text:
Bilbao Bilbo (Basque) |
Municipality | |||
Clockwise from top: Panorama from mount Artxanda, Church of San Antón, Bilbao Guggenheim Museum, a fosterito, and the Euskalduna Palace
Nickname(s): El botxo | |||
Location of Bilbao within the Basque Autonomous Community | |||
Location of Bilbao within Spain | |||
Coordinates: 43°15′25″N 2°55′25″W / 43.25694°N 2.92361°WCoordinates: 43°15′25″N 2°55′25″W / 43.25694°N 2.92361°W | |||
Country | Spain | ||
Autonomous community | Basque Country | ||
Province | Biscay | ||
Comarca | Greater Bilbao | ||
Founded | 15 June 1300 | ||
Government | |||
• Type | Mayor-Council | ||
• Mayor | Ibon Areso (PNV) | ||
Area | |||
• Municipality | 41.50 km2 (16.02 sq mi) | ||
• Urban | 18.22 km2 (7.03 sq mi) | ||
• Rural | 23.30 km2 (9.00 sq mi) | ||
Elevation | 19 m (62 ft) | ||
Highest elevation | 689 m (2,260 ft) | ||
Lowest elevation | 0 m (0 ft) | ||
Population (2014)[1] | |||
• Municipality | 348,574 | ||
• Density | 8,400/km2 (22,000/sq mi) | ||
• Metro | 950,155 | ||
Demonym | English: Bilbaine Basque: Bilbotarra Spanish: Bilbaíno, Bilbaína |
Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
• Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
Postal code | 48001 – 48015 | ||
Dialing code | +34 94 | ||
Official language(s) | Spanish, Basque | ||
Website | Official website |
Bilbao (/bɪlˈbaʊˌ -ˈbɑːoʊ/,[2] Spanish pronunciation: [bil.ˈβa.o]; Basque: Bilbo, pronounced [bilβo]) is one of the 25 boroughs in the Greater Bilbao comarca, in northern Spain. It is also the capital of the province of Biscay in the autonomous community of the Basque Country. It is the largest municipality of the Basque Country and the tenth largest in Spain, with a population of 353,187 in 2010.[3] The Bilbao metropolitan area has roughly 1 million inhabitants,[4][5][6] one of the most populous metropolitan areas in northern Spain, of which (pop. 875,552)[7] accounts for the comarca of Greater Bilbao, making it the fifth-largest urban area in Spain.
Bilbao is situated in the north-central part of Spain, some 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) south of the Bay of Biscay, where the estuary of Bilbao is formed. Its main urban core is surrounded by two small mountain ranges with an average elevation of 400 metres (1,300 ft).[8]
The borough of Bilbao was founded in the early 14th century by sovereign and semi sovereign families of Bizkaia such as the Bilbao la Vieja, and Diego López V de Haro, head of the powerful Haro family. Bilbao originated as the commercial hub of the Basque Country cultivated by the House de Sarachaga, who historically hold the sovereign fief of Bilbao as successors of The House of Haro.Through their guidance and in cooperation with local magnate families and the government; Bilbao enjoyed significant importance in the Green Spain. This was due to its port activity based on the export of iron extracted from the Biscayan quarries. Throughout the nineteenth century and beginnings of the twentieth, Bilbao experienced heavy industrialisation which made it the centre of the second-most industrialised region of Spain, behind Barcelona.[9][10] This was joined by an extraordinary population explosion that prompted the annexation of several adjacent municipalities. Nowadays, Bilbao is a vigorous service city that is experiencing an ongoing social, economic, and aesthetic revitalisation process, started by the iconic Bilbao Guggenheim Museum,[9][11][12][13] and continued by infrastructure investments, such as the airport terminal, the rapid transit system, the tram line, the Alhóndiga, and the currently under development Abandoibarra and Zorrozaurre renewal projects.[14]
The official name of the town is Bilbao, as known in most languages of the world. Euskaltzaindia, the official regulatory institution of the Basque language, agreed that between the two possible names existing in Basque, Bilbao and Bilbo, that the historical name in Basque is Bilbo, while keeping the officialty of the first one.[15] Although the term Bilbo does not appear on old documents, in the play The Merry Wives of Windsor by William Shakespeare, there is a reference of swords presumably made of Biscayan iron to which he calls "bilboes", which might suggest that it is a word used since at least the sixteenth century.[16][17][18][19]
There is no consensus among historians about the origin of the name. The engineer Evaristo de Churruca said that was a Basque custom to name a place after its location, for Bilbao this would be the result of the union of the Basque words for river and cove: Bil-Ibaia-Bao.[20] Also, the historian José Tussel Gómez argues that it is just a natural evolution of the Spanish words bello vado, beautiful river crossing.[21] On the other hand, the writer Esteban Calle Iturrino said that the name derives from the two previous settlements that existed on both banks of the estuary, more than from the estuary by itself. The first one, where the current Casco Viejo is located, would be called billa, which means stacking in Basque, after the configuration of the buildings. The second one, located on the left bank, where now Bilbao La Vieja is located, would be called vaho, Spanish for mist or steam. From the union of these two, the name Bilbao would come out,[20] that previously was also written as Bilvao and Biluao, as documented in its municipal charter and its following transcriptions.[22]
The titles, the flag and the coat of arms are Bilbao's traditional symbols and belong to its historic patrimony, being used in formal acts, for the identification and decoration of specific places or for the validation of documents.
- Titles
Bilbao holds the historic category of borough (villa), with the titles of «Very noble and very loyal and unbeaten» («Muy Noble y Muy Leal e Invicta»). It was the Catholic Monarchs who awarded on the 20th of September of 1475 the title «Noble borough» («Noble Villa»). Philip III of Spain, via a letter in 1603 awarded the borough the titles of «Very noble and very loyal».[23] After the Siege of Bilbao (1836), during the First Carlist War, the 25 of December 1836, the title of «Unbeaten» was added.[24]
Remains of an ancient settlement were found on the top of Mount Malmasín, dated around the 3rd or 2nd century BC.[25][26] Burial sites were also found on Mounts Avril and Artxanda, dated 6,000 years old. Some authors identify the old settlement of Bilbao as Amanun Portus, cited by Pliny the Elder, or with Flaviobriga, by Ptolemy.[26] Ancient walls, which date around the 11th century, have been discovered below the Church of San Antón.[26]
Bilbao was one of the first towns that was founded in the fourteenth century, during a period in which approximately 70% of the Biscayan municipalities were developed, among them Portugalete in 1323, Ondarroa in 1327, Lekeitio in 1335, and Mungia and Larrabetzu in 1376.[27] The then lord of Biscay, Diego López V of Haro, founded Bilbao through a municipal charter dated in Valladolid on 15 June 1300 and confirmed by King Ferdinand IV of Castile in Burgos, on 4 January 1301. Diego López established the new town on the right bank of the Nervión river, on grounds of the elizate of Begoña and granted it the fuero of Logroño, a compilation of rights and privileges that would prove fundamental to its later development.[28]
On 21 June 1511, Queen Joanna of Castile ordered the creation of the Consulate of Bilbao. This would become the most influential institution of the borough for centuries, and would claim jurisdiction over the estuary, improving its infrastructure. Under the Consulate's control, the port of Bilbao became one of the most important of Spain.[29] The first printing-press was brought to the town in 1577. Here in 1596, the first book in Basque was edited, entitled Doctrina Christiana en Romance y Bascuence by Dr. Betolaza.[30]
In 1602 Bilbao was made the capital of Biscay, a title previously held by Bermeo.[31] The following centuries saw a constant increase of the town's wealth, especially after the discovery of extensive iron resources in the surrounding mountains. At the end of the 17th century, Bilbao overcame the economical crises that affected Spain, thanks to the iron ore and its commerce with England and the Netherlands. During the 18th century, it continued to grow and almost exhausted its small space.
