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Mcracker_at_TeacherArtExchange Date: Mon Oct 15 2001 - 17:31:46 PDT
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Paul Schwennesen
The U.S. Department of Labor proposes sweeping new regulations to limit child labor. Not all agricultural work is inherently dangerous, and sweeping generalizations will do more harm than good.
The impact of bee colony collapse on American agriculture
Paul Schwennesen
The revival of local food and local markets marches under the banner of the left, but its resistance to centralization also appeals to conservatives.
Josh Hottenstein
In a world where only a quarter of all arable land remains viable for agriculture, where population is predicted to increase to nine billion by 2050, and where people are concerned with food safety, new methods of agricultural production are increasingly sought-after. At Verdant Earth Technologies...


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Involvement of apolipoprotein E in herpes simplex encephalitis
Nicoll, James A., Martin, Lee, Stewart, Janice, Murray, Lilian S., Love, Seth and Kennedy, Peter G.E. (2001) Involvement of apolipoprotein E in herpes simplex encephalitis. NeuroReport, 12, (4), 695-698.
Full text not available from this repository.
APOE polymorphism may influence risk for cold sores and, by interacting with latent HSV-1, risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). APOE genotype also influences outcome after brain injury. We sought to determine whether APOE genotype influences risk for herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), whether apoE is involved in the response to HSE and if APOE genotype influences outcome from HSE. There was increased immunoreactivity of neurons, neuropil and glia for apoE areas of brain damaged by HSE. APOE genotypes for cases of HSE (n = 57) were similar to those of controls (n = 41). APOE genotypes for survivors of HSE were similar to those of patients who died. We conclude that apoE is involved in the response to damage associated with HSE, as in other forms of brain injury. However, APOE genotype does not appear to influence either the risk of developing HSE or subsequent mortality.
Item Type: | Article |
Related URLs: | |
Subjects: | R Medicine > RC Internal medicine > RC0321 Neuroscience. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry |
Divisions: | University Structure - Pre August 2011 > School of Medicine > Clinical Neurosciences |
ePrint ID: | 27672 |
Date Deposited: | 27 Apr 2006 |
Last Modified: | 27 Mar 2014 18:16 |
URI: | http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/27672 |
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Popular Mechanics Recognizes Cooper Hand Tools for Innovative Wrench Design.
Crescent([R]) Brand RapidSlide[TM] Adjustable Wrench Receives 2006 Popular Mechanics Breakthrough AwardAPEX, N.C. -- Cooper Hand Tools has been recognized by the editors of Popular Mechanics for the groundbreaking design of its new Crescent([R]) brand RapidSlide[TM] wrench. A slide adjuster positioned in the handle of the wrench allows substantially quicker jaw adjustment compared with the knurled adjuster found on traditional adjustable wrenches. The RapidSlide wrench represents the first time an alternative to the standard adjustment method has been offered for the Crescent brand adjustable wrench. The Crescent brand is celebrating its 100th anniversary in 2007.
The RapidSlide wrench is one of only 10 products selected by Popular Mechanics in its annual Breakthrough Awards competition. The awards were presented recently at a ceremony at the Hearst Tower in New York City.
"One of our primary objectives at Cooper Hand Tools is to offer innovative, high-quality products that provide value to our customers, and receiving this award is a true validation of our efforts," said Jeff Measley, vice president of marketing. "To be one of only 10 companies accorded an award of this stature represents an extraordinary win for our company, our customers, and our distributors."
Named for the revolutionary slide adjuster in its handle, the RapidSlide wrench allows users to simply move the slide forward to tighten the jaws and backward to loosen them. The jaws lock into place automatically, making it easier to turn screws and fasteners.
The eight-inch (200mm) RapidSlide wrench provides a maximum jaw opening capacity of one inch (25.4mm). It features an extra-wide handle for increased user comfort and power, which puts less stress on the hand and arm. To prevent debris from lodging in the tool, the RapidSlide wrench includes an internal debris shield that protects the slide mechanism, extending the tool's life.
The highly polished wrench-head makes cleanup easier, and features laser-etched SAE and metric markings that accurately show the jaw opening measurement. The RapidSlide[TM] wrench features all-metal drop-forged construction for maximum durability.
For additional information, contact Cooper Hand Tools Customer Service at 919-362-1670 or visit www.cooperhandtools.com.
About Cooper Hand Tools
Cooper Hand Tools, a division of Cooper Industries, LLC, manufactures and markets many well-known brands of hand tools, chain, and electronic soldering products, including Campbell([R]) chain, Crescent([R]) brand wrenches and pliers, Lufkin([R]) measuring tools, Nicholson([R]) files and saws, Plumb([R]) hammers, H.K. Porter([R]) bolt cutters, Weller([R]) soldering products, and Wiss([R]) snips. Headquartered in Apex, North Carolina, Cooper Hand Tools has manufacturing facilities in six domestic and eight international locations, and has approximately 4,000 employees worldwide.
About Cooper Industries
Cooper Industries, Ltd. (NYSE:CBE) is a global manufacturer of electrical products and tools, with 2005 revenues of $4.7 billion, approximately 30 percent of which are international sales. Incorporated in Bermuda with administrative headquarters in Houston, Cooper employs approximately 29,000 people and operates eight divisions: Cooper B-Line, Cooper Bussmann, Cooper Crouse-Hinds, Cooper Lighting, Cooper Menvier, Cooper Power Systems, Cooper Wiring Devices and Cooper Tools Group. Cooper Connection provides a common marketing and selling platform for Cooper's sales to electrical distributors. For more information, visit the website at www.cooperindustries.com.
Reader Opinion
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Publication: | Business Wire |
Date: | Oct 17, 2006 |
Words: | 533 |
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Building and Fire Research News | |
New NIST Test for Firefighter Breathing Equipment Goes into Effect Sept. 1
Release Date: 06/25/2013 As of Sept. 1, 2013, standard firefighter breathing equipment cannot be certified to National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards unless … more
Workshop Identifies Research Priorities to Mitigate Fires in the Wildland-Urban Interface
Release Date: 05/28/2013 Over 46 million residential structures in the United States are in areas at risk of wildfires. A new publication* from the National Institute of … more
Terracotta and Cement Roofs Vulnerable in Wildfires, NIST Study Finds
Release Date: 05/14/2013 Although made of fire-resistant materials, terracotta and cement roof tiles are vulnerable to penetration by windblown embers generated in … more
New Report Identifies Strategies to Achieve Net-Zero Energy Homes
Release Date: 05/14/2013 Chances are you know how many miles your car logs for each gallon or tankful of gas, but you probably have only a foggy idea of how much energy … more
NIST Fire Protection Engineer Named Service to America Finalist
Release Date: 05/07/2013 NIST's Daniel Madrzykowski is a finalist for the 2013 Service to America medals. Credit: NIST View hi-resolution image Daniel Madrzykowski, a … more
Landmark NIST Study Evaluates Effectiveness of Crew Sizes in High-Rise Fires
Release Date: 04/17/2013 When responding to fires in high-rise buildings, firefighting crews of five or six members—instead of three or four—are significantly faster in … more
Prototype Generators Emit Much Less Carbon Monoxide, NIST Finds
Release Date: 04/17/2013 Portable electric generators retrofitted with off-the-shelf hardware by the University of Alabama (UA) emitted significantly lower levels of … more
Landmark High-Rise Fire Study Evaluates Effectiveness of Crew Sizes, Elevator Use
Release Date: 04/10/2013 PHOENIX – When responding to fires in high-rise buildings, firefighting crews of five or six members—instead of three or four—are significantly … more
Experts Propose Research Priorities for Making Concrete 'Greener'
Release Date: 04/03/2013 The challenge of making concrete greener—reducing its sizable carbon footprint without compromising performance—is just like the world's most … more
New Reports Define Strategic Vision, Propose R&D Priorities for Future Cyber-Physical Systems
Release Date: 02/06/2013 If designed and built efficiently, flexibly and securely, next-generation cyber-physical systems (CPS) now sprouting from interconnections that … more
Report from the Field: Using Internally Cured Concrete in Indiana Bridges
Release Date: 02/06/2013 A recent news story from Purdue University describes how Indiana state transportation officials are making concrete use of concrete research to … more
NIST Issues Call for Measurement Science and Engineering Research Grant Proposals
Release Date: 02/06/2013 The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has issued a call for grant proposals for a broad range of potential research projects … more
States Realize Big Benefits by Keeping Current with Energy Standards for Buildings
Release Date: 02/06/2013 States that have not adopted the latest energy-efficiency standard for commercial buildings are foregoing an average reduction of almost 10 … more
'Live Burns' in Spartanburg, S.C., Will Benefit Research and Firefighter Training
Release Date: 01/24/2013 Firefighters in Spartanburg, S.C., battle a 'test burn' of an abandoned house in an experiment to demonstrate new techniques for combatting … more
Forensics@NIST 2012 Webcast Now Available
Release Date: 01/07/2013 On November 28 -30, 2012, NIST hosted the Forensics@NIST symposium at its Gaithersburg, Maryland campus. The symposium featured three days of … more |
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Jesse Carmody
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I am a photography student, from Los Angeles, finding my way into video production by way of an elective class and the acquisition of a DSLR that shoots full HD video. So far I'm really enjoying looking at the world with a fresh set of eyes; until just recently I have been looking at life in single still moments and now the whole world of story-telling with motion and sound has presented itself. I am very eager and excited to explore my potential as a film-maker and I am truly looking forward to learning and growing through this new adventure.
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Here's the slideshow presentation from our Technology Spotlight Series on 3/30/2010. The topic was Setting Up Voiceboards/Wimba in Blackboard. Here's the link to the handouts for this topic: Setting Up Voiceboards/Wimba in Blackboard for Instructors (PDF)
Thursdays, 12:00 PM – 1:00 PM
NMC: New Media Center, 1st Floor, Lewis Library Building
September 25: Open Access 101: What Every Faculty, Researcher, and Student Should Know (NMC)
October 2: Pivot: Collaboration and Funding Connected (NMC)
October 9: OpenScholar: Personal Websites for Scholars (NMC)
October 16: Best Practices for Data Management (NMC)
October 23: Exploring Archival Collections through Forensically Packaged Disk Images (NMC)
November 6: Trust & Identity Practices in Illicit Deep Web Transactions (NMC)
November 13: Effective Tools to Navigate the Institutional Review Board (IRB) Process (NMC)
November 20: The Center for Digital Humanities at Princeton (NMC)
For more a detailed listing, see the full series schedule.


