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Paracel Islands
Disputed islands Other names: Xisha Islands, Hoang Sa Archipelago West Sand Islands[1] |
Paracel Islands | |
Geography | |
Location | South China Sea |
Coordinates | 16°40′N 112°20′E / 16.667°N 112.333°ECoordinates: 16°40′N 112°20′E / 16.667°N 112.333°E[2] |
Total islands | Over 30 |
Major islands | Woody, Rocky, Tree, Money, Robert, Pattle, Triton, Duncan, Lincoln |
Area | 15,000 km2 ocean surface (7.75 km2 land surface) |
Coastline | 518 kilometres (322 mi) |
Highest point | Rocky Island 14 metres (46 ft) |
Administered by | |
People's Republic of China | |
Prefecture-level city Province |
Sansha[3] Hainan |
Claimed by | |
Republic of China | |
Municipality | Kaohsiung |
Vietnam | |
Province | Da Nang |
Demographics | |
Population | Over 1,000 (as of 2014) |
Ethnic groups | Chinese |
Paracel Islands | |||||||||||||
Chinese name | |||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 西沙群島 | ||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 西沙群岛 | ||||||||||||
Literal meaning | Western Sandy Archipelago | ||||||||||||
Vietnamese name | |||||||||||||
Vietnamese | Quần đảo Hoàng Sa | ||||||||||||
Hán-Nôm | 群島黃沙 |
The Paracel Islands, also known as Xisha in Chinese and Hoàng Sa in Vietnamese, is a group of islands, reefs, banks and other maritime features in the South China Sea. It is controlled (and occupied) by the People's Republic of China, and also claimed by Taiwan (Republic of China) and Vietnam.
The archipelago includes about 130 small coral islands and reefs, most grouped into the northeast Amphitrite Group or the western Crescent Group. They are distributed over a maritime area of around 15,000 square kilometres (5,800 sq mi), with a land area of approximately 7.75 square kilometres (2.99 sq mi). The archipelago is approximately equidistant from the coastlines of China (PRC) and Vietnam; and approximately about one-third of the way from central Vietnam to the northern Philippines.[4]
China (PRC) took over the Amphitrite Group in 1950 from Taiwan (ROC) during the Chinese Civil War, and the Crescent Group from South Vietnam in the Battle of the Paracel Islands in January 1974. South Vietnam's claim to the islands was inherited by the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, which has ruled all of Vietnam since 1976. In July 2012, China (PRC) established the city of Sansha, under Hainan Province, to administer the area.
Turtles and seabirds are native to the islands, which have a hot and humid climate, abundant rainfall and frequent typhoons. The archipelago is surrounded by productive fishing grounds and a seabed with potential, but as yet unexplored, oil and gas reserves.
- Geographic coordinates: 16°40′N 112°20′E / 16.667°N 112.333°E[2]
- Coastline: 518 km
- Climate: tropical
- Elevation extremes:
- lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
- highest point: unnamed location on Rocky Island 14 m
- Natural resources: fish, coral reefs, possible reserves of oil and gas of unknown size
- Natural hazards: typhoons
Amphitrite Group[edit]
The Amphitrite group was named after the French frigate Amphitrite of the Jesuit missionary.[5][6][7]
Lying in the northeast of the Paracel Islands at 16°53′N 112°17′E / 16.883°N 112.283°E,[8] the group consists of low narrow islands with sand cays, enclosed shallow lagoons connected by reefs of rock, and is about 37 km (23 mi) northwest of Lincoln Island. The group approximately forms an ellipse with a north-south axis of 22 km (14 mi).
The northern section of the group comprises West Sand, Tree Island and the Qilian Yu sub-group (The "Seven Sisters": North Island, Middle Island, South Island, North Sand, Middle Sand, South Sand and two small "sands".) The centre of the group consists of Woody Island and Rocky Island, approximately 5 km (3 mi) south of the southern tip of the eastern extremity of the northern section. The southwest corner of the group is occupied by the Iltis Bank.
The largest island of the Paracels, Woody Island (which has an area of 213 ha (530 acres)),[citation needed] has over 1,000 residents[9] including fishermen and their families, military personnel and civilian administrators.[10]
Crescent Group[edit]
Lying about 70 km (43 mi) southwest of the Amphitrite group, at 16°30′N 111°42′E / 16.5°N 111.7°E, the Crescent group consists of islands and reefs that form a crescent-like structure from west to east, enclosing a deep central lagoon. The group measures 31 by 15 km (19 by 9 mi) east-west and north-south. All of the islands in the group support vegetation except on their small cays.
Money Island lies at the southwest extremity of the group, and has some small cays in the southern side.
Antelope Reef, submerged at high tide and containing a central lagoon, lies 2.4 km (1.5 mi) east of Money Island.
Northeast of this are Robert Island (also named Round Island) and Pattle Island, separated from each other by a 3.5 km (2.2 mi) wide deep channel. A weather station was built on Pattle Island (by the French) in 1932, and a lighthouse and radio station in 1937.
Northeast of this is Quanfu Dao ("All Wealth Island").
Observation Bank, also named Silver Islet, and the Lesser Silver Islet, are the northernmost of the group and contain a small cay. Just south of them are Yagong Dao (He Duck) and Xianshe Yu (Salty Hut).
At the eastern side of the group lies a 12 km (7 mi) long boomerang shaped reef with Stone Islet at its north end and Drummond Island at its south end.
The Duncan Islands (16°27′N 111°43′E / 16.450°N 111.717°E[11]), consisting of Duncan Island and Palm Island, lie approximately 3 km (2 mi) west of Drummond Island and about 8 km (5 mi) east of Antelope Reef. Kuangzai Shazhou (Little Basket) lies about halfway between Palm Island and Antelope Reef.
Other features[edit]
Taking 16°40′N 112°20′E / 16.667°N 112.333°E as the centre of the Paracel Islands, then the Amphitrite Group is ENE, and the Crescent Group is West.
- Bombay Reef: This elongated reef is situated at the southeastern corner of the Paracel Islands (16°00′N 112°30′E / 16°N 112.5°E) and lies approximately 90 km (56 mi) southeast of the Crescent Group. With most parts submerged, the reef measures approximately 18 by 5 km (11 by 3 mi) (E-W by N-S). Bombay Reef encloses a deep lagoon with rocks on its edge.
Eastern sub-group[edit]
- Bremen Bank: Located 24 km (15 mi) north of Bombay Reef (16°18′N 112°30′E / 16.3°N 112.5°E), is the southwestern-most feature of this subgroup. This submerged shallow bank measures approximately 23 km (14 mi) in length from northeast to southwest. The shallowest area reaches a depth of about 12 metres (39 ft) and is located in the southwestern part of the bank.
- Jehangire Bank: East of the Bremen Bank at 16°18′N 112°42′E / 16.3°N 112.7°E
- Neptuna Bank: North of the Bremen Bank at 16°30′N 112°30′E / 16.5°N 112.5°E
- Pyramid Rock: NE of the Neptuna Bank at 16°36′N 112°36′E / 16.6°N 112.6°E
- Lincoln Island: Surrounded by a coral reef, located 37 km (23 mi) southeast from the Amphitrite Group at 16°42′N 112°42′E / 16.7°N 112.7°E, the island is covered with brushes and fairly high trees, including coconut palm trees. The depth increases sharply on the northern and eastern sides of the island but the southern and south western regions are shallow. An observation post on the western side was found by officers of the German government surveys in 1883. In 1948, Great Britain requested France for permission to use the feature for military exercises.[citation needed]
- Dido Bank: Separate from, and NE of, the Eastern sub-group at 16°49′N 112°53′E / 16.817°N 112.883°E[12]
(ENE: Ampitrite Group)[edit]
- North Reef: Situated approximately 56 km (35 mi) north from the Crescent group and about 70 km (43 mi) west-northwest from the Amphitrite group at 17°06′N 111°30′E / 17.1°N 111.5°E,[13] the reef is the most northwesterly feature of the Paracel Islands. Most parts of the reef are submerged. There are rugged rocks are around the edge that are barely above water. There is a passage into the lagoon on the southwestern side of the reef.
(West: Crescent Group)[edit]
Inner Southwest[edit]
- Discovery Reef: Measuring approximately 27 km (17 mi) in length from east to west, and 7 km (4 mi) from north to south, the reef is located about 18 km (11 mi) south of the Crescent Group at 16°15′N 111°42′E / 16.25°N 111.7°E. Completely submerged, the elongated ring structure is the largest single reef in the Paracel Islands. The reef has two large, deep openings into the lagoon on its southern side.
- Passu Keah: This small reef encloses a shallow lagoon and is located about 12 km (7 mi) south of the eastern side of Discovery Reef at 16°06′N 111°48′E / 16.1°N 111.8°E, approximately 37 miles (60 km) east-northeast from Triton Island. The sand cay measures 9 km (6 mi) in length.
Outer Southwest[edit]
- Triton Island: The sand cay supports vegetation and stands on a steep-sided coral reef measuring 1.5 km (1 mi) in length. This southwesternmost island of the Paracels is situated about 56 km (35 mi) from Discovery Reef at 15°48′N 111°12′E / 15.8°N 111.2°E.
- Vuladdore Reef: Located slightly south of the centre of the group at 16°18′N 112°00′E / 16.3°N 112°E, this mostly submerged reef is orientated east-west and measures approximately 12 km (7 mi) by 3 km (2 mi). Some small spiral rocks are to be seen on the reef.
- Herald Reef at 15°48′N 112°18′E / 15.8°N 112.3°E.