The Basque Country was one of the main sites of battles of the Carlist Wars, and the Carlists very much wanted to conquer the city, a liberal and economic bastion.[32] Bilbao was besieged three times between 1835 and 1874, but all proved unsuccessful. One of the main battles of this time was the Battle of Luchana in 1836, when Liberal general Baldomero Espartero defeated the Carlists, freeing the borough.[33]
Despite the warfare, Bilbao prospered during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, when it rose as the economic centre of the Basque Country. During this time, the first railway was built (in 1857), the Bank of Bilbao was founded (which later would become the BBVA), and the Bilbao Stock Exchange was created. Many industries flourished, such as Altos Hornos de Vizcaya in 1902. The borough grew in area with the Abando ensanche and was modernized with new avenues and walkways, as well as with new modern buildings such as the City Hall, the Basurto Hospital and the Arriaga Theatre.[34] The population increased dramatically, going from 11,000 in 1880 to 80,000 in 1900. Social movements also occurred, specially the Basque nationalism under Sabino Arana.[35]
The Spanish Civil War started in Bilbao with small uprisings suppressed by the Republican forces. On 31 August 1936, the city suffered the first bombing. On the next month, further bombings by German planes occurred, in coordination with Franco's forces.[36] In May 1937, the Nationalist army besieged the town. The battle lasted until 19 June of that year, when Lieutenant Colonel Putz was ordered to destroy all bridges over the estuary, and the troops of the 5th Brigade took the borough from the mountains Malmasin, Pagasarri, and Arnotegi.[37]
With the war over, Bilbao returned to its industrial development, accompanied by a steady population growth. In the 1940s, the city was rebuilt, starting with the bridges. In 1948, the first commercial flight took off from the local airport.[38] Over the next decade, there was a revival of the iron industry. The demand for housing outstripped supply, and workers built slums on the hillsides.[39] In this chaotic environment, on 31 July 1959, the terrorist organization ETA was born in Bilbao, as a faction of the PNV.[39]
After the fall of Francoist Spain and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, in a process known in Spain as the transition, Bilbao could hold democratic elections again. Against what happened in the republics, this time Basque nationalists rose to power.[40] With the approval of the Statute of Autonomy of the Basque Country in 1979, Vitoria-Gasteiz was elected the seat of the government and therefore the de facto capital of the Basque Autonomous Community, despite Bilbao being larger and more powerful economically. In the 1980s, several factors such as terrorism, labor demands, and the arrival of cheap labor force from the abroad, led to a devastating industrial crisis.[39]
Since the mid-1990s, Bilbao has been in a process of deindustrialization and transition to a service town, supported by investment in infrastructure and urban renewal, that started with the opening of the Bilbao Guggenheim Museum (the so-called Guggenheim effect),[13] and continued with the Euskalduna Conference Centre and Concert Hall, Santiago Calatrava's Zubizuri, the metro network by Norman Foster, the tram, the Iberdrola Tower and the Zorrozaurre development plan, among others. Many officially supported associations, as Bilbao Metrópoli-30 and Bilbao Ría 2000 were created to monitor these projects.[41][42]
The municipality of Bilbao is located on the northern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, about 19 kilometres (12 mi) from the Bay of Biscay.[43] It covers an area of 40.65 square kilometres (15.70 sq mi), of which 17.35 square kilometres (6.70 sq mi) are urban, and the remaining 23.30 square kilometres (9.00 sq mi) consist of the surrounding mounts.[44] The official average altitude is 19 metres (62 ft), although there are measurements between 6 metres (20 ft) and 32 metres (105 ft).[45] It is also the core of the comarca of Greater Bilbao. It is surrounded by the municipalities of Derio, Etxebarri, Galdakao, Loiu, Sondika, and Zamudio to the north; Arrigorriaga and Basauri to the west; Alonsotegi to the south; and Barakaldo and Erandio to the east.
Bilbao is located on the Basque threshold, the range between the larger Cantabrian Mountains and the Pyrenees.[46] The composition of the soil is predominated by mesozoic materials (limestone, sandstone, and marl) sedimented over a primitive paleozoic base.[46] The province relief is dominated by NW-SE and WNW-ESE oriented folds. The main fold is the anticline of Bilbao, that runs from the municipality of Elorrio to Galdames.[46] Inside Bilbao there are two secondary folds, one in the northeast, composed by mounts Artxanda, Avril, Banderas, Pikota, San Bernabé, and Cabras; and other in the south, composed by mounts Kobetas, Restaleku, Pagasarri and Arraiz. The highest point in the municipality is mount Ganeta, of 689 metres (2,260 ft), followed by mount Pagasarri, of 673 metres (2,208 ft), both on the border with Alonsotegi.[47]
The main river system of Bilbao is also the hydrological artery of Biscay. The rivers Nervión and Ibaizabal converge in Basauri and form an estuary named "estuary of Bilbao", "of the Nervión", "of the Ibaizabal", or "of the Nervión-Ibaizabal".[48] This estuary runs for 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) and with a low flow (with an average of 25 m3 (883 cu ft) per second).[49] Its main tributary is the river Cadagua, that sources in the Mena valley and has a basin of 642 square kilometres (248 sq mi), which mostly lies in the neighboring province of Burgos.[50] This river is also the natural border between Bilbao and Barakaldo.
The river suffered from human intervention many times, as seen in the dredging of its bottom, the building of docks on both banks and especially in the Deusto canal, an artificial waterway dug between 1950 and 1968 in the district of Deusto as a lateral canal, with the aim to facilitate navigation, sparing ships from the natural curves of the estuary.[51] The project was stopped with 400 metres (1,300 ft) left to complete, and it was decided to leave it as a dock.[52] However, in 2007, a plan was approved to continue the canal and form the island of Zorrozaurre.[53] Said human intervention also brought negative results in the quality of the water, and after decades of toxic waste dumping, caused a situation of anoxia (lack of oxygen), which almost eliminated the entire fauna and flora.[49] However, in recent years this situation is being reversed, thanks to dumping clearance and natural regeneration.[54] now it is possible to observe algae, tonguefishes, crabs, and seabirds,[55] as well as occasional bathers in the summer months.[56]
The estuary also works as a natural border for several neighbourhoods and districts within the borough. Since entering the municipality, from the west, it divides the districts of Begoña and Ibaiondo, then Abando and Uribarri and lastly Deusto and Basurto-Zorroza.
The proximity to the Bay of Biscay gives Bilbao an oceanic climate (Cfb), with precipitation occurring throughout the year, without a well-defined dry summer season. This precipitation is abundant, and given the latitude and atmospheric dynamics, rainy days represent 45% and cloudy days 40% of the annual total.[57] The most rainy season is between October and April, November being the wettest. Snow is not frequent in Bilbao, while it is possible to see snow on the top of the surrounding mountains. Sleet is more frequent, about 10 days per year, mainly in the winter months.[58]
The aforementioned proximity to the ocean also makes that the two most defined seasons (summer and winter) remain mild, with low intensity thermal oscillations. Average maximum temperatures varies between 25 and 26 °C (77.0 and 78.8 °F) in the summer months, while the average minimum in winter is between 6 and 7 °C (42.8 and 44.6 °F).
