text:
Giant Escalator Become Mode Of Transport For Colombia's Shanty Dwellers
Imagine if after a long day at school, instead of jumping into a car, you were faced with 530 hard stairs? That is exactly what some of the poorest residents of the town of Medellin, Colombia had to face each and every day.
That's because over 12,000 of them live in an area known as Comuna 13, which happens to be located entirely on a steep hillside. The only way from there to the city center was by climbing up and down old rambling stairs, something the residents had been resigned to doing for many generations. Not only was it hard, but also, an unproductive time drain, given that it took over 35 minutes to scale the stairs.
However, now there is finally some relief, thanks to a ginormous 1,269ft. tall escalator that has been installed alongside the steps, so that the residents can simply step up, relax and take in the views, all the way up.
In order to make sure that it is easily accessible to everyone living on the hillside, the escalator is divided into six sections. Those that need to continue simply hop off one section and walk right onto the next. The best part is, that their commute time has been reduced to 6 minutes.
Surprisingly however, not all residents are as thrilled with this new 'public transport' system that cost $6.7mm USD. Some believe that the money should have been used to upgrade the condition of their homes or help them buy food. Hopefully, that is what the government officials will focus on next.
Meanwhile, this outdoor escalator, the first of its kind, is garnering the attention of many neighboring cities. Officials from Rio de Janeiro are considering a similar project for some of their shantytowns which, are also located on steep hillsides.
Resources: Dailymail.co.uk, cnn.com, bbc.co.uk
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil256 Comments
- minecraftTuesday, June 3, 2014 at 1:15 amcoollllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllomg thats pretty cool
- otterSaturday, October 26, 2013 at 9:37 amI wish i lived there! I love escalators, and it would be so fun to ride them so often! That is so nice to give them a free way to ride around town!
- winterMonday, July 8, 2013 at 1:38 pmOne of my favorite things to do is ride the escalators over and over again at stores while my parents are shopping.
- straceyWednesday, January 30, 2013 at 5:59 pmIt is pretty cool, but it's sad to think about. People so poor, that they live where the gov. has to buy them an escalator to get to the city. Everyday people in America don't do that. Whe have to stop and take a look at the economy around us and stop thinking about how much we want the new electronic. Think about it.
- -------Sunday, January 27, 2013 at 6:41 amLazy people but cool :)
- JaedynTuesday, December 18, 2012 at 10:48 amThat's cool
- fancynancy Thursday, December 6, 2012 at 10:45 pmWOW!! I think itz icredable this can actually help people that live up high placeses so the people wont have to wlk long ways for example the people with disabilaties.
- bobby wassabiTuesday, October 2, 2012 at 9:39 amcool
- Lilyb203Tuesday, June 12, 2012 at 7:09 amI always find it interesting how we take things for granted but in other countries the small things are precious in sight. I need to think of getting to play violin and take lessons as something amazing rather then boring because other people in other countries would die to even find out what a violin is.
- cookiejohnFriday, September 14, 2012 at 4:12 pmi want piano lessons
- kookiekatThursday, March 29, 2012 at 12:42 pmcool
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Cornerstone Baptist Church, Rock Hill, South Carolina Rev. Ron Roddey, Pastor
Before coming to Cornerstone, he was the assistant pastor at Independent Bible Baptist in Charlotte, NC. While there, he directed all visitation and evangelistic outreach ministries. He has many years experience as pastor and several years as youth pastor. His past ministries include: camp director at Harvest Time Bible Camp; preaching in nursing homes, jails, and on the radio; directing a bus ministry; teaching Sunday School; and leading visitation and soul winning programs. He has been instrumental in growth in several churches.
Pastor Roddey accepted Jesus as his savior on March 5th, 1978 at Eastside Baptist in Rock Hill. He attended Blessed Hope Bible Institute in York, SC, was licensed in 1981, and ordained in 1983. He received a Bachelor's degree in Bible Studies at Great Commission Bible College, Bowling Green, KY in 1997. Pastor Roddey and his wife, Terry, have 3 daughters and sons-in-law. They are Phil & Suzanne Slaughter, Bobby & Becky Matthews, & Everett & Charity Turbeville. Their granddaughters are Elly and Etta Marie Turbeville and Olivia Slaughter. Pastor and Mrs. Roddey would like to invite you to visit Cornerstone Baptist Church.
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By Alexis Tereszcuk – Radar Senior Reporter
Giuliana Rancic is bravely battling breast cancer in the public eye and she's speaking out now to assure fans that she's doing well.
"I'm good. I'm hanging in there. I have good days and bad days, but so far so good," the E! News host told Parade magazine in a new interview.
Diagnosed in August, she quickly had a double lumpectomy and returned to work just a week after the surgery.
PHOTOS: Celebs Stand Up To Cancer
"I'm very optimistic and I'm just happy to have caught it early," Giuliana said. "I think that's really the most important thing. Early detection means so much. I want women to make sure they're taking care of their health and being proactive."
The positive feedback Giuliana received when she announced the news was a shock to her she said.
PHOTOS: Guiliana And Bill Tour Italy
"When I went public, I thought, 'OK, I guess a couple of people are going to talk about this,' but I couldn't believe it. The outpouring and the love and support was just beyond anything I could have ever imagined. I really relied on a lot of those messages I was receiving through Twitter and email and through blogs right before the surgery and the week I was recovering.
"I know it sounds so cliché, but I think it helped me recover quicker and it got me in better spirits. The word I kept seeing over and over again was 'strong.' 'Be strong, you're strong.' That word has never meant so much to me as it has this past month. I owe that all to the people behind me."
PHOTOS: LeAnn Rimes Leaves Nobu After Peace Talks With Giuliana Rancic
Giuliana's struggle with infertility has been the focus of her reality show with her husband Bill Rancic, and she says she doesn't have any regrets about airing all the details of her personal life.
"We just felt like with every trial and tribulation we've put on this show, people have told us how much they learned from it and how it made them feel less alone. We thought that was a pretty incredible opportunity. The fact that we can help people through our show is an honor. We're happy to do it and it's something that we continue to do. We really are like open books. It's worth it to kind of sacrifice some of my personal life to help others."
Tearful Giuliana Rancic Returns To Work After Breast Cancer Surgery
Giuliana & Bill Rancic Hold Heads High On Tough Day
Giuliana Rancic On Breast Cancer Diagnosis: 'I Was A Nervous Wreck'


text:
Bilals Stand (2009)
Starring: Angela Roberts Julian Gant Angela King Sabrina Wallace
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Category Keywords: Coming Of Age High School Experiences Muslim Self-Discovery Students Teenage Teenagers
Rating: NR
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Editor's Note
A teenager's ambitions for his future aren't the same that his family has for him in this independent comedy-drama. Bilal (Julian Gant) is an Arab-American high school student from Detroit. Bilal's family runs a downtown cab stand that's a hangout for folks in the neighborhood and has been the family's bread and butter for decades. Bilal works at the stand in his spare time and works hard to keep his grades up; his parents are proud of their son and look forward to the day he takes over the business. But Bilal has other ideas; he wants to go on to college, and has taken up ice sculpture in hopes of winning a scholarship competition. When Bilal's family finds out about his secret plans, the young man has to chose between his loyalties to his family and his obligations to himself. The first feature film from writer and director Sultan Sharrief, BILAL'S STAND was produced as part of a program affiliated with the University of Michigan to encourage young filmmakers, and was an official entry at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival.
Cast & Crew
Angela Roberts | |
Julian Gant | |
Angela King | |
Sabrina Wallace | |
Chelsea O'Connor | |
Nadir Ahmed - Co-Star | |
Mike Williamson - Director of Photography | |
Sultan Sharrief - Screenwriter | |
Kevin DeKimpe - Composer | |
Sultan Sharrief - Director |


text:
OkCupid.com: Free Online Dating
"The Google ofonline dating"
— The Boston Globe
"The bestfree dating site"
— About.com
"A favorite hangoutfor internet goers"
— The Village Voice
"Pretty legit"
— Some guy on Yelp
Using their score as a guide, people disposed towards cheating can link up with each other and those not can link up, and members of each side sigh in exasperation at the other without actually hurting anyone. In theory.
The test has about 40 questions. Questions will essentially break it down into 3 categories. Practical Fidelity: How much you've actually cheated or are likely to cheat. Theoretical Fidelity: Whether you have the habits typically associated with a cheater, even if you don't actually cheat. Communication: How honest you are with your partner about your activities and/or desires.
For the purposes of these questions, "cheating" counts as any situation where your partner would have considered it cheating. So for instance if you're a masseuse and you give back rubs every day and your partner knows this, it's not cheating. But if say there is this one coworker with whom you feel you have to steal away into the shadows to do your rubbings in secret, that's cheating.
WARNING: Make sure you read the questions carefully and don't miss any, or you might not get the score you expected, and it will show up on your profile. If this happens, you will need to re-take the test to get a better score.
