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The 8th Annual Bioassays and Bioanalytical Method Development conference, organized by the Institute for International Research (IIR) in Sarasota, FL, attracted more than 100 scientists to the classic Claremont Hotel in Berkeley, CA, October 1–3, 2012. Dr. Mark Ma, Director of Preclinical Research at Amgen (Thousand Oaks, CA), started the meeting with a quick overview of the goal of the symposium: 1) incorporating the latest technological advances in analytical biochemistry into the work flow; 2) developing, validating, and managing robust bioassays, particularly for potency and stability; 3) method transfer of complex cell-based assays (CBAs); 4) critical reagent identification and management; and 5) development of biosimilars.
A bioassay (BA) measures the effects of a substance on living matter. Bioassays often appear to be empirical, but for very large materials such as antibodies, our state of knowledge and technology is insufficient to establish a mass/response relationship (mg/pill) as is practiced with small-molecule drugs with a defined molecular formula. BAs are essential in the development of biotherapeutics and especially biosimilars. Further, the FDA insists that assays for potency and stability of a biotherapeutic be similar in Mode of Action (MoA) to the intended biological process.
In the past, BAs involved whole animals as targets, but due to costs, response time, and ethical standards, animal testing has been replaced by live cells or small model organisms such as zebrafish embryos. Cells are fickle, though, and so are cell-based assays.
Interest in biosimilars is high, but there are many high hurdles, especially in the U.S. Dr. Jingyi Xiang (Eureka Therapeutics, Emeryville, CA) compared the pricing of generic small-molecule drugs to biotherapeutics. The models for price competition are quite different. Small-molecule generics see an 80% decline in price during the five years post-introduction. While the data are scarce for biosimilars, he believes the price model shows only a 20% price reduction during the first five years. Part of this is due to differences in treatment plans. Generics may be taken for weeks to years, but the Rx plan for biotherapeutics is usually less than five doses, and is often only one.
Development costs are another factor. Because of the complexity of the drug, the development costs are much higher. A related presentation from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany) estimated that biotherapeutics cost 20 times more than a comparable small-molecule drug to develop.
Another high hurdle is that there is little harmonization of the regulatory process for biosimilars between the U.S. and Europe. Indeed, the American requirements are complicated and onerous. Thus, the regulatory and business models for generic small-molecule drugs and biotherapeutics are quite different. Forecasts of significant price reductions from biosimilars seem quite optimistic.
Despite this economic analysis, many developers still show interest in biosimilars. The interchangeability requirement mandates that the dose be the same as the original. This means that one needs accurate potency assays, preferably in vitro (i.e., a bioassay). This effort will probably continue, according to Dr. Zuben E. Sauna of the Division of Hematology, CBER, FDA, who reports that the FDA anticipates that improved assays will be developed and refined during the lifetime of the product.
Merck reports that "[t]here is a critical need for increasingly accurate and precise nonclinical, in vitro assays for measuring drug potency, as these are the cornerstone of quality control of manufactured therapeutics. A recent survey showed that 32% of drugmakers declared that innovations in assay technology were required to meet the demands of proving biosimilarity. Such assays can better determine lot-to-lot variability in the manufactured product, assess the impact of process changes on drug quality, assess drug stability, and more. Therefore, increasing the precision of an assay improves the assay's statistical power, facilitating the comparison between biosimilars and innovators."1
More than half of the new biotherapeutics in the regulatory pipeline are based on antibodies, which are potentially immunogenic. Immune responses are varied and impossible to predict. A complete lack of immune response across a population is not likely or expected, however.
Since some immune response is expected, the FDA advises that: "A true comparison of immunogenicity across different products in the same class can best be obtained by conducting head-to-head patient trials using a standardized assay that has equivalent sensitivity and specificity for both products."2 In 2012, the following was added: "The proposed product and reference product should be assessed in the same assay with the same patient sera whenever possible."3
Avoiding expensive clinical trials was the pivotal assumption of early business models on biosimilars. The passages above show that this is probably not the case, especially for antibody candidates. The cost and time required for immune testing are probably less than are required for a new immunotherapeutic, but are still significant.
In the technical part of his lecture, Dr. Jingyi Xiang described Eureka's approach to developing a biosimilar (called ET801) to alemtuzumab. The reference drug is indicated for specific leukemias. It was withdrawn from the market in September 2012 to prevent its off-label use in treating multiple sclerosis.
Dr. Xiang explained that biosimilars are "highly similar to the reference product, notwithstanding minor differences in clinically inactive components." Further, "there are no clinically meaningful differences between the biological products and the reference product in terms of the safety, purity, and the potency of the product." Others might add that the dosing, administration, and package insert need to be the same.
Since ET801 is an antibody product, similarity of the Fc and Fab binding needs to be demonstrated. The first step was to compare in vitro tests for binding to the target antigen. Small differences are expected. These were observed between different batches of the reference product and also between ET801 and commercial lots of alemtazumab. Many tests were run, including surface plasmon resonance (SPR) studies with various ligand probes to compare receptor binding, bioassays for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). Differences in glycosylation were found with high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and correlated with activity.
ET801 was produced with Eureka's proprietary human antibody expression vector. The antibody was characterized with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), N-terminal sequencing, peptide mapping, glyco-profile, endotoxin content, etc. Potency was measured in vitro with a novel whole blood killing assay that provides direct visualization of apoptosis. The MoA is similar to in vivo MoA of the reference drugs.
Interlaboratory method transfer appears to be the highest hurdle for laboratories. It is a difficult process that cannot be avoided, since the complexity of registration and production of biotherapeutics involve many functions spread over several locations. Until an organization has experience with method transfer, the difficulty is always underestimated. However, the case studies sound like a compelling mystery that only lab rats would appreciate.
Several lectures provided anecdotal reports on the basics:
Method transfer is often the most problem-prone laboratory activity. This is especially true for cell-based assays, since they usually have several critical reagents coupled with ill-defined manual techniques. Dr. Laura Geagan, Bioanalytical Development at Genzyme (Cambridge, MA), presented a case history of method transfer of a cell-based potency assay for a therapeutic protein to three new sites: two abroad and one domestic.
First, the assay was validated in accordance with ICH Q2B guidelines. This included assay design, which mimicked the expected mechanism of action of the drug product on the cells. The cell line was evaluated for stability and growth. Master and working cell banks were created, stored, and documented. Assay performance was evaluated for accuracy, specificity, dynamic range reproducibility, robustness, and purpose (potency, stability, identity, etc.). Acceptance criteria were established and performance verified.
The method transfer exercise started with a detailed plan that described the purpose, basis of assay design, and transfer plan guidelines. Other topics included training, surveillance, reporting, critical reagents including master and working cell bank, instruments, and data analysis and acceptance criteria for the receiving labs.
Staff from the receiving labs were trained in the originating laboratory. Multiple analysts were involved in each receiving laboratory. Post-training, all labs experienced failing assays that appeared to be operator-dependent. A thorough investigation found and solved problems with cell culture technique, cell thawing technique, unstable detection reagents, and instrument response. The debugging process was very interesting because the focus on detail was essential to discovering unanticipated contributing factors.
The symposium organizers deserve special thanks for choosing lecturers that could talk from experience. The Claremont provided warm creature comforts that promoted networking.
However, many lecturers did not release copies of their slides. This is apparently a consequence of the American process on biosimilars that requires demonstration of equivalency by in vitro methods. Thus, analytical methods might be useful to the follow-on firm in demonstrating equivalency, since they could cite similar results using the innovator's method. In the absence of such a reference point, the comparison is harder to make and defend since the innovator can claim the method and the results supplied by the follow-on firm are different than theirs, and irrelevant. My Philosophy of Science course taught that failure to see a difference between two different samples might be due to using a method that is blind to the differences, or the samples are indeed identical. This is just one example of how the American process on biosimilars has been stacked in favor of the innovator.
Robert L. Stevenson, Ph.D., is a Consultant and Editor of Separation Science for American Laboratory/Labcompare; e-mail: email@example.com.
The IMMULITE 2000, a continuous random access analyzer with a processing throughput of up to 200 tests per hr, has been designed specifically for …
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Is there a way to have a MASTER blog post to other blogs that I run?
Right now I have a few blogs. I want to be able to click post, and choose which other sites it gets posted to. This will save me time from having to make the post over EVERY other site.
Note: All of the blogs are separate installations of WordPress - so a plugin like http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/broadcast-mu/ wont work.

subset: commoncrawl


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View your ad here! Cost effective targeted advertising.
Contextual advertising starting as low as $79/month. This includes targeted ad delivery and search results!
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Released: Feb 28th, 2008
Running Time: 103 Min.
Director: Robby D.
Company: Digital Playground
DVD Extras: Behind the Scenes, Fetish Menus, Still Gallery(ies), Trailer(s)
Marco Banderas, Tony DeSergio, Ashley Brooks, Brianna Love, Tommy Gunn, Jandi Lin, Mick Blue
Critical Rating: AAAA
Genre: All-Sex
This "Robby D Fuck Film" is a showcase for the fabulous Katsuni. There's some kind of running gag with guys in Lucha Libre masks and girls with guns. Katsuni, wielding some heavy firepower, sets up the vignettes. She and Marco wrestle on a bed, he fucks her, including anal, always wearing his mask. Championship screwing!
Brianna Love gets well fucked by pith-helmeted Tony DeSergio. He's a booty hunter, and she's the top booty. Mick Blue sells sausages, but Katsuni just wants the meat between his legs, taking it in her mouth, pussy, ass. Ashley Brooke puts down her Uzi to let Tommy Gunn fuck her tits in a Jacuzzi.
Retailing: Katsuni fans are the target.