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These reviews are the opinion of an RVParkReviews' member and not the views of RVParkReviews.com
Date of Stay: July, 2007 - $18.00
We drove through this campground. We are fans of the the COE campgrounds and were very disappointed with this one. So disappointed we didn't stay. Most COE campgrounds have either gravel and cement pads -- this campground had neither --you park on the grass. The ground did not appear level in most places and would require some leveling. I also agree that we took the "direct" route to this campground from Galena and that in itself was an adventure. The other road leading to Hanover was several miles (5-6 miles) of gravel -- not too happy with that either. We camped at Blanding Landing in a Travel Trailer.
Date of Stay: September, 2006 - $14.00
This is an Army Corp of Engineers campground. It is very remote, 8 miles west of Hanover, Illinois. If you are a freight train buff, you will LOVE this place, as the trains run next to the campground. A local told us sometimes as many as 60 trains pass by here daily. It took a bit of getting used to: at night they quiet down but still average about 7 a night. By the third day, it didn't bother us much, and the quiet between trains is deafening in itself. The campground boasts 50 amp electric, but no water or sewer at site. Water is available throughout the park however. The restrooms were neat and clean, even over the Labor Day weekend. There is a boat ramp into the Mississippi backwater and I assume the fishing is good. Lots of trees, but open areas as well. Large, grassy sites are the norm, which afford some privacy. There is a well-maintained playground, and it is a very kid-friendly campground. Be sure to get a lower number site if possible, the higher number sites back up to the tracks and I guarantee you will know it when a freight rolls through. I would have given this a 9 rating even without water and sewer except for the trains. We would return however, because it was very pretty and peaceful despite the trains. Also, do NOT use Google Maps to get to this place; Google got us there the most direct route possible, but also took us down some roads that a travel trailer had no right to be on. Best way is to go through Hanover and just follow the signs. We camped at Blanding Landing in a Travel Trailer.
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Plenty more like this here!
NG Time Trials A variety of NG artists work within a tight deadline to make short films within a given criteria.
Author Comments
"The 2nd challenge in the NG Time Trial Challenge series. As usual the series is all about tight deadlines and mixing different talents. The challenge for this episode was to create a story out of the opening statement below.
"you wake up from bed".
This is group C's solution.
Stay tuned for the next NG TT!
And now for my coments:
If you want to be in NG TT III you should check out the Flash forums tomorrow.
Rated 0 / 5 stars
Gay Gay GAY!!!
fuck i know how hard it is to make flash and all, but for fuck sake! bad grafix and da first onw fuckin copyd futerama, da only onw dat i liked was hatterclockS
Rated 0 / 5 stars
sorry, not much of a fan for these peices of crap put together by random people.
Rated 0 / 5 stars
Here it goes, again..:
Anelma:Another unrelated movie.
Hatterclock:Tha fuck?!?!?!?!?!?
Dark_Drako:Yes you could! And you could relate it to the subject!
Wallpaperman:This was the most crappy, idiotic, stupid, ugly, insane and shitty piee of flash i ever seen!
Overall:Again four words: CRAP!!!


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WMRA Program Change
1:59 pm
Fri November 22, 2013
The Story - Final Broadcast
By Matt Bingay
After eight years and about 2,000 stories broadcast, The Story is off the air.
The show's final episode included host Dick Gordon's final thoughts about eight years hosting the program. The Story is keeping it's full archive of programs available online.
Effective Monday, November 25th, NPR's Here & Now replaces The Story at 1pm weekdays on WMRA.
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WANTED: Packard convertible coupe windshield assembly complete, or lower cast chrome assembly with two wiper shaft holes for 1935 to 1937 Packard 120 convertible... More
WANTED: 1939 Packard tachometer Autolite generator, this is a one-year only generator. 401-651-2295, RI; [email]... More
WANTED: 1931-1934 Lincoln dashes and panels w/o gauges, single dash part or entire dash assembly. David, 818-344-4639, CA.... More


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Stable Bets Stable Bets is an information service run by a team of
racing experts consisting of ex-jockeys and work riders.We source our
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The rating is a measure of the strength of the tipster's profit record, and is simply number of bets multiplied by yield. The ranking value is the position the tipster holds in the 5 tipsters leagues. Note:


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How To Style Shoes With Bags
Apr 05, 2013I always find that accessorizing an outfit with the right shoes and bag completes the look perfectly. I oftentimes opt to buy a new bag or shoes over a new top because I like how it changes the outfit up and gives it a new personality. Adding the right accessories can really bring a look (…) Read more »
Thursday Poll: Blanket Bags
Mar 29, 2012Festival season has begun, which has us thinking about bags – which bags we can pack a weekend's worth of stuff into, and which bags will be good to walk around the festival with. (…) Read more »
FP Farmington Fall Fashion Event!
Oct 07, 2011Another fun Free People store event going on this weekend! Our Farmington store is celebrating Columbus Day Weekend with a Fall Fashion event. Spend $150 or more and get a beautiful limited edition Shibori dyed Free People bag – And, register your bag number on the facebook page after the event for a chance to (…) Read more »
recycled material bags – we love!
Apr 21, 2011with earth day literally just around the corner, i felt that the timing was perfect to tell you guys about some special bags we're carrying right now that are made out of recycled materials. not only are these bags gorgeous, but you can take comfort in knowing that they are crafted out of repurposed items (…) Read more »
Apr 06, 2011a couple of weeks ago a package came in the mail for me and i opened it up to find this insanely cute pair of owls that one of our fp girls in denver had made. i immediately had to find out how she made them and she was kind enough to send me photos (…) Read more »
another fun event – tomorrow at fp topanga!
Apr 01, 2011C O A C H E L L A fashion show is finally here!!! *Fashion show is April 2nd at 1pm sharp *DJ in stores from 1-4pm *Exclusive limited edition Free People Gift Bags with every purchase of $100 or more while supplies last (pictured above) *Free People Feather Hair Extensions with every $50 or (…) Read more »
tie dye is my bag
Aug 11, 2010how cool are these tie dye bags? we are using these as packaging for the vintage loves collection and i think they are so beautiful - plus they were made with love by some of our fp girls right here at the home office. the ingredients: dye in shades of fuchsia, orange, yellow, purple, turquoise (…) Read more »
new love
Jun 03, 2010we are completely obsessed with these adorable ikat boho sacks, specially made for free people by cleobella. they just might be the best beach bags i've ever seen! take a closer look at the fabric and colors, they're really beautiful: i will definitely be purchasing one of these beauties, the only problem is deciding which (…) Read more »


