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Los Angeles-based AdventureLink, the new adventure travel booking site run by Kelly Tompkins, announced this morning that it has acquired a competitor, Adventure Central. Financial terms of the acquisition were not disclosed. According to AdventureLink, the all-stock deal also included a new investment from Allegis Capital. Amount of that funding was not released. Denver-based Adventure Central provides a search engine and services for finding adventure travel. AdventureLink is also venture backed by Anthem Venture Partners and The Mail Room Fund.
Top News
Thursday, March 19, 2009AdventureLink Buys Competitor, Get Investment
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Driving Through Time - The Digital Blue Ridge Parkway
About this Image
Title | Blacksmith shop and fire tool house |
Date | 1940 |
Description | A phtoograph showing a blacksmith shop and a fire tool house near Big Laurel Gap and mile post 347.6 in section 2L of the Blue Ridge Parkway. |
Location |
Location Name: Big Laurel Gap Parkway Milepost: 347.6 |
Creator Individual | J.E.V. |
Tags |
Big Laurel Gap (N.C.)
Blacksmiths Building Maintenance Photographs |
Credit | Courtesy National Park Service, Blue Ridge Parkway |

subset: commoncrawl


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One news item we can always depend on in late July: where French politicians will be spending their 3-week vacations. Here it is, complete with a map.
Wednesday, July 22, 2009
2 comments:
- ModernMom said...
Wow! They can't have a moment away from prying eyes huh? One more reason to stay out of politics:)
- July 22, 2009 5:48 PM
- Polly-Vous Francais said...
Yes, I was trying to figure out if anything similar gets published for US politicians. Doubt it, but I'm curious if someone can correct that assumption.
- July 23, 2009 9:54 PM
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Targeted Website Traffic - Webmasters helping webmasters develop high value relevant links. Promoting ethical web-marketing using the time trusted pillars of relevance and popularity.


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All Online Library Resources A to Z
The Library purchases all of these online resources to provide you with reliable information for your research. They include journal articles, magazines, newspapers, biographies and other research aids that are unavailable for free on the Internet. You will need a Library Card in order to access these resources from outside the Library. A few are only available from inside the Library as noted.
For a directory of these resources by subject with recommended websites, start at Research It.
Library resource-requires a Library Card. | |
Available only inside the Library | |
Selected Website | |
Need Help? |
Articles from scholarly journals. For college level and up. | ||
Auto repair information for import and domestic cars and light trucks, 1982-2012.AVAILABLE AT CENTRAL BRANCH ONLY. | ||
Full-text articles from 1,700+ U.S. newspapers including local news, editorials, announcements, obituaries and other sections. | ||
Family history research. AVAILABLE AT LIBRARY BRANCH ONLY. | ||
Repair information for domestic and foreign cars and trucks from 1945 to 2010. | ||
Biographies of famous people around the world, past and present. | ||
Video picture books paired with related nonfiction books in English and Spanish. For preschool and elementary age children. | ||
Articles on company and industry news and trends. Company profiles, country economic data, industry information and market research. | ||
Career Pillar is the only interactive tutorial software dedicated to increasing job search and interview readiness skills | ||
Repair information for domestic and foreign cars and trucks from 1940s to the present. | ||
Health and wellness information including articles, images, videos and diagrams. Available in 17 languages. | ||
Cientos de informes sobre los temas de salud más comunes en Español. Hundreds of reports for the most common health topics in Spanish. | ||
Make better purchasing decisions using product reviews, ratings, news and comparisons from Consumer Reports magazine. | ||
Practice taking the DMV driver's permit test. Tests are available for cars, motorcycles and the CDL. Also available in Spanish. | ||
The English Language Learner Reference Center is a multi-purpose online information resource designed especially for secondary and young adult English language learners (ELLs) in school and public libraries. | ||
Database of more than 6,500 foundation and public charity programs that provide support for students, artists, researchers, and other individual grantseekers. AVAILABLE AT CENTRAL BRANCH ONLY. | ||
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Foundation Maps is Foundation Center's premier data visualization tool and the easiest way to see who is funding what and where around the world. | ||
Full-text of The Fresno Bee (1986 to present). Obituaries included. Advertising excluded. | ||
General purpose encyclopedia offering articles useful to children, students and adults. | ||
History Reference Center® is the world's most comprehensive full text history reference database designed for secondary schools, public libraries, junior/community colleges, and undergraduate research. | ||
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Use JobScout in English or Español to learn the basic internet and social media skills you need to find a job. Includes a resume builder and job search tools. | ||
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Download eBooks and eAudiobooks to your Windows or Mac computer or transfer them to any number of compatible portable devices. | ||
Thousands of images from the San Joaquin Valley & Sierra Foothills Photo Heritage Project. | ||
Pro and con articles, background information, and research guides on 250+ controversial issues. For high school level and up. | ||
Integral en español de datos de contenido que ofrecen las enciclopedias, textos completos de más de 100 libros de referencia, informes de salud, decenas de revistas de interés general y los informes de salud y un diccionario Español-Inglés.
Comprehensive Spanish-language database offering content from encyclopedias, full text for over 100 reference books, health reports, dozens of general interest magazines and health reports and a Spanish-English dictionary. |
Business and residential directories including phone numbers, addresses and detailed company information. Great for job searching or building client lists. Also contains a listing of 855,000 physicians and dentists in the country. | ||
Repair information for over 190,000 models of consumer electronics devices, CBs, antique radios, car stereos and other devices from SAMS Technical Publishing. | ||
The San Joaquin Valley Digitization Project image collection consists of photographs selected from the collections of the nine public libraries of the San Joaquin Valley Library System, as well as the collections of museums and individuals in their communities. The photos were selected mainly for their historical interest. They represent various aspects of life in the San Joaquin Valley and the Sierra Nevada foothills; in the counties of Kern, Tulare, Kings, Fresno, Madera, and Mariposa. The photos date from 1850 to 2002. | ||
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Wide variety of information on small business and entrepreneurial subject areas, common business types, a help and advice section, and provides information on how to create business plans. | ||
SERRC contains the full set of small engine repair manuals from Clymer. Engines types include: motorcycles, ATVs, personal water craft, snowmobiles, lawn mowers, tractors, snow blowers, generators, and more. | ||
Articles from popular general interest and current events magazines, reference books, photos, maps & flags. For middle school and high school level. | ||
Welcome to the world's largest newsstand. Browse numerous magazine titles and download them absolutely free. View them on your PC, or on the go from virtually any mobile device. Click here for a tutorial. | ||
For a directory of these resources by subject with recommended websites, start at Research It. |
Top of List |


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Is something like DRY a design pattern, a methodology, or something in between? They do not have specific implementations that could neccessarily be demonstrated(even if you can easily demonstrate a case NOT using something like KISS... see The Daily WTF for a plethora of examples), nor do they fully explain a development process like a methodology generally would. Where does that leave these types of "rule of thumb"'s?
According to Wikipedia it is a principle of software development. In fact, Wikipedia refers to all of them as principles: DRY: KISS: |
I'd say that they're basic engineering principles. A methodology can have n principles. And they're definitely not design patterns :) |
These are the guidelines for your everyday work, crossing the boundaries of layers, problem domains and technologies. They also form what you would call a philosophy defining your professional practice. |


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rip the surface
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- Date
- 05/27/2010
- Category
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- File Info
- 600 x 448 px
- 76.9 kb
- Tags
- dreams
- model
- rk
- everplains
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Author Comments
this one is of my friend jurl. she kept telling me she wanted me to draw her for a birthday present so i did she doesn't represent any figure of the everplains but everything else does thought id just make her happy for her big day


