tooth to be replaced, or to the patient's adjacent or contra-lateral teeth. When stored on a tangible medium, such as a computer diskette, the dental professional can simply forward the diskette to the laboratory for use by the technician. When the data are stored electronically on a computer, electronic files can be forwarded to the technician by e-mail. Using this information, the lab technician may construct a veneer of porcelain or other material, or can determine the proper shade to color the teeth. Each comparison can be electronic by software analysis or by visual comparison if the need arises, e.g., loss of electricity. After the teeth have been imaged, the dental professional can prepare the teeth to receive the necessary restorations. After the tooth or teeth have been prepared to receive the restoration(s), an image of the prepared teeth can be taken and forwarded to the technician for use in connection with the formulation of the proper size and color of a ceramic buildup or other suitable material. The technician can also take into consideration the color of the prepared tooth when preparing the restoration. The inclusion of the shade of the prepared tooth can be incorporated into the final color calculations so that the closest match can be made. It is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the exact configuration as illustrated and described herein. Accordingly, all expedient modifications readily attainable by one of ordinary skill in the art from the disclosure set forth herein, or by routine experimentation therefrom, are deemed to be within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Citations de brevets
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Woodbridge Lighting 13224MEB-M20MTC Metallic Bronze with Multi-color Mosaic Shade 3 Light Venezia Metallic Bronze Multi Light Pendant with Amber Mosaic Glass
Item #:
Technical Specs
Base Color | Bronze |
Bulb Base | Candelabra (E12) |
Bulb Included | No |
Bulb Type | Incandescent |
Collection | Venezia |
Hanging Options | Cords |
Height | 72 |
Light Direction | Down Lighting |
Material | Steel |
Number of Bulbs | 3 |
Pendant Size | Full Sized |
Pendant Type | Multi Light |
Shade | Yes |
Shade Color | Clear, Multi-Colored, Orange, Purple, Red |
Shade Material | Glass |
Shade Shape | Dome |
Sloped Ceiling Compatible | Yes |
Style | Transitional |
UL Listed | Yes |
UL Rating | Dry Location |
Wattage | 60 |
Watts Per Bulb | 180 |
Width | 10 |
- Includes 6 feet of wire and canopy so you can easily adjust the height to your liking
- Attractive Dome Shaped Amber Mosaic Shade
- Down Light Directs Useful and Attractive Illumination Downward
- Beautiful and eye-catching, this multi light pendant is great for giving your design power and providing much needed light to your home
- Number of Bulbs: 3
- Bulb Base: Candelabra
- Bulb Type: Incandescent
- Bulb Included: No
- Watts Per Bulb: 120
- Wattage: 40
- Height: 72"
- Width: 10"
- UL Listed: Yes
- UL Rating: Dry Location
Additional Woodbridge Lighting Links
Our SKU: 13224MEB-M20
This product is listed under the following manufacturer number(s):
- Metallic Bronze with Amber Mosaic Shade
13224MEB-M20AMB - Metallic Bronze with Clear Mosaic Shade
13224MEB-M20CLR - Metallic Bronze with Dense Red Mosaic Shade
13224MEB-M20RDD - Metallic Bronze with Multi-color Mosaic Shade
13224MEB-M20MTC - Metallic Bronze with Purple Mosaic Shade
13224MEB-M20PUR - Metallic Bronze with White Mosaic Shade
*Denotes a finish or option that has been discontinued
2 Questions from the Community
The Woodbridge Lighting 13224MEB-M20 is not a low voltage light.
Is this considered low voltage lighting?
The Woodbridge Lighting 13224MEB-M20 is not a low voltage light.
The Woodbridge Lighting 13224MEB-M20 glass shade is 4" in diameter and 5" in height.
What is the size of the glass globes in this light fixture?
The Woodbridge Lighting 13224MEB-M20 glass shade is 4" in diameter and 5" in height.
Woodbridge Lighting Venezia Collection
Other Products In The Woodbridge Lighting Venezia Collection
Woodbridge Lighting 13224STN-M20
3 Light Venezia Satin Nickel Multi Light Pendant w...$270.00-$285.00
Woodbridge Lighting 13223MEB-M20
1 Light Venezia Metallic Bronze Mini Pendant with ...$80.00-$85.00(2)
Woodbridge Lighting 13223STN-M20
1 Light Venezia Satin Nickel Mini Pendant with Amb...$80.00-$85.00
Woodbridge Lighting 13225STN-M20
5 Light Venezia Satin Nickel Multi Light Pendant w...$450.00-$475.00
Woodbridge Lighting 13225MEB-M20
5 Light Venezia Metallic Bronze Multi Light Pendan...$450.00-$475.00


text:
Get the Best Priced Dodge Sprinter 3500 Harmonic Balancer
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Dodge Sprinter 3500 Replacement Harmonic Balancer Information
Rounded steel that is weighted for engine and vehicle stability, the 3500 Dodge Sprinter harmonic balancer is custom designed to handle engine noise as it balances out the unit. Providing a counterbalancing weight to help hold the engine in its proper place during the violent combustion process, the 3500 Dodge Sprinter harmonic balancer rocks a rubber sleeve over its steel base. It dampens the considerable noise made by the crankshaft and other engine components. It also balances against the shaking generated during combustion, absorbing vibrations produced by the engine and pistons. The totality of its simple, yet effective, operation keeps the vehicle working safely while sparing drivers excess noise within the vehicle. The Dodge Sprinter 3500 is a full-size luxury van produced from 1998 to 2007. Keeping it proceeding smoothly, and driving safely, requires a good working harmonic balancer that must be replaced if it fails for peak vehicle operation.
They are available for the following Dodge Sprinter 3500 years: 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, 06, 05, 04, 03. This part is also sometimes called Dodge Sprinter 3500 Crankshaft Balancers. We stock harmonic balancer parts for most Dodge models including Sprinter 2500, Ram 2500, Neon, Dakota, Ram 1500, Stratus, Ram 3500, Durango, Stealth, Intrepid, Grand Caravan, Caravan, Dart, Avenger, D350, B350, Ram 1500 Van, D150, Charger, Magnum, D300, B100, Ram 2500 Van, B200 Van, B1500, Challenger, Dynasty, Nitro, D250, W250, W150, Ramcharger, Ram 50, B250, B2500, Ram 3500 Van, W350, D100, Spirit and B3500.