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The Library
Liquid-liquid interface electrochemistry applied to study of a two-phase permanganate oxidation
UNSPECIFIED. (2001) Liquid-liquid interface electrochemistry applied to study of a two-phase permanganate oxidation. ELECTROCHEMISTRY COMMUNICATIONS, 3 (11). pp. 619-623. ISSN 1388-2481
Full text not available from this repository.Abstract
Using as an example the oxidation of cis-cyclooctene in dichloroethane by aqueous permanganate, we show how to apply electrochemical methods to gain understanding of a two-phase oxidation reaction. This reaction is found to be too slow for the timescale of conventional cyclic voltammetry so an analogue of stripping voltammetry (cyclic stripping chronoamperometry) is here applied to analyse the kinetics of the homogeneous reaction in the organic phase. Permanganate is transferred from water to DCE with a rapid potential scan, held for an appropriate time, then stripped out, back into the aqueous phase by a potential scan. The experimental data of stripping peak current against holding time and reagent concentration are compared to a simulation model involving an irreversible second-order reaction of permanganate with the cyclic alkene in the organic phase, following an electrochemically reversible transfer across the liquid/liquid interface, in order to derive the rate constant for formation of the manganate ester, which is the first step of the reaction: k approximate to 1.5 mol(-1) dm(3) s(-1). (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Item Type: | Journal Article |
Subjects: | Q Science > QD Chemistry |
Journal or Publication Title: | ELECTROCHEMISTRY COMMUNICATIONS |
Publisher: | ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC |
Official Date: | November 2001 |
Volume: | 3 |
Number: | 11 |
Number of Pages: | 5 |
Page Range: | pp. 619-623 |
Publication Status: | Published |
URI: | http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/10778 |
Data sourced from Thomson Reuters' Web of Knowledge
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Shilo Raube Carnegie Mellon University 412-268-6094 email@example.com William Raillant-Clark McGill University email@example.com
PITTSBURGH—In a paper published this week in the journal Science, experts caution that important ethical issues in the testing of new therapies like stem cells may not be receiving the attention they deserve. Carnegie Mellon University's Alex John London joined McGill University's Jonathan Kimmelman and Marina Emborg of University of Wisconsin-Madison and Wisconsin National Primate Research Center to examine the way scientists, physicians, and regulators evaluate risk and benefit when testing new drugs in human beings for the first time. According to their report, scientists and regulators tend to focus on how individual patients should be protected from risks, and as a result, overlook how medical advance itself can be adversely affected by poorly designed clinical trials. For the past few decades, numerous highly innovative therapies have been introduced into human testing, including genetic-based approaches, stem cells and therapies aimed at reprogramming the immune system. Patients with serious illnesses often flock to these studies in hope of a cure. These studies are often controversial, however, because some scientists and regulators consider them too risky while others suggest it is unethical to deny critically ill patients access to these studies. London and his co-authors argue that debates over access neglect key ethical issues. "Right now, ethical oversight is highly focused on protecting research participants and giving individuals access to scientific developments," said London, associate professor of philosophy and director of Carnegie Mellon's Center for the Advancement of Applied Ethics and Political Philosophy. "These are important issues. But ethical oversight needs to also ensure that decisions about launching human testing are based on a range of considerations that are not easily captured in the current focus." "What is often overlooked," said Kimmelman, associate professor at McGill's Biomedical Ethics Unit and Department of Social Studies of Medicine, "is that allowing studies of poor scientific quality to proceed potentially undermines the entire scientific enterprise, because they undermine trust, consume scarce research resources, and weaken incentives for medical scientists to perform the best research they can." "Clinical research is like a scientific bucket-brigade," London added, "where one group of scientists hands knowledge to the next, and they do a trial and hand their results to the next, and a problem with one link in the chain can derail a whole program." To safeguard the advancement of medical research, the authors suggest that four key questions must be answered when researchers propose human studies of new therapies. They are:
The authors suggest that there are instances when human trials are initiated despite unsatisfactory answers to these questions. "Without critical feedback between preclinical and clinical investigators, oversight committees and sponsors, experiments lose focus and trials risk failure," Emborg, an associate professor of medical physics and director of University of Wisconsin's Preclinical Parkinson Research Program, notes. "Multilevel cooperation is needed for obtaining meaningful results in translational studies." "The knowledge and interventions that science produces are valuable social goods," London said. "Everyone who cares about medical advance has an interest in preserving the integrity of the process that makes these goods possible." ###
Pictured above is Carnegie Mellon's Alex John London, associate professor of philosophy.


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Songs & Solos for Uke
By Ken Eidson and Ross Cherednik
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Songs & Solos for Uke composed by Ken Eidson and Ross Cherednik. For Ukulele (Soprano). Saddle-stitched, Solos. All Styles. Beginning-Intermediate. Book. 80 pages. Published by Mel Bay Publications, Inc (MB.93938).
ISBN 9781562221423. All Styles. 8.75 x 11.75 inches.
A wonderful collection of 34 popular ukulele songs in C tuning. Chords, melody, and lyrics are shown for each song, and the melody is presented in notation and tablature! Each song is shown both as melody only and an accompaniment arrangement. Also included in the back of the book are a chart of basic chords, a fingerboard note reference, and scale exercises.
- Knoxville Girl
- The Big Rock Candy Mountain
- The Blue-Tail Fly
- The Drunken Sailor
- Chisholm Trail
- Sweet Betsy From Pike
- The Girl I Left Behind
- Turkey In The Straw
- Little Brown Jug
- Silent Night
- Greenland Fishery
- Johnny Has Gone For a Soldier
- Shenandoah
- Blow, Ye Winds
- Aloha Oe
- Banks Of The Ohio
- John Hardy
- Goober Peas
- Oh Suzanna
- Red River Valley
- Red Rocking Chair
- The Ash Grove
- Down in the Valley
- Yankee Doodle
- Crawdad Song
- Deep River
- The Roving Cowboy
- Bury Me Out On The Lone Prairie
- Blow Away The Morning Dew
- Rio Grande
- A-Roving
- Home on the Range
- Rye Whiskey
- There Is a Tavern in the Town
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Songs & Solos for Uke
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Instrument: Ukulele Sheet Music
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Level: Beginning Intermediate


text:
Eolis Software
Eolis Software Software
A simple to use application for your personal computer.
Intel Hex File Compare utility loads two separate files sector by sector into memory and then compares the two sectors. A sector being a 64k-byte block
Icon to Bitmap brings an advanced and complete utility which allows you to open an icon file or icon library and view each icon stored in the file individually.
Serial Monitor brings users the convenience of using an efficient system which allows viewing of Serial Port data either by monitoring a COM Port directly or by intercepting another Windows application's Serial Port access via the provided Filter Driver.
S-Record File Compare is regarded as a convenient as well as useful utility that loads two separate files sector by sector into memory and then compares the two sectors.
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So here is what I don't get. In my dxdiag.exe it says I have 3807 mb aprox total memory. I learned that this is shared with my systems memory. My card has 1gb memory. So when it says in a system requirement you need 1gb vram am I just scraping by or do I have a cushy 3gb
FuseTalk Hosting Executive Plan v3.2 - © 1999-2015 FuseTalk Inc. All rights reserved.


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I'm Jameson Pate, 22 years old and currently living in the state of Wyoming(at an Air force base). I like football, basketball, weight lifting and other sports, 3d modeling is a hobby that have been doing for quite a few years now.
Mod Review on Jun 17th, 2010
No review provided
Game Review on May 29th, 2010
Game Review on Apr 9th, 2010
Mod Review on Mar 8th, 2010
Game Review on Jan 6th, 2010
Mod Review on Dec 20th, 2009
Mod Review on Nov 27th, 2009
Game Review on Oct 13th, 2009
Mod Review on Jul 16th, 2009
Mod Review on Jun 17th, 2009


text: DOUGLASS--On Sunday, January 12, 1908, at 7 p.m., Jennie, widow of Thomas Douglass, in her 53d year. Funeral services from her late residence, 921 Manhattan street, North Side, on Wednesday, January 15, at 2 p.m. Friends of the family are respectfully invited to attend. -------- (Source: Pittsburgh Press, 14 Jan. 1908) (Contributor: Webmaster)


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Free Photo Archive of over 30,000 vintage photographs. Find people and the places were they lived. Search for your surnames. Find photos of your ancestors. Make connections with genealogy cousins. Add your family's photos. |
Stephens Family World War II
Stephens Family of Lafe, Greene Co., AR
Nancy Belle Beaton Stephens
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Iva Stephens (later Jamison)
Eugene Stephens
Alma "Snook" Stephens (later White)
Catherine Stephens (later Gerdes)
Velma Stephens (later Smith)
Ruby Wanda Lee Stephens (later Gatewood)
Thelbert Stephens
To make this photo larger, click on the word "original" above.


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Working from anywhere
Our systems are web-based and offer industry leading security enabling you to work from anywhere in the world and have access to your organisations information in an easy to navigate format.
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text:
I was supposed to draw a friend. Unfortunately the drawing looked like someone else. Suddenly, I realized, no matter how my words and actions try to hide what I really feel, its my mind and heart that gives it away.
Too bad, I won't see those happy loving eyes anymore. And if I do see them, it wouldn't be love for me anymore, but for someone else.
I know these eyes will never look at me again the way they did before, full of happiness, of love, and of trust.


text:
Will we see the great return?
Originally Posted by CyFan61 I bleed cardinal and urinate gold.
Maybe new facial hair each offseason?
QB battle
we had 4 weeks off and lost by 18. so...30 weeks off = lose by 72?
Originally Posted by CycloneRulzzz mtown is among the worst to ever play this game.
Originally Posted by istater7 Maybe new facial hair each offseason? Will this be the year of the mutton chops?
Forum Rules


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Sunday November 11 – 9:00AM: Meditation instruction class. Free and open to all, this class offers an orientation to Zen meditation. Basic meditation instructions and Dharma room forms are given with some Q & A. No registration needed. Then at 10:00AM we will have Dharma School. The Center offers classes for children ages 4-12 and their families on meditation, mindfulness and the Buddhist Tradition. Also at 10:00AM: there will be a Dharma Talk in the main Dharma room.
Meditation Instruction, Dharma School and Dharma Talk
Posted on Nov 08 , 2012 in Upcoming Events


text:
Netflix gobbles up one-third of US peak bandwith traffic
Netflix accounted for more traffic this fall than it did during the spring
By Jared Newman | PC World | Published 15:00, 28 October 11
Angry customers may be leaving Netflix, but those who stick around are using the service to stream movies more than ever.
This fall, Netflix accounted for 32.7 percent of peak downstream traffic in the United States, compared to 29.7 percent last spring, according to a report from Sandvine. On a daily basis, Netflix averaged 23.3 percent of aggregate traffic, compared to 22.2 percent in the spring.
Still, Sandvine wonders whether Netflix has reached its peak in traffic share. The online video company unbundled its DVD rental and streaming services in July, resulting in a 60 percent price increase for many users. The price changes hit existing customers in September, which Sandvine says is the "month of reckoning" for Netflix.
Although Netflix probably won't see a drop in absolute traffic, competing services such as Amazon Prime Instant Videos may grow at a faster rate and get a bigger slice of the US bandwidth pie. "Globally, Netflix will grow ... but in the United States specifically, we might have seen the peak," Sandvine's report says.
Either way, the rise of streaming video services like Netflix should be bittersweet for movie studios and TV networks. On one hand, the gap between Netflix and BitTorrent use is growing (BitTorrent's share of aggregate U.S. traffic dropped from 21.6 percent in the spring to 16.5 percent in the fall, according to Sandvine), suggesting that people are turning to paid content instead of piracy for online video. On the other hand, Netflix and Amazon pose a threat to other business models, including cable, DVD sales and video on demand.
Increased demand for streaming services has also caused some Internet service providers to crack down. In the spring, AT&T started limiting its DSL customers to 150 GB per month, and its U-Verse customers to 250 GB per month - a move that my colleague Jeff Bertolucci referred to as a "Netflix Tax." Comcast also caps data use at 250 GB per month. So far, no other major Internet service providers have followed suit, but they may become tempted as Netflix and other streaming services grow in popularity and demand more bandwidth.
For more fun stats on how people are using the Internet for Netflix and other online video sites, see the infographic above.