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Jessica Biggs was 22 when a meth lab exploded in her apartment, burning 60 percent of her body. She spent three months in a burn unit, followed by a month of physical rehabilitation. The father of her children was killed in the blast. / Shelley Mays / The Tennessean
Selena Humphrey was just 15 in 2000 when, while cooking meth, the chemicals exploded in her face. 'I had to learn to eat, talk, walk and sleep. For almost three years, I kept a garbage bag on my pillow because my face was bloody.' / Shelley Mays / The Tennessean
Meth's Stranglehold
Coming Tuesday
Drug courts and laws requiring a prescription for cold medicine are seeing results.
What you missed
In parts of rural Tennessee, it�s hard not to find someone whose life hasn�t been touched by meth.
Dr. Blair Summitt, medical director of the burn unit at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, examines Jessica Biggs before her final skin graft surgery last month. Watching at left is Biggs' grandmother, Peggy Biggs, who raised her and has custody of her sons. / Shelley Mays / The Tennessean
Jessica Biggs had the body of a dancer and smooth, olive skin before meth took hold. / Submitted
Jessica Biggs first tried meth while dating the father of her children. He died in the blast at their apartment in 2011. / Shelley Mays / The Tennessean
The explosion happened in 2011, but Jessica Biggs still bleeds.
She bleeds when the sores on her leg pop open. She bleeds on the operating table during the skin grafts. And she still cries.
She was 22 that September night when the father of her children went into the bathroom of their Madison apartment to cook meth and something went wrong. He died two weeks later in the burn unit at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, where she also was hospitalized.
Selena Humphrey was just 15 when she went to the Vanderbilt burn unit. She was cooking methamphetamine Dec. 4, 2000, in Grundy County when the chemical brew exploded in her face. She�s done with the skin grafts, but her scars will never go away.
The explosions that forever changed the lives of these young women happened more than a decade apart � a timeline that demonstrates the longevity of Tennessee�s meth problem. Surgeons at the state�s burn units in Nashville and Memphis continue to rebuild the melted body parts of addicts. And even after having suffered horrible, disfiguring injuries, their patients still struggle with addiction.
Humphrey, who was spared a jail sentence because of her age, wound up serving time later, pleading guilty to possession of meth-related paraphernalia six years after the 2000 explosion. She said she�s still using drugs but wants to stop.
More: Meth can lead to unsafe sex, STDs and burnout
Biggs wound up with another addiction after she stopped using meth. She got hooked on prescription pills after her surgeries, she said, �abusing them to numb my pain.� She had to go to rehab to get off narcotics, but said meth is the drug that dragged her down.
�Meth is not just a speed drug,� Biggs said. �It�s a devil�s drug.�
A revolving door
Burn units can be revolving doors for some addicts.
Dr. Bill Hickerson, the plastic surgeon who runs the unit at The MED in Memphis, said he has treated patients multiple times for repeat burns from meth lab explosions.
Just one bad burn case can carry a high price tag, especially when a patient develops an infection.
�It can go more than $1 million,� Hickerson said, noting that burn victims are prone to serious complications. �It can be $1 million or $2 million with a large burn that gets sick.�
He has worked at burn units in Memphis and Little Rock, Ark., before and since meth infested the South. The initial wave of burn victims were people who made the drugs in large quantities, mixing explosive chemicals while using propane heaters, before the smaller cold-cook �shake-and-bake� method became popular.
�Everything in that lab was obviously volatile,� Hickerson said. �With a mistake, they got a huge explosion and very serious burns. The total body surface area burned would be very high.�
The introduction of the shake-and-bake method accelerated the spread and use of the drug in Tennessee. In shake and bake, household chemicals are mixed in a soda bottle. No flame is needed.
�The shake-and-bake has made it more available for anybody,� Hickerson said.
In a shake-and-bake explosion, the burned body area is generally smaller, but that does not mean people are not at risk for dying.
�They still get very sick because their immune systems have been totally destroyed by the drug,� he said. �Their cardiovascular system is definitely not normal. With their pulmonary system, it is not unusual to see inflammatory condition of their lungs develop.�
More: In Carter County, fighting meth is a dirty and dangerous business
Dr. Blair Summitt, medical director of the burn unit at Vanderbilt, said he does not see as many obvious cases of meth explosion burns as he once did.
�Either we�re not getting the full story � maybe we have some and we don�t know it because the burns are smaller � but a lot of times the story can be sketchy,� Summitt said.
Doctors and nurses know to look for telltale clues, such as a patient showing up at an emergency room two or three days after a burn has occurred or giving accounts of accidents that don�t quite add up.
Hospital staff are mandated by Tennessee law to report suspicious cases to police.
Jessica's story
Police knew immediately it was a meth explosion at Cedar Crest apartments in Madison on Sept. 17, 2011. It blew out a wall of the apartment that Biggs shared with Jason Scott, who already had a criminal record for making meth.
She cannot erase the memory of his screams for water and the strange whiteness of his face devoid of the top layer of skin the night of the explosion that led to his death. Shards of flesh hung from her hands and feet. Her ears looked like charcoal briquettes.
Photo gallery: Meth in Tennessee
The couple had once been beautiful. Standing 6-foot-3 with high cheekbones and blond hair, Scott had the confident, closed-mouth smile of a man who thought he had the world by the tail. After years of performing pirouettes, leaps and stretches, Biggs had the body of a dancer and smooth, olive skin.
When they met, she was 19. He was five years older and had just gotten out of prison after serving time for burglary convictions, but he wasn�t using drugs then.
His addiction problem began with pills and graduated to meth, Biggs said. She tried meth and liked it.
Scott was buying the drug directly from a meth cook who told him he needed help making meth.
�Jason, at first, said, �I don�t want to learn,� � she said. �But he got so bad on it that he eventually learned how to do it. That was his thing every day, all day. That was his life. He would get up, find a way to buy the stuff to cook it, cook it, do it and stay up all night. Of course, I tried it.�
More: Meth in Tennessee: The danger next door
In a two-week time frame, she said, her weight dropped from 140 pounds to 105 pounds.
�We were staying with his brother in Cheatham County,� Biggs said.
�He had just got done cooking. We went to sleep. We woke up the next morning and the drug task force was knocking on the door. His brother called the cops on us.
�I did get my son taken from me,� she said. �But the charges got dropped because Jason took my charges. We stopped after that.�
She got her son back, and the couple had another baby boy. The children weren�t home the night of the explosion. She said she was sleeping on the couch in a room next to the bathroom where the explosion occurred.
More: Meth mouth holds mysteries
She insisted that it had been a year since he had cooked meth. She couldn�t say why he chose to start again.
�I don�t know why,� she said. �He wanted some pills, and he couldn�t find pills. He looked at me and said, �I�m going to go cook.� �
She was hospitalized in the Vanderbilt burn unit for three months, then had to undergo a month of physical rehabilitation at another hospital. Besides those stays, she was hospitalized again last July because of a serious infection stemming from the injuries. She received treatment for addiction to painkillers in October 2012.
More: In Dyer County, it's hard to find someone not touched by meth
Her last skin graft surgery occurred Feb. 12.
�I have people who look at me every day,� Biggs said. �I went to the zoo at Halloween. This one guy asked me if that was my Halloween costume. Every person just kind of stared at me like I had a disease or something. A lady at Wal-Mart didn�t want to do my nails because of my skin.�
She is on probation for criminal convictions associated with the explosion.
Her grandmother, Peggy Biggs, has custody of her sons. Jessica Biggs also lives with �Granny,� the woman who raised her. She said her goals in life are to be a good mother to her sons and to become a licensed drug counselor.
Selena's story
Motherhood is a tough reality for Selena Humphrey.
Her mother introduced her to meth, she said. Her mother�s boyfriend taught her to cook it. And Humphrey has lost her own rights to be a mother.
�My life is destroyed,� she said. �It took my kids from me. It took my serenity, my pride, my self-esteem.�
She has become the poster child for meth explosion burns � a role she is tired of playing after an appearance on �Oprah,� a feature in Newsweek and having her picture pop up on multiple websites. Her recovery from the physical injuries nearly 14 years ago, as horrible as they were, has been more certain than her recovery from the disease of addiction.
�It took me two years before I could open a car door, almost three years before I could pick up a half gallon of milk,� she said. �I had to learn to eat, talk, walk and sleep. For almost three years, I kept a garbage bag on my pillow because my face was bloody. I�ve had at least 100 multiple skin grafts.�
She became a licensed nurse aide but lost her certification after she relapsed and a 2006 arrest. Now out of prison, she cleans rooms in a Winchester motel that gives her a free place to stay. She is as brutally honest about herself as the reflection she sees scrubbing bathroom mirrors. She counts toking on a joint and drinking beer as using drugs, but said meth remains her drug of choice.
�My heart races, my mouth waters,� she said, describing the craving.
Our view: Meth blinds us to others' pain
She reads �Our Daily Bread,� a devotional, every night. Humphrey prays for another chance and said she needs a residential option for treatment after a 30-day rehabilitation � a place for a fresh start.
�Something I can focus my life on instead of just sitting around twiddling my thumbs saying, �Let�s get high,� � she said. �What more have I got to do with my life? Nothing.�
Treating burns
$1 million
When meth labs go up in flames, treating the injured can prove costly. The Tennessee Methamphetamine and Pharmaceutical Task Force found one meth-burn patient at Vanderbilt University Medical Center who required four months of critical care treatment costing $1 million.
More: Tennessee ranks at top in meth costs
Meth treatment
$2.8 million
In fiscal year 2011, 1,066 people in Tennessee received publicly funded treatment for meth abuse at a cost of $2.8 million in federal and state funds, according to the comptroller�s report.
Reach Tom Wilemon at 615-726-5961.


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Album Review
Number One Hits
contains 18 #1 records from the charts of Billboard, who somehow didn't rank "Crying in the Chapel," "In the Ghetto," "Burning Love," and "Way Down" as chart-toppers, although other national surveys did. In fact, according to RCA, every copy of "Way Down" was sold out within days after
's death, not just here but all over the planet, and somehow, amazingly, it didn't even make the magazine's Top Ten!
Neal Umphred, Rovi
Track Listing
Heartbreak Hotel
I Want You, I Need You, I Love You
Hound Dog
Don't Be Cruel
Love Me Tender
Too Much
All Shook Up
(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear
Jailhouse Rock
Hard Headed Woman
A Big Hunk O' Love
Stuck on You
It's Now or Never
Are You Lonesome Tonight?
Good Luck Charm
Suspicious Minds
Similar Albums
Elvis Presley
The Top Ten Hits
Original Soundtrack
American Graffiti
Brenda Lee
Anthology (1956-1980)
Various Artists
The Wonder Years
The Monkees
Elvis Presley
Elv1s: 30 #1 Hits


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Co-written by French psychoanalyst/novelist Alain-Didier Weill and director Richard Ledes (A Hole in One), The Caller begins as a multinational corporate thriller more ambiguous and geopolitically senseless than Demonlover. Unloosening his Nixonian jowls a little, Frank Langella stars as a Manhattan energy-firm exec who blows the whistle on his firm's perfidious offenses in Latin America, earning a price on his head by merely uploading some bar charts and a blurry QuickTime clip of murdered innocents. Bird-watching private eye Elliott Gould (here the ringer in a Dennis Farina look-alike competition) soon receives phone calls from a poetry-reciting stranger with a voice modulator, asking him to shadow Langella for inexplicable reasons. Now there's jumping the shark, and then there's ruining the entire movie, so when Langella is shown in the very first call to be the eponymous client on the other end of the line, we're left to wonder why we're watching Gould scramble for clues to a mystery we've been given the solution to. Unless you can't figure out who the two boys are in the force-fed World War II childhood trauma flashbacks, in which case [spoiler alert!] you're an idiot.
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Experience | |
Industry Recognition | |
Professional Conduct |
My practice emphasizes all areas of civil litigation and criminal defense from pre-filing representation through trial. I have brought more than 50 cases to... more
I endorse Matt Crowther. I have discussed at length different areas of criminal defense with him, and he impressed me with his knowledge,... more
Excellent attorney. Mr. Crowther continues to provide valuable advice on Avvo each time that he responds to a question. Although I have been licensed... more


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Your digital footprint measured for the first time
February 16, 2010
Name the flavour. Make a video about it. Make it go viral. You could win up to
/NOTE TO PHOTO EDITORS: A photo accompanying this release is available at http://photos.newswire.ca. Images are free to accredited members of the media/
SOURCE CNW Social Media
Source: newswire


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Ammo shortage: 2008 and now - Conservative News
Tried to buy ammo lately? Many people can't find what they need, or what they find is very expensive. Standard .223 FMJ is selling for more than a buck a round at some places - and that's when you can find it. Welcome to the 2013 ammo shortage.
Not correct?