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Erick Brocoy
"Community cooperation and cohesiveness increase while livelihoods and incomes become steady. The people develop an…
ContinueAdded by Caroline Anderson on February 15, 2012 at 9:38am — No Comments
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The damage in Salem was limited to one small stretch of road, but it was quite significant in that area.
The views expressed are not those of this site, this station or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to accept our terms of use.blog comments powered by Disqus


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Dollar stores have added plenty of food—and alcohol—to their shelves in recent years to lure customers who are interested in more than disposable cups and paper goods. Offering speed, goods in smaller volume, and value, the strategy seems to be working. The addition of products, from milk and eggs to brand-name packaged goods such as Special K (K)cereal and Hamburger Helper have resulted in rising food sales at chains such as Dollar General (DG), Family Dollar (FDO), and Dollar Tree (DLTR).
As more consumers see the dollar store as a legitimate place to shop for food, manufacturers—from such giants as General Mills (GIS), which recently started selling Fiber One products in the dollar outlets, to trendy startups like vegan mayo maker Hampton Creek—are vying with the chains' more-profitable private brands for shelf space. To compete, manufacturers are adapting their products for dollar store consumers.
Unlike value shoppers who buy in bulk from super-centers such as Costco (COST), dollar store shoppers prefer smaller packages, which lowers sticker prices while pleasing older customers and those in small households. "Here, we market our products in smaller package sizes—perfect for one- and two-person households—which include many of the 55-year-old-plus consumers," General Mills Vice President Shawn O'Grady said at an investor conference in early July.
Here's how Hampton Creek, which has been selling through Whole Foods (WFM) and just started selling in Dollar Tree stores, varies its pricing. There's no denying that a $1 jar of mayonnaise is cheap—although Costco offers the best per-ounce price if you need 64 ounces of vegan mayo.
Graphic by Bloomberg Businessweek
Dollar stores will become increasingly important for food companies, according to researcher Todd Hale, senior vice president of consumer insights at Nielsen (NLSN): They're expanding quickly, making it easier for consumers to buy low-cost, everyday goods without lengthy shopping trips. The vast supply of dollar stores in the U.S. makes them convenient for quick shopping trips.
More are coming, too. The number of dollar stores and convenience stores has been growing faster than that of grocery stores and mass merchandisers.
Most grocery runs are quick trips, with proximity mattering to consumers.
And quick trips are already the dollar store specialty. Customers go there to buy things they need immediately, not to stock up.
While lower-income shoppers and women shop more frequently at dollar stores, higher-ticket items sell, too. About 20 percent of sales come from households earning more than $70,000 per year.


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Current Articles | Archives | RSS Feeds | Search
Ivan Rovny (Katusha) will be riding for Johan Bruynel's RadioShack team according to biciciclismo. The 21 year old Russian rode for Katusha since 2006, a year after he became junior World Champion and European Champion. In 2007 he won a stage in Tour de L'Avenir. This year Rovny had a rather unsuccessful season in comparison to past years with a seventh place in Tour de Romandie time trial as the highlight.


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No such thing as a small change | |
PerlMonks |
Re^2: New year, new ...by blue_cowdawg (Monsignor) |
on Jan 03, 2013 at 16:41 UTC ( #1011486=note: print w/ replies, xml ) | Need Help?? |
My brewing projects list for 2013 (off site link) Blog Posting. Peter L. Berghold -- Unix Professional Peter -at- Berghold -dot- Net; AOL IM redcowdawg Yahoo IM: blue_cowdawg
In Section
Past Polls


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Yes is a world and in this world of yes, live (skillfully curled) all worlds...
-E.E. Cummings
Emergency Care
In the event of an emergency, students may walk-in and meet with a therapist during regular business hours, 8:30 AM to 4:30 PM. In the event of a psychological crisis after hours and on weekends, the director, associate director, or staff counselor can be reached for phone consultation and support.
Students may call the center at 570-348-6245 to obtain the on-call phone number. This service is available when school is in session.
Students may also call the Scranton Counseling Center at 570-348-6100 and a counselor there will help you.


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Barcelona are struggling to strike terms with Sergio Busquets over a new contract.
The World Cup winning midfielder has been one of Pep Guardiola's biggest discoveries, but Barca risk losing the midfielder with new contract negotiations grinding to a halt.
El Mundo Deportivo says a high level meeting between both parties last week lasted over three hours - with no positive result.
Busquets is demanding his wage be on a par with Javier Mascherano, who is now acting as the youngster's understudy. But Barca are refusing to meet his terms.
Manchester United boss Sir Alex Ferguson has been alerted to the situation, where Busquets could arrive as a replacement for long-term crock Owen Hargreaves in the summer.


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Annamalai Gurunathan, Balamurugan (2009) Energy absorption of impact damper. Masters thesis, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering.
Restricted to Repository staff only 1296Kb | |
18Kb | |
117Kb | |
36Kb |
The front and rear of the vehicle should be protected in such a manner that low speed collisions will only damage the vehicle slightly, or not at all. Kinetic energy due to the low speed collision could be as high as 1000 J. If this impact energy is not dissipated properly, it could damage the bumper and other components attached to it. In this project, circular tube was investigated to absorb the impact energy during low speed collision at 4 km/h. The thickness and length that gives hoop stress lower than yield strength of the material is selected. . Both analytical and numerical methods were used to find suitable thickness and length of the tube. Solid assembly model of the bumper, front cross member and circular tubes were developed. The bumper is simulated with impact force of 1333 N based on ECE/324 Regulation No.42. Both linear and non-linear simulation was carried out. Results show that circular tube exhibit good energy absorption behaviour.
Item Type: | Thesis (Masters) |
Additional Information: | Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Roslan bin Abdul Rahman; Thesis (Sarjana Kejuruteraan (Mekanikal)) - Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 2009 |
Uncontrolled Keywords: | low speed collisions, kinetic energy, impact energy, vehicle |
Subjects: | T Technology > TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery |
Divisions: | Mechanical Engineering |
ID Code: | 6150 |
Deposited By: | Ms Zalinda Shuratman |
Deposited On: | 24 Sep 2008 07:52 |
Last Modified: | 31 Jul 2012 01:52 |
Repository Staff Only: item control page


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Stephen Hillenburg
on ESB
on ESB
Stephen Hillenburg | |
General Information | |
Born: | Stephen McDannel Hillenburg August 21, 1961 (age 53) Lawton, Oklahoma, U.S. |
Series Information | |
Credits: | Creator Writer Executive producer Storyboard director |
Portrays: | Potty the Parrot |
Years: | 1999-present |
List of episode credits |
Stephen McDannell Hillenburg[1] (born August 21, 1961) is an American animator and the creator of SpongeBob SquarePants. He has returned as a SpongeBob SquarePants crew member as of after the second movie. He was also the early voice of Potty the Parrot and is the one who made all the show's episodes possible.
Hillenburg also played the ukulele on some of the original music composed for the show, including the "Best Day Ever" special.
Episode | Credit(s) |
Season 1 | |
1a - "Help Wanted" | Writer, Storyboard Director, Executive Producer |
1b - "Reef Blower" | Writer, Storyboard Director, Executive Producer |
2a - "Bubblestand" | Writer, Executive Producer |
List of episode credits |
Episode | Credit(s) |
- "The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie" | Executive producer, Writer |
- "The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water" | Executive producer, Story Writer, Voice of Baby in Stroller |
List of episode credits |
Amusement rides
Episode | Credit(s) |
- "SpongeBob SquarePants 4-D: The Great Jelly Rescue!" | Writer |
List of episode credits |
- On May 25, 2012, Hillenburg announced that he would be writing The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water.
- Sometimes, he is referred to as "Steven or Steve Hillenburg."
- After The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie came out, Hillenburg left the show, because that is when the show was originally supposed to end. However, Hillenburg didn't leave the show entirely, he still serves as an executive producer.
- According to Paul Tibbitt's Twitter feed, Stephen Hillenburg came back to work on the SpongeBob series in January 2015.
- "Ok everybody. One last time. Steve Hillenburg is coming back to the show in January, Your collective dreams are coming true." - Paul Tibbitt's Twitter
- He is also a marine biologist.
- He has been sued by Troy Walker (see below).
- In 2007, Troy Walker, a cartoonist from Fairfield, California, sued Hillenburg, claiming that Hillenburg stole his ideas from Walker's 1991 comic strip, Bob Spongee, the Unemployed Sponge. Walker argued that the concept and design of Hillenburg's SpongeBob SquarePants was lifted from his "Bob Spongee" homemade toy character. In his original concept, Walker drew a face on a kitchen sponge and attached plastic googly eyes. He placed the model in a transparent bag that included the comic strip, and sold it in Northern California as collectibles at flea markets and through the mail in 1992. Walker claimed that he produced 1,000 of the "drawn-on" dolls. In 2002, after learning about SpongeBob SquarePants, Walker concluded: "It obviously fell into the hands of one of the producers of the show. It's a clear pattern of duplication." He filed the lawsuit against Hillenburg, Paramount Studios, and Nickelodeon and their parent company, Viacom, in a United States district court in San Francisco. He had demanded $1.6 billion in damages, and alleged that the accused used his idea without his permission [2] [3]. He said that "they took all of it." Walker also pointed out that the show's pilot episode, "Help Wanted" (in which an unemployed SpongeBob gets his job at the Krusty Krab), was proof that the defendants stole his concept. The settlement was later dropped after a summary judgement in Viacom's favor.
External links
Wikipedia may have more biographical information on this person. Please see Wikipedia's article here.