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The companies listed below are ULI Sustaining Members. Sustaining Membership is a membership package available to companies that would like multiple employees to be ULI members. Learn more about ULI's company membership packages.
U.S. Sustaining Member Companies
AIG Global Real Estate Investment Corp.
Allen Matkins Leck Gamble Mallory Natsis LP
Arthur J. Gallagher Risk Management Services, Inc.
Blackstone Real Estate Advisors
Brownstein, Hyatt, Ferber, Schreck
Deutsche Asset & Wealth Management
JHP Architecture / Urban Design
Morgan Stanley Real Estate Investing
Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough LLP
Pearlmark Real Estate Partners
Prudential Real Estate Investors
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
ValleyCrest Landscape Companies


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curs_util(3x) curs_util(3x)
delay_output, filter, flushinp, getwin, key_name, keyname, nofilter, putwin, unctrl, use_env, use_tioctl, wunctrl - miscellaneous curses utility routines
#include <curses.h> char *unctrl(chtype c); wchar_t *wunctrl(cchar_t *c); char *keyname(int c); char *key_name(wchar_t w); void filter(void); void nofilter(void); void use_env(bool f); void use_tioctl(bool f); int putwin(WINDOW *win, FILE *filep); WINDOW *getwin(FILE *filep); int delay_output(int ms); int flushinp(void);
The unctrl routine returns a character string which is a printable representation of the character c, ignoring at- tributes. Control characters are displayed in the ^X no- tation. Printing characters are displayed as is. The corresponding wunctrl returns a printable representation of a wide character. The keyname routine returns a character string correspond- ing to the key c: o Printable characters are displayed as themselves, e.g., a one-character string containing the key. o Control characters are displayed in the ^X nota- tion. o DEL (character 127) is displayed as ^?. o Values above 128 are either meta characters (if the screen has not been initialized, or if meta has been called with a TRUE parameter), shown in the M-X notation, or are displayed as themselves. In the latter case, the values may not be printable; this follows the X/Open specification. o Values above 256 may be the names of the names of function keys. o Otherwise (if there is no corresponding name) the function returns null, to denote an error. X/Open also lists an "UNKNOWN KEY" return value, which some implementations return rather than null. The corresponding key_name returns a character string cor- responding to the wide-character value w. The two func- tions do not return the same set of strings; the latter returns null where the former would display a meta charac- ter. The filter routine, if used, must be called before initscr or newterm are called. The effect is that, during those calls, LINES is set to 1; the capabilities clear, cup, cud, cud1, cuu1, cuu, vpa are disabled; and the home string is set to the value of cr. The nofilter routine cancels the effect of a preceding filter call. That allows the caller to initialize a screen on a different device, using a different value of $TERM. The limitation arises because the filter routine modifies the in-memory copy of the terminal information. The use_env routine, if used, should be called before initscr or newterm are called (because those compute the screen size). It modifies the way ncurses treats environ- ment variables when determining the screen size. o Normally ncurses looks first at the terminal database for the screen size. If use_env was called with FALSE for parameter, it stops here unless If use_tioctl was also called with TRUE for parameter. o Then it asks for the screen size via operating system calls. If successful, it overrides the values from the terminal database. o Finally (unless use_env was called with FALSE parame- ter), ncurses examines the LINES or COLUMNS environ- ment variables, using a value in those to override the results from the operating system or terminal data- base. Ncurses also updates the screen size in response to SIGWINCH, unless overridden by the LINES or COLUMNS environment variables, The use_tioctl routine, if used, should be called before initscr or newterm are called (because those compute the screen size). After use_tioctl is called with TRUE as an argument, ncurses modifies the last step in its computa- tion of screen size as follows: o checks if the LINES and COLUMNS environment variables are set to a number greater than zero. o for each, ncurses updates the corresponding environ- ment variable with the value that it has obtained via operating system call or from the terminal database. o ncurses re-fetches the value of the environment vari- ables so that it is still the environment variables which set the screen size. The use_env and use_tioctl routines combine as summarized here: use_env use_tioctl Summary ---------------------------------------------------------------- TRUE FALSE This is the default behavior. ncurses uses operating system calls unless over- ridden by $LINES or $COLUMNS environment variables. TRUE TRUE ncurses updates $LINES and $COLUMNS based on operating system calls. FALSE TRUE ncurses ignores $LINES and $COLUMNS, us- es operating system calls to obtain size. FALSE FALSE ncurses relies on the terminal database to determine size. The putwin routine writes all data associated with window win into the file to which filep points. This information can be later retrieved using the getwin function. The getwin routine reads window related data stored in the file by putwin. The routine then creates and initializes a new window using that data. It returns a pointer to the new window. The delay_output routine inserts an ms millisecond pause in output. This routine should not be used extensively because padding characters are used rather than a CPU pause. If no padding character is specified, this uses napms to perform the delay. The flushinp routine throws away any typeahead that has been typed by the user and has not yet been read by the program.
Except for flushinp, routines that return an integer re- turn ERR upon failure and OK (SVr4 specifies only "an in- teger value other than ERR") upon successful completion. Routines that return pointers return NULL on error. X/Open does not define any error conditions. In this im- plementation flushinp returns an error if the terminal was not initial- ized. meta returns an error if the terminal was not initial- ized. putwin returns an error if the associated fwrite calls return an error.
The XSI Curses standard, Issue 4 describes these func- tions. It states that unctrl and wunctrl will return a null pointer if unsuccessful, but does not define any er- ror conditions. This implementation checks for three cas- es: o the parameter is a 7-bit US-ASCII code. This is the case that X/Open Curses documented. o the parameter is in the range 128-159, i.e., a C1 control code. If use_legacy_coding has been called with a 2 parameter, unctrl returns the parameter, i.e., a one-character string with the parameter as the first character. Otherwise, it returns "~@", "~A", etc., analogous to "^@", "^A", C0 controls. X/Open Curses does not document whether unctrl can be called before initializing curses. This imple- mentation permits that, and returns the "~@", etc., values in that case. o parameter values outside the 0 to 255 range. unc- trl returns a null pointer. The SVr4 documentation describes the action of filter only in the vaguest terms. The description here is adapted from the XSI Curses standard (which erroneously fails to describe the disabling of cuu). The strings returned by unctrl in this implementation are determined at compile time, showing C1 controls from the upper-128 codes with a `~' prefix rather than `^'. Other implementations have different conventions. For example, they may show both sets of control characters with `^', and strip the parameter to 7 bits. Or they may ignore C1 controls and treat all of the upper-128 codes as print- able. This implementation uses 8 bits but does not modify the string to reflect locale. The use_legacy_coding func- tion allows the caller to change the output of unctrl. Likewise, the meta function allows the caller to change the output of keyname, i.e., it determines whether to use the `M-' prefix for "meta" keys (codes in the range 128 to 255). Both use_legacy_coding and meta succeed only after curses is initialized. X/Open Curses does not document the treatment of codes 128 to 159. When treating them as "meta" keys (or if keyname is called before initializing curses), this implementation returns strings "M-^@", "M-^A", etc. The keyname function may return the names of user-defined string capabilities which are defined in the terminfo en- try via the -x option of tic. This implementation auto- matically assigns at run-time keycodes to user-defined strings which begin with "k". The keycodes start at KEY_MAX, but are not guaranteed to be the same value for different runs because user-defined codes are merged from all terminal descriptions which have been loaded. The use_extended_names function controls whether this data is loaded when the terminal description is read by the li- brary. The nofilter and use_tioctl routines are specific to ncurses. They were not supported on Version 7, BSD or System V implementations. It is recommended that any code depending on ncurses extensions be conditioned using NCURSES_VERSION.
legacy_coding(3x), curses(3x), curs_initscr(3x), curs_ker- nel(3x), curs_scr_dump(3x), curs_variables(3x), lega- cy_coding(3x). curs_util(3x)