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text:
Palmer, K.E., Jee, R.D., Kraunsoe, J.A.E. and Moffat, A.C. (2004) Transfer between different instruments of a near-infrared spectroscopic method for the identification of pharmaceutical excipients. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 56 (Supplement-37). 10.1211/002235704777489302.
Full text not available from this repository.
Item Type: | Article |
Additional Information: | Full text available in print and electronically at the School of Pharmacy Library |
Departments, units and centres: | Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry > Centre for Cancer Medicine |
ID Code: | 314 |
Journal or Publication Title: | Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology |
Deposited By: | Library Staff |
Deposited On: | 23 Oct 2006 |
Last Modified: | 01 Nov 2007 14:23 |
Item downloaded times since 23 Oct 2006.
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The center will exhibit automated rapid detection and its value to the microbial QC user. In addition to the demonstration space, the facility also includes a spacious conference room and reception area for visitors.
"We are excited about the new facility and look forward to the opportunity to demonstrate to those companies that want to accelerate and automate their microbial testing the unique value that Growth Direct™ can bring to businesses," said Christof Hasse, Rapid Micro Biosystems' European sales manager.
"The European Market is integral to our success, and this demo center enhances our commitment to Europe," said Steve Delity, CEO of Rapid Micro Biosystems.
The new facility is located in Darmstadt, Germany, approximately 26 kilometers from the Frankfurt airport. For more information about the facility, or to schedule a demonstration of the Growth Direct system, visit www.rapidmicrobio.com.
About Rapid Micro Biosystems Rapid Micro Biosystems, headquartered in Bedford, Massachusetts, provides innovative products for faster detection of microbial contamination in the manufacture of pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and personal care products. The Company's Growth Direct™ System detects contamination earlier, delivering compelling economic benefits to manufacturers while improving their quality process. The Growth Direct™ System is the first and only automated system that accelerates testing, fits with current regulatory practices, and addresses all key applications. For more information, visit www.rapidmicrobio.com.


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Casa di Francesca
Cedarwood has been revered for its relaxing fragrance since ancient times. Here it's blended with spicy top notes of bergamot, sweet orange, lemon, and nutmeg; and a woody heart of vetiver, cedar, and sandalwood; and a powdery base of vanilla, tonka bean, and benzoin Siam. The result is nothing short of intoxicating.
Casa di Francesca is a home-fragrance house that reflects the legacy of a remarkable Renaissance woman. Francesca was one of the few women to tour Europe in the late 1600s. With a passion for European gardens, she pursued the vibrant colors and intoxicating aromas to their source, bringing home the flowers and herbs that had engaged her senses. This beautiful collection was inspired by the rich surroundings, emotions, and stories Francesca shared with her family upon returning from her Grand Tour.


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Altai Technologies Introduces the World's First Carrier Grade 802.11n Long Range Outdoor Super WiFi Base Station
HONG KONG, June 20, 2011 /PRNewswire-Asia/ – Altai Technologies, a carrier-grade Super WiFi equipment supplier today introduced the world's first 802.11n long range outdoor Super WiFi Base Station — Altai A8n Super WiFi Base Station.
The Altai A8n is a multi-radio base station utilizing MIMO smart antenna technologies and a patented signal processing algorithm to provide the industry's best coverage per base station. The multiple antennas of the A8n can be configured to provide 10 times larger area coverage, compared to the conventional 802.11n access point.
Key features of the A8n Super WiFi Base Station architecture will include:
- The highest throughput performance and coverage in the market, it can achieve 1.7 km in the LOS environment with standard WiFi clients.
- Supporting both 2.4GHz and 5 GHz operation on each radio, this provides the flexibility for the application in different scenarios
- Multi-sector advanced smart antenna technology providing 90 to 360-degree and large vertical beam-width coverage with minimal holes in dense urban environments
- Co-location with existing GSM/CDMA/3G/WiMax cell sites and therefore most of the site acquisition costs, wired backhaul costs and radio planning works can be saved
The Altai A8n has further strengthened the Altai 802.11n series product family to provide the next generation wireless solution for service operators. "With our Super WiFi technology and product development experience, we have pushed the 802.11n technology beyond its limit by bringing the highest performance 802.11n access point to the market, and the beauty of the A8n architecture design is existing A8 customers can be upgraded by just swapping the base units, and all other installation including antenna will remain unchanged." said Chi-hung Lin, President & CEO of Altai Technologies.
Altai's expanded family of Super WiFi products allow service operators to select and deploy network elements that can cope with their specific networks and business requirements. The Altai long range Super WiFi technology has significantly reduced the required number of base station and therefore saving up to 65% CAPEX and OPEX .
Located in Hall B2 at Marina Bay Sands in CommunicAsia 2011, booth#BF1-03, Altai will showcase its newly-launched A8n as well as full series of Super WiFi equipment. The Altai Super WiFi Solution has been proven in both urban and rural applications and vertical markets including container ports, airports, hotels, shopping malls, campus in over 60 countries.
About Altai Technologies
Altai Technologies is a high technology company focused on the design, development and marketing of carrier-grade, innovative wireless broadband solutions. Altai has developed its patented long range WiFi technology that can dramatically improve the WiFi signal coverage while minimizing interference from other signals broadcasting within the 2.4GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum. Altai's products are currently deployed worldwide in every major industry including logistic, education, municipal government, network operator, hospitality, manufacturing etc. The Altai Super WiFi Solution is offering a total wireless solution comprising of base station (A8/A8-E/A8-Ei/A8i), access point (A2/A2e), CPE (C1), access controller and wireless management software (AWMS).
Altai's flagship product, the A8 Super WiFi base station, is being deployed with various WiMax, 3G, CDMA and GSM mobile systems globally for 3G data offloading and city-wide WiFi networks. The Altai Super WiFi Solution has been proven in both urban and remote application in over 60 countries and regions.