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Cut bread slices into cubes.
Now boil white lentil with gram.
Now in a pan heat the oil and add onion and saute it with garlic paste.
Then add white lentil with gram, and cook them together till they turn golden brown.
Now add turmeric, crushed green chilies, red chili powder, coriander and crushed black pepper, mix it together and cook it properly.
After this add boiled potatoes with salt.
Then put bread slices and cook it for 5 to 10 minutes.
Then dish out and garnished with chopped coriander and shredded coconut.
Pleasebe judicious and courteous in selecting your words.


text:
search the archive
search the archive |
CFP: [International] New Worlds, New Sovereigntiesfull name / name of organization: Patrick Wolfe contact email: firstname.lastname@example.com New Worlds, New Sovereignties Which human groups have possessed sovereignty and who has been excluded? Conference themes will include: • Indigenous concepts and practices of sovereignty Nations and Homelands will include: • Aboriginal Australia/Torres Strait Islands We now invite submissions of abstracts for papers relating to these or Convenors Host organisations Supporting organisations This conference is taking place on Wurundjeri land. We pay our respects to =================================== cfp categories: international_conferences


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Number of Seeds | 100 seeds |
Spacing in Row | 24 inches |
Spacing Between Rows | 24 inches |
Planting Depth | 1/2 inch |
Days to Germination | 5-10 days |
Days to Maturity | 90 days |
Height at Maturity | 12 inches |
Width at Maturity | 18-24 inches |
A long season cabbage. For earlier heads ready in late summer, sow indoors 6 weeks before last frost. Transplant healthy seedlings when there are 2 sets of true leaves, 24 inches apart. For fall harvest, start seeds 100 days before first fall frost. Cabbage requires well drained, fertile soil and plenty of water. Harvest once heads are full, heavy and solid. The size of the heads will vary.
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text:
Men's Terragraph | Sand Dial / Brown Olive Nylon Strap | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Men's Swiss quartz 100m (330 ft.) Stainless steel Brushed Screw-on Sapphire Luminous hands and markers Regular Date display Military time 3-Year limited warranty Rugged nylon strap with leather accents Regular 22mm Battery |
Tracing its bloodline to the classic field watch, the Terragraph series is recognized for its no nonsense great looks. But, expect the unexpected from a Terragraph. Expect to be drawn to its functionality even before you give its handsome, yet unpretentious, styling a first thought. Terragraph 0541.108 Swiss Watch. Check out all Wenger Swiss Watches. Product Specifications
Product ManualStandard Manual (2 MB pdf file)
More About This Item |


text:
As interview season arrives, MLA releases job figures that encourage some, but leave others anxious.
Professors choose terms -- mostly bleak ones -- to describe higher ed's fiscal situation.
Scholars debate fairness of shielding identities of those who review tenure candidates and journal submissions.
Literary scholars discuss why the mainstream press tends to treat them with disdain -- and reporters weigh in.
Material culture, American lit, and media studies are all in. Theory and monographs -- not so much.
MLA panel outlines plan to end monograph "fetishization," create agreements between departments and new hires, and rethink evaluation process.
Lake Superior State U. once again tries to banish overused and abused words.
The issue of academic freedom was everywhere at this year's Modern Language Association meeting, in Washington. There were panels on "Academic Work and the New McCarthyism" and discussions on teaching issues related to war criticism.
At a Friday session, titled "Criticism and Crisis: Twenty-First Century Intellectuals and the Politics of Academic Freedom," the focus was how to build broader support among the general public for academic freedom.
Experts say timing may be just right for changes MLA panel is putting forth -- particularly the move beyond the monograph.
Many at Michigan's smallest public university see recent tenure denials -- over departmental objections -- as sign of disrespect for liberal arts.


text:
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With Utah SEO, get more from your website; more revenue, more leads, more traffic.
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text:
Dear Wiki user, You have subscribed to a wiki page or wiki category on "ESW Wiki" for change notification. The following page has been changed by fsasaki: http://esw.w3.org/topic/its0505Translatability ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ '''[FS] It is necessary to have a provision for attributes, but it it not necessary to describe the provision in the requirements spec. We can leave that to the actual description of the tag set.''' '''[YS-''' Does the updated text above sound better?''']]''' + + '''[FS- '''Yes, you can delete my comment. '''] ''' == Description ==Received on Thursday, 19 May 2005 13:44:40 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Tuesday, 6 January 2015 20:43:04 UTC


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Susan Meiselas has organized a great photo show at the ICP in New York featuring the work of thirty photographers who dedicated themselves to covering El Salvador's war in the 1980's. Please come and remember. September 16 through November 27 If any one out there knows me, I have some vip passes for the opening reception at 7:30 on thursday the 15th
Eros Hoagland, I'm in town 510-541-5970
by [a former member] at 2005-09-14 15:21:08 UTC (ed. Mar 12 2008 ) New York , United States | Bookmark | | Report spam→


text:
From our humble beginnings in the mountains between Rome and Naples, to our welcoming restaurant in North Wales, the Forte's story is one of tradition, family values and a love of ice cream.
Read more >At Forte's restaurant we pride ourselves on two things, a relaxed and friendly dining experience and a broad menu that offers something for everyone, whether it's freshly made pizza or a beautiful burger.
Read more >At Forte's we've created over 35 amazing flavours of ice creams, sorbets and frozen yoghurts. We make each of our ice creams with fresh milk, double cream and only the finest ingredients.
Read more >


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Banana-Sour Cream Pancakes
OPEN KITCHEN with NATHAN SCOTT
Banana-Sour Cream Pancakes
Topped with bananas and maple syrup, these pancakes are sure to become a breakfast favorite.
Makes 2 dozen
1 | cup all-purpose flour | ||
2 | tablespoons granulated sugar | ||
1 | teaspoon baking powder | ||
½ | teaspoon baking soda | ||
½ | teaspoon kosher salt | ||
pinch | ground nutmeg | ||
¾ | cup milk | ||
½ | cup sour cream | ||
1 | large egg | ||
2 | tablespoons unsalted butter, melted, plus more for greasing | ||
½ | teaspoon pure vanilla extract | ||
1 | banana, peeled and diced, plus more sliced for garnishing | ||
Maple syrup, for garnishing |
- Sift the flour, sugar, baking powder, baking soda, salt, and nutmeg into a mixing bowl. In a separate bowl, whisk together the milk, sour cream, egg, and melted butter. Stir in the vanilla extract. Pour the wet ingredients into the dry and stir together, mixing until just combined.
- Set a griddle pan or large cast-iron skillet over medium-high heat. Grease the griddle with some melted butter. Working in batches, use a 2-ounce ladle or a ¼-cup measure to pour the pancake batter onto the hot griddle, creating pools of batter that are about 2 inches apart. Sprinkle each pancake with some of the diced bananas.
- Cook, until the sides of the pancakes appear to be dry and the top is covered with small air bubbles, 2 to 3 minutes. Then, flip the pancakes over and continue to cook until the bottoms are golden brown, another 1 to 2 minutes. Remove the pancakes from the griddle and transfer to a warm serving platter. Regrease the griddle and continue making pancakes with any remaining batter. Serve with a drizzle of maple syrup and a few slices of banana.
Nathan Scott is the author of Nathan Scott's Open Kitchen: Annual Recipes 2011
Follow him on Facebook at: http://www.facebook.com/pages/Nathan-Scotts-Books/138016506234359
Follow his blog at: http://thetrialstribulationsofawannabeauthor.blogspot.com/
Copyright © 2013 by Nathan Scott. All rights reserved.
Category: Open Kitchen


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Fresh Kiwi Salsa
Author Notes: or, what to do if you have too many kiwi fruit. My niece and I got kiwi fruit in our Bountiful Baskets, and while we are perfectly happy just eating them the way they are, my nephew is not, so I did a little experimenting. Az pictured, it is with one jalapeno and one green chiles, but for more heat, use more of either or both. - weshook
Makes about 3 cups
- 4 kiwi fruit, peeled and chopped
- 1-2 jalapenos, finely chopped
- 1-2 green chiles, finely chopped
- 2 slices red onion, chopped
- 1/4 cup cilantro
- juice of 1/2 a lemon
- salt and pepper
- In a medium mixing bowl, combine the first four ingredients.
- Coarsely chop the cilantro and add to the salsa with the lemon juice.
- Season with salt and pepper to taste.
Paying Tribute to Josh Ozersky
A man, his sandwich, and his words.
Remembering Josh Ozersky
A really not-sad desk lunch.
Fire up the grill.
Dipped Walnut Tongs
Sweet, ripened stone fruit.


