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Nov 12, 2010 12:46 PM
Where to buy Perciatelli in/near Charleston.SC?
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Where can I buy perciatelli or bucatini in or near Charleston, SC? I've looked in a number of supermarkets and specialty stores to no avail. (I was surprised it is not in Whole Foods). I know I can buy it online but was hoping to avoid that.


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Browsing Recipes similiar to Cranberry Sauce with Vanilla Bean and Cardamom.
Cranberry Sauce with Dried Apricots and Cardamom
cardamom, +apricot preserves, +honey, +lemon juice, +lemon zest, +cranberries, +dried apricot, +sugar
www.epicurious.com - Similiar recipes
Tropical Fruit Crepes with Vanilla Bean and Rum Butter Sauce
vanilla bean, +flour, +kosher salt, +cornstarch, +rum, +eggs, +lime juice, +whole milk, +sugar, +butter, +vanilla extract
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Tropical Fruit Crepes With Vanilla Bean And Rum Butter Sauce Recipe
This dessert needs some last-minute assembly, so appoint a helper or line up the components to make it all go smoothly. Prep:2030m
vanilla bean, +flour, +kosher salt, +cornstarch, +crepes, +rum, +eggs, +lime juice, +whole milk, +sugar, +butter, +vanilla extract
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Lamb shanks braised in a yoghurt sauce with basmati pilau with dill and cardamom
cardamom, +lamb, +salt, +black pepper, +ginger, +garlic, +water, +olive oil, +cumin, +cloves, +cinnamon, +yogurt, +coriander seed, +chili powder, +turmeric, +rice, +vegetable oil, +bay leaves, +onions, +dill weed, +chicken broth
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Pan-fried fillet of red mullet with spicy lentil salad, apple and onion salad, and coconut and lime sauce
cardamom, +black pepper, +olive oil, +butter, +salad greens, +red onions, +yellow bell pepper, +coriander seed, +cumin, +turmeric, +cloves, +sugar, +ghee, +green chilies, +raisins, +lime zest, +pine nuts, +seeds, +lentils, +coriander, +salt, +apple, +lime juice, +coconut, +coconut milk
www.bbc.co.uk - Similiar recipes
Ginger-Vanilla Christmas Cookies (Ingwer-Vanille-Spekulatius)
This is a new "idea" on an old traditional German Christmas cookie. Spekulatius have a long tradition in German Christmas Bakery. Spekulatius...
cardamom, vanilla bean, +butter, +candied ginger, +eggs, +flour, +cinnamon, +cloves, +nutmeg, +salt, +sugar
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The Department serves as the hub for interdisciplinary research and collaboration on topics across four areas in medical ethics: research ethics, neuro- and mental healthcare ethics, global bioethics, and the ethics of resource allocation. On the health policy side, our research follows three tracks: reducing low-value services; economic and health impacts of policies, such as smoking cessation and workplace wellness; and implementation sciences, with specific effort towards replicating effective programs in the healthcare delivery system.
Department faculty are engaged in research projects related to the Patient Protection & Affordable Care Act (ACA), wellness incentives, the economic impact of mental illness, gene patenting, and the political dimensions of healthcare and biotechnology. Several faculty members serve as health policy advisors for federal, state, and international bodies.
Department faculty apply concepts from the field of behavioral economics to design, implement, and evaluate interventions that improve health and build knowledge about efficacy, cost, and effectiveness. Our faculty have received funding from several institutes within the National Institutes of Health, a variety of corporate partners, and foundations.
Neuroethics addresses a wide range of ethical and philosopical questions involving the mind and the brain. From ethical concerns about brain enhancement, memory dampening, or thought reading to clinical-ethical issues related to mental illness and neurodegenerative disease, neuroethics research is at the forefront of important biomedical ethics scholarship. Our faculty are leading the way.
Department faculty are engaged in a number of diverse projects related to the ethical dimensions of biomedical research. Their research, teaching, and policy work continue to influence the conduct of biomedical research.
Our faculty are actively addressing ethical issues related to internatlonal biomedical research, healthcare delivery in the developing world, and comparative healthcare policy. Our faculty serve as advisors to international NGOs, goverment bodies, and multi-governmental organizations.
Incredibly challenging ethical questions emerge from the fact that there exist virtually unlimited healthcare needs but only limited resources to meet those needs. Questions range from how to fairly allocate scarce organs to responsible protocols for the adminstration of limited supplies of vaccines in case of a pandemic. Department faculty are working to develop solutions to many of these questions.
©2011-2012 The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania. Site by P'unk Ave.


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The Economy
There was a sizable increase in foreign-exchange reserves. At the end of September they stood at $18.8 billion, compared with $13 billion in February and a mere $2.2 billion in 1991. According to figures released in October, industrial production in the April-June quarter was 7.8% higher than in the corresponding period of the previous year. The growth in gross domestic product was estimated to be 4.2%. The annual rate of inflation fell slightly to less than 8.3% on October 1. Exports rose by 10.6% during April-August.
The budget of the union government for 1994-95 included concessions in income and corporate taxes as well as in excise and import and export duties, amounting to a revenue loss of Rs 40.8 billion. This was done to stimulate investment and industrial production, which had performed below expectations in the previous year. The prime interest rate was lowered from 15% to 14%. The rupee had been made fully convertible in 1993. The rise in foreign-exchange reserves enabled the government to repay loans from the International Monetary Fund a year in advance. The total revenue receipts were nearly Rs 861 billion, and capital receipts were slightly more than Rs 596 billion. A sum of Rs 40 billion was to be secured through sale of public-sector equity. The total expenditure was estimated at Rs 1.5 trillion. The provision for development was nearly Rs 465 billion and for defense Rs 230 billion, both marginally higher than in the previous year. The allocations for health, education, and employment and for rural development were increased. The uncovered revenue gap was Rs 60 billion, and the overall fiscal deficit was close to Rs 550 billion, which was 7.3% of the gap. The railway budget contained proposals for raising almost Rs 10 billion through increased fares and freight charges.
In September the government published a list of 27 leading public-sector undertakings allowed to offer shares to the public and delicensed 70 bulk drugs. Parliament permitted nationalized banks to raise capital from the market. A new telecommunications policy was announced by which private companies with minority foreign participation could operate domestic telephone services. Cable television was legalized.
The country signed the final act of the Uruguay round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, although there was spirited opposition to some of the GATT provisions. In December two presidential ordinances were issued amending earlier acts so as to meet the requirements of the World Trade Organization.
Foreign Affairs
Prime Minister Rao visited Switzerland, Germany, the U.K., the U.S., Russia, Vietnam, and Singapore. In Russia a joint statement was signed on terrorist threats to multiethnic states. The prime minister spoke about India's commitment to liberalization when he addressed the World Economic Forum at Davos, Switz., and the G-15 (nonaligned) nations in New Delhi. The president paid state visits to Bulgaria and Romania. Important foreign visitors included the presidents of Argentina, the Czech Republic, Egypt, Indonesia, Maldives, Mongolia, Nigeria, Poland, Senegal, Slovakia, Togo, Uzbekistan, and Zimbabwe, as well as the prime ministers of Malaysia and Singapore, the crown prince of Nepal, and the UN secretary-general.
Talks were held with China on the reduction of troops along the 4,000-km (2,500-mi)-long line of actual control between the two countries. Later the two countries signed an agreement to expand trade and travel. Relations with Pakistan continued to be uneasy. Pakistan closed its consulate in Bombay. A statement by Nawaz Sharif, former prime minister of Pakistan, that his country possessed nuclear weapons received a hostile response in India, but there was satisfaction at Pakistan's inability to get the UN Human Rights Commission to censure India. Delhi turned down suggestions for third-party mediation on Kashmir.


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Browser Tag Search
Browser Games Tagged with "xeptic"
Record Shop Tycoon is a browser-based business simulation in which you own and operate a record shop. At its core it's a very simple game that is easy to dive right into. Each day is divided into two parts: preparing your store(s) for business, and then sitting back and watching while you rack up the sales. It's not perfect, but it is good and worthwhile of your time if you enjoy business simulation games like the classic Lemonade Stand.


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First Business Bank holds several seminars with experts in various fields. These seminars are a value-added service to the business community and offered to your management team at no charge.
in Madison
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We expect a lot from our employees, and engaged employees truly want to help our businesses succeed. So, what's stopping them? Often it's an issue of structure and communication. Employees often see managers as an authority figure - judgmental, …
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The producer says, "We are going to launch the Eenadu logo and the trailers in the presence of Kamal Hassan and Venkatesh on August 29. We will launch the audio in the first week of September. Sruthi Hassan, daughter of Kamal Hassan has scored music for the movie and it would remain an asset for the flick."
Kamal Hassan remarked, "This film would be yet another sensational film in my career." Venkatesh commented, "I am very happy to work with a great artiste like Kamal Hassan, who works for a film with total dedication." Poonam Kaur, Bharat Reddy, Ganesh, Lakshmi, Sivannarayana, and others are in the cast. Cinematography is by Manoj Soni, while direction is by Chakri Tholeti.


