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Fed's 'Extended Period' Pledge Defended by Kohn, Kocherlakota
May 14 (Bloomberg) -- Two Federal Reserve policy makers defended the central bank's pledge to keep interest rates low for an "extended period," saying it could be altered to account for improvements in the economy.
"Commitments to maintain interest rates at a given level must be properly conditioned on the evolution of the economy," Fed Vice Chairman Donald Kohn said. Narayana Kocherlakota, president of the Minneapolis Fed, said the pledge doesn't stop the Fed from raising rates "if economic conditions change appropriately, whether that's in three weeks, three months or three years."
Central bankers will consider whether to change their low-rate pledge next month after the economy added 290,000 jobs in April, the most in four years. Kansas City Fed President Thomas Hoenig has dissented against the language at all three policy meetings this year, saying in April it limited the Federal Open Market Committee's "flexibility to begin raising rates modestly."
Presidents Richard Fisher in Dallas, James Bullard in St. Louis and Charles Plosser in Philadelphia have also expressed reservations about the pledge, citing in part concerns that medium-term inflation may be too high.
Fed officials are likely to weigh the effects of financial turmoil in Europe on U.S. growth when they next meet June 22-23. Tighter financial conditions around the world could cause the Fed to extend its low interest rate policy, analysts said.
'Pretty Quickly'
"If financial conditions get back to normal and the data comes in stronger than the Fed expects, decisions on changing the language could happen pretty quickly," said Tom Gallagher, senior managing director at International Strategy & Investment Group Inc. in Washington. "The odds are against it changing in June."
Kohn and Kocherlakota, in separate appearances yesterday, both emphasized that the pledge for low rates doesn't imply any specific timetable and instead depends on the outlook for inflation and unemployment. The Fed's target rate for overnight loans among banks has been between zero and 0.25 percent since December 2008.
"We're keeping interest rates low to keep unemployment from going any higher, and we feel safe in doing so because there seems to be little threat of inflation," Kocherlakota said in a speech to the Eau Claire Area Chamber of Commerce in Altoona, Wisconsin.
Labor Market Outlook
Kocherlakota, who doesn't vote this year on the rate-setting FOMC, said the unemployment rate, now at 9.9 percent, is unlikely to fall below 9 percent in 2010 or 8 percent next year. While the labor market "is starting to function better," he said, "the recovery will be slower than we would like."
"The truly good news is about inflation," said Kocherlakota. A gauge of inflation watched by the Fed, the personal consumption expenditures index, rose at a 1.5 percent annualized pace in the first quarter and is likely to remain at that level for the rest of the year, he said.
The economic recovery is "well under way," Kocherlakota said, predicting growth of about 3 percent at an annual pace this quarter and around 3.5 percent over the next two years.
Growth in the U.S. will be hindered by higher tax rates needed to offset the rising national debt, declining bank lending and an expansion in Europe that's likely to be restrained by the continent's debt crisis, he said.
The number of Americans filing claims for jobless benefits dropped for a fourth straight week, a sign that employers are retaining more workers as the economy expands.
Extended Payments
Initial jobless claims fell by 4,000 to 444,000 in the week ended May 8, higher than the median forecast of economists surveyed by Bloomberg News, the Labor Department said yesterday. The number of people receiving unemployment insurance increased and those getting extended payments fell.
Some companies are hiring as sales increase. General Electric Co., the world's largest maker of jet engines, power-generation equipment and locomotives, increased the number of jobs it plans to add in Michigan to more than 1,300 with the creation of 220 aerospace manufacturing positions, the Fairfield, Connecticut-based company said last week.
"The economy is slowly getting its legs," the Dallas Fed's Fisher said yesterday in a speech in Odessa, Texas. Asked later by reporters if the time has come to consider raising rates, he said: "I don't think we're there yet."
Treasuries rose yesterday as stocks fell and the euro slid to a 14-month low on concern fiscal tightening across Europe will limit growth. The yield on the benchmark 10-year note decreased 4 basis points to 3.53 percent at 4:39 p.m. in New York.
Emergency Authority
Kohn, speaking at a conference at Carleton University in Ottawa, advocated continuing the central bank's emergency loan authority, which Congress is now planning to curb as part of an overhaul of financial regulation.
"Our ability to preserve financial stability may be enhanced by making sure the Federal Reserve has authority to lend against good collateral to other classes of sound, regulated financial institutions," said Kohn, 67, who will retire June 23. President Barack Obama has chosen San Francisco Fed President Janet Yellen, 63, to succeed him.
To contact the reporters on this story: Craig Torres in Washington at firstname.lastname@example.com; Greg Quinn in Ottawa at email@example.com.
To contact the editor responsible for this story: Christopher Wellisz at firstname.lastname@example.com


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Assessment of rehabilitation needs in cancer patients
Harten, W.H. van and Noort, O. van and Warmerdam, R. and Hendricks, H. and Seydel, E. (1998) Assessment of rehabilitation needs in cancer patients. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 21 (3). pp. 247-257. ISSN 0342-5282
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US 5043286 A Resumen Methods of and luminescent substances for measuring oxygen concentration of a test fluid. A test fluid is contacted with a plastic film containing a luminescent substance, the luminescent emission intensity of which is quenched in the presence of oxygen. The film is subjected to irradiation by light that is strongly absorbed by the luminescent substance, and a measure of the time dependence of luminescent emission intensity I(t) is obtained. Three modes of measuring quenching, and thus the oxygen concentration, from I(t) are described. These modes are insensitive to variation in plastic thickness, concentration of the luminescent substance, and take into account the non-exponential decay of the emission, thereby extending the range over which the film is sensitive. The luminescent substances include metallo derivatives of partially or fully fluorinated porphyrins which are photostable due to the fluorination of the porphyrin ring.
Reclamaciones(13) 1. A method of measuring oxygen concentration in a fluid, comprising the steps of:
(a) contacting a test fluid with a sensor composition comprising a photostable fluorinated luminescent substance, whose luminescent emission is sensitive to quenching by oxygen, (b) irradiating the composition with light containing wavelengths strongly adsorbed by the fluorinated luminescent substance, (c) terminating the irradiation of step (b), (d) measuring the decay intensity or decay rate of luminescent light emitted by the composition, and (e) determining the oxygen concentration in the test fluid by comparing the decay intensity or decay rate value measured in step (d) with a reference standard. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the fluorinated luminescent substance is selected from the group consisting of metallo derivatives of partially or fully fluorinated octaethylporphyrin, tetraphenylporphyrin, tetrabenzporphyrin, or the chlorins, bacteriochlorins, or isobacteriochlorins of said porphyrins.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the metallo derivatives are platinum or palladium derivatives.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the fluorinated luminescent substance comprises one or both of a platinum derivative and a palladium derivative of a tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the sensor composition further comprises the photostable fluorinated luminescent substance admixed in an oxygen-permeable matrix.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the oxygen-permeable matrix is an oxygen-permeable plastic.
7. A photostable, fiber-optic oxygen sensor comprising a partially or wholly fluorine-substituted luminescent substance, whose luminescent emission is sensitive to quenching by oxygen, retained on at least one optical fiber and disposed in a light path of the at least one optical fiber.
8. The sensor of claim 7 wherein the partially or wholly fluorine-substituted luminescent substance is selected from the group consisting of metallo derivatives of partially or fully fluorinated octaethylporphyrin, tetraphenylporphyrin, tetrabenzporphyrin, or the chlorins, bacteriochlorins, or isobacteriochlorins of said porphyrins.
9. The sensor of claim 8 wherein the metallo derivatives are platinum or palladium derivatives.
10. The sensor of claim 7 wherein the partially or wholly fluorine-substituted luminescent substance comprises one or both of a platinum derivative and a palladium derivative of a tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin.
11. The sensor of claim 7 wherein the partially or wholly fluorine-substituted luminescent substance is admixed in an oxygen-permeable matrix.
12. The sensor of claim 11 wherein the oxygen-permeable matrix comprises one or more of polyvinyl chloride, polymethyl methacrylate, cellulose acetate and silicone-polybicarbonate copolymer, with or without a plasticizer.