I would keep it a secret and deny any accusations.
I would only admit to it if my partner found out.
I would probably admit to it out of guilt, eventually, but I'd wait for the right moment.
I'd give full disclosure immediately.
I've never wished it were OK to cheat.
No/I'm not here to find a romantic or sexual partner.
I'm in a monogamous relationship with someone else and am looking for something on the side.
I'm in an open relationship with someone else, and have disclosed this in my profile.
I'm in an open relationship with someone else, and have not disclosed this in my profile.
This situation doesn't apply to me.
Yes, but I disclose this to everyone I talk to.
Yes, but I'm trying to keep it on the down-low.
He/she is not my True Love if they ask this of me. I attempt to inform the spouse that he/she was trying to cheat on them.
I tell my True Love to show me the signed divorce papers before starting the relationship.
I get together with my True Love but give them a time frame after which I expect the divorce to be finalized.
I'll do whatever necessary to be with my True Love.
Wish my True Love the best in finding someone else; I'm taken.
Apologize to my spouse and file for divorce.
I'm not going to waste one second of my life without my True Love. We shack up first and figure out what to do later.
I try to keep my 2 for 1 deal going on as long as possible.
Turn down the opportunity, no regrets.
I turn down the opportunity, but will probably kick myself later!
I go on the date, but feel bad for doing so. How was I supposed to know I'd be in this predicament?
I go on the date, no regrets.
Not for me.
Sometimes they are ok.
All relationships should be open.
Everyone relationship I have is open, I just don't fill in my partner about it.
I don't fantasize outside my relationship.
I occasionally fantasize about being with celebrities/models/etc.
I fantasize about being with people I know personally.
I try to contact the people I fantasize about and see if I can make the fantasy real.
It counts about half as much.
No. Sometimes this happens but it is simply an accident.
I am not committed this way or don't wear jewelry symbolizing my commitment.
It's never OK.
It's OK for some of the above.
It's OK for all of the above.
I don't lie.
I will lie to keep from hurting people's feelings.
I lie when I'm afraid of getting into trouble otherwise.
I lie whenever it will give me the advantage.
Emotional infidelity or anything more intimate.
Kissing or anything more intimate.
Sex or anything more intimate.
All's fair in love and war.
I can't live like this. I keep searching for people who still share my monogamous values.
It's not my original choice, but I'm not going to make myself a pariah by clinging to an old culture. I do my best to give up my monogamous habits.
Sounds like it could be good. I go with the flow.
I wish it would be this way for real.
Due to laziness.
Sometimes, due to affection.
Always, due to affection.
It usually starts out stong and then becomes a little less over time.
I seem to get a bit bored of my partners over the long term.
I can only keep up my sexual interest for a couple of months, if that.
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Gretchen Kidder and Christina Thacker
Staff, Institute of Medicine
In 1980, the Patents and Trademarks Law Amendment (PL 96-517), also known as the Bayh-Dole Act, was enacted in an effort to promote the commercialization of government-funded inventions. The statute provides that non-profit and small-business recipients of government grants, contracts, or cooperative agreements are allowed to retain title to the inventions made with that support, provided that they comply with the act's procedural requirements and take steps to achieve practical application of the inventions. With relatively few restrictions, recipients of federal funding may commercialize such inventions themselves or license them to others for commercialization (Sherman and Englund, 1995).
Bayh-Dole has been credited with increasing both the number of university patents and the number of licenses to industry. The amount of money provided to universities from private industry has also increased, as have payments in royalties to universities. Bayh-Dole is also thought to have had positive economic impact, including an estimated $20 billion in earnings from all stages of early and late development of new products, support for an estimated 150,000 jobs annually, and increased tax revenues of $3.9 billion (Terry, 1996). The act is also considered responsible for accelerating the development of the entire biotechnology industry (Schimmel, 1996).
Nonetheless, the new partnerships between industry and academia have had some rocky patches and increasingly difficult interactions. Some of the conflict
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Public-/Private-Sector Collaboration in Pharmaceutical Research and Development: Inventory of Mechanisms
Gretchen Kidder and Christina Thacker
Staff, Institute of Medicine
Legislative And Regulatory Mechanisms
Bayh-Dole Act
In 1980, the Patents and Trademarks Law Amendment (PL 96-517), also known as the Bayh-Dole Act, was enacted in an effort to promote the commercialization of government-funded inventions. The statute provides that non-profit and small-business recipients of government grants, contracts, or cooperative agreements are allowed to retain title to the inventions made with that support, provided that they comply with the act's procedural requirements and take steps to achieve practical application of the inventions. With relatively few restrictions, recipients of federal funding may commercialize such inventions themselves or license them to others for commercialization (Sherman and Englund, 1995).
Bayh-Dole has been credited with increasing both the number of university patents and the number of licenses to industry. The amount of money provided to universities from private industry has also increased, as have payments in royalties to universities. Bayh-Dole is also thought to have had positive economic impact, including an estimated $20 billion in earnings from all stages of early and late development of new products, support for an estimated 150,000 jobs annually, and increased tax revenues of $3.9 billion (Terry, 1996). The act is also considered responsible for accelerating the development of the entire biotechnology industry (Schimmel, 1996).
Nonetheless, the new partnerships between industry and academia have had some rocky patches and increasingly difficult interactions. Some of the conflict
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is thought to arise from divergent attitudes regarding intellectual property rights and patent policy (Sederoff and Sederoff, 1996). The academic tradition of publishing research results is incompatible with industry's proprietary and competitive concerns.
Another, related area of tension has to do with the experimental-use exemption provided for under the act, which is intended to foster freer use of patented biotechnology for non-profit research by academic institutions. Industry is resistant to the exemption, a position some analysts feel will be prejudicial to university-based science (Sederoff and Sederoff, 1996).
Yet another issue has to do with overhead costs. Bayh-Dole stipulated that an industry entering into partnership with an academic institution would cover overhead costs. Recently, however, industry concerns with cost cutting have generated some unwillingness to pay all overhead costs (Terry, 1996). There are also many issues surrounding the appropriate allocation of funds that require clarification.
All these issues suggest that there is a need for further refinement of guidelines for collaborative agreements of the sort contemplated under the act (Schimmel, 1996).
Schimmel P. A two-way street between the university and the biotechnology enterprise. Journal of NIH Research 8(8):41-43, 1996.
Sederoff R, and M Sederoff. Taq polymerase and the experimental-use exemption. Journal of NIH Research 8(8):43-44, 1996.
Sherman C, and S Englund. When the feds share the tab. Legal Times, 15 May 1995. (Lexis-Nexis, Allnews, Bayh-Dole).
Terry WD. The academic-industrial complex: Doing well and doing good. Journal of NIH Research 8(8): 39, 1996.
Orphan Drug Act
In 1983 Congress amended the federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act with the Orphan Drug Act (ODA/PL 97-414). The ODA was created to provide incentives for companies to develop therapies that otherwise would not be commercially viable because they are needed only by a relatively small number of patients. The act was intended to prompt the pharmaceutical industry to develop drugs for use against rare diseases affecting fewer than 200,000 people in the United States. The incentives for industry include research grants, a 50-percent income-tax credit on most clinical research expenditures, assistance with FDA approval, and exclusive license to market the product for 7 years immediately
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following FDA approval. This 7-year exclusivity has emerged as the most powerful of these incentives for industry (IOM, 1993).
Since inception of the ODA, 130 orphan drugs have been approved for marketing. With the United States experiencing benefits from this legislation, Japan and Singapore have enacted similar laws and the European Union is following suit (Meyer, 1996). In the 17 years prior to the act, industry sponsored 34 marketed and 24 experimental orphan drugs; in the first 7 years since it was passed, it sponsored 39 of 42 marketed orphan products (Ashbury, 1991).
In recent years, although a bill has been introduced repeatedly in the Senate to extend the orphan drug tax credit permanently, it has not been passed. According to Senator Orrin Hatch (R-UT), sponsor of the bill introduced in February 1997, since 1983 100 drugs have been approved and some 600 are now in development (Washington Fax, 1997). The bill was referred to the Senate Committee on Finance in February and as of the date of publication no further action has been taken.
There are concerns that many orphan drugs, developed with considerable assistance from the U.S. government, have earned unexpectedly high profits for the manufacturers. A major flaw in the original regulation is that it provides no authority for the government to pressure for lower prices. In 1990 this concern prompted Congress to approve a measure that would tighten the requirements under which orphan drug status was applicable. The provisions included removing orphan drug status if the patient population exceeds 200,000 and allowing more than one manufacturer to market an orphan drug if simultaneous development occurred (Office of Technology Assessment [OTA], 1991). High prices and high volume sales have created the dilemma for lawmakers of how to stimulate development without causing price increases that make drugs inaccessible. In an attempt to limit high profits, legislative proposals in recent years have included decreasing the market exclusivity provision to only 4 years, with the possibility for a 3-year extension upon proof of "limited commercial potential" (Health Legislation and Regulation, 1994). Some suggestions have included withdrawal of market exclusivity once sales reach a specified amount.