For more information, please visit www.altaitechnologies.com
For media enquiries, please contact
Altai Technologies Limited Annie Loi Tel : +852-3758-6000 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
SOURCE Altai Technologies Limited


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Problems with weight control can be an issue for your health, but did you know overweight could also be causing depression? When a man gains those extra pounds around his waist, which is where men do, his testosterone levels may be reduced. Testosterone affects a man's mood and outlook on life. It also helps build [...]
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Use Your Words
Diane Peterson
about 3 years
1 of 15 Colorado Springs parks will win a $10,000 makeover by voting on facebook...Freedom Honda Do you like green space, trails & parks? We want to know what drives Colorado Springs. Give a park some love by voting in the Freedom Honda $10K Park Makeover Contest via the "10K Park Makeover†tab on facebook.
Diane Peterson
about 3 years
1975 Heathercrest Dr. (Heathercrest Dr. north of Palmer Park Blvd.). Baseball/softball, basketball, handicap access, picnicking, large group area (shelter), sand volleyball, trails/sidewalk path. 8.5 acres.


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Cheilitis | |
Appearance of the lips due to bracing wind blowing in face during a fast motorcycle ride.
Classification and external resources | |
DiseasesDB | 29147 |
MedlinePlus | 002036 |
MeSH | D002613 |
Cheilitis (pronounced /kaɪˈlaɪtɪs/) is inflammation of the lips.[1] This inflammation may include the perioral skin (the skin around the mouth), the vermilion border, and/or the labial mucosa.[2] The skin and the vermilion border are more commonly involved, as the mucosa is less affected by inflammatory and allergic reactions.[2]
It is a general term, and there are many recognized types and different causes. Patch testing may identify allergens that cause cheilitis.[3]
Cheilitis can be either acute or chronic.[4] Most cheilitis is caused by exogenous factors such as dryness (chapping) and acute sun exposure.[4]
Cheilitis may be divided into the following types:[5]
Chapped lips[edit]
Chapped lips (also cheilitis simplex[7] or common cheilitis[8]) are characterized by cracking, fissuring, and peeling of the skin of the lips, and are one of the most common types of cheilitis.[7][9] While both lips may be affected, the lower lip is the most common site.[9] There may also be burning or the formation of large, painful cracks when the lips are stretched.[citation needed] If chronic, cheilitis simplex can progress to crusting and bleeding.[7]
Lip licking, biting, or rubbing habits are frequently involved.[7] Paradoxically, constant licking of the lips causes drying and irritation, and eventually the mucosa splits or cracks.[4] The lips have a greater tendency to dry out in cold, dry weather.[citation needed] Digestive enzymes present in saliva may also irritate the lips, and the evaporation of the water in saliva saps moisture from them.[10]
Some children have a habit of sucking and chewing on the lower lip, producing a combination of cheilitis and sharply demarcated perioral erythema (redness).[4]
Treatment is usually successful with barrier lubricants, such as lip salve or Vaseline.[7] Medical grade (USP) lanolin accelerates repair[clarification needed] of the lips,[11] and is used in some lip repair products. Some complementary and alternative medicine sources claim that nasal sebum can be used as a remedy.[12]
Sometimes the term "cheilitis simplex" is used as a synonym for cheilitis generally,[4] however, exfoliative cheilitis (discussed later) is also sometimes stated to be the equivalent of chapped lips.[13]
Actinic cheilitis[edit]
Also termed "solar cheilosis", this condition is the result of chronic over-exposure to ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. It usually occurs on the lower lip, which is dry, scaling, and wrinkled grey-white in appearance.[14] It is especially common in people with light skin types who live in sunny climates (e.g., Australians of European ancestry), and in persons who spend a lot of time outdoors.[15] There is a small risk that this condition can develop into squamous cell carcinoma in the long term,[14] but lip cancer is usually noticed early and hence has a good prognosis compared to oral cancer generally.
Angular cheilitis[edit]
Angular cheilitis (angular stomatitis) is inflammation of one or both of the corners (angles) of the mouth.[14] It is a fairly common condition, and often affects elderly people.
There are many possible causes, including nutritional deficiencies (iron, B vitamins, folate), contact allergy,[16] infection (Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus or β-hemolytic streptococci) and edentulism (often with overclosure of the mouth and concomitant denture-related stomatitis), and others.
Eczematous cheilitis[edit]
Also termed "lip dermatitis",[17] eczematous cheilitis is a diverse group of disorders which often have an unknown cause.[2] Chronic eczematous reactions account for the majority of chronic cheilitis cases.[2]
It is divided into endogenous (due to an inherent characteristic of the individual), and exogenous (where it is caused by an external agent). The main cause of endogenous eczematous cheilitis is atopic cheilitis (atopic dermatitis), and the main causes of exogenous eczematous cheilitis is irritant contact cheilitis (e.g., caused by a lip-licking habit) and allergic contact cheilitis. The latter is characterized by a dryness, fissuring, edema, and crusting.[5] It affects females more commonly than males, in a ratio of about 9:1.[18]
The most common causes of allergic contact cheilitis is lip cosmetics, including lipsticks and lipbalm, followed by toothpastes.[18] A lipstick allergy can be difficult to diagnose in some cases as it is possible that cheilitis can develop without the person even wearing lipstick. Instead, small exposure such as kissing someone who is wearing lipstick is enough to cause the condition.[15]
Allergy to Balsam of Peru can also manifest as cheilitis.[19] Allergies to metal, wood, or other components can cause cheilitis reactions in musicians, especially players of woodwind and brass instruments,[20] e.g., the so-called "clarinetist's cheilitis",[21] or "flutist's cheilitis".[22] "Pigmented contact cheilitis" is one type of allergic cheilitis in which a brown-black discoloration of the lips develops.[23]
Patch testing is key to the diagnosis of allergic contact cheilitis.[3][24] The top three allergens found in patch tests from 2005–06 were: nickel sulfate (19.0%), Myroxylon pereirae (Balsam of Peru, 11.9%), and fragrance mix I (11.5%).[25]
Infectious cheilitis[edit]
Infectious cheilitis[26] refers to cheilitis caused by infectious disease. The terms "Candidal cheilitis"[27] and "bacterial cheilitis"[28] are sometimes used, denoting the involvement of Candida organisms and bacterial species respectively. The term "cheilocandidiasis" describes exfoliative (flaking) lesions of the lips and the skin around the lips, and is caused by a superficial candidal infection due to chronic lip licking.[29] Impetigo (caused by Streptococcus pyogenes and/or Staphylococcus aureus), can manifest as an exfoliative cheilitis-like appearance.[29]
Herpes labialis (cold sore) is a common cause of infectious cheilitis.[22] A lesion caused by recurrence of a latent herpes simplex infection can occur in the corner of the mouth, and be mistaken for other causes of angular cheilitis. In fact this is herpes labialis, and is sometimes termed "angular herpes simplex".[30]
Granulomatous cheilitis[edit]
Orofacial granulomatosis is enlargement of lips due to the formation of non-caseating granulomatous inflammation, which obstruct lymphatic drainage of the orofacial soft tissues, causing lymphedema. Essentially, granulomatous cheilitis refers to the lip swelling that accompanies this condition. "Median cheilitis" may be seen, which is fissuring in the midline of the lips due to the enlargement of the lips.[31] Angular cheilitis may also be associated with orofacial granulomatosis.