Extreme record observations in Bilbao are 42.2 °C (108.0 °F) maximum (on 13 August 2003) and −8.6 °C (16.5 °F) minimum (on 3 February 1963). The maximum precipitation in a day was 225.6 mm (9 in) in 26 August 1983 when severe flooding was originated by the Nervión river.[59]
Climate data for Bilbao airport: 1981-2010 | |||||||||||||
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 23.4 (74.1) |
26.8 (80.2) |
29.8 (85.6) |
33.1 (91.6) |
36.0 (96.8) |
41.2 (106.2) |
42.0 (107.6) |
41.9 (107.4) |
41.7 (107.1) |
33.4 (92.1) |
27.6 (81.7) |
24.6 (76.3) |
42.0 (107.6) |
Average high °C (°F) | 13.4 (56.1) |
14.3 (57.7) |
16.5 (61.7) |
17.6 (63.7) |
20.8 (69.4) |
23.4 (74.1) |
25.4 (77.7) |
26.0 (78.8) |
24.6 (76.3) |
21.4 (70.5) |
16.6 (61.9) |
13.9 (57) |
19.5 (67.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 9.3 (48.7) |
9.7 (49.5) |
11.5 (52.7) |
12.6 (54.7) |
15.7 (60.3) |
18.4 (65.1) |
20.4 (68.7) |
20.9 (69.6) |
19.2 (66.6) |
16.4 (61.5) |
12.4 (54.3) |
9.9 (49.8) |
14.7 (58.5) |
Average low °C (°F) | 5.1 (41.2) |
5.1 (41.2) |
6.4 (43.5) |
7.6 (45.7) |
10.6 (51.1) |
13.4 (56.1) |
15.4 (59.7) |
15.7 (60.3) |
13.8 (56.8) |
11.4 (52.5) |
8.2 (46.8) |
5.9 (42.6) |
9.9 (49.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | −7.6 (18.3) |
−8.6 (16.5) |
−5.0 (23) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
0.4 (32.7) |
3.6 (38.5) |
6.6 (43.9) |
6.8 (44.2) |
3.8 (38.8) |
0.6 (33.1) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
−7.4 (18.7) |
−8.6 (16.5) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 120 (4.72) |
86 (3.39) |
90 (3.54) |
107 (4.21) |
78 (3.07) |
60 (2.36) |
51 (2.01) |
77 (3.03) |
73 (2.87) |
111 (4.37) |
147 (5.79) |
122 (4.8) |
1,134 (44.65) |
Avg. precipitation days | 13 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 11 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 12 | 124 |
Avg. snowy days | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 72 | 69 | 68 | 69 | 69 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 71 | 71 | 73 | 72 | 70 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 85 | 97 | 132 | 138 | 169 | 181 | 186 | 179 | 160 | 127 | 88 | 78 | 1,610 |
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología,[60] Aena[61] |
Historical population | ||
Year | Pop. | ±% |
1900 | 83,306 | — |
1910 | 93,536 | +12.3% |
1920 | 112,819 | +20.6% |
1930 | 161,987 | +43.6% |
1940 | 195,186 | +20.5% |
1950 | 229,334 | +17.5% |
1960 | 297,272 | +29.6% |
1970 | 410,490 | +38.1% |
1980 | 433,030 | +5.5% |
1990 | 372,054 | −14.1% |
2000 | 354,271 | −4.8% |
2010 | 353,187 | −0.3% |
2013 | 349,356 | −1.1% |
The local Register office shows a total resident population for Bilbao of 349,356 in 2013[update].
The first credible data about Bilbao population are post-1550.[62] It is known that in 1530, Biscay had approximately 65,000 inhabitants, a number that could have been reduced by plagues that struck the city in 1517, 1530, 1564–68, and 1597–1601, the last one being specially devastating.[62] This trend in adverse situations for population growth was maintained until the nineteenth century. Since then, Bilbao experienced an exponential population growth thanks to the industrialisation of the area. After a peak of 433,115 inhabitants in 1982, the municipalities of the Txorierri valley were removed from Bilbao, with the corresponding loss of their population.[63]
Of the 355,731 people residing in Bilbao in 2009, only 114,220 (32.1%) were born inside the municipality. Of the remainder, 114,908 were born in other Biscayan towns, while 9,545 were born in the other two Basque provinces; 85,789 came from the rest of Spain (mainly Castile-León and Galicia), and 33,537 were foreigners.[64] There are 127 different nationalities registered in Bilbao, although 60 of them contain fewer than 10 people.[65] The largest foreign communities are the Bolivian and the Colombian, with 4,879 and 3,730 respectively. Other nationalities with more than 1,000 inhabitants are Romanian (2,248), Moroccan (2,058), Ecuadorian (1,832), Chinese (1,390), Brazilian (1,273) and Paraguayan, with 1,204.[64]
Bilbao is a municipality with a Mayor-Council form of government. The mayor and councillors are elected to four-year terms. There is a division between an executive branch, made up by the mayor and a board of governors and a Plenum, which consists of 29 councillors.[66] The councillors of the Plenum represent political parties and are distributed as follows: Basque Nationalist Party: 15 seats plus the mayor; People's Party, 6 seats; Bildu, 4 seats; and Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, 4 seats.[67]
In 2008 and 2010, Bilbao won the Municipal Transparency Prize, awarded by the Spanish division of Transparency International. In 2009 it came second, after Sant Cugat del Vallés.[68]
Its former mayor, recently deceased, Mr. Iñaki Azkuna Urreta (PNV-EAJ) was awarded as the Best World Mayor 2012.[69][70]
The borough of Bilbao consists of eight different districts. Each district is further subdivided into neighbourhoods, totalling 35:
Number | District | Neighbourhoods | Area (km²) |
Population (2009)[71] |
Location |
1 | Deusto | Arangoiti, Ibarrekolanda, San Ignacio-Elorrieta, and San Pedro de Deusto-La Rivera. | 4.95 | 51,656 | |
2 | Uribarri | Castaños, Matiko-Ciudad Jardín, Uribarri, and Zurbaran-Arabella. | 4.19 | 38,335 | |
3 | Otxarkoaga-Txurdinaga | Otxarkoaga and Txurdinaga. | 3.90 | 28,518 | |
4 | Begoña | Begoña, Bolueta, and Santutxu. | 1.77 | 43,030 | |
5 | Ibaiondo | Atxuri, Bilbao La Vieja, Casco Viejo, Iturralde, La Peña, Miribilla, San Adrián, San Francisco, Solokoetxe, and Zabala. | 9.65 | 61,029 | |
6 | Abando | Abando and Indautxu. | 2.14 | 51,718 | |
7 | Errekalde | Amezola, Iralabarri, Iturrigorri-Peñascal, Errekaldeberri-Larraskitu, and Uretamendi. | 6.96 | 47,787 | |
8 | Basurto-Zorroza | Altamira, Basurto, Olabeaga, Masustegi-Monte Caramelo, and Zorrotza. | 7.09 | 33,658 |
Bilbao has been the economic center of the Basque Country since the times of the Consulate, mainly because of commerce in Castilian products on the town's port, but it was not until the 19th century when it experimented with big development, mainly based on the exploitation of the iron mines and siderurgy, which promoted the maritimal traffic, the portuary activity and the construction of ships.[72] During those years Banco de Bilbao (Bank of Bilbao), founded in Bilbao in 1857 and Banco de Vizcaya (Bank of Biscay), which was established in 1901, also in Bilbao, made their appearance. Both entities merged in 1988 creating the BBV corporation (Banco Bilbao Vizcaya, Bank of Bilbao-Biscay). BBV merged with Argentaria in 1999, creating the current corporation, BBVA. The savings banks that were established locally, Caja de Ahorros Municipal de Bilbao (Municipal Savings Bank of Bilbao) in 1907, and Caja de Ahorros Provincial de Vizcaya (Provincial Savings Bank of Biscay) in 1921, would merge in 1990 and form Bilbao Bizkaia Kutxa (BBK).[73] There is also the Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Navigation of Bilbao and the Stock Exchange Market of Bilbao, founded in 1890.[74]
After the dramatic industrial crisis of the 1980s, Bilbao was forced to rethink its very economic foundations. That is how it transformed into a successful service town.[75] Bilbao is home to numerous companies of national and international relevance, including two among the 150 world's biggest, according to Forbes magazine: BBVA at #40 and Iberdrola at #122.[76] The city's GDP per capita is of €26,225 in 2005, considerably above the country average of €22,152. According to the official economic yearbook, the strongest sectors are construction, commerce, and tourism.[77][78] The unemployment rate reached 14.4% in 2009, well below the national rate, of 18,01%.[79] Nevertheless, it is the highest rate in the last ten years.[80]
Port of Bilbao[edit]
The historical port was located in what today is an area called the Arenal, a few steps from the Casco Viejo, until the late 20th century. In 1902, an exterior port was built at the mouth of the estuary, in the coastal municipality of Santurtzi. Further extensions led to a superport, that in the 1970s replaced the docks inside Bilbao,[81] with the exception of those located in the neighbourhood of Zorrotza, still in activity.[82]
The port of Bilbao is a first-class commercial port and is among the top five of Spain.[83] Over 200 regular maritime services link Bilbao with 500 ports worldwide. At the close of 2009 cargo movements amounted to 31.6 million tonnes, Russia, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and the Nordic countries being the main markets.[84] In the first semester of 2008, it received over 67,000 passengers and 2,770 ships.[85] This activity reported 419 million euros to the basque GDP and generates almost 10,000 jobs.[86]
Mining and ironworks[edit]
Iron is the main and most abundant raw material found in Biscay, and its extraction is legally protected since 1526. Mining was the main primary activity in Bilbao and the minerals, of great quality, were exported to all over Europe.[87] It was not until the second half of the nineteenth century when an ironworks industry was developed, benefited by the resources and the well connected borough. In the 20th century, both Spanish and European capitals imported around 90% of the Biscayan iron.[87] Although World War I made Bilbao one of the main ironworks powers, later crisis prompted a decline in the activity.