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Pontiac GrandVille Convertible
FEATURES INCLUDE: 455 c.i. 4bbl.
V8 - 200HP 3-Speed
Automatic Transmission Air Conditioning Power Steering Power Windows Power Front Disc
Brakes Power Seats Power Locks AM/FM 8-Track
Stereo Clock Wipers / Washer Remote Driver &
Passenger Mirrors Cameo White
Exterior White Leather
Interior Power
Convertible Top in White / Boot Soft-Ray Tinted
Glass Tilt Steering
Column Door Edge Guards Remote Trunk
Open Body Moulding 15-Inch Pontiac
Rally Wheels - 225/75R15 White Wall Tires PHS
Documentation Luxury and
performance meet in this 455-optioned GrandVille
Pontiac convertible, Pontiac's only convertible
offering for the year model. 1975 would be the last
year for an open-air Pontiac for over a decade. This
example is in exceptional condition and is laden
with factory options. Well maintained in mechanical
and cosmetics, this collector car is ready to drive,
show and enjoy. This is a collector quality, PHS
documented example. In a 4 year production run,
there were over 5,000 Grandville convertibles
produced. In the final model year of 1975, only
1,519 sold. This is one of the better ones you will
find anywhere. This car sold new in Iowa and has
been in Texas now the majority of its life. The exterior
showcases straight original sheet metal and trim
throughout under one re-repaint of the original
Cameo white. The
power-operated convertible top has also been
replaced in recent history. Open the doors
to 1975. The interior
features original white leather upholstery
throughout along with the dash, instruments and door
panels. The GrandVille was quite luxurious. This
example drives very nice and is comfortable. The dash
displays original gauges, functional with exception
of the clock. The 8 Track
stereo is not working and Elvis is still in deck. Under the hood,
you could order either the 180 horsepower 400 or
this, the 200 horsepower 455 V8. The engine displays
its original finish and components, hoses, clamps,
etc. replaced as needed over the years. Engine
accessories include factory air conditioning and
power steering. The engine compartment itself
displays original sheet metal throughout the
firewall, inner fenders, and core support. The air
conditioning system was recently serviced and
converted to R134. This powerplant is this car's
original YW coded powerplant paired with the 3-speed
automatic transmission. The
undercarriage displays the original flooring and
framework throughout. This Pontiac has been cared
for and kept in dry climate conditions and it shows. Open the glove
box to a working remote trunk release button and a
Pioneer AM/FM CD Stereo with remote. The trunk is
clean and detailed, complete with the spare
tire/wheel and jacking equipment. The carpeted trunk
was now standard equipment for the 1975 model year
GrandVille Brougham. The exterior
displays original moulding and brightwork
throughout. This Grand Convertible rides on its
factory 15-inch wheels wrapped in newer whitewall
radial tires. The exterior
features all Soft-Ray tinted glass, including a
glass rear window. The windshield is also original. Remote driver
and passenger mirrors are some of the many options
included in this GrandVille convertible's order
list. The original door panels are in excellent
condition and the door undersides are clean and