The research and development tax credit remains a recurring issue that has only been temporarily extended, year after year. A proposed measure to permit the tax credit to be applied to past or future tax liability might eliminate discrimination against small biotechnology companies in the development stage. If the tax credit were made permanent, companies may be better enabled to commit to the lengthy
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and burdensome process of developing orphan products (Marketletter, 1995). A requirement of the tax credit could be to invest the credit in orphan drug research.
Ashbury CH. The Orphan Drug Act: The first seven years. Journal of the American Medical Association 265(7):893-897, 1991.
Institute of Medicine (IOM). The Children's Vaccine Initiative: Achieving the Vision. VS Mitchell, NM Philipose, and JP Sanford, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 1993.
Marketletter. Extension of R&D Tax Credits Sought. (Nexis. IAC (SM) Newsletter Database. Information Access Company: Marketletter Publications Ltd.) 1995.
Meyer AS. Testimony before the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, U.S. House of Representatives, 12 September 1996.
Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress. Biotechnology in a Global Economy (OTA-BA-494). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1991.
Orphan Drug Revisions Moving Again. Health Legislation and Regulation. (Nexis. IAC (SM) Newsletter Database. Information Access Company: Faulkner & Gray, Inc.) 1994.
Washington Fax, Life Science. B Metheny, ed. Senate bill would extend permanently the orphan drug tax credit. 24 February 1997.
National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program
Concerns about the costs of liability litigation motivated many pharmaceutical companies to drop out of vaccine manufacturing in the 1970s and early 1980s (IOM, 1985, 1993). Large and unpredictable settlements were determined to be an unreasonable risk, given the relatively low profit margins associated with vaccines. As a result, several expert committees endorsed the creation of a no-fault compensation program and, in 1984, the American Academy of Pediatrics took the initiative in seeking federal legislation to create what is now known as the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (NVICP). The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act, enacted in 1986, created NVICP, which was implemented in 1988. The program was an attempt both to compensate the families of children adversely affected by government-mandated vaccines and to shore up the vaccine industry by attenuating liability risk through the imposition of a vaccine excise tax, to be paid into a dedicated trust fund (Public Health Service Act, 1987; 100 Stat. 3756, codified as Title XXI of the Public Health Service Act at 42 USC 300aa-1 et seq. [Supp. V
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1987]; the Compensation Program is codified as Subtitle 2 of Title XXI, 42 USC 300aa-34). The excise tax was removed by the Secretary of the Treasury on January 1, 1993, when a bill unrelated to the NVICP but containing language that would have extended the tax, was vetoed by President Bush. The trust fund had a balance of about $620 million at the beginning of 1993.
The NVICP was intended as an alternative, rather than exclusive, source of compensation. Petitioners were allowed to reject a given decision and request review of the case by the U.S. Claims Court; if not satisfied with the review, petitioners could appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals. In order to be an effective alternative form of compensation, the NVICP was designed to work quickly and not involve itself with causation, one of the most costly and time-consuming components of tort action for personal injury (IOM, 1996).
As of 1993, there appeared to have been a drop in the number of vaccine-related lawsuits and increased activity in vaccine-related research and development (IOM, 1993). However, at the time, none of the companies that had dropped out of vaccine manufacturing in the 1970s and 1980s had returned, a situation that has since changed (Mercer Management Consulting, 1994). More recently, several foreign companies have expressed interest in the U.S. vaccine market, either by applying for Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licenses for their products or by creating alliances with companies and entities that currently hold U.S. product licenses (IOM, 1996).
In 1993, one analyst noted that the number of "retrospective cases" (for vaccinations prior to October 1, 1988) had been so voluminous that there were widespread doubts as to whether the funding levels were adequate to sustain the program (Garber, 1993). By August 1996, however, the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) had fully adjudicated over 75 percent of the pre-1988 claims backlog (Health Resources and Services Administration [HRSA], 1996).
Day K. Vaccine maker gets a shot in the arm. Washington Post, 11 March 1996.
Garber S. Product Liability and the Economics of Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices . Santa Barbara, CA: Rand Corporation, Institute for Civil Justice. 1993.
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Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program: Summary of current issues. [online] http://www.hrsa.dhhs.gov/bhpr/vicp/sumcur.htm. 1996.
IOM. Vaccine Supply and Innovation. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press. 1985.
IOM. The Children's Vaccine Initiative: Achieving the Vision. VS Mitchell, NM Philipose, and JP Sanford, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 1993.
IOM. Contraceptive Research and Development: Looking to the Future . PF Harrison, and A Rosenfield, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 1996.
Mercer Management Consulting. Summary of UNICEF Study: A Commercial Perspective on Vaccine Supply. New York: Mercer Management Consulting. 1994.
Cooperative Research and Development Agreements
Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADAs) are authorized under the Federal Technology Transfer Act (FTTA) of 1986 (PL 99-602). CRADAs allow the transfer of technology, knowledge, and expertise from government laboratories to the private sector for further development and commercialization. Under a CRADA, federal laboratories and private sector companies conduct research jointly and the collaborating company acquires patent rights at the outset of the collaboration. The FTTA provides for the sharing of royalties with government inventors from the licensing of products developed under CRADAs and from inventions made through an agency's intramural research programs (OTA, 1991). Under CRADAs, the government can offer the option of obtaining an exclusive license for inventions created in the course of research conducted under the agreement. "This provides incentives for companies to enter into collaborations that will expedite the commercialization of government inventions for the benefit of the public" (Fauci, 1996).
As of 1991, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) had roughly 150 CRADAs in effect and an additional 100 in various stages of negotiation (OTA, 1991). Currently, more than 2,000 CRADAs have been signed (Schacht, 1996). CRADAs have facilitated the discovery and development of a number of new drugs including taxol, didanosine (ddl), dideoxycytidine (ddc), trimetrexate, and fludarabine (IOM, 1994).
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Consumer representatives and members of the U.S. Congress have criticized the private commercialization of government-sponsored inventions, arguing that the government should exercise control over the price of drugs the development of which has been supported by federal funds. This argument encouraged NIH to adopt a policy of adding a "reasonable pricing" clause into CRADAs, a matter which, together with the subject of drug pricing in general, remains hotly debated and politically controversial (IOM, 1994). "As the 104th Congress determines its science and technology policies, the role of the CRADAs may be debated within the context of initial indications of Republican preferences for government support of basic research and measures which do not involve direct federal funding for private sector technology development" (Schacht, 1996).
Another related issue is that the CRADA process has been slow. Legislation has been introduced by Representative Morella (R-MD) and Senator Rockefeller (D-WV) that would revise the FTTA to include a requirement for automatic assignment of intellectual property rights to CRADA partners. This would expedite the CRADA approval process by guaranteeing industry partners exclusive field-of-use licenses (Allen, 1997).
Allen J. GOGO and GOCO Tech Transfer Policies. [Online] (http://www.nttc.edu/aftte/goco.html) 1997.
Fauci A. Biomedical research in an era of unlimited aspirations and limited resources (Country profile, United States of America). Lancet 348 (9033):1002–1003, 1996.
IOM. Government and Industry Collaboration in AIDS Drug Development (Workshop Summary). Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 1994.
Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress. Biotechnology in a Global Economy (OTA-BA-494). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1991.
Schacht W. Cooperative Research and Development Agreements. Congressional Research Report, Penny Hill Press. 1 May 1996. (Lexis-Nexis, allnws, CRADAs).
Small Business Innovation Research Program
The Small Business Innovation Research Program (SBIR) was enacted in 1982 as part of the Small Business Innovation Development Act (PL 97-219), which required the agencies of the Public Health Service and certain other
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federal agencies to reserve a specified amount of their research and development budget for SBIR programs. The program seeks to stimulate technological innovation, use small businesses to meet federal R&D needs, and increase private sector commercialization of innovations derived from federal research and development. The primary award mechanism to small businesses is a grant, but award mechanisms also include cooperative agreements or contracts.
To be eligible for the SBIR program, a firm must qualify as a "small business concern" according to 13 CFR, Part 121. For qualification, a firm must be for-profit, independently owned and operated, not dominant in the field of operation in which it is proposing, have its principal place of business in the United States, be at least 51 percent owned by U.S. citizens or lawful permanent residents, and not employ over 500 people (Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS], 1993). Restrictions on rights to data developed under SBIR grants include a royalty-free license on all patent rights to the U.S. government for federal use. The government also reserves the right to require the patent holder to license rights in certain circumstances; otherwise, rights to data generally remain with the award recipient. The recipient may copyright and publish material developed under SBIR grants.