The first notion of Bilbao as a tourist destination came with the inauguration of the railway between Bilbao and the coastal neighbourhood of Las Arenas, in the municipality of Getxo in 1872. This way, it became a modest beach destination.[88]
However, the real touristic impulse would come with the inauguration of the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao in 1997, as shown in the increasing tourist arrivals since then, reaching over 615,000 visitors in the year 2009. A significant leap, considering that during 1995, Bilbao only received 25,000 tourists.[89] Bilbao also hosts 31% of the total Basque Country visitors, being the top destination of this autonomous community, above San Sebastián.[89] Most tourists come from within Spain, mainly from Madrid and Catalonia. International travellers come mostly from nearby France, but also from United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy.[89] Tourism generates about 300 million euros for the Biscayan GDP.[89] Bilbao is also an attractive destination for business tourism, mainly thanks to new venues such as the Euskalduna Conference Centre and Concert Hall, or the nearby Bilbao Exhibition Centre, in Barakaldo.[90]
Stock exchange[edit]
Projects to create a stock exchange market in Bilbao began in the early 19th century, even though it would not be created until 21 July 1890[74] It is one of Spain's four regional stock exchanges, the other being in Barcelona, Madrid, and Valencia. It is owned by Bolsas y Mercados Españoles. The Bilbao Stock Exchange is considered a secondary market.
Urban planning[edit]
In its beginnings, Bilbao only had three streets (Somera, Artecalle, and Tendería) surrounded by walls located where Ronda street now stands. Inside this enclosure, there was a small hermitage dedicated to the Apostle Saint James (the current St. James' Cathedral), which pilgrims visited on their way to Santiago de Compostela. In the fifteenth century, four more streets were built, forming the original Zazpikaleak or "Seven Streets".[91] In 1571, after several floods and a major fire in 1569, the walls were demolished in order to allow the expansion of the town.[92]
In 1861, engineer Amado Lázaro projected an ensanche inside the then-municipality of Abando with wide avenues and regular buildings, that included the hygienists ideas of the time. The project was mostly based on Barcelona's Eixample, designed by Ildefons Cerdà.[93] However, the project was dropped by the City Council after considering it "utopian and excessive" because of its high cost, though of great quality. Furthermore, Lázaro had calculated the demographic growth of the town was based on the previous three centuries, a provision that eventually would not conform to reality.[93][94]
The next large urban change in Bilbao would come in 1876, when the capital annexed (in several stages) the neighbouring municipality of Abando. The new ensanche project was planned by a team made of architect Severino de Achúcarro and engineers Pablo de Alzola (elected Mayor that same year), and Ernesto de Hoffmeyer. Unlike Lázaro's, this project was significantly smaller, compassing 1.58 km2 (0.61 sq mi) against the original 2.54 km2 (0.98 sq mi).[93] It also featured a not so strict grid pattern, a park to separate the industrial and residential areas and the Gran Vía de Don Diego López de Haro, the main thoroughfare, where many relevant buildings were located, such as Biscay County Hall or the BBVA Tower. By the end of the 1890s, this widening was half completed and already filled, so a new extension was planned by Federico Ugalde.[93]
By 1925, the municipalities of Deusto and Begoña, as well as part of Erandio were annexed, and in 1940, the remaining part of Erandio became part of Bilbao. The last annexation took place in 1966, with the municipalities of Loiu, Sondika, Derio, and Zamudio. This made Bilbao larger than ever, with 107 km2 (41 sq mi). However, all these municipalities, with the exception of Deusto and Begoña regained their independence on 1 January 1983.[95]
On 18 May 2010, Bilbao was awarded by the government of Singapore the Lee Kuan Yew World City Prize, at the World Cities Summit 2010.[96] It is considered the Pritzker of urbanism.[97]
Bilbao's buildings display a variety of architectural styles, ranging from gothic to contemporary architecture. The Old Town features many of the oldest buildings in the city, as the St. James' Cathedral or the Church of San Antón, included in the borough's coat of arms. Most of the Old Town is a pedestrian zone during the day. Nearby is one of the most important religious temples of Biscay, the Basilica of Begoña, dedicated to the patron saint of the province, Our Lady of Begoña.
Seventeen bridges span the banks of the estuary inside the town's boundaries. Among the most interesting ones are the Zubizuri (Basque for "white bridge"), a pedestrian footbridge designed by Santiago Calatrava opened in 1997, and the Princes of Spain Bridge, also known as "La Salve", a suspension bridge opened in 1972 and redesigned by French conceptual artist Daniel Buren in 2007.[98] The Deusto Bridge is a bascule bridge opened in 1936 and modelled after the Michigan Avenue Bridge, in Chicago.[99] Between 1890 and 1893 the first transporter bridge ("Puente Colgante") in the world on the Nervion river, between Portugalete and Getxo, was built by Alberto Palacio (architect and engineer) together with his brother Silvestre.
Since the deindustrialization process started in the 1990s, many of the former industrial areas are being transformed into modern public and private spaces designed by several of the world's most renowned architects and artists. The main example is the Guggenheim Museum, located in what was an old dock and wood warehouse. The building, designed by Frank Gehry and inaugurated in October 1997, is considered among architecture experts as one of the most important structures of the last 30 years,[100] and a masterpiece by itself.[101] The museum houses part of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation modern art collection. Another example is the Alhóndiga, a wine warehouse built in 1909 and completely redesigned in 2010 by French designer Philippe Starck into a multi-purpose venue that consists of a cinema multiplex, a fitness centre, a library, and a restaurant, among other spaces.[102][103] The Abandoibarra area is also being renovated, and it features not only the Guggenheim Museum, but also Arata Isozaki's tower complex, the Euskalduna Conference Centre and Concert Hall and the Iberdrola Tower, designed by Argentine architect César Pelli which is, since its completion in 2011, the Basque Country's tallest skyscraper, 165 metres (541 ft) high.[104] Zorrozaurre is the next area to be redeveloped, following a 2007 master plan designed by Iraqi architect Zaha Hadid.
This current peninsula will be transformed into a 500,000 m2 (5,400,000 sq ft) island and will feature residential and commercial buildings, as well as the new BBK seat.[105]
As of 2010, Bilbao has 18 public parks inside its limits, totalling 200 ha (490 acres) of green spaces. Besides, its green belt has a total area of 1,025 ha (2,530 acres), of which 119 ha (290 acres) are urbanized.[106] The largest parks are Mount Cobetas, of 18.5 ha (46 acres), and Larreagaburu, of 12 ha (30 acres), both located on the outskirts.[107]
The Doña Casilda Iturrizar park is located in the district of Abando, near the town centre and covers an area of 8.5 ha (21 acres). It is named after a local benefactress who donated the grounds to the borough. It is an English-style garden designed by Ricardo Bastida and opened to the public in 1907. It features a dancing water fountain surrounded by a pergola, and a pond with many species of ducks, geese and swans, which gives the park the alternate name of "Ducks' Park", as known locally. In recent years, it was expanded to be connected with the Abandoibarra area.[108] In Ibaiondo, the Etxeberria Park was built in the 1980s in the place where a steel mill previously stood. The original chimney was maintained as a homage of its industrial past. It covers an area of 18.9 ha (47 acres), on a sloped terrain that overlooks the Old Town.[109] Other relevant public spaces inside the city include the Europa Park, the Miribilla Park, or the Memorial Walkway, a 3 km (1.9 mi) long walkway, with 12 m (39 ft) high lamps, located in the left bank of the estuary and that connects the main sights.[110]
Mount Artxanda is easily accessible from the town centre by a funicular. There is a recreational area at the summit, with restaurants, a sports complex and a balcony with panoramic views. In the south, Mount Pagasarri receives hundreds of hikers every weekend since the 1870s, who seek its natural wonders. Its environment is officially protected since 2007.[111]
The Basque Country has a bilingual education system, with students having the possibility to choose between four linguistic models: A, B, D, and X, which differ in the prevalence of Basque or Spanish as the spoken and written language during classes.[112] In Bilbao, there is a prevalence of model D (Basque is the vehicle language and Spanish is taught as a subject) in Primary School, while Compulsory Secondary Education students favour model B (some subjects are in Basque and other in Spanish). Finally, 67% of Baccalaureate students choose model A (Spanish is the vehicle language and Basque is a subject).[113] English is the most widespread foreign language taught, as it is the option for 97% of pre-university students.[112]
Higher education[edit]
Bilbao is home to two universities. The oldest is the University of Deusto, founded by the Society of Jesus in 1886. It took its name after the then independent municipality of Deusto, annexed to Bilbao in 1925. It was the only higher education offered in the borough until the establishment in 1968 of the University of Bilbao, that would later become the University of the Basque Country in 1980. This public university, present in the three provinces of the autonomous community, has its main Biscayan campus in the municipality of Leioa, however the Technical and Business faculties are based in Bilbao.[114]
Bilbao Airport serves the city and it is the busiest terminal in the Basque Country and in the entire Northern coast, with 3,9 million passengers in 2010.[115][116] It is located 12 km (7.46 mi) north of the borough, between the municipalities of Loiu and Sondika.[117] 15 airlines operate in the terminal, including Iberia, Lufthansa, and TAP Portugal. Top destinations include London, Frankfurt, Munich, Madrid, Paris, Malaga, and Amsterdam.[116] It opened to the public in September 1948, with a regular flight to Madrid. On 19 November 2000, a new terminal building was opened, designed by Valencian architect Santiago Calatrava. In February 2009, a project was approved to expand the current building to double its capacity. Although expected to be completed by 2014, the current financial crisis and the decrease of passenger traffic delayed it to at least 2019.[118]
The borough has 13 bridges connecting opposite sides of the river. It is connected to the European road network by the AP-8 toll motorway and to the north of Spain by the A-8 motorway and to the rest of Spain by the AP-68 toll motorway.