13. The sensor of claim 11 wherein the oxygen-permeable matrix is an oxygen-permeable plastic.
Descripción This application is a division of application Ser. No. 06/931,746, filed Sept. 11, 1986, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,655, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 06/752,262, filed July 3, 1985, now abandoned, the benefit of the filing dates of which are hereby claimed under 35 U.S.C. § 120. This invention relates generally to the measurement of oxygen concentration using the quenching of emission of a luminescent aromatic molecule embedded in a plastic medium. It is known that a luminescent aromatic molecule embedded in plastic is subject to quenching by oxygen present in the gas or liquid in contact with the plastic. This phenomenon was reported by Bergman (Nature 218:396, 1966), and a study of oxygen diffusion in plastic was reported by Shaw (Trans. Faraday Soc. 63:2181-2189, 1967). Stevens, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,612,866, ratios the luminescence intensities from luminescent materials dispersed in oxygen-permeable and oxygen-impermeable plastic films to determine oxygen concentration. Lubbers et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,003,707 proposed the possibility of positioning the emitting substance at the end of an optical fiber. Peterson et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,476,870 also employs the quenching of an emitting molecule in plastic at the end of an optical fiber. Both Lubbers and Peterson reference emission against scattered exciting light. The quenching of the luminescence of an emitter at the end of an optical fiber has been used in temperature sensors. For temperature probes the emitters are generally solid phosphors rather than an aromatic molecule embedded in plastic, since access by molecules from the environment is not desirable. Various methods have been used to measure the amount of quenching: (i) Quick et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,223,226 ratios the intensity at one wavelength of the emission against another; (ii) Quick et al. also proposes determining the length of time it takes for the signal to fall from one level to another; (iii) Samulski in U.S. Pat. No. 4,245,507 (reissued as U.S. Pat. No. Re. 31,832) proposes to measure quenching by determining the phase of the emitted life. In a very recent patent for temperature sensing at the end of an optical fiber, Hirschfeld in U.S. Pat. No. 4,542,987 proposes, in addition to method (i), that (iv) emission lifetime be used to measure quenching and that (v) Raman scattered light can be used as a reference. Eastwood and Gouterman (1970) noted generally with respect to Pd and Pt porphyrin complexes that their "relatively high [emission] yields and short triplet lifetimes . . . may make these systems useful as . . . biological probes for the presence of oxygen." More recently, Bacon and Demas in UK Patent Application No. 2,132,348A propose the use of, inter alia, porphyrin complexes of VO2+, Cu2+, Pt2+, Zn2+ and Pd2+ or dimeric Rh, Pt, or Ir complexes for monitoring oxygen concentration by emission quenching of intensity or lifetime. Suitable ligands would reportedly be etioporphyrin, octaethylporphin, and porphin. Methods and compositions are described for measuring oxygen concentration, particularly for monitoring oxygen in the blood with a fiber optic catheter. Oxygen concentration is determined by observing quenching of the emission from a luminescent (phosphorescent or fluorescent) molecule embedded in oxygen-permeable plastic. A test fluid of unknown oxygen concentration is contacted with a plastic film containing at least one luminescent substance. The film is subjected to irradiation over some period of time by light of a wavelength that is strongly absorbed by the luminescent substance, and a measure of the time dependence of luminescent emission intensity I(t) is obtained. Three modes of determining oxygen concentration from I(t) are described. (i) Subsequent to a brief (approximately 5 μs) flash of light I(ti) is determined by use of a transient recorder and fit to Eq. (6). An average decay rate k= (A1 k1 +A2 k2)/(A1 +A2) (7) is determined, and k used for the Stern-Volmer plot of Eq. (1). (ii) The period of linear decay of luminescent emission is determined from the I(t) data, and that intensity versus time profile is referenced against similarly obtained profiles for reference fluids of known oxygen concentration, using slopes, intensity or time setpoints. (iii) The sample is irradiated for some time interval (generally under 50 μs) using a flash lamp or a light emitting diode. Intensity segments of emission, I1 and I2, are determined during two time intervals defined with respect to the time of irradiation. These two intensity segments are compared to form a ratio R, and a calibration plot of R versus oxygen pressure is obtained using solutions of known oxygen concentration. Three different methods for determining I1, I2, and R are presented. These methods (i-iii) of measuring quenching are insensitive to variation in plastic thickness and emitter concentration of the probe and to decomposition during operation. Methods (i-iii) also take into account the non-exponential decay of the emission, and thus extend the pressure range over which the probe is sensitive. Method (iii) requires at most one point calibration against atmospheric oxygen. Also disclosed are photostable luminescent molecules for use with the subject method. In a preferred embodiment platinum tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin, Pt(TFPP), serves as the luminescent oxygen quenching-sensitive molecule. Pt(TFPP) has a strong absorbance in the visible region, a strong phosphorescence with lifetime of roughly 100 μs, and is photostable. Photostability is provided by the substitution of fluorine atoms in the periphery of the synthetic porphyrin ring. Other suitable fluorinated luminescent molecules include metallo derivatives, particularly platinum and palladium derivatives, of partially or fully fluorinated octaethylporphyrin, tetraphenylporphyrin, tetrabenzoporphyrin, or the chlorins, bacteriochlorins, or isobacteriochlorins thereof. The latter reduced porphyrins have the advantage that their absorption is red-shifted to a region for which light emitting diodes can be used for excitation. FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a representative system 10 for measuring oxygen concentration by the emission lifetime method of this invention; FIG. 2 is a graph showing phosphorescence emission of Pt(TFPP) decay curves as a function of molecular oxygen pressures, as described in Example 1; FIG. 3 is a graph plotting k/ko and τo /τ versus pO2 for the decay curves shown in FIG. 2 and the data presented in Table 1; FIG. 4 is a representative plot showing the two intensity segments I1 and I2 as used in Equation (9) in conjunction with system 10; FIG. 5 is a plot of R versus pO2 for the embodiment shown in FIG. 4; FIG. 6 is a block diagram of representative systems 10' and 10" suitable for monitoring oxygen concentration in the bloodstream; FIG. 7 is a representative plot showing the two intensity segments I1 ' and I2 ' as used in Equation (10) in conjunction with system 10'; FIG. 8 is a plot of R' versus pO2 for the embodiment shown in FIG. 7; FIG. 9 is a representative plot showing the two intensity segments I1 " and I2 " as used in Equation (11) in conjunction with system 10"; FIG. 10 is a plot of R" versus pO2 for the embodiment shown in FIG. 9; FIG. 11 presents Stern-Volmer plots for Pt(TFPP) in various film matrices containing various amounts of plasticizer, as described in Example 3; and, FIG. 12 presents Stern-Volmer plots of k/ko for films containing various mixtures of Pt(TFPP) and Pd(TFPP), as described in Example 4. The present invention addresses several previously unrecognized problems inherent in the prior art. In particular, we have found that the molecules studied by Eastwood and Gouterman are subject to photodecomposition when exposed to light and oxygen for extended periods of time. For best photostability the previously unreported fluorinated derivative platinum tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin, Pt(TFPP), must be used. [As used herein, the term "tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin" refers to the identical compound as the term "tetraperfluorophenylporphyrin" as stated in our referenced prior application.] Furthermore, we have found that the phosphorescent emission decay in plastic is not a simple exponential, and so conventional methods of analysis fail to provide a measure of quenching that is useful over a wide range of oxygen pressures. In the next paragraphs we review the luminescence and quenching of aromatic molecules and then present our methods for using the observed nonexponential decay to accurately and conveniently determine oxygen concentration. Photoexcitation of many molecular systems leads to metastable excited states that relax to the ground state by emitting light. Metastable photoexcited states are of two types: (i) those with the same spin as the ground state and (ii) those of different spin from the ground state. Emission from metastable excited states of type (i) is called fluorescence and is generally accomplished in under 0.2 microseconds. Emission from metastable excited states of type (ii) is called phosphorescence and is generally accomplished in times ranging from 1 microsecond to 20 seconds. Both types of emission are quenched by oxygen. The first order decay rate of emission (k) of an excited state in the presence of oxygen is given by: k=knat +kd +kq [O2 ]=ko +kq [O2 ]=1/τ(1) wherein knat is the natural radiative lifetime of the metastable excited state, kd is the rate of any intrinsic radiationless decay processes, kq is the quenching rate of oxygen, [O2 ] is the oxygen concentration, and ko is the decay rate in the absence of oxygen. The inverse of k is called the emission lifetime, τ. The amount of light emitted by a sample is called the quantum yield, Φ, and is defined as: Φ=(photons emitted/photon absorbed)=knat /k. (2) It follows from Equations (1) and (2) that the quantum yield in the absence of oxygen, Φo, divided by the quantum yield in the presence of oxygen, Φ, is given by: Φo /Φ=1+kq [O2 ]. (3) Equations (1) and (3) are two forms of the Stern-Volmer equation for the effect of oxygen on quantum yield. This relationship is the basis for oxygen monitors that study the intensity of emission (I), which is directly proportional to quantum yield as follows: Io /I=1+kq [O2 ] (4) wherein Io and I are respectively the emission intensities in the absence and presence of oxygen. It can be seen that oxygen quenching can be determined by monitoring either decay rate as in Equation (1) or decay intensity as in Equation (4). For both types of measurements it is necessary to calibrate the sensor against reference solutions of known oxygen concentrations in order to determine the quenching parameter kq. If decay rate is to be used, it is necessary to measure the emission intensity at a series of times, t1, t2, t3 . . . , after the exciting light has terminated. For a simple exponential decay two such timed measurements will suffice, and decay rate is determined from the equation: k=(t2 -t1)-1 1n[I(t1)/I(t2)]. (5) If intensity is used as in Equation (4), then it is necessary to reference intensity I to the intensity Io in the absence of oxygen. As mentioned above, Stevens proposed obtaining Io from a second probe from which oxygen is excluded by an oxygen