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April 20th, 2011
Over the Moon- We're featured!
Super excited to see our Spring party featured on Pizzazzerie!
If you haven't been over there to check out all of the fab party and entertaining ideas you're definitely missing out! Be sure to check out the feature post because in addition to our party feature there's a full rundown of fabulous spring and Easter party inspiration posts.


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PUPPY MILLS You may see the following or something similar in your local newspaper or just tacked to a telephone pole alongside the road. "ARE YOU STUCK WITH A LITTER OF PUPPIES?" Be advised that this is a common ruse used by puppy mill operators to get unwanted puppies as objects for sell for profit. DON'T BE THEIR SUPPLIER - SPAY OR NEUTER YOUR DOGS! If you think you know of a puppy mill in operation, please advise your local animal shelter or animal welfare agency. You may also wish to check the following
website for more information about the puppy mill problems in Canada.
OTHER FEATURED ARTICLES Please select from the following |
About MAR |
Join MARMembers of the Maritime Animal Rescue converge and are kept abreast of goings-on through Yahoo. Group archives are private; however, new members from rescues or shelters are welcome to join by getting in touch with the moderator. Thanks so much to Stomata Commons for donating a hosting package for our site. |
Maritime Animal Rescue is a composite of many individuals from varying animal welfare organizations, such as SPCAs, Rescue groups, the Nova Scotia Humane Society and private individuals whose interest is to help animals. Maritime Animal Rescue, in itself, is not a rescue group, rather it is a meeting of many animal welfare groups with the common purpose of helping to re-home abandoned, unwanted pets and ultimately in educating the public about the responsibility and care required when you own a pet. Maritime Animal Rescue respects the work of all the individuals and groups within the Maritimes to re-home animals in their care. The views or articles expressed on this site are meant to aid with animal welfare / placement and may not represent the opinions of all. If anyone has a concern over anything found on this site please direct your inquiry to either our webmistress or one of our moderators. Maritime Animal Rescue will endeavor to always maintain its integrity andquestions or suggestions are always greatly appreciated. |
Dear Bide Awhile Friend and Animal Lover, Pamela Keddy, creator of the Maritime Animal Rescue network, welcomes Hope Swimimer and her new adoption facility "Homeward Bound City Pound" to the animal adoption society. Please see the "featured dogs and featured cats for adoption " on this site to see the latest dogs available through this new adoption facility. |


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"I want to be able to sleep in an open field, to travel west, to walk freely at night…" – Sylvia Plath
I love this quote! I'm actually reading the bell jar right now… coincidence?
I love this quote so much!
Much love,
Obsessed with this post! :D
So me :)
Love this quote <3
long hair ftw!
I love the second picture! It's so victorian and sweet looking! xoxo
Post a comment