For the 1997 fiscal year, agencies with extramural research and development budgets over $100 million must reserve 2.5 percent thereof for SBIR grants under the terms of the program's authorization (Washington Fax, 29 January 1997). According to NIH officials, SBIR has been difficult to administer because much of its regulation comes from outside the jurisdiction of its government-wide funding agencies. Since the program was created by Congress, and is administered by the Small Business Administration (SBA), changes must be approved by the Small Business Committee.
At a recent conference held to assess the program, NIH presented examples of successful collaborations and participants expressed some of their frustrations. Comments centered on the quality of applications and reviews and general communication problems.
The general perception is that applications submitted for SBIR grants are not of comparable quality with projects funded through other NIH extramural research funding mechanisms. To counter this perception NIH has been granted latitude to move SBIR projects around among institutes in order to fund only the best applications. The review process, lasting approximately 6 months, includes a peer review panel composed primarily of non-federal scientists reviewing for
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scientific and technical merit; applications are then reviewed by the National Advisory Council or Board of the awarding agency.
Concerns regarding the review process focus on the various components of the application. Applications contain a commercialization portion as well as a research portion and, although review panels include representatives from small businesses, neither they, nor the scientists, may have a thorough understanding of commercial language or issues.
This provided a window to a much larger, general concern, that of improving communications among applicants, academic scientists, and NIH administrators throughout the entire process. Many applicants have experienced a lack of enthusiasm about the program from several NIH institutes, centers, and divisions. The American Society for Cell Biology and the Joint Steering Committee for Public Policy have suggested assembling a committee to develop recommended guidelines. Others at the conference suggested some vehicle for ongoing communication about administrative problems for all who have a stake in the process outcome (Washington Fax, 29 January 1997).
Health Resources Services Administration (HRSA). Omnibus Solicitation of the Public Health Service for Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Grant and Cooperative Agreement Applications. Washington, D.C.: Department of Health and Human Services. 1993.
IOM. The Children's Vaccine Initiative: Achieving the Vision. VS Mitchell, NM Philipose, and JP Sanford, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 1993.
Washington Fax, Life Science. B Metheny, ed. Meeting on Small Business Innovation Research program disappoints. 28 January 1997.
Washington Fax, Life Science. B Metheny, ed. Conference attendees voice problems with Small Business Research grants. 29 January 1997.
Small Business Technology Transfer
The Small Business Research and Development Enhancement Act of 1992 established the Small Business Technology Transfer Program (STTR) as a three-year pilot, modeled after the Small Business Innovation Research Program (SBIR). STTR activities began in FY94 and, as of September 1997, the program had been reauthorized by the U.S. House of Representatives to continue through FY 2000. Its purpose is to provide strong incentives for small companies and researchers at non-profit research institutions, contractor-operated federally-funded R&D centers, and universities, to work as a team to move ideas from the research phases
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into the marketplace. The program is competitive and proposals must be developed and executed cooperatively. Unlike SBIR, all STTR projects must include a research institution, which can provide up to 60 percent of the work. Under STTR's distinctive partnering concept, research can be initiated either by scientists in a small business or in a research institution.
STTR grants, contracts, and agreements are divided into three phases. In Phase I, recipients conduct research to determine an idea's feasibility and merit. In Phase II, promising Phase I ideas are further developed. Phase III is the commercial or agency application of the idea. STTR funds the first and second phases; private or non-STTR funds are used for the third phase. The program is funded by a 0.15 percent set-aside from research agencies spending over $1 billion on research and development. Five agencies presently contribute to STTR: Department of Energy, Department of Defense, National Science Foundation, National Aeronautics and Space Agency, and National Institutes of Health.
In the first three years of the program, STTR awarded 784 grants totaling $115 million. The program is credited with increasing researcher productivity and decreasing costs in specific research areas; even projects that have not achieved commercialization have contributed to the base of scientific knowledge. A 1996 GAO report found participating agencies to be pleased with the proposals received.
Washington Fax, Life Sciences. B Metheny, ed. House passes small business technology transfer bill. 22 September 1997.
Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) [Online] (http://dticam.dtic.mil/sttr/sttr.html) 1997.
Intellectual Property Rights/Patent Protection
United States The primary goal of the United States patent system is to advance technological and economic development by stimulating innovation and investment. Once awarded, patent protection offers a 17-year right to exclude others from making, using, or selling the invention throughout the United States (35 USC 154), thus offering an incentive for inventors to invest time and money in research and development. The pharmaceutical industry enjoys a further benefit: When a patent claims that a human drug product has
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undergone regulatory review to be commercialized or marketed, it may be eligible for an extension of up to 5 years (OTA, 1991). Although a patent gives the inventor the right to exclude others from making, using, or selling the invention for 17 years, it does not grant the inventor any affirmative right to make or use an invention. Commercial use of a patented invention can be regulated by federal, state, or local law (OTA, 1991).
The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 lessened restrictions for non-profit institutions, including universities, to obtain patents and award exclusive licenses on government-supported research. (See also Bayh-Dole Act.) The Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986 made it possible for private companies to obtain exclusive licenses on work done by government scientists. The Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 (PL 98-417) was enacted to restore part of the patent life lost during the regulatory approval process; it allows the extension of the patent term equal to the total time taken by the FDA to review the new drug application plus one-half of the clinical testing time, but not beyond 14 years of effective patent life (IOM, 1993). The act also modified the abbreviated new drug application process to make FDA approval possible for companies to market generic versions of drugs approved by the FDA since 1962 (IOM, 1993).
International Most countries have inadequate systems of intellectual property rights protection. For U.S. companies, such limited protection does not create an incentive to invest in these countries or transfer particular types of technology (National Research Council [NRC], 1993). In contrast to the United States, in the international arena most countries require a patent owner to use or license a patented invention within a specified time period. A few international agreements do exist, providing limited protection for U.S. companies conducting business abroad. The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property provides two basic rights: 1) the principle of national treatment that allows nationals of any signatory nation to enjoy the advantages that each nation's laws grant to its own nationals in all other countries of the union, and 2) the right of priority that enables member country nationals to first file a patent application in any member country and, thereafter, to file an application for the same invention in any other member country within 12 months and receive the benefit of the original filing date (OTA, 1991). Subsequent agreements, including the Patent Cooperation Treaty and the Budapest Treaty, have sought to increase global harmonization of patenting procedures.
Legislative efforts to provide incentives have resulted in the negotiation of cooperative research and development agreements (CRADA) with private industry (Lancet, 1993). Although successful, a continuing problem has been
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Belkin L. How breast cancer became this year's cause. New York Times Magazine , Section 6, 22 December 1996.
Marshall E. The politics of breast cancer. Science 259:616-617, 29 January 1993.
National Breast Cancer Coalition (NBCC), Home Page. [Online] (http://www.natlbcc.org:80/).
Early awareness of the problem of HIV/AIDS encountered reluctance in the homosexual community to campaign actively on behalf of what was then termed "gay cancer," partly because of fears of evoking increased homophobia. Since 1981, activists have educated themselves in all areas of the knowledge base necessary for confrontation with the powerful government and industry "establishments" that offered the greatest probabilities of finding a cure for the disease.
The ability of this advocacy group to gain access to the channels necessary to change policy and capture the attention of drug manufacturers is largely thought to be a result of its composition—primarily middle-class, well-educated, articulate individuals already organized by a unifying political agenda (Wachter, 1992). The solidity of its organization permitted the AIDS community to focus its message and precipitate change.
The first tactic of AIDS activist groups was to expand access to experimental drugs by questioning the fundamental regulatory core of the drug development process and the system of increased regulation that had been developing since the 1962 thalidomide tragedy. Although that tragedy did not involve U.S.-based companies, after 1962 Congress expanded the role of the FDA, giving it more responsibility for policy decisions and requiring it to evaluate the efficacy as well as the safety of pharmaceutical products. While these regulations were implemented for the safety of the public, the societal price, according to many analysts, was a slowing of medical advances. After some substantial successes in modifying regulatory processes relevant to research and development of AIDS vaccines and therapies, AIDS activists continued to work on obtaining increased appropriations for AIDS research (Rothman and Edgar, 1991).
In response to activists, in 1987 the FDA issued regulations that allow treatment with investigational new drugs (INDs) before full approval of the
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drugs for marketing has been granted. In 1988, the FDA also modified its ban on importation of drugs to permit importation of AIDS-related therapies in small quantities for personal use. Activists have also led drug companies to lower prices and are partially responsible for pressuring Congress into allocating $1.7 billion a year for AIDS research (Rothman and Edgar, 1991). "The success of AIDS activists demonstrated that decisions about the allocation of resources—even in health care—are inherently political and thus amenable to effective lobbying" (Wachter, 1992).
There are fears that relaxation of drug access regulations, now requiring only that a drug show promising test results and no sign of major toxicity, may be excessive. Another concern is that modification of the drug importation ban makes the prospects of clinical trials much more difficult, since the potential combination of drugs makes true evaluation of efficacy impossible (Rothman and Edgar, 1991).