text:
For 6 in 10 Over the course of a lifetime, $109,407 in retirement fees Here's How401(k) fees fall into three main groups. Administrative Asset Marketing These costs are tallied up and It sounds simple, Let's do some math! Imagine you have $50,000 invested in a Which, in total, earns 5.88% (gross return) with an expense ratio of 1.23% Investors might assume their fees are $50,000 5.88% 1.23% Applied to Applied to + 5.88% gross return - 1.23% expenses So, after one year...Your retirement money $2,940 And cost you only $36.16 In reality, the expense ratio is So instead of paying $615 And there is one more charge that is Of course, that may not seem like but over time,
| |
How Retirement Fees Cost YouFollow @jbrezlowApril 29, 2013, 3:04 pm ET A 2011 study by AARP found that 71 percent of Americans were not aware that they pay fees to their 401(k) plan provider. When respondents to the survey were told about these fees, 62 percent did not know how much they pay to maintain their account. The median-income two-earner family can expect to pay as much as $154,794 over the course of a lifetime in effective total fees, according to a study released by economist Robert Hiltonsmith in the spring of 2012. That amount can consume close to a third of a family's investment returns, according to Hiltonsmith's analysis. Wealthier families -- those earning more than three-quarters of American households -- can meanwhile expect to pay as much as $277,969, the study found. Administrative fees cover the cost of providing customer service, as well as other day-to-day expenses, including record keeping, processing transactions, distributing statements and ensuring regulatory compliance. Asset management fees are applied to the expense of managing and maintaining a plan's assets. These costs typically include payments to portfolio managers, investment researchers and other employees responsible for a fund's investments. Marketing fees, also known as 12b-1 fees, are one of the more controversial fees paid by investors. A portion of the costs are set aside to provide informational material, such as ads, brochures and other promotional content. A separate portion of marketing fees are used as payments or rebates by mutual funds to help get their offerings placed on employer 401(k) menus by brokers and plan administrators. As Wall Street Journal columnist Jason Zweig explained the arrangement to FRONTLINE in The Retirement Gamble, "A lot of people use a term like kickback because, in some ways, it is. It's a legal kickback … But it is a sort of 'You scratch my back, I'll scratch yours' kind of arrangement. 'If you sell our funds, you will get a portion of the revenue we earn from selling them through you.'" Such fees are disclosed in a fund's prospectus, and as many in the fund industry argue, they have helped to provide workers a much broader array of investment options. In 2009, 12b-1 fees cost mutual fund investors $9.5 billion, according to The Wall Street Journal. In 2010, the median amount of retirement savings among those between 35 and 44 was $35,000, according to the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College. Among 45- to 54-year-olds, it was $70,000. Savings among those closest to retirement, 55- to 64-year-olds, was $120,000. A 2011 study by the Investment Company Institute, the investment industry's trade association, found the median "all-in" fee for defined-contribution plans, like a 401(k), was 1.27 percent. Most savers belong to larger plans, however, which carry lower costs. According to the ICI study, savers in those plans paid a median fee of 0.78 percent. In 2012, the Labor Department passed new rules requiring fuller disclosure about the fees charged on 401(k)'s. Employers must now provide workers an annual disclosure form detailing the fees in their retirement plans. The disclosure forms do not provide a dollar figure for the cost of a plan, but rather a breakdown of the expense ratio for each investment offered in the plan. Early signs, however, indicate the disclosures have done little to improve employee knowledge. A 2013 survey by LIMRA found that before the statements went out, 50 percent of plan participants did not know how much they paid in fees and expenses. That figure remain unchanged after the notices were mailed. In 2012, the Labor Department passed new rules requiring fuller disclosure about the fees charged on 401(k)'s. Employers must now provide workers an annual disclosure form detailing the fees in their retirement plans. The disclosure forms do not provide a dollar figure for the cost of a plan, but rather a breakdown of the expense ratio for each investment offered in the plan. Early signs, however, indicate the disclosures have done little to improve employee knowledge. A 2013 survey by LIMRA found that before the statements went out, 50 percent of plan participants did not know how much they paid in fees and expenses. That figure remain unchanged after the notices were mailed. Trading fees represent the costs related to the buying and selling of the underlying assets in a mutual fund portfolio. They include brokerage commissions; bid/ask spreads, which represent the difference between what the fund pays for a security and its actual market value; as well as so-called market-impact costs, which occur when a large trade happens to change the price of a security before the transaction can be completed. Researchers at the University of California, the University of Virginia and Virginia Tech have found that average trading costs can account for 1.44 percent of total assets. In this example, trading fees work out to an additional $615, increasing the fund's gross return from 5.88 percent to 7.11 percent. However, it also doubles the effective cost of fees, to 2.46 percent of your initial balance, from 1.23 percent. Taken as a percentage of the gross return, fees work out to 34.6 percent. While trading costs are not included in the expense ratio, they are detailed in a fund's statement of additional information. Sources: AARP, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, Deloitte, Demos, Financial Analysts Journal, Investment Company Institute, LIMRA, Wall Street Journal. By Jason M. Breslow, Bill Rockwood, Evan Wexler RELATED
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text:
Rail transport modelling scales
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (July 2014) |
Rail transport modelling uses a variety of scales (ratio between the real world and the model) to ensure scale models look correct when placed next to each other. Model railway scales are standardized worldwide by many organizations and hobbyist groups. Some of the scales are recognized globally, while others are less widespread and, in many cases, virtually unknown outside their circle of origin. Scales may be expressed as a numeric ratio (e.g. 1/87 or 1:87) or as a letter defined in rail transport modelling standards (e.g. HO, OO, N, O, G, TT and Z.) The majority of commercial model railway equipment manufacturers base their offerings on NEM or NMRA standards in most popular scales.
Although scale and gauge are often confused, scale means the ratio between a unit of measurement on a model compared with a unit of measurement in corresponding full size prototype, while gauge is the distance between the two running rails of the track. About 60% of the world's railways have a track gauge of 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) known as "standard gauge", but there are also narrow gauge railways where the track gauge is less than standard and broad gauge railways where the gauge is wider. In a similar manner, a scale model railway may have several track gauges in one scale.
In addition to the scale and gauge issue, rail transport modelling standards are also applied to other attributes such as catenary, rolling stock wheel profile, loading gauge, curve radii and grades for slopes, to ensure interoperation of scale models produced by different manufacturers. Globally, the two dominating standard organizations are NMRA in North America and MOROP in Europe with their NEM standard.
History of scale standards[edit]
The first model railways were not built to any particular scale and were more like toys than miniature representations of the full size prototype. Eventually, the authenticity of models grew and benefits of standardization became more obvious. The most significant and the most basic area of standardization was the model track gauge. At first, certain gauges became de facto standards in hobbyist and manufacturer circles. While the first unofficial standard gauges made interchangeability possible, the rolling stock were still only a rough approximation of the full scale prototype.
Eventually the unofficial or manufacturer specific scale standards became more established and were adopted by various model railway standardization bodies such as NMRA and MOROP. However, despite of existing scale and gauge standards they were very often poorly implemented in design and manufacturing processes with commercial manufacturers before the World War II. The conformity to scale standards grew strongly in the 1950s and 1960s when many new model railway accessories manufacturers were born and to whom the standard conformity was vital.
For most standardized model railway scales, the nominal scale reduction ratio is not applied systematically to all the components of a scale model railway, and normally the standards give scale specific design guidelines for all the scales they cover. Reliability of operations requires that certain parts be made oversize. A typical example is the wheel flanges, which must be proportionally higher in smaller scales to ensure that lighter and smaller models do not derail easily as they would if universal flange proportions were used in all the scales. For instance, a Z scale wheel flange as defined in the NEM standard should be about 9% of the scale nominal standard gauge (6.5 mm/0.256 in), whereas the same standard gives only 5% for 45 mm (1.772 in) standard gauge I scale.
While standards that put the emphasis on operational reliability satisfy most users and the industry, certain groups of dedicated hobby modellers who were dissatisfied with the scale inaccuracies in the name of reliability have developed alternative scale standards where prototype proportions are maintained to the extent possible. These alternative standards are called finescale standards. Finescale standards are very much restricted to discerning hobbyists since, by definition, finescale model railways are generally less reliable and more expensive to manufacture, which makes them unsuitable for mass-production products.
Mixing of scales[edit]
It is possible to use different scales of models together effectively, especially to create a false sense of depth (referred to as "forced perspective"). Scales close to each other are also hard to tell apart with the naked eye. An onlooker seeing a 1:43 model car next to a 1:48 scale model train might not notice anything wrong, for example.
Some common examples of mixing scales are:
- a foreshortening technique using N scale (1:160) model trains in the background (distance) with H0 scale (1:87) in the foreground.
- mixing 1:43 scale, 1:48 scale and 1:50 scale die-cast models with 0 scale model trains.
- using Matchbox cars (1:64 to 1:100) with H0 scale and S scale.
- mixing 00 scale British model trains with H0 scale models.
- using 1:144 scale die-cast models with N scale.
Name | Scale | Gauge | Comments | Picture |
Grand Scale | 1:4 and up | 254 mm and up | 10 in (254 mm). Several large scales exist, but are not strictly model railroading gauges. Instead, they are used mostly in commercial settings, such as amusement park rides. | |
Live steam | 1:8 | 184 mm or 190.5 mm | Ridable, outdoor gauge, named according to the gauge in inches, and scale in inches per foot, for example 7 1⁄4 in (184 mm) gauge, 1.5 inch scale. The gauge is 7 1⁄2 in (190.5 mm) in the western parts of US and Canada, where the scale sometimes is 1.6 inch for diesel-type models. Private and public (club) tracks exist in many areas, among them the world's largest model railroad, Train Mountain Railroad,[1] with over 25 miles (40 km) of tracks. Powerful locomotives can pull 50 or more passengers. Narrow gauge models in this gauge can be as large as 1:3 scale. | |
Live steam | 1:12 | 127 mm or 121 mm | Ridable, outdoor gauge. The gauge is 5 in (127 mm) in Europe, but 4 3⁄4 in (121 mm) in US and Canada. For standard gauge prototypes at 5 inch, the scale is 1-1/16 inch per foot or approximately 1:11.3. Together with the 1:8 scale above, this is a popular scale for backyard railroads. Pulling power is enough for more than a dozen passengers on level tracks. | |
SE scale 7/8 inch | 1:13.71 | 45 mm | Models of 2 ft (610 mm) gauge prototypes using 45 mm (1.772 in) track. Used by folks modelling the Maine 2-footers, but increasingly also by anyone interested in very large scale models of industrial prototypes, including the many Welsh slate mines and other European operations. Although this is mostly a scratch-builders scale, there is an increasing supply of kits, parts and figures. Some modelers using 7/8 scale operate on 32 mm (1.26 in) track, used to replicate 18 in (457 mm) gauge industrial lines found in Great Britain and other countries. | |
Live steam | 1:16 | 89 mm | Ridable, outdoor gauge. The gauge is 3 1⁄2 in (89 mm) the world over. Originally defined to be 89 mm 3 gauge in Europe. | |
3 gauge | 1:22.6 | 63.5 mm | One of the original model railroad scales standardized in 1909, a minority interest, which is undergoing a revival in the UK and in Germany (where it is known as Spur II). 64 mm (2 1⁄2 in) gauge 3 track is commercially available, as are a growing number of locomotive and rolling stock kits. The European standard of 1:22.5 scale trains on 45 mm (1.772 in) track is called IIm scale, as per European narrow gauge naming conventions or G scale, its popular name. | |
Live steam | 1:24 | 63 mm | At 2 1⁄2 in (64 mm), this is the smallest of the "ridable" gauges. Only one or two passengers can be pulled. This was one of the first popular live steam gauges, developed in England in the early 1900s, though now less popular than the larger gauges it still has a following. A model can normally be lifted by one person. | |
Wide gauge | 1:26.59 or 1:28.25 | 53.975 mm | Called Standard Gauge by Lionel, who trademarked the name. Other manufacturers used the same gauge and called it Wide Gauge. Not widely produced after 1940. Gauge No. 2 using track of gauge 2 in (50.8 mm) was one of the standard model gauges in 1909. | |
16 mm scale | 1:19.05 | 32 mm | This scale was first developed in the UK in the 1950s to depict 2 ft (610 mm) narrow gauge prototypes using 32 mm (1.26 in) or "O gauge" track and wheels, but really took off in popularity during the 1960s and 70s. Originally, it was mostly used as an indoor modelling scale, but has also developed as a popular scale for garden railways of narrow gauge prototypes. Some manufacturers that produce models depicting North American 2 ft (610 mm) narrow gauge prototypes have also adopted this scale for use alongside the near-compatible Fn3 (15 mm or 1: 20.32) scale on 45 mm (1.772 in) track already popular in the US. Both electric, battery and live steam propulsion is used to power model locomotives in this scale, and is supported by a growing range of commercially available ready-to-run models, kits and parts. | |
Fn3 scale | 1:20.3 | 45 mm | Similar to G Scale below, this scale also uses 45 mm (1.772 in) gauge track, and is used for both indoor and garden railways of narrow gauge prototypes. The scale of 1:20.3 was developed to depict North American 3 ft (914 mm) gauge trains in exact proportion to their correct track gauge whilst using 45 mm (1.772 in) gauge model track. It equates to 15 mm = 1 foot (1 : 20.32) scale. Increasingly popular for both electric and live steam propulsion of model locomotives, with an ever growing range of commercially available ready-to-run models, kits and parts. Fn3 scale, together with G scale and ½ inch (1:24) scale, are commonly and collectively referred to as "Large Scale" by many modellers. | |
Fn2 scale | 1:20.3 | 30/32 mm | Used by mostly American modelers wishing to model smaller industrial prototypes, including two-footers; this is a minority scale. While 30 mm track is more prototypically accurate for
2' gauge, many modelers use 32 mm track gauge for the convenience of access to O-scale mechanisms, trucks, and track elements. |
G scale | various | 45 mm | (Originally from the German groß (meaning "big"), now also G as in Garden) G is generally used for garden railways of narrow gauge prototypes, and uses the same track gauge as 1 gauge, below. The scale ranges approximately from 1/19 to 1/29, according to the size and gauge of the prototype. | |
Gn15 | various | 16.5 mm | Evolved around the Millennium (possibly earlier), much in the same manner than On30, HOn30, and Nn3 have, which is the desire to model in a larger scale, but using the track gauge, mechanisms and wheelsets of a smaller scale; in this case HO/OO. If Gn15 did not start in the U.K., it certainly has the largest following there. Some model "estate railways", inspired by the Eaton Hall Railway built at the end of the 19th century by Sir Arthur Haywood, while others simply desired a means of modeling in something close to half-inch scale in a small space. This scale is closely aligned with the "micro layout" movement. | |
IIm scale | 1:22.5 | 45 mm | Similar to G scale above, this scale also uses 45 mm (1.772 in) gauge track, and is used for both indoor and garden railways of narrow gauge prototypes. It depicts 1 metre gauge trains in exact proportion to their correct track gauge. | |
½ inch scale | 1:24 | 45 mm | Similar to G scale above, this scale also runs on 45 mm (1.772 in) gauge track, and is generally used for both indoor and garden railways of narrow gauge prototypes. The scale of 1:24 in combination with 45 mm (1.772 in) track is an attempt to model North American and UK 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge or 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge trains in better proportion to the rails they run on. | |
2 gauge | 1:29 | 50.4/45 mm | The dominant scale used in the United States for models of "standard gauge" trains running on 45 mm (1.772 in) track, even though 1:32 is more prototypically correct. 1:29 represents standard gauge using 2 in (50.8 mm) gauge track, the original gauge 2. This fell into disuse as gauge 1 at 1.75 inch was very close. Some manufacturers kept the scale for the models but running them on slightly narrow gauge track. | |