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Saw palmetto refers to Serenoa repens (W. Bartram) Small (Family: Arecaceae). An alternative name for the Arecaceae family is Palmae or Palmaceae. This plant is also known as (1) Serenoa serrulatum Schultes, (2) Serenoa serrulata (Michaux) Nichols, and (3) Sabal serrulata (Michaux) Nutall ex Schultes.
The medicinal part of saw palmetto is the fruit, which is about the size of a berry and is sometimes referred to as a "saw palmetto berry," although it is a single seed drupe. The fruit is rich in carbohydrates and lipid components. The dried ripe fruit is typically the part of the plant used for dietary supplements.
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 450
Dietary Supplements: A Framework for Evaluating Safety
Appendix K
Prototype Focused Monograph: Review of Antiandrogenic Risks of Saw Palmetto Ingestion by Women1
A. Saw Palmetto as a Dietary Supplement Ingredient
Saw palmetto refers to Serenoa repens (W. Bartram) Small (Family: Arecaceae). An alternative name for the Arecaceae family is Palmae or Palmaceae. This plant is also known as (1) Serenoa serrulatum Schultes, (2) Serenoa serrulata (Michaux) Nichols, and (3) Sabal serrulata (Michaux) Nutall ex Schultes.
The medicinal part of saw palmetto is the fruit, which is about the size of a berry and is sometimes referred to as a "saw palmetto berry," although it is a single seed drupe. The fruit is rich in carbohydrates and lipid components. The dried ripe fruit is typically the part of the plant used for dietary supplements.
This is a focused monograph, prepared for the purpose of illustrating how a safety review of a dietary supplement ingredient might be prepared following the format for focused monographs described in this report. While it was prepared as a prototype using the processes described in the report, it was not conducted under the auspices of the Food and Drug Administration utilizing all the resources available to the agency. Thus some pertinent information not available to the Committee could be of importance in evaluating safety to determine if use of this dietary supplement ingredient would present an unreasonable risk of illness or injury. Also, the development and review of this prototype was conducted by individuals whose backgrounds are in general aspects of evaluating science and whose expertise is not necessarily focused specifically on this dietary ingredient, although significant additional assistance was provided by consultants with relevant expertise. Therefore, this prototype monograph, while extensive, does not represent an authoritative statement regarding the safety of this dietary supplement ingredient.
OCR for page 450
Dietary Supplements: A Framework for Evaluating Safety
B. Individual Components
Table A contains a list of the known components in extracts of saw palmetto fruit. Some components are common in many other plants and are widespread in the human diet. The components of extracts of saw palmetto fruit are commonly categorized as hexane extractable (i.e., phytosterols, phenolic components, free fatty acids, ethyl esters of fatty acids, and other lipid components), ethanol extractable (i.e., polyprenoids, flavonoid components, phenolic glycosides, and fatty alcohols), or water soluble (i.e., commonly found sugars and unique high-molecular-weight acidic polysaccharides). A hexane extract of saw palmetto fruit is the preparation that has been used most commonly in clinical trials. The hexane extract of saw palmetto fruit is unusual for a plant extract in that is has a very high content of medium-chain fatty acids and a high proportion of fatty acids present as ethyl esters.
C. Description of Dietary Supplement Preparations and Amounts Ingested in Ordinary Use
Saw palmetto is sold in several forms with lipid/sterol and "oily" extracts of the dried fruit being the most common forms on the market. A lipid/sterol extract of saw palmetto fruit (LESP) can be prepared by extraction with n hexane (100 percent), extraction with ethanol (70–95 percent, w/w), or by supercritical fluid extraction with liquid carbon dioxide. LESPs are somewhat quantifiable or standardized by total fatty acid content (usually 70–95 percent, w/w) or other components (USP, 2000). LESPs are commonly sold as capsules or tablets of a dried powder of the extract and in blended preparations where the powdered extract is combined with other ingredients, typically other powdered botanical extracts. Other forms of saw palmetto that may be available include powdered dried fruit (usually available in capsule or tablet form), dried whole fruit or preparations of the fruit (used in making a tea or water extract), tinctures (extracts made with aqueous ethanol as the solvent), and other liquid extracts.
In numerous clinical trials, the typical dose of saw palmetto for a subject with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)2 was 320 mg
BPH is a nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate from excessive proliferation, which causes nodules of the prostate gland to enlarge around the urethra, eventually limiting urinary flow from the bladder. Throughout life, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) directly stimulates the growth of the epithelial and stromal cells of the prostate. In aging men, the prostate is more responsive to androgen stimulation and the gland increases in size, causing urinary symptoms. Symptoms include difficulty in starting or stopping urine flow, a need to urinate frequently (especially at night), and a feeling of urgency-to-urinate. Urinary tract infections and urinary obstruction are common.
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of LESP per day in 1 to 3 divided doses taken orally (or rectally in a few trials). The duration of ingestion of LESP varied from several weeks to several years.
A. Human Safety Data
1. Historical use
Historical use of saw palmetto for symptoms of BPH has been common in Asia and in native cultures in North America for centuries (Lowe, 2001; Wilt et al., 1998). Of the 30 plants known to have been used historically in phytotherapy for symptoms of BPH, saw palmetto has been the most widely used (Wilt et al., 1998). Historical uses were limited to saw palmetto in the form of the whole fruit, teas, aqueous extracts, and tinctures. They did not include lipid/sterol extracts of saw palmetto fruit such as those available in the current market.
In American Indian cultures, specifically in Florida, saw palmetto fruit was considered useful as a diuretic, sedative, aphrodisiac, nutritional tonic (due to the high oil content of the fruit), and to create a soothing vapor used as an expectorant. As American and European cultures learned about American Indian phytotherapy, the saw palmetto fruit came to be used to improve sexual vigor; to increase sperm production; as a mild diuretic; to relieve urinary difficulty, such as urgency-to-urinate and nocturnal enuresis in both men and women; and to improve urogenital disorders in women, such as ovarian enlargement and dysmenorrhea (Gennaro, 2000; Wilt et al., 1998).
Typically, the dried, ripe fruit is used for medicinal purposes. At times, the fresh fruit may be used; the safety of this practice has not been evaluated.
2. Adverse effects
Clinical trials: The clinical data for saw palmetto is primarily generated on male subjects. The one trial in women is in Table B, but there is no indication that pregnant women were included in this trial.
Spontaneous adverse event reports: Spontaneous reports related to possible effects in utero did not exist.
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3. Interactions
Not applicable to the focus of this monograph.
B. Animal Studies
Animal studies: Only minimal classical animal toxicity data are available (Barsanti et al., 2000). These studies did not assess possible effects in utero or in offspring.
Table E summarizes information available from animal experiments related to antiandrogenic activity. In summary, in some model systems, antiandrogenic activity (specifically inhibition of hormonally or chemically induced prostate hyperplasia) can be demonstrated for extracts of saw palmetto fruit. In other model systems, no antiandrogenic activity was demonstrated.
C. In Vitro Studies
In vitro studies: Table F summarizes relevant information from in vitro experiments with saw palmetto. Inhibition of androgen-dependent proliferation and cellular stimulation have been demonstrated for extracts of saw palmetto fruit.
In vitro inhibition of testosterone metabolism through inhibition of steroid 5-α-reductase and 3-α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was demonstrated. Inhibition of androgen binding was demonstrated in some model systems.
Classical in vitro toxicity data available are minimal (Degenring et al., 2001; Ondrizek et al., 1999a, 1999b) and do not address antiandrogenic concerns in females.
D. Related Substances
Table G contains information relevant to antiandrogenic safety issues for substances related to saw palmetto. Information about substances that are functionally related because they inhibit steroid 5-α-reductase is included. In summary, several of the substances functionally related to saw palmetto extract are contraindicated for use in women because of potential deleterious effects on the external genitalia and internal reproductive organs of the male fetus.
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A. Sources
The saw palmetto is one of the "fan palms"; it is also called the American dwarf palm tree or cabbage palm. The plant is sometimes called sabal and the fruit is called sabal fructus. This can be confusing because the saw palmetto is not a member of the genus Sabal; it is a distinct plant that can be confused with the Sabal palmetto. Other names for saw palmetto include shrub palmetto, juzhong, and palmier nain. Botanical descriptions of saw palmetto can be found in the literature (Leung and Foster, 1996).
Saw palmetto is an evergreen shrub, usually 2 to 10 feet tall. It is indigenous to undeveloped areas of the southern costal regions of the United States, especially Florida and Georgia, and is also abundant in Cuba and the Bahamas. Most saw palmetto fruit used in dietary supplements is harvested in Florida. It grows rapidly in sandy soil (either acidic or alkaline) and forms prominent colonies in sandy dunes, hammocks, or costal prairies. In the Northern Hemisphere, the plant blooms from April to early June and the fruit ripens in September and October.
Analytical issues: Saw palmetto was defined in the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) formulary in the early 1990s, but was eventually dropped. The 2002 National Formulary describes saw palmetto and powdered saw palmetto as preparations of partially dried, ripe fruit (USP, 2002). The USP requirements are voluntary, but must be met for any product bearing the USP designation. The USP formulary contains general tests for quality assurance3 and specific tests for saw palmetto or powdered saw palmetto4 (USP, 2000). Because these tests are voluntary, consumers have little assurance of product quality; variability in products is high (Feifer et al., 2002).
B. Relevant Conditions of Use Suggested or Recommended in Labeling or in Other Marketing Material
Occasionally, saw palmetto is marketed to women for urinary function, milk production during lactation, and, rarely, breast enlargement.
General USP tests for quality assurance are (i) foreign organic matter, (ii) loss on drying, (iii) total ash, (iv) acid-insoluble, (v) pesticide residues, (vi) heavy metals, and (vii) microbial limits.
Specific USP tests for saw palmetto or powdered saw palmetto are (i) botanic characteristics, macroscopic and microscopic (not applicable for powdered saw palmetto), (ii) identification, (iii) volatile oil content, (iv) content of lipophilic extract, and (v) content of fatty acids. The latter test includes identification of 11 USP methyl fatty acid RS standards (C6:0 through C18:3).
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C. Cautions About Use
Cautions provided in labeling5 or other marketing material: A review of saw palmetto product labels and Internet marketing materials indicated that many (but not all) provide cautions to consumers to seek advice from health care providers before using the products if they have had prostate disorders or hormone-dependent cancers or are taking prescription medication, are pregnant, or are nursing. Some products carry warnings to discontinue use two weeks prior to surgery.
D. Usage Patterns
Total usage patterns and usage by men have been studied, but very little information is available about usage by women.
Saw palmetto has been used extensively in Europe and Asia. European sales figures for 1997 were $4 billion (Levy, 1998). In the United States, sales data reported by the Natural Marketing Institute ranked saw palmetto as the thirteenth best selling dietary supplement (Marra, 2002); however, sales growth has decreased 11 percent since 2001 (Marra, 2002). Sales for the U.S. market for saw palmetto supplements have been reported as $18 million in 1997 (Levy, 1998), $140 million in 1999 (Anon, 2000b), and $640 million in 2000 (Anon, 2000a). In a survey that examined the prevalence of use of herbal products among 752 randomly selected adults in Minnesota, saw palmetto was reportedly used by 4.3 percent of 376 respondents within the past 12 months to treat or prevent enlarged prostate, and to a lesser extent to promote general health and well-being and stimulate the immune system (Harnack et al., 2001).
It is estimated that 50 percent of men over the age of 50 have some symptoms of BPH (Berry et al., 1984). The incidence of BPH is 80 percent in men over the age of 80 (Berry et al., 1984). Urinary symptoms due to BPH result in 300,000 prostatectomies in the United States each year (Pinn, 2001). In a survey of patients in a U.S. urology clinic, 20 percent were combining conventional and botanical therapies, and 15 percent were using botanical dietary supplements alone (Bales et al., 1999). Over 30 percent of men with prostate problems have ingested saw palmetto for some period of time (Anon, 2000a).
As defined in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cometic Act (FDCA) as currently amended, "The term 'labeling' means all labels and other written, printed, or graphic matter (1) upon any article or any of its containers or wrappers, or (2) accompanying such article." The term "label" is not being used; label means "a display of written, printed, or graphic matter upon the immediate container of any article" (FDCA, 21U.S.C. § 201(k) and (m)).
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E. Information on Regulation and Regulatory Actions
Foreign regulatory status: Saw palmetto is approved as a drug with prescription status in Austria, Italy, and Poland (Vallancien and Pariente, 2001). It is approved as a drug with over-the-counter drug (OTC) status for use in various urinary problems associated with BPH in Switzerland, Sweden, and Denmark. In Spain, standardized lipid/sterol extracts are approved as a drug with prescription status, and nonstandardized extracts are approved as dietary supplements. In France, saw palmetto has OTC status but is primarily prescribed by physicians. In Germany, the Commission E has evaluated saw palmetto as safe and effective for urination problems in mild to moderate BPH; extracts of saw palmetto fruit have OTC status but are primarily prescribed by physicians (Blumenthal, 1998). In Canada, saw palmetto is authorized for sale as a traditional herbal medicine with the indication of increasing the flow of urine.
F. Available Information on Physiological and Biochemical Aspects
Very little is known about the digestion, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of some components of saw palmetto fruit (i.e., phenolic components, phytosterols, flavonoids, and polyprenoids). Other components have been well characterized (i.e., sugars, fatty acids, and other hydrocarbons).