The underground network (Metro Bilbao), opened on 11 November 1995, is used by more than 85 million passengers every year. It has 2 lines that connect both banks of the Bilbao Metropolitan Area. There is a project under way to build a third line.
The city has 43 Bilbobus bus lines, 28 for normal buses, seven "micro-buses" for zones of the city that a normal bus cannot access, and eight night lines. The inner-town bus network has recently won a prize for its efficiency and quality of service. In addition, there are more than 100 BizkaiBus bus lines, connecting Bilbao with almost every point in Biscay and part of Alava. The borough's main bus station is called Termibus and is located near the San Mamés stadium.
There are 7 commuter rail lines operated by three different companies:
Renfe (Spanish railway network) operates 3 Cercanías lines in metropolitan Bilbao:
- C1, Bilbao-Abando–Santurtzi
- C2, Abando-Muskiz
- C3, Abando-Orduña
FEVE (Spanish Narrow Gauge Railways) operates one line:
- Abando (Concordia)-Balmaseda.
EuskoTren (Basque railway network), operates three lines:
In 2002, the new tram, EuskoTran, was inaugurated. It has one line connecting Atxuri with Basurto. Plans are afoot to greatly expand the network over the coming decade.
A Brittany Ferries ferry service links Santurtzi, near Bilbao, to Portsmouth (UK). MV Cap Finistère ferry departs from the port of Bilbao, 15 km (9 mi) north west of the town centre. A service operated by Acciona Trasmediterranea served the same route from 16 May 2006 until April 2007. P&O Ferries operated this route until its withdrawal on 28 September 2010 with a ship called the Pride of Bilbao.
Bilbao has several theatres and concert halls (Teatro Arriaga, Palacio Euskalduna), cinemas, and a regular opera season offered by ABAO (Bilbao Association of Opera Lovers) . The Bilbao Symphony Orchestra was founded in 1922, its current conductor Günter Neuhold being appointed in 2008. Choral music is very popular in the Basque Country and concerts are offered regularly. The Bilbao Choral Society (Sociedad Coral de Bilbao) was founded in 1886.
Museums include the famous Guggenheim Museum Bilbao[119] of contemporary art and the Bilbao Fine Arts Museum,[120] with a great collection of Spanish painting.
Like in other Spanish town, night life is long and vibrant, with clubs that offer live music (Kafe Antzokia, Bilborock).
Bilbao was briefly featured at the start of the 1999 James Bond film The World Is Not Enough.
The Bilbao Live Festival, first held in 2006, is an increasingly popular live music event.[121]
Semana Grande (Spanish for Big Week, Aste Nagusia in Basque) is Bilbao's main festival attracting over 100,000 people. It begins on the Saturday of the 3rd week of August each year, lasting 9 days and has been celebrated since 1978. People from around Spain, and increasingly from abroad, attend the celebrations.
The celebrations include the strongman games, free music performances, street entertainment, bullfighting and nightly firework displays. The best views of the display are from the town's bridges. Each year, there is something different occurring, thus a festival programme (these are available all over the city) is strongly recommended.
Like in the rest of Spain, football is the most popular competitive sport, followed by basketball.
The main football club is Athletic Club, commonly known as Athletic Bilbao in English. It plays at the new San Mamés stadium, which opened in 2013 and seats 53,332 spectators.[122] Athletic Bilbao was one of the founding members of the Spanish football league, La Liga, and has played in the Primera División (First Division)[123] ever since - winning it on eight occasions. Its red and white striped flag is seen throughout the city. Athletic are noted for its Basque policy, with only players born in or having clear connection to the Basque Country or Navarre being allowed to represent the club.
The main basketball team is CB Bilbao Berri aka Bizkaia Bilbao Basket, which plays in the ACB. Their home venue is the Bilbao Arena.
In addition, Bilbao offers many outdoor activities owing to its location in a hilly countryside. Hiking is very popular as well as rock climbing in the nearby mountains. Watersports, especially surfing, are practiced on the beaches of nearby Sopelana and Mundaka.
Twin cities[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2015) |
Bilbao is twinned with:
- Monterrey, Mexico
- Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Rosario, Argentina[124]
- Medellín, Colombia
- Bordeaux, France[125][126]
- Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Tbilisi, Georgia[127]
- Pittsburgh, United States
- Sant Adrià de Besòs, Spain
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bilbao. |
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bilbao. |
- Official website (Basque) (Spanish) (English)


text:
Isaac McCoy
Isaac McCoy (June 13, 1784 – June 21, 1846) was a Baptist missionary among the Native Americans in present-day Indiana, Michigan and Missouri. He was an advocate of Indian removal from the eastern United States, proposing an Indian state in what is now Kansas, Nebraska, and Oklahoma. He also played an instrumental role in the founding of Grand Rapids, Michigan and Kansas City, Missouri.
Early life[edit]
McCoy was born in Uniontown, Pennsylvania, in 1784. Five years later, the McCoy family rafted down the Ohio River to Kentucky, settling first near Louisville and in 1792 in Shelby County. The senior McCoy was a Baptist minister, and though he and his son had profound arguments on religion (the elder McCoy, on theological principles shared by many of his congregation, was opposed to missionizing), Isaac set his eyes on becoming a missionary when he was still young.
Marriage and family[edit]
In 1804 at the age of 20, Isaac McCoy married Christiana Polke (1778-1851), age 16, in Kentucky; she was a cousin of the future President James K. Polk.[citation needed] Christiana's family had been at the ill-fated settlement at Kincheloe's Station, Nelson County, Kentucky, when it was attacked, and her mother and four siblings were carried into captivity by the Shawnee before her birth. They traveled north as far as Michigan, where they lived with the Indians for 13 months, and were eventually bought by the British, who sent them south again.
The McCoy's had 14 children, only four whom grew to adulthood. John Calvin McCoy was assistant to his father and became prominent in his own right in the early history of the Kansas and Missouri frontiers.[1]
McCoy's wife, Christiana, died in Kansas City in 1851. A stream in Elkhart County, Indiana[2] and a lake in Cass County, Michigan are named for her.[3]
Westward migration[edit]
Soon after their marriage, the young couple departed Kentucky for Vincennes, Indiana. Although he had no training and no formal education, McCoy became a part-time preacher. In 1808 the Silver Creek Baptist Church, the first Baptist Church in Indiana, granted McCoy a license "to preach the Gospel wherever God in His providence might cast his lot." The Silver Creek church was located near what became Sellersburg in Clark County. In 1809 McCoy became pastor of Maria Creek Church near Vincennes and in 1810 the Church ordained him as a minister. He also spent time serving as the town jailor at Vincennes.