List of entities[edit]
English name | Chinese name | Vietnamese name | Coordinates | Area (ha) |
Height (m)[14] |
Location / Notes |
Amphitrite Group | Xuande Qundao (宣德环礁) | Nhóm An Vĩnh | 16°53′N 112°17′E / 16.883°N 112.283°E | ENE [8] | ||
Woody Island | Yongxing Dao (永兴岛) | Đảo Phú Lâm | 16°50′N 112°20′E / 16.833°N 112.333°E | 210 | ? | Centre of Amphitrite Group [15] |
Rocky Island | Shidao (石岛) | Đảo Đá | 16°46′N 112°21′E / 16.767°N 112.350°E | 8 | 14 | Connected to (NE of) Woody Is.[15] |
West Sand | Xisha Zhou (西沙洲) | Cồn cát Tây | 16°58′N 112°10′E / 16.967°N 112.167°E | 4 | 0 | NW of Amphitrite Group |
Tree Island | Zhaoshudao (赵述岛) | Đảo Cây | 16°59′N 112°16′E / 16.983°N 112.267°E | 22 | 0 | N of Amphitrite Group [8] |
("Seven Sisters") | Qilian Yu Subgroup (七连屿) | NE of Amphitrite Group | ||||
North Island | Bei Dao (北岛) | Đảo Bắc | 16°58′N 112°18′E / 16.967°N 112.300°E | 4 | 0 | N1 of Seven Islets [16] |
Middle Island | Zhong Dao (中岛) | Đảo Trung | 16°58′N 112°20′E / 16.967°N 112.333°E | 13 | 0 | N2 of Seven Islets |
South Island | Nan Dao (南岛) | Đảo Nam | 16°57′N 112°18′E / 16.950°N 112.300°E | 17 | 0 | N3 of Seven Islets |
North Sand | Bei Shazhou (北沙洲) | Cồn cát Bắc | 16°57′N 112°19′E / 16.950°N 112.317°E | 2 | 0 | N4 of Seven Islets |
Middle Sand | Zhong Shazhou (中沙洲) | Cồn cát Trung | 16°57′N 112°20′E / 16.950°N 112.333°E | 5 | 0 | N5 of Seven Islets |
South Sand | Nan Shazhou (南沙洲) | Cồn cát Nam | 16°56′N 112°20′E / 16.933°N 112.333°E | 6 | 0 | N6 of Seven Islets [16] |
(New West Sand) | Xixin Shazhou (西新沙洲) | - | 16°51′N 112°19′E / 16.850°N 112.317°E | 0.2 | 0 | N7a of Seven Islets (7W) |
(Sth S Sand) | Dongxin Shazhou (东新沙洲) | - | 16°51′N 112°21′E / 16.850°N 112.350°E | 0.4 | 0 | N7b of Seven Islets (7E); South of South Sand |
Iltis Bank | Yin Shuo Tan (银铄滩) | Bãi Bình Sơn | 16°46′N 112°13′E / 16.767°N 112.217°E | -10 | SW of Woody Island [15] | |
Crescent Group | Yongle Qundao (永乐环礁) | Nhóm Lưỡi Liềm | 16°30′N 111°40′E / 16.500°N 111.667°E | |||
Money Island | Jinyin Dao (金银岛) | Đảo Quang Ảnh | 16°27′N 111°30′E / 16.450°N 111.500°E | 36 | 6 | W end of Crescent Group [17] |
Antelope Reef | Lingyang Jiao (羚羊礁) | Đá Hải Sâm | 16°27′N 111°35′E / 16.450°N 111.583°E | 0 | W Crescent Group, S of Robert Is.[17] | |
Robert Island (Round Island) |
Ganquan Dao (甘泉岛) | Đảo Hữu Nhật | 16°30′N 111°35′E / 16.500°N 111.583°E | 30 | 8 | W of Crescent Group; Has a well |
Pattle Island | Shanhu Dao (珊瑚岛) | Đảo Hoàng Sa | 16°32′N 111°36′E / 16.533°N 111.600°E | 31 | 9 | N of Robert Island [18] Has a well |
(All Wealth) | Quanfu Dao (全富岛) | Đảo Ốc Hoa | 16°35′N 111°40′E / 16.583°N 111.667°E | 2 | 0 | NE of Pattle, SW of Observation Bank |
Observation Bank (Silver Islet) |
Yin Yu (银屿) | Bãi Xà Cừ | 16°40′N 111°40′E / 16.667°N 111.667°E | 1 | 0 | NE of Crescent Group |
(Lesser Silver Islet) | Yinyu Zi (银屿仔) | – | 16°41′N 111°39′E / 16.683°N 111.650°E | 0.2 | 0 | SE of Silver Islet |
(He Duck) | Yagong Dao (鸭公岛) | Đảo Ba Ba | 16°39′N 111°38′E / 16.650°N 111.633°E | 1 | 0 | SW of Observation Bank |
(Salty Hut) | Xianshe Yu (咸舍屿) | (Đá Trà Tây?) | 16°37′N 111°42′E / 16.617°N 111.700°E | 0 | SW of Observation Bank, W of Stone Islet | |
(Stone Islet) | Shi Yu (石屿) | (Đảo Lưỡi Liềm?) | 16°37′N 111°45′E / 16.617°N 111.750°E | 0.2 | 0 | E of Crescent Group |
Drummond Island | Jinqing Dao (晋卿岛) | Đảo Duy Mộng | 16°26′N 111°45′E / 16.433°N 111.750°E | 21 | 3 | E of Crescent Group |
Duncan Island | Chenhang Dao (琛航岛) | Đảo Quang Hòa | 16°27′N 111°44′E / 16.450°N 111.733°E | 48 | ? | S of Crescent Group [11] |
Palm Island | Guangjin Dao (广金岛) | Đảo Quang Hòa Tây | 16°27′N 111°42′E / 16.450°N 111.700°E | 6 | ? | S of Crescent Group [11] |
(Little Basket) | Kuangzai Shazhou (筐仔沙洲) | - | 16°25′N 111°35′E / 16.417°N 111.583°E | 1 | 0 | E of Antelope Reef |
Other features | ||||||
Triton Island | Zhongjian Dao (中建岛) | Đảo Tri Tôn | 15°47′N 111°12′E / 15.783°N 111.200°E | 120 | 3 | Outer SW [19] |
Discovery Reef | Huaguang Jiao (华光礁) | Đá Lồi | 16°14′N 111°40′E / 16.233°N 111.667°E | -4 | Inner SW [19] | |
Passu Keah | Panshi Yu (盘石屿) | Đảo Bạch Quy | 16°03′N 111°46′E / 16.050°N 111.767°E | 40 | 0 | Inner SW, S of Discovery Reef [19] |
Herald Bank | Songtao Tan (嵩焘滩) | Bãi Ốc Tai Voi | 15°50′N 112°15′E / 15.833°N 112.250°E | ? | ESE | |
Bombay Reef | Langhua Jiao (浪花礁) | Đá Bông Bay | 16°02′N 112°31′E / 16.033°N 112.517°E | 0 | SE [20] | |
Vuladdore Reef | Yuduo Jiao (玉琢礁) | Đá Chim Én | 16°20′N 112°00′E / 16.333°N 112.000°E | 0 | Central | |
Bremen Bank | Binmei Tan (滨湄滩) | Bãi Châu Nhai | 16°22′N 112°40′E / 16.367°N 112.667°E | -11 | Eastern sub-group | |
Jehangire Bank | Zhanhan Tan (湛涵滩) | Bãi Quảng Nghĩa | 16°20′N 112°30′E / 16.333°N 112.500°E | -12 | Eastern sub-group | |
Neptuna Bank | Beibian Lang (北边廊) | Bãi Thuỷ Tề | 16°31′N 112°31′E / 16.517°N 112.517°E | ? | Eastern sub-group | |
Pyramid Rock | Gaojian Shi (高尖石) | Hòn Tháp | 16°35′N 112°39′E / 16.583°N 112.650°E | 4 | 5 | Eastern sub-group [20] |
Lincoln Island | Dong Dao (东岛) | Đảo Linh Côn | 16°40′N 112°44′E / 16.667°N 112.733°E | 160 | 5 | Eastern sub-group [12] "Water can be found on the island" |
Dido Bank | Xidu Tan (西渡滩) | Bãi Gò Nổi | 16°49′N 112°53′E / 16.817°N 112.883°E | -23 | NE [12] | |
North Reef | Bei Jiao (北礁) | Đá Bắc | 17°06′N 111°30′E / 17.100°N 111.500°E | 0 | NW [13] |
Satellite images[edit]
The Chinese name Xisha (西沙), literally "western sands" or "shoals", is a modern name that distinguishes the Pratas from the "eastern sands" (the Dongsha or Pratas), the "southern sands" (the Nansha or Spratlys), and the "central sands" (the Zhongsha or Macclesfield Bank). The Voyage with the Tail Wind, based on 13th-century Yuan documents but published during the Ming, called the islands the "Distant Stony Banks" (万里石塘, Wànlǐ Shítáng, lit. "Myriad-mile Rock Embankment").[22] The name also appears in the "Map of Zheng He's Voyage" written in the 1430s.[23]
Hoàng Sa[edit]
The Vietnamese call the islands Hoang Sa, (黃沙 or Yellow Sands), and this name is found in historic Vietnamese documents dating back to the 15th century.[24] In the modern language system it is written as Hoàng Sa or Cát Vàng. They all have the same meaning — the Yellow Sands or the Yellow Sandbank. Before the early 19th century, the present-day Spratly Islands were treated as features of Hoàng Sa.[25][26] It was not until the reign of Emperor Minh Mạng (1820–1841) that the Spratlys were distinctly delineated and officially named Vạn Lý Trường Sa (萬里長沙), the Ten-thousand-league Long Sandbank.[27][28]
Chinese researcher Li Jinming, however, claims that the original "Hoang Sa" in historic Vietnamese documents is along the coast of the Vietnamese shore, and not the modern Paracel or Spratly Islands.[29][30][31]
Pracel and Paracel[edit]
The Portuguese were the first to refer to these islands as 'Ilhas do Pracel' in the 16th century.
On the "Map of Europe, Africa and Asia" published in 1598 by Cornelis Claez, an unnamed band of rocks and sandbanks are shown near the present-day location of the Paracel and Spratly Islands. About two decades later, the names Pracel and Costa de Pracel (Coast of Pracel) appeared on the Chart of Asia and eight city maps published in 1617 by Willem Jansz Blaeu, a Dutch map maker. The coast belonged to the Kingdom of Cauchi China.[32][33]
As early as at the beginning of the 16th century, Portuguese vessels frequented the South China Sea, later followed by the Dutch, the English, the Spanish, and the French. They all wanted to become major traders in a region of great commercial opportunity that, at the time, was little known in the West. The name "Paracel" began to replace "Pracel" on maps and charts as the century passed.[citation needed] On the "Map of the coast of Tonquin and Cochinchina", made in 1747 by Pierre d'Hondt, the dangerous band of rugged rocks was labeled "Le Paracel", a French phonetic notation. Because of its peculiarity on an important water channel, Ilhas de Pracel (Pracel Islands) drew much attention from navigators and hydrographers for several centuries. Disputes in the area since the Second World War have again drawn attention to the islands, but the origin of the terminology[which?] is still only vaguely understood. There are different stories about the names, but none of them provide any convincing evidence.