Distribution: In a study of rats given a radioactive n-hexane LESP, tissue concentrations of radioactive labeled isolates of lauric acid, oleic acid, and β-sitosterol were highest in abdominal fat tissue, prostate, and skin. Lower concentrations were distributed to the liver and urinary bladder (Chevalier et al., 1997). No other studies reporting on the distribution of components of saw palmetto fruit were identified. Saw palmetto components were not clearly identified in any reports found in the literature.
G. Supplementary Information
Rectal administration: Extract of saw palmetto fruit was administered rectally (De Bernardi di Valserra and Tripodi, 1994) to show that the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profile was quite similar to oral administration. Tmax occurred about 1 hour after administration and a component was still detectable in plasma after 8 hours.
Topical use: A lotion containing cystine and saw palmetto extract is of possible use in alopecia (Morganti et al., 1998).
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Table A
Individual Components of Saw Palmetto Fruit
Table B
Saw Palmetto: Summary of Adverse Effects in Clinical Trials
Table C
Saw Palmetto: Summary of a Clinical Case Reports (no relevant data available)
Table D
Saw Palmetto: Summary of Adverse Event Reports (no relevant data available)
Table E
Saw Palmetto: Summary of Animal Studies
Table F
Saw Palmetto: Summary of In Vitro Studies
Table G
Saw Palmetto: Related Substances that Might Suggest Risk
A. Summary
Saw palmetto is being widely used by men for prostate-related conditions, most notably benign prostate hyperplasia. Descriptions of saw palmetto are appearing in pharmacology texts for use in cystitis and for its antiedematous and antiandrogenic properties (Gennaro, 2000). There is a concern that these antiandrogenic properties pose a risk to males in utero because of the potential for deleterious effects on male genitalia.
Several pieces of evidence integrated together demonstrate that while there have not been documented cases of saw palmetto-induced birth defects in male offspring of humans or animals, there is a risk associated with saw palmetto ingestion by women.
It is well understood that testosterone, an androgen, or male sex hormone, is required for developing and maintaining masculine sexual characteristics. Testosterone is converted to the most active androgen DHT by 5-α-reductase, which then exerts the androgen action via androgen receptors.
In vitro data consistently demonstrate that saw palmetto extracts inhibit the testosterone conversion to DHT, including by inhibiting the 5-α-reductase enzyme. They also inhibit binding of DHT to androgenic receptors. Both of these actions would inhibit the androgen pathway if they occurred in vivo.
Animal data indicate that orally consumed saw palmetto preparations are antiandrogenic in vivo. Several animal studies were completed with oral administration of saw palmetto extracts following androgen stimulation of prostate hyperplasia. Studies indicate that saw palmetto extract at 50 to
Tables appear at the end of this appendix.
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300 mg/kg/day inhibit the androgen-stimulated hyperplasia in what appears to be a dose-dependent manner within studies. The 50 mg/kg/day is higher than the ~5 mg/kg/day ingested by humans (assuming 320 mg/day of LESP and 70-kg weight), but not high enough to mitigate concern for such serious effects as teratogenicity.
Inhibitors of 5-α-reductase are known to cause adverse effects and are thus contraindicated in women who may become pregnant (Table G). They are classified as pregnancy category X, the category indicating the greatest concern for pregnant women. As described in Table G, the pregnancy category X of these drugs results from teratogenicity studies in animals. These studies have shown that male offspring of animals (including monkeys) that consumed 5-α-reductase inhibitors exhibit abnormal male genitalia development.
Finally, the presumed mechanism for effectiveness of saw palmetto in prostate disorders is inhibition of androgen-sensitive pathways. This is partly because the prostate problems being investigated are generally treated by steroid 5-α-reductase inhibitors (Thomson PDR, 2004). Along these lines, the effect of saw palmetto on androgen pathways has also specifically been examined in humans. In a clinical study of healthy young males, no change in serum DHT was observed from ingesting the extract of saw palmetto fruit (320 mg/d, two divided doses, for 1 week) (Strauch et al., 1994). However, it was shown that activity of 5-α-reductase was decreased in prostate tissue and the content of DHT was markedly decreased in prostate tissue (mainly in the periurethral zone) in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia who had ingested extract of saw palmetto fruit for 3 months.
The historical use of saw palmetto does not mitigate any concern about safety for pregnant women for several reasons. Most obvious is that saw palmetto has been predominantly used by men, and there is no indication that it has been safely used by pregnant women.
B. Conclusions and Recommendations About the Safety of the Ingredient Based on the Strength of the Scientific Evidence
At the present time, the weight of scientific evidence suggests that consumption of saw palmetto poses a risk to unborn male fetuses. This overall public health concern is mitigated somewhat by the much lower popularity of saw palmetto with women, but as noted previously, saw palmetto use is not limited to men. In summary, unless information becomes available to suggest that the antiandrogenic activity in humans is not high enough to cause birth defects in male offspring, a concern exists.
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Bales GT, Christiano AP, Kirsh EJ, Gerber GS. 1999. Phytotherapeutic agents in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms: A demographic analysis of awareness and use at the University of Chicago. Urology 54:86–89.
Barsanti JA, Finco DR, Mahaffey MM, Fayrer-Hosken RA, Crowell WA, Thompson FN Jr, Shotts EB. 2000. Effects of an extract of Serenoa repens on dogs with hyperplasia of the prostate gland. Am J Vet Res 61:880–885.
Bayne CW, Donnelly F, Ross M, Habib FK. 1999. Serenoa repens (Permixon®): A 5α-reductase types I and II inhibitor-new evidence in a co-culture model of BPH. Prostate 40:232–241.
Berry SJ, Coffey DS, Walsh PC, Ewing LL. 1984. The development of human benign prostatic hyperplasia with age. J Urol 132:474–479.
Blumenthal M, ed. 1998. The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Austin, TX: American Botanical Council.
Bombardelli E, Morazzoni P. 1997. Serenoa repens (Bartram) J.K. Small. Fitoterapia 68:99–113.
Breu W, Hagenlocher M, Redl K, Tittel G, Stadler F, Wagner H. 1992. Anti-inflammatory activity of Sabal fruit extracts prepared with supercritical carbon dioxide. In vitro antagonists of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase metabolism. Arzneimittelforschung 42:547–551.
California Department of Health Services. 2002. State Health Director Warns Consumers about Prescription Drugs in Herbal Products. Online. Available at http://www.applications.dhs.ca.gov/pressreleases/store/pressreleases/02-03.html. Accessed January 8, 2003.
Carilla E, Briley M, Fauran F, Sultan C, Duvilliers C. 1984. Binding of Permixon®, a new treatment for prostatic benign hyperplasia, to the cytosolic androgen receptor in the rat prostate. J Steroid Biochem 20:521–523.
Chevalier G, Benard P, Cousse H, Bengone T. 1997. Distribution study of radioactivity in rats after oral administration of the lipido/sterolic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon®) supplemented with [1-14C]-lauric acid, [1-14C]-oleic acid or [4-14C]-beta-sitosterol. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 22:73–83.
Cristoni A, Morazzoni P, Bombardelli E. 1997. Chemical and pharmacological study on hypercritical CO2 extracts of Serenoa repens fruits. Fitoterapia 68:355–358.
De Bernardi di Valserra M, Tripodi AS. 1994. Rectal bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers of Serenoa repens new formulation. Arch Med Interna 46:77–86.
Degenring FH, Sokolowski A, Suter A, Weber M. 2001. Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay with the Serenoa repens extract Prostasan®. Online. The European Phytojournal Vol. 2. Accessed December 12, 2002.
De Swaef SI, Vlietinck AJ. 1996. Simultaneous quantitation of lauric acid and ethyl laureate in Sabal serrulata by capillary gas chromatography and derivatisation with trimethyl sulphoniumhydroxide. J Chromatogr A 719:479–482.
De Swaef SI, Kleibohmer W, Vlietinck AJ. 1996. Supercritical fluid chromatography of free fatty acids and ethyl esters in ethanolic extracts of Sabal serrulata. Phytochem Anal 7:223–227.
Délos S, Iehlé C, Martin PM, Raynaud JP. 1994. Inhibition of the activity of "basic" 5α-reductase (type 1) detected in DU 145 cells and expressed in insect cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 48:347–352.
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Délos S, Carsol JL, Ghazarossian E, Raynaud JP, Martin PM. 1995. Testosterone metabolism in primary cultures of human prostate epithelial cells and fibroblasts. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 55:375–383.
Düker EM, Kopanski L, Schweikert HU. 1989. Inhibition of 5α-reductase activity by extracts from Sabal serrulata. Planta Med 55(Supplement):587.
Elghamry MI, Hansel R. 1969. Activity and isolated phytoestrogen of shrub palmetto fruits (Serenoa repens Small), a new estrogenic plant. Experientia 25:828–829.
El-Sheikh MM, Dakkak MR, Saddique A. 1988. The effect of Permixon® on androgen receptors. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 67:397–399.
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Feifer AH, Fleshner NE, Klotz L. 2002. Analytical accuracy and reliability of commonly used nutritional supplements in prostate disease. J Urol 168:150–154.
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GlaxoSmithKline. 2001. Approval Package. Duagen (Dutasteride) Soft gel Capsules. Pharmacology Review(s). Online. Available at http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/nda/2001/21319_Duagen.htm. Accessed January 8, 2003.
Griebel C, Bames E. 1916. Über eine zur aromatisierung des kognaks dienende palm-frucht. [German]. Zeitschrift Für Untersuchung Der Nahrung-Und Genussmittel, Sowie Der Gegrauchsgegenstände 31:282-290.
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Harnischfeger G, Stolze H. 1989. Portrait of a medicinal plant Serenoa repens. Saw palmetto. Zeitschrift Für Phytotherapie 10:71–76.
Hatinguais P, Belle R, Basso Y, Ribet JP, Bauer M, et al. 1981. Composition of the hexane extract from Serenoa repens Bartram fruits. Trav Soc Pharm Montp 41:253–262.
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Hiipakka RA, Zhang HZ, Dai W, Dai Q, Liao S. 2002. Structure-activity relationships for inhibition of human 5α-reductases by polyphenols. Biochem Pharmacol 63:1165–1176.
Iehlé C, Délos S, Guirou O, Tate R, Raynaud JP, Martin PM. 1995. Human prostatic steroid 5α-reductase isoforms. A comparative study of selective inhibitors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 54:273–279.
Jommi G, Verotta L, Gariboldi P, Gabetta B. 1988. Constituents of the lipophilic extract of the fruits of Serenoa repens (Bart.) small. Gazz Chim Ital 118:823–826.
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Leung AY, Foster S. 1996. Saw palmetto. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Pp. 467–469 .
Levy MA, Brandt M, Sheedy KM, Dinh JT, Holt DA, Garrison LM, Bergsma DJ, Metcalf BW. 1994. Epristeride is a selective and specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human steroid 5α-reductase isoform 2. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 48:197–206.
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TABLE C Saw Palmetto: Summary of a Clinical Case Reports (no relevant data available)
No relevant clinical case reports
TABLE D Saw Palmetto: Summary of Adverse Event Reports (no relevant data available)
No relevant adverse event reports
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TABLE E Saw Palmetto: Summary of Animal Studies
Study Design
Results and Conclusions
Studies with rats (oral administration)
Male Wistars
Extract of saw palmetto fruit (several hypercritical CO2 extracts)
Rat model of prostate hyperplasia due to androgen stimulation: in castrated prepubescent rats, administration of testosterone (15 μg/d, subcutaneously, for 10 d) stimulated prostate hyperplasia
Oral administration of an extract of saw palmetto fruit inhibited testosterone-induced increase in prostate weight by 38% (150 mg extract/d) or 76% (300 mg extract/d); two other extracts were less effective (Cristoni et al., 1997)
Male Wistars
Extract of saw palmetto fruit (50 mg/kg body weight/d, oral gavage, for 90 d; control was 2.5% ethanol vehicle)
Castrated on day 0, hormone implants (estradiol implanted on day 7; testosterone implanted on day 21)
Rat model of prostate hyperplasia due to androgen stimulation: in castrated rats, administration of estradiol plus testosterone (over 3 mo following castration) stimulated prostate hyperplasia (maximal effect at 30 d)
Oral administration of extract of saw palmetto fruit (50 mg/kg body weight/d) inhibited hormone-induced increase in prostate weight (maximal effect at 60 d and 90 d for the dorsal and lateral regions of the rat prostate; maximal effect at 30 d and 60 d for ventral region) (Paubert-Braquet et al., 1998)
Extract of saw palmetto fruit
Rat model of prostate hyperplasia due to androgen stimulation: in castrated rats, administration of testosterone stimulated prostate hyperplasia
Oral administration of an extract of saw palmetto fruit (200 mg/d, for 6 d) inhibited hormone-induced increase in prostate weight (Plosker and Brogden, 1996; Stenger et al., 1982)
Immature males
Extract of saw palmetto fruit (180 or 1,800 mg/d, in methyl cellulose in water, by gavage, BID), finasteride (0.1 or 10 mg/d, oral, BID) or cottonseed oil (2 ml, 5% ethanol, by gavage, control)
Castrated; treatment was started on the day following castration and continued for 7 d: testosterone propionate (10 μg/d, subcutaneously), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) propionate (20 μg/d, subcutaneously), or
Rat model of prostate hyperplasia due to androgen stimulation: in castrated rats, administration of testosterone or DHT stimulated prostate hyperplasia; coadministration of finasteride inhibited testosterone-stimulated prostate growth
Coadministration of an extract of saw palmetto fruit did not inhibit testosterone-stimulated prostate growth
Coadministration of finasteride or extracts of saw palmetto fruit did not inhibit DHT-stimulated prostate growth (Rhodes et al., 1993)
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Study Design
Results and Conclusions
cottonseed oil (0.2 mL/d, subcutaneously, control); prostate was removed and weighed
Mature male Wistars
Sulpiride (40 mg/kg/d, ip); extract of saw palmetto fruit (100, 320, or 640 mg/kg/d, in 2.5% ethanol, by gavage), finasteride (5 mg/kg/d, in 2.5% ethanol, by gavage), or vehicle (2.5% ethanol, by gavage); treatments conducted for 30 days
Control, castrated, sham-castrated, castrated/testosterone-implanted (resulting in subnormal testosterone level), castrated/DHT-implanted; castrated/adrenalectomized rats also mentioned (data not shown)
Rat model of prostate hyperplasia due to androgen stimulation: in castrated rats, administration of testosterone or DHT stimulated prostate hyperplasia
Administration of extract of saw palmetto fruit (at 100 or 320 mg/kg/d) did not alter weight of the lateral lobe of the prostate in castrated, castrated/testosterone-treated, or castrated/ DHT-treated rats; only at 640 mg/kg/d did the extract decrease (by 59%) the weight of the lateral lobe in castrated/ testosterone-treated rats