Despite illness and poverty, McCoy traveled widely (if unsuccessfully) on the frontier promoting the Baptist church. In 1817, the Baptist Board of Foreign Missions appointed him as a missionary to the settlers and Indians in Indiana and Illinois territories. Though his original intention was to preach to frontiersmen, his interests and concern for Indians quickly began to dominate his work.[4][5]
Missions in Indiana and Michigan[edit]
McCoy founded his first "religious station" and school in October 1818 in what became Parke County, Indiana, on Big Raccoon Creek upstream from the later Wea Indian reservation at Armiesburg.[6] The mission was said to be situated between Rosedale and Bridgeton. The Wea showed little interest in the school, however, and it failed. McCoy at that time was likely the only white settler in Parke County. In February 1819, he performed the first marriage in the county, between two métis, Christmas Dazney (Noel Dagenet) and Mary Ann Isaacs (a Brotherton or Mohegan from upstate New York). In 1821, in compensation for his work with McCoy and for the federal government as an interpreter, Dazney filed a land claim between the mouths of Sugar Creek and Big Raccoon Creek north and east of present-day Montezuma and established a Wea-Miami reservation there. This was the first reservation that came about as a result of a connection with Isaac McCoy, though McCoy had left the area by then. Dazney was eventually instrumental in leading bands of Indiana Indians west to Kansas after the Indian Removal Act of 1830. Dazney died in Kansas in 1848.
In May 1820, the McCoy family moved to Fort Wayne, Indiana to set up a mission to the Miami tribe. His school at Fort Wayne attracted 40 Miami, Potawatomi, and mixed-blood children, several whites, and one African American. In 1821, McCoy made the first of many visits to Washington, DC, seeking approval by the federal government, unsuccessfully on this occasion, for him to appoint teachers, blacksmiths, and other "agents of civilization" to be provided the Indians under newly ratified treaties.[7]
In December 1822, McCoy left Fort Wayne and moved his family and 18 Indian students to a site on the St. Joseph River near the present-day city of Niles in southwestern Michigan; he opened a mission to the Pottawatomi. The Carey Mission, as he named it, was 100 miles from the nearest White settlement. The Pottawatomi gave McCoy a relatively warm welcome and helped feed his large family and Indian students through their early seasons in the territory. McCoy enjoyed more success here than in his earlier endeavors. His school expanded to have 76 Indian children, four Indian employees, five missionaries, six white children, and a millwright.
In 1826, McCoy led his family in another move, deeper into the frontier, where he established the Thomas Mission to the Odawa people, at what was later to become Grand Rapids, Michigan.[5] McCoy and his missionaries were the first European-American settlers in Niles and Grand Rapids.
Indian removal[edit]
With good intentions, McCoy began in 1823 to advocate that the Indian nations of the East be moved west "beyond the frontiers of the White settlement." He believed that getting the tribes to their own, isolated places, away from the reach of whiskey traders and others who were exploiting them, would give them a better chance of surviving and becoming Christianized. McCoy's ideas for removal of the Indians were not new, but he promoted the idea that the U.S. government should fund "civilization programs" to educate the Indians and turn them into farmers and Christians.[8] McCoy expanded his concept later to propose the creation of an Indian state making up most of the land area of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Nebraska.
Although McCoy thought of himself as the future leader of Indian Canaan (as he called it) he had little confidence in his fellow missionaries. They never accomplished more than 'to soften the pillows of the dying' and had "too recently been transplanted from the sterile plains of religious bigotry, to expand with liberal views of the character, and of the just rights of man." Rather he placed his faith in the government to create for the Indians "a country of their own" where they could "feel their importance, where they can hope to enjoy, unmolested, the fruits of their labours, and their national recovery need not be doubted." His proposed Indian colony, to become subsequently a Territory and then a State within the United States, would be guided by a benign U.S. government and missionaries with whiskey dealers and dishonest merchants banned.
What McCoy failed to foresee was that the frontier of white settlement was expanding so rapidly that his Indian Canaan would be overrun by settlers before Indians could enjoy "unmolested, the fruits of their labours."[9] Moreover, he overestimated the good will and capacity of the government. During the tragic removals forced on the Indians by the U.S. government in the 1830s and later, thousands would die of neglect and arrive in Kansas and Oklahoma impoverished and starving. McCoy's conversion programs and philosophy of removal, though well-intentioned, culminated in the 1838 Potawatomi Trail of Death.
Surveyor of Indian Territory[edit]
The possibility of removing eastern Indians west of the Mississippi River was enhanced In 1825 when the Osage and the Kaw ceded large portions of their lands in Kansas and Oklahoma to the United States. In 1828, Congress authorized McCoy to lead an expedition to survey lands to which the Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Creek of the Southeast could be relocated. McCoy also invited representatives of the Potawatomi and Odawa to join the expedition. With the unenthusiastic Indians, McCoy traveled through Kansas and Oklahoma laying out potential reservations and devising in his mind the organization of an Indian State.[10]
In June 1829, McCoy moved his family to Fayette, Missouri. That fall, at his own expense, he carried out a survey on the Kaw lands. In 1830, with Kaw "mixed blood" Joseph James as his guide he surveyed and established the boundaries of a reservation for the Delaware tribe who were persuaded to move there from their territories in southern Missouri.[11]
In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, which formally authorized the removal of eastern Indians to the West. For the next ten years, McCoy was engaged in surveying boundaries of reservations for more than twenty tribes who moved west to present-day Kansas. Often they comprised small remnants of formerly powerful peoples.[12] McCoy had hoped to be one of the three commissioners appointed to oversee Indian Territory, but he was passed over and his dreams of becoming the government's chief representative to the Indian tribes were dashed.[13]
Aware of the fraud, abuse, and neglect involved in the removal of Indians westward, McCoy rationalized that it was for the greater good of having Indian lands secured for them in perpetuity. Such "perpetuity" was to last little more than two decades.[14]
Missionary work in the 1830s[edit]
McCoy, his son John, his daughter Delilah and her missionary husband Johnston Lykins, worked together as missionaries to the Shawnee and Lenape (Delaware), following them to what is now Kansas City, Missouri, on the border of Indian Territory and near their reservations. The younger McCoy established a trading post at Westport, Missouri. He was among the first organizers of Kansas City. His brother-in-law Lykins was elected as one of the city's first mayors.
McCoy's strong views were often at odds with the Baptist mission board and other missionaries. In 1832, a smallpox epidemic was killing thousands of Indians. McCoy traveled to Washington, seeking funds from Congress to support a vaccination program for Indians. He found little enthusiasm for such a bill. The Missouri Senator, Alexander Buckner, said to him about the Indians, "if they were all dead it would be a blessing for our country." Partially due to his efforts, Congress eventually passed a modest bill to finance Indian vaccinations.