impermeable varnish. The Stevens configuration is impractical for fiber optic probes. Lubbers and Peterson determine Io from scattered light. Both methods of measuring Io have the intrinsic limitation that they do not take account of photodegradation of the sensing molecule that may occur during operation and that would reduce light output. Also, depending on the ability to manufacture exactly identical sensors, each particular probe may need calibration. Accordingly, Peterson calibrates each probe at three points: no oxygen, oxygen at the pressure of air, and at an intermediate oxygen pressure. In contrast to the intensity measurement of Equation (4), the decay rate measurement of Equation (5) avoids difficulties caused by variability in sensor manufacture and by photodegradation. However, the oxygen sensors of Stevens, Lubbers et al., and Peterson et al. are all based on the quenching of fluorescence, which decays generally in under 0.1 microsecond (μs) and so requires fast electronics and fast light flashes to measure decay rate. This may account for their preferred use of the intensity ratio of Equation (4). The molecule used in the preferred embodiment of our oxygen sensor has a decay time in the μs (microseconds) time range, so that slower electronics and exciting light flashes can be used, making the study of quenching through decay rate very practical. Furthermore, the use of decay rate as in Equation (1) rather than intensity ratio as in Equation (4) in principle makes our sensor insensitive to both variation in the probe manufacture (e.g., small variations in plastic thickness and emitter concentration) and to the formation of nonluminescent photoproducts during operation. In principle no calibration is necessary, but in practice we have found that one point calibration in air increases the accuracy of measurement by different probes. While Equations (1) and (4) are generally considered to be equivalent measures of oxygen quenching, a serious problem arises in determining decay rate of aromatic molecules in plastic, since we find that such decay is generally nonexponential. That is, the decay time of luminescent aromatic molecules in plastic cannot be fit by a simple exponential but must rather be considered as a sum of two exponentials: I(t)=A1 e-k.sbsp.1.spsp.t +A2 e-k.sbsp.2.spsp.t(6) wherein e is the exponential function. The four fitting parameters A1, k1, A2, k2 can be fit if I(t) is measured at many times t following an interval of photoexcitation. This type of determination requires considerable instrumentation and software analysis that may not be practical for routine operation. Furthermore, even given the knowledge of these four parameters, it is not clear how best to employ them to determine oxygen concentration because in the absence of an exponential decay the Stern-Volmer Equations (1) and (3) no longer apply. To overcome these problems, we provide molecules having a decay time sufficiently long so that oxygen concentration can be conveniently determined through a measurement of the time dependence of emission intensity, i.e., I(t). We thereby avoid problems due to variations in probe construction and photodegradation that arise using methods that measure total intensity and its ratio to a reference, i.e., as in Equation (4). We also provide convenient methods of determining oxygen concentration from the function I(t), even though I(t) is non-exponential. FIG. 1 shows a representative system 10 for determining the oxygen concentration of gaseous samples by measuring the quenching of various emitting sensor compositions in plastic. A flashing light source 12 (e.g., Strobotac Model No. 1538A) provides time dependent light excitation (indicated by dashed arrow 14) of an oxygen quenching-sensitive composition, which is sequestered in film 16 in this embodiment. Film 16 is mounted inside the fluid, depicted as vapor 18 here, that is to be sampled. Phosphorescent light (dashed arrow 20) emitted from film 16 impinges on a photodetector 22 (e.g., RCA 7265). A housing 24 containing windows 26, 28 can be used to isolate film 16 inside the fluid 18 being monitored, which is typically not identical with the environment of the rest of system 10. Windows 26, 28 can be made of quartz or glass. Key components of system 10 are filters 30, 32. Filter 30 is a band-pass filter (e.g., Ealing 35-3649) that allows only shorter wavelength light 14, e.g., wavelengths in the range 480 to 600 nanometers (nm), to impinge on film 16. The range of band-pass filter 30 is chosen to match the region of strong absorption by the phosphorescing compound that is sequestered in film 16. Filter 32 is a cutoff filter (e.g., Corning 261) that allows only long wavelength light 20, e.g., wavelengths longer than 620 nm, to impinge on photodetector 22 and is chosen to allow the phosphorescent light 20 to reach the photodetector 22. In a preferred embodiment, the band-pass of filter 30 and the cutoff of filter 32 are complementary such that no light 14 from flashing light source 12 reaches photodetector 22. The electric output (arrow 38) of photodetector 22 passes into preamplifier 40 of standard design. In the embodiment shown here, the output (arrow 42) of preamplifier 40 passes into a transient recorder 44 (e.g., Biomation Model No. 805) that is capable of sampling intensity, I(ti), at time intervals below a microsecond. The timing of system 10 is under control of microcomputer 36. In a preferred mode of operation that provides a zero baseline, microcomputer 36 puts out a trigger (arrow 46) to activate transient recorder 44 and after a slight delay on the order of 20 microseconds puts out another trigger (arrow 48) to start flash light source 12. Transient recorder 44 thus collects data relating to I(ti), the intensity I of phosphorescence at various times ti before and after the flash, which data are read (as indicated by arrow 50) into the computer 36. Flash rates using system 10 are typically on the order of 100 per second. The time interval between successive flashes 14 is sufficiently long that a decay time and hence oxygen concentration can be calculated after each flash 14. It should be noted that the limiting time of response is set by the diffusion rate of oxygen into the monitor film 16, which is typically under one second. This diffusion rate becomes faster, permitting response times on the order of milliseconds, with thinner films 16 and by adding plasticizer to the carrier matrix, as described below. Thus, real-time measurements of oxygen concentrations can be made by this method. Pursuant to this disclosure, measurement is made of the intensity, I(ti), of phosphorescence 20 emitted by the film 16 at a series of times, t1, t2, t3 . . . , after the flash 14. The light intensities I(ti) at any particular time ti following several flashes can be averaged. A decay rate, k, of the phosphorescence is calculated from these data by the computer 36 using various algorithms. In particular, with a full set of values I(ti) we can fit the decay to Eq. (6) above. Decay curves for Pt(TFPP) in polyvinyl chloride with plasticizer are shown in FIG. 2, wherein t' is the period of linear decay, i.e., where ΔI/Δt has a constant slope at any particular oxygen pressure of interest, and wherein t" is the remaining period of the detectable emission, during which ΔI/Δt is not constant. Representative values found for the fitting parameters A1, k1, A2, k2 are listed in Table 1. TABLE 1______________________________________Data analysis of PtTFPP in PLS/PVCa,b,c.po2A1 k1 A2 k2 - k - τ - k/ko τo /- τ______________________________________ 1 1. 13.1 13.1 76.3 1. 1. 10 0.88 13.26 0.12 24.2 14.6 71.3 1.11 1.07 50 0.78 15.03 0.22 26.5 17.6 60.3 1.34 1.27100 0.64 16.23 0.36 31.4 21.7 50.9 1.66 1.50200 0.63 18.25 0.37 41.5 26.8 43.4 2.05 1.76300 0.58 19.23 0.42 45.4 30.2 39.4 2.30 1.94400 0.33 17.0 0.67 39.4 32.0 36.5 2.44 2.09500 0.305 17.2 0.695 41.1 33.8 34.6 2.58 2.20______________________________________ a PLS/PVC = plasticized polyvinyl chloride; see Example 1 for details. b Data taken by system 10. c The k's are in (ms)-1, and -τ is in μs. Two measures for the time decay can be defined: Average decay rate, k, is given by: k=(A1 k1 +A2 k2)/(A1 +A2). (7) Average decay time, τ, corresponds to the normalized integral of the emission intensity, I(t), as follows: τ=(A1 k1 -1 +A2 k2 -1)/(A1 +A2).(8) τ represents the total amount of light emitted following termination of excitation, which has been the principal measure of oxygen quenching in the prior art; however, the prior art did not consider the disclosed nonexponential decay phenomenon. The value k corresponds to the normalized decay rate at t=0. In FIG. 3 we plot representative τo /τ and k/ko curves using the data listed in Table 1. These curves would be identical for an exponential decay. FIG. 3 shows that k/ko gives a more linear Stern-Volmer plot; hence k provides a more accurate determination of oxygen concentration at higher oxygen pressures. The double exponential decay of Eq. (6) can be understood as resulting from two types of emitting molecules: Those with larger k1 are more subject and those with smaller k2 are less subject to quenching by oxygen. The average decay time, τ, gives heavier weight to the unquenched molecules, whereas the average decay rate, k, gives heavier weight to the quenched population and provides a better measure of oxygen quenching. In a related method, the slope of the emission profile during the period of linear decay is compared with similarly obtained slopes for fluids of known oxygen concentrations. Due to the double exponential nature of the luminescent decay curve, the referenced slope values must not encompass any of the tail region (t" in FIG. 2) of the emission profile. Once this relationship is established, the time it takes for the intensity of emission to fall to any particular level within time t' can provide a convenient readout of pO2. Alternatively, the intensity measured with the test fluid at any particular time t less than t' can be compared with standard curves of intensity versus time (again, less than t') for a series of fluids of known oxygen concentrations. We have also discovered other convenient methods of measuring pO2, taking into consideration the nonexponential decay of luminescent molecules in plastic. The following methods reference one time segment of emission against another and thus provide measurements that are independent of sensor configuration or light path variation. With system 10, the best measure for oxygen quenching is the intensity ratio, R, given by: R=(I1 -I2)/(I1 +I2), (9) wherein I1 and I2 are the sums of the intensities, or total flux of luminescent light, measured by the transient recorder during two time periods that together substantially encompass the period of linear decay of the luminescent emission once the light source 12 is turned off. With system 10, the time intervals for I1 and I2 can be readily optimized for particular combinations of luminescent substance, matrix, and oxygen pressure range of interest by sampling time intervals and selecting those that provide the best resolution within the linear decay period. For example, with a Pt(TFPP) film 16, I1 can be the flux of phosphorescence detected over times from 0 to 10 μs, and I2 can be the sum of the intensities over times from 10 to 20 μs, with time zero for both measurements being the end of the period of illumination. FIG. 4 illustrates the two intensity segments I1 and I2, and a corresponding plot of R versus pO2 (oxygen pressure) is shown in FIG. 5. It is not necessary for the