The term "parcel" was used by the Portuguesee to classify islands, rather than being used as a proper noun. That class of islands possess a number of characteristics:
- Pracel is a moderately elevated chain of islets, sandbanks, and reefs. These features are continuously distributed and stretched over a noticeable distance of tens or hundreds of kilometers in length. Pracel may not be a suitable place for human residents, but its irregular depth creates an ideal environment inhabited by fish. Pracel often forms a natural bulwark as an outer line of defense for a coast or a land.[32]
Regarding the features off the coast of the Kingdom of Cauchi China, their structure closely fits the above description.
Pracel is an antiquated variation of the now much more common form parcel, which was used by the Portuguese navigators to designate shallow seas or sea banks, and is still widely found in the toponymy of Portuguese-speaking countries.[citation needed]
Approximately three hundred and fifty years later, in the early-mid-19th century, Ilhas de Pracel was divided into two archipelagos. From that time onwards, the names Paracel Islands and Spratly Islands have become more popular internationally and widely used on charts, maps, and related documents.[citation needed]
Infrastructure and natural resources[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2013) |
The PRC is investing "millions" in infrastructure and development to support its territorial claims over the Archipelago, and as a result there has been, and continues to be, a lot of construction activity. In recent years Woody Island has acquired an upgraded airport, an upgraded sea port, and a city hall. A primary school for children of construction workers and troops stationed there is planned.[34]
Fresh water[edit]
There is limited supply of fresh water on the islands. In 2012, it was reported that China (PRC) planned to build a solar-energy-powered desalination plant on the islands.[35]
Both wind and solar powered facilities exist to supply electricity on the islands.[citation needed]
There is a post office, hospital, bank and hostel on Woody Island.[citation needed] The Chinese postal zip code of the island is 572000, and the telephone area code is +86 (898).
There is an airport on Woody Island with a 2,400 metres (7,900 ft) long runway, which can handle take-offs and landings of Boeing-737s or planes of similar size. Flight services operate on the Haikou – Xisha route. There are three main roads on Woody Island as well as an 800 metres (2,600 ft) long cement causeway that connects Woody Island and Rocky Island. Extensive port facilities have been constructed on Duncan Island.
The islands have been open for tourists since 1997.[citation needed]
Chinese tourists can take a 20-hour ferry to the Islands, paying up to US$2,000 for a 5-day cruise, and are placed on a long waitlist before being accepted.[36] The BBC article states that "Chinese tourism has strong political implications, as the Chinese tourists are being used as 'foot soldiers of China' by Beijing to further China's territorial claims there". The video also states "Vietnam is considered unlikely to send military vessels to stop them".[36]
There are two museums on Woody Island; a Naval Museum and a Maritime Museum. In April 2012, the Vice-Mayor and officials from the Haikou Municipal Government made several announcements about developing new docking facilities and hotels within the Crescent Group - on Duncan and Drummond Islands specifically.[37] Promotion of the naturally unspoilt reef system was cited as the driver for new tourism potential with other such reefs, such as the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, now placed under threat of extinction due to human activities.[38] However, according to The China Post, this was denied by a PRC Government official in April 2012, due to sensitivities surrounding the islands.[39]
Territorial disputes and their historical background[edit]
The sovereignty of the archipelago has been the subject of disputes between China, Taiwan, and Vietnam since the 20th century. Around the mid-19th century, after conquering Vietnam, France subsequently took over and administered the islands on behalf of her colony.[40] Between 1881 and 1883 the German navy surveyed the islands continuously for three months each year without seeking the permission of either France or China. No protest was issued by either government and the German government published the results of the survey in 1885.[41] France annexed the islands as part of French Indochina despite protests from China in the 1930s, but they were taken over by Japanese troops during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Japan renounced claims to the islands after the war and the Nationalist Chinese retook the Paracel islands in late 1946. A small Chinese platoon remained stationed on Woody Island.
After the communists gained control of China in 1949, they occupied Woody Island, the main island of the Amphitrite group and the only island that was occupied at the time. Pattle Island in the Crescent group, on the other hand, was later taken by French Indochina and then controlled by South Vietnam following independence in 1956. Tensions over the islands have continued to rise unceasingly since then.
Military engagement[edit]
In 1974, the political and diplomatic dispute over the islands became an armed conflict between China and South Vietnam. On January 16, South Vietnamese naval officers and an American observer reported to Saigon some suspected military activities of the Chinese navy on the Drummond and Duncan islands. After receiving the report, the government of South Vietnam decided to counter the Chinese forces, to defend the South Vietnamese-controlled section (the western half of the Paracels) from Chinese occupation,[42] and sent a unit of frigates to the area. On January 19, there were sea and land battles between the Chinese and Vietnamese forces with casualties on both sides. At the end, the Chinese fleet defeated the naval force of South Vietnam. With the ongoing civil war with the Viet Cong embroiling South Vietnam's attention and the absence of the USA's support, no military attempt was made to re-engage the PRC over the islands. After the military engagement and the subsequent victory, the PRC gained the entire archipelago and has taken control of Paracel Islands ever since. It was a significant turning point for the PRC but the sovereignty dispute on the islands remains unresolved with Vietnam.
Historical perspectives[edit]
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There are some Chinese cultural relics in the Paracel islands dating from the Tang and Song eras,[43][note 1] and there is some evidence of Chinese habitation on the islands during these periods.[44] According to the Wujing Zongyao, a book published in the Northern Song dynasty in 1044, the Song government then included the Islands in the patrol areas of the Navy of the Court.[45]
In 1279, the Yuan dynasty emperor sent the high-level official and astronomer, Guo Shoujing, to the South China Sea to survey and measure the islands and the surrounding sea area. Guo's base of survey was located in the Paracel Islands. His activities were recorded in the Yuan Shi, or History of Yuan. According to the Yuan Shi, the South China Sea islands were within the boundary of the Yuan dynasty. Maps published in the Yuan era invariably included the Changsha (the Paracels) and the Shitang (the Spratlys) within the domain of Yuan.
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Relevant local annals and other historic materials of the Ming (1368–1644) and the Qing (1644–1912) dynasties continued to make reference to the South China Sea islands as China's territory.[citation needed] The Qiongzhou Prefecture (the highest administrative authority in Hainan), exercised jurisdiction over the Paracel and Spratly Islands in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
In the 19th century, Europeans found that Chinese fishermen from Hainan annually sojourned on the Paracel and Spratly islands for part of the year.[46][47]
When the Spratlys and Paracels were being surveyed by Germany in 1883, China issued protests against them. China sent naval forces on inspection tours in 1902 and 1907 and placed flags and markers on the islands. The Qing dynasty's successor state, the Republic of China, claimed the Spratly and Paracel islands under the jurisdiction of Hainan.[48] In 1910, the Qing government decided to invite Chinese merchants to contract for the administration of the development affairs of the South China Sea islands, and demanded that officials shall provide protection and maintenance in order to highlight Chinese territory and protect its titles and interests.[49]
After the fall of the Qing dynasty, the new Government of Guangdong Province decided to place the Paracel Islands under the jurisdiction of the Ya Xian County of Hainan Prefecture in 1911. The Southern Military Government in 1921 reaffirmed the 1911 decision. China continued to exercise authority over the South China Sea islands by such means as granting licenses or contracts to private Chinese merchants for the development and exploitation of guano and other resources on those islands and protesting against foreign nations' claims, occupations, and other activities.