For comparison, finasteride (5 mg/kg/d) decreased (by 67%) the weight of the lateral lobe in castrated/testosterone-implanted rats (but not in castrated/DHT-implanted rats) (Van Coppenolle et al., 2000)
Studies with mice (oral administration)
Extract of saw palmetto fruit
Murine model of prostate hyperplasia due to androgen stimulation: in castrated mice administration of testosterone stimulated prostate hyperplasia
Oral administration of an extract of saw palmetto fruit (300 mg/d, for 12 days) inhibited hormone-induced increase in prostate weight (Plosker and Brogden, 1996; Stenger et al., 1982)
Studies with dogs (oral administration)
20 males with moderate-severe prostate enlargement, but without clinical signs of prostatic hyperplasia, > 4 yr, 25–30 kg body weight)
Extract of saw palmetto fruit
Group A: 8 dogs, 1,500 mg/d, TID, orally, five 100-mg capsules per treatment, ~10 mg/kg/d, for 91 days
Group B: 6 dogs, 300 mg/d, TID, orally, one 100-mg capsule per treatment, ~10 mg/kg/d, for 91 days
Benign prostatic hypertrophy model in dogs (the only domestic animal that commonly develops prostatic hyperplasia in aging)
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Study Design
Results and Conclusions
Group C: 6 dogs, vehicle alone
Vehicle was a meatball of canned dog food
NOTE: BID = twice per day (amount listed is the total amount administered per day), TID = three times per day (amount listed is the total amount administered per day). Other animal toxicity studies in rats, mice, and dogs have been reported in a review article (Bombardelli and Morazzoni, 1997); however, primary publications of these studies were not available.
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TABLE F Saw Palmetto: Summary of In Vitro Studies
Study Design
Results and Conclusions
Alteration of cells
Saw palmetto, extract of fruit (Permixon)
Cells in culture: PC3 cells cotransfected with androgen receptor (wild-type) and CAT reporter genes (under control of androgen response element)
Addition of extract (25–50 μg/mL) inhibited CAT transcription induced by androgen (methyltrienolone) stimulation. No effect was observed in the absence of androgen-stimulation or in mock-transfected cells (Ravenna et al., 1996).
Saw palmetto, extract of fruit (Permixon), 10 μg/mL for 24 hours
In situ studies in human prostate biopsy samples:
Normal tissue donors: 10 donors; 9 were ages 20–29 y, 1 was age 51 y
BPH biopsy tissue samples: 10 from subjects without medical treatment, ages 62–83 y; 10 from subjects ingesting extract of saw palmetto fruit for previous 3 mo, 320 mg/d, BID
Model of proliferation/ apoptotic balance in prostate tissue samples: in epithelial tissue from subjects with BPH who had ingested extract, apoptotic index was increased (as assessed by TUNEL) compared with samples from subjects with untreated BPH. A small increase in the apoptotic index was observed in stromal tissue.
In epithelial and stromal tissue from subjects with BPH who had ingested extract, proliferative index was decreased (as assessed by a MIB-1 immunohisto-chemical stain for Ki-67 proliferation antigen) compared to samples from subjects with untreated BPH (Vacherot et al., 2000). (The proliferative index is increased in untreated BPH tissues as compared with normal tissues. Ingestion of extract returned the proliferative index to the level found in normal tissue.)
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Study Design
Results and Conclusions
Inhibition of enzymes
Saw palmetto, extract of fruit
5-α-reductase from human prostate (obtained from patients undergoing surgery for BPH)
Addition of any of 4 extracts inhibited 5-α-reductase. IC50 values: 5.6 μg/mL (Permixon), 7.0 μg/mL (Talso, presumed to be the same as Talso uno), 31 μg/mL (Strogen forte), 40 μg/mL (Prostagutt, presumed to be the same as Prostagutt uno)
For comparison, IC50 for finasteride: 1 μg/mL (Rhodes et al., 1993).
Saw palmetto, extract of fruit (Permixon)
Cells in culture: human foreskin fibroblasts (from healthy infants or adults)
Addition of extract inhibited steroid 5-α-reductase (conversion of testosterone to DHT) and 3-α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (conversion of DHT to androstanediol) in assays using intact cells.
Addition of extract inhibited binding of [3H]-DHT to androgen receptor(s) in cytosolic, nuclear, and whole cell fractions.
Addition of extract inhibited binding of [3H]-methyltrienolone (R1881) to cytosolic components of rat prostate (Sultan et al., 1984).
Extract of fruit (Permixon)
Cells in primary culture:
Human prostate epithelial cells: from subjects with PBH (IC50 = 40 μg/mL); from subjects with prostate adenocarcinoma (IC50 = 90 μg/mL)
Human prostate fibroblasts: from subjects with PBH (IC50 = 200 μg/mL); from subjects with prostate adenocarcinoma (IC50 = 70 μg/mL)
Addition of extract inhibited metabolism of [3H]-testosterone (0.1 μM) to all metabolites (DHT, androst-4-ene-3,17-dione, 5-α-androstane-3,17-dione).
By comparison, finasteride inhibited metabolism of [3H]-testosterone (0.1 μM) to DHT and 5-α-androstane-3,17-dione (IC50 = 20–40 ηM for fibroblasts; IC50 = > 100 ηM for epithelial cells),
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Study Design
Results and Conclusions
but not androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (∆4-A) (Délos et al., 1995).
Extract of fruit (Permixon), 10 μg/mL
Cells in coculture: human prostate fibroblasts and epithelial cells
Addition of extract inhibited type I and type II steroid 5-α-reductase activity (Bayne et al., 1999).
Extract of fruit (Permixon)
Cells in culture: human prostatic carcinoma cell line (DU 145)
Addition of extract inhibited metabolism of [3H]-testosterone (0.1 μM, 1–6 h) by intact cells in culture (Délos et al., 1994).
Extract of fruit (Permixon)
Human steroid 5-αreductase, type 1 and 2 isoforms expressed in insect cells (fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9) transfected with baculovirus DNA (Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus, AcNPV)
Addition of extract inhibited baculovirus DNA steroid 5-α-reductase activity in cell homogenates of transfected cells (using 5 mM NADPH; 1 μM [3H]-testosterone for IC50 assays; 0.1–10 μM [3H]-testosterone for Ki assays). Type 1 isoform: noncompetitive inhibition; IC50 = 4 μg/mL, Ki = 7–8 μg/mL (Délos et al., 1995; Iehlé et al., 1995). Type 2 isoform: uncompetitive inhibition; IC50 = 7 μg/mL, Ki = 5 μg/mL (Iehlé et al., 1995). For comparison, finasteride was found to be a competitive inhibitor of 5α-reductase type 1 (IC50 = 0.5 μM, Ki = 0.3 μM) and type 2 (IC50 = 11 ηM, Ki = 7 ηM).
Addition of extract inhibited activity of partially purified, expressed type 1 steroid 5-α-reductase (liposome entrapped to preserve activity of this nuclear membrane-associated enzyme) (Iehlé et al., 1995).
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Dietary Supplements: A Framework for Evaluating Safety
Study Design
Results and Conclusions
Extract of fruit (Palmae, prepared by supercritical CO2 extraction)
Homogenate of human prostatic tissue (obtained during suprapubic prostatectomy)
Addition of extract (0.5 mg/ mL) inhibited steroid 5-α-reductase activity in prostate epithelium and stroma (Weisser et al., 1996)
Alcoholic extract of fruit (Remigeron, alcoholic extract)
Cells in culture: human genital skin fibroblasts
Addition of alcoholic extract inhibited steroid 5-α-reductase in homogenate of fibroblasts (IC50 0.005% solution of the dried extract) and in intact fibroblasts (IC50 0.01% solution of the dried extract). Binding to the androgen receptor could not be demonstrated (Düker et al., 1989).
Petroleum ether extract of fruit
Cells in culture: human genital skin fibroblasts
Addition of pet ether extract inhibited steroid 5-α-reductase of fibroblasts. The inhibitory activity was enriched in the pet ether extract vs. an alcoholic extract (Remigeron) (Düker et al., 1989).
Extract of fruit (Permixon), 10 μg/mL for 4 d
Cells in coculture: human prostate fibroblasts and epithelial cells
Addition of extract did not inhibit secretion of PSA (Bayne et al., 1999).
Extract of fruit (Permixon)
Cytosolic androgen (DHT) receptor binding assay in rat prostate
Addition of extract inhibited binding of [3H]-methyltrienolone (R1881). IC50 was 0.4 μg/mL (Carilla et al., 1984).
Extract of fruit (Permixon)
Cytosolic androgen receptor (DHT) binding assay in human tissues: uterus (1 specimen, 42-year-old female); vaginal skin (2-, 30- and 33-year-old females)
Abdominal wall (2-, 30-, and 32-year-old females)
Foreskin (6, newborn males)
Addition of extract inhibited binding of radiolabeled DHT and testosterone (El-Sheikh et al., 1988).
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Study Design
Results and Conclusions
Extract of fruit
Rat prostate androgen (DHT) receptor binding assay
Binding of DHT was not inhibited by the extract (data not shown) (Rhodes et al., 1993).
NOTE: 3-α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is also called 3-ketosteroid reductase. CAT = chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, BPH = benign prostatic hypertrophy, TUNEL = terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling, BID = twice a day, MIB-1 = a monoclonal antibody used to detect Ki-67 antigen, Ki-67, a proliferation antigen, a cellular protein which is not present during G0 phase of cell cycle, IC50 = concentration at which response has decreased 50 percent of the original response, DHT = dihydrotestosterone, PBH = prostate benign hyperplasia, PSA = prostate-specific antigen.
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Dietary Supplements: A Framework for Evaluating Safety
TABLE G Saw Palmetto: Related Substances That Might Suggest Risk
Related Substance
Safety Issues
Functionally related therapeutic substancesabc
Steroid 5-α-reductase inhibitorsd
Pregnancy category X: Dutasteride is contraindicated for use in women (GlaxoSmithKline, 2001). Finasteride is contraindicated in pregnancy or in women who may become pregnant (Medical Economics Co., 2003) and is classified as not intended for use by women (Medsafe, 2001). Possible adverse effect: low plasma level of DHT caused by exposure of women to dutasteride may inhibit fetal development of male external genitalia and internal reproductive organs (GlaxoSmithKline, 2001).
Animal studies
Mice – the maximum tolerated dose of finasteride was 250 mg/kg/d.
Rats, teratogenicity studies – finasteride was not teratogenic in rats (320 mg/kg/d, 24 mo).
Rats, developmental studies – in pregnant rats treated with finasteride (0.1–100 μg/kg/d), male offspring developed hypospadias (penile defect, urethral opening is displaced to the under surface) in a dose-dependent manner (3.6% incidence at 0.1 μg/kg/d; 100% incidence at 100 μg/kg/d). In pregnant rats treated with finasteride (≥ 30 μg/kg/d), male offspring were observed to have smaller prostate, smaller seminal vesicles, delayed preputial/foreskin separation, and transient nipple development as compared to control animals. In pregnant rats treated with finasteride (≥ 3 μg/kg/d), male offspring displayed a decreased anogenital distance. The critical period is day 16 to day 17 during gestation (a total of 21 d in the rat) for male offspring exposed in utero to manifest the effects already described. No developmental effects were observed in female offspring exposed in utero to finasteride at any dose studied.
Rabbits, developmental studies – no developmental defects were observed in rabbit pups exposed to finasteride (up to 100 mg/kg/d) in utero (days 6–18 of gestation).
Monkeys, developmental studies – finasteride (0.8 μg/d, i.v.) was administered to pregnant rhesus monkeys (days 20–100 of gestation); no developmental abnormalities were observed in the male fetuses. In other studies, finasteride (2 mg/kg/d) administered orally to pregnant rhesus monkeys resulted in defects in the formation of the external genitalia of male fetuses; female fetuses were not affected.
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a To construct this table, substances were considered that are structurally, taxonomically, and functionally related to saw palmetto fruit, extracts saw palmetto fruit, or their constituents (see Table A). Only the substances considered to be relevant to the risk of saw palmetto as a dietary supplement are included in the table. "Functionally related" substances may exhibit an activity that saw palmetto exhibits, based on in vitro or other data; they are not listed here because they have a similar chemical composition
b Botanical ingredients in dietary supplements with uses similar to extracts of saw palmetto fruit were considered. No data suggestive of toxicity are available and thus these substances were omitted from this table. The following substances were considered: extract of African palm tree bark (Pygeum africanum); extract of bark or leaves of aspen trees (Populi tremula); goathead vine (Tribulus terrestris); pumpkin seed (Cucurbita pepo; whole seeds, coarsely ground seeds or extract of seeds); extract of rhizomes/root purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea); extract of stinging nettle root (Urtica dioica) (should be avoided by pregnant women) (Peirce, 1999).
c SPES® (Botanic Labs, Brea CA), a blend of 15 botanical ingredients, was also considered but was not included in this table because it is not related to saw palmetto. Three of the ingredients of SPES are also in PC SPES® (a saw palmetto-containing blend of 8 botanicals); however, SPES does not contain saw palmetto. Additionally, SPES is used for cancer, not BPH. PC SPES is used in prostate cancer and BPH. The ingredients of PC SPES are described in a footnote to Table B-2. The ingredients of SPES are as follows: licorice (rhizome/root of Glycyrrhiza glabra Fisch/Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, gan-zao), blushred rabdosia (leaf of Rabdosia rubescens Hara, dong-ling-cao), ginseng (root of Panax pseudoginseng Wall, jensheng), reishi mushroom (stem of Ganoderma japonicum, ling-zhi), desert ginseng (Cistanche deserticola, cheng-min chou), pear-leaf wintergreen (Pyrola rotundifolia L., lu-ti-cao), hairy agrimony (Agrimonia pilosa Lebed/Agrimonia japonica, xian-he-cao), yenhusuo/yan-hu-so (Corydalis yanhusuo/Corydalis bulbosa), higanbana/red spider lily (Lycoris radiata, shi-suan), mou-hui tou (Patrinia heterophylla), di-bu-long (Stephania delavayi Diels), runan/shan-wugui (Stephania sinica Diels, hua-jian-jiu-teng), golden cow in the soil/prickly-ash (Zanthoxylum nitidum, liang-mian-zhen), rokujo (Cervus nippon Temminck, lu-jung), and pollen (huafeng) (Fang and Wang, 1995). SPES may also contain soy milk. During analysis of specific lots of SPES substantial amounts of a synthetic drug (alprazolam, Xanax®) were identified (California Department of Health Services, 2002). SPES is no longer available on the market in the United States.
d Steroid 5-α-reductase inhibitors include: finasteride (Proscar®, MK-906; competitive inhibitor, selective inhibitor of human type 2 steroid 5-α-reductase, 50-fold selectivity), dutaseride (Duagen, GI-198745; inhibitor of human type 1 and type 2 steroid 5-α-reductase), epristeride (SKF 105657, a 3-androstene-3-carboxylic acid; uncompetitive inhibitor; selective inhibitor of human type 2 steroid 5-α-reductase, 400-fold selectivity), izonsteride (LY320236, a benzoquinolinone; competitive inhibitor of human type 1 steroid 5-α-reductase; noncompetitive inhibitor of type 2 steroid 5-α-reductase), and 4MA (N,N-diethyl-4-methyl-3-oxo-4-aza-5-α-androstane-17-β-carboxamide, a 3-oxo-4-aza steroid; potent inhibitor of type 1 and type 2 steroid 5-α-reductase; potent inhibitor of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase). Type 2 steroid 5-α-reductase is the predominant activity in human prostate; rat prostate contains equal activity of type 1 and type 2 (Levy et al., 1994). DHT = dihydrotestosterone.