In 1833, an armed McCoy was allegedly involved with a company of "ruffians," a mob in Independence, Missouri who attacked Mormon families at gunpoint and expelled them from their homes onto the prairie, where they nearly starved.[15] The autobiography of Parley Pratt recalls: "While we thus made our escape the companies of ruffians were ranging in every direction; bursting into homes without fear, knowing that the people [the Mormons] were disarmed; frightening women and children, and threatening to kill them if they did not flee immediately. At the head of one of these parties appeared the Rev. Isaac McCoy (a noted Baptist missionary to the Indians), with gun in hand, ordering the people to leave their homes immediately and surrender everything in the shape of arms. Other pretended preachers of the Gospel took part in the persecution - speaking of the [Mormon] Church as the common enemies of mankind, and exulting in their afflictions." [16] Edward Partridge recalled the same incident in a letter of 1839, when the Mormons were disarmed at Independence: "Wednesday Nov 6th. The arms being taken from the Saints the mob now felt safe and were no longer militia. They formed themselves into companies and went forth on horseback armed to harass the saints and pick up all the arms they could find. Two of these companies were headed by Baptist priests. The Rev. Isaac McCoy headed one of about 60 or 70, the other's was about 30 or 40. They went through the different settlement[s] of the Saints threatening them with death and destruction if they were not off immediately... The mobs whipped and shot at some and others they hunted, for as they said to kill them. Such mobs well lined with whiskey were acting worse than savages."[17]
Although he was involved in numerous projects on behalf of what he perceived as the best interest of Indians, McCoy was nearly destitute during much of the 1830s, taking in boarders and working as bookkeeper in a neighboring store. He hoped to be appointed as the government overseer of Indians. He lobbied in Washington and on the frontier seeking, unsuccessfully, for U.S. government recognition of the Indian lands as an official U.S. Territory.[18]
While in Missouri, a slave state, in 1835 McCoy purchased a female slave named Chainy. Opposed to slavery, he said that he had bought her to prevent her being separated from her husband and children by being sold through a slave market. (It appears he already owned her husband and children.) In his will he provided for her to be manumitted, on the condition that she pay his estate (or descendants) her purchase price of $415 plus interest. He also provided for her children (also his property) to be freed when each reached age 24.[19]
In 1840, McCoy wrote one of the earliest, most personally informed reports on the Midwestern Native American tribes, The History of Baptist Indian Missions. In 1842 he returned East to Louisville, Kentucky, where he directed the Baptist American Indian Mission Association. He wrote additional works on Indians and the missions. He died there in 1846 and was buried in Western Cemetery.[20]
McCoy was much more of a social reformer than a missionary, hardly being concerned in his later years with converting Indians to Christianity. He attacked the system of law and custom by which Indians had been kept in bondage" and "his object was to free the Indians from those restraints." His solution was to move the Indians beyond where they could be corrupted and exploited by Whites. But the tide of westward expansion in the U.S. was too strong and his plans failed. Still, the vision of this rude, untutored preacher and pioneer was, in the words of his biographer, 'somewhat breathtaking."[21]
- ^ "Sixth Biennial Report," Kansas State Historical Society, 1889, pp. 298-311
- ^ "History of Elkhart", Richard Dean Taylor website, Excerpt by permission from George E. Riebs, Elkhart: A Pictorial History, St. Louis, Missouri: G. Bradley Publishing, Inc., 1997
- ^ "Christiana Polke McCoy", Polke Papers, Cartar, accessed 28 Apr 2012
- ^ Schultz, George A. An Indian Canaan: Isaac McCoy and the Vision of an Indian State. Norman: U of OK Press, 1971, pp. 4-15
- ^ a b "Rev. Isaac McCoy", from "Rev. Isaac McCoy: Early Baptist Indian Missionary", The Baptist Encyclopedia, 1881, Baptist History Homepage website, accessed Feb 19, 2011
- ^ Schultz, p. 28
- ^ Schultz, pp 56-58
- ^ Schultz, pp. 67-70
- ^ Schultz, 95-96
- ^ Schultz, pp. 101-116
- ^ Barnes, Lela, editor. "Journal of Isaac McCoy for the Exploring Expedition of 1830", Kansas State Historical Quarterly, November 1936 (vol. 5, no. 4), pp. 339 to 377, at Kansas Collection, accessed Aug 10, 2010
- ^ "Kansas Indian Tribes", from John R. Swanton, The Indian Tribes of North America, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 145, Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1953, reproduced at Access Genealogy, accessed Feb 21, 2011
- ^ Schultz, 139-140
- ^ Schultz, p. 141
- ^ Schultz, 153-162
- ^ Autobiography of Parley P. Pratt p. 108
- ^ "Edward Partridge, History, Manuscript, Circa 1839."
- ^ Schultz, 173-181
- ^ "Will of Isaac McCoy." http://old/genquest.com/isaacmccoy.htm, accessed Feb 19, 2011
- ^ "Isaac McCoy", Oklahoma Encyclopedia of Culture and History, accessed Feb 19, 2011
- ^ Schultz, pp. 198-203
Further reading[edit]
- Shultz, George A. (1972). An Indian Canaan: Isaac McCoy and the Vision of an Indian State. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1024-4.
- McCoy, Isaac. The Autobiography of Isaac McCoy. Particular Baptist Press. ISBN 1-8885-1439-6.
- Ella, George M. (2003). Isaac McCoy, Apostle of the Western Trail. Particular Baptist Press. ISBN 1-8885-1418-3.
External links[edit]

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Series: | M28 |
Cordless: | Yes |
Length: | 22 in. |
Batteries Included: | 1 |
Battery Type: | Li-Ion |
Blade Height: | 1/2 in. |
Blade Length: | 44-7/8 in. |
Blade Speed (SFM): | 350 |
Blade Width: | 0.020 in. |
Cutting Capacity: | 4-3/4 in. x 4-3/4 in. |
Voltage: | 28V |
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Criticism and Reviews of Popular Genre Fictionfull name / name of organization: Anna Faktorovich / Anaphora Literary Press contact email: email@example.com The Pennsylvania Literary Journal (2009-present) is re-focusing on popular modern genre fiction, and is looking for submissions from academics and independent scholars in this field. The Fall 2012 issue of PLJ will feature an interview with Cinda Williams Chima, the best-selling YA author of the Heir series, as well as with other well-known writers. PLJ has done interviews for 2 prior summer issues with the winners of the Brooklyn Film Festival, and will also do interviews with the winners of the Cannes festival this year. Prepared research essays on popular fiction are especially wanted. You can request to do an interview for PLJ by soliciting a popular filmmaker or writer on your own, or signing up as a volunteer when opportunities become available. You can also pick a book to review from one of the publishers that have offered to send free books to PLJ reviewers - http://anaphoraliterary.com/about/book-reviews/. If you are a creative writer, short stories, poetry and other works of modern genre fiction are welcome. Another possibility are opinion essays on academic life, tenure, the job market, the life and craft of a writer, or on other interesting topics. Contributors aren't paid, but it's a great credit to put on your CV, and hopefully you'll choose a subject that's fun to research. Email a proposal or the work with your paragraph bio to firstname.lastname@example.com. Anaphora is also looking for book-length projects in any field – the quality of the writing style is more important than the topic. cfp categories: american childrens_literature cultural_studies_and_historical_approaches film_and_television general_announcements humanities_computing_and_the_internet interdisciplinary journals_and_collections_of_essays modernist studies poetry popular_culture professional_topics rhetoric_and_composition romantic science_and_culture theatre theory travel_writing twentieth_century_and_beyond