text:
Andrew H. Knoll
In the 50 years since G. G. Simpson published Tempo and Mode in Evolution , paleontological documentation of evolutionary history has improved substantially. Not only has the quality of stratigraphic and systematic data increased for animal, plant, and protistan taxa found in Phanerozoic * rocks; recent decades have witnessed a tremendous increase in the documented length of the fossil record. Speculation about a long pre-Cambrian history of life has been replaced by a palpable record of evolution that begins some 3000 Ma before the Cambrian explosion. In this paper, I examine the early fossil record of eukaryotic organisms, asking whether or not this longer record is amenable to the types of investigation used to estimate tempo in Phanerozoic evolution. Even though analysis is limited by incomplete sampling, patchy radiometric calibration, and taxonomic uncertainty, a robust pattern of increasing diversity and accelerating evolutionary tempo is evident.
Andrew H. Knoll is professor and chairman of the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Proterozoic and Early Cambrian Protists: Evidence for Accelerating Evolutionary Tempo
Andrew H. Knoll
In the 50 years since G. G. Simpson published Tempo and Mode in Evolution , paleontological documentation of evolutionary history has improved substantially. Not only has the quality of stratigraphic and systematic data increased for animal, plant, and protistan taxa found in Phanerozoic * rocks; recent decades have witnessed a tremendous increase in the documented length of the fossil record. Speculation about a long pre-Cambrian history of life has been replaced by a palpable record of evolution that begins some 3000 Ma before the Cambrian explosion. In this paper, I examine the early fossil record of eukaryotic organisms, asking whether or not this longer record is amenable to the types of investigation used to estimate tempo in Phanerozoic evolution. Even though analysis is limited by incomplete sampling, patchy radiometric calibration, and taxonomic uncertainty, a robust pattern of increasing diversity and accelerating evolutionary tempo is evident.
Andrew H. Knoll is professor and chairman of the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
The Phanerozoic Eon is one of the three major divisions of the geological time scale. Literally the age of visible animal life, the Phanerozoic Eon encompasses the past 545 million years (Ma), beginning at the start of the Cambrian Period. Earlier Earth history is divided between the Proterozoic (2500–545 Ma) and Archean (> 2500 Ma) eons.
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Figure 1 Species richness of selected protistan microfossil assemblages in 17 stratigraphic intervals running from the latest Paleoproterozoic era (P), through the Mesoproterozoic (Meso), Neoproterozoic, and Early Cambrian. Numbers 1–33 identifying assemblages refer to Table 1. V marks the Varanger ice age. Species richnesses are based on my taxonomic evaluation and do not necessarily reflect published tabulations. With a single exception (assemblage 31), all assemblages have been examined first-hand, resulting in uniform systematic treatment. Stratigraphic and systematic data for all figures and tables are available from the author.
The Nature and Limitations of the Record
Stratigraphic and Geochronometric Framework. The time interval considered here is 1700–520 Ma; that is, the latest Paleoproterozoic Eon to the end of the Early Cambrian Period (Figure 1 and Table 1). U-Pb dates on accessory minerals in volcanic rocks of known relationship to fossiliferous strata are limited for this interval—but then, such data are also limited for younger Paleozoic fossils on which much greater paleobiological demands are placed. Quantitative analysis of the Paleozoic fossil record is possible because a well-defined chronostratigraphic, or relative, time-scale has been calibrated by radiometric data in a few key sections.
The Proterozoic-Cambrian time scale is developing along the same
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TABLE 1 Stratigraphic intervals used in analyses of tempo and representative acritarch assemblages
Interval (age in millions of years [Ma])
Late Paleoproterozoic- and Mesoproterozoic
(1700–1400 Ma)
Satka [1]
Urals, Russia
Jank. 82
Bakal [2]
Urals, Russia
Jank. 82
Ust'-Il'ya [3]
Veis. 92
McMinn [4]
Peat. 78
(1400–1200 Ma)
Omachtin [5]
Vesi. 89
Zigazino-Kamarovsk [6]
Urals, Russia
Jank. 82
(1200–1000 Ma)
Baicaoping [7]
Yan. 92
(1000–900 Ma)
Lakhanda [8]
Germ. 90
(900–800 Ma)
Miroyedikha [9]
Germ. 90
Kwagunt [10]
Arizona, USA
Vida. 85
Dakkovarre [11]
Vida. 81
(800–750 Ma)
Andersby [12]
Vida. 81
Middle Visingsö [13]
Vida. 76
(750–700 Ma)
Svanbergfjellet [14]
Butt. 94
(700–650 Ma)
Upper Visingsö [15]
Vida. 76
(650–600 Ma)*
(600–575 Ma; Volhyn)
Pertatataka [16]
Zang. 92
Doushantuo [17]
Yin. 87
Kursovsky [18]
Mocz. 93
(575–560 Ma; Redkino)
Redkino [19]
Volk. 90
Mogilev/Nagoryany [20]
Asee. 83
(560–545 Ma; Kotlin)
Kotlin [21]
Volk. 90
Early Cambrian
(545–538 Ma; Rovno)
Rovno [22]
Volk. 83
(538–531 Ma; Lontova)
Lontova [23]
Volk. 83
Mazowsze [24]
Mocz. 91
(531–528 Ma; Talsy)
Talsy [25]
Volk. 83
Lower Radzyn*/Kaplanosy [26]
Mocz. 91
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Interval (age in Ma)
Early Cambrian (continued)
(528–524 Ma; Vergale)
Middle Radzyn*/Kaplanosy [27]
Mocz. 91
Qianzhisi [28]
Zang. 90
Tokammane [29]
Knol. 87
Vergale [30]
Volk. 83
Buen [31]
Vida. 93
(524–520 Ma; Rausve)
Upper Radzyn*/Kaplanosy [32]
Mocz. 91
Rausve [33]
Volk. 83
Assembly numbers in brackets refer to Figure 1.
* Interval includes Varanger ice age.
path (Harland et al., 1990; Semikhatov, 1991; Knoll and Walter, 1992; Compston et al., 1992; Bowring et al., 1993). A biostratigraphic framework based on stromatolites, microfossils, and (in younger rocks) both the body and trace fossils of animals can be used to divide this nearly 1200-Ma expanse into recognizable intervals of various lengths. Complementing this is an increasingly well-supported chemostratigraphic framework based on the distinctive pattern of secular variation in the isotopic compositions of C and Sr in carbonate rocks (Kaufman and Knoll, in press). These data define the chronostratigraphic scale now being calibrated. Within the period under consideration, younger intervals are shorter than older ones, both because strong Neoproterozoic isotopic variation has no parallel in the Mesoproterozoic record and, more importantly, because of the finer biostratigraphic resolution in younger successions.
For the purposes of this analysis, I have divided the period from 1700 to 520 Ma into 17 intervals as shown in Table 1 and Figures 1–3. Table 1 and Figure 1 also show my placement of representative microfossil assemblages into these intervals. Others might estimate the ages of interval boundaries differently, and one or two assemblages might be moved to bins adjacent to those chosen here. However, no assemblage placement or estimate of interval duration is so egregiously uncertain as to affect the analysis in a substantial way. That is, relative to the strength and time scale of the pattern observed, uncertainties of time are acceptably small.
The Paleontological Data Base: Taxonomy. For the estimation of evolutionary tempo, I will restrict consideration to the organic-walled micro-
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Figure 2 Total taxonomic richness (histogram), first appearances (solid dots), and last appearances (open dots) of protistan microfossil species for the 17 intervals recognized in this study (Tables 1 and 2). V marks the Varanger ice age.
Abbreviations are as in Figure 1.
fossils known as acritarchs (Figure 4). Structural features leave little doubt that all or nearly all were eukaryotic. Most were the vegetative and reproductive walls of unicellular protists, although the reproductive cysts of multicellular algae and even egg cases of early animals may be included.
The total number of clades that contributed to the observed record is unknown, but probably small. Some of the Early Cambrian microfossils included here are clearly the phycomata of green algal flagellates (Tappan, 1980). (The phycoma is a nonmotile vegetative stage of the flagellates' life cycle characterized by a wall that contains the degrada-
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Figure 3 Histogram showing total species richness of protistan microfossils for the 17 intervals recognized in this study (Tables 1 and 2). The time scale along the abscissa is linear, underscoring the long initial interval of low diversity and the rapidity of later radiations. V marks the Varanger ice age. PAL, Paleoproterozoic; C; Cambrian.
tion-resistant polymer, sporopollenin.) Others, including most Neoproterozoic taxa, may also represent green algae (Tappan, 1980; Vidal and Knoll, 1983; Knoll et al., 1991), but phylogenetic relationships have not been established unequivocally.
The pre-Ediacaran record of seaweeds is too patchy for meaningful evaluation of evolutionary tempo, but these fossils do provide a paleobiological context for the interpretation of microfossil assemblages. In particular, fossils of multicellular algae relate the latest Mesoproterozoic and early Neoproterozoic diversification of acritarchs to the biological differentiation of ''higher" protists inferred from molecular phylogenies (Sogin et al., 1989; Knoll, 1992a).
If the view of eukaryotic evolution provided by molecular phylogenies is reliable, many of the protistan phyla that differentiated during the Proterozoic are not represented in the fossil record. Therefore, care must be exercised in ascribing generality to the preserved record. The prob-
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lem is well understood by invertebrate paleontologists who enjoy excellent preservation for only a few of the more than 30 phyla of invertebrate animals. Estimates of evolutionary tempo and the timing of diversification and extinction events are broadly similar across phyla for Phanerozoic invertebrates and protists with good fossil records. Therefore, the limited clade diversity of Proterozoic and Early Cambrian acritarchs may reflect a broader pattern of early eukaryotic evolution.
A second type of biological uncertainty concerns the interpretation of paleospecies. In studies of acritarchs, analyses are necessarily done at the species level, because biologically meaningful higher taxa have not been defined. The uncertain phylogenetic relationships of most forms exacerbate the common paleontological problem of relating paleospecies to biological species. While the paleontological use of the term species is convenient and accurate in the sense of "most inclusive diagnosable units," what we can really measure is diversity of morphology. Estimates of tempo are, therefore, to be viewed as rates of morphological diversification and turnover within a preservable subset of early eukaryotes.
The Paleontological Data Base: Sampling Quality. Several hundred Proterozoic and Lower Cambrian formations are known to contain protistan microfossils (Schopf and Klein, 1992); however, many assemblages are indifferently preserved, poorly described, and/or accompanied by inadequate stratigraphic and paleoenvironmental information. Assessment of sample quality is better based on those assemblages that are well preserved, meticulously monographed, and well buttressed by stratigraphic and sedimentological data (Figure 1).
Older assemblages are both less numerous and less diverse than those of younger intervals. One might, therefore, suppose that low observed diversity is a product of poor sampling or poor preservation; however, sampling adequacy is not simply a function of assemblages per interval. It is also dependent on quality of preservation, facies and/or paleogeographic heterogeneity, and rates of taxonomic turnover. If fossils are well preserved, cosmopolitan, and slowly evolving, a limited number of samples may be sufficient to characterize the paleobiology of an interval.
This appears to be the case for the Mesoproterozoic acritarch record. The quality of fossil preservation in Mesoproterozoic mudstones (e.g., Peat et al., 1978) and silicified carbonates (e.g., Sergeev et al. , in press) matches the best seen in Neoproterozoic rocks, but the acanthomorphic (process or spine bearing) and other ornamented acritarchs seen in younger rocks of comparable environmental setting are not seen in these or any other rocks older than ca. 1100 Ma. In contrast, even metamorphosed Neoproterozoic rocks may contain ornamented acritarchs
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Figure 4 Representative Proterozoic and Early Cambrian acritarchs. A–C and the specimen on the left in D are spheromorphic; the specimen on the right in D and E–H are acanthomorphic. (A) Le iosphaeridia sp., Mesoproterozoic [M1] McMinn Formation, Australia. (B) Leiosphaeridia crassa, Neoproterozoic [N2] Miroyedikha Formation, Siberia. (C) Kildinosphaera verrucata, Miroyedikha Formation. (D) Shuiyousphaeridium macroreticulata (Left ) and Dictyosphaera incrassata (Right), late Mesoproterozoic [M3] Baicaoping Formation, China. (E) Trachyhystrichosphaera aimika, Neoproterozoic [N4] Draken Formation, Svalbard. (F) Tanarium densum, Neoproterozoic [N7] Doushantuo Formation, China. (G) Tanarium conoideum, Neoproterozoic [N7] Kursovsky Formation, Siberia. (H) Skiagia ciliosa , Early Cambrian [C4] Tokammane Formation, Svalbard. (Bar in E: A–C and H, 25 µm; D and G, 60 µm; E, 300 µm; G, 100 µm)
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(Knoll, 1992b). Observations such as these suggest that differential preservation is not a principal determinant of observed diversity and turnover patterns.
In general, Proterozoic and Cambrian acritarch species have wide (and known) paleoenvironmental distributions and show little evidence of provincialism. This minimizes the likelihood that observed patterns are influenced strongly by differential sampling of facies among time intervals.
Perhaps the best indicators of sample quality are the degree of similarity among assemblages within an interval and the incremental taxonomic richness accompanying each new assemblage reported. The total number of assemblages known for the interval from 1700 to 1000 Ma is low, but the taxonomic similarity among samples is high. Insofar as knowledge of the age and environmental setting of an assemblage permits the prediction of taxonomic composition, the Proterozoic and Early Cambrian acritarch record appears to be sufficiently well sampled to permit the broad estimation of evolutionary tempo.
Despite my confidence that the existing record is governed more by evolution than by sampling, this paper should be read as a dispatch from the trenches and not as a definitive history. The events most likely to have escaped notice to date are short bursts of diversification and extinction of the type recorded in interval N7. The time intervals most likely to yield new assemblages that will modify the conclusions drawn here are those between 750 and 600 Ma ago, just prior to and including the Varanger ice age.
Early Eukaryotic Fossils: A Narrative Record
Acritarchs occur in rocks as old as 1900–1700 Ma (Zhang, 1986). The fossils are morphologically simple, but sedimentological distributions, size frequency distributions, and inferred excystment structures ally these remains to unequivocally eukaryotic microfossils that extend upward from this interval to the present. Independent evidence for the occurrence of late Paleoproterozoic to early Mesoproterozoic eukaryotes comes from significant sterane concentrations in bitumens (Summons and Walter, 1992) and problematic macrofossils (Walter et al., 1990; Han and Runnegar, 1992). There is no reason to assume that these remains document the evolutionary first appearance of the Eucarya nor even any necessary reason to insist that they mark the emergence of clades capable of synthesizing preservable walls or cysts. What can be concluded is that eukaryotic organisms were significant parts of marine ecosystems in the late Paleoproterozoic Era and that the fossil record of earlier periods is poor.
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Acritarchs are widespread and abundant in late Paleoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic rocks, and in all known assemblages morphological diversity is limited to a few taxa of smooth-walled spheromorphs (leiosphaerids; Figure 4A) differentiated on the basis of size, spheroids bearing a single filament-like emergence, and/or somewhat lumpy or irregular vesicles (Keller and Jankauskas, 1982; Jankauskas, 1989).
Morphological diversification began in the late Mesoproterozoic Eon with the appearance of striated spheromorphic vesicles (Valeria lophostriata ) and the first acanthomorphic acritarchs (Jankauskas, 1989; Knoll, in press). Chinese rocks poorly dated at ca. 1100 Ma contain the oldest known large (>100 µm) acanthomorphs (Yan and Zhu, 1992; Figure 4D)—a type of microfossil characteristically found in Neoproterozoic assemblages (Semikhatov, 1991; Knoll, in press). The 900- to 1000-Maold Lakhanda biota of Siberia (German, 1990) contains a moderate diversity of both acanthomorphs and lightly ornamented spheromorphs (Figure 4C). Latest Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic acritarch diversification is complemented by the first appearance of multicellular eukaryotes that can be placed in extant phyla. Red algae that display clear cellular differentiation are locally abundant in silicified peritidal carbonates of the Hunting Formation, arctic Canada (Butterfield et al., 1990); probable chromophytic algae are beautifully preserved in Lakhanda mudstones (German, 1990); and several green algal taxa occur in the younger Svanbergfjellet Formation of Svalbard (Butterfield et al., in press).
Acritarchs increase in both total and assemblage diversity in 900-to 800-Ma-old rocks (Figures 1–3), due largely to the differentiation of ornamented forms. Vase-shaped protistan tests also proliferate at this time. Most taxa that originated during the early-to-middle Neoproterozoic Era disappeared by the time of the great Varanger ice age (?650–590 Ma ago), but post-Varanger successions on three continents contain diverse assemblages of new and highly ornamented acritarchs (Yin, 1987; Knoll, 1992a; Zang and Walter, 1992; Moczydlowska et al., 1993; Figure 4F and G). This postglacial diversification is all the more remarkable because it is so short-lived. Even exceptionally preserved latest Proterozoic acritarch assemblages are limited to a handful of leiosphaerids and small acanthomorphs. The extinction correlates stratigraphically with the appearance of diverse Ediacaran-type metazoans; where diverse acanthomorphs and Ediacaran remains occur in the same succession, the former lie stratigraphically beneath the latter. However, correlation to the independent chronostratigraphic record of C and Sr isotopic variation suggests that the two types of assemblage coexisted for a limited interval (Kaufman and Knoll, in press). Acritarchs again diversified rapidly during the Early Cambrian (Volkova et al., 1983; Moczydlowska, 1991; Figure 4H).
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Estimates of Evolutionary Tempo
Figures 1 and 2 depict assemblage and total diversity through the interval from 1700 to 520 Ma ago. (Figure 3 plots total diversity data on a linear time scale to show more clearly the length of the initial interval of low diversity and the rapidity of subsequent changes.) The similarity of the figures is not surprising, given the wide facies and geographic distributions of many taxa. Species richness began low and rose only slightly during the first 700–800 Ma of the acritarch record—an interval longer than the entire Phanerozoic Eon. A burst of first appearances 900–800 Ma nearly doubled both assemblage and total diversity, bringing them to a new level that would persist with limited change until the Varanger ice age. The figures show diversity peaking 750–700 Ma ago and then declining to a minimum during the Varanger interval. However, intervals N5 and N6 are the most poorly sampled of the entire period under consideration. Taxa whose currently known last appearance is in N4 or N5 may well be discovered in closer proximity to Varanger strata, while some of the many acritarch taxa whose first known appearance is in N7 may be found in earlier intervals. For example, the large acritarchs Papillomembrana compta and Ericiasphaera spjeldnaessi, both conspicuous components of N7 assemblages, occur in clasts of the Biskopås Comglomerate, Norway, that underlie Varanger tillites (Vidal, 1990). On the other hand, few pre-Varanger taxa occur in the beautifully preserved assemblages that characterize N7, and in places like northwestern Canada, assemblages deposited just before the ice age contain only characteristically pre-Varanger taxa (Allison and Awramik, 1989). Thus, the marked change in assemblage composition across the Varanger interval is probably a stable feature of the record, and the extinctions inferred from the figures may have been concentrated in a brief interval before or during the Varanger ice age.