On July 27, 1932, the Chinese Foreign Ministry instructed the Chinese Envoy to France to lodge a diplomatic protest to the French Foreign Ministry and to deny France's claims to the Paracel Islands. On November 30 of the same year, Zhu Zhaoshen, a high-level inspection official of the Chinese Foreign Ministry, issued public correspondence Number 66 to the French Consul in Guangzhou, reiterating that "it is absolutely beyond doubt that the Xisha [Paracel] Islands fall within the boundary of China". Despite repeated Chinese protests, French troops, who had colonized Indochina in the 19th century, invaded and occupied the Paracel Islands on July 3, 1938. This took place shortly after the breakout of the Second Sino-Japanese War, when the armed forces of China and Japan were busy elsewhere. Three days later, on July 6, the Japanese Foreign Ministry also issued a declaration in protest of the French occupation:[citation needed]
" | The statement of Great Britain and France made respectively in 1900 and 1921 already declared that the Xisha [Paracel] Islands were part of the Administrative Prefecture of Hainan Island. Therefore, the current claims made by An'nan or France to the Xisha Islands are totally unjustifiable. | " |
During the Second World War, Japanese expelled the French troops and took over the islands in spite of the 1938 declarations. The Spratlys and the Paracels were conquered by Japan in 1939. Japan administered the Spratlys via Taiwan's jurisdiction and the Paracels via Hainan's jurisdiction.[50] The Paracels and Spratlys were handed over to Republic of China control from Japan after the 1945 surrender of Japan,[51]:124 since the Allied powers assigned the Republic of China to receive Japanese surrenders in that area.[52] At the end of the war (Asian-Pacific Region), Nationalist China formally retook the Paracels, Spratlys and other islands in the South China Sea in October and November 1946. In Geneva accord of 1954 Japan formally renounced all of its claims to, inter alia, the South China Sea islands which it had occupied during the World War II.[53] After WW2 ended, the Republic of China was the "most active claimaint". The Republic of China then garrisoned Woody island in the Paracels in 1946 and posted Chinese flags and markers on it, France tried, but failed to make them leave Woody island.[54] The aim of the Republic of China was to block the French claims.[52][55] In December 1947, the Republic of China drew up its map showing its U shaped claim on the entire South China Sea, showing the Spratly and Paracels in Chinese territory.[48]
15th–17th centuries[edit]
- 1460–1497, under the reign of Emperor Lê Thánh Tông, the Vietnamese began conducting commercial activities on and around Hoàng Sa, including harvesting abundant sea-products and conducting salvage operations on shipwrecks.[24]
- In 1634, under the Lê dynasty (1527–1786), the ship Grootebroek of the Dutch East India Company sank in the vicinity of the Paracel archipelago. Using a small boat, captain Huijch Jansen and 12 sailors managed to reach Annam, territory of Lord Nguyễn Phước Nguyên (1613–1635), to seek rescue for other castaways remained on the islands.[56]
- 1680–1705, Lord Trịnh Căn instructed Đỗ Bá Công Đạo to publish Thiên Nam tứ chí lộ đồ (天南四至路圖), an encyclopedia consists of 4 series of maps that detail routes from Thăng Long, capital of Đại Việt, to other countries in the Southeast Asia. Part of this work was based on the Hồng Đức Atlas (Hồng Đức Bản Đồ) developed during the time of Emperor Lê Thánh Tông (1460–1497). This encyclopedia was considered one of the oldest and rarely preserved Vietnamese documents regarding the islands. The volume "Đường từ phủ Phụng Thiên đến Chiêm Thành" (The Route to Champa from Phụng Thiên Province), remarkably described the archipelago with maps. For instance, a statement found in the volume read "In the middle of the sea, there is a long sandbank called Bãi Cát Vàng, which is approximately 400-league long and 20-league wide rising up above the sea." Bãi Cát Vàng means Hoàng Sa, Golden Sandbank.[24][57]
- In the 18th century, under instructions of the Nguyễn Lords, the salvage operations officially started with the formation of Hoàng Sa and Bắc Hải Companies. Their responsibility was to carry out the mission at Hoàng Sa (Golden Sandbank) and Vạn Lý Trường Sa (Ten-thousand-league Long Sandbank) respectively. This effort was continued thereafter with successive establishments of other naval task units in accordance with strategic policies toward the two archipelagos under the Nguyễn dynasty. Noticeably, a number of naval battles between the Dutch fleet and the Nguyễn Royal Navy occurred in 1643 and 1644. The Hoàng Sa naval task unit consisted of 70 men recruited from An Vĩnh and An Hải villages of Quảng Ngãi, while the majority of members of the Bắc Hải Company came from Bình Thuận province.[24][27][58][59]
- In 1776, the Phủ Biên Tạp Lục (撫邊雜錄), the Miscellaneous Records on the Pacification of the Frontiers, published by Lê Quý Đôn, a philosopher, an encyclopaedist, and a Minister of Construction of the Lê dynasty (1527–1786). These six volumes detail the Nguyễn dynasty's territories, including the exploitation of the Paracel and Spratly Islands from 1702 onwards.[24][58][59]
- 1777–1784, when traveling to Cochin China, Father Jean-Baptiste Grosier recorded his impression about maritime activities of the Vietnamese from Huế, Đà Nẵng, and Quảng Ngãi. The abbot Grosier wrote that the people from those ports were excellent and cleverest navigators in this Kingdom. One of their activities was making long distance sailing every year to the long chain of islands and rocks known as the Paracels to collect debris from shipwrecks.[60]
- 1802–1820, under the reign of Emperor Gia Long, the territory of his kingdom included Tonkin, Cochin China, part of Cambodia, and "certain islands off the coast including the well known Paracels which bear such an evil reputation as a source of danger to navigation in the China Seas."[61]
- In 1807, the East India Company sent Captain Daniel Ross to Cochin China to survey the Paracel Islands. Upon arriving to the kingdom, he presented a letter of introduction entrusted by the English company to the reigning king, who was believed to be Emperor Gia Long at that time.[62] Subsequently, Captain Ross completed chartering the south coast of China in 1807, the Paracel Islands in 1808, part of the coast of Cochin China in 1809, and the coast of Palawan in 1810. Most notably, in his surveys published in 1821 under the title "(South) China Sea, Sheet I & II", the Spratly Islands was referred to as The Dangerous Ground, and was later renamed as Storm Island on the 1859 edition of the chart.[63] Separately, in another document, the "Correct Chart of the China Sea", published by Herbert in 1758, the Paracel archipelago was described as a long group of islands and reefs extending from 13 to 17 degrees North, which approximately correspond to the geographic latitudes of the present-day Spratly and Paracel Islands, respectively.[63] It is quite clearly that the captain himself, and probably most navigators of his time, did not differentiate the two archipelagos, but instead had delineated the present-day Spratly Islands as part of the Paracels. Captain Daniel Ross was a well known hydrographer of the Navy of Government of English Bengal and founder of the Bombay Geographical Society.[64]
- In 1815, Emperor Gia Long ordered Phạm Quang Anh's Hoàng Sa naval task unit to sail to the islands to make surveys and report on maritime routes and draw up maps.[59][65]
- In 1816, according to Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau, Emperor Gia Long officially claimed the sovereignty of the Paracel Islands, which would include the present-day Spratly archipelago. These two islands were later delineated distinctly under the reign of his successor, Emperor Minh Mạng. Chaigneau was one of the most respected advisors to Emperor Gia Long. He spent more than 30 years in Cochinchina and became the first French Consul to this kingdom in 1821.[66]
- In 1821, the Lịch triều hiến chương loại chí (歷朝憲章類誌) published by Phan Huy Chú, a historian, an encyclopaedist, and an officer of the Ministry of Construction in the time of emperor Minh Mạng. This remarkable work was prepared in 10 years (1809–1819) and consisted of 10 volumes. One of them, the Địa Dư Chí volume, details territories of Dai Nam Kingdom. In 1838, he published the Đại Nam Thống Nhất Toàn Đồ, the Unified Đại Nam Complete Map, that distinctly delineated Vạn Lý Trường Sa (the Ten-thousand-league Long Sandbank) and Hoàng Sa (the Golden Sandbank).[27]
- In 1827, a world atlas produced by Belgian geographer Philippe Vandermaelen was published in Belgium. Vietnam was described by four maps in this atlas. One of these maps has the title "Partie de la Cochinchine", in which Paracel Islands was included, indicating that it was part of Cochinchine (southern Vietnam region). The map also featured geography, politics, minerals and statistics about the Empire of An Nam (former name of Vietnam). Moreover, the map titled "Partie de la Chine" in the atlas had identified Hainan Island as the southernmost point of China at that time.[67]
- In 1833, Emperor Minh Mạng ordered Ministry of Construction to build a temple, erect steles, and plant many trees on the islands for navigation purposes.[59][65]
- In 1834, Emperor Minh Mạng ordered Trương Phúc Sĩ, a naval task unit commander, accompanied by 21 men sailing to the islands to survey and draw map of Hoàng Sa.[24]
- In 1835, Emperor Minh Mạng issued a royal ordinance to order 24 troops to the Paracel Islands. The royal ordinance has been preserved by generations of Đặng family and was publicly disclosed in early 2009.[68]
- In 1835, the King ordered Phạm Văn Nguyên's naval task unit, accompanied by workers from Bình Định and Quãng Ngãi provinces, to build Hoàng Sa temple with a wind screen and erect steles on Bàn Than Thạch (Bàn Than Rock) of the present-day Woody Island. The mission was completed in 10 days. Notably, about 33m southwest from the erection, there was a little ancient temple where a stele engraved with the words "Vạn Lý Ba Bình" found. This inscription means Ten Thousand Leagues of Calming Waves. The date of the actual erection of the ancient temple remains unknown[59][65]
- In 1836, Emperor Minh Mạng received a report from his Ministry of Construction that recommended a comprehensive survey of all the East Sea islands because of their "great strategic importance to our maritime borders."[59][69] The King ordered Phạm Hữu Nhật, a royal navy commander, to erect a wooden stele on the islands. The post was engraved with the following inscription: The 17th of the reign of Minh Mạng by the royal ordinance commander of the navy Phạm Hữu Nhật came here to Hoàng Sa for reconnaissance to make topographical measurements and leave this stele as record thereof.[59][65]
- In 1838, Bishop Jean-Louis Taberd published the "Latin-Annamese Dictionary". The dictionary contains the "An Nam Đại Quốc Họa Đồ" (The Great Annam Map). In the neighborhood of the present-day coordinate of the islands, words found on the map read "Paracel seu Cát Vàng" (Paracel or Cát Vàng). Cát Vàng means Hoàng Sa, Golden Sands or Golden Sandbank.[28]
- In 1842, Hai Lu Do Chi, a historical Chinese document was written in the 22nd year of the reign of the Daoguang emperor (1820–1850) of the Qing eynasty (1644 to 1912) of China. A statement found in this book read: Wang Li Shi Tang (万里石塘) is a sandbank rising above the sea. Several thousand leagues in length, it forms a rampart on the periphery of the Kingdom of Annam. Wang Li Shi Tang means Ten-thousand-league Long Sandbank.[59]
- In 1858, Napoleon III ordered French troops to attack Tourane, the present-day Đà Nẳng city. Subsequently, France launched more attacks and forced Cochin China and some provinces in the South to become her colonies. The French Indochina was formed in 1887 and consisted of Tonkin, Annam, Cochin China, and Cambodia.
- 1895–1896, German vessel Bellona and Japanese ship Imezi Maru sank at the islands. Chinese fishermen looted and resold them at Hainan. These countries protested but local Chinese authorities, the Governor of Liang Guang, denied any responsibilities on the ground that the Paracels were abandoned and belonged to neither country.[59]
20th-century events[edit]
- In the 1910-20s, the French Ministry of Colonies and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs more or less agreed that the Paracel Islands were under Chinese sovereignty, and that France should not try to claim them, either on behalf of itself, or Annam. Therefore France did not protest in 1921 when the government of Guangdong province declared the Paracels to be under the administration of Hainan Island. 5 years later in 1926, France refused an application from a French company to exploit guano in the Paracels. It also refused a similar application from a Japanese company. [70]
- By 1926, China was divided into a number of warring states that had little capacity for looking after such peripheral interests as the Paracels. By 1930, the French authorities in Annam (the central part of modern Vietnam, which formed a separate French protectorate within the Indochinese Union) started to actively push for a French claim on behalf of the protected state.[70]
- In 1930, France claimed the islands on behalf of its protectorate based on the fact that Emperor Gia Long had officially taken possession of the Paracel Islands in 1816, and that Emperor Minh Mạng had sent a mission to build a temple and erect steles there in 1835.[70]
- In 1932, French Indochina and the Nguyen dynasty of Vietnam annexed the islands and set up a weather station on Pattle Island.[70]
- In 1939, the Empire of Japan invaded and occupied the islands. The "official" reason for the Japanese invasion was that the islands were Chinese territory and Japan was at war with China.[70]
- After World War II, Nationalist China reaffirmed its sovereignty over the islands in the South China Sea, and dispatched a patrol force to the islands, but this was challenged by the French.[citation needed]
- After the fall of the nationalist regime in China in 1949, the PRC gained control of the eastern half of the Paracel islands. Several small clashes occurred between the French and the communist Chinese naval forces during this period, but eventually a de facto line of control was established with the PRC occupying Woody Island, while the remainder was held by Franco-Vietnamese forces.