selected time intervals to encompass the entire period of linear decay. However, I1 and I2 preferably subdivide the period of linear decay (t' in FIG. 2) into two equal time periods. The subject method can be used to measure oxygen concentration in a fluid, meaning gas and/or liquid. For example, the oxygen concentration in closed and semiclosed atmospheres 18 such as aircraft and mines can be measured using a detection system similar to 10, shown in FIG. 1. Oxygen concentrations in liquids such as blood, seawater, and sewage can also be monitored by the method of this invention. FIG. 6 shows representative systems 10', 10" for monitoring oxygen in the bloodstream 18'. The following components are identical to those described above for system 10: sensing composition 16, phototube 22, filters 30,32, microcomputer 36, electric output (arrow 38) and preamplifier 40. Reference numerals 46, 48 and 50 represent signals out of microcomputer 36 and A/B converter 44' or electronic circuit 44". In systems 10' and 10" the film 16 containing the oxygen quenching-sensitive composition is positioned at the end of an optical pipe 56, which carries the exciting light to and the emitted light from the film 16. In system 10' the exciting light source 12' is a flash lamp, while in system 10" the exciting light source 12" is a light emitting diode (LED). The exciting light from light source 12' or 12" passes into light pipe 55. The emitted light exits through light pipe 57. The light pipes 55, 56, 57 are connected by a standard three-way optical coupler 58 (e.g., GTE ATA No. OCL-0102-X). In system 10' the output 42 from the preamplifier 40 passes into a fast A/D converter 44' (e.g., the LAB-40 manufactured by Computer Continuum, Daly City, Ca. 94015). In system 10" the output from the preamplifier 40 passes into a specially designed electronic circuit 44", termed herein an integral ratio determinator, which calculates R" using Eq. (11) below. Using system 10', oxygen quenching is measured as the intensity ratio, R', given by: R'=I1 '/I2 ', (10) wherein I1 ' and I2 ' represent the fluxes of luminescence over two time periods that substantially encompass the period of detectable luminescent emission once the light source 12' is turned off. With system 10', time intervals are selected from the lamp-off regions of linear t' and nonlinear t" decay to provide ratioing R values of I1 ' and I2 ' that give the best resolution within the oxygen pressure range of interest. I1 ' preferably encompasses the period of linear decay of the luminescent emission. For example, with a Pt(TFPP) film 16, I1 ' can be the sum of the intensities I(ti) digitized by the fast A/D converter over times from 0 to about 20 μs, and I2 ' can be the sum of the intensities over times from 20 to 300 μs, with time zero for both measurements being the end of the period of illumination. FIG. 7 illustrates the two intensity segments I1 ' and I2 ', and a corresponding a plot of R' versus pO2 is shown in FIG. 8. With system 10" the LED is turned on, for example, from time 0 to approximately 50 μs. Here the measure of oxygen quenching is the intensity ratio, R", given by: R"=I1 "/I2 ", (11) wherein I1 " is the flux of luminescence during a first time interval taken before the light 12" is turned off, and I2 " is the flux of emitted light during a second time interval taken subsequent to extinguishing the light source 12". I1 " preferably encompasses the entire time period during which light source 12" is turned on, and I2 " preferably encompasses substantially the entire period of detectable luminescent emission subsequent to turning off the light source 12". The light source 12" is most preferably turned on only until the detected luminescent intensity plateaus, meaning attains its maximum intensity, as shown in FIG. 9. For the representative Pt(TFPP) embodiment, I1 " can be the intensity of emission gathered over the time period from 0 to 50 μs, i.e., while the LED is on, and I2 " can be the intensity of emission gathered from 50 μs to 300 μs, after which there is no more emitted light. In the integral ratio determinator 44" the signal 42 from the preamp 40 is split by two balanced synchronous demodulators into the pulse and decay (light 12" on and off) components. Circuit 44" then integrates the pulse and decay components separately, passes the signals through V/F converter channels, and respectively counts each component for the digitized equivalent. FIG. 9 illustrates the two intensity segments I1 " and I2 ", and a corresponding plot of R" versus pO2 is shown in FIG. 10. We found with system 10" that apparently identical sensors give calibration plots of pO2 versus R" that are parallel but shifted from one another. Thus, to obtain accurate values of pO2 each sensor should be calibrated at one pressure, preferably the oxygen pressure of air. The disclosed method uses as emitters metallo-organic molecules, in particular Pt and Pd derivatives of porphyrins. The organic region of these molecules is where light absorption and emission occurs, and this provides a strong absorption coefficient. Moreover, their natural phosphorescence decay rate, knat, has been greatly increased by the metal atom so they have a high quantum yield of phosphorescence. Furthermore, their phosphorescence decay time is sufficiently short so that it is in a convenient range to monitor for oxygen quenching. A suitable oxygen quenching-sensitive monitor 16, or sensor composition, for practicing this invention contains at least one species of phosphorescent molecule having the following properties (a) through (i): (a) The phosphorescent molecule should have a high absorption coefficient for light obtained from a convenient flashing light source. (b) The quantum yield of phosphorescence should be large so that there is sufficient light to work with, roughly Φ>0.2. (c) The phosphorescence lifetime in the absence of oxygen should be in the range 50 microseconds to 5 milliseconds. With too short a lifetime, apparatus becomes more expensive. With too long a lifetime, the emission will tend to be entirely quenched in higher oxygen ranges of interest. (d) The wavelengths of strong absorption and strong emission should be well separated so that complementary filters can be obtained to isolate these spectral regions. (e) The emission should be in the red, with wavelengths longer than 600 nanometers, as this avoids competition from extraneous emission that might occur from the sample or from windows, filters, and optical pipes. (f) The phosphorescent molecule should be stable to photooxidation, since they will be used under illumination and with oxygen present. (g) The phosphorescent molecule should be insoluble in the fluid being monitored so that it does not leach out of the monitor. For example, for monitoring blood the molecule should not be water soluble. On the other hand, the molecule must have solubility suitable for monitor fabrication. (h) The natural and radiationless decay times, knat and kd in Eq. (1), should be insensitive to small temperature changes. (i) The emission properties should not be sensitive to common molecules, e.g., H2 O, CO2, N2, and to other molecules likely to be present in the fluid to be monitored, e.g., halothane or N2 O in blood. The phosphorescent molecule(s) having the foregoing properties can be sequestered in a carrier matrix to form an oxygen monitor 16. The following characteristics (j) through (l) apply to both the phosphorescent molecule and the carrier matrix: (j) The phosphorescent molecule(s) and the carrier matrix should be chemically stable, so that they do not deteriorate. (k) The phosphorescent molecule(s) and the carrier matrix should not be toxic. (l) The phosphorescent molecule(s) and the carrier matrix should be conveniently synthesized or purchased. The following properties (m) through (s) apply to the carrier matrix, which is preferably an oxygen-permeable plastic: (m) The carrier matrix should dissolve or bond with the phosphorescent molecule and be easily cast onto the substrate which holds it. (n) The carrier matrix must be porous to oxygen and should equilibrate over convenient times, since this equilibration rate determines the response time of the oxygen monitor. We have found that the response time can be shortened by the amount of plasticizer in a PVC carrier matrix. (o) For oxygen concentrations, [O2 ]fl, of interest in the fluid being monitored, the equilibrium oxygen concentration in the carrier matrix, [O2 ]mx, and the quenching constant, kq, should be of size: kq [O2 ]mx knat +kd (9) wherein these quantities are those of Eq. (1). If the left side of Eq. (9) is much larger than the right side, then little emission is observed; if the left side is much smaller than the right side, then little quenching is observed. Thus the product kq [O2 ]mx must be adjusted to match the parameters knat +kd of the phosphorescing molecule and the oxygen concentration [O2 ]fl in the fluid to be monitored. (p) The carrier matrix should stick to the substrate on which it is mounted, e.g., the end of a light pipe 56 as in FIG. 6. (q) The carrier matrix should be nonvolatile and insoluble in the fluid being monitored. (r) The carrier matrix should be chemically stable with respect to the fluid being monitored, the phosphorescent molecule in its ground state, and the phosphorescent molecule in light in the presence of oxygen. (s) Finally, the carrier matrix should be transparent to the exciting light and to the phosphorescent light. Suitable oxygen quenching-sensitive phosphorescent molecules for practicing this invention include porphyrins, meaning those compounds that contain the porphyrin ring structure (Monograph No. 7468, Tenth Edition of The Merck Index, Merck & Company, Inc., Rahway, N.J., 1983), chlorins, bacteriochlorins, and isobacteriochlorins. The porphyrin ring structure gives rise to intense optical absorption and emission in the wavelength range of interest. The wavelengths for absorption and emission can be shifted by various chemical modifications to the porphyrin ring structure. In addition, the emission lifetimes and quantum yields are strongly dependent on any metal incorporated into the center of the ring. The preferred synthetic rings for employment in the practice of this invention are tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (TFPP), octaethylporphyrin (OEP), tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP), and tetrabenzporphyrin (TBP) compounds. Preferred metals are second and third transition row metals with electron configurations d6 or d8, including Ru(II), Rh(III), Pd(II), Os(II), Ir(III), Pt(II), and Au(III). All of the aforementioned metalloporphyrins show phosphorescence with moderate quantum yields and suitable lifetimes. However, the Pd(II) and Pt(II) derivatives are the most preferred since only they are free of axial ligands and/or counter ions, which can complicate the synthesis and can introduce instabilities either during film preparation or during operation under light; moreover, they have the highest quantum yields of emission. Some other metalloporphyrins may also be suitable; for example, we have had some success using Hf(IV) octaethylporphyrin. Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes of tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (TFPP), octaethylporphyrin (OEP), tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP), and tetrabenzporphyrin (TBP) have proven in our hands to be the best phosphorescent molecules for practicing this invention as they tend to satisfy most of the above-stated criteria (a) to (i). Moreover, the palladium, Pd(II), porphyrins have lifetimes in the absence of oxygen of 1-2 milliseconds and the platinum, Pt(II), porphyrins of around 100 microseconds. As a result, these Pd(II) and Pt(II) porphyrins are most sensitive in different regions of oxygen concentration: In particular, the palladium porphyrins are best used under 10 torr pressure, while the platinum porphyrins can best be used above 50 torr pressure. By employing in the oxygen quenching-sensitive composition a combination of different phosphorescent molecules having different phosphorescent lifetimes, e.g., any of the above-stated Pd porphyrins along with any of the above-stated Pt porphyrins, a wider range of oxygen pressures can be monitored than by use of either phosphorescent molecule alone. We have also discovered that the range of sensitivity for any particular phosphorescent molecule used in the oxygen quenching-sensitive composition can be adjusted by choice of the carrier matrix and also the amount of plasticizer dissolved in the matrix. Polyvinyl chloride with variable amounts of plasticizer provide suitable carrier matrices, as does polymethyl methacrylate without plasticizer. Other suitable oxygen-permeable matrices can be made of cellulose acetate or silicone-polybicarbonate copolymer (Petrarch MB). We have also discovered that Pd and Pt tetraphenylporphyrin and tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin show a specific absorption band proportional to the deterioration of the compound. This band lies in the wavelength range 550-620 nm, depending on the compound. This new band may be due to a photooxidation product. The appearance of the specific band upon prolonged irradiation can be used to provide a quality control check of photodeterioration to determine when the monitor film should be changed. As mentioned above, the Pd(II) and Pt(II) porphyrins with the rings OEP, TBP, TFPP, and TPP are the preferred phosphorescent molecules for use in the disclosed measurement methods. All of these preferred molecules are in addition reasonably stable when freshly synthesized and over the time course of typical laboratory analyses of absorption and emission properties. However, we found that some of these eight species proved less stable than others when subjected to extended illumination and ambient oxygen. Not all of the Pd and Pt porphyrins in polyvinyl chloride containing plasticizer are sufficiently stable under extended illumination to be suitable for oxygen sensors. The OEP and TBP rings deteriorated so readily that they were entirely gone, as evidenced by lack of absorption spectrum, after fifteen hours of illumination. The TPP ring proved more hardy and showed a survival of emission intensity and lifetime slightly poorer than perylene dibutyrate (PDB), the molecule of choice for a fluorescent oxygen sensor described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,476,870 and in Anal. Chem. 56: 62-67, 1984. The TFPP ring proved more hardy than PDB under the same test conditions. The survival of the emission intensity of Pd(TFPP) was comparable to that of PDB, while that of Pt(TFPP) was better. The emission intensity of the Pt(TFPP) after 15 hours of illumination was 80% of its initial value while the lifetime was 95% of its initial value. Since luminescent compounds are quite generally photooxidized in the presence of oxygen, it is critical to select a relatively photostable phosphorescent or fluorescent molecule for use in luminescent oxygen sensors. The most preferred phosphorescent molecules for monitoring oxygen concentration by any of the previously reported or subject methods therefore include Pd(TFPP) and Pt(TFPP). Photooxidation of aromatic molecules is one of the most important processes by which compounds are degraded and undergo permanent chemical transformations. In general, photooxidation reactions of aromatic compounds are enhanced by more extended conjugation, higher electron density, and lower oxidation potentials. Porphyrin reactivity with molecular oxygen in the presence of light is influenced by the inductive effects of the functional group attached either at the periphery of the porphyrin ring or in extraplanar ligands. In the case of TFPP systems we observed that the electron withdrawing effect of the pentafluorophenyl substituents raises the oxidation potential and reduces the electron density. These factors make the TFPP molecule less reactive toward photooxidation process and increase its photostability. The measured oxidation potentials of a series of free base porphyrins are shown in Table 2. TABLE 2______________________________________Porphyrin oxidation potential. Eox [Volts]Compound 1/2 Reference______________________________________H2 OEP 0.81 J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 95:140, 1973.H2 ETIO 0.77 J. Phys. Chem. 229:259, 1964.H2 TPP 0.97 J. Phys. Chem. 229:259, 1964.H2 TFPP 1.6 Our unpublished data.______________________________________ Recently we have optically studied the pi-cation formed when thin film samples of various porphyrins, including Zn(TFPP), are exposed to various partial pressures of molecular oxygen and light. This work clearly showed that the concentration of cation formed depends upon the porphyrin ring oxidation potential. The Zn(TFPP) showed no evidence of cation formation when exposed to 760 torr oxygen and white light for 24 hours. Pursuant to this aspect of the invention, other aromatic molecules can be made more photostable by substituting fluorine atoms on the periphery of the synthetic ring. Such complete or partial fluorine substitutions make the luminescent molecule less susceptible to photodeterioration. Photodeterioration is indicated by a diminution following exposure to illumination of the molecule's absorption spectrum and/or its emission peak ratios and lifetime ratios. The first step in photodeterioration probably involves electron loss from the luminescent molecule to ambient oxygen molecules, and we believe that the fluorinated sidegroups inhibit such transfers. We have also observed that such fluorination serves to protect the integrity of the phosphorescent molecule's emission lifetime profile more than its emission intensity. Thus, these fluorinated porphyrins are particularly well-suited for monitoring oxygen concentration using the disclosed emission lifetime method. Closely related molecules to Pd(TFPP) and Pt(TFPP) that may retain the advantage of photostability are the reduced ring chlorin [dihydroporphyin], bacteriochlorin [opposite tetrahydroporphyrin], and isobacteriochlorin [adjacent tetrahydroporphyrin]; described in M. Gouterman, Chapter 1, pp. 1-165, in The Porphyrins, Vol. III, D. Dolphin, Ed., Academic Press, New York 1978, expressly incorporated herein by reference. We have effected ring reduction of Pt(TFPP) using a two-fold excess of paratoluene-sulfonylhydrazine, K2 CO3 (anhydrous in pyridine) at 100° C. for a few hours, using the method of Whitlock et al., J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 91(26): 7485-7489, 1969, expressly incorporated herein by reference. The reduced porphyrins of these and the other mentioned porphyrins have the advantage that their absorption is red-shifted to a region for which light emitting diodes can be used for excitation. Another preferred group of photostable, phosphorescent molecules for incorporation in oxygen quenching-sensitive compositions must include Pd(II) and Pt(II) derivatives of fluorine substituted tetrabenzporphyrin (TBP), shown below and abbreviated TFBP. ##STR1## Because of the greater electron withdrawing power of fluorine with respect to hydrogen, TFBP molecules are expected to prove more stable than TBP to photooxidation when exposed to light and oxygen. Partial fluorination to give compounds of formula III should also enhance photostability. Although the Pd and Pt tetrabenzporphyrins proved unstable under extended illumination, they exhibit certain other advantages as compared with the TFPP derivatives. In particular, since the TBP absorption maxima are further to the red, they are more suitable for excitation by available light emitting diodes. Also, since their emission is further to the red than Pt(TFPP) it is less absorbed by optical piping and is less subject to interference by extraneous emission. Thus it is contemplated that Pd(II) and Pt(II) derivatives of the above-stated molecules II or III will provide photostability as well as a more convenient spectral range. The following illustrative but nonlimiting examples further illustrate the invention. Free base tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin, H2 (TFPP), was made following Longo et al., J. Heterocycl. Chem. 6: 927, 1969. H2 (TFPP) was purified by the procedure of Spellane et al., Inorg. Chem. 19: 386, 1980, a paper that describes preparation of Pd(TFPP). Pt(TFPP) was made from H2 (TFPP) and a 10 times molar excess of PtCl2 (Aldrich Chemical Co.) refluxed for 24 hours in benzonitrile. The product was chromatographed on neutral alumina column with CH2 Cl2 as eluant. 10 mg of the Pt(TFPP) were then dissolved in a 25 ml aliquot of a PVC stock solution made by dissolving 3 grams of polyvinyl chloride (PVC; B. F. Goodrich) in 70 ml tetrahydrofuran and 200 ul of 2-nitrophenyl-octylether (Fluka AG) as plasticizer. Samples are prepared by casting the resulting solution on a glass slide and allowing the tetrahydrofuran to evaporate. Films prepared in this manner were smooth and transparent. One of the films was mounted inside of an aluminum sample chamber that was then evacuated. The chamber consisted of 3 optical flats to allow absorption and emission data acquisition, and had a valve assembly for controlling the pressure of ambient gases. This chamber allowed the lifetime and intensity of the emission to be monitored as functions of O2 pressure. Measurements were made using the system 10 shown in FIG. 1. The decay of phosphorescence intensity as a function of time at several oxygen pressures for this Pt(TFPP) in PVC film is shown in FIG. 2, wherein curves 1 to 10 are respectively for 0 pressures of 1, 10, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, and 730 torr. Plots of kko and τo /τ for this Pt(TFPP) in PVC film as a function of O2 pressure are shown in FIG. 3. Pd(TFPP) was synthesized following the procedure described in Inorg. Chem. 19: 386, 1980. 