1 gauge 3/8 inch scale |
1:32 | 45 mm | This large scale, once rarely seen indoors in modern use but frequently used for modelling standard gauge trains as garden railways, is making a come-back. The Japanese firm of Aster Hobby[2] offers ready-to-run gas-fired livesteam models. Accucraft Trains <http://accucraft.com> also offer finely crafted livesteam models in this scale. Gauge 1 has seen something of a remarkable revival in recent years after decades of near extinction commercially, with a growing number of smaller UK manufacturers offering electrically powered and live steamlocomotives and rolling stock in ready to run, parts and kit form. Some manufacturers offer so-called Gauge 1 items in 1:30.48 scale (10 mm = 1 foot) that also run on 45 mm (1.772 in) gauge track. Gauge 1 also has its own international association.[3] | |
Static Model | 1:35 (nominal) | 41 mm | Only used Static Models. | |
L gauge | 1:38 (nominal) | 38 mm | Unofficial designation of toy trains built from LEGO. Equipment can be built to differing widths in relation to the track gauge, and are becoming increasingly popular among persons who grew up with the building toy system. With Technic axles and custom train wheels, it is possible to build Lego trains wider than standard 6-stud wide to fit into any gauge like G or O gauge. | |
O scale | 1:43.5 (Great Britain and France), 1:45 (Germany, Japan, Russia and Czech), 1:48 (US) |
32 mm | Name originally was '0' (zero), '1' through '6' were already in use for larger scales. In the US, this is frequently considered a 'toy train' scale rather than for scale modellers. However, though toy trains use this gauge, they are often nowhere near scale. Scale modellers have begun to use this gauge for their scale models, resulting in a two separate groups of modellers within this "scale": "hi-railers", those who run toy train equipment on oversized track and scale modellers, who run scale equipment on scale track. A limited few have been able to combine both. Nowadays, even high-railers have the option of extremely precise scale models and track. Lionel, LLC, MTH Electric Trains, and Atlas O[4] are major manufacturers of this scale. The best-known brand in Great Britain was that of Bassett-Lowke until the firm first closed in 1965. While in Russia and former Soviet countries is used gauge of 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 27⁄32 in), but for the models, the norms of standards NEM. Therefore, the gauge for the models is 32 mm, rather than about 34. In this model, the rolling stock are made in scale 1:45.[5] | |
ScaleSeven | 1:43.5 | 33 mm | Exact scale version of British O gauge supported by a dedicated UK based society. The ScaleSeven Group defined more scale measures more strictly (e.g., the model gauge of 33 mm is fixed). Apart from standard gauge, it also defined Irish and Brunel gauges to this scale. | |
Proto:48 | 1:48 | 29.90 mm | These are to the same scale as US O gauge but are accurate scale models in all dimensions including track and wheels. | |
OJ | 1:45 | 24.0 mm | O-scale models of 3 ft 6 narrow gauge prototypes running on 24.0mm gauge track. Virtually unknown outside Japan and Taiwan | |
On2 | 1:48 | 12.7 mm | O-scale models of 2 ft narrow gauge prototypes running on 1/2in (12.7mm) gauge track. | |
On30 | 1:48 | 16.5 mm | Narrow gauge O-scale models running on HO gauge track. This scale was initially created by American "kit-bashing" modelers desiring large scale narrow gauge at low cost, at a time when the existing On3 market was dominated by expensive brass models. They put small O-scale superstructures on HO-scale mechanisms and trucks, but when the large company Bachmann issued train sets – originally intended to run around Christmas trees – On30 really took off. | |
On3 | 1:48 | 19 mm | O-scale models of 3 ft narrow gauge prototypes running on 3/4in (19mm) gauge track. | |
O16.5 | 1:43.5 | 16.5 mm | British narrow gauge running on HO gauge track. Prototypes of many diverse gauges are depicted in this scale, as well as fictitious lines. Even two foot lines - particularly slate - are represented, although serious modelers with this interest generally prefer O-14. | |
0e | 1:45 | 16.5 mm | Continental European (mostly German and Austrian) narrow gauge running on HO gauge track. Fleischmann produced the Magic Train line, intended for the toy market, but also adopted by serious modelers, particularly when supplemented with protypical details - or "bashed" to be closer to the prototype. A number of smaller manufacturers produce a wide range of elements, including the high-end Henke, offering exquisitely accurate models for a handsome price. 0e has many active participants in Germany, with frequent Fremo modular meets on weekends. | |
O14 | 1:43.5 | 14 mm | Accurate modelling of 2 ft narrow gauge in 7mm:ft/1:43.5 scale supported by an informal web based society. | |
O-12 | 1:43.5 | 12 mm | British narrow gauge representing prototypes of narrower than 2-foot gauge, running on TT gauge track. | |
Z0 scale | 1:60 | 24 mm | Got attention in Germany around 1950 as an attempt of a scale between O and HO. Z0 means "Zwischen-Null" (between O). | |
S scale | 1:64 | 22.42 mm | Originally called "H-1" because it was half the size of Gauge 1 (1:32), the "S" name is derived from 'S'ixty-fourth. In the US, American Flyer toy trains used this gauge, but it is also used for more precise modelling and supported by several manufacturers. In the UK, S scale modelling is largely the preserve of a dedicated few hand-building models or using a small number of available kits and parts, mostly depicting standard gauge prototypes but also narrow and broad gauge subjects too. The UK-based S Scale Model Railway Society is the oldest scale support society in the world, being first established in 1946. In the United States, S scale has a small but growing following in the modelling of standard gauge railroads, especially those of the 1940s and 1950s era, a focus that is supported by S Helper Service[6] and American Models,[7] among others. This scale is also popular in North America to depict 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge prototypes (using dedicated 14.28 mm (0.562 in) gauge track and known as "Sn3"), and elsewhere to depict the 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) narrow gauge railways (using H0 scale 16.5 mm/0.65 in gauge track and known as "Sn3½") of South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. | |
OO gauge | 1:76.2 | 16.5 mm | This scale is today the most popular modelling scale in the UK, although it once had some following in the US (on 19 mm/0.748 in gauge track) before WW2. 00 or "Double-Oh", together with EM gauge and P4 standards are all to 4 mm scale as the scale is the same, but the track standards are incompatible. 00 uses the same track as HO (16.5 mm/0.65 in gauge), which is not correct for this slightly larger scale, but it is the most common British standard for ready-to-run trains. In Britain there exists The Double 0 Gauge Association to promote this scale. | |
OO9 | 1:76.2 | 9 mm | Narrow gauge modelling of approximately 2 ft (610 mm) or 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) prototypes on 9mm gauge (the same as N scale) track. It supported by a dedicated society and has a flourishing supply of kits and parts from many small UK-based suppliers. | |
0012 | 1:76.2 | 12 mm | Narrow gauge modelling of 3 ft (914 mm) prototypes on 12mm gauge (the same as TT scale) track. | |
EM gauge | 1:76.2 | 18.2 mm | EM gauge was an earlier attempt in the 1950s to improve the inaccuracies of OO gauge, with wider, more accurate track at 18 mm (0.709 in) between the rails, but still narrower than the correct gauge. The gauge was later widened to 18.2 mm (0.717 in). The UK-based EM Gauge Society exists to supports modellers of these standards. | |
P4 | 1:76.2 | 18.83 mm | P4 was created in the 1960s as the most accurate possible standards for modelling in 4 mm scale. Supported by the UK based Scalefour Society. | |
HO scale | 1:87 | 16.5 mm | This is the most popular model railway scale in the world, although not in the United Kingdom. The name is derived from "Half 0" and the European (NEM) standards define the scale as exactly 1:87, the US NMRA as 1:87.1 (3.5 mm : 1 ft). There is a vast selection of ready-to-run, kits and parts for locomotives, rolling stock and scenic items from many manufacturers depicting trains from all around the world. During the 1970s, companies such as Tyco Toys and Life-Like made cheap, oversized, underdetailed toy trains that ran on HO scale track, and were sold in packages called train sets, and were built only for speed, much like a slot car set. The term 'Train Set' was in common use in Britain and Europe through much of the 20th century - much of Hornby's model railway output for instance having been (and still today) marketed to the mass market as such. And the acquisition of a 'train set' is often and traditionally the first introduction to the model railway hobby... The huge advantage of using 'proper' OO/HO track is of course that the 'toy' can grow into a proper model; and what perhaps started life as a simple gift to a child can evolve into an enriching lifelong hobby.
Apparently, due to the efforts of Tyco et al the term eventually carried over to the 'model railroad' industry as it's known in America, although it's fairly clear that toy 'train sets' existed there long before the 1970s! .|| |
Proto:87 | 1:87 | 16.5 mm | An alternative finescale standard for HO, with wheels and track that correspond with the prototype's, taking its lead from the establishment of P4 standards in the UK. | |
HOn3½ scale, H0m in Europe |
1:87 | 12.00 mm | H0 scale using 12 mm (0.472 in) gauge track to represent 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) used as "standard" gauge in many African countries, New Zealand, Queensland, Japan, etc. European H0m ('metre gauge') models represent prototype gauges ranging between 850 and 1,250 mm (33.5 and 49.2 in). | |
HOn3 | 1:87 | 10.5 mm | H0 scale using 3-scale-foot narrow-gauge track. | |
HOe scale | 1:87 | 9 mm | European HO scale narrow gauge models using 9 mm (0.354 in) (the same as N scale) track to represent prototypes with gauge between 650 and 850 mm (25.6 and 33.5 in), particularly 750 mm (2 ft 5 1⁄2 in) and 760 mm (2 ft 5 15⁄16 in) gauge. | |
HOn2 scale | 1:87 | 7 mm | American HO scale narrow gauge models using 7 mm (0.276 in) track to represent American prototypes, especially those in Maine, with a 2' track gauge. No known commercial activity. | |
HOf scale | 1:87 | 6.5 mm | European H0 Scale narrow gauge models using 6.5 mm (0.256 in) (the same as Z scale) track to represent prototypes with gauge between 500 and 650 mm (19.7 and 25.6 in). The "f" represents feldbahn, or forest railway, and these narrower track gauges were frequently used for industrial operations all across Europe. Some of these lines survived until 2000 and even later, particularly in Eastern Europe, where they remained economically viable later than in the west. In 2010 the German company Busch announced a feldbahn line, and followed it with a grubenbahn (mine railway) line in 2012. An innovative track system uses magnets to increase adhesion for tracking and increased engine performance. | |
3 mm scale | 1:101.6 | 12 and 14.2 mm | A UK version of TT introduced by the firm Tri-ang in the late 1950s (then known as "TT-3") and supported by several other firms offering kits and parts. Commercial production by Tri-ang petered out in the late 1960s, but "The 3 mm Society" was established in 1965 and a dedicated membership has kept this UK scale alive. TT-3 was originally designed to run on TT's 12 mm (0.472 in) gauge track, but latterly the more accurate gauge of 14.125 mm (0.556 in) (popularly known as "14.2") has been adopted by some seeking more accuracy. Like the intermediate EM gauge standard in 4 mm scale, some modellers in 3 mm scale developed 13.5 mm (0.531 in) track gauge, but this has largely been superseded by 14.2 mm (0.559 in) gauge. Both 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge (using 9 mm/0.354 in gauge track) and 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm) broad gauge (using 15.75 mm/0.620 in gauge track) are also modelled in 3 mm scale in the UK. | |
TT scale | 1:120 | 12 mm | Name stands for 'Table Top'. It is quite popular in Europe, particularly in Germany, especially in East Germany (former DDR), has some popularity in countries of former USSR and a small following in the United States. This scale is also used to depict 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) narrow gauge railways (using N scale 9 mm/0.354 in gauge track and known as NZ120) of New Zealand. | |
N scale | 1:148 |
9 mm | As with 1:160 N scale below, the name is derived from its Nine millimeter track gauge, but the scale is a slightly larger at 2.0625 mm = 1 foot (1 : 147.78). Developed as a UK commercial version of N scale in the late 1960s, models are restricted to depicting UK prototypes. Although nominally to 1:148 scale, some manufacturers took significant liberties with exact scale to suit production limitations. Despite the collapse of Graham Farish and its subsequent sale to Bachmann Industries there is a growing choice of ready-to-run models available. A few commercial kits and parts to fit N scale loco mechanisms and wheels are offered by the UK firm Peco to enable narrow gauge prototypes to be modelled. | |
N scale | 1:150 |
9 mm | N scale in Japan is normally built to this scale, even though most rail lines are 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm)gauge. Because the Shinkansen lines are 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) (standard gauge), models of these are usually built to the scale of 1:160. | |
2 mm scale | 1:152 | 9.42 mm | British finescale standard, older than N scale, being first used as long ago as 1927 with photos and articles published in the model press. Became more popular in the 1950s, with The 2 mm Scale Association established by 1960 to promote and support modellers in this tiny scale, and it remains very active in the UK to this day. In recent years the finer track and wheel standards of 2 mm scale (but not the gauge) have also been adapted for use in 1:160 N scale (on 9 mm/0.354 in gauge) in Europe and called "fiNe", and is supported by the FREMO modelling organisation. Since the 1950s, incredibly, 2 mm scale has been used to depict narrow gauge prototypes on various track gauges down to 4 mm (0.157 in), but almost everything has to be hand-made, unless some Z scale parts are used. | |
N scale | 1:160 |
9 mm | Name derived from Nine millimeter; this is the second most popular scale worldwide. N scale developed by the German firm of Arnold Rapido in the early 1960s, and was rapidly adopted worldwide as the most popular small-scale modelling choice. In recent years, finer profile wheels and track have been developed by some manufacturers (although the gauge and standards have remained the same). Huge range of ready-to-run models available as well as supporting kits and parts. With the introduction of an even smaller Z scale in 1972, the modelling of narrower gauge prototypes has been possible using that scale's locomotive mechanisms, track and wheels. In North America the depiction of 3 ft (914 mm) gauge railroads in N scale using Z scale track is known as "Nn3"; in Europe, metre gauge modelling in N scale is known as "Nm". | |
Nn3 scale | 1:160 | 6.5 mm | American N Scale narrow gauge models using 6.5 mm (0.256 in) (the same as Z scale) track to represent American 3' prototypes, especially the in Colorado, with a 3' track gauge. This scale-gauge combination has become popular, and has increased commercial support. | |
Z scale | 1:220 | 6.5 mm | Until recently the smallest commercially available model railway scale, introduced by the German firm of Märklin in 1972 depicting German and other European prototypes. In North America, Micro Trains and others have introduced a range of US prototype models. On both continents, a growing range of kits and scenic accessories are still becoming available to help increase its popularity. In Europe a few enterprising manufacturers have developed even smaller metre gauge models (but still in 1:220 scale) known as "Zm" on 4.5 mm (0.177 in) gauge track. Japanese manufacturers are increasingly involved in Z scale, with Rokuhan producing what is considered by some the best Z track in the world. | |
ZZ scale | 1:300 | 4.8 mm | Introduced by Bandai, ZZ scale was very briefly the smallest commercially available model railway available. As of 2005 only three Shinkansen trains are available and limited other items. The trains are battery-powered and run on plastic rail. Bandai makes no accessories for this scale. | |
T scale | 1:450 1:480 |
3 mm | Announced by Eishindo of Japan in 2006 (and finally released for sale in 2008), T gauge is the smallest commercially available model railroading scale in the world. Several trains are available, complete with track, as well as many accessories including buildings, people, trees and vehicles. The trains run on metal rails and controlled by a power supply. Because the Shinkansen lines are 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) (standard gauge), models of these are usually built to the scale of 1:480. |
See also[edit]
- National Model Railroad Association
- Normen Europäischer Modelleisenbahnen
- Rail transport modelling
- List of scale model sizes
- The Museum of the Moscow Railway
- List of narrow gauge model railway scales
- ^ Train Mountain
- ^ Aster Hobby
- ^ The Gauge One Model Railway Association
- ^ Atlas O
- ^ Б.В. Барковсков, К. Прохазка, Л.Н. Рагозин. Модели железных дорог(B.V. Barkovskov, K. Prochazka, LN Ragozin. Model Railways), ISBN 5-277-00181-6; page 221(Russian)
- ^ American Flyer Compatible S scale model trains from the Showcase Line
- ^ American Flyer Compatible S gauge model trains from American Models
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Model railway scales. |
- http://modelrailroadscale.com – Shows examples and models of model railroads
- http://www.spikesys.com/Modelrr/scales.html – Contains more specifics about some of the scales
- http://modeltrains.about.com – Online resource for model railroaders
- The Gauge One Model Railway Association
- The Gauge 3 Society
- Mundo Ferroviario, Web portal dedicated to a modelling in HO scale (Spanish).