- In 1951, at the international Treaty of San Francisco conference, Vietnam's representative claimed that both the Paracels and Spratlys are territories of Vietnam, and was met with no challenge from all nations at the event. However, neither the PRC nor the ROC participated in the conference. Separately, the ROC negotiated and signed its own treaty with Japan regarding the islands on April 29, 1952.[70]
- In 1954, according to the Geneva Agreements, which were signed by a number of nations including the PRC,[71][72] Vietnam was partitioned into two states, North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The 17th parallel was used as the provisional military demarcation line, which was effectively extended into the territorial waters. The Paracel archipelago lies below this line and belongs to South Vietnam accordingly.
- In 1956, after the French withdrawal from Vietnam, South Vietnam replaced French control of the islands. By February 1956, the South Vietnamese Navy was already stationed on Pattle Island by Ngô Đình Diệm.[70] Again, both the PRC and ROC politically and diplomatically condemned the decision and reaffirmed their claims to the islands. Although the South Vietnamese "inherited" the French claim to the entire Paracel Islands, the period was peaceful, and both sides held onto what was in their control without venturing into other's domain. At this time, maps and other official documents of the North Vietnam government asserted that the islands belonged to the PRC,[73][citation needed] mainly due to the fact that the PRC was the largest supporter of North Vietnam during the Vietnam War.
- On September 4, 1958, the government of the PRC proclaimed the breadth of its territorial sea to be twelve nautical miles (22 km) which applied to all its territory, including the Paracel and Spratly Islands. Ten days later, the prime minister of North Vietnam, Phạm Văn Đồng, in his letter to Zhou Enlai stated that his government had recognized the declaration of the PRC government.[51][59][74][75]
- On January 19, 1974, the Battle of the Paracel Islands occurred between the PRC and South Vietnam. After the battle, the PRC took control over the entire Paracel Islands.
- In 1982, Vietnam established Hoang Sa District in Quang Nam-Da Nang covering these islands.[76][77]
- In a statement released on 13 July 1999 by the foreign ministry of Taiwan, under President Lee Teng-hui stated that "legally, historically, geographically, or in reality", all of the South China Sea and the islands were Taiwan's territory and under Taiwanese sovereignty.[78] The ROC's and the PRC's claims "mirror" each other.[79] Taiwan and China are largely strategically aligned on the islands issue, since they both claim exactly the same area, so Taiwan's claims are viewed[by whom?] as an extension of China's claims.[80] Taiwan and China both claim the entire island chains, while all the other claimaints only claim portions of them, and China has proposed cooperation with Taiwan against all the other countries claiming the islands, such as Vietnam.[81] China has urged Taiwan to cooperate and offered Taiwan a share in oil and gas resources while shutting out all the other rival claimants.[82] Board director Chiu Yi of Taiwan's state run oil company, CPC Corp, has named Vietnam as the "greatest threat" to Taiwan.[81] America has regularly ignored Taiwan's claims in the South China Sea and does not include Taiwan in any talks on dispute resolution for the area.[83]
21st-century events[edit]
- In July 2012 the National Assembly of Vietnam passed a law demarcating Vietnamese sea borders to include the Paracel and Spratly Islands.[84][85]
- In response to the Vietnamese move,[dubious ][citation needed] Beijing announced the establishment of the prefecture-level city of Sansha covering the Paracel and Spratly Islands.[citation needed]
- The Philippines and Vietnam promptly lodged diplomatic protests strongly opposing the establishment of the Sansha City under Chinese jurisdiction.[86][87]
- In April 2013, a representative from the Vietnamese Foreign Ministry's National Boundary Commission gave a diplomatic note to a representative of the Chinese Embassy in Hanoi demanding that China cancel its plan to bring tourists to the Paracel archipelago.[88]
- (Main article: Haiyang Shiyou 981 standoff)
- According to reports, at the beginning of May 2014, Chinese and Vietnamese naval vessels collided near the islands as Hanoi sought to prevent a Chinese oil rig from setting up in the area.[89] On May 26, a Vietnamese fishing boat sank near the oil rig, after colliding with a Chinese vessel. As both sides imputed the blame to each other, Vietnam released a video footage in a week later, showing a Chinese vessel ramming into its ship before it sank; the Chinese said they were on the defensive while Vietnamese vessels were attacking the Chinese fishing boats.[90]
- [when?]Taiwan rejected all rival claims to the Paracel islands amidst the standoff, repeating its position that all of the Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, Macclesfield Bank and Pratas Islands belong to the Republic of China along with "their surrounding waters and respective seabed and subsoil", and that Taiwan views both Vietnam and mainland China's claims as illegitimate. This statement was released by Taiwan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which added – "There is no doubt that the Republic of China has sovereignty over the archipelagos and waters."[91]
In popular culture[edit]
- The film Storm in the South China Sea (南海风云)[92][93] was produced in China in 1976, showing the Battle of the Paracel Islands in 1974.
- Battlefield 4, a 2013 first-person shooter video game, includes a map based on the Paracel Islands, titled "Paracel Storm".
FIPS country code[edit]
The FIPS 10-4 country code for the Paracel Islands is PF.
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- ^ J. J. Higginbotham, Selections from the Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and its Dependencies: "A Cuccinct Historical Narrative of the East India Company's Endeavours", Vol. 13, p.447, 1822, Higginbotham & Co. Retrieved August 4, 2009
- ^ a b David Hancox et al., A Geographical Description of the Spratly Islands and an Account of Hydrographic Surveys Amongst Those Islands, Marine Time Briefing, Vol. 1–6, pp. 31–32, International Research Unit. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
- ^ L. S. Dawson, Memoirs of Hydrography, Part I, p.43, 1750–1850, The Imperial Library, Eastbourne. Retrieved August 4, 2009
- ^ a b c d The Encyclopedia of Nguyễn Dynasty History "Đại Nam Thực Lục Chính Biên", 1848 (Part I), 1864 (Part II), 1879 (Part III).
- ^ J. B. Chaigneau, Le Mémoire sur la Cochinchine, 1820.
- ^ Thanh Nien News (14 May 2014). "Vietnam submits atlas as proof of island ownership". Thanh Niên. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
- ^ Tìm thấy sắc chỉ cổ về Hoàng Sa, BBC, Retrieved February 4, 2009.
- ^ Khâm Định Đại Nam Hội Điển Sự Lệ, The Great Encyclopedia of History of the Nguyễn dynasty
- ^ a b c d e f g Stein Tonnesson, International Peace Research Institute, Oslo, The South China Sea in the Age of European Decline, pp. 2–4, 12, 40–41, Modern Asian Studies, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, 2006. Retrieved 2009-4-13.
- ^ 1954: Peace deal ends Indo-China war, BBC News. Retrieved on 4-23-2009.
- ^ Robert B. Asprey, War in the Shadows, IUniverse, 2002. ISBN 0-595-22594-2. Retrieved on 4-23-2009.
- ^ Myron H. Nordquist et al., University of Virginia, Center for Oceans Law, Security Flashpoints, pp.142–143, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1998. Retrieved on 4-17-2009.
- ^ Giải pháp cho Việt Nam về Công hàm của ông Phạm Văn Đồng? RFA Vietnamese 2008-09-17
- ^ "Late Vietnam PM's letter gives no legal basis to China's island claim". Thanh Niên. Retrieved Jun 10, 2014.
- ^ (Vietnamese)"Huyện đảo Hoàng Sa". Da Nang City. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
- ^ "The Hoang Sa (Paracel) and Truong Sa (Spratly) archipelagoes and international law 1988". Authority of Foreign Information Service of Vietnam. Retrieved August 28, 2012.[dead link]
- ^ http://www.atimes.com/china/AG15Ad01.html STRATFOR's 1999[dead link]
- ^ http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/LG29Ad01.html Sisci 2010[dead link]
- ^ Wortzel, Higham 1999, p. 180.
- ^ a b http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/NH10Ad01.html Kastner Aug 10, 2012.[dead link]
- ^ http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/NF13Ad01.html Kastner Jun 13, 2012.[dead link]
- ^ http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/CHINA-01-140213.html Womack Feb 14, 2013.[dead link]
- ^ China gets tough as Vietnam claims disputed islands, Sydney Morning Herald, 23 June 2012 (archived from the original[dead link] on 2012-06-22)
- ^ Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
- ^ "Statement of the Spokesman of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Viet Nam: Vietnam opposes the establishment of the so-called "Sansha City."". mofa.gov.vn Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Viet Nam. June 21, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
- ^ "Philippines summons Chinese ambassador to protest Sansha city". Sina.com. July 6, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
- ^ Vietnam asks China to end tourism plan in Hoang Sa, April 2013, TalkVietnam.com
- ^ Associated Press (7 May 2014). "Ships collide as Vietnam tries to stop China oil rig deployment in disputed waters". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
- ^ Bloomberg News (6 June 2014). "Vietnam Says China Still Ramming Boats, Airs Sinking Video". Bloomberg. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
- ^ Staff writer with CNA (11 May 2014). "Taiwan reiterates Paracel Islands sovereignty claim". "Taipei Times". p. 3.
- ^ 《南海风云》 [Storm in the South China Sea] (in Chinese). Retrieved 24 July 2014.
- ^ 《南海风云》 [Storm in the South China Sea] (in Chinese). Douban. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
- (1686) Do Ba Cong Dao (translated by Buu Cam), "Toan Tap Thien Nam Tu Chí Lo Do Thu ", Hong Duc Ban Do, Saigon, 1962.
- (1776) Le Quí Don (translated by Le Xuan Giao), "Phu Bien Tap Luc", Saigon, 1972.
- (1821) Phan Huy Chu (translated by Nguyen Tho Duc), "Lich Trieu Hien Chuong Loai Chí", Saigon, 1972.
- (1837) Jean Louis TABERD, "Note on the Geography of Cochinchina", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, Vol. VI, 9/1837.
- (1838) Jean Louis TABERD, "Additional Notice on the Geography of Cochinchina", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, Vol. VII, 4/1838, pp 317 – 324.
- (1849) GUTZLAFF, "Geography of the Cochinchinese Empire", Journal of The Geographical Society of London, vol the 19th, p93.