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[UPDATE] Call for Papers: Alfred Hitchcockfull name / name of organization: Southwest Texas Popular Culture and American Culture Association - 33rd Annual Conference contact email: firstname.lastname@example.com Call for Papers: Alfred Hitchcock Southwest Texas Popular Culture and American Culture Association Conference Website: (updated regularly) Panels now forming for presentations on the films and career of Alfred Hitchcock. Listed below are some suggestions for possible presentations. • Hitchcock and Music This list of topics suggests a few possible ways to consider Alfred Hitchcock's work, but it is not final. Any other approaches to discussing the "master of suspense" are certainly welcome. Please submit your abstract to the database at the following web address: http://conference2012.swtxpca.org. Your abstract must be submitted by December 1st 2011. If you have any questions, please contact: Michael Howarth, Alfred Hitchcock Chair cfp categories: american cultural_studies_and_historical_approaches ethnicity_and_national_identity film_and_television gender_studies_and_sexuality general_announcements interdisciplinary popular_culture religion rhetoric_and_composition romantic theory twentieth_century_and_beyond


text:
Bistability and chaos of counterpropagating laser beams
Optics News, Vol. 15, Issue 12, pp. 18_1-19 (1989)
Acrobat PDF (282 KB)
No abstract available.
D. J. Gauthier, M. S. Malcuit, A. L. Gaeta, and R. W. Boyd, "Bistability and chaos of counterpropagating laser beams," Optics News 15(12), 18_1-19 (1989)
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A beer of Belgian origin which is traditionally fermented via exposure to wild strains of yeast.
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Intercultural Cafe The Intercultural Cafe is a social event sponsored by Whitman's diversity clubs and the Intercultural Center. It's a casual, friendly free-zone where people can come by and talk about any issue (on or off campus) that they are concerned with, get to know various clubs and grab a snack to eat. It will be held the first Tuesday of every month at the Reid Coffee House between 4-5PM. The very first one will be this Tuesday the 6th. >> 4pm, Reid Coffeehouse
>> PAST EVENTS 2006-2007, photos - Eliot Chang, comedian - Mid Autumn Moon Festival Celebration - Study Abroad in Asia Night 2005-2006, photos - Asians in Rock (A.I.R.) Tour - Margaret Cho DVD showing - Diversity Potluck - Asian American Identity Project - Study Abroad in Asia Night