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34 Holiday Ideas for Gifts in a Jar
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Handmade Snowflake Wrapping Paper
By: Candice Davis for Plaid
For a unique and beautiful way to wrap up your holiday presents, create the Handmade Snowflake Wrapping Paper. It will be even more fun giving your gifts when they're all wrapped up in festive paper you made yourself.
Plaid Supplies-
- 227 - FolkArt ® Acrylic Colors - Bright Green, 2 oz.
- 28826 - Simply ® Stencils - Dot Alphabet - Upper Case
- 414 - FolkArt ® Acrylic Colors - Cardinal Red, 2 oz.
Other Supplies-
- White craft paper
- Snowflake lace paper
- Paper raffia in green
- 2 wooden snowflakes
- Stencil brush
- Scissors
- Paintbrush
- Take craft paper and cut to size of gift/box to be wrapped.
- Take snowflake lace paper and use as a stencil. Stencil Cardinal Red on entire piece of paper. Stencil one block of square paper at a time. Let dry.
- Take Simply Stencil and stencil 'Ho Ho Ho' at random on paper. Let dry.
- Paint one wooden snowflake red and one green. Let dry.
- Wrap your gift with handmade snowflake paper.
- Tie raffia ribbon around gift and make a bow for the top of the gift.
- Tie wooden snowflakes to ends of bow tails.
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Welcome to our website. We are pleased that you chose to visit us online. We have lots of information about Sacred Heart of Jesus Catholic Church available on the various pages here, including a link to our School, which is celebrating its sixtieth anniversary this year. There are also several helpful links to other sites to help with your prayer life, or just to get more information about the Catholic Church. Please feel free to contact me with questions any time.
In Christ, Fr. Bryan Lowe
Church & School Offices 16 Morton Rd
256-237-3011 (Office)
256-241-2048 (Fax)
256-237-4231 (School)
256-835-1141 (Sacristy)
GPS - Geocode for Church location... (precision: address)
Reconciliation 4:00 - 4:45 pm
Mass 9:00 am Mass 11:00 am Misa en Español 1:00 pm
For weekday Masses, see the calendar