- (1999) Vietnamese Claims to the Truong Sa Archipelago. Todd C. Kelly, August 1999.
- (????) Dr. Phan Van Hoang's historical and geographical analysis on Vietnam and China's claims on the Paracels – Vietnamese language link
- (2014) "Sector 1: The South China Sea - Central Part" (PDF). Sailing Directions - Publication 161 - 14th Edition. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, U.S. Government. 12 July 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
Subsequent Publication Data Updates (PDUs) have corrected this publication to 12 July 2014
Further reading[edit]
- Menon, Rajan, "Worry about Asia, Not Europe", The National Interest, Sept–Oct 2012 Issue, September 11, 2012
- Bateman, Sam; Emmers, Ralf, eds. (2008). Security and International Politics in the South China Sea: Towards a co-operative management regime (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0203885244.
- Bezlova, Antoaneta (Jan 29, 2008). "China moves to expand its reach". Asia Times. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Bouchat, Clarence J. (2014). The Paracel Islands and U.S. Interests and Approaches in the South China Sea. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press. ISBN 9781584876236. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
- The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Spratly Islands - Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Darshana Das, Gloria Lotha. Britannica.com. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
- Kastner, Jens (Aug 10, 2012). "Taiwan pours cement on maritime dispute". Asia Times. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Kivimäki, Timo, ed. (2002). War Or Peace in the South China Sea? (Issue 45 of NIAS reports). Contributor Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (illustrated ed.). NIAS Press. ISBN 8791114012. ISSN 0904-597X.
- Lee, Peter (Jul 29, 2010). "US goes fishing for trouble". Asia Times. p. 2. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- Lin, Cheng-yi (Feb 22, 2008). "Buffer benefits in Spratly initiative". Asia Times. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- Morley, James W.; Nishihara, Masashi, eds. (1997). Vietnam Joins the World. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 076563306X.
- Pak, Hŭi-gwŏn (2000). The Law of the Sea and Northeast Asia: A Challenge for Cooperation. Volume 35 of Publications on Ocean Development, V. 35 (illustrated ed.). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 9041114076.
- Severino, Rodolfo (2011). Where in the World is the Philippines?: Debating Its National Territory (illustrated ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9814311715.
- Sisci, Francesco (Jun 29, 2010). "US toe-dipping muddies South China Sea". Asia Times. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- STRATFOR's Global Intelligence Update (July 14, 1999). "Taiwan sticks to its guns, to U.S. chagrin". Asia Times. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Womack, Brantly (Feb 14, 2013). "Rethinking the US-China-Taiwan triangle". Asia Times. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- Wortzel, Larry M.; Higham, Robin D. S. (1999). Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 0313293376.
- Editorial (2014-05-13). "Timing of flareups in South China Sea is no coincidence". Want China Times. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paracel Islands. |
- Sovereignty over the Paracel and Spratly Islands, by Monique Chemillier-Gendreau
- Website about Paracels and Spratly
- CIA World Factbook for Paracel Islands
- Territorial claims in the Spratly and Paracel Islands
- A Collection of Documents on Paracel and Spratly Islands by HoangSa.Org
- Paracels Islands Dispute
- A Collection of Documents on Paracel and Spratly Islands by Nguyen Thai Hoc Foundation
- Vietnamese language link


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Karpeles Manuscript Library Museum
The Karpeles Manuscript Library Museum houses the largest private holdings of important original manuscripts and documents. The archives include manuscripts from the fields of literature, science, religion, history, and art. Among the treasures are the original draft of the Bill of Rights of the United States and the "Thanksgiving Proclamation" signed by George Washington. Exhibits change throughout the year.The museum is situated in a beautiful historic church that was built in 1914. Admission is free.
CITY:Rock Island
La Flama
Family-owned restaurant featuing homemade Mexican cuisine in a festive atmosphere with plenty of seating and parking nearby. A full bar is available at the restaurant and features delicious, traditional drinks.
La Quinta Inn - Moline
For an affordable stay in the Quad Cities, try the La Quinta Inn in Moline, Illinois. This newly renovated, 125 room, limited service hotel is close to the Quad City International Airport, SouthPark Mall and a short drive from major attractions in the Quad Cities area.
La Rancherita
Family-owned Mexican restaurant featuring a fantastic array of homemade recipes.
CITY:Rock Island
Lagomarcino's has been creating fine chocolates in Moline since 1908. A family run business, you can't help but feel the love and dedication to all things sweet in their historic location. This authentic, turn-of-the-century ice cream parlor and confectionery is renowned for homemade chocolates and ice cream. Stop by and get a taste of history for yourself; your life will be a lot sweeter for it.
Lavender Crest Winery
Lavender Crest Winery features a wine tasting room, gift shop, an espresso bar that serves lunch, entertainment, tours and more.
Le Figaro
Enjoy wonderful, French-gourmet dining at this restaurant located in the heart of the Downtown Rock Island's Arts & Entertainment District. Family-owned and operated for over 20 years, this restaurant features delicious French cuisine. The restaurant is open Tuesday through Saturday for dinner, only. You may dine in the Star Bar or in the formal dining area. Banquet space is available for parties.
CITY:Rock Island
Le Mekong
Featuring Vietnamese Gourmet food during lunch and dinner hours. Set in a more formal dining atmosphere but casual dress is allowed. Full and delicious menu of wonderful appetizers, soups and entrees. Family owned for over 20 years. Restaurant also features a very nice selection of teas and a full bar selection.
Leisure Harbor Inn
Pre-Victorian, 1850's 4 guest room with private baths. Three and a half acres on Mississippi Riverfront. Marina on property - Boat in Summer - watch Eagles in Winter
Lisa's Place
Down home service features home baked bread and rolls, home cooked soups and entrees. Specials are served daily. "The Nest" is a specialty; ask about it! Breakfast served all day on Saturday.
Long's Garden
Tour the walk-through gardens and browse the nursery selling 170 different ornamental grasses, trees and shrubs.
Longview Park
Park provides sledding and ice skating in the winter, gardens, greenhouse, tennis, walking trails, shelter and pool in summer.
CITY:Rock Island
Maid Rite
Old time diner featuring breakfast, lunch and dinner. Well-know for their famous loose meet sandwiches (Maid Rites). A Quad Cities original. Enjoy malts, fries and so much more at this 50's-style diner. A variety of locations throughout the Quad Cities.
3 - 27
Maple City Fine Art Exhibition
Area artists display their artwork at the Geneseo Art League and the Cellar Restaurant and compete for top honors during this exhibit.
Martin House Museum
The Fulton Historical Society is located in this Civil War-era home donated to the city by Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Martin.
Martini's on the Rock
Indoor and outdoor dining at this restaurant located on the banks of the Rock River. Featuring steaks, seafood, salads, sandwiches, burgers, pizza, and more. Lunch and dinner specials, live music on the weekends. Great riverfront setting and delicious food!
CITY:Rock Island
Ming Wah
Family-owned restaurant featuring homemade Chinese cuisine with lots of fresh vegetables. Delicious lunch and dinners! Great soups, appetizers and entrees. A local favorite!
Mississippi River Lodge
Our Mississippi River Lodge is located right on the banks on the Mighty Mississippi River between Savanna and Thomson Illinois and offers awe-inspiring views from every angle. We offer 4 bedrooms, 3 baths, living room with fireplace & big screen TV, deck with grill, a fully stocked kitchen and much more! If you are a river lover, this is the place for you. Fishing, water skiing, tubing, or cruising up the river, it's all here for your enjoyment. Since we are located on Big Slough, off of the main channel of the river, you can have fun without having to deal with a lot of river traffic. Access to the main channel is easy if you want to cruise the river. Only five miles up the river is Lower Sabula Lake which offers a great new sand beach. There is a public boat launch only a quarter mile from the house and a dock is provided to moor your boat at the house. If you do not have a boat, you can fish off the dock or the bank.
Mississippi River Trail
Situated in Sunset Park in Rock Island is the Mississippi River Trail. Listed as a difficult trial, mainly due to its length and many portions not protected by shade, this asphalt trail hugs the bank of the river as you move through parks, industrial sections, downtown business districts and small river towns.
CITY:Rock Island
Mississippi River Visitor Center
The visitor center overlooks Lock & Dam 15 on Arsenal Island. See the observation deck - a great spot for viewing bald eagles in the winter and for watching barges lock through on their way up and down the mighty Mississippi River. Enjoy exhibits on the Mississippi River and a gift shop. Guided tours are available of the Lock & Dam system on Saturdays and Sundays from Memorial Day through Labor Day at 11 a.m. and 2 p.m. Tour Reservations are required!
CITY:Rock Island
Mississippi River Visitors Center
View navigation and learn about the Mississippi River past and present. Located on historical Rock Island Arsenal Island at Lock & Dam 15, you can watch barges lock through and make reservations for Lock & Dam Tours during the Summer weekend months. Call ahead for reservations for guided Lock & Dam tours.
CITY:Rock Island
Morrison-Rockwood State Park
Timbered, 1150-acre state park with 77-acre lake stocked with a variety of fish. Class A, 92-site campground with shower building and all sites with electricity. Separate equestrian campground.
Mother's Day Celebration
Nestled in a beautiful country setting just outside the Quad Cities, Lavender Crest Winery in Colona, Illinois features award-winning wines, wine production, a wine tasting room, a banquet center, entertainment, gift shop, espresso bar that serves lunch, wine tours and more. Spend some time with your mother while enjoying a variety of foods. Reservations are required. Open 11 am to 2 pm
Niabi Zoo
This zoo located near the Quad Cities houses more than 900 exotic animals. See the animal exhibits on foot or hop aboard the Mel McKay Express, a miniature replica of an old steam engine that takes visitors around the park. Rise and shine with the wild things during Breakfast With the Animals, held on select Saturdays.
CITY:Coal Valley
North House
A lovely four square Guest House located one block from Prophetstown State Park on the banks of the Rock River. The large front porch is your first friendly hello as you enter this home away from home. With four bedrooms and a three season sleeping porch it's the perfect place for a small or large gathering of family or friends. If you're in the area exploring or home for a family event the North House is an excellent option for your day, week or month long needs. Also, consider the North House for bridal and baby showers, birthday celebrations, anniversary receptions, meetings and more.
O'Melia's Supper Club
Enjoy dining in an old-style Supper Club setting with delicious steaks, seafood, and traditional American cuisine. Family-owned for over 30 years.