text:
This is the largest LPG vessel ever handled at the port. So far, the maximum was 27,000 tonnes in a gas carrier.
Our Bureau
Mangalore, Jan. 2
New Mangalore Port handled a large LPG vessel on January 1. A press release by Mr S. Gopalakrishna, Traffic Manager of New Mangalore Port Trust (NMPT), said here on Saturday that a large gas carrier (LGC) — m.t. Maharshi Vamadeva — carrying 33,000 tonnes of LPG was berthed at number 12 at the port on January 1.
This is the largest LPG vessel ever handled at the port. So far, the maximum was 27,000 tonnes in a gas carrier.
Meant for distribution in Karnataka, the entire consignment has been brought as coastal movement from Sikka Port in Gujarat for Total Oil India. The port handled 1.38 million tonnes of LPG during the first nine months of this fiscal as against 1.22 million tonnes in the corresponding period of the previous fiscal.
Quoting Mr P. Tamilvanan, Chairman of NMPT, the release said the port could achieve this landmark by permitting Total Oil India to install LPG handling facilities at berth number12 from January 25, 2009.
Henceforth large parcel size of LGCs will be handled at this berth, and even very large gas carriers with a carrying capacity of more than 40,000 tonnes are expected to be handled at the port in the coming days, he added.


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Late Surge Powers Hopkins Past 'Nova
from press release
BALTIMORE, Md. – The seventh-ranked Johns Hopkins men's lacrosse team outscored Villanova 5-0 over the final 22 minutes to break away from the visiting Wildcats as the Blue Jays picked up a 13-7 victory at Homewood Field Wednesday night. The win is the fifth straight for the Blue Jays, who improve to 10-3 on the year. Villanova slips to 5-8 with its second straight loss. The Blue Jays led 7-5 at the half, but the Wildcats got a Devin McNamara goal just 77 seconds into the second half to make it a one-goal game. After Ryan Brown extended the lead back to two with an goal in transition four minutes later, the 'Cats answered with a Jack Curran rip from the wing just inside the near post to make it 8-7 with 7:15 remaining in the third quarter.
The one-goal lead ballooned to four by the end of the third quarter as Brown, Wells Stanwick and Brandon Benn all scored unassisted goals in the final 6:31 of the period to stake the Blue Jays to an 11-7 lead. The goals by Brown and Stanwick came less than two minutes apart, while Benn's goal beat the buzzer at the end of the quarter after he got top-side on his defender 10 yards from the goal and to the right of goalie Dan Willis. Benn picked the far post with his buzzer-beater.
Any hopes for a Villanova comeback were dashed by the middle of the final period as the Blue Jays methodically worked the clock to their advantage while getting four saves from goalie Eric Schneider in the period to extend Villanova's game-ending scoreless drought to 22:15, the third longest scoring drought for a Johns Hopkins opponent this season.
Goals by Connor Reed midway through the period and Holden Cattoni in the final minute closed out the scoring for Johns Hopkins, which handed Dave Pietramala a victory in his 250th game as a collegiate head coach. While the Blue Jays ended strong it was Villanova that was quick out of the gate as the 'Cats jumped out to leads of 2-0 and 3-1 in the first eight minutes. Back-to-back goals by Johnny Gallaway in the first 2:24 prompted a quick Blue Jay timeout before Benn finally broke through for Hopkins with his first goal of the game at the 7:49 mark.
Benn's strike was answered 49 seconds later by an extra-man goal from Kevin O'Neil, but the first of Cattoni's three goals on the night late in the quarter jumped started a 6-0 Blue Jay run that took less than nine minutes.
Cattoni's goal was followed 50 seconds later by the first of Rob Guida's two goals to draw the Blue Jays even at the end of the first quarter.
The next four goals in the six goal run – strikes by Cattoni and Guida and two extra-man goals by Stanwick – came by the 8:23 mark of the second quarter and gave the Blue Jays a 7-3 lead and seemingly all the momentum.
But Villanova, which had played nine games decided by two goals or less entering the game against the Blue Jays, sliced the four-goal deficit in half before intermission as Matt McIver and Austin Frederick scored back-to-back goals in a span of 75 seconds midway through the second quarter. That set the stage for the McNamara and Curran tallies in the third quarter that were wrapped around the first of Brown's two goals to make it 8-7. From there, the Blue Jays slowly pulled away to secure their seventh straight win in the series with the Wildcats.
The Blue Jays' starting attack and first midfield accounted for all 13 Johns Hopkins goals and two of the team's four assists in the game. Stanwick (3g, 1a) and Cattoni (3g) registered hat tricks, while Brown, Benn and Guida all scored twice.
Schneider continued his recent surge in goal as he posted 11 saves on the night, while sophomore Craig Madarasz won 7-of-9 faceoffs and grabbed five ground balls for the Blue Jays, who held statistical advantages in shots (40-31), ground balls (35-29) and faceoffs (13-10).
Gallaway was the only multi-goal scorer for Villanova, while McNamara added one goal and three assists for a team-high four points. Willis posted 12 saves in goal for the Wildcats, who also got a solid effort on faceoffs from Thomas Croonquist, especially in the first half. Croonquist finished 9-for-22, but was 7-for-14 in the first half before Madarasz came on to spark the Blue Jays at the X.
Notes: The win was the 157th for Dave Pietramala as the head coach at Johns Hopkins ... he is just one win shy of tying Bob Scott's record for wins by a men's lacrosse coach at Homewood • The 22:15 scoring drought for Villanova marks the 13th time this season JHU has held the opposition scoreless for a stretch of 15 minutes or longer • Brandon Benn tied Mike Morrill for 12th place on JHU's career goal-scoring list with his two tallies tonight (102) • With one assist tonight, Wells Stanwick is now tied with Del Dressel for 12th on JHU's career assist list (75).
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Modify ↓
Opened 7 years ago
Closed 6 years ago
#2530 closed enhancement (fixed)
IRCLogs documentation
Reported by: | bwolfe | Owned by: | pacopablo |
Priority: | normal | Component: | IrcLogsPlugin |
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The wiki page for the irc logs needs some work. http://trac-hacks.org/wiki/IrcLogsPlugin
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Routes : North America : United States : Alaska : Anchorage Area Rock & Ice : Seward Highway : Pivot Point : Unknown3
Unknown3 - 5.10b
Average Rating : 0.00 out of 5Route sequence (left to right): 60
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Small Unprotectable crack 10 feet right of previous route at Upper Pivot. The crux is right away and only about 5 moves so You could do it as a solo with a crash pad. 2 bolt anchor with webbing for a top rope. Fun climb with great rock quality.Descent Options:
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Take My Name. Please! - Can A Feminist Take Her Husband's Name? Video
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Instant replay coming to baseball. Will it just add to how long and boring the games are? Or, will it make the game better?
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Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia: Including a Residence Among the Bakhtiyari and Other Wild Tribes Before the Discovery of Nineveh
Paperback Cambridge Library Collection - Archaeology
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- Publisher: CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
- Format: Paperback | 534 pages
- Dimensions: 140mm x 211mm x 33mm | 590g
- Publication date: 29 December 2011
- Publication City/Country: Cambridge
- Edition: 1
- Illustrations note: 2 b/w illus. 1 map
Product description
Sir Austen Henry Layard (1817-94) was one of the leading British archaeologists of the Victorian period. His excavations at Nimrud and Nineveh led to important discoveries about ancient Mesopotamia, particularly about the Assyrian civilisation, and his popular books such as Nineveh and its Remains (1849) brought archaeology to a wide audience. This book, first published in 1887, tells the story of an 'adventurous journey' Layard had made over forty years earlier, in 1840-2. He learnt Arabic and Persian and travelled widely, even among tribal peoples notorious for their lawlessness. Volume 2 opens with Layard's account of attacks by the Persian military against his hosts, the mountain-dwelling Bakhtiyari tribe. It describes Layard's return journey through Basra and Baghdad to Constantinople, against a backdrop of civil unrest, feuds, kidnapping, theft and robbery, alternating with generous assistance. The book ends with Layard, undeterred by his experiences, planning his next archaeological excavations.
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Table of contents
11. Arrival of the Matamet; 12. Mehemet Taki Khan leaves the mountains; 13. Discover a Bakhtiyari; 14. Interview with the Matamet; 15. Basra; 16. Leave Baghdad for Khuzistan; 17. Seyyid Abou'l-Hassan; 18. Renounce journey to India; 19. Arrive at Constantinople; 20. Reshid Pasha; Appendix; Index.


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St. Louis, MO… Due to circumstances beyond its control, the St. Louis Public Library's program featuring author Lyah Beth LeFlore scheduled to take place on Thursday, April 8 at 6 p.m. at the Carpenter Branch, 3309 S. Grand Blvd., has been CANCELLED.
The Library hopes to reschedule Ms. LeFlore.
For more information, call 314-206-6779.
# # #4/05/2010


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Scrabble word: NULL
In which Scrabble dictionary does NULL exist?
Definitions of NULL in dictionaries:
- noun - a quantity of no importance
- adj - lacking any legal or binding force
- Having no legal force; invalid: render a contract null and void.
- Of no consequence, effect, or value; insignificant.
- Amounting to nothing; absent or nonexistent: a null result.
- Of or relating to a set having no members or to zero magnitude.
- Zero; nothing.
- An instrument reading of zero.
- verb - to reduce to nothing
There are 4 letters in NULL: L L N U
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All anagrams that could be made from letters of word NULL plus a wildcard: NULL?
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