text: M I N U T E S RANCHO PALOS VERDES REDEVELOPMENT AGENCY REGULAR MEETING SEPTEMBER 5, 2000 The meeting was called to order at 8:54 P.M. by Chair Byrd at Fred Hesse Community Park, 29301 Hawthorne Boulevard. PRESENT: Ferraro, Lyon, McTaggart, Stern, and Chair Byrd ABSENT: None Also present were Executive Director Les Evans; Assistant Executive Director Carolynn Petru; Agency Attorney Carol Lynch; Planning, Building & Code Enforcement Director Joel Rojas; Director of Public Works Dean Allison; Finance Director Dennis McLean; Director of Administrative Services/Agency Secretary Jo Purcell; and, Recording Secretary Jackie Drasco. APPROVAL OF AGENDA: Member Ferraro moved, seconded by Member Stern, to approve the agenda as amended to continue the Groundwater Analysis in Abalone Cove and Portuguese Bend item to the meeting on October 3, 2000. Motion carried. APPROVAL OF CONSENT CALENDAR: Member Stern moved, seconded by Member Ferraro, to approve the Consent Calendar as follows: Minutes (301) Approved the minutes of August 1, 2000. Continuing Appropriations and Budget Reductions (602 x 1900) (1) ADOPTED RESOLUTION NO. RDA 2000-10, A RESOLUTION OF THE RANCHO PALOS VERDES REDEVELOPMENT AGENCY AMENDING RESOLUTION NO. RDA 2000-07, THE BUDGET APPROPRIATION FOR FY 2000-2001, TO CONTINUE CERTAIN EXPENDITURE APPROPRIATIONS FROM FY 1900-2000. (2) ADOPTED RESOLUTION NO. RDA 2000-11, A RESOLUTION OF THE RANCHO PALOS VERDES REDEVELOPMENT AGENCY AMENDING RESOLUTION NO. RDA 99-10, THE BUDGET APPROPRIATION FOR FY 1900-2000, TO REDUCE THE BUDGET FOR CONTINUING APPROPRIATIONS. July 2000 Treasurers Report (602 x 1900) Received and filed. Resol. No RDA 2000-12 - Register of Demands (602 x 1900) ADOPTED RESOLUTION NO. RDA 2000-12, A RESOLUTION OF THE RANCHO PALOS VERDES REDEVELOPMENT AGENCY ALLOWING CERTAIN CLAIMS AND DEMANDS AND SPECIFYING FUNDS FROM WHICH THE SAME ARE TO BE PAID. The motion to approve the Consent Calendar carried on the following roll call vote: AYES: Ferraro, Lyon, McTaggart, Stern and Chair Byrd NOES: None ABSTAIN: Lyon, on August 1 Minutes as she was not present at that meeting. # # # # # # # # # # # # # Groundwater Analysis in Abalone Cove and Portuguese Bend (1204 x 1900) Council consensus was to continue this item to October 3, 2000. Army Corps of Engineers Environmental Restoration Project (1101 x 1900) Executive Director Evans presented the staff report of September 5, 2000 and the recommendation to approve the concept of an environmental restoration project along the shoreline of Portuguese Bend, request the Army Corps of Engineers to hold in abeyance the Draft Feasibility Study until the issues of most beneficial location of a protective structure and source of funding could be further studied; and, authorize the Chair to sign a letter indicating this action. Council discussion centered on the unacceptability of the breakwater 400 feet from the shore; the difficulty in determining the toe of the slide, even with GPS; funding for the project; the possibility of mitigation credit from the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach for restoring marine habitat; the history of the project, including costs to the RDA, sources of funding, and the fact that this had always been a mitigation project. It was argued that the project changed from slide abatement to habitat restoration and that the RDA should have realized some time ago that this would not be an acceptable project. Speaking in opposition to installation of the breakwater as proposed by the Corps of Engineer were: Tony Baker, 16 Limetree Lane; Debbie Baker, 16 Limetree Lane; John McCarthy, (Portuguese Bend Club Homeowners Association President and Klondike Canyon Geologic Hazard Abatement District Member) 105 Spindrift; Kim Redfield, 6 Peppertree Drive; Mary Ann Hunter, 31 Narcissa Drive; Daniel Pinkham, #1 Narcissa Drive; Irwin Helford, 127 Spindrift Lane; Vic Quirarte, 29369 Quailwood Drive; Jess Morton (Audubon Society), 787 West 4th Street, San Pedro, CA 90731; Dr. Suzanne Lawrence-Miller (Director of the Cabrillo Aquarium), 2919 S. Alma Street, San Pedro, CA 90731; and, Gerlinde Ryan, 3224 Barkentine Road. RECESS & RECONVENE: At 10:16 P.M., Chair Byrd declared a recess. The meeting reconvened at 10:27 P.M. Additional speakers opposing the installation of the breakwater as proposed by the Corps of Engineer were: Alyda White (League of Womens Voters), 32614 Coastsite Drive; Barry Holchin, 5818 Ironwood Street; Jim Knight, 5 Cinnamon Lane; George Spatola, 32614 Coastsite Drive, Unit H; Angelika Brinkmann-Busi (California Native Plant Society), 2141 W. 35th Street, San Pedro, CA 90732; Dr. Alan Miller (marine ecologist), 2919 Alma Street, San Pedro, CA 90731; L. D. Vivian (Sierra Club), 2324 W. 37th Street, San Pedro, CA 90732; Andrew Ely, 112 Spindrift Drive; Steven Cummins, 81 Yacht Harbor Drive; Bill McLaughlin, 4157 Maritime Road; Jim Randall, 27415 Larchbluff; Randee Wood, 111 Spindrift Drive; Holly Cain, 52 Avenida Corona; Jeanne Smolley, 56 Limetree Lane; Daphne Clarke, 10 Peppertree Drive; Steven Mirich, 4 Kumquat Lane; and, Ted Serandos, 4112 Sea Horse Lane. A summary of the speakers comments was as follows: Many felt that the project should be abandoned, not continued; that noticing to the public was inadequate and therefore there was not enough time for public input; that there were doubts about whether habitat will be restored; that habitat is doing well now; and, that there was a risk of destroying tidepools. Some speakers felt that they would like the slide stopped but not at the risk of destroying natural beauty; that this was a dishonest project because Corps goals (marine habitat restoration) and City goals (slide abatement) were different; that it would be better to find funding for slide abatement project; that the project would harm rather than help the environment; and, that there was no information as to whether breakwater might activate another slide. Several felt that there should be no breakwater regardless of the distance from the shore; that the project provided no plan for monitoring nor mitigation for damage; that environmental reports were based on invalid comparisons; that building an expensive breakwater to reduce maintenance of Palos Verdes Drive South was not equitable and maybe a toll road was the answer; that a Coastal Commission report stated that this project would not enhance marine habitat; that construction would require many heavy truckloads over a fragile road; that the beautiful view of the cove would be destroyed by this manmade structure; that some property owners did not want slide stopped because it preserved open space; and, that one resident recently purchased his home in the area in spite of the slide. Steve Fine, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, said that from the beginning the feasibility study was directed to environmental habitat and that most environmental agencies agreed that the slide contributed to the degradation of the kelp forest. He felt that the study had value and that the Corps proposed a technically sound project, although there were potential impacts; that there had been public input; that it was unfortunate that the location of the toe of the slide had not been determined. He said that this was a challenging problem to solve and that the Corps was disappointed that the project does not meet the needs of the RDA of Rancho Palos Verdes but of course the project would not go forward unless it was acceptable to the RDA. Council discussion focused on aesthetics; construction and maintenance costs; whether the project would restore the shoreline and marine habitat; and, whether it would provide slide abatement. It was argued that the project was never going to provide an acceptable, honest solution because the Corps goal was marine habitat restoration and the RDA was interested in slide abatement; that the project could not be economical justified; that environmental groups felt the study was inadequate and provided incorrect reference points for comparisons; and that another project directed toward landslide abatement would be more appropriate. RECESS & RECONVENE: At 11:35 P.M., Chair Byrd declared a recess. The meeting reconvened at 11:39 P.M. Member McTaggart moved to approve the concept of an environmental restoration project along the shoreline of Portuguese Bend, request the Army Corps of Engineers to hold in abeyance the Draft Feasibility Study until the issues of most beneficial location of a protective structure and source of funding can be further studied; and, authorize the Chair to sign a letter indicating this action. Council discussion focused on revisions to the letter to better express the Councils intent. It was argued that if the project was not going to be abandoned entirely that the letter simply state that it would be held in abeyance without details. Member Ferraro seconded the motion if the letter was revised per Council discussion. The maker of the motion agreed. The revised motion carried on the following roll call vote: AYES: Ferraro, Lyon, McTaggart, and Chair Byrd NOES: Stern Member Stern moved to disband the ad hoc committee that addresses this and have whatever workup there is on this brought into the RDA directly and no longer have it proceed through the ad hoc committee. The motion died for lack of a second. Member Stern moved, seconded by Member McTaggart, to require that that ad hoc committee be required to give written summary reports of all the activities, such as meetings with the Corps. The motion carried on the following roll call vote: AYES: Lyon, McTaggart, and Stern NOES: Ferraro and Chair Byrd AUDIENCE COMMENTS: Lois Larue, 3136 Barkentine Road, 3136 Barkentine Road, expressed her disappointment that the Council had voted to hold the breakwater project in abeyance despite heavy speaker opposition. ADJOURNMENT: The meeting was adjourned at 12:02 A.M. on the motion on Chair Byrd. _______________________ Chair Attest: ________________________ Agency Secretary \\MASTADON\City Clerk\2000 RDA Minutes\09052000 rda min.doc |


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At Mayo Clinic in Arizona, radiation oncologists work with doctors in other specialties to design an individualized course of treatment appropriate for your cancer.
Teams of specialists are organized based on the location of the cancer. Board-certified radiation oncologists are members of each disease site team:
Each disease site team is independent, but all teams work together to develop diagnostic and treatment procedures, and guidelines for patient evaluation and care.
Original article: http://www.mayoclinic.org/departments-centers/radiation-oncology/arizona/overview/specialty-groups


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