The high diversity of immediately post-Varanger acritarch assemblages is apparent from the figures. A burst of first appearances lifted both assemblage and total species richness to their Proterozoic maxima, and an ensuing maximum in last appearances subsequently reduced diversity to levels resembling those of the Mesoproterozoic and earliest Neoproterozoic. Seventy-five percent of recorded species disappeared, including most if not all large morphologically distinctive forms.
The first four intervals of the Early Cambrian exhibit sharp increases in numbers of first appearances; species richness within assemblages eclipsed its Proterozoic maximum in C3 (ca. 531–528 Ma), and total diversity peaked one interval later (C4, ca. 528–524 Ma ago). Last
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TABLE 2 Species richness, rates of origination, and rates of extinction for Proterozoic and early Cambrian acritarchs
(Ma ago)
N, total species richness; FA, first appearance; LA, last appearance; FA (LA)/Ma, first (last) appearance per Ma; FA (LA)/Sp/Ma, first (last) appearance per species per Ma. For the calculation of per species rates of origination and extinction, standing diversity was taken to be the geometric mean of diversity at the beginning and end of each interval, making the simplifying assumption that all extinctions took place at the ends of intervals.
a All species present in M1 are counted as first appearances, but some may have originated earlier. Thus, calculated rates of first appearance for M1 may be too high.
appearances also increase throughout these intervals and exceed first appearances at the end of the Early Cambrian.
Table 2 shows calculated rates of cladogenetic evolution for each of the intervals under consideration. For intervals M1 though N1, both total and per taxon rates of first and last appearances are low, indicating not only that diversity was low but also that constituent species were long lasting. (The calculated rates of first appearance for M1 may be misleading, in that all species are recorded as first appearances. The presence of simple acritarchs in rocks that may be older than 1700 Ma indicates that at least some of these forms may have originated earlier.) By 900–800 Ma ago (N2), total rates of origination had increased by an order of magnitude to a level at which they remained for the duration of the pre-Varanger Neoproterozoic. Interestingly, after an increase during interval N2, per taxon rates of origination returned to levels comparable to earlier intervals; both total and per taxon extinction rates increased toward the Varanger ice age.
Another order of magnitude increase in origination and extinction
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Figure 5 Cohort survivorship curves for species that originated during intervals M1 (1700–1400 Ma), N2 (900–800 Ma), and C3 (531–528 Ma). The abscissa denotes time since cohort origin.
rates attended the brief post-Varanger diversification event, after which terminal Proterozoic turnover returned to average Neoproterozoic levels. During the peak of the Cambrian acritarch radiation, origin and extinction rates both increased to levels an additional order of magnitude above the Neoproterozoic mean.
Cohort survivorship provides another means of evaluating evolutionary tempo (Van Valen, 1973; Raup, 1978, 1985). A comparison of the three cohort survivorship curves in Figure 5 shows that species originating in early Cambrian interval C3 turned over much more rapidly than those of Neoproterozoic cohort N2, which in turn decayed more quickly than Paleo- and Mesoproterocoic cohort M1. Very rough estimates of mean species duration and half-life (median species duration) confirm the order of magnitude increases in tempo between the Mesoand Neoproterozoic and again between the Neoproterozoic and Early Cambrian (Table 3). Thus, relative to earlier intervals, Cambrian acritarch assemblages contain more and more species that survive for shorter and shorter periods of time. Mean species duration and half-life for Cambrian acritarchs is similar to values computed for both younger protistan groups with good fossil records and Phanerozoic animal taxa (Table 3).
How seriously should we take these figures? The general problems of sampling, data set size, and age estimation have already been noted. Imprecisions could easily alter estimates of tempo by a factor of two.
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TABLE 3 Estimates of species durations
Taxonomic group
Half-life, Ma
Mean duration, Ma
Acritarch cohort M1
Acritarch cohort N2
Acritarch cohort C3
Planktonic foraminifera
All invertebrates
Half-life (median species duration) and mean duration were calculated according to Raup (1978, 1985). Data for Phanerozoic protists and invertebrates are from Van Valen (1973) and Raup (1985).
a Of course, species that originated <1700 Ma ago cannot have true durations that exceed this age. Durations presented were calculated from the mean extinction rate (the slope of the cohort survivorship curve), which is very low.
However, it is unlikely that any combination of sampling, taxonomic, or geochronometric errors exerts a major control on the principal pattern revealed by this analysis—that of doubling in diversity and ten-fold increase in rates of origination and extinction near the Mesoproterozoic–Neoproterozoic boundary and again in the Early Cambrian. Indeed, this exercise quantifies what we have long known as biostratigraphers—that acritarch-based correlation is difficult among Mesoproterozoic successions, somewhat easier in the Neoproterozoic, and precise in the Lower Cambrian.
Comparisons with Previous Diversity Estimates. The diversity trends noted here are broadly similar to those outlined a decade ago by Vidal and Knoll (1983), indicating an overall stability of pattern despite substantial increases in the numbers of species and assemblages described. There is one difference between the two estimates, however, and it is a major one; Vidal and Knoll's compilation lacks any inkling of the short-lived diversity peak in N7. That peak first appears in the literature in 1988 in a figure by Zang (1988), who discovered highly diverse N7 acritarchs in the Pertatataka Formation, Australia. Since then, even more diverse assemblages have been recognized in rocks of this age (Figure 1). The N7 spike cautions us that despite the overall stability of Proterozoic and early Cambrian acritarch diversity trends, short-lived diversification and extinction episodes may be missed at current levels of temporal sampling density.
A different view of Proterozoic protistan diversity was presented by Schopf (1992), who showed a broad diversity peak 1000–850 Ma ago, followed by a strong and continuing decline until the end of the eon.
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Schopf's compilations of mean assemblage diversity for plankton and eukaryotes emphasize the inferred early Neoproterozoic diversity peak even more strongly. This discrepancy arises for at least three reasons: (i) Schopf's estimates of species richness for early Neoproterozoic assemblages from Russia significantly exceed those accepted here, (ii) most of the fossils that determine the diversity levels of intervals N4 to N7 in the present paper do not appear in Schopf's data set, largely because of recent discovery, and (iii) Schopf's calculation of mean assemblage diversity is swamped by low diversity assemblages of limited paleobiological value. For these reasons, I believe that the diversity trends shown in Figures 1–3 of the present paper better reflect the known record of early protists.
Intimations of Mode? As noted above, the increase in acritarch diversity and tempo near the Mesoproterozoic–Neoproterozoic boundary coincides with the appearance of identifiable red, green, and probable chromophyte algae in the record. Branching patterns in molecular phylogenies of the eukaryotes suggest that these algal taxa, along with stramenopiles (ciliates, dinoflagellates, and plasmodia), fungi, and the ancestors of animals, diverged rapidly relatively late in the history of the domain (Sogin et al., 1989). The paleontological data suggest that the radiation implied by molecular phylogenies occurred near the Mesoproterozoic–Neoproterozoic boundary; phylogenetic data, in turn, suggest possible explanations for the acceleration of evolutionary tempo documented by the fossils.
Nuclear introns, multicellular development that includes coordinated growth and cellular differentiation, and life cycles in which classical meiosis plays a prominent role are all characters displayed by higher eukaryotes but not earlier branching clades (Cleveland, 1947; Margulis et al., 1989; Tibeyrence et al., 1991; Palmer and Logsdon, 1991). The evolutionary relationships among these features are poorly understood, but possibly not coincidental. Either sexual life cycles or the exon shuffling made possible by introns could increase genetic variation and, thereby, accelerate evolutionary tempo (Schopf et al., 1973; Knoll, 1992a). This would be true of nuclear introns whether they first evolved at the time of higher protistan differentiation (Palmer and Logsdon, 1991) or were simply retained more readily in lineages characterized by sexual life cycles (Hickey, 1982).
Given the population genetic possibilities of such changes, it is surprising that the greater increase in acritarch diversity and tempo is concentrated at the beginning of the Cambrian Period. At this time, there is no evidence of genetic reorganization. New faster evolving clades may enter the acritarch record, but groups such as the prasino-
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phytes that appear to have been important on both sides of the Proterozoic–Cambrian boundary also document the acceleration of cladogenetic tempo. Of course, the sharp increase in acritarch diversity and turnover coincides with a comparable evolutionary burst in animals. The nearly simultaneous radiation in two such phylogenetically, developmentally, and trophically disparate groups suggests the importance of ecology in determining the tempo of Cambrian (and later) evolution. Evolving animals would have contributed in several ways to the complexity of environments perceived by acritarch-producing protists: for example, through predation, the disturbance of pre-existing physical environments, the creation of new physical environments, and the alteration of nutrient fluxes in marine platform and shelf waters. Diversifying protists would have had reciprocal effects on animals. Diversity levels reached by Early Cambrian animals and protists were later eclipsed by continuing diversification, but the increased rates of turnover established at this time have persisted for the past 500 Ma (Table 2; Van Valen, 1973; Raup, 1985).
This is interesting in light of evidence that turnover in Phanerozoic marine communities may be coordinated among species and concentrated at times of environmental disturbance represented sedimentologically by sequence boundaries (Brett et al., 1990; Morris et al., 1992; Miller, 1993). This suggests that the basal Cambrian increase in the biological complexity of environments may have lowered the response thresholds of populations to physical fluctuations, perhaps by decreasing population sizes and effective niche breadth.
The short-lived acritarch radiation in N7 stands out as anomalous. Is this when faster evolutionary tempo was established in protists, only to be cut off by mass extinction? Might it correspond to an epoch of cryptic animal diversification that presaged the Ediacaran faunas of the next interval? Is the acritarch diversification causally related to oceanographic changes that accompanied the end of the Varanger glaciation, and if so, why aren't comparable changes observed in the wake of earlier Neoproterozoic ice ages?
We still glimpse early biological history through a glass darkly, but broad patterns are beginning to come into focus. These patterns suggest that on the time scale of eukaryotic evolution as a whole, evolutionary tempo has increased episodically. Morphological diversity and turnover rates were low for the earliest recorded period of early protistan evolution, an interval that lasted longer than the entire Phanerozoic Eon. Near the Mesoproterozoic–Neoproterozoic bound-
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ary, the morphological diversity and turnover rates of acritarch-producing protists increased significantly, apparently as part of a larger increase in eukaryotic diversity that included heterotrophs as well as algae. Most notably, the Proterozoic and Early Cambrian record of acritarchs suggests that radiating animals had a profound effect on both diversity and turnover within clades already present in marine communities, implying an important role for ecology in fueling the Cambrian explosion and, perhaps, earlier protistan diversification.
In rocks of late Paleoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic age (ca. 1700–1000 million years ago), probable eukaryotic microfossils are widespread and well preserved, but assemblage and global diversities are low and turnover is slow. Near the Mesoproterozoic–Neoproterozoic boundary (1000 million years ago), red, green, and chromophytic algae diversified; molecular phylogenies suggest that this was part of a broader radiation of ''higher" eukaryotic phyla. Observed diversity levels for protistan microfossils increased significantly at this time, as did turnover rates. Coincident with the Cambrian radiation of marine invertebrates, protistan microfossils again doubled in diversity and rates of turnover increased by an order of magnitude. Evidently, the Cambrian diversification of animals strongly influenced evolutionary rates within clades already present in marine communities, implying an important role for ecology in fueling a Cambrian explosion that extends across kingdoms.
I thank Zhang Yun, Yin Leiming, Kathleen Grey, Zang Wenlong, Malcolm Walter, Tadas Jankauskas, Nina Volkova, Tamara German, Alexei Veis, Vladimir Sergeev, Nicholas Butterfield, and—especially—Gonzalo Vidal and Malgorzata Moczydlowska for access to and discussions about Proterozoic and Cambrian microfossils. George Miklos, Kenneth Campbell, and J. William Schopf provided helpful criticisms of an earlier draft. This work was sponsored in part by National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant NAGW-893 and National Science Foundation Grant BSR 90-17747.
Allison, C. W. & Awramik, S. M. (1989) Organic-walled microfossils from earliest Cambrian or latest Proterozoic Tindir Group rocks, northwest Canada. Precambrian Res. 43, 253–294.
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Brett, C. E., Miller, K. B. & Baird, G. C. (1990) Paleocommunity temporal dynamics: the long-term development of multispecies assemblages. Paleontol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 5, 178–209.
Butterfield, N. J., Knoll, A. H. & Swett, K. (1990) A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of arctic Canada. Science 250, 104–107.
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German, T. N. (1990) Organic World Billion Year Ago (Nauka, Leningrad).
Han, T. M. & Runnegar, B. (1992) Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257, 232–235.
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Jankauskas, T. V. (1982) Microfossils from the Riphean of the Southern Urals, in Stratotip rifeya: Paleontologiya, Paleomagnetizm [Stratotype of the Riphean: Paleontology, Paleomagnetism], ed. Keller, B. M. (Nauka, Moscow), pp. 84–120.
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Academic Innovations & eLearningUAA Academic Innovations & eLearning supports the UAA learning environment by fostering quality instructional practices, innovation and technologies. Consisting of instructional designers, developers, multimedia specialists and student support personnel, we support eLearning and instructional technologies, and provide professional development opportunities for all of UAA and our rural campuses. Hot TopicsThis month we are going "Back to the Future," so to speak. We will be revisiting the Spring Semester 2015 focus topics, take a look at what is happening at this very moment, and view upcoming workshops that you will not want to miss. PastSpring semester flew by in a flash, but we were able to focus on some important topics that relate to online learning spaces and teaching & learning practices. Here is a quick overview of what we accomplished:
FuturePlan ahead for Fall 2015. With busy schedules and new activities on the horizon make sure to register for fall workshops and bootcamp so you can hit the ground running when you are back on campus.
Additional Resources: From Our TeamInstructional DesignNeed one-on-one time with an Instructional designer? Use our new appointment form. ePortfolio 2-Day IntensiveIs your program or department considering Digication's ePortfolio services or have you already begun implementation? If so, sign up for our ePortfolio 2-day intensive. This is a hands-on event to support faculty and programs interested in incorporating ePortfolios. The first day consists of discussions and presentations surrounding pedagogy, ePortfolios, and implementation and the second day consists of hands-on workshops. Registrants will be matched with a mentor who can help with planning, development, deployment, and more. The intensive is designed for department/cohort participation and compliments ongoing conversations around campus. Wednesday & Thursday, May 6 - 7 | LRC in SMH | 8:00 am - 5:00 pm. Register for ePortfolio 2-Day Intensive | |
Quick FormsProctor Requests for eLearning Students Group Trainings for Instructors Digital Media Requests for Instructors Test Scanning for Instructors (pdf) Key ServicesServices are available to any and all of the campuses on the UAA system, which includes our rural campus locations, and can be provided via distance. |
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total posts: 30
Vegetarian Phở - simple, pure, nourishing.
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Irish Soda Bread - The perfect vehicle to shovel ungodly amounts of butter or Irish cheddar your face while still oven-warm.
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In Webster County, Iowa, you can find 1 community college serving 5,697 students.
Minority enrollment is 11% of the student body (majority Hispanic and Black).
The student:teacher ratio of 33:1 is less than the state average of 57:1.
Webster County Community Colleges
- College Location Students
Fort DodgeIowa Central Community College
One Triton Circle
Fort Dodge, IA 50501
(515)576-72015,697 students
Recent Articles
Updated March 20, 2015
Not all community college students spend their winter and summer break on vacation. Some utilize that time to take a few extra classes and earn credits that can help them graduate early. Other students test out of courses and receive credit for work experiences in order to get ahead. In this article, learn about the various methods you can use to pursue extra college credits.
Earlier this year, President Obama outlined a proposal that would make community college free for millions of community college students. What does it mean for you?
With serious mental health issues on the rise on college campuses nationwide, community colleges are scrambling to provide expanded mental health services to students.