As HIV/AIDS has increasingly affected a more diverse population, priorities have become more various and activists have been concerned that the resulting, less focused approach will be detrimental (Wachter, 1992). There are concerns that, because disease "popularity" drives funding allocations, a more actively promoted disease pulls funding away from less actively promoted diseases (Marshall, 1993)—in other words, a zero-sum game.
Another issue revolves around the perception that treatment for HIV has taken precedence over vaccine development. Because activists have demanded treatment, industry, looking for profits, has responded with the development of drugs that are financially beyond the reach of most of the rest of the world. "From a public health point of view, the rational approach to AIDS would have been to develop a vaccine to prevent it from spreading to the masses rather than creating a chemical that might save a few" (Carr, 1996). The observation has been made that homosexual men in the developed world, who have tremendous influence in the AIDS lobby, may be doing disservice to the rest of the world by lobbying so effectively for "remedies only for the wealthy" and that AIDS may be the first viral disease for which drugs are developed before an effective vaccine, with the possible consequence that "no vaccine is ever developed" (Carr, 1996). These sentiments were echoed at the 11th International Conference on AIDS, where leaders in the global effort against AIDS voiced concerns that costly treatments for those already infected are diverting money and attention away from a vaccine that will prevent new infections (Knox, 1996).
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Carr G. The profits and the losses of AIDS. The Economist, pp. 85–86, 13 July 1996.
Knox R. AIDS vaccine research loses favor; at conference, a call to restart effort. Boston Globe, National/Foreign section, p. 2, 8 July 1996.
Marshall E. The politics of breast cancer. Science 259:616–617, 1996.
Rothman DJ, and H Edgar. AIDS, activism, and ethics. Hospital Practice 26(7):135–142, 1991.
Wachter R. AIDS, activism, and the politics of health. New England Journal of Medicine 326(2): 128–133, 1992.
Juvenile Diabetes Foundation
The Juvenile Diabetes Foundation (JDF), founded in 1970 by the parents of children with diabetes, is a not-for-profit, voluntary health organization with U.S. chapters and international affiliated chapters worldwide (Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, France, Greece, India, Israel, Italy, Puerto Rico, and the United Kingdom). Parents' realization that the discovery of insulin was not a cure for diabetes prompted them to create a resource that would educate the world about the serious, life-threatening complications of this disease and promote the collaborations necessary to discover a cure.
To accomplish this goal, JDF has focused on funding scientific research. The establishment of Diabetes Interdisciplinary Research Programs (DIRPs) beginning in 1992 has been one such commitment. Also referred to as "Programs of Excellence," these interdisciplinary research programs were created to bring together scientists from a variety of fields to work in collaboration with diabetes investigators and to combine their expertise. Over the last 27 years, the JDF has become the world's leading voluntary health agency funding diabetes research, awarding $31.3 million worldwide in 1996, bringing its cumulative commitment to research since 1970 to $211 million.
JDF attributes much of its success to its grassroots volunteers. While the organization's public/private partnerships have been successful, the bulk of its funding has been raised by volunteers at the chapter and affiliate level. Volunteers have also been influential in persuading Congress to increase fiscal year 1997 funding to NIH, particularly to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). Special events, including golf tournaments, fashion shows, and a new planned giving program to generate income through bequests, trusts, life insurance policies, and real estate gifts, have all helped the JDF achieve its goals. Its "Only Remedy Is a Cure" campaign, launched in 1990, pioneered the concept of public/private funding partnerships, bringing together money from government to match private gifts
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from individuals, foundations, and corporations. The campaign exceeded its original goal of raising $100 million and now seeks to raise $200 million by the year 2000.
The JDF now collaborates with four of the National Institutes of Health, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, and the Medical Research Councils of Canada and Australia. It has created programs that bring together leading diabetes researchers with scientists from many institutions and disciplines. With the addition of 12 new $5 million DIRPs in 1996 (double the number in 1995), there are now DIRPs operating in 26 academic health centers throughout the world. Over the last 25 years, the JDF has been influential in persuading the U.S. government to increase diabetes-related research allocations from $18 million to $300 million.
The Juvenile Diabetes Foundation believes that the federal government must increase its commitment to biomedical research funding and that reducing funding to NIH would be detrimental to the basic research necessary for a cure for the disease (JDF, 1996).
Clark W. Epic Research. 1997 Research Progress Report Countdown XVII (1), Winter 1997.
Juvenile Diabetes Foundation (JDF). Annual Report 1995. New York, 1996.
Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International (JDFI). Department of Finance and Administration Fact Sheet. 1996.
JDFI. JDF's Diabetes Interdisciplinary Research Programs Fact Sheet . 1996.
JDFI. Government Relations. Diabetes Demands a Cure. 1996.
Organizational Mechanisms
International Vaccine Institute
The International Vaccine Institute (IVI) was initiated by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) within the framework of the Children's Vaccine
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Initiative (CVI), a coalition of international and national agencies, national governments, nongovernmental organizations, and publicand private-sector vaccine companies.
In 1992, a UNDP-sponsored feasibility study examined the availability of resources and policy commitment to sustain a new institute devoted to vaccine research and development and to promotion of technical cooperation. A site selection process followed, focusing on the Asia-Pacific region because of its expanding economic resources, rapid industrial growth, and progress in vaccine science. In 1994, Seoul, South Korea, was selected to house the IVI, at present the only international research center dedicated to vaccine research and development for the developing world. The institute will not produce vaccines but will work cooperatively with international organizations, national institutions, nongovernmental organizations, industry, and health and vaccine specialists to catalyze, facilitate, and stimulate new vaccine research and introduction by other concerned organizations (IVI Home Page, 1997). A major role of the institute will be to forge strong cooperative partnerships with the commercial sector to lower the high entry barrier that now exists for new vaccines and new vaccine formulations designed for public sector use (IVI Home Page, 1996/7).
Representatives of 12 member states of the United Nations and a representative for the World Health Organization (WHO) met on October 28, 1996, to sign the agreement to establish the IVI. The Establishment Agreement came into force on May 29, 1997. The institute has made substantial progress in establishing links with key centers around the world and appears to be building a solid basis for cooperation and collaboration with industry (IVI Newsletter, 1996). In January 1995, initial operation of the institute began with a core staff at interim offices at Seoul National University. The headquarters building is currently scheduled for completion around the end of 1999. The institute estimates a full-time staff of 200 with about 70 percent engaged in scientific research (IVI Home Page, 1996).
The IVI believes that collaboration with private industry is essential for putting new and improved vaccines into use in developing countries. It has identified Haemophilus influenzae B (Hib) vaccine as a first target area. In Asia there is some uncertainty about the extent and disease burden of Hib infection and there is low interest in Asian countries for Hib vaccines that have had such a dramatic impact in developed countries. The IVI is launching a multi-site, multi-country study to assess the disease burden of Hib infection. The project is being
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developed in close collaboration with the major manufacturers of Hib vaccines, including Merck and Lederle in the United States. The manufacturers will serve on a project management committee and have indicated their intention to provide technical and financial support. The goal of the project, if a significant disease burden is found, is to lay the groundwork for the introduction of Hib vaccines. The IVI believes that this project has the potential to provide significant benefit to Asian countries and to facilitate the efforts of industry to broaden their vaccine distribution.
Of substantial importance to U.S. companies is respect for intellectual property rights, and there has been great interest in seeing what policies the IVI would adopt with respect to this matter. The IVI board of trustees has enunciated a policy of full respect for intellectual property rights. This policy includes provisions for the fair and equitable licensing of intellectual property rights that may come into the possession of the institute. Finally, the IVI has committed itself to a full review of intellectual property rights issues and to conducting the review in consultation with relevant U.S. government agencies such as the Departments of State and Commerce.
International Vaccine Institute (IVI). Newsletter 3, November 1996.
IVI. Home Page. [Online] (http://www.dacom.co.kr/˜vaccines) 1996-1997.
IVI. Under the Umbrella of the CVI. Brochure. 1996.
International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI)
The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) was established in 1996, with the mission of ensuring development of safe, effective HIV vaccines for worldwide use. The initiative is to accomplish its goals through three areas of activity: 1) advocacy for HIV/AIDS vaccine research and development; 2) support for a highly targeted applied vaccine development effort focused on gaps in current research and development; and 3) work with government, private industry, funders, and regulatory authorities to create a more favorable environment for increased investment. The IAVI will work collaboratively with developing country researchers, national programs, and international agencies to develop and test existing and future vaccines in developing countries, along with continued research and testing in industrialized countries.
The IAVI also intends to increase existing scientific efforts in areas of applied research to determine the effectiveness of HIV/AIDS vaccines. It will not, itself, do research but, rather, will fund yearly those two to four key research and development projects that will best benefit HIV vaccine
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development. The IAVI will spend approximately $2 to $4 million in 1997 to accomplish its goals; the first grantees were identified in 1997 (Secretariat, 1996). In addition, the IAVI is searching for an experienced vaccinologist as a CEO. Once a person is on board, a series of activities will be developed in consultation with industry to improve the environment for commercial HIV vaccine development. This may include work on liability, creating a commercially viable market in the developing world, distribution issues for noncommercially viable markets, and other areas.