CITY:Rock Island
O'Nell Agriculture Museum
This museum features exhibits of local history and antique farm tools.
Orion Community Garage Sale Day
A day to find your treasure searching over 100 sales within the community. Central Park features a pancake breakfast and afternoon pork chops. Open 8 a.m. to 2 p.m.
Osaka Japanese Restaurant
Dependable and delicious Japanese cuisine. Sushi and bar area. Located right across from shopping at SouthPark Mall - serving lunch and dinner Monday through Sunday.
Pasteur Restaurant
Fine dining featuring gourmet French Vietnamese cuisine. Family-owned and operated.
Playcrafters Barn Theater
Enjoy a variety of dramas and comedies at this theater situated in a renovated barn. Theater productions are available throughout the year and feature professional actors and actresses. Great venue and wonderful theater productions make this a fun attraction in the Quad Cities.
Prophet Hills Country Club
Built in 1966, this semi-private, 18-hole golf course is situated on extremely hilly terrain, and features a putting green and chipping area.
Prophetstown Park District Pool & Recreational Center
Indoor/outdoor pool with aerobic classes and open swims. Rec Center has volleyball and basketball courts.
Prophetstown State Recreation Area
Boat ramp, shower facilities, picnic grounds and RV dump station. Playground equipment.
QCCA Expo Center
60,000 sq. ft. exhibition hall and 4,600 sq. ft. auditorium available to rent for shows and exhibits.
CITY:Rock Island
Quad Cities CVB Bike Rentals
Bike rentals through the Quad Cities Convention & Visitors Bureau are available at their Visitor Center located at 1601 River Drive, Suite 110 in Moline. Bikes are available in a variety of sizes and come with locks and helmets. They also offer Kiddie Trailers to hook on the back of adult bikes for toddlers and small bikes that can be attached to the adult bike for children still needing training wheels. Rentals are available from Memorial Day through October. Rent by the day or by the hour.
CITY:Rock Island
Quad Cities Railroad Education
Visit this railroad museum that features transportation displays and model railroads.
Quad Cities Visitor Center
Quad Cities Convention & Visitors Bureau's Visitor Center in Moline will provide you with all the information your need on things to see and do in the Quad Cities. Our Visitor Center offers a gift shop filled with souvenirs, local products and even t-shirts dyed in the mud of the mighty Mississippi River. Our trained visitor counselors are on hand to answer your questions and direct you to the many exciting adventures you will find in the Quad Cities. We also provide bike rentals so you can go out and explore the beautiful riverfront trails.
Quad City Arts Gallery
Quad City Arts is a regional arts council serving the citizens of Henry, Mercer, and Rock Island counties in Illinois and artists within a 90-mile radius. The Gallery features paintings, sculpture, jewelry, pottery, mix-media, and more. Works are created by regional artists and are for sale. The gallery also features Artist Openings and special events throughout the year.
CITY:Rock Island
Quad City Botanical Center
Rock Island's Quad City Botanical Center houses exotic tropical flowers, a 14-foot waterfall and reflecting pools with koi. Seasonal attractions include a butterfly garden and the Garden Train Railway exhibit. The Botanical Center also regularly hosts art exhibitions and special events for families.
CITY:Rock Island
Quad City KOA at Camelot
Situated on 140 acres of lakes, trees and grass. Excellent fishing for bass, crappie, catfish (no license required). Rental boats, bicycles, heated pool, water playground.
CITY:Rock Island
Quad City Mallards
The Quad City Mallards are a minor league professional ice hockey team based in the Quad Cities area of Illinois. The Mallards are a member of the Central Hockey League, competing in the CHL's Berry Conference. Named in honor of the Mallards team that played in the United Hockey League from 1995 to 2007, the current Mallards debuted in 2009 in the International Hockey League before joining the CHL for the 2010-2011 season after the CHL and IHL merged. The Mallards play their home games at i wireless Center in Moline, IL.
Quad City Music Guild
Broadway musicals in this beautiful auditorium located in Prospect Park in Moline, Illinois. Visit the website for current and upcoming show schedule and ticket prices. Founded in 1949, the theater has produced over 160 musical productions.
Quality Inn & Suites - Moline
At the Quality Inn & Suites in Moline, guests will enjoy many superior amenities For business travelers, this Moline hotel provides modern conveniences like wireless high-speed Internet access, spacious work desks, business center, and access to a copy machine. Meeting facilities are available to accommodate up to 40 people for most events and business functions. Handicap accessible rooms are also available. Be Sure To Ask About PARK & FLY packages the hotel offers!
Radisson on John Deere Commons
An award winning riverfront hotel located in the heart of John Deere Commons and right across from the John Deere Pavilion and John Deere Store. This hotel is in downtown Moline and is near restaurants, shopping, riverfront biking and walking trails and next door to the i wireless concert/sports arena. Centrally located, this hotel property is a quick drive to major attractions including the Celebration Belle Riverboat, museums, and historical attractions. You can even board the Channel Cat Water Taxi right behind the hotel which is connected to a TGI Fridays restaurant.
Residence Inn by Marriott - Moline
Residence Inn Moline Quad Cities is nestled in the heart of Moline, just off I-74 & I-80 on John Deere Road and just 5 miles from the Quad City International Airport. Residence Inn can provide you with all the comforts of home with all the features of a Marriott hotel; such as free hot breakfast buffet, evening social, indoor pool and fitness center, friendly staff, and so much more.
Richmond Hill Players Theatre
Barn is located atop the bluff in Geneseo since 1968. The group's actors, directors, backstage personnel, support staff, and audience are drawn from 60 mile radius that includes cities in Illinois and Iowa.
River Huis Traders
This restored building is filled with quality antiques, Dutch treasures, handmade soap, model barges, handmade pottery, local photography, and art. Products made in Illinois are showcased. We specialize in Dutch-related items. We also offer Dutch food items such as coffee, tea, licorice, and Queen Wilhelmina mints.
RiverEdge B&B
Located right on the mighty Mississippi, this beautiful B&B offers an inground pool and great views of the river. It's close to the Celebration Belle non-gaming riverboat, Channel Cat Water Taxi access, and right across from biking/walking trails along the river.
Rock Island Arsenal Museum
The nation's second-oldest US Army museum features exhibits that highlight the history of the island, items manufactured there, and a display of firearms portraying the history of small arms development.
CITY:Rock Island
Rock Island Sports Complex
This complex includes softball diamonds, three junior soccer fields, three full-sized fields and concessions.
CITY:Rock Island
Sandburr Run Golf Resort
42 single rooms and eight double rooms with kitchenettes. We also offer a 9 hole golf course and The Sand Trap Bar & Grill.
Saukie Golf Course
This golf course is a stunning example of a golf course designed from the early part of the 20th century. Saukie was built in 1927 (opened in 1928) and designed by Thomas Bendelow. This public course is considered to be an "executive length" course and is a classic example of a short course that will challenge every golfer. Tee times available 6 a.m to 6 p.m.
CITY:Rock Island
Schwiebert Riverfront Park
Located along the Mississippi River in the downtown Rock Island Arts & Entertainment District, this park offers spectacular views of the Mississippi River, an open-air stage, interactive fountain, observation shelter, waterfront promenade, bike trail and digital playgrounds (the first installation of its kind in the Midwest). The park is also available for rental for weddings, receptions and special events.
CITY:Rock Island
Scottish Rite Cathedral
Scottish Rite Cathedral is on the former site of the Stillman Wheelock mansion, this Gothic Revival style cathedral was built in 1930.
Sherwood Forest
During Christmas, Sherwood Forest is adorned with decorations and twinkling lights. Any time of year view a variety of animals, including turkeys, rabbits, peacocks, llamas, and miniature goats and deer.
Smith Studio and Gallery
Stop in …enjoy whimsical paper mache sculptures and hand colored prints by David Smith; resident artist and art teacher. Explore our ever-growing selection of diverse artwork by innovative Midwest artists. We offer art classes for children, adults, and private groups. We are also available for social gatherings, meetings, and birthday parties. Our goal is to be a gathering place for the community and visitors, so that visual arts might enrich everyone's life.
South Park Mall
If you love it, we've got it! Over 130 specialty stores, five department stores, two sit-down restaurants and a 500-seat food fair. There is something for everyone at South Park Mall!
SouthPark Mall
Enjoy indoor shopping throughout the year at SouthPark Mall. This mall features some 200 stores that include larger department stores like Dillards, VonMaur, and Yonkers. Specialty and gift shops, well-known clothing stores, and large food court make this a great place to shop.
Spring Valley Farm
Spring Valley Farm is home to Jersey cows, alpacas, sheep, Belgian horses, chickens and goats. Farm tours and hayrack rides by appointment only.
State Street Café
Homemade soups, daily specials, and freshly baked goods are just a few of the reasons to give this locally-owned stop a try.
Stoney Creek Hotel & Conference Center
The Northwoods theme runs through this 140 room, 10,000 sq.ft. of meeting space hotel. A walk-through lobby & glass elevator greet each guest. The Wilderness Park indoor/outdoor pool area is a great place to relax. Suites are available with hot tubs & fireplaces! Internet access & meeting space is available for the business traveler & meeting planner. An atmosphere that is uniquely different. This is a very family-friendly hotel property and close to attractions including the John Deere Pavilion, John Deere Store, Celebration Belle Riverboat, Channel Cat Water Taxi, shopping, dining and nightlife. The hotel provides complimentary shuttle airport shuttle service, High-speed wireless internet access, and complimentary hot breakfast. The hotel property is located conveniently right off Interstate 74.
The Bier Stube
German Restaurant with a large German menu and beer selection. Enjoy the outdoor Beer Garden and live music on weekends.
The Coffee Garden
A unique coffee and tea gift shop with bakery serving fresh made scones, pies and muffins. All within a faithfully restored 1879 Queen Anne Victorian home.
The Little Owl Shoppe Inc
We sell antiques and great gifts including jewelry, wine accessories, flower arrangements and every day and collector knives. We also sell fine cigars. But mostly, we are about wine. We sell good wine and have tastings when we are open. Our wine is not something that you can buy locally. We have worked hard on wine that tastes good but is nice and you will be very happy with the prices!