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It's All Tickety Boo for the Tattoo Now
By John Gibson
PRODUCER Major-General Euan Loudon had got back from checking out the fledgling Basel Tattoo just in time to brief the press in the Castle about the programme for the 59th edition of the Edinburgh original.
You could tell he'd been in Switzerland. He was weighed down with cuckoo clocks, bars of Toblerone sticking out of his ears. He doesn't care, just as long as he gets his message across.
And the message is . . . the 25 sell-out performances on the rock between August 1-23 will be crackers.
He couldn't bring the show-stopping Swiss Drummers with him. They were last here in 2006 and while currently they're not on a roll they're already psyching themselves up for the Esplanade next year.
But there'll be breaths of fresh air from Singapore, India and Norway, plenty dancing and marching girls and, of course, enough pipers and drummers to fill a hundred Highland Cathedrals.
"We are a small organisation but with a big voice," claimed the upbeat Loudon, relevant to the untold billions of viewers round the world who'll see the BBC's televised version next month, again masterminded by genial John Smith, whose last gig was filming the RAF's celebration of its 90th birthday.
The hirsute John's assignment with the boys in blue was seriously curtailed by the weather.
A non-participant, he won't have to worry about Beijing's weather. He'll leave that to his colleagues, some 450 of whom will be there, outnumbering Britain's competitors. It's only money.
It's the Territorial Army's turn for the star Tattoo treatment this time, by the way. Rightly so. Where would be without the good old TA? Without them we'd all be doomed.
These press receptions invariably leave us assured that everything will be all right on the night. Loudon's laughing. The money's in the bank. Like his predecessor, Brigadier Mel Jameson, he is good at topping and tailing. Mel in his semi-retirement is growing raspberries in Blairgowrie. I never ever saw him in a jam.
Meant to say . . . Prince Michael's one of the VIPs taking the Tattoo salute. What does he do for a living besides his walk-on part at Wimbledon? Growing strawberries must be his full-time job.
(c) 2008 Evening News; Edinburgh (UK). Provided by ProQuest Information and Learning. All rights Reserved.