A related condition is Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome, a triad of facial palsy, chronic lip edema, and fissured tongue.[32] "Miescher's cheilitis",[33] and "granulomatous macrocheilitis",[34] are synonyms of granulomatous cheilitis.
Common causes of drug-related cheilitis include Etretinate, Indinavir, Protease inhibitors, Vitamin A and Isotretinoin (a retinoid drug).[14][35] Uncommon causes include Atorvastatin, Busulphan, Clofazimine, Clomipramine, Cyancobalamin, Gold, Methyldopa, Psoralens, Streptomycin, Sulfasalazine and Tetracycline.[14] A condition called "drug-induced ulcer of the lip" is described as being characterized by painful or tender, well-defined ulcerations of the lip without induration.[5] It is the result of oral administration of drugs, and the condition resolves when the drugs are stopped.[36]
Exfoliative cheilitis[edit]
Also termed "cheilitis exfoliativa" or "tic de levres",[14] is an uncommon[27] inflammatory condition of the vermillion zone of the lips, which are painful and crusted.[37] There is continuous production and desquamation (shedding) of thick, brown scales of keratin.[15][27] the keratin layer of the epidermis of the lips experiences an accelerated growth and death rate than normal and desquamates.[38] When these scales are removed, a normal appearing lip is revealed beneath,[27] although there may be associated erythema and edema.[37] The condition has not yet been attributed to any particular cause. Rarely are infections to blame.[37] In some individuals, there is an association with stress, anxiety, depression or personality disorders.[15][37] In one report, 87% of individuals had some form of psychiatric disturbance, and 47% had thyroid dysfunction, which in turn can cause psychiatric conditions like depression.[29]
Some cases of exfoliative cheilitis are thought to represent factitious damage, termed "factitious cheilitis" or "artifactual cheilitis",[26][27][29][30] and are related to repetitive lip picking or licking habits.[37] This appears as crusting and ulceration caused by repetitive chewing and sucking of the lips.[26] Some consider habitual lip licking or picking to be a form of nervous tic.[14] This habit is sometimes termed perlèche (derived from the French word pourlècher meaning "to lick one's lips").[30] Factitious cheilitis is significantly more common in young females.[26][29]
Exfoliative cheilitis has also been linked to HIV/AIDS.[29] Management consists mostly of keeping the lips moist and the application of topical corticosteroids ranging from hydrocortisone to clobetasol. There have also been reports of using topical tacrolimus ointment.[5]
Cheilitis glandularis[edit]
This is a rare inflammatory condition of the minor salivary glands, usually in the lower lip, which appears swollen and everted.[5] There may also be ulceration, crusting, abscesses, and sinus tracts. It is an acquired disorder, but the cause is uncertain.[39][40] Suspected causes include sunlight, tobacco, syphilis, poor oral hygiene and genetic factors.[29] The openings of the minor salivary gland ducts become inflamed and dilated, and there may be mucopurulent discharge from the ducts. A previous classification suggested dividing cheilitis into 3 types based on severity, with the later stages involving secondary infection with bacteria, and increased ulceration, suppuration and swelling: Type 1, Simple; Type 2, Superficial suppurative ("Baelz's disease"); and Type 3, Deep suppurative ("cheilitis glandularis epostemetosa"). Cheilitis glandularis usually occurs in middle-aged and elderly males, and it carries a risk of malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma (18% to 35%).[29] Preventative treatment such as vermilionectomy ("lip shave") is therefore the treatment of choice.[29]
Plasma cell cheilitis[edit]
Plasma cell cheilitis is a very rare presentation of a condition which more usually occurs on the gingiva (termed "plasma cell gingivitis") or sometimes the tongue.[41] Plasma cell cheilitis appears as well defined, infiltrated, dark red plaque with a superficial lacquer-like glazing.[5] Plasma cell cheilitis usually involves the lower lip.[41] The lips appear dry, atrophic and fissured.[29] Angular cheilitis is sometimes also present.[29]
Other causes[edit]
- Lupus erythematosus,[42] sometimes termed "lupus cheilitis".[29]
- Crohn's disease (angular cheilitis).[37]
- "Nutritional cheilitis",[22] e.g. pyridoxine (vitamin B6) deficiency.[29]
- Lichen planus.[22]
- Pemphigoid.[22]
- Xerostomia.[13]
- ^ Oakley, Amanda. "Cheilitis on DermNet NZ". New Zealand Dermatological Society Incorporated. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
- ^ a b c d Schena, D; Fantuzzi, F; Girolomoni, G (Nov–Dec 2008). "Contact allergy in chronic eczematous lip dermatitis.". European journal of dermatology : EJD 18 (6): 688–92. doi:10.1684/ejd.2008.0520. PMID 18955202.
- ^ a b Alexander A. Fisher. Fisher's Contact Dermatitis. Retrieved 2014-04-21.
- ^ a b c d e Braun-Falco, O. (2000). Dermatology : with 281 tables (2., completely rev. ed. ed.). Berlin [u.a.]: Springer. p. 1166. ISBN 9783540594529.