10 mg of Pd(TFPP) was then dissolved in a 25 ml aliquot of the PVC stock solution described in Example 1. Films of Pd(TFPP) in PVC were made as in Example 1. Phosphorescence emission intensity decay curves, I(t), of the Pd(TFPP) in plasticized PVC film were determined at various molecular oxygen pressures ranging from 1 to 600 torr. Stern-Volmer plots of kko and τo /τ were also made for this Pd(TFPP) in PVC film as a function of oxygen pressure. The data are shown in Table 3. TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________Data analysis of PdTFPP in PLS/PVCa,b,c.po2 A1 k1 A2 k2 - k - τ - k/ko τo /- τ__________________________________________________________________________ 1 0.91 1.05 0.09 0.79 1.02 984 .1 1 10 0.80 1.34 0.20 2.92 1.65 669 1.61 1.47 50 0.37 2.02 0.63 5.56 4.25 295.5 4.16 3.33100 0.32 2.92 0.68 9.43 7.35 182 7.18 5.41200 0.26 3.73 0.74 14.08 11.34 123 11.1 8.0300 0.30 4.89 0.70 18.52 14.4 98 14.1 10.0500 0.15 5.24 0.85 19.61 17.4 72 17.2 13.7__________________________________________________________________________ a PLS/PVC = plasticized polyvinyl chloride as described above. b Data taken by system 10. c The k's are in (ms)-1, and -τ is in μs. Other polymer matrices such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMM), cellulose acetate (CA), and silicone polymer can be used as matrices for the Pt(TFPP), Pd(TFPP), or other luminescent aromatic molecule. In fact, these polymers are more permeable to gases than PVC and so can be used without plasticizer. For example, films of these matrices were made as described above from the following stock solutions that each contained 10 mg of Pt(TFPP): PMM-1 g of polymethyl methacrylate (Aldrich) and 20 ml of tetrahydrofuran; CA-1 g of cellulose acetate (Aldrich) and 20 ml of acetone; and, PMB-1 g of dimethylsiloxane-bisphenol A-polycarbonate block copolymer (Petrarch Systems, Inc.) and 20 ml of tetrahydrofuran. Quenching plots of the Pt(TFPP) in PMM, CA, and silicon PMB films as a function of O2 pressure are shown in FIG. 11. FIG. 11 also shows data from two PVC films with different amounts of plasticizer, thus indicating the influence of plasticizer concentration on oxygen quenching. These films were made as described in Example 1: PVC-1 was made using 200 microliters of the plasticizer 2-nitrophenyloctaethylether, and PVC-2 was made using 500 microliters of the plasticizer. Films of Pt(TFPP) and Pd(TFPP) mixture with different ratios of the phosphorescent species were made from the PVC stock solution described in Example 1. Quenching plots as functions of O2 pressure are shown in FIG. 12 for two plasticized PVC films with 10:1 and 1:1 ratios of the Pd:Pt mixture. Oxygen pressure sensitivity range can be adjusted by changing the concentration ratios of Pt(TFPP) and Pd(TFPP). The stability of various oxygen quenching-sensitive compositions under extended illumination was determined. Various metalloporphyrins were cast in polymer films and then exposed to extended illumination as follows: The light from a 200 watt reflection bulb was shined on the films after passing through a water container, the glass bottom of the water container, and the plastic of a transparent plastic stand. Air was blown over the films as well. The purpose of the water and the airstream was to make sure that the films were not subject to heat stress. Also, by using the tungsten lamp and passing the light through water and plastic any high energy ultraviolet radiation was attenuated. Short wave UV would not be present under the conditions of this setup. Pd and Pt derivations of OEP and TPP were synthesized as described in J. Mol. Spectroscopy 35(3): 359-375, 1970. Pd(TBP) and Pt(TBP) were synthesized as described in J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 104: 6278-6283, 1982. Pt(TFPP) and Pd(TFPP) were synthesized as described in Examples 1 and 2 above. The various metalloporphyrins were individually cast into polymer films as described in Example 1. The metalloporphyrins and films were prepared fresh for this test and were subjected to 15 hours of illumination in the above-described setup. Absorptions, emission intensities, and emission lifetimes were measured before and after the 15 hour illumination period. The results are summarized in Table 4. TABLE 4______________________________________Summary of survival after 15 hours of illumination.Compound Absorption Emissiona,b Lifetimesc______________________________________Pd(OEP) gonePt(OEP) gonePd(TBP) gonePt(TBP) gonePd(TFPP) survives 65% 90-94%Pt(TFPP) survives 80% 92-100%Pd(TPP) survives 65% 62-83%Pt(TPP) survives 20% 58-63%______________________________________ a Average emission peak intensity ratios after/before exposure to illumination. b Pd(OEP), Pt(OEP), Pd(TBP), Pt(TBP) showed no phosphorescence emission after exposure to illumination. c -k or -τ with system 10. The absorption spectrum is a minimal test for survival of the compound. If the spectrum is gone, the compound is gone. The absorption spectra of neither the OEP nor the TBP rings survived 15 hours of illumination. The absorption spectra for Pd(TFPP), Pt(TFPP), Pd(TPP), and Pt(TPP) showed growth of an impurity with an absorption at approximately 600 nm. For both the TFPP and the TPP rings the impurity appeared slightly blue shifted from Pd to Pt (with the shift more marked for the TPP rings). This would suggest that the impurity somehow contains or is associated with the metal. For the TPP films the amount of emission was much more extensively quenched than for the TFPP films. Since the test for O2 pressure depends on emission intensities and lifetimes, it appears that the TFPP molecules are the only suitable rings with respect to survival of emission properties after extended illumination. Furthermore, the lifetimes of the TFPP molecules appear to be the most hardy test for the amount of O2, in the sense of remaining constant after extended illumination. Peterson in U.S. Pat. No. 4,476,870 and in Anal. Chem. 56: 62-67, 1984, describes an oxygen sensor based on the fluorescence quenching of perylene dibutyrate (PDB). The latter paper reports: "A 5-day test showed an average loss of sensitivity of 6.5% per day due to continuous exposure to the blue excitation light when connected to a fiber optic sensor." We prepared a sample of this same dye in PVC with plasticizer and subjected it to 15 hours of illumination in the setup of Example 5. We observed that the emission decreased about 30% over this time period. Given the very different geometries of illumination for a fiber optic sensor and that of our setup, it is difficult to know the relative light fluxes. However, it is not unreasonable to assume that we can take our observations of PDB deterioration to mean that our extended 15 hours of illumination is roughly equivalent to 5 days on a light pipe. Thus we contemplate that the emission lifetimes of the TFPP molecules provide a much more stable measure of oxygen pressure than the emission intensities of Peterson's fluorescent dye of choice. We further contemplate that PDB and other oxygen-quenchable fluorescent substances known in the art can be used with our disclosed methods, which provide measurements of oxygen quenching that are insensitive to photodeterioration of the luminescent substance during use. The term "plastic" as used herein refers to a polymeric product of large molecular weight that can be shaped by flow, including principally at least one polymeric starting material and permissible amounts of plasticizer as described above. While the present invention has been described in conjunction with a preferred embodiment and illustrative examples, one of ordinary skill after reading the foregoing specification will be able to effect various changes, substitutions of equivalents, and other alterations to the methods and compositions set forth herein. It is therefore intended that the protection granted by Letters Patent hereon be limited only by the definition contained in the appended claims and equivalents thereof. Citas de patentes
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SILVER SPRING, Md. (Sept. 14,
2011) – Choice Hotels International announced today that a
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The hotel offers a breakfast buffet, grocery deliveries, room service from myriad nearby locally owned restaurants and eateries, free rush-hour shuttle service to the Metro stop minutes from the hotel, and complimentary shoe shines. Extended stay guests can also ask the hotel to stock the refrigerator with groceries before arrival. Easy-To-Reach Meetings The richly appointed S.S. Virginian Conference Center spans 1,400 square feet, accommodating up to 75attendees. The Conference Center sets a festive stage for private parties and receptions as well with banquet seating for up to 60 guests. Next door, theelegant S.S. Virginian Boardroom features cherry wood paneling and ample space for 12 –15 executives. Both venues are equipped with complimentary wireless Internet access and the latest audio-visual equipment. A full menu of services make for successful, worry-free events, including a dedicated team of planning professionals; eclectic catering options tailored to each event; ample parking; assistance with centerpieces, music and entertainment; and concierge service to assist with reservations and tours. Close To The Action Guests find unique restaurants and pubs right outside the door. For additional options, Virginian Suites is just a mile from the heart of Georgetown, where streets brim with historic architecture, boutiques, lively bars and dining options from cozy cafes to internationally acclaimed restaurants. Just a brief stroll from the hotel, guests can also hop on the Metro and take it one stop to D.C.'s fashionable West End neighborhood and the internationally acclaimed Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. Virginian Suites is the city's closest hotel to Arlington National Cemetery. Less than five miles away, guests can take a stroll around the National Zoo; marvel at national monuments; see the White House and U.S. Capitol; and visit renowned museums like the National Air & Space Museum, National Gallery of Art and Hirshhorn Museum & Sculpture Garden. Earlier this year, the following Ascend Collection members also came online: Ben Lomond Suites, Ogden, Utah; The Lane Hotel, Keene, N.H.; Xona Resort Suites, North Scottsdale, Ariz.; and three Canadian properties, Hotel Royal William, Québec, and Château Moncton and Château Saint John, both in New Brunswick. About Ascend Collection The Ascend Collection membership program made its debut in late 2008 and now has hotels open and under development throughout the United States, Canada and the Caribbean. The network appeals to the growing number of travelers who like to discover upscale independent hotels with personalized service and local flair when traveling for business or leisure. Member hotels include The GEM Hotels with three boutique hotels in New York City; Inn of Chicago, one-half block from The Magnificent Mile; O'Brien Historic Hotel in Texas, one block from the lively San Antonio River Walk; the historic Hotel Bothwell, Sedalia, Mo.; and Inn on the Lake, just outside Halifax, N.S. For more information on this collection of Historic, Boutique and Unique and hotels, visit www.ascendcollection.com. About Choice Hotels Choice Hotels International, Inc. franchises more than 6,100 hotels, representing more than 490,000 rooms, in the United States and more than 30 other countries and territories. As of June 30, 2011, more than 450 hotels were under construction, awaiting conversion or approved for development in the United States, representing more than 37,000 rooms, and approximately 100 hotels, representing approximately 8,700 rooms, were under construction, awaiting conversion or approved for development in more than 20 other countries and territories. The company's Comfort Inn, Comfort Suites, Quality, SleepInn, Clarion, Cambria Suites, MainStay Suites, Suburban Extended Stay Hotel,Econo Lodge and Rodeway Inn brands serve guests worldwide. In addition, via its Ascend Collection membership program, travelers in the United States, Canada and the Caribbean have upscale lodging options at historic, boutique and unique hotels. Additional corporate information may be found on the Choice Hotels International, Inc. Web site, which may be accessed at www.choicehotels.com. |
Sharlet Brennan Ypartnership Public Relations 407-838-1707 firstname.lastname@example.com Karlee Kunkle Ypartnership Public Relations 407-838-1718 firstname.lastname@example.com |


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Listen to Roseanna
Home > Complementary Health > Snoring Solutions > Persevere to Succeed
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Disrupting the Borg is expensive and time consuming!