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Section 6: Instructional Policies and Procedures
Academic Policies
Faculty Workloads Article XI, Title H, Paragraph 1 of the Policies of the Board of Trustees outlines the term of professional obligation. The term of professional obligation, except in the case of part-time or temporary employment where the obligation may be less, shall be one of the following as determined by the Chief Administrative Officer, or designee:
• Calendar year obligation: an annual obligation of service for the full year, i.e., 12 months; or
• Academic year obligation: an annual obligation of service for the academic year, not to exceed 10 months, or
• College year obligation: an annual obligation or service for any period less than the full year.
In consultation with the Provost, Deans, and Department Chairs, sufficient flexibility in faculty workload assignment policy and related guidelines provide for efficient and productive workload assignments in the broad base of teaching activity, institutional service, research and related activity, administrative assignments, and public service activities. The instructional portion of faculty workload assignments for full-time faculty at the college are generally equivalent to 12 semester hours per semester during the academic year, 6 semester hours during the six-week summer session, and 3 semester hours during the three-week session.
Class Meetings All classes will meet at the time scheduled in the room for which they are scheduled. If it is necessary to change the time or place of meeting, permission must be secured from the Registrar's Office in 301 Culkin Hall.
Faculty are expected to meet all their classes at the time and place scheduled. Permission to miss classes for professional reasons must be secured from the faculty member's chair in advance of the absence so that arrangements may be made for the instruction of the students at the regular hour and in the regular classroom. When an absence is necessary because of illness or other emergencies, the Department Chair must be informed as soon as possible to minimize interruptions in instruction.
Syllabus Requirements During the first week of each course, the instructor of every section of an undergraduate or graduate class at SUNY Oswego will distribute a course syllabus for that section (either printed or web-published). The syllabus must include, at a minimum, the information listed below.
- Course title, number and section, as well as semester and year
- Class meeting days, times and location
- Instructor name, contact information and office hours
- Required and recommended textbooks/materials
- A section on grading that includes required learning activities (papers/projects/exams/quizzes, etc.) along with their relative weight in the overall course grade. Attendance and /or make-up policies should be included here if they impact grading.
- Student learning objectives
- Final Exam date and time or a statement indicating that there is no final exam
- Disability Statement "If you have a disabling condition, which may interfere with your ability to successfully complete this course, please contact the Office of Disability Services."
- Intellectual Integrity Statement SUNY Oswego is committed to Intellectual Integrity. Any form of intellectual dishonesty is a serious concern and therefore prohibited. The full policy can be found here.
Faculty are required to establish regularly scheduled office hours. To provide services to our diverse student body, schedules should utilize alternative day and time slots (including late afternoon and evenings). Such faculty access is critical to our students for their successful progress toward their degrees.
Faculty Attendance at College Functions As part of their professional obligation, faculty members are obligated to attend college functions such as commencement and departmental and division meetings. If it is necessary for a faculty member to be absent from these functions, prior approval must be received from the appropriate Dean.
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act establish legal obligations for the institution, faculty, and staff to provide reasonable accommodations that facilitate the access of otherwise qualified individuals with disabilities to fully participate in the programs and activities of the college. Discrimination against individuals with disabilities is illegal.
Faculty are expected to cooperate in providing reasonable classroom accommodations. Students with documented disabilities will provide faculty members with a letter from the Office of Disability Services in order to identify the accommodations they may need relative to instruction and testing. Faculty are urged to engage in discussion with students with disabilities in order to understand the effective provision of accommodations. Questions regarding accommodations should be directed to the Coordinator of Services for Students with Disabilities at the Office of Disability Services.
Grades and Registration Information
Changing Grades: Faculty members who have made clerical errors in assigning grades must complete the Grade Change Form. After review by the appropriate Department Chair, the appropriate Dean will review the request, The Dean in turn will give instructions to the registrar concerning changing the grade. The instructor is not expected to change a grade unless there has been a clerical error. All grade changes can only be made during the first six weeks of the next semester.
Distribution of Grades: Final grades are distributed to students through the Registrar's Office. Faculty members who post grades should use a system that insures that the requirements of the Buckley Amendment pertaining to the confidentiality of grades are carefully met. The listing should not be in alphabetical order. Social Security numbers should not be used. Some faculty may require students to submit a code word to which the grade can be assigned.
Final Grades: At the conclusion of the fall and spring semesters and after summer sessions, final grades are recorded by instructors on final standing sheets prepared by the Registrar's Office. Final grade sheets are placed on file and become a part of the records or the college.
Registration for Courses: In order to receive credit for a course, a student must officially register for the course at the beginning of a semester through prescribed registration procedures.
College Policy on Cheating and Plagiarism
Intellectual honesty on the part of all students is basic in then individual growth and development through college course work. When academic dishonesty occurs, the teaching/learning climate is seriously undermined and student growth and development is impeded. For these reasons, any form of intellectual dishonesty is prohibited. Also basic to the teaching/ learning process in college course work is the authority of the course instructor to assign a grade to indicate the quality of student achievement.
Intellectual Dishonesty In an academic community, one critical outcome of intellectual dishonesty is that the instructor is prevented from knowing the truth with respect to the student's level of mastery of course content. Further facilitation of learning and accurate evaluation of student achievement is thereby jeopardized. Intellectual dishonesty can take many forms. Examples of intellectual dishonesty include making up or falsifying data. It may also take the form of intellectual carelessness, which, while not intentionally deceptive, has the same outcome and may be treated as academic dishonesty.
Cheating Intellectual dishonesty may take the form of cheating when one presents as one's own the work of another. Some examples of cheating include, but are not limited to, the following:
1. Copying an examination, assignment or other work to be evaluated,
2. Inappropriate collaboration on work to be evaluated,
3. The use of "cheat sheets'' or other unapproved aids
4. Buying and selling examinations or term papers,
5. Use of "ringers", i.e. having another student take an exam or having another student write a term paper or assignment for which the student will receive credit, and
6. Submitting work for which credit has already been received in another course without the express consent of the instructor.
Plagiarism One particular form of intellectual dishonesty is plagiarism; defined as the representation of another's words, thoughts, or ideas as one's own. While it is expected that a student who is engaged in writing will utilize information from sources other than personal experience, appropriate acknowledgment of such sources is required. Plagiarism includes:
1. Using a direct quotation without citing the source,
2. Paraphrasing the ideas, interpretation or expressions of another without giving credit, and
3. Failing to acknowledge or document sources, thereby representing the thought of others as one's own.
Sources of information should be credited or footnoted following an English language style guide (i.e., Modern Language Association Style Sheet, The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, etc.).
Student Responsibilities Each student has a responsibility to assist in protecting the integrity of the degrees which this college grants by (1) not participating, either directly or indirectly, in cheating or plagiarism, (2) actively discouraging cheating or plagiarism by others, and (3) reporting to the course instructor in a timely manner any known incidents of cheating/plagiarism.
Faculty Responsibilities Each faculty member has a responsibility to assist in protecting the integrity of the degrees which this college grants by (1) informing students of the cheating/plagiarism policy and of any specific interpretation of that policy particular to a given course, (2) actively discouraging cheating or plagiarism, and (3) implementing recommended procedures for dealing with cheating or plagiarism in instances where substantial evidence of cheating exists.
Each student suspected of cheating/ plagiarism shall be so informed and is entitled to an opportunity to reveal his/her understanding of cheating/plagiarism and to discuss the alleged incident in a private discussion with the course instructor prior to the assessment of a penalty. The instructor or the student may choose to have a witness present for the discussion without impairing the privacy of the discussion.
Instructors who determine that a student has engaged in an act of plagiarism may impose an academic penalty, including that of a failing grade for the course, on that student, in cases of cheating, the instructor may impose an academic penalty as described above or may choose an alternative procedure and pursue disciplinary action through the administration of the Code of Student Rights, Responsibilities and Conduct. Before taking action under this section, instructors shall consult with their Department Chairs and Associate Dean to discuss an appropriate penalty before informing the student of the decision.
A student who thinks the penalty assigned by the instructor is inappropriate may appeal the penalty;
1. First, to the instructor involved;
2. Then, to the chair of the department in which the course is offered;
3. Finally, to either the appropriate Dean or the Mediation Panel (refer to the J/w/w/.Hd«^a«^ for more information).
An instructor may not impose an academic penalty and pursue disciplinary action against a student for the same act of academic dishonesty. However, when a student is involved in repeated breaches of academic integrity, disciplinary action may be initiated against that student by the appropriate Associate Dean.
Faculty Grading Rights and Responsibilities
The individual faculty member has the right and the responsibility to assign student grades, including academic
penalties. Both the academic appeal process and the Mediation Panel (outlined in V, C 1-3 above) are mediation and not judgmental procedures. However, if disciplinary action is initiated through the Office of the Dean of Students, it is a judgmental procedure. Thus, final authority for the determination of any penalty to be invoked for cheating through the disciplinary process rests with the Office of the Dean of Students.
Midterm Grades: Assignment of midterm grades for all 100- and 200-level courses is required; grades are expected to be entered into myOswego by the end of the 8th week of each semester.
Final Examinations All courses will involve some form of comprehensive evaluation. Final examinations are an integral part of this procedure m many cases. For every course requiring a final examination, the day and hour scheduled for this purpose must be used, and the examination must be limited to that specified period of time.
All evening courses in which final examinations are to be given will hold the examination during the final examination week at the day and hour of regular class meeting.
The last examination of the semester in a course must be given during the final exam week at the scheduled lime. During the last week of class, examinations may only be given if there is also a comprehensive examination given during the scheduled final examination period.