- ^ a b c d e f James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G. et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. pp. 795–797. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
- ^ Dorfman J, The Center for Special Dentistry.
- ^ a b c d e Thappa, Devinder Mohan (2012). Clinical pediatric dermatology. Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India: Elsevier. ISBN 9788131231555.
- ^ Bork, Konrad (1996). Diseases of the oral mucosa and the lips (English ed. ed.). Philadelphia, Pa. [u.a.]: Saunders. p. 10. ISBN 9780721640396.
- ^ a b Cohen, Bernard A. (2013). Pediatric Dermatology (Fourth edition ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. Chapter 9.2. ISBN 9781455737956.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology", Volume 56 , Issue 2 , Pages AB94 – AB94
- ^ Tkac, Deborah (1990). The Doctor's Book of Home Remedies: Thousands of Tips and Techniques Anyone Can Use to Heal Everyday Health Problems (Hardcover). Rodale, 134. ISBN 0-87857-873-0.
- ^ a b Jeske, Arthur H. Drugs in Dentistry by Mosby (10th ed.). Elsevier India. p. 22. ISBN 9788131229064.
- ^ a b c d e f g Scully C (2013). Oral and maxillofacial medicine : the basis of diagnosis and treatment (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 182, 183, 223–225, 401. ISBN 9780702049484.
- ^ a b c d Tyldesley WR, Field A, Longman L (2003). Tyldesley's Oral medicine (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 66. ISBN 0192631470.
- ^ "." (PDF). www.skinandallergynews. Retrieved 2014-04-21.
- ^ Dyall-Smith, Delwyn. "Eczematous cheilitis on DermNet NZ". New Zealand Dermatological Society Incorporated. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
- ^ a b Lim, SW; Goh, CL (December 2000). "Epidemiology of eczematous cheilitis at a tertiary dermatological referral centre in Singapore.". Contact dermatitis 43 (6): 322–6. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0536.2000.043006322.x. PMID 11140381.
- ^ "Balsam of Peru induced contact allergy" DermatitisFacts.com. Date of publication: Unknown. Accessed: October 11, 2007
- ^ Dyall-Smith, Delwyn. "Contact cheilitis and other reactions involving the lips of musicians on DermNet NZ". New Zealand Dermatological Society Incorporated. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
- ^ Ruiz-Hornillos, FJ; Alonso, E; Zapatero, L; Pérez, C; Martínez-Molero, I (April 2007). "Clarinetist's cheilitis caused by immediate-type allergy to cane reed.". Contact dermatitis 56 (4): 243–5. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.00976.x. PMID 17343632.
- ^ a b c d e L. Kanerva, P. Elsner, J.E. Wahlberg, H.I. Maibach (editors) (2000). Handbook of occupational dermatology. Berlin: Springer. p. 258. ISBN 978-3540640462.
- ^ Dyall-Smith, Delwyn. "Pigmented contact cheilitis on DermNet NZ". New Zealand Dermatological Society Incorporated. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
- ^ Delwyn Dyall-Smith (2014-01-26). "Allergic contact cheilitis.". DermNet NZ. Retrieved 2014-04-21.
- ^ Zug KA, Warshaw EM, Fowler JF Jr, Maibach HI, Belsito DL, Pratt MD, Sasseville D, Storrs FJ, Taylor JS, Mathias CG, Deleo VA, Rietschel RL, Marks J. Patch-test results of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group 2005–2006. Dermatitis. 2009 May–Jun;20(3):149-60.
- ^ a b c d Aydin, Erdinc; Gokoglu, Ozgur; Ozcurumez, Gamze; Aydin, Hakan (1 January 2008). "Factitious cheilitis: a case report". Journal of Medical Case Reports 2 (1): 29. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-2-29.
- ^ a b c d e Daley, TD; Gupta, AK (April 1995). "Exfoliative cheilitis.". Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology 24 (4): 177–9. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0714.1995.tb01161.x. PMID 7540205.
- ^ Q. Ashton Acton (2013). Stomatitis: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2013 Edition: ScholarlyBrief. ScholarlyEditions. ISBN 9781481662260.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CA, Bouquot JE. (2002). Oral & maxillofacial pathology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 141, 142, 163, 689, 713. ISBN 0721690033.
- ^ a b c Park, KK; Brodell, RT, Helms, SE (June 2011). "Angular cheilitis, part 1: local etiologies." (PDF). Cutis; cutaneous medicine for the practitioner 87 (6): 289–95. PMID 21838086.
- ^ Leão, JC; Hodgson, T; Scully, C; Porter, S (Nov 15, 2004). "Review article: orofacial granulomatosis.". Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 20 (10): 1019–27. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.02205.x. PMID 15569103.
- ^ Rose, AE; Leger, M; Chu, J; Meehan, S (Oct 15, 2011). "Cheilitis granulomatosa.". Dermatology online journal 17 (10): 15. PMID 22031641.
- ^ Oudrhiri, L; Chiheb, S; Marnissi, F; Zamiati, S; Benchikhi, H (2012). "Successful treatment of Miescher's cheilitis in Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome with betamethasone injections and doxycycline.". The Pan African medical journal 13: 75. PMID 23397029.
- ^ Khadir, K; Hali, F; Tirhazouine, I; Zamiati, S; Laraqui, A; Lakhdar, H; Benchikhi, H (January 2013). "[Granulomatous macrocheilitis: 19 cases].". Annales de dermatologie et de venereologie 140 (1): 56–8. doi:10.1016/j.annder.2012.10.597. PMID 23328362.
- ^ Boaz Amichai, Avner Shemer, Marcelo H. Grunwald. (2006) Low-dose isotretinoin in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 54(4):644–646
- ^ Mackie, BS (February 1967). "Drug-induced ulcer of the lip.". The British journal of dermatology 79 (2): 106–10. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1967.tb11465.x. PMID 6019100.
- ^ a b c d e f Treister NS, Bruch JM (2010). Clinical oral medicine and pathology. New York: Humana Press. pp. 47,48,144. ISBN 978-1-60327-519-4.