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Your favorite Apple, iPhone, iPad, iOS, Jailbreak, and Cydia site.
Thread: Location Services Won't Stick
10-02-2012, 02:13 PM #1Location Services Won't Stick
I have a 2nd generation 16g MB Touch on 4.2.1 jailbroken with Green Poison and I can't get the location services to stick on. Everytime I turn it on it doesn't stick. I have tried enabling it and respringing it and it just won't stay enabled. Any suggestions? I been a jailbreaker for several years. I used the latest GP for my model this has been for several months. Much appreciate any assistance.
I found my own solution and I feel kind of stupid now. But once you install Mobile Substrate the location services are controlled by that and over rides the switch in the General settings. The exact opposite is true for wifi and Bluetooth. Kind of cool but was throwing me off.


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Home | About us | Contact us
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For those looking at reasonable rental rate here's something to consider. A nice one story town house for rent in Pattaya only 15 minutes to down town and the beach. This house has two bedrooms, two bathrooms and a living room.
View Talay 6 project is located in the most sought after areas of Pattaya. This beautiful condo overlooking the sea on the main South Pattaya road giving you easy access to virtually everything in Pattaya.
Looking to own a business in Thailand? Don't want to invest too much? Here's a great long term business opportunity for those with little budget..
Travel Thailand Deals
Up Coming Events
Free rail tour of the famous China Town of Thailand
Furniture, Fashion, Food Festival Wedding Festival Beauty, Spa & Health Festival Family & Child Festival Traveling Festival The exhibition offers the latest furniture trend for bedroom, kitchen, and living room, including knock-down and build-in furniture. The fair also exhibits household facilities and electric devices. In the studio zone, you will find wedding package, music for the wedding and wedding places offering. The fair will be held on October 4-12, 2008, Hall 1-4 - Impact Arena.
Experience Thailand's unique martial art and world renowned delicious dishes with our updated on Thai boxing and Thai food recipes...
Save money and time and travel around Thailand the way locals do. Start here with information on airlines offices, Bangkok bus routes and terminals, railway schedule & BTS sky train map, flight schedule & airports and much more...
Have questions in mind? Need travel advice? Here's a list of useful phone numbers such as emergencies, airports, bus terminals, railway stations, trade associations etc...
Here's something you need to know and keep updated before making your traveling to Thailand is the currency exchange rate and the weather.
Keep informed with the latest happenings in Thailand with this calendar for public holidays 2007, full moon party and festivals in Thailand.
Thailand has become one of Asia's leading golf destination with numerous international standard golf course located all over the country. So if you are a golf lover then this is truly your place.
Thailand News
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Board of Supervisors Meeting Date:
Sharon McCamy, Lee District Supervisor
March 18, 2002
Staff Lead:
Carolyn Bowen
Community Development
Topic: AMENDMENTS TO ARTICLE 8 OF THE ZONING ORDINANCE FOR SIGNS LOCATED IN THE PLANNED DEVELOPMENT MIXED USE (PDMU), PLANNED RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT (PRD) AND PLANNED COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT (PCID) DISTRICTS
On March 14, 2002, staff from the Department of Community Development met with several members of the Board of Supervisors, Planning Commission and citizens to answer questions arising from the proposed amendments. Any refinements resulting from this meeting will be presented to the Board at the work session scheduled for March 18, 2002.
The Department of Community Development requested the Board's work session and any action be postponed until the March 18, 2002 meeting to allow staff additional time to meet with community groups and Board and Commission members to answer questions. The Board voted at its February 19, 2002 meeting for a postponement of its scheduled work session until March 18, 2002 to allow staff more time to meet with those individuals and staff of the Vint Hill Economic Development Authority and make any needed refinements to the proposed text amendments.
The Board of Supervisors held a public hearing on January 22, 2002 to consider the sign amendment package proposed by the Vint Hill Economic Development Authority. The Board had opted to schedule a work session on February 19, 2002 to permit additional examination of the proposed amendments before taking any final action.
If the Board wishes to take action, a proposed ordinance for adoption is attached.
Requested Action of the Board of Supervisors:
If the Board wishes to take action on the proposed zoning ordinance text amendments, then adopt the ordinance that is attached.
Financial Impacts Analysis:
No financial impact analysis was conducted.
Identify any other Departments, Organizations or Individuals that would be affected by this request:
Department of Community Development
Vint Hill Economic Development Authority
1. Ordinance for adoption


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Changing Font
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Visit the new ForumsForums: Index → Narutopedia Discussion → Changing Font | Post |
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Just out of curiosity: How did you change the font for the entire wiki? Roydon Namikaze (Talk) 21:39, June 26, 2013 (UTC)


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Program Description
The Home Energy Assistance Program (HEAP) is a federally funded program administered by the Ohio Department of Development, Office of Community Service (OCS). It is designed to help eligible low-income Ohioans meet the high costs of home heating. HEAP provides a one-time payment for Public Utilities Commission of Ohio (PUCO) regulated utility customers for the winter heating season. Vouchers are issued to non-regulated utility customers, master-metered and other applicants who do not have a utility bill in their name.General Program Requirements
In order to qualify for this benefit program, you must be a resident of the state of Ohio and you must need financial assistance for home energy costs.A person who participates or has family members who participate in certain other benefit programs, such as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), Supplemental Security Income (SSI), Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) or certain needs-tested Veterans benefits may be automatically eligible.


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Early Music Thursdays
Presented by The Music of First Church Boston at First Church in Boston
September 6, 2012 - February 7, 2013
Boston has long been known for its important role in the modern harpsichord revival and in world of "early music." First Church in Boston continues this revival with a series of Thursday harpsichord recitals and concerts on period instruments. All concerts are free and open to the public. Donations are encouraged to support the programming. This series runs from September 6, 2012 through February 7, 2013.
For an up-to-date listing of performers, visit www.firstchurchbostonmusic.org.
66 Marlborough St.
Boston, MA 02116


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The Diagnostic Medical Sonography program is designed to prepare competent entry-level general sonographers in the cognitive (knowledge), psychomotor (skills), and affective (behavior) learning domains. The Diagnostic Medical Sonography program at Sanford-Brown is designed to prepare students to perform diagnostic ultrasound examinations required of an entry-level general sonographer to include, but not be limited to, the abdomen, pelvis, pregnant female pelvis, and superficial structures. Students are also introduced to vascular ultrasound.
If you already know this is the program for you, you can click here to apply now!
If you have additional questions about this or other Sanford-Brown programs please complete and submit the Request Info form below.
By providing your mobile number, you agree to receive text messages from Sanford-Brown via its mobile text message provider. You may opt out of receiving messages by texting the word STOP to 94576, or simply reply with the word STOP to any text message you receive from Sanford-Brown.
While CEC or its mobile text message provider will not charge end users for receiving/responding to promotional messages, depending on the terms of your mobile phone plan, you may incur a cost from your mobile service carrier to receive and respond to any promotional text messages (standard messaging and data rates/fees and other charges may apply). Charges will appear on your mobile phone bill or will be deducted from pre-paid amounts. Current participating/supported carriers are: Alltel, AT&T, Boost, Cellcom, Cellular One, Cellular South, Cincinnati Bell, Cricket, Element Wireless, Golden State Cellular, iWireless, Metro PCS, Nextel, nTelos, Plateau Wireless, Sprint, T-Mobile, US Cellular, Verizon Wireless, Viaero Wireless, Virgin, and more.
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This information will be used to contact you through various means, which may include: phone, email, and postal mail, about the programs and services that are offered.
Below you can find placement rates and other information tailored to your chosen campus and program. Certain disclosures are published on this website to assist students in understanding the facts about their programs.
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text: Birth 2 Three unveils its new name -- Sprout -- and new logo and website, as well as expanded programs at an open house from 11 a.m.-2 p.m. Friday. Lunch will be served from 11 a.m.-1 p.m.; activities for youngsters will be from 1-2 p.m. Community members, enrolled families board and staff are invited. Since 1986, Sprout Family Services, a nonprofit organization, has offered an infant learning program first under the name of Homer Infant Learning Program and, for the last six years, under the name Birth 2 Three. Limits to services began when enrolled children reached the age of 3 or when a family needed support but their child did not qualify for therapeutic services. Under its new name, it will now offer: parent support groups and child play groups in Homer, Razdolna and Anchor Point; a lending library; therapeutic services for children ages 0-3 with special needs; a "Parents As Teachers Program" for families with children pre-birth to school entry; vision, hearing and developmental screenings for all young children. For more information, call 235-6044.