Additional Course and Grade Regulations The current undergraduate catalog contains information on incompletes in courses, the quality point system, the grading system, and the policy for withdrawal from courses.
Student Attendance Policies
The following are the established attendance policies for the college:
1. Student achievement and the development of scholarship are responsibilities shared by the student and the college. It is the responsibility of the instructional staff of the college to provide worthwhile and rewarding learning experiences commensurate with the objectives of the college, and it is the responsibility of each student to maintain class attendance at each class since such attendance is essential to obtain optimum benefits from the college program.
2. The relationship between class attendance and student accomplishment is not constant for all students and varies with the type of instructional activity being carried on. Because of these variables, no numerical quota of allowable absences is set.
3. An absence from class or other assigned educational activity results in lessening, to some degree, the student's progress. It is, therefore, the responsibility of each student, insofar as possible, to acquaint him or herself with the concepts and to attain the skills developed in the period or periods missed.
4. After consulting with the Department Chair, an instructor may recommend to the appropriate Dean that the student be dropped from class because of poor achievement due to excessive absence. Excessive absence in any course will be construed to be absence, regardless of cause, which appreciably lowers the accomplishment of a student in that course. If the Dean agrees that such action is justified, the student will be notified by the Dean that he or she has been dropped. If such action has been avoidable on the student's part a mark of E will be recorded on his or her record. If, however, the absence was a result of extenuating circumstances beyond the student's control, the student will be dropped without penalty. The action of the Dean will be taken only after the end of the "drop" period.
5. The attendance policy is focused on the twin goals of effective instruction and scholarly achievement; hence, no account has been taken in the preceding statements concerning the cause for the absence. It is apparent, however, that certain instances of absence from class are unavoidable. In the case of such unavoidable absence, the student should inform the instructor of the situation which occasioned the absence. Faculty members have the responsibility, insofar as feasible, to provide students with the opportunity to make up any examination, study, or work requirement missed for duly verified medical reasons, college- sponsored activities, religious observations, or other unavoidable absence. Please note Section 224-a of the New York State Education Law, and SUNY policy, require that a student who is unable to attend class on a particular day or days because of his or her religious beliefs be excused from such class upon request. In addition, faculty have the responsibility to make available to each student absent for this reason an equivalent opportunity to make up any examination, study, or work requirements that he or she may have missed as a result of this absence.
6. It is an obligation, as well as the educational responsibility, of each staff member to keep an accurate and up-to-date record of attendance of each student enrolled in his or her classes. The class book provided for this purpose must be deposited in the office of the Department Chair at the conclusion of each academic year. Class books must be retained for five years.
* Because an extended period of absence from classes may indicate the student is seriously ill, faculty members are encouraged to contact the student to determine the reason for his or her absence, If the student appears to need professional help, he or she should bf advised that assistance is available through the Health Center.
7. Because mass absences before and after vacation periods reduce the number of effective class meetings in a course and thus penalize the students who are present as well as those who are absent, attendance at these times is particularly important. Since these policies assume that it is the responsibility of the student to attend classes throughout the semester, no mention of this problem is included in the statement of policy supplied to the students. It is the responsibility of faculty members to maintain such a high level of instruction that voluntary and avoidable absence at these times will carry its own penalty. The scheduling of instructional activities that will strongly encourage attendance just before and just after vacation periods will be very helpful. In case of students' avoidable absences, the instructor is under no obligation to provide opportunities for making up the work missed.
8. It is the student's responsibility to regularly attend classes and complete assignments as scheduled. When a student is unable to attend a class due to circumstances beyond his or her control, he or she is expected to communicate directly with instructors concerning class absence and missed assignments. In those rare instances when medical documentation is required (hospitalization, mononucleosis, etc.), the student should request a written statement from his or her off-campus attending physician or authorize the college health service to verify the nature and extent of illness. The health service should not be expected to be involved in issuing statements or excuses on a routine basis.
9. Authorization for field trips and other college-sponsored activities that require student absence from classes must be cleared through the chair of the department involved. The request for such clearance must be a minimum of one week in advance of the date of the activity.
Advisement of Students
Policy Statement Faculty members have the responsibility to be available to meet with their advisees prior to registration and to give advice on course selection for the completion of degree programs. Students have the right to accept or reject me advice they receive.
Advisement provides; 1) an opportunity for individual professors and individual students to meet to discuss the student's academic program as it relates to the students career objectives and goals; and 2) a reasonable basis for departmental planning in terms of course offerings, especially in the area of electives and alternate courses that the department or the college may need to offer.
First Year Advisement All entering first year students will be assigned advisors through the First Year Advisement Program. Students will meet with their advisors five times in their first year. Advisor/student meetings will be related to such issues as academic success, career preparation, course selection and registration, and personal growth and development.
Academic Advisement Following the first year, students will be assigned an advisor in the department of their major. These assignments are done by the Advisement Coordinators in each department. Undeclared students will be assigned an advisor through the Student Advisement Office.
Students in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction will be assigned advisors by the Curriculum and Instruction Department Advisement Coordinator. The students will be advised as well by an advisor in their certification area.
A student majoring in a program within the School of Business will be assigned an advisor by the Business Administration Student Advisement Coordinator (BASAC).
Individual graduate faculty members who are assigned by the appropriate department provide advisement for graduate students. It is the function of the graduate advisor to counsel graduate students and to approve their programs of registration. A folder is maintained for each graduate degree student in the appropriate department office. Advisors may refer to these student records at any time and should file copies of correspondence with students in the office file.
Declaration of Major The student's initial choice of major must be made during the second semester of the sophomore year or prior to entering the upper division of the college. All students have the opportunity to change their major. Permission to change a major must be granted by the advisement coordinator of the department to which the student wishes to transfer, provided selection and program requirements are met. The necessary permissions are indicated on the "Declaration and Change of Major/Minor/Advisor" form, which students may obtain from the Registrar's Office or appropriate Dean. Permission to change a declaration of interest or major must be obtained at least one month before the beginning of the ensuing semester.
Daily Class Schedule
The daily class schedule for college classes if as follows:
Monday, Wednesday, Friday
Period 1 8:00 - 8:55
Penod II 9:10 - 10:05
Period 111 10:20 - 11:15
Period IV 11:30 - 12:25
Period V 12:40 - 1:35
Period VI 1:50 - 2:45
Period VII 3:00 - 3:55
Period VIII 4:10 - 5:05
Tuesday, Thursday
Period I 8:00 - 9:20
Period 11 9:35 - 10:55
Period III 11:10 - 12:30
Period IV 12:45 - 2:05
Period V 2:20 - 3:40
Period VI 3:55 - 5:15
As part of the effort to properly identify and support students with disabilities, each course syllabus should include the following statement:
If you have a disabling condition, which may interfere with your ability to successfully complete this course, please contact the Office of Disability Services.
Including this statement on your syllabi directs students to the proper source for self-identification and access to the resources they may need to be successful. Students who self-identify must also provide the Office of Disability Services with appropriate documentation of their disabling condition. Based on that contact and documentation, letters are prepared for the student to share with their faculty. These letters will identify the student as eligible, under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act), for specific class accommodations.
Inclusion of the syllabi statement is an important step in the efforts of the institution to be in compliance with Section 504 and the ADA.
Emergency Evacuation and Persons with Disabilities
You may have students in your classroom that could require some assistance in the event that it is necessary to evacuate your building. Students with visual and mobility impairments, who may depend on an elevator to reach your classroom, will not have that option in the event of a fire alarm. Elevators are shut down and are not to be used in those circumstances. If a student is unable to evacuate via the stairs, they should move to the nearest stairwell. Faculty members are asked to see that those students receive the help they may need.
If a student is left at a stairwell, please immediately notify the emergency personnel (University Police or Fire Department) as to where the student is located. They will take over from that point.
It is best to discuss these possibilities in advance and privately. While we ask students to be their own advocates and express their needs, they are not always ready to assume this role. Please do invite students to talk with you if they feel they might need assistance m an emergency.
Fire Safety Information
Fire drills will be indicated by a rapid series of short bell rings or other appropriate signals. Faculty members or the residence hall director will designate direction as to the particular exit route. To support a mandated fire safety program, and to prevent damage to the health of non-smokers and to state property, it is the policy of this college that smoking is prohibited in academic buildings in the following areas: classrooms, corridors, shop facilities, study areas, and faculty offices. Alleged violations of this policy should be reported to the office of the appropriate Dean for possible disciplinary action.
Graduate Assistants
Departments with a graduate program(s) may provide assistantship opportunities for selected graduate students. Arrangements for these positions are made at the department level. Appointments are made by the Dean of Graduate Studies on recommendation of the Department Chair. Graduate assistants may carry no more than nine semester hours of course work per semester during the period of employment.
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Appendix A. "Brute Force" Cracking
Appendix B. What are the different kinds of algorithms that encryption software programs utilize?
NetAction prepared this guide primarily to help U.S.-based organizations and activists learn to use encryption software. If you are located outside the U.S., you will need to determine whether the use of encryption is restricted in your location before downloading any of the encryption software discussed in this guide.
This guide was researched by Matt McCarthy and co-written by Matt McCarthy and Audrie Krause, with editorial assistance provided by Theresa Chen and Andrea Jepson. This guide is available as a regular HTML document, a Microsoft Word document, and in ASCII text.