- ^ "Exfoliative Cheilitis: Report of a Case" Journal of the Canadian Dental Association. Date of publication: Sept 2007. Volume 73, No. 7
- ^ Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Volume 54, Issue 2, Pages 336–337 P. Carrington, T. Horn
- ^ Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 1052. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0.
- ^ a b Janam, P; Nayar, BR; Mohan, R; Suchitra, A (January 2012). "Plasma cell gingivitis associated with cheilitis: A diagnostic dilemma!". Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology 16 (1): 115–9. doi:10.4103/0972-124X.94618. PMC 3357019. PMID 22628976.
- ^ Chi, AC; Neville, BW; Krayer, JW; Gonsalves, WC (Dec 1, 2010). "Oral manifestations of systemic disease.". American family physician 82 (11): 1381–8. PMID 21121523.
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National Transcontinental Railway
National Transcontinental Railway | |
Locale | New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba |
Dates of operation | 1913–1918 |
Track gauge | 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge |
The National Transcontinental Railway (NTR) was a historic Canadian railway between Winnipeg and Moncton. Much of the line is now operated by the Canadian National Railway.
The Grand Trunk partnership[edit]
The completion of construction of Canada's first transcontinental railway, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) on November 7, 1885, preceded a tremendous economic expansion and immigration boom in western Canada during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. But the monopolistic policies of the CPR, coupled with its southerly routing (new scientific discoveries were pushing the northern boundary of cereal crops), led to increasing western discontent with the railway and federal transportation policies.
The federal government had encouraged the Grand Trunk Railway (GTR) system in the 1870s to consider building the transcontinental rail line. During the same time, a government survey party under the direction of Sandford Fleming set out across Canada to survey routes for the proposed railway. The "Canadian Pacific Survey", as it was called, surveyed routes to a number of Pacific Coast destinations (including Victoria on Vancouver Island). When Grand Trunk balked at building a railway using the survey, the government turned to the privately owned Canadian Pacific. CPR, one of whose directors was James J. Hill, from Minnesota, favoured a route further south, as Hill hoped to tap into freight flows from the northern U.S. states. This left Canada with a single transcontinental route close to the U.S. border, since CPR chose to use Rogers and Kicking Horse passes rather than the surveyed route over the Yellowhead.
By the early 1900s, the GTR was willing to consider building a second transcontinental system for the country – provided it received government assistance, similar to the CPR's deal. However, while the government and GTR were considering whether to proceed and negotiating terms, the Canadian Northern Railway was already building a second transcontinental rail line.
The Canadian Northern Railway was an upstart regional system for the prairies that had begun in Manitoba under entrepreneurs William Mackenzie and Donald Mann in 1899 through their amalgamation of several smaller branch lines. The CNoR started the process of building Canada's second transcontinental system between 1903 and 1912. The system was built from Winnipeg west to Vancouver and east to Toronto and Montreal. In addition to an extensive network of branch lines in the prairie provinces, CNoR had many branch lines in Ontario, Quebec, and the Maritime Provinces.
But Mackenzie and Mann had spurned the federal government's offer for assistance to expand the CNoR in 1903 and in doing so, the federal government under Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier committed to building a transcontinental system in partnership with the GTR. In keeping with the trend of railways to exploit virgin territories, the government-backed "transcon" would run from the port of Prince Rupert, British Columbia, across the northern portion of the prairies to Winnipeg, and from there across northern Ontario and Quebec to Quebec City where it would cross the St. Lawrence River and continue on to its eastern terminus at Moncton, New Brunswick, by way of a route directly across central New Brunswick.
The GTR board of directors wished to assume the financial risks only for the portion of the system west of Winnipeg, therefore the agreement resulted in two railway systems being funded by government: the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, which would run from Winnipeg to Prince Rupert and be built and operated by GTR as a subsidiary, and the government-owned and -built National Transcontinental Railway (NTR) would run from Winnipeg to Moncton and be operated by GTR upon completion.
The GTPR/NTR deal came in the heady final days of Canada's railway boom and would soon prove to be the financial straw that broke the back of Canada's railway industry during the First World War. Canada has supported two transcontinental railway systems for many years, but even in 1914 it was not clear that there was enough traffic for three. The GTPR/NTR system was surveyed and construction began in 1905 and the entire system was finished (except for the Quebec Bridge) in 1913. The task was monumental and no expense was spared in building a railway system of minimal grades and curvature. In crossing the Appalachian Mountains of eastern Quebec and northern New Brunswick, the NTR used massive bridges to span wide valleys. The Quebec Bridge over the St. Lawrence River – the largest cantilever span in the world – took $40 million of the $170 million total project cost alone. The territory across northern Quebec and Ontario to Winnipeg, through the heart of the Canadian Shield, posed an extremely difficult construction obstacle. It also generated very little traffic.
The Grand Trunk Pacific/National Transcontinental route remained intact for only a few years during World War I. GTP built through the Yellowhead Pass on a route parallel to the already existing Canadian Northern, and then swung off near Mount Robson, to head toward Prince Rupert. Prince Rupert was one of several possible Pacific termini for the line. Originally, Port Simpson on the Alaska border was selected, but a border dispute with the United States in the early 20th century left Canada concerned about the defensibility of any Pacific rail terminal, and the terminal for GTP was moved south to Prince Rupert. Selection of this northern terminal potentially saved a day of steaming for ships to or from Asia.
The GTP track through the Yellowhead Pass did not last even to the end of World War I. As a government-imposed war measure to salvage rails for use in France, trackage rights between Edmonton and Jasper were arranged with Canadian Northern in 1917, and the rails were lifted from the nearly brand-new GTP.
Canadian Government Railways[edit]
The GTR reneged on its deal with the federal government for operating the eastern section (the NTR) and the government folded this railway along with the Intercolonial Railway of Canada (IRC), the Prince Edward Island Railway (PEIR), and the Hudson Bay Railway (as well as some smaller lines) into the Canadian Government Railways in 1915 for administrative and financial purposes, although the individual systems maintained their independent names. CGR and its subsidiaries would last until 1918.