An active advocacy campaign has focused more attention on vaccines domestically and internationally. In addition, the IAVI has recently announced its first year's scientific plan which will include the funding of two primary scientific areas of emphasis: 1) development of HIV-DNA vaccines and 2) expanded safety studies of live-attenuated HIV. The organization is seeking partners to collaborate in preclinical trials with HIV-DNA vaccines and to address safety concerns and possible risks and benefits of pursuing human trials using a live-attenuated HIV vaccine. The IAVI is supported by the Rockefeller, Sloan and Until There's a Cure foundations, UNAIDS, the World Bank, and a variety of other donors.
The exploration that led to IAVI was started in 1993, at a time when vaccine research was at a nadir. Vaccines were the lowest funding priority in the public sector and little work was going on in the private sector. Over the last few years, there has been an increase in interest in vaccines, including more activity in the public and private sectors. In the United States, however, the bulk of public funding has been allocated toward the basic sciences. IAVI applauds this work and the IAVI intends to complement this funding by addressing what it perceives as a funding deficit in the area of applied science.
The organization is also concerned about the fact that almost all experimental HIV vaccines have been based on the single genetic subtype most prevalent in the United States and Europe. While the significance of genetic subtypes in vaccines remains unknown, it seems pragmatic to test vaccines based on subtypes more prevalent in the developing world, which have not received adequate attention. A further concern has to do with the increasing complexity of intellectual property rights (IPR). For example, production of the new, genetically engineered hepatitis B vaccine requires 14 patents, generating costs that are reflected in the vaccine's pricing. In an effort to develop vaccines that will be accessible to everyone, the IAVI convened a meeting in August 1996 to discuss IPR issues. The recommendation from the meeting was that the
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IAVI should work to protect the intellectual property rights of research it funds, thus facilitating access to other patents and providing incentives for industry to work with the IAVI in development and distribution of an HIV vaccine. The goal would be to make vaccines available to those living in extreme poverty where adequate commercial markets just do not naturally exist. The pivotal question is how to accomplish that (Nelson/IAVI, 1997). Industry's reluctance to invest in HIV vaccines is derived from pessimism about whether vaccines would work, as well as a from general ''lack of good ideas"; however, with the advent of DNA vaccines, companies are now more likely to get involved (Plotkin/IAVI, 1996).
Bhamarapravati N. Studying AIDS vaccines in Thailand: An Interview with Nath Bhamarapravati. IAVI Report 2(1): 4–5, Winter 1997.
Nelson L. IAVI Issues—Report on Intellectual Property Rights. IAVI Report 2(1):7, Winter 1997.
Plotkin S. Industry Perspective: An Interview with Dr. Stanley Plotkin. IAVI Report 1(1):6–7, 12, Summer 1996.
Secretariat (ad interim). International Vaccine Initiative—Scientific Areas of Emphasis. 1996.
Inter-Company Collaboration for Aids Drug Development
In April 1993, 15 pharmaceutical companies agreed to collaborate to facilitate—through the sharing of information and drug supplies—the conduct of early combination and comparative studies of antiviral agents for the treatment of HIV infection and AIDS. Those companies formed the "Inter-Company Collaboration for AIDS Drug Development," with the purpose of better enabling each of them to independently evaluate new antiviral investigational drugs for potential clinical benefit, either alone or in combination with marketed or investigational drugs of other companies. By sharing relevant preclinical and clinical data (including negative data on antiviral compounds that have failed in drug development), facilitating access to investigational drug supplies, and developing standardized preclinical assays and procedures and other activities, the companies hope to accelerate the development of promising new drugs and identify combinations of antiviral drugs that will significantly advance the treatment of HIV infection.
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Eighteen companies now participate in the Collaboration: Agouron, AB Astra, Aji Pharma USA, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Ciba-Geigy, DuPont Merck, Gilead Sciences, Glaxo Wellcome, Hoechst AG, Hoffmann-La Roche, Merck, Pfizer, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Sigma-Tau, SmithKline Beecham, and Triangle Pharmaceuticals.
The Board of Participants, comprised of R&D heads of the member companies, was established in July 1993 and is the general oversight body responsible for the implementation of the Principles Governing the Collaboration. Operating expenses are shared equally among member companies. The Board of Participants met several times in 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1996.
Several standing committees reporting to the Board were appointed, including the Scientific Panel, Legal Committee, Communications Committee, Nominations Committee (to review new membership applications), and liaison committees (to facilitate various sorts of exchange among the concerned communities).
The objectives of the Scientific Panel are to facilitate: 1) exchange of scientific information; 2) sharing of animal model technology for antiviral research; 3) provision of compounds and the conduct of combination trials; and 4) virological assay validation and method standardization.
The Scientific Panel met with the Board of Participants several times in 1993, 1994, 1995 and 1996. In the course of those meetings, scientific disclosures on different antiviral programs were made by Hoffmann-La Roche (saquinavir; TAT antagonist), Bristol-Myers Squibb (d4T), Merck (protease inhibitor indinavir and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor L-697,661), Glaxo Wellcome (3TC™; protease inhibitor VX-478; nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors 935U83 and 1592U89), Astra Foscavir®), Boehringer-Ingelheim (nevirapine), Hoechst (pentoxifylline), Eli Lilly (former Collaboration member) (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor LY 60046), Aji Pharma USA (lentinan, curdlan sulfate), and Hoechst and Bayer (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor HBY097).
The Scientific Panel also appointed a Virology Subcommittee, to standardize and validate assay procedures and methodologies, develop a database of HIV antiviral drug resistance, and facilitate exchange of biological data and viral constructs among member companies for resistance/cross-resistance testing. The Virology Subcommittee quickly established a standard protocol for measurement of in vitro antiviral activity, using consensus cell system, virus strain, and a number of standard reagents. The Subcommittee is developing standardized cytotoxicity and primary isolate susceptibility protocols, as well as a database of HIV antiviral resistance.
The Scientific Panel also appointed a Clinical Trial Subcommittee with the primary objective of developing a consensus protocol for clinical evaluation of multi-drug combinations of antiviral agents, both investigational and marketed.
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The committee produced a master protocol, identified the first three-drug combinations for clinical evaluation, and recommended two contract research organizations, one to implement and monitor the evaluation, the other to implement and monitor the initial studies. Enrollment for the first study, ICC Protocol 001, which evaluates combinations of AZT/ddC/nevirapine and AZT/ddC/saquinavir with AZT/ddC as the control arm, was completed in June 1995. The second study, ICC Protocol 002, started in September 1995 and will evaluate combinations of AZT/ddI/nevirapine and AZT/ddI/3TC, with AZT/ddI as the control arm. Additional studies of triple-combination antiviral drug regimens are under development.
Regional System for Vaccines/Sistema Regional Para Vacunas
The Regional System for Vaccines/Sistema Regional para Vacunas (SIREVA) was developed within the framework of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) in 1993. SIREVA is an international programming, administrative, and coordinating initiative to improve the quality, effectiveness, and cost of vaccines by working to coordinate all stages and participants involved in vaccine development and production for the people of Latin America and the Caribbean. The need for such a focus emerged from the realization that the costs of many newly developed vaccines were going to be prohibitive for the countries of this region. Technical cooperation among those countries will make it possible for them to produce the new vaccines needed (PAHO/World Health Organization [WHO], 1994). Cooperative efforts are under way with PAHO's Special Program for Vaccines and Immunization (SVI) to accelerate research, development, production, and quality control measures of vaccines. SIREVA proposes to take advantage of a number of centers throughout Latin America and, through coordinated action, develop the necessary knowledge, scientific, and technological capacity and means to develop, produce, and maintain quality control of immunizing agents to combat diseases relevant to Latin America and the Caribbean (Wittenberg, 1994).
Over the years, SIREVA has received support from the Government of Mexico, the Rockefeller Foundation, the Inter-American Development Bank, the World Bank, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), and the International Development Research Center (IDRC/Canada). SIREVA is working on a regional network of quality control laboratories to start quality control training programs, and is working as well on a program for providing centralized certification
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mechanisms for diptheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) producers in the region. The promotion of research on vaccines of regional interest also heads the SIREVA agenda (CVI, 1996) and the organization has developed a master plan for each currently investigated vaccine that will serve to coordinate implementation of several phases of vaccine development (EPI, 1995).
CVI Forum. Special Vaccine Industry Issue (11). Geneva: World Health Organization, 1996.
EPI Newsletter. Ensuring the Production of Vaccines in the Region. XVII:6, December 1995.