Copyright 2001 by NetAction. All material in this guide may be reposted or reproduced for non-commercial use provided NetAction is cited as the source.
Encryption is a software tool that uses scrambling to make data unreadable to anyone other than the intended recipient. It is useful to ensure the privacy of data that you store on your computer, or that you want to email to someone else.
Encryption software programs use algorithms, or complex mathematical processes, to scramble and unscramble (or "encrypt" and "decrypt") the data. Algorithms work through the creation of keys, which are specific strings of data used for encryption. These keys consist of long strings of bits, or binary numbers. The more bits in the key, the greater the number of possible combinations of binary numbers, making the code more difficult to break. You may have heard of "56-bit" or "128-bit" keys, for example. With more bits, the 128-bit key is more difficult to break than the 56-bit key.
If you're curious, you can see what an algorithm looks like: IDEA is one of the algorithms used in Pretty Good Privacy (PGP). An encryption algorithm scrambles data by combining the bits in the key with the data bits; in decryption, the algorithm unscrambles data by separating the data bits from the key bits. In symmetric key encryption, the same key is used to scramble and unscramble data. In asymmetric key encryption, two different keys are required: one to scramble and one to unscramble. With either method, a recipient cannot access the original data without the correct key.
Here is an example of data that has been encrypted:
You can decrypt this data with ShyFile, a
web-based encryption program. Go to
paste the encrypted message into the appropriate box, and use this key
to decode the message: netaction.org-encryptionfornonprofits
Encryption software is available for many purposes. You may already be familiar with one form of encryption software: many e-commerce and donation Web sites use Secure Socket Layers (SSL). Whenever you visit any Web page with an address starting with "https" instead of "http," SSL will automatically encrypt anything you type into that page, such as passwords or credit card information, before sending it over the Web.
Our guide focuses on encryption software for email and files, which is considerably more complicated than SSL encryption. Encrypted files can be attached to an email message, uploaded to a Web server via File Transfer Protocol (FTP), or put on a floppy disk and passed by hand. Email messages themselves can also be encrypted. It is not necessary, however, for an email message to be encrypted in order to send it with an encrypted attachment. For example, an encrypted document can be attached to an unencrypted email message that says, "See the attached confidential document." Encryption software specifically intended for use with email is generally easier to use than software intended to encrypt files, because email encryption software integrates seamlessly into the email program. Some email encryption software, for example, adds buttons to your mail program's menu.
Different software programs have different strengths and vulnerabilities, and employ different ways of distributing the keys that scramble and unscramble data. Some software programs require the recipient of an encrypted document or email message to use the same software the sender used. Others simply require the recipient to possess the same key or password that the sender used.
Ask around, and you'll hear varied opinions on whether to use encryption. Certainly, it can add complexity to using your computer. It may be a minor inconvenience such as having to log in with a password every time you turn on your computer, or a major hassle, such as having to fool with a difficult interface every time you want to do anything on your computer. Encrypting large files can take a lot of time and computing power. Even worse, losing passwords or corrupting encryption program installations can lead to data loss. So why bother?
The answer is simple: if the data on your computer is sensitive enough, you should use encryption. For example:
If the answer to any of these questions is "yes," you should take steps to ensure the privacy of this data.
Keep in mind that you don't need to spot suspicious men in a satellite dish-equipped van parked outside your building to warn you that you are potentially at risk of data theft. Malicious hackers may find vulnerabilities in your Internet connection. It's a good idea always to assume that it's possible for someone to violate your computer's security and privacy, and act accordingly to prevent it. This is especially true if you are using Microsoft software, which is particularly vulnerable because it is so widely used. (Malicious hackers know they can cause the most damage by targeting widely used software programs.)
Even if you take the extra steps required to encrypt your data, there are still likely to be vulnerabilities that could allow a skilled or well-funded data thief to get access to your data. Read the section on vulnerabilities for details.
It's up to you to weigh the risk of data theft against the trouble it would take to guard against it by using encryption. Because the usability, learning curve, and difficulty of using these programs factors greatly into the equation of whether you want (or need) to use them, our software reviews focus on how easy it is to get started with the programs and to use them on a day-to-day basis. Since cost is also a major concern for non-profits, we have included reviews of several low-cost or free software options.
All encryption software programs choose an algorithm that they rely on to scramble and unscramble your data. Some programs use more obscure, proprietary algorithms, but others use widely available algorithms. The benefit of using an obscure algorithm is there is less likelihood that tools for cracking it are available. The benefit of using a well-known algorithm is that it has been thoroughly tested. If a vulnerability has not yet been discovered, finding one is probably very difficult.
(For more in-depth information on the various available algorithms, see Appendix B: What are the different kinds of algorithms that encryption software programs utilize?)
Software uses algorithms to encrypt your data in two ways: the symmetric key method, and the asymmetric key method. With either method, it is important to save a copy of your key on a floppy of zip disk, a CD, or another hard drive. Otherwise, if you lose or forget your key, or the key data gets corrupted, you will not be able to decrypt your encrypted data.
Many encryption programs scramble and unscramble with the same key. This simple scheme allows anyone possessing the key that encrypted the data to also decrypt the data. It is important, in order to maintain security, that the sender distribute the key to the intended recipient without letting it fall into the wrong hands. If the sender emails the key in a regular, unscrambled message, malicious parties could easily intercept it in transit. If the sender encrypts the key before emailing it, the recipient will need a second key to decrypt the first key. If the sender copies the key onto a floppy or zip disk, or CD, the disk could be lost in transit or misplaced by the recipient.
Only software programs utilizing this basic model, symmetric key encryption, allow the recipient to unscramble an encrypted message without using the same software the sender used to scramble it. For example, the sender could create a self-decrypting archive that prompts the recipient for a password when double-clicked. Or the sender could create files that could be dragged into a Web browser and unscrambled with a web-based decryption script like ShyFile. Not all programs support self-decrypting archives.
To summarize: the simplicity of symmetric key encryption makes it easy to understand, but distribution of the key is risky.
Some software programs use the asymmetric key, or "public key/private key" model, which requires both the sender and the recipient to have the same software. With this model, the recipient makes a pair of keys, both of which can be unlocked with a single password. One half of the pair is a public key that anyone with the same software uses to encrypt a message to the recipient. The sender does not need the recipient's password to use his or her public key to encrypt data. The recipient's other key is a private key that only he or she can use when decrypting the message. The private key should never be distributed since the private key assures that only the intended recipient can unscramble data intended for him or her. The recipient can freely distribute the public key without worrying since it is only used to scramble the data.
You must meet two conditions before you can use asymmetric encryption software: 1) the recipient must have the same software and already have created a key pair, and 2) you must have the recipient's public key. There are many ways to distribute a public key: through text in an email, through text in a file on a floppy disk, or by posting it on special Internet sites known as key servers. For example, if the recipient's public key is available on a PGP server, your PGP software program can retrieve and store the key on your computer for use at any time.
Here is an example of how asymmetric encryption works: If Jack has Jill's public key, Jack can send encrypted files that Jill can unlock with her private key. Jack can't use Jill's public key to decrypt files intended for Jill (since decrypting a file intended for Jill requires Jill's private key), nor can he sign files pretending to be Jill. Even if Jack got his hands on Jill's private key file, he would need Jill's password to access it.
The biggest problem with this method of encryption is verifying that the sender is who he or she claims to be. The solution is called a "Web of Trust", which makes use of digital signatures. If Jill wants to verify that the Jack who sent her an encrypted file is really the Jack she knows, she confirms his identity by some non-electronic method, such as a personal meeting or phone call, or by an electronic method such as the AT&T Pathserver. If Jack has previously taken similar steps to confirm the identity of John Doe, Jill can also trust an encrypted file from John.
See an illustrated model of encrypting and signing data. These pages are part of the Asia Pacific Network Information Centre's Certificate Authority Status Report.
Some software programs are more useful for encrypting files, and others are more useful for encrypting text messages, like email and instant messages. It's possible to use a file-encryption program for both files and email. Some file-encryption programs, for example, encrypt email by transforming the message into a file, and then sending the encrypted file. However, some of the software specifically designed for email encryption is much easier to use than programs for file encryption. Other email encryption software programs convert plaintext to ciphertext, which is useful for encrypting email or text documents, but useless for encrypting images or other non-text files. Other encryption software simply enables you to store encrypted files on your computer.
In addition to the different encryption algorithms and models, there are different software interfaces. Some programs require you to locate the file you want to encrypt through a regular "file-open" dialogue window. Others, including PGP, allow you to encrypt a highlighted section of text that you select from an open document. Some email encryption programs include plug-ins that add buttons to your program menu, so you can encrypt a message with literally the touch of a button. These interface alternatives can be important for first-time users since they can make the software easier to use. They are also important for anyone who uses encryption daily, since a cumbersome encryption and decryption process may deter use.
When you try an encryption program, check for the features that you need (e.g. encrypts your email, encrypts your files, etc.), as well as its ease of use.
Some features you may find useful in any encryption software:
Some features you may find useful in email encryption software:
Some features you may find useful in file encryption software:
You should also become familiar with any encryption features that may have been built into your computer's operating system. If your computer's operating system includes features that provide the level of security you need, it may not be necessary to look for those features in third-party encryption software programs.