Canadian National Railways[edit]
On September 6, 1918, the CNoR was nationalized after becoming insolvent and its government-appointed directors were ordered to assume operation of the CGR system. On December 20, 1918, the federal government created the Canadian National Railways (CNR) under which the CNoR and CGR were to be operated.
Several years later, on July 12, 1920, the GTPR was nationalized and entered the CNR fold. The GTR itself was placed under government control several weeks earlier on May 21, 1920; however, GTR was not merged into the CNR until January 23, 1923.
NTR legacy[edit]
The significant cost overruns of the NTR/GTPR construction contributed to the downfall of Laurier's Liberals in 1911 and Robert Borden's Tories were forced to finish the project, including the disastrous spanning of the St. Lawrence River with the Quebec Bridge.
The NTR route across northern Quebec and Ontario, far from the major population centres, had been approved by Laurier's government largely due to the support of his Quebec caucus as the routing made Quebec City the preferred port for western grain shipments. The NTR in these provinces never lived up to its expectations for creating traffic, although it did aid the resource-rich mining communities of northern Ontario and northwestern Quebec for a time.
Under CNR (CN post-1960), the NTR route across northern Quebec and Ontario became a marginal secondary main line with little in the way of through freight or passenger traffic. At Nakina, the CNR had constructed the Longlac-Nakina Cut-Off, a 29.4-mile (47.3 km) section of track linking the NTR with the Canadian Northern line at Longlac, completed in 1924. A 122-mile (196 km) section of the NTR mainline between Nakina and Calstock, Ontario was abandoned in 1986 and the Ontario Northland Railway purchased the section of NTR mainline between Calstock and Cochrane, Ontario in 1993. The mainline was also abandoned by CN for 82 miles (132 km) east of Cochrane to La Sarre, Quebec in 1997.
West of Nakina, the combined NTR/GTPR line forms CN's transcontinental mainline through to Tête Jaune Cache, British Columbia, and sees very heavy traffic. From Tête Jaune Cache (Yellowhead Pass), the GTPR line to Prince Rupert is a secondary mainline as the CNoR line southwest from Tête Jaune Cache to Vancouver forms the CN mainline. In recent decades, congestion at many ports along the west coast of North America is making the GTPR's development of Prince Rupert an attractive alternative. Canadian National Railways (now a private corporation) recently completed port facilities at Prince Rupert capable of handling two million 20-foot equivalent units (TEU) per year, and is lengthening passing sidings on the line from Jasper to Prince Rupert. CNR now offers daily container train service between Prince Rupert, Chicago (Illinois) and Memphis (Tennessee).
East of La Sarre to Quebec City, the former NTR mainline supports a network of CN branchlines in northern Quebec, although the Quebec Bridge and related trackage in the Quebec City area is heavily used by freight and passenger traffic as part of the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor.
From Quebec City east to Pelletier, Quebec, the former NTR mainline was abandoned in the 1980s following the completion in 1976 of a 30-mile (48 km) "cutoff" from the latter station to CN's former Intercolonial Railway mainline in the St. Lawrence River valley west of Rivière-du-Loup. However, from Pelletier east to Moncton the NTR mainline across central New Brunswick, including the massive bridges in the Appalachian Mountains, is still heavily used and forms the core of CN's Montreal-Halifax mainline.
- Andreae, Christopher (1997). Lines of Country: an atlas of railway and waterway history in Canada. Erin, Ontario: Boston Mills Press. ISBN 1-55046-133-8.
- MacKenzie King, William Lyon (November 1904). "The National Transcontinental Railway of Canada". Quarterly Journal of Economics 19 (1): 136–148. JSTOR 1884867.


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31 year old woman | Chula Vista, CA, USA | Seeking men 30-36 within 50 miles
Do more of what makes you HAPPY!😊😊😊
I am an optimistic gal who likes to keep it light and fun. Girly / boyish is my kind of style. I am very much free spirited person who likes to keep a positive outlook in life. I am spontaneous and easy to get a long with. I love to travel and explore! I like to experience different cultures and explore my taste except eating exotic foods like kangaroo, crocodile burgers etc.... hahaha 😄 I am still new here in San Diego. I am looking for a new activity like scuba diving, roller blades, dance class, martial arts or learn a new language! It is always fun to learn new things. I miss my Vegas life but I know San Diego has a lot to offer me. I love the beach and the scenery! 👍👍👍 Some people told me that I should start dating or meet new friends and hopefully find somebody I can share a connection with. I am looking for someone who's fun, easy to get along with, down to earth, respectful and can have a good conversation with.😊 No gimmick, no drama.. Let's have fun together. Hope to meet you soon!😊
Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Playing sports , Religion/Spiritual , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Video games
Aerobics, Billiards / Pool, Dancing, Other types of exercise, Running, Swimming, VolleyBall
I exercise 1-2 times per week.
I like Cats, Dogs, Fish
Still exploring SD. =)
Kaplan College–Las Vegas Campus, Las Vegas, NV
Travelling, getting lost while exploring(scary but adventure)Sharing a great experience with my favorite people. Tasting different kinds of cuisines. I love the beach..or any major body of water.I love a nice greenish/colorful scenery that's relaxing
I love going to movies, explore new restaurants and taste different cuisines. I like having a drink, hang out and eat fish and chips by the beach, I love swimming and badminton but I also would like to try boxing, martial arts and scuba diving.
Not much of a reader to be honest., I don't get to finish it. I'll end up watching it instead or drawing the pictures that I see.. Sorry.. that's just me! I applaud those who have the patience and who actually enjoys reading or finishing a book. =)
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Appearance | ||
Height: | 5'4" (162cms) | 5'10" (177cms) to 6'2" (187cms) |
Body type: | Curvy | About average, Athletic and toned |
Eyes: | Brown | Black, Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel |
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Faith: | Christian / Catholic | Christian / Catholic |
Languages: | English, Tagalog, Other | English |
Education: | Bachelors degree | Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral |


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Dave Kestenbaum
Dave is on the Planet Money team, and is such a skilled radio reporter that sometimes we have to pinch ourselves to remember that this is his second career. His first? Nuclear physicist. No kidding. PhD and everything.
Money for Nothing and Your Cows for Free.