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City Hall, Smith Street; PO Box 917
South Africa
Connect to: Library Web Site Online Catalog
Library details: EThekwini Municipal Libraries is a Public library.
This library is affiliated with EThekwini Municipal Libraries (view map)
Permalink: http://librarytechnology.org/libraries/library.pl?id=38093
(Use this link to refer back to this listing.)
Identifiers | |
libraries.org ID | 38093 |
OCLC Symbol | Z5I |
WorldCat Registry ID | 71340 |
Record History: This listing was created on Jul 31, 2008 and was last modified on Dec 23, 2014.
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Thieves are specialists of the Rogue class, learning the Thievery skillset, and are generally members of the Mockers guild. Thieves are said to be trained by a retired thief somewhere along the Far Coast, where he prefers to maintain a low profile. See also: HELP THIEVERY
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Located squarely on the famed 45th parallel, Forty-Five North uses its distinct location as the driving force behind its approach to crafting world-class wines that represent the region. Using grapes from estate and regional vineyards, everything is hand-crafted on-site with the ultimate goal of producing the most approachable, elegant wines possible.
Aside from red and white varietals, they also make a variety of fruit wines sourced from locally-grown fruits like peaches and strawberries as well as experimental dessert wines such as 45 Gold, a bourbon-barrel-aged apricot wine. The rustic, post-and-beam barn nestled in the trees sets the scene for an unforgettable tasting experience.
May–Oct: Mon–Sat 11–6, Sun 12–6
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8580 E. Horn Road
Lake Leelanau, MI 49653
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Fountain Square
Now celebrating its 34th year, Fountain Square Art Festival is the largest and oldest fine arts fair on Chicago's majestic North Shore. Featuring the eclectic works of more than 225 juried artists, this sprawling art showcase epitomizes words like "cosmopolitan" and "sophistication." The festival takes place in downtown Evanston, just steps from the eponymous Fountain Square. It also features a popular children's art tent with fun activities overseen by the acclaimed Evanston Art Center, food, and a soothing jazz-centric music lineup.
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Skokie Festival of Cultures
Since its inception in 1991, the Skokie Festival of Cultures has become one of the premier ethnic festivals in Illinois, attracting more than 450,000 visitors and dozens of cultures, all representing Skokie's tremendous diversity. Attendees will take their free 'Tour of the World,' enjoying two days of ethnic folk music and dance, a wide range of food, unique arts and crafts, beer tasting, a merchandise bazaar, and dozens of cultural booths and displays.
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DALLAS Residents in the Lake Highlands section of Dallas are fighting a proposal that would establish living quarters for both the homeless and parolees.
The Woodside Lane Condos in the 9300 block of Forest Lane is one of five area properties that may soon provide a new home for people who have no place to live or are just coming out of prison.
Dallas City Council member Jerry Allen sponsored a Monday night meeting with officials from Lake Highlands homeowners' associations.
At first, they listened to several representatives of the agencies who want to find homes for 160 people who are homeless or formerly incarcerated.
We're not any happier with the crime levels than you are in the area. The goal is to try and fix that, said K.C. Griffin of Integrity Asset Management. The people that we have in our programs don't... don't resort to crime, because they have the assistance that they need.
The Woodside apartments would house 20 people that just got out of prison. Anxious HOA presidents were told none of them are violent criminals or sex offenders. But that information did not ease their concerns.
Our experience with that property in the last four years is not one that would encourage me to put people who are trying to reestablish themselves as law-abiding citizens in that project, because it's already bad, said Lake Highlands homeowner Jim Thompson.
The agencies behind the project are touting the success of their programs, and they vowed to work with area homeowners so there are no surprises.
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Color theory
The Color Theory Quick Reference Poster for Designers
The basics of color theory contained in one place – specifically, a cool infographic-esque poster.
Resolution: 1920X1200, 1680X1500, 1440X900, 1280X800.
Join quicklycode on:
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2 comments
Mar 16, 2010 - 08:49
Really nice!
Mar 24, 2010 - 08:52
This is definitely my actual wallpaper. Thanks ;)