Features offered by:
Mac OS 9 includes some built-in encryption features that are relatively easy to use: Apple File Security and Apple Verifier. Located in the Security Folder (which is in the Applications Folder), these features allow Mac users to encrypt and decrypt files on their hard drives, and to verify the authenticity of files containing digital signatures. To encrypt or decrypt files, drag them onto the Apple File Security icon. To verify digital signatures, drag them onto the Apple Verifier icon. The Apple Help menu includes information on how to use these features.
The Unix security system is robust and complex. It employs a system of access control lists to determine which users have access to a given file or folder, and usually requires that users log-on to use the computer. (Keep in mind that access controls are not the same as encryption.) To learn more, check the following link: http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Secure-Programs-HOWTO/features.html
Simply put, Windows 9x was not designed for robust security. Any user can alter or remove any file not currently in use, or even reboot into DOS from Windows 95 or 98 and have unrestricted access to any file on your computer. No third-party program can protect your data if the operating system has no built-in security features. We advise Windows 9x users who require a secure environment to install a WindowsNT-based operating system, preferably Windows 2000. (Privacy advocates have raised concerns about the new operating system that Microsoft is about to release, Windows XP. See http://www.epic.org/privacy/consumer/MS_complaint.pdf and http://www.epic.org/privacy/consumer/MS_complaint2.pdf for more information about this.)
The security tools in Windows NT are available on computers using the NTFS file system. Since NT is also used on computers with the FAT16 or FAT32 file systems, not all computers using the Windows NT operating system will have the security features described below. You can check your hard drives' file system by right-clicking the drive icon and viewing the "Properties" window. On Windows NT systems, many security settings can be reviewed and edited from the Group Policy Editor. Press "Start," press "Run," type "gpedit.msc," and hit "Enter"; the settings are under Computer Configuration / Windows Settings / Security Settings. (Again, keep in mind that access controls are not the same as encryption.)
NT-based operating systems require a log-in to use the computer. The log-in requirement goes hand-in-hand with file permissions and encryption/decryption permissions (described below). Individual users or groups of users can be restricted from or given access to specific files or documents by using the Group Policy Editor.
File permissions
Hard drives formatted with the NTFS file system rely on "user permissions" for security. Every file and folder has an owner and an access control list (edited by the owner or those conferred editing power by the owner) to indicate which users may "modify, read or execute documents view folder contents, write to the file or folder, or have read-only access." In recent versions of Windows based on the NT kernel, you can see which user "owns" each file and folder within a given folder by using the Details view in Windows Explorer, right-clicking any tab at the top (e.g. Name, Size, Type, Date Modified), clicking "More," then "Owner."
The NTFS file system has built-in support for file and folder encryption through the EFS (Encrypted File System) tool. Right-click a file or folder, select "Properties," look under Advanced, and check Encrypt to use this feature. Once Encrypt is checked, click Details to identify the users who can decrypt the file. (Caution: Don't forget to disable System Restore before encrypting any file that System Restore can affect, or else another user with Recovery access can use System Restore to decrypt your encrypted file.)
Windows relies on "certificates" for public key security and for applications that provide for authentication, data integrity, and secure communications over networks. Users manage their own certificates.
The features listed above target email and file system encryption. You may also be interested in encryption for other applications, such as FTP and Telnet.
FTP (file transfer protocol) is inherently insecure because the program sends the user's log-in and password as plain text (i.e. unencrypted). You can encrypt the login and password, but the computer receiving the files must know how to decrypt them. Only a few FTP servers support secure connections, but there are some freeware programs available.
Telnet, a protocol used to access files on another computer, is similarly insecure because it sends the user's log-in and password as plain text. However, nearly anything you can do with Telnet can also be done with SSH (Secure Shell; look here for a FAQ). SSH was designed to be secure, but not all computers that support Telnet support SSH, since it's an entirely different protocol.
If you lock your door with a deadbolt instead of a chain, you make it more difficult for a burglar to get inside your home. Similarly, there are differences in the level of security that encryption software provides. Most of the well-known encryption algorithms that are considered "good" are mathematically complex enough to be difficult to break; otherwise, they wouldn't be so widely used. But even good algorithms are vulnerable to being broken if someone is persistent enough. In this section, we discuss the general vulnerabilities in encryption software, and offer tips that you can use to combat them. If you'd like more information on the vulnerabilities of a particular algorithm or software program, search the Web for reviews on its effectiveness.
General vulnerabilities include:
"Brute force" is another way of saying "trial and error." With this method, a "cracker" tries every possible key until he or she stumbles upon the correct one. No encryption software program it is entirely safe from the brute force method, but if the number of possible keys is high enough, it can make a program astronomically difficult to crack using brute force. For example, a 56-bit key has 256 possible keys. That's up to 72,057,594,037,927,936 seventy-two quadrillion keys that a cracker may have to try in order to find the correct one.
TIP: The more bits in a key, the more secure it is, so choose software with as many bits as possible. If you have a choice between 56-bit encryption and 128-bit encryption, for example, use the 128-bit encryption.
For more information on brute force cracking, please see Appendix A: "Brute Force" Cracking.
A "back door" is a security hole in a piece of software. A "back door" may be present because someone created it in the software with malicious intent, or by accident. Whatever the reason, if a malicious "cracker" discovers a "back door" in a program, he or she may be able to discover your key or password.
TIP: Make sure that the encryption software you choose has been rigorously tested. Read online reviews, and consider how long the software has been available. Visit the software's Web site periodically to check for patches and updates, and install them.
In every kind of encryption software, there is some kind of password that must be created so that the intended recipients of the information can read it. Creating a password that "hackers" or other malicious parties cannot easily guess is just as important as choosing a good algorithm or strong encryption software.
TIP: Take care to make a strong key. Use a varied set of characters, including lowercase and uppercase letters, numbers, and symbols (like spaces, colons, quote marks, dollar signs, etc.). A good password should be longer than eight characters; the longer it is, the harder it is to crack.
If you're concerned about remembering a long password, don't be. Even a long password made up of different types of characters can be easy to remember. Instead of using your daughter's name, "sally," for example, use "S411y is: #1 i/\/ mY b00k!!!". (Many password-guessing programs (see "Brute Force" Cracking) employ a database of English words that guesses passwords from various combinations of words, so it's a good idea not to use passwords made up exclusively of English words. Note that in the example above, numbers and characters are interspersed with letters.) Even better is to use a series of random letters, numbers, and symbols, so that it can't be guessed easily.
TIP: If you forget your password, you will not be able to decrypt data that you have encrypted. Be sure to make a backup copy of your password and store it in a safe place, such as on a floppy or zip disk, a CD, or a separate hard drive. You can also copy and paste your password into a new document, print the document, file the paper somewhere safe, and delete the document from your computer.
Besides checking the software described in our reviews, you might want to try other encryption software. As discussed below, before downloading or using any encryption software, please make sure that it is legal to use in your location. Check our section on legal availability for more information.
As noted earlier, one of the vulnerabilities of encryption software is a security hole known as a "back door," which may be present in a piece of software by accident or because someone created it in the software with malicious intent. For years, federal investigators tried to convince lawmakers that software developers should be required to intentionally create "back doors" to give authorities access to encrypted communications between individuals who are under surveillance for suspected criminal activities. Proponents referred to this as a "key escrow" system because authorities could go to court to get permission to use the key to unlock encrypted communications.
Privacy and civil liberties advocates fought these efforts, citing the importance of encryption to the work of human rights activists and the need for secure communications for online commerce. In the late 1990s, they were successful in convincing federal policy makers to loosen U.S. laws banning the export of strong encryption. However, the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon have prompted renewed calls for increased restrictions or outright bans on encryption. This, in turn, has generated renewed concern among privacy and civil liberties advocates about the potential loss of constitutionally protected rights. Lauren Weinstein and Peter G. Neumann, co-founders of People For Internet Responsibility, offered this perspective in a September 23, 2001 "PFIR Statement on Terrorism, Civil Liberties, and the Internet:"
"The techniques for strong encryption are now widely known and can be implemented on any PC or handheld computer. Attempts to outlaw, weaken, or mandate surveillance backdoors' for such systems can only result in the vast honest population being saddled with vulnerable encryption systems for commerce and a wide range of other communications both on and off the Internet, all subject to a wide array of monitoring. Such surveillance could be instigated not only by benign' governments, but also by a range of private parties who would inevitably penetrate the back-doors of such systems, not to mention other governments and entities (either now or in the future) who most decidedly won't be benign in nature."
There are many good sources of up-to-date information on the calls for increased restrictions on encryption that started after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, including:
For more general information on the public policy aspects of encryption see "Links to further resources, focusing on encryption politics" in the following section.
We've listed some useful sites below. Bulleted subsections denote the page's focus and particularly useful resources. Items marked with an asterisk (*) are for readers interested in the more technical workings of encryption.
Cryptography at Electronic Frontiers Australia
Cryptography FAQs at FAQs.org
Other Miscellany
Links to technical resources for advanced encryption users
If you need to know more about a specific topic, try searching for it from your favorite Web search site.