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Planet Money reporters David Kestenbaum and Jacob Goldstein went to Kenya to see the work of a ...I Worked at the Kennedy Center and All I Got Was This Lousy T-Shirt.
431: See No Evil 04.01.2011
In the 1970s, Dave Kestenbaum's cousin Dan Weiss got promoted from stocker to gift shop manager ...Weekend At Bernanke's.
423: The Invention of Money 01.07.2011
Though the name of the Federal Reserve includes the word "federal," it's not actually part of ...An Old Man Chooses Between Logic and Morals. Logic Wins.
418: Toxie 11.05.2010
David and Chana try to track down the actual homeowners in their toxic asset. The toxic asset is ...Secret Trials And Secret Deportations.
229: Secret Government 01.10.2003
In the war on terror, the government is rounding up foreigners, checking their immigration ...


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The Trappers actually had a losing record that year in games not played during the 29-game streak. Other odd facts about the 1987 Salt Lake Trappers: They pulled off the streak without the benefit of a Major ... Read More...Corey Klübermensch (Dan Lee)
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Meditation Can Help Develop CompassionA definition of compassion is feeling what needs to be done, and acting on it with kindness. On the earth level, I feel that going through and helping heal from catastrophic natural disasters including tsunamis, hurricanes, cyclones, tornadoes, earthquakes, flooding and more are opportunities to rise above self-centeredness, and realize our stance as interconnected with our world family. And, as we usually act for our family and relatives, we are learning to stretch our embrace around our world family with kind acts through compassion. Spending time in meditation is like taking a mini-retreat, in fact it is a retreat into the quiet space of our mind and stillness of our body. In the quiet of reflection and meditation we have time to think over and plan just how we can arrange our lives to serve the highest good. It is in doing this that we develop qualities of compassion and kindness and in turn become personally happier, too. It feels good to be kind, compassionate and helpful. Events in recent times have been so catastrophic to so many of us in the world family that we have been almost forced to reach out to unknown neighbors and world citizens for help. And in turn, those of us able to give our time and energy and resources have turned from indulging in small self-centered satisfactions to extending kindness toward the larger need. I see our little bit of time on earth as a testing ground. We arrive through birth, and dependent on others, strive to survive. And as we grow into adulthood we learn how to become self-sufficient, and then extend ourselves through family responsibilities to care for our self and others. Article by Susan Helene Kramer; photo of meadow in The Netherlands by Stan Schaap. The flowering meadow is a reminder to allow others the space to grow as they will with or without our permission. I invite you to join me in a daily group cyber meditation for personal and planetary peace. Click the article here to read about it. Meditation Lessons for Teens and Adults More than 70 offerings, from guided meditation techniques to on-the-go stress relief and relationship meditations interspersed with verse, and a section of special occasion prayers. 114 pages. PDF Ebook | EPUB | Paperback | Mac Users | B&N NOOK eBook Meditation for All Kids Sitting, walking, dance and group circle meditations, along with positive affirmations, verses and benefits of meditation for kids of all ages and abilities in a 100 page book with illustrations. PDF Ebook | EPUB | Paperback | Mac Users | B&N NOOK eBook Sign up below or in the right-hand column for our meditation site newsletter. It only requires your email address and is never given out or sold to anyone. If at any time you wish to stop receiving it, each newsletter contains a link to unsubscribe. Each person must sign up themselves. We can't sign up for you. It is an easy way to keep abreast of new articles on the meditation site. Make meditation part of your daily routine and let the bellaonline meditation articles help you select just what kind of meditation is right for you, whether you are a child, teen, or adult, a beginner, or advanced practitioner. Article by Susan Helene Kramer
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PBS NewsHour | Conversation: Esmeralda Santiago, Author of 'Conquistadora' | PBS (#10131)
Jeffrey Brown talks to Esmeralda Santiago, author of "Conquistadora." 07:29
PBS NewsHour | In New Book, Doctor Explores History of Cancer | PBS (#10127)
In New Book, Doctor Explores History of Cancer 08:42
The Open Mind | The Destruction of Privacy in America, Part I | PBS
Full Program: Jeffrey Rosen discusses his book "The Unwanted Gaze." 28:40
The Open Mind | Security and Freedom in an Anxious Age, Part II | PBS
Full Program: Jeffrey Rosen discusses security and freedom post-9/11. 28:17
The Open Mind | The Wealth of Nations | PBS
Full Program: Peter G. Peterson discusses his book Running on Empty. 28:49
Tavis Smiley | Human rights advocate John Prendergast | PBS (#2349)
Full Program: Prendergast discusses the remarkable story behind his new text. 10:48
PBS NewsHour | 'Rock the Casbah' Author: Hip-Hop Has Been the Rhythm of Arab Spring | PBS (#10115)
Robin Wright discusses her book and the new wave of empowerment in the Arab world. 06:20
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Borders Closes the Book as Decisions Come Back to Haunt Chain 06:18
The Open Mind | The Problem with Books | PBS
Full Program: Publisher Peter Osnos discusses traditional book distribution problems. 28:30
POV | A Visit From Biblioburro | PBS (#2405)
Luis Soriano and his donkeys bring books to children in an isolated area of Colombia. 17:51
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More of Jeffrey Brown's conversation with author and historian David McCullough. 04:31
Masterpiece | Zen Behind-the-Scenes: Adapting Michael Dibdin's Stories | PBS (#4118)
Zen star Rufus Sewell and the producers on bringing Michael Dibdin's novels to the screen. 00:56
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Full Program: Tavis talks with the awarding-winning historian about her book. 12:30
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From Josh Ritter, a Song That Became a Debut Novel 06:27
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Josh Ritter reads from his novel, "Bright's Passage." 01:24


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Duncan the Wonder Dog
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Lady Wantsomore
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Lady Wantsomore was a character in the Julian Bashir, Secret Agent holodeck program. Felix described her as "a beautiful socialite who's been brainwashed to assassinate the Queen of England". Julian Bashir convinced Jadzia Dax to play Lady Wantsomore. (DS9: "A Simple Investigation")
Lady Wantsomore's name is a homage to the names of the female characters in the James Bond films such as Pussy Galore.