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Regional System for Vaccines for Latin America and the Caribbean (SIREVA). Washington, D.C.: PAHO/WHO. 1994.
Wittenberg R. Testimony of Richard L. Wittenberg, President and Chief Executive, American Association for World Health, Before the Subcommittee on Foreign Operations Export Financing and Related Programs, Committee on Appropriations, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.: Federal Document Clearing House. 1994.


text:
Mr. Quigley Out Moves Kim Kardashian
Yes, let's be honest. Wouldn't you rather watch Kim Kardashian be ogled by the camera for thirty seconds rather than watching a moon walking dog? To each their own we guess. So this tear Skechers went for a less sexy approach and hired a dog. The ad, Mr. Quigly, is pretty funny. After all, animals in the Super Bowl, right?


text:
Top Definition
A strong, passionate, Kiss.
"He put a mean "lip-lock" on 'er, that wouldn't let go."
by Polabear
August 11, 2003
7 more definitions
1. a kiss
2. to kiss someone
She tried to give me a lip lock, but I knew it was not safe.
by The Return of Light Joker
November 21, 2007
The pressing of the lips tightly to something or to take orally.
Yolanda put a liplock on Reverend Farnsworth that was anything but chaste.
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Someone who fastens their face to yours and then you cant take them off for the rest of the evening
Dat Hoe got lip lock
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female wanting to be exclusive with male
After last night that bitch wants to liplock my ass!
by McSham
December 19, 2011


text: Musicianship and Restraint - Tom Corfield's organ playing impresses Tony Westerman CD Spotlight. Full Stretch - Poulenc's Organ Concerto, heard by Robert Anderson. '... marvellous vitality ...' Quiet Dignity - Organist David Pipe at Derby Cathedral, heard by Mike Wheeler A Challenging Listen - Peter Gould at the organ of Derby Cathedral, heard by Terence Bennett Ensemble. The Finest of Them All - The 2012 Hereford Three Choirs Festival, reviewed by Roderic Dunnett CD Spotlight. Wonderfully Deft - Choral and orchestral music by Camille Saint-Saëns, heard by Robert Anderson. 'The London Philharmonic under Geoffrey Simon gives of its best ...' A Vigorous Account - Peter Gould at the organ of Derby Cathedral, heard by Mike Wheeler Ensemble. Great Fun - The Hallé Orchestra ends Nottingham's orchestral season, heard by Mike Wheeler Effectively Projected - York Minster's Robert Sharpe plays the organ at Derby Cathedral, reviewed by Mike Wheeler Dynamic Extremes - Mike Wheeler enjoys Timothy Noon's recital of Bach, Bohm, Dubois, Messiaen and Widor CD Spotlight. A unique achievement - EMI's golden years of the gramophone, reviewed by Robert Anderson. '... total fascination ...'


text:
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Posted: 12:49 p.m. Tuesday, Jan. 27, 2015
By Clark Howard
Having trouble borrowing money for a personal loan at a bank? I want to talk to you about another opportunity called peer-to-peer (P2P) lending.
P2P lending is a way to cut the banks out of the equation and allow people to go online to borrow and lend money directly to each other. Prosper.com is the granddaddy in the field, but LendingClub.com has been growing nicely in recent times too.
Lendingclub, for example, has now done $6 billion in lending. The typical personal loan is up to $35,000. But small businesses can borrow anywhere between $300,000 and $600,000!
Karrot.com is among the newer services in the marketplace. It's a spinoff of online business lender Kabbage.
Here's how P2P lending works for a potential borrower: You agree to a credit check and to disclose your debt-to-income ratio. Based on that information, you're assigned what amounts to a credit risk score. Taking that score into account, you're assigned a letter grade and APR befitting the credit risk you pose to potential lenders on these kinds of sites.
If you don't put a high enough interest rate based on your profile, most lenders probably won't touch you. That's one way they limit their risk. But lenders also protect their interests in P2P lending by buying little tiny slices and dices of multiple loans, instead of pouring all their dough into one big loan. That way if any given borrower defaults, a lender only loses a fraction of his or her money, not the whole amount.
Be aware that you may have to pay an origination fee of 1%.
ARTICLE: Best Websites To Get Small Business Loans
In the early days of P2P lending, companies like Prosper and LendingClub didn't set high enough standards about who could borrow and they didn't adequately communicate to investors (lenders) about the level of risk involved. So the business model kind of blew up in everybody's face. Now the standards have gotten more refined and more sophisticated with time.
So you can consider using a site like Prosper or LendingClub to borrow, or, and I love this, you can increase the return you're now getting on your money by becoming a lender. If you want to take the time to learn from others, there are lots of free forums that have info and advice that will walk you through ways to lower your risk as a lender. (Just do a search for "P2P lending forums" using your favorite search engine.)
This could be a nice way to boost the return on your money that's earning around 1% (if you're lucky) right now in CDs and simple savings!
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Brun, Véronique (2006) Anorexia Nervosa in adolescence : an exploration of the personal unconscious in art therapy. Other thesis, Concordia University.
| PDF - Accepted Version 4Mb |
The proposed research consists of a single descriptive case study, exploring the unconscious aspects of anorexia nervosa in the context of art therapy. The general concepts and theories on anorexia nervosa in adolescence will be explored. The psychoanalytic approach will also be of subject in order to inform the reader on the psychoanalytic concepts utilized for this paper. The participant of the study is a 14-year-old outpatient girl diagnosed and treated for anorexia nervosa. Based on Jungian concepts, interpretation of the case material and artwork will be of main subject in order to help identify manifestations of the personal unconscious. Each phase of the art therapy treatment will be explored, including the alliance, the resistance, the problematic and the termination. This study proposes that the use of art in therapy could lead to a better understanding of anorexia nervosa, assuming that art could be a manifestation of unconscious processes. The results of this case study indicate therapeutic progress. No specific causality could be identified. However, a combination of complex issues related to this patient's life experiences could be the cause of anorectic behaviour. Because this research is a single descriptive case study, the results cannot be generalized.
Divisions: | Concordia University > Faculty of Fine Arts > Creative Arts Therapies |
Item Type: | Thesis (Other) |
Authors: | Brun, Véronique |
Series Name: | Research Paper |
Pagination: | vii, 78 leaves : ill., form ; 29 cm. |
Institution: | Concordia University |
Degree Name: | M.A. |
Program: | Creative Arts Therapies |
Date: | 2006 |
Thesis Supervisor(s): | Lacroix, Louise |
ID Code: | 8863 |
Deposited By: | Concordia University Libraries |
Deposited On: | 18 Aug 2011 14:37 |
Last Modified: | 18 Aug 2011 15:06 |
Related URLs: |
Repository Staff Only: item control page


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Dusted Features
Listed: Cobblestone Jazz + Deadbeat
Every Friday, Dusted Magazine publishes a series of music-related lists compiled by our favorite artists. This week: Canadian techno stars Cobblestone Jazz and Deadbeat.
Cobblestone Jazz
Since 2002, Vancouvers Cobblestone Jazz has been using early computers and analog instruments in improvisatory explorations of the interstices between jazz, techno and electronic music. Tyger Dhula brings a background in DJing and electronic music production, while Daniel Tate is grounded in jazz and Mathew Johnson in the rhythms of bass and beats. Writing about the trios 2007 triple album, Bernardo Rondeau said, Snaking over permafrost, Cobblestone Jazz sets radio dials squealing, synths dripping from cold water washes and bass throbbing in mineralized fog. It may be hydra-headed, but Cobblestone Jazz soberly navigates crooked pathways. For the groups upcoming LP, The Modern Deep Left Quartet (out March 29 on Wagon Repair), it added Colin de la Plante (a.k.a. the Mole). Dhula ran through some of his favorite jazz records for this weeks Listed.
1. Les McCann - Invitation to Openness (Atlantic, 1972)OK. As if having Les McCann having his way with a Rhodes and a moog wasnt enough to make me salivate, lets take an excerpt from the liner notes written by the man himself (and check the track title):
Side Two 1. Beaux J. Poo Boo - This is a montage of all of those pieces of my life which have made me what I am.
Errr. Ill take two please...
2. Lonny Smith - Mama Wailer (Kudu, 1971)After playing with George Benson and Lou Donaldson over the previous six years, he hits the mark big time with Mama Wailer, his first and only solo effort on Kudu as far as I know. The laid back Latin groove is just too good, and the clave solo gives it just the right amount of grit.
3. Eddie Harris - Is It In (Atlantic, 1974)If I had my way, this would be my 10 favorite Eddie Harris tracks, but then again, that might get a bit repetitive. His partnerships with Les McCann are some of my favorite recordings, and on this solo effort his wonderfully distinctive and lyrical flow is evident throughout. While his openness to experimenting with technology alienated him from his more traditional jazz peers, they certainly endeared him to yours truly. Pitch tracking effects used by Harris on this record were designed by R. Moog, and you can always be sure to find electric percussion on his mid-70s releases. I love this guy....