Many programs and algorithms used for security purposes are not available outside of the United States because of U.S. export law. Some policy makers are now calling for increased restrictions on the use of encryption in response to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. Before acquiring or using any encryption software, you will need to make sure that it is legal to use in your location. In most cases, this information will be included in the licensing agreement. When downloading or installing software, read the licensing agreements. For the software reviews in this guide, we've tried to ascertain whether the programs are available outside of the U.S., but ultimately it's up to you to determine whether a given program is legal to use where you live. Some of the links provided below may help.
Bureau of Export Administration Encryption Export Regulations, houses all encryption rules published by BXA since export control jurisdiction was transferred from the State Department to the Commerce Department in 1996. At the time this guide was published, the most recent update was in October 2000.
Electronic Frontier Foundation's Crypto Export archive (contains political articles, discussions, and notes).
Information Security and Privacy in Network Environments (lengthy Sept. 1994 political report; use your browser's Search or Find function with the text "Government Policies and Cryptographic Safeguards" to find the relevant chapter).
RSA Laboratories' FAQ about Today's Cryptography: United States Cryptography Export/Import Laws (particular note of interest: reports on the legality of RSA and Triple-DES export).
Defined below are some of the terms used throughout this guide. For a more comprehensive look at cryptography terms, try some of the following sites:
Follow the link from the term to read more about it (often on another site).
A Block Cipher is a method for encrypting data in chunks (several or many contiguous bits) as opposed to encoding bit-by-bit like a stream cipher. (More information.)
A Stream Cipher is a method of encrypting data bit-by-bit, as opposed to encoding a contiguous chunk of data all at once like a block cipher. (More information.)
Acronyms and terms that you have encountered in this guide that are not listed here may be encryption standards or algorithms. For more information please see Appendix B: What are the different kinds of algorithms that encryption software programs utilize?
As discussed in section 5, "What are the vulnerabilities in encryption and how do I guard against them?," "brute force" cracking is a method of finding a password or key by trial and error. The longer the password or key, the more difficult it becomes to crack it. For example, a 56-bit key has 256 possible keys. That's up to 72,057,594,037,927,936 seventy-two quadrillion keys that must potentially be tried in order to find the correct one.
That doesn't mean that a 56-bit key is strong enough to prevent successful brute force attacks. Even back in 1997 when desktop computers were much less powerful than current models (this guide was written in September 2001), a distributed computing effort cracked the RSA's 56-bit RC5 encryption in less than 250 days. (See an article on the effort. A distributed computing effort is one in which many computers share the task of testing the seventy-two quadrillion possible combinations of bits.) In 1998, a similar effort took just 39 days using 50,000 computers. Those computers tried 85% of the possible combinations, at speeds that at times reached 26 trillion keys per second, before finding the right key. Another 1998 effort, by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, took only 3 days to crack a 56-bit DES key using a special computer called the DES (Data Encryption Standard) Cracker.
In some cases, viruses have invaded computers and used their computing power without the owner's knowledge. (GRC.com has a story about a malicious cracker who launched a denial-of-service attack that flooded a computer with more data than it could process, using 474 Microsoft Windows computers without their owners' knowledge.)
Fortunately, increasing the number of bits in a key exponentially increases the number of possible keys that would have to be tested with the "brute force" method. So, a 128-bit key could be any one of 3.4 * 1038 keys, a 192-bit key could be any one of 6.2 * 1057 keys, and a 256-bit key could be any one of 1.1 * 1077 keys. A note at the U.S. Computer Security Resource Center's Advanced Encryption Standard FAQ states:
In the late 1990s, specialized "DES Cracker" machines were built that could recover a DES key after a few hours. In other words, by trying possible key values, the hardware could determine which key was used to encrypt a message. Assuming that one could build a machine that could recover a DES key in a second (i.e., try 255 keys per second), then it would take that machine approximately 149 trillion years to crack a 128-bit AES key. To put that into perspective, the universe is believed to be less than 20 billion years old.
Note that these efforts are per key; if you were to divide the data you were encrypting into 10 subsections and used a different key for each of the subsections, this decryption process would need to be repeated 10 times.
To summarize, brute force cracking can be significantly slowed with strong encryption, (essentially, just using longer keys) and slower algorithms. Modern strong encryption should be able to hold off all but the best-funded efforts by crackers with lots and lots of time on their hands. Encryption can make data access difficult enough that a malicious cracker may decide to look for an easier target rather than spending resources attempting to crack strong encryption.
The complexity of these algorithms prevents us from describing their workings in-depth in a guide intended for readers with limited technical knowledge of encryption, but here are some links and names that may be useful if you want to know more about the technical aspects of encryption software. You can always find more information on each algorithm (including ones that are not listed here) simply by searching for the algorithm's name on your favorite Internet search engine.
One interesting read is the PGP Diffie-Hellman vs. RSA FAQ, which discusses the effectiveness of various algorithms.
AES is the block cipher being developed as a successor to DES. (AES was not completed at the time this guide was published.) It operates under the symmetric key model. Some of the other encryption algorithms listed in this section were submitted as candidates to become AES. The selected algorithm is one called Rijndael (one suggested pronunciation: "rain doll"), a variant of an algorithm called Square.
Blowfish is a block cipher that employs the asymmetric key model. "Blowfish was designed in 1993 by Bruce Schneier as a fast, free alternative to existing encryption algorithms. Since then it has been analyzed considerably, and it is slowly gaining acceptance as a strong encryption algorithm. Blowfish is un-patented and license-free, and is available free for all uses." (Counterpane Internet Security: The Blowfish Encryption Algorithm)
CAST is a group of ciphers. "CAST-128 belongs to the class of encryption algorithms known as Feistel ciphers; overall operation is thus similar to the Data Encryption Standard (DES)." (C. Adams, Entrust Technologies: The CAST-128 Encryption Algorithm) It operates under the symmetric key model.
"It is resistant to both linear and differential cryptanalysis. Currently, there is no known way of breaking CAST short of brute force. There are no known attacks on CAST with reduced rounds it looks incredibly secure. CAST is now the default cipher in PGP." (PGP Diffie-Hellman vs. RSA FAQ: What is CAST?)
"CAST is a family of ciphers. Some of the other 'CAST' ciphers have succumbed to advanced attack. (Rijmen and Preneel have attacked some CAST designs and so have Kelsey, Schneier & Wagner.) The same attacks have been tried against the implementation of CAST used in PGP and have, thus far, failed." (PGP Diffie-Hellman vs. RSA FAQ: What is CAST?)
DES is the current standard encryption algorithm. "DES was developed in the 1970s by the National Bureau of Standards with the help of the National Security Agency" with an algorithm submitted by IBM. (The Next Wave: What is DES?) It operates under the symmetric key model.
"Unfortunately, over time various shortcut attacks were found that could significantly reduce the amount of time needed to find a DES key by brute force. And as computers became progressively faster and more powerful, it was recognized that a 56-bit key was simply not large enough for high security applications." (Tropical Software: DES Encryption (DES)
" On July 17, 1998 the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) announced the construction of a DES brute-force hardware cracker (http://www.eff.org/descracker/). This $220,000 device can break a DES key in an average of 4.5 days." (Dr. Dobb's Journal: The Current State of DES)
Triple-DES is only a third as fast as DES, but uses three keys to effectively triple the key length to 168 bits, making the algorithm "billions of times more secure [than DES] if used properly." (Tropical Software: Triple DES Encryption [Triple DES])
Diffie-Hellman is an encryption algorithm that employs the asymmetric key model.
"In 1976, Diffie and Hellman started an explosion of open research in cryptology when they first introduced the notion of public-key cryptography, which allows for new electronic means to handle key distribution in conventional cryptographic systems and for digital signatures in electronic messages." (Cylink Resource Library: Alternatives to RSA: Using Diffie-Hellman with DSS)
"The Stanford patent on the Diffie-Hellman technique... expired in 1997 and [the technique] is now in the public domain." (Cylink Resource Library: Alternatives to RSA: Using Diffie-Hellman with DSS)
GOST is the U.S.S.R. 28147-89 standard protection algorithm, analogous to the U.S.'s DES. "The algorithms are similar in that both operate on 64-bit blocks by successively modifying half of the bits with a function of the other half." (GOST encryption algorithm: Russian analogue to US Standard?)
IDEA is a block cipher used in PGP. "IDEA, unlike the other block cipher algorithms discussed in this section, is patented by the Swiss firm of Ascom. They have, however, been generous in allowing, with permission, free noncommercial use of their algorithm, with the result that IDEA is best known as the block cipher algorithm used within the popular encryption program PGP." (IDEA (International Data Encryption Algorithm)
See "Data Encryption Standard (DES) and Triple-DES (3DES)"
"Twofish is a block cipher by Counterpane Labs. It was one of the five Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) finalists. Twofish is unpatented, and the source code is uncopyrighted and license-free; it is free for all uses." (Counterpane Internet Security: Twofish: A New Block Cipher) It operates under the symmetric key model.
RSA is a family of algorithms that employ the asymmetric key model. There are actually multiple incarnations of this algorithm; RC5 is one of the most common in use, and RC6 was a finalist algorithm for AES. Searching for how RSA works often yields a host of pages about how it works mathematically, because the U.S. patent on the RSA algorithm expired on September 21, 2000. (RSA Security, Inc. actually began offering the algorithm to the public before the 17-year-old patent expired.)