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The Monark Ergomedic 839E Electronic Test Cycle is one of the worlds most accurate cycle ergometers. It is especially used for fitness assessment and stress testing, as well as in research, sports medicine and rehabilitation.
The Monark 839E Electronic Cycle Ergometer is equipped with removable control unit, pre-programed with Astrand, Bruce, YMCA, Naughton, Ramp, and Incremental protocols, amongst others, plus target heart rate adjusted workload. Individual exercise protocals can be programmed and stored. Heart rate is monitored by optical ear sensor or with chest belt of telemetry type.
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CHURUBUSCO — The Churu-busco Eagles moved to 11-0 Friday for the first time in the school's history, beating Madison-Grant 28-20. With the win, the team is also advancing to the sectional championship at Bishop Luers. It was one of the closest contests of the season for the Eagles. Madison-Grant took the opening possession and matriculated down the field on the feet of Cedric Presley, who had two runs of 32 yards on the first drive. Argyll Tyler Young scored from one-yard out, taking the lead 7-0. Young and Presley served as workhorses the entire game.
Check out Thursday's edition of The Post and Mail for this week's sectional previews. Churubusco (10-0) is hosting Madison-Grant (7-3) and Whitko (6-4) is traveling to Garrett (8-2). Keep an eye on our Facebook page for quarterly score updates from Friday's games.
In 1966, the No. 1 song on the charts was Strangers in the Night, by Frank Sinatra. John Wayne's movie El Dorado was released, gas was $.28 a gallon and stamps were five cents apiece. It was also the only year Columbia City posted a 9-0 undefeated football team. Though there wasn't a state tournament in 1966, the Eagles went 9-0 after nearly opposite results in 1965.
To read the rest of this story, please order the e-edition or call The Post & Mail at 244-5153, ext. 207 and ask for a subscription.
CARROLL — Columbia City girls' volleyball team headed to Carroll High School Saturday to face East Noble in the second round of sectional play. The Lady Eagles were handed an unfortunate, season-ending lost to the Lady Knights, 3-1. Columbia City was trailing East Noble in much of the first game until it took the momentum and an 18-15 lead. Samara Qureshi took the serve and didn't relinquish it until Columbia City had scored five-straight points to make it 20-18.
FORT WAYNE — Whitko's boys cross country team seemed a little out of place at the awards ceremony Saturday at New Haven's semi-state meet. Barefooted and surrounded by big-town schools like Mishawaka, Marion, South Bend St. Joseph, Carroll, Warsaw and Snider, the Wildcats took the podium for their first ever sixth-place finish, good enough for a trip to the state meet. Taking the trip to Terre Haute with them will be Columbia City's Samantha Roush, who placed second individually.
FORT WAYNE — Intensity. The key factor that nearly ended Whitko's season Friday night in the first three quarters against Concordia. The fourth quarter was a different story. A 34-yard field goal kick by Jake Nissley and an inspired defense led the Wildcats to a 18-15 win in the first round of sectionals.
WOODBURN – Churubusco, Northeast Corner Conference Champions in football, advanced in its opening round of sectional's Friday, traveling to Woodburn and defeating the Warriors, 38-0. The game was precisely as lop-sided as it sounds.
When people look in the record books it will just show that for the sixth year in a row, the Columbia City Eagle football team's season ended at the hands of Fort Wayne Bishop Dwenger 27-10. What it won't show is that this was a game that was in doubt late into the fourth quarter.
NORWELL – Whitko volleyball's season ended Thursday night as it lost its opening sectional match in three straight games to Eastbrook, 25-8, 25-13, 25-16. Eastbrook's Lauren Heeter took advantage of the Lady Wildcats slow start, going on a five-point serving run to make the game one score 7-2.
BERNE — The Churubusco Lady Eagles made the long trip to South Adams to face the hosting Lady Starfires in the opening round of the IHSAA 2A Sectional 36. The Lady Eagles season came to an end as Churubusco fell to the Starfires in a marathon five-game match.


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