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Wolfgang Puck's iconic Spago Beverly Hills is now open with an entirely new look and menu, the second time L.A.'s favorite Austrian chef-to-the-rich-and-famous and celebrity restaurant mogul has dramatically reinvented his local power spot. The new interior rockets the restaurant right out of the nineties, ditching the wood accents, genial European artworks, and sponged beige walls for a sleek set-up of Armani suit-friendly black chairs and white tablecloths. At first glance, the new 'do appears a little austere compared to the staged rusticity of the old Spago, but there's no question the restaurant has been tailored into sharper focus, with an authoritative presence that includes a classic bar of leather chairs, somber shadows, and glowing backlights, an open kitchen to engage with chef de cuisine Tetsu Yahagi and his team as they execute a new menu heavy on Asian influences, and fun, conceptual contemporary art pieces like a giant iPhone with a cracked screen. And of course, the patio is still heavy with warmth and allure. Take a full look at the new Spago in our slide show and let us know what you think of the restaurant's revamp in our comments.
BEGIN SLIDESHOWA Complete Look at Spago, Reopened and Refreshed
Wolfgang Puck's flagship rockets out of the nineties with a more austere, authoritative appearance.


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PLEASE NOTE: TO RECEIVE MEMBER DISCOUNTS, you must be an ICCFA member and logged into your account on the ICCFA website*, or you may call 1.800.645.7700. *To register as a member on the site, go to the home page, click on "Create New Account" and fill out the form. If your company is a member in good standing, you will be granted membership privileges within 24 hours (but usually within minutes) and will have access to all content throughout the site as well as to ICCFA member discounts. Also: you cannot earn continuing education credit by listening to recordings. You must attend presentations in person to earn CE credits. |
We are all familiar with the regulatory requirements for endowment care trusting, but it is important to remember that there is a business reason for it as well: maintenance of the property once it is fully sold. In this session, Marcia Williams will explore the differences between regulatory and business requirements for trusting levels and will offer expertise on how best to address the business needs through:
Marcia Williams is founder and president of Independence Trust Company, Franklin, Tennessee. A chartered financial analyst, she serves on the ICCFA Government and Legal Affairs Committee and has served as supplier representative to the board of the Cemetery Association of Tennessee. She sits on City of Franklin pension and investment board and on the board of Heifer International Foundation, and she is a past president of the Nashville Society of Financial Analysts.


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- Home >>
- Integrated Writing Program >>
- Writing Center
- Integrated Writing Program
- Franz Hall 120, MSC 152
- 5000 N Willamette Blvd.
- Portland OR 97203
- 503-943-8002
- email@example.com
Integrated Writing Program: Home
The University of Portland Writing Center, directed by the Department of English's Integrated Writing Program, is a free resource for University of Portland students who wish to fine tune their writing skills. Our staff of trained, knowledgeable Writing Assistants act as guides rather than proofreaders and tutor students on assignments and overall writing ability. Our goal is not just to inspire better papers, but better writers.
This site contains information about the Center and resources for writers. Check out Resources if you have questions about a specific style or aspect of writing. If you are new to the Center and don't know how to schedule a conference, please visit Appointments.
Hello, I am Morgan Wissel! I am a native Idahoan born and raised on a vegetable farm in Idaho. I am pursuing a marketing and finance double major.
Meet the Writing Assistants!
- email@example.com
- 503-943-8002
- Directions & Maps
- 5000 N. Willamette Blvd., Portland, OR 97203-5798
- © 2015 University of Portland, All Rights Reserved


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A business icon From the financiers on Wall Street to the media kings and queens of Madison Avenue, New York is more than a leader in these fields, it is an icon. Global powerhouses including Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, American Express, and Time Warner are based here, alongside tech start-ups like Foursquare. New York boasts the headquarters of 45 Fortune 500 companies and is a major hub for foreign corporations, which make up 10% of the city's private sector jobs.
Culture of competitiveness The most densely populated city in the U.S. and the go-to location for those with high ambitions in business, New York is known for its highly competitive culture. As the saying goes: "If you can make it here, you can make it anywhere."
Meet the experts New York is a leader in innovation and an international trendsetter. At our New York rotation center, you'll hear thought leaders in finance, marketing, and politics. A packed schedule of guest speakers, company visits, and networking events gives you plenty of opportunities to discover and discuss the latest developments in these fields, direct with the experts themselves.
Focus on your career To support students in their efforts to enter the notoriously competitive job market in New York, we run job search strategy workshops alongside our intensive Career Development program. Visa and compliance staff will be available to answer questions related to a student's visa status, travel, and work authorization for the U.S. For students that chose Boston or San Francisco as their home campus, we host OPT workshops and provide application support for those wishing to gain work authorization in the U.S. upon graduation.
Life outside the classroom With so much culture and entertainment available in New York, you will never be short of things to do outside of class. It really is the city that never sleeps. We organize an events calendar that will help you make the most of your time in New York and sample all the delights the city has to offer. Bike tours of Central Park, baseball games at Yankee stadium, Broadway shows – we'll show you the sights and give you tips on where to go in your free time.
"My goal after graduation is to continue my international experience at a workplace in the finance sector. One of the best places for that is New York City. It's where people from all over the globe build their dream lives. It's one of the world's financial capitals, where you can find the head offices of the biggest financial companies. To help achieve my goal, I will rotate to New York." Tatiana Ufimtceva Russian, MBA 2014; Business Development Manager, V H Historical / Saunders & Associates


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When it was introduced in 1994, the Kun Collapsible shoulder rest quickly became the shoulder rest of the future. Modelled on the Kun Original, the innovative Kun Collapsible has "feet" that fold down for easy carrying and storage, and incorporate Kun's patented locking device.
Available for viola, violin (4/4), violin (1/2 and 3/4) and mini (1/4-all 1/16s).
FORK MEMBERS Overmoulded forks with the latest in elastomer technology provide a strong grip on the instrument and screw allows for height adjustment.
PATENTED COLLAPSIBLE END MEMBERS Adjust horizontally; drums swivel. Patented locking device limits rotation.
indicates a required field.


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July 20, 2010
Ryan James MinnesotaPreps.com
The 43 Hoops 16 and Under squad is continuing to have a strong season led by backcourt standouts Marcus Marshall of St. Paul Johnson and Marcus Tyus from Anoka. This group let the state know they won the Pump N Run Spring Showcase. ...More... To continue reading this article you must be a member. Sign Up Now!
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Syntactic Confectionery Delight | |
PerlMonks |
Comment on |
( #3333=superdoc: print w/ replies, xml ) | Need Help?? |
I used Aim9b because I found out the hard way, that there is some other less-than-ethical hacker out in cyberspace (NOT in the monestary) using 'Sidewinder'. Sidewinder is a snake that moves sideways thru the desert & leaves a rather distinct trail in the sand. It's also an Air-to-Air Intercept Missle used in Vietnam & the Falkland Is.
In reply to Re: Name Space
by Aim9b


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Peer-Reviewed Publications
A latent class analysis of injury patterns among rear-seated, seat-belted children." J Trauma. 2006;61(5):1244-8.
"The Knockout Game: Recreational Assault and Traumatic Brain Injury." The Lancet. 2014;383(9916):513-514.
"Kinetics of the cervical spine in pediatric and adult volunteers during low speed frontal impacts." J Biomech. 2012;45(1):99-106.
"Kinematic Comparison of Pediatric Human Volunteers and the Hybrid III 6-Year-Old Anthropomorphic Test Device." Ann Adv Automot Med. 2010;54:97-108.
"Injury risk to restrained children exposed to deployed first- and second-generation air bags in frontal crashes." Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159(4):342-6.
"Injury risk for children in rear impacts: role of the front seat occupant." Ann Adv Automot Med. 2008;52:109-16.
"Injuries to children in forward facing child restraints." Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2002;46:213-30.
"Initial neurologic presentation in young children sustaining inflicted and unintentional fatal head injuries." Pediatrics. 2005;116(1):180-4.
"The influence of harness type on child restraint system misuse." Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2002;46:261-9.
"Incorporation of CPR Data into ATD Chest Impact Response Requirements." Ann Adv Automot Med. 2010;54:79-88.
"Incidence and clinical significance of abdominal wall bruising in restrained children involved in motor vehicle crashes." J. Pediatr. Surg.. 2004;39(6):972-5.
"Head injury causation scenarios for belted, rear-seated children in frontal impacts." Traffic Inj Prev. 2011;12(1):62-70.
"Head impact contact points for restrained child occupants." Traffic Inj Prev. 2012;13(2):172-81.
"Front versus rear seat injury risk for child passengers: evaluation of newer model year vehicles." Traffic Inj Prev. 2009;10(3):297-301.
"Field use patterns and performance of child restraints secured by lower anchors and tethers for children (LATCH)." Accid Anal Prev. 2007;39(3):530-5.
"Field investigation of child restraints in side impact crashes." Traffic Inj Prev. 2005;6(4):351-60.
"Factors influencing pediatric injury in side impact collisions." Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2000;44:407-28.
"Factors influencing pediatric injury in side impact collisions." J Trauma. 2001;51(3):469-77.
"Factors associated with clinically significant head injury in children involved in motor vehicle crashes." Traffic Inj Prev. 2010;11(6):600-5.
"Extending the value of police crash reports for traffic safety research: collecting supplemental data via surveys of drivers." Inj. Prev.. 2014.
"Expert clinical assessment of thorax stiffness of infants and children during chest compressions." Resuscitation. 2009;80(10):1187-91.
"An evaluation of the effectiveness of forward facing child restraint systems." Accid Anal Prev. 2004;36(4):585-9.
"Evaluation of pediatric use patterns and performance of lap shoulder belt systems in the center rear." Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2004;48:57-72.
"Evaluation of a child with pre-existing disabilities after a traumatic event." Pediatr Emerg Care. 2002;18(3):197-9.
"Evaluating pediatric abdominal injuries." Stapp Car Crash Conference. 2004:479-494.