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The Community News • P.O. Box 1031 • 203 Pecan Dr. • Aledo, TX 76008 • 817-441-7661 • FAX: 817-441-5419
The Gardeners' Club of Parker County will hold its first meeting of the new year at 10 a.m. Thursday, Sept. 12 at St. Francis Church, 117 Ranch House Road Willow Park. Club member Barbara Shepard will present a program on bird houses. Visitors are welcome and encouraged to join. For further information, call 817-919-6280.


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Related: THE CARRIE DIARIES, The CW |
The CW has just released a preview of its upcoming prequel series to SEX AND THE CITY, THE CARRIE DIARIES, set to premier Jan. 14. Check it out below!
THE CARRIE DIARIES takes place in 1984, where life is not easy for 16-year-old Carrie Bradshaw. Since their mother passed away, Carrie's younger sister Dorritt is more rebellious than ever, and their father Tom is overwhelmed with the responsibility of suddenly having to care for two teenage girls on his own. Carrie's friends - sweet, geeky Mouse, sarcastic and self-assured Maggie and sensitive Walt - make life bearable, but a suburban life in Connecticut isn't doing much to take her mind off her troubles. And even though the arrival of a sexy new transfer student named Sebastian brings some excitement to Carrie's world, she is struggling to move on from her grief. So when Tom offers Carrie the chance to intern at a law firm in Manhattan, she leaps at the chance. Carrie's eyes are opened wide at the glamour and grit of New York City - and when she meets Larissa, the style editor for Interview magazine, she's inspired by the club culture and unique individuals that make up Larissa's world. Carrie's friends and family may have a big place in her heart, but she's fallen in love for the first time with the most important man in her life - Manhattan.
The series stars AnnaSophia Robb ("Soul Surfer") as Carrie Bradshaw; Stefania Owen ("Running Wilde," "The Lovely Bones") as Dorrit Bradshaw; Ellen Wong ("Scott Pilgrim vs. the World," "Combat Hospital") as Mouse; Katie Findlay ("The Killing," "SGU Stargate Universe") as Maggie; Chloe Bridges ("90210") as Donna; Austin Butler ("Switched at Birth," "Life Unexpected") as Sebastian; Brendan Dooling ("An Elf's Story: The Elf on the Shelf") as Walt; Freema Agyeman ("Doctor Who," "Law & Order: UK") as Larissa and Matt Letscher ("Brothers and Sisters," "Entourage") as Tom.
Based on the novels by Candace Bushnell, THE CARRIE DIARIES is from Warner Bros. Television and CBS Television Studios, in association with Fake Empire, with executive producers Josh Schwartz ("Hart of Dixie," "Gossip Girl"), Stephanie Savage ("Hart of Dixie," "Gossip Girl"), Len Goldstein ("Hart of Dixie") Amy B. Harris ("Gossip Girl") and Candace Bushnell.
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The Merrell Barefoot Run Bare Access Arc 2 Shoe for Women in Aqua offers a barefoot feel with a little bit of cushioning. This running shoe has uniform cushioning from the toe to heel that buffers impact bot still allows a flat footed landing. Lightweight and low cut, this is perfect for transitioning to barefoot, and features a synthetic leather and breathable mesh upper with rear heel stability. Vibram pods on the Bare Access Shape sole stick and spring off of any surface.
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Saturday, February 14, 2004
Boys TAPPS soccer championship
Mark M. Hancock / © The Dallas Morning News
Bishop Lynch's Michael James (No. 10, right) is pushed down by Fort Worth Nolan's Stephen Tucker (No. 4, left) during the TAPPS Winter Soccer Championships boys Division I championship game at Baylor University in Waco on Saturday, February 14, 2004. The game was tied at 0-0 when it went into overtime.
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Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
Title: | Front Matter |
Authors: | Austin-Broos, Diane Macdonald, Gaynor |
Keywords: | Aborigines Welfare Policy Culture |
Issue Date: | 2005 |
Publisher: | Sydney University Press |
Citation: | Culture, Economy and Governance in Aboriginal Australia |
Description: | This timely collection of articles explores some of the most pressing issues confronting both Australia's Indigenous peoples and Australia as a nation. In the current period of economic strength, Indigenous peoples have found themselves increasingly struggling to develop economic opportunities and to ensure the viability of their social and cultural lives. This volume brings together Indigenous and non-Indigenous contributors from a range of disciplines and experiences. Focussing primarily on remote Australia, they bring together the whole range of issues and concerns which need to be addressed. The articles are from the Proceedings of a Workshop of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia held at the University of Sydney 30 November-1 December 2004. The collection is edited by Diane Austin-Broos and Gaynor Macdonald. |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2431 |
Rights and Permissions: | Copyright Sydney University Press |
Type of Work: | Book chapter |
Appears in Collections: | Culture, Economy and Governance in Aboriginal Australia |
This work is protected by Copyright. All rights reserved. Access to this work is provided for the purposes of personal research and study. Except where permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, this work must not be copied or communicated to others without the express permission of the copyright owner. Use the persistent URI in this record to enable others to access this work.
File | Description | Size | Format | |
Frontmatter-culture_economy.pdf | 370.11 kB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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Best of Total Beauty: All Our Best Beauty Product Stories in One Place
So unless you live under a rock (where there are no lady mags or Wi-Fi, obviously), you know there are plenty of uses for coconut oil beyond frying and baking. Yes, fatty-acid-rich, antioxidant-packed, multipurpose coconut oil is having a major moment in the beauty world. But don't forget the other super-oils that may be hiding in your kitchen cupboard or medicine cabinet. Here are clever ways to use olive oil, tea tree oil, jojoba oil and more. read more
I don't know about you, but I've got a case of the August blues. It feels like the end of summer is looming, and we'll be back to the September grind much too soon. So I propose a little retail therapy -- in the form of the best new beauty products launching this month. There's the most amazing mascara I've tried all year, a spray that will cut your blow drying time in half (more time at the beach!), the hottest product in Asia that just hit U.S. stores and more. read more
Aging isn't all bad. Things like growing wiser, deepening relationships and developing skills can't be bought -- they can only grow with the gift of time. However, we don't always appreciate all of the gifts time bestows upon us -- namely, wrinkles, sagging skin and hyperpigmentation. These are the signs of time passing we actively try to prevent and avoid. And, it turns out, some cities in America are much, much better than others at doing so. read more
Frankly, sunscreen is a pain in my tuckus. It's sticky, it smells bad and just one day by the pool with multiple reapplications to my face leaves my chin a battle zone of acne for the following week. Since forsaking the sun and becoming a hermit didn't work out, I moved on to a new plan: Find a sunscreen that doesn't suck. Luckily, I have a fairly large beauty closet and a team of editors always willing to try a new product at my disposal. We worked tirelessly attending pool parties and outdoor barbecues weekend after weekend -- all to find the best sunscreens that aren't sticky, don't stink, play nice with makeup, are kind to sensitive skin and won't make you break out. Try out a few of our new "holy grail" sunscreens for yourself. We recommend your testing be conducted on a balcony with margaritas -- for the sake of science, of course. read more
How often do you log on to Facebook to see yet another engaged friend, or scroll through Instagram wondering how your old roommate got that perfect bikini-ready body? It's easy to get a little jealous of others with today's omnipresent social media. So it was more than a little refreshing when we came across photographer Brandon Stanton's rapidly spreading Tumblr account, Humans of New York. Stanton's photos capture pieces of everyday life from New Yorkers he stops in the street. Stanton's subjects share their happiest moments, their biggest fears, the advice they would share with a large group of people ... anything Stanton thinks others may connect with. read more
We're willing to bet the first that comes to mind when you think of a refreshing, delicious summertime smoothie isn't a glass of murky, green liquid. How'd we know? A little survey told us. A recent poll found that just nine percent of Americans are on-board with green-colored juices, while 25 percent of us actually fear it. So, how do you embrace the going-green trend without plugging your nose to gulp it down? read more
We've never been the kind of gals to go all crazy with the patriotic spirit on July 4. Don't get us wrong, we love this country and what it stands for -- the land where dreams are realized, no matter where you come from. Sounds hokey, but roll with us on this one. See products
Move over, power brow; your eyelashes want in on the party. Bold brows can make wispy lashes look downright wimpy (so not a good look for your come-hither stare). read more
Ladies, it's 2014 -- if you can take pro-quality photos, tweet the news, Skype your Mom, and check the weather in Bali all with your phone, why shouldn't your beauty products multitask, too? Sure, you can argue that soap isn't exactly innovative; but sometimes, the most decadent novelties are in the basics -- namely, the ability to wash off the day's grime with nothing but water and a good bar (or bottle) of soap. Get soap
By this stage of the game, you should already have your summer essentials. (If not, check out my roundup from June.) Sunscreen, beach spray and self-tanner are taking over my bathroom. read more
There's so much health & beauty information available that it's sometimes hard to sort through it all. Fortunately, Total Beauty has a health and beauty guide that will take the guesswork out of finding the best products, advice, and tips for you. You'll be able to find the information you're looking for by checking out our articles, galleries, and videos, any time, day or night.
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Share your thoughts
What do you think of the
Kelty Deluxe Roll-Top Table
? Share a...
Here's what others have to say...
Chris Griffin
Why is it that the descriptions don't seem...
Why is it that the descriptions don't seem to include sizes? Knowing this stuff is important.
Most people don't care... even though they should.
danny andres
Chris, is there something other than the listed specs that you are looking for?