4. Eddie Harris - The Reason Why Im Talkin Shit (1975)Many considered this to be the beginning of the end of Harris success. Im no Eddie Harris historian, but looking at the cover, this record leads me to believe his saxophone got run over on the way to a gig, and he chose to perform X-rated stand up comedy instead. The show must go on! Good or bad, happy or sad, an insightful landmark nonetheless in Eddie Harris unique interpretation of jazz, funk and R&B.
5. Blue Mitchell - "AM-FM Blues" (RCA, 1976)On the Funktion Junction LP, this track is a party in a box. While Mitchells trumpet and fluglehorn burst with energy, it is Clarence McDonalds Rhodes solo that takes the cake on this cut. It always goes down as a treat at any party, and is sure to get the most conservative chin-scratcher off of his rump and into the action. BooYa.
6. Carmen McRae - Music (from Blue Note Live at the Roxy June 28, 1976)This version of "Music" has to be one of my favorite jazz vocals of all time. Miss McRaes husky yet elegant voice runs the gamut in this one, from determined funk to sublime sweetness in a heartbeat. The intimacy captured with the crowd coaxing her on contributes to the magic of this version... She was one of the true heroes of jazz in my eyes.
7. Stereolab - Dots and Loops (Duophonic, 1997)Which one of these is not like the other? While its about 20 years newer than anything else on this list, I cant leave it off. It is, after all, my desert island album. Listening to this reminds me of being on my back in a grassy meadow with puffy clouds rolling by on a lazy summer day. Just what the doctor ordered if I actually was to be stranded on a hot desert island....along with a truck full of Gatorade...oh, and a record player, so I could actually listen to it...
8. Ramsey Lewis - Funky Serenity/Upendo Ni Pamoja (Capitol, 1973)A bit of everything from one of the funkiest piano players of the 70s. Killer backbeats accompany Lewis on a fair number of these tunes, and the jam-outs that ensue are really top notch. Definitely some of the best dance music of the early 70s, these cuts go down well anytime, anywhere.
9. Stanley Turrentine w/Milt Jackson - Cherry (CTI, 1972)What a tone. From playing with Jimmy Smith (how the hell did Jimmy Smith not make this list? As my Grampa would say, "this needs a saliva test!"...) in the early 60s through to his CTI recordings in the early 70s, Turrentines tenor was one of the sweetest horn sounds around. Add in Milt Jackson and this one swings, this one soars and this one wins. Yum.
10. Tommy Flanigan - Something Borrowed Something Blue (Galaxy, 1978)To be honest, I have only heard this album once. That, however, was enough. I was actually in the car with Danuel (keyboard player in Cobblestone Jazz) in the early 90s and he popped this into the tape deck of his moms car. While I cant recall the music vividly, I do recall the excitement it generated at the time. It was definitely one of the big turning points in my passion for jazz.
Deadbeat, a.k.a. Scott Monteith, has been at the leading edge of dub techno since the dawn of the 00s. Dusted wrote of his Mutek 2003 performance, Deadbeats production, timing, breakdowns, and patterns were among the best Ive ever heard in the dub genres; he is approaching a post-Basic Channel-meets-early-Pole mix. A year later, Dusteds David Day called Something Borrowed, Something Blue 2004s sexiest release. Deadbeats latest, Radio Rothko, mixes Basic Channel cuts and artists like DeepChord, Monolake, Quantec and Pendle Coven. Its out now on The Agriculture label. His mention of Cobblestone Jazzs Mathew Jonson is completely coincidental.
1. Mark Pritchard - Heavy as Stone / Elephant Dub (Depp Medi Musik)Possibly my favorite record of 2010 so far, Mark comes correct with an smashing house/step/funky anthem on the A side and an absolutely twisted slab of bone rattling dub pressure with bass heavy enough to make the rest of us hang our heads in shame on the flip. Lord save us!
2. Mike Shannon - Under the Radar (Cynosure Recordings)Having had the sincere pleasure of remixing this, Ive had plenty of time to go over this tune with a fine tooth comb and both Fadilas vocals and Mikes production get better and better with every listen. Truly a timeless piece of house music and an all to appropriate anthem for the labels 10-year anniversary.
3. Kenny Knots - Watch How The People Dancing (Honest Jons)Reissued again and not a second too soon. The absolute king of UK digital dancehall tunes, guaranteed to put a smile of the face of everyone in the place no matter what the city or venue. Essential.
4. Mathew Jonson - When Love Feels like Crying (Wagon Repiar)When someone has had as many certifiable hit records as Mat, it seems almost ridiculous to pick a favorite. This is most definitely mine, though, and proof once again that he is truly the worlds preeminent virtuoso of the Roland SH-101. Crying, indeed.
5. Untold - Gonna Work Out Fine (Hemlock)Add equal parts jack house, dub step, and bleep techno, sprinkle with Jamaican five spice and slow roast over a Calypsonian fire. Apply to turn table, gently place needle on the outside groove, don flame retardant suit, and back the fuck up!!!! A next level weapon if ever there was one....
6. Plastikman - Mind in Rewind (Ryan Crosson remix) (Minus)Remixing a stone cold classic is a daunting task not for the faint of heart, but anyone who knows him will attest that Ryans heart is larger than most. A beautiful reinterpretation made with a perfect balance of reverence and innovation. Utterly gorgeous.
7. Al Moodie - Bull Bay Jumping (Wackies)The flip side to Horace Andys all-time classic "Money" from the Dancehall Style album on Wackies, Moodies vocals come dangerously close to showing up the original, if that is even humanly possible. Never leaves my bag.
8. Carl Bradney - Slipping into Darkness (PK / Honest Jons)Another owner of permanent real estate in my crate, I heard this amazing cover tune on the Darker than Blue comp for the first time and snapped it up immediately when the 10" arrived on PK. Massive Scratch production from the golden age and perhaps my all-time favorite set starter.
9. Dre Skull - I Want You (Bok Bok remix) (White Label)Smashing Soca-inflected UK funky tune that I was surprised more people in the techno/house scene didnt jump on, as it has been working like gang busters every time I play it. Crossover crossover, as the man called Juniour Murvin say!
10. Matias Aguayo - Ay Shit - The Master (Kompakt)My favorite track from this impeccable album, Matias is one of the most forward thinking artists out there these days as far as Im concerned. This tune is a pure grinding sweaty basement party jam and the fact that this and most of the rest of the album was recorded with little more than the sound of his voice makes it all the more astounding.
By Dusted Magazine
View all articles by Dusted Magazine
©2002-2011 Dusted Magazine. All Rights Reserved.


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This post is hilarious.
Before I became a golf instructor I thought the same thing about those magazines. I actually find them a lot more helpful now than I used to because I actually understand the golf swing. As a casual golfer, trying to decipher what your reading in a golf magazine is like trying to figure out a Rubix Cube the first time you try it. It'll make you a mess.
Those catch phrases were great. What's funny is I could probably come up with a way to use most, if not all, of them in some facet of my teaching. I like the Shoulder Shizzle the best. That's great!


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Pioneer Grill |
Blue Heron |
Other Dining |
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Pool Side CaféSoak in the sun by the pool and enjoy a fun-filled meal prepared at the Pool Side Café. Relax in the sun or shade with one of the many lounge chairs or picnic tables surrounding the pool. Choose from a selection of grilled sandwiches, salads, pizza, and ice cream made to order. The Pool Side Café is open seasonally June through August (weather dependent) |
Coffee CartSometimes you just need a fresh cup of coffee....along with a muffin or two, and perhaps a morning snack to get going. The Jackson Lake Lodge Coffee Cart will welcome you each morning with the essentials you need to start your day off right. Open early morning through lunch daily. |


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Sherrys Antiques* Collectibles* Frivolous Necessities
Ā10959 Hwy 99E
Los Molinos, CA 96055
About Us
Sales Policy
Donald Zolan Making Friends collector plate 3rd
for item
Making Friends is the Third Plate in the Children and Pets Collection - 1985 by Donald Zolan,and manufactured by Pemberton & Oakes, Ltd. Edition limited to 28 firing days.Donald Zolan is a recognized American master painter of children. Plates in the Children and Pets series focus on the special bonds between small children and small animals. A young bog, dressed in a red and white striped shirt, is on all fours in the grass staring at his puppy. Both are discovering that each other is an excellent playmate. Zolan's signature appears in red at the bottom right of the plate. This plate is 7-1/2" in diameter, signed in front (not an autograph - signature reproduced for manufacture), backstamped and hand numbered. Plate is like new with the Certificate of Authenticity, but no box.


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Complete statistics and more, for any player. Enter as much of the player's name as you know. |
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Deivic Lemus, rhp, Angels
Proper Name: Deivic Lemus Born: March 27, 1989 High School: Ht.: 6-3 Wt.: 185 Bats: R Throws: R |