The Loop Riverfront Circulator
The Loop riverfront circulator hugs the Mississippi River and offers easy access to popular downtown attractions in the Quad Cities. The Loop provides a uniquely enjoyable way to travel for nightlife, dining, entertainment, arts/culture, festivals, concerts, gaming, and the beauty of the Mississippi River. See the sights on plush buses with stadium seating, full glass ceilings, bike rack, wheelchair accessibility, and hospitality-trained drivers. The Loop operates Thursday - Saturday evenings and Sunday afternoons. The fare is $1 per trip/50c for seniors, disabled, or Medicare cardholders.
The Original Huckleberry's Great Pizza and Calzones
A fun, casual Italian restaurant featuring good pizza, pasta and calzones in the heart of the District.
CITY:Rock Island
The Speakeasy
Enjoy comedians, big bands, burlesque, drag shows, and more at the Speakeasy. This intimate club offers live performances throughout the year to fit a variety of tastes. The Speakeasy features a bar, simple menu, and performance seating at small and large tables. To see what's coming up next at the Speakeasy visit http://circa21.com/speakeasy.asp
CITY:Rock Island
The Speakeasy
Enjoy this intimate theatre featuring live music, comedy and more. Located right next door to the Circa '21 Dinner Playhouse, the Speakeasy is the newest edition to the Downtown Rock Island Arts & Entertainment District. Open Thursday through Saturday, check the website for upcoming event schedule.
CITY:Rock Island
Theo's Java Club
Coffee house with deli sandwiches, pastries, soups and light fare. Located in the heart of the Downtown Rock Island Arts & Entertainment District.
CITY:Rock Island
Thomson House Villager Lodge
40 unit extended stay motel. All rooms have microwave, refrigerator, on site cafe, and laundromat, pets welcome
Top O' the Morning Bed & Breakfast
1912 brick prairie style home of Rock Island Railroad President. On hill overlooking Mississippi River above downtown Rock Island. Three acres of wooded grounds.
CITY:Rock Island
2 - 31
Torment at Twelve Hundred
This theatrical haunted attraction will engulf all the senses with a magnitude of fears. The trail through the woods leading to Dr. E. Vilstien's secret laboratory and Hidden View Sanatorium will make you scream and run for your life. Not recommended for 12 year olds and younger. Open toed shoes and high heels are prohibited! Torment at Twelve Hundred bids you to see what new horrors await. Open: 3-5 10-12 17-19, and 24-26 and October 31. Hours: 7pm to 10pm. Admission is $13.00 per person.
Tournament Players Club Deere Run - Quad Cities
The Midwest's premier semi-private golf facility - in a setting of mature hardwood trees, rolling hills, and the serene Rock River Valley. Designed to host the PGA Tour's John Deere Classic. A la carte & events dining, full service Golf Shop.
TPC Deere Run
Built on the site of a former Arabian horse farm, this beautiful 18-hole, par 71 championship golf course stretches along wooded ravines on the Rock River. The course is home of the John Deere Classic, a PGA Tour event that draws top golf talent.
Trackside Quad City Downs
Watch and bet on telecast thoroughbred and harness racing from all over the United States. A restaurant and lounge offer daily drink and lunch specials.
CITY:East Moline
10 - 12
Trains, Planes and Automobiles
Geneseo's fastest growing event gets even better. Join Gen-Air for a fly-in luncheon on Thursday, Cruise the Hennepin Canal by golf carts on Friday. Visit downtown on Saturday as the streets fill up with vintage cars from all eras, train engines, model trains, airplanes, food and festivities.
U.S. Lock & Dam 13
Boats of all kinds pass through the locks, and visitors can view the river traffic from just a few feet away.
Victorian Grace Antiques & Accents
Offering a wide variety of antiques & collectibles and home accent pieces.
Victorian Inn Bed & Breakfast
Victorian home built in 1876 and added in 1905. The home has 20 rooms and 6 guest rooms. All of the rooms have private baths and 2 have working fireplaces.
CITY:Rock Island
Village Florist Gifts & Antiques
Beautiful hand-prepared floral arrangements are delightfully appealing. The selection of home decor and antiques will please any decorator or collector. Three floors of merchandise to select from. Stop in soon!
Village of Albany Historic Indian Mounds
View these historic Indian mounds located in Albany.
We Share Bed & Breakfast
Are you in need of a home away from home? Consider this lower level, one bedroom furnished apartment. Utilities, cable, laundry facilities, parking space, and private entrance are among the amenities included.
Whitewater Junction
Kids will love this railroad themed aquatic center featuring a spiral slide, tube slide, water geysers and playful water features. Open during the summer months 7 days a week, Whitewater Junction is located inside the lovely Longview Park in Rock Island, Illinois.
CITY:Rock Island
Whitewater Junction - Aquatic Park
Whitewater Junction is a railroad-themed aquatic facility. Two water slides, spray toys, zero depth edge and shallow water play area.
CITY:Rock Island
Whitey's Ice Cream Stores - Quad Cities
Created in the Quad Cities, outstanding flavors of ice cream, malts, shakes of every kind, banana splits, sundaes. Squeeky clean Ice Cream Shops all done up in White and Red and the ice cream servers are dressed white uniforms with red and white caps.
Windmill Cultural Center
The Windmill Cultural Center houses an extensive collection of 21 European windmills representing ten European countries. Interpretive exhibits provide unique information on the products produced by windmills, country of origin, windmill specifications, and the cultural impact of windmills. The Education Area features video presentations of the windmill countries and an education area contains children's activities including coloring, puzzles, and toys promoting scientific concepts. The gift shop sells fresh stone-ground flour, Delft pottery, and souvenirs of Fulton, the Windmill Cultural Center and the windmill.
Wirthy Treasures
Here you'll find restored and re-purposed furniture and other home decor finds. Re-purposing furniture and home decor with Mustard Seeds Milk Paint and American Paint Company products! Take time to smell the wonderful hand-poured, highly fragranced candles. Locally made goat milk soaps & lotion are the best! There is something for everyone in this locally owned boutique. Custom work and paint classes offered.

subset: commoncrawl


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Forget video calling, even SMSes are banned in Kashmir
28-Nov-2012 11:50
Twenty-first century opened on a troubled note
12-Jan-2009 09:37
I have completed my masters degree in mass communication & journalism, video production. I am very fun loving person, I love to make documentaries, deco films and capture imaginatic and creative photos. I am very sensible and responsible towards my work.


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Right Side Up
Drug and alcohol addiction treatment for women with children
MARR's Right Side Up (RSU) offers long-term, residential drug and alcohol treatment for women with dependent children under the age of 13. Women need a stable and safe environment to develop the skills necessary to achieve and maintain lasting recovery. Our services are designed to help women obtain employment, restore relationships with their loved ones, retain and/or regain custody of their children, give birth to drug-free infants and become valuable, productive members of the community.
MARR's Right Side Up is a six-month treatment program for substance use disorders (formerly called chemical dependency), giving clients ample time to make and sustain healthy lifestyle changes.
Phases of Drug & Alcohol Addiction Treatment
Phase I (approx. 90 days) - Incorporates individual and group therapy — including psycho-educational groups, spiritual life groups and health education groups — on topics related to parenting, trauma, domestic violence, and stress and anger management. Client is required to attend regular 12-Step meetings.Phase II (approx. 60 days) – Requires attendance to 12-Step meetings while incorporating employment (30 hours per week) into the recovery process. Participation is required in evening and weekend groups and activities. Client meets with a counselor for individual sessions.
Phase III (approx. 30 days) – Maintains the requirement for 12-Step meetings and 30 hours of work each week. Client works with a counselor to identify housing options and move toward independent living. Client must be employed in order to successfully complete the program.
Right Side Up Services
- Individual and Group Therapy
- Family Group
- Drug-free Environment
- Medical Services
- 12-Step Recovery Group
- Trauma Groups
- Relapse Prevention
- Job Skills Training
- Psycho-education
- Survival Skills
- Health and Nutrition
- Therapeutic Child Care (provides services for children and parenting education and assistance)
What's Included
Clients of Right Side Up will receive the following benefits:- Gender-specific drug and alcohol addiction treatment for women that addresses issues such as relationships, sexual and physical abuse, parenting, education and job skills training
- An individualized addiction treatment plan
- Clinically intensive treatment services by licensed and certified clinicians
- 12-Step support groups
- Therapeutic Child Care, whereby each child has his/her own individualized treatment plan and is engaged in activities that provide structure, guidance, discipline and fun
- General medical care, including referrals for specific care
- Individual case management and transportation to ensure clients and their children have access to vital services
- A safe environment where women in addiction recovery can learn to interact in a nurturing, constructive and healthy manner with their children
- Education for children on how to break the cycle of addiction
Right Side Up is a Ready for Work program and funded by the Georgia Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Disabilities. RSU collaborates with the Division of Family and Children Services (DFCS), which provides Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), food stamps, Medicaid and childcare certificates for eligible clients. Clients are responsible for personal spending, medical co-pay and childcare overage.Who is eligible for MARR's Right Side Up?- Primarily residents of Gwinnett, Newton, Dekalb, Fulton and Rockdale counties in Georgia
- Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients with a diagnosis of substance abuse and/or substance dependence
- Women with active Child Protective Service cases with DFCS
- Pregnant or post-partum women with children under the age of 13 (no more than two children allowed into treatment with mother)
- Low-income women who are non-TANF eligible (limited beds)
All potential clients must first complete a phone screening to determine their eligibility for Right Side Up's drug and alcohol addiction treatment program. Contact an RSU Intake Coordinator today at 678-805-4113.All incoming clients are required to bring the following:- Negative PPD (TB) test (completed within six months before entering addiction treatment)
- Valid picture ID
- Social security card
- Birth certificate
For children entering treatment with their mothers, please bring the following:- Social security card
- Birth certificate or confirmation of birth
- Immunization record that is current
- School records
- All incoming children ages 5 and over must have a negative PPD (TB) test (completed within six months before entering RSU)
Additional Details
Right Side Up is based on the therapeutic community model, which promotes accountability, responsibility and acceptance. Clients reside in apartments, generally comprised of two to three bedrooms, two full bathrooms, a kitchen and a living room/dining room. Women entering drug and alcohol addiction treatment with children will receive their own room, and those entering RSU without children may share a room with another unaccompanied client. Each apartment is equipped with its own washer and dryer. Clients are eligible to bring up to two children under the age of 13. RSU collaborates with licensed day care centers in the community, and school-aged children will attend the local public schools.
Call Right Side Up today 678-805-4113, or contact us online. Get help now.