Material: aluminum Dimensions: 55 x 27 in Height: 27 in Carry Sack: yes Weight: 15 lb Recommended Use: car amping, tailgaiting Manufacturer Warranty: 1 year
danny andres
Kelty Roll Top Table
perfect size table
I've always wanted a rolla table, but thought I'd give this a try instead, and really like it. Used this for the first time tailgating at the drag races in Vegas, and you can put out a nice spread on it. Where it seems another square rolla tabel is always needed, this one makes for the perfect amount of space. When packed, it stows easily whether in the trunk, on your boat, or anywhere else while enroute to your next adventure. The carry strap on the bag is adjustable, so packing it over to the beach, or just out to your backyard is a breeze. If you're looking for a table for camping, and tailgating, this one does the job of 2 smaller square ones, sets up quick, and packs easy.
Chris Wynja
Kelty Deluxe Roll - Top Table
what are the dimensions?
what are the dimensions?
Cory Guru
Length: 55 / 150 cm
Width: 27 / 69 cm
Height: 127 / 69 cm
Frame Diameter: 25 mm


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Luxury Holidays - Egypt
Whether you're cruising along the Nile in a luxury vessel, or riding a 'ship of the desert' to the Valley of Kings, you'll realise that Egypt isn't a country – it's a treasure house of antiquity.
Despite the fact that it is one of the world's most popular tourist destinations, when you walk inside the Great Pyramid at Gisa, you will find yourself whispering.
But Egypt has any number of awe-inspiring sights. The mummy room and the Tutankhamun exhibition in Cairo's Egyptian Museum, for example, work a kind of solemn magic on your soul. Whilst – far from the crazy, relentlessly energetic streets of Cairo – a slow cruise along the Nile to the temples of Karnak and Luxor will have you imagining yourself not just in the land of the Pharaohs, but in the time of the Pharaohs as well.
A tailor-made holiday to Egypt, created by one of our Egypt experts Nabila Cash, will most likely include an accompanying Egyptologist who will help explain the mysteries, bring the history to life and guide you past Egypt's very enthusiastic street sellers.
Your tailored itinerary could well include the inspirational son et lumière at Philae – the Temple of Isis standing on Agilkia Island in the middle of the Nile. Or a day in the Valley of Kings, and the neighbouring Valley of Queens.
The Red Sea is well-known for its fantastic sealife and is sure not to dispappoint even the most avid of divers.
Talk to Laura or Nabila – they'll turn you into an Egypt enthusiast.
Given the political sensitivity and unrest in Egypt we do advise you to check The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) travel advice for up-to-date information.
Suggested itineraries
Ultimate Egypt
The rich tapestry of Egypt's glorious past is explored in this comprehensive tour of the highlights from Abu Simbel to Luxor, Aswan to Cairo.
Read morePyramids & Pharaohs
Immerse yourself in Egypt's ancient history on this one week tour from the bustle of Cairo to the serenity of a Nile cruise.
Read moreDesert Oases
Drive the ancient route from Cairo to Alexandria and then onto El Alamein, site of the epic wartime battle, before embarking on an adventurous 4x4 safari across the Western Desert.
Read moreThe Oberoi Zahra 4-night Nile Cruise
Get Oberoi standard luxury on a cruise along the Nile, with a 4-day cruise from Oberoi Nile Cruises.
Read moreEgypt in Luxury
Experience for yourself Egypt's ancient history. Enjoy the bustle of Cairo to the serenity of a Nile cruise.
Read more
Recommended hotels - Cairo & Alexandria
Mena House
Built in the 19th Century in the shadow of the pyramids at Giza, the Mena House is one of the world's grand old hotels.
Read moreThe Cairo Marriott Hotel
Blending traditional elegance with contemporary facilities, the Cairo Marriott and casino is located in the heart of the city overlooking the River Nile.
Read moreFour Seasons Hotel Cairo at Nile Plaza
The Four Seasons Hotel Cairo at Nile Plaza is an elegant, serene and luxurious refuge set amongst charming villas in Cairo's oldest district.
Read moreFour Seasons Hotel Cairo at The First Residence
In a quiet residential district of Giza, the Four Seasons Hotel Cairo at the First Residence is a peaceful haven away from the clamour of downtown Cairo.
Read moreFour Seasons Hotel, Alexandria
One of Alexandria's finest, the Four Seasons Hotel at San Stefano provides stylish elegance gently cooled by the Mediterranean sea breezes.
Read moreSofitel Cecil, Alexandria
In the heart of Alexandria, the Sofitel Cecil is an historic grand hotel, offering a blend of old world charm with modern amenities.
Read more
Recommended hotels - The Red Sea
Hyatt Regency, Sharm el Sheikh
One of Egypt's premier resorts and ideal for families, the Hyatt Regency Sharm el Sheikh offers exceptional service and extensive facilities.
Read moreFour Seasons Resort, Sharm el Sheikh
Four Seasons Sharm el Sheikh is a sophisticated and luxurious diving resort offering exceptional comfort in elegant surroundings with impeccable service.
Read moreOberoi Sahl Hasheesh
Set in 48 acres adjacent to an 850-metre private beach, the Oberoi Sahl Hasheesh is a luxurious and secluded haven on the shores of the Red Sea.
Read moreKempinski Hotel, Soma Bay
Welcome to an extravaganza in the sun, beside the Red Sea. Perfect for sunbathing, diving, relaxing…
Read more
The Nile & Lake Nasser
Sofitel Old Winter Palace, Luxor
A legendary 19th Century hotel, the Sofitel Old Winter Palace still retains a distinctive blend of old-world charm and understated elegance.
Read moreOberoi Nile Cruises
The Oberoi bring the same elegance, comfort and style to their cruise vessels as they do to their hotels.
Read moreHotel Al Moudira, Luxor
A serene boutique hotel on Luxor's west bank, Al Moudira, with its stunning domed architecture, is a luxurious sanctuary just 4kms from the Valley of the Kings.
Read moreSonesta Nile Cruises
Our favourites from the 5-star Sonesta fleet of Nile River cruise ships.
Read moreMövenpick Resort, Aswan
Set in extensive gardens on an island in the middle of the River Nile, the Mövenpick Resort is a peaceful retreat with extensive facilities.
Read moreSanctuary River Nile Cruises
A cruise up the River Nile or a stay in a luxury hotel in Egypt? Do both with a luxury Sanctuary River Cruise.
Read moreLife on the Nile
Experience the gentle pace of a bygone era with this traditional Nile cruise on board a small sailing vessel, favoured by travellers in the 1920's and 30's.
Read moreHotel Sofitel Legend Old Cataract Aswan
A journey through time to the age of the Pharaohs, starting in a splendid Victorian hotel.
Read more


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July 17, 2010 | |
Pleasant Valley, NY [large map] 41.7445, -73.8212 | |
http://www.espraces.com | |
Northeast | |
Twelve Hour |
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Political commentary for every viewpoint
Herman Cummings is a computer data analyst, who used his training to analyze the written text of Genesis.
On Easter Sunday, in 1990, a lady stood up in Sunday School and asked the pastor "How can I teach my children about Adam & Eve, when all they are taught is evolution in school?". The pastor could only say "Just believe the Bible". That was of no help to the lady. So Herman Cummings began his research to resolve the issue, since the worlds of Creationism and Theology could not literally reconcile Genesis with scientific reality. After receiving the revelation of the first chapter from the Lord in December 1993, Herman Cummings became the world's leading expert on the book of Genesis (Bereshit).


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Drivers need to be able to speak their mind - Horner
� Red Bull Racing, Getty Images
30 July 2014 by TF1T Staff | Tweet
Red Bull team principal Christian Horner believes teams need to stop managing their drivers in such a way that they're unable to express their true feelings and emotions.
It was highlighted recently that fans felt drivers had become too corporate, unlike the heroes of the past who were often free to speak their mind without the fear of upsetting the team or sponsors.
Formula 1 needs to return to that attitude if it's to encourage fans to connect emotionally with drivers, according to Horner.
"We need to allow the drivers to express themselves more without them being hit by criticism," he is quoted as saying by Autosport.
"We need to allow their personalities to come out. They have opinions, they have personalities and we should encourage them to see more of them."
The Briton also reckons the increasing number of team radio broadcasts give the impression that races are managed by the pit wall, rather than the driver making their own decisions.
"Sometimes it feels that the races are a bit too managed," he said.
"In conditions like we had in Hungary - just look at [Fernando] Alonso and how fantastic he was. [Lewis] Hamilton came from the back and look at Daniel making his passing around the outside and doing incredible things.
"F1 needs to be about the drivers being the heroes, and in Hungary they were. That is F1 at its best, not just in Hungary but in Germany as well.
"For me that is what I enjoy, what I love to see, and that is all part of competition. We need to keep going down that route and make sure that happens."


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[SLAC] [SLAC Pubs and Reports]
A Search for New Physics at the TeV Scale Via a Precise Measurement of the Weak Mixing Angle in Moller ScatteringAbstract
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Hitomi: My Stepsister (PC) review"And so it is that I should discuss the sex scenes. After all, theyre your reward for playing. Youre certainly not working at the project to increase your reflexes. And because its impossible to not finish the game (the most taxing project is to decide which of the two options will lead to the sex scene you most want or havent seen before), the only satisfaction comes from the nudity." |
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