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Le Cauchemar Rouge
Credits & Info
- Date
- 09/20/2013
- File Info
- Song
- 1 min 11 sec
- Score
- 4.26 / 5.00
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Author Comments
A song I made for the nightmare scene in Unfortunate Girl: TWO pt. 2
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Draws me in instantly. I love the feel to this track. when you can feel the artists emotion in a track.......... Goodness....... Goodness...... I love it. Keep up the great feel. Please!
Rated 4.5 / 5 stars
Definetly fitted the movie perfectly. Love how everything flows togethernice and smoothely Cant wait to see what you got in store for the next installment.
Rated 4 / 5 stars
I just watched the nightmare scene; I thought it fit PERFECTLY with it. Perhaps it was just me? Anyways, keep up the great work!
Rated 4 / 5 stars
This is more of the "Ambient" music I'm interested in. There are just too many people categorizing their tracks as ambient music that just doesn't seem to fit, but as for this piece, I can just settle in for a while. This is what I find therapeutic.


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Eileen Ivey graduated Smith College School for Social Work in 1975 and has been a clinical social worker in and around Washington, D.C. since that time. An enthusiastic late-comer to poetry, this is her maiden voyage in print.
Timeless Girl
You said it was a typo When I told you of Margaret Mead's Theory of post-menopausal zest.
Pioneering the urban woods Behind your apartment— We used to call it the Rapist Trail— That last summer you lived here.
Wearing sandals with socks, Braless beneath your tank top, You rebuffed all concessions to time.
Scarves, the last refuge of the middle aged, Were anathema to you. "You must have me confused With someone my age," you said.
Trips to the hospital, unexplained. Not one to make your plumbing public, "A problem with my fairy dust," you said.
Do women past child-bearing— The rearing, cooking, caring— Get new energy and wit? No, you said, she meant to type Post-menopausal zits.
Now I see you, shabby enchanter, In another forest With Margaret Mead


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Annual Wellness Visit to Provide Personalized Preventive Plan Benefit
Annual Wellness Visit Benefit Overview
The March 2010 federal health care reform law, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), establishes a new benefit that begins January 1, 2011 that enables Medicare beneficiaries to receive an annual wellness visit that focuses on establishing and then maintaining a personalized prevention plan. A beneficiary is eligible if he or she: has had Medicare Part B coverage for at least 12 months; and has not received either an Initial Preventive Physical Examination, known as the Welcome to Medicare visit, service or an annual wellness visit service within the past 12 months.
The ACA specifies the use of a beneficiary-completed risk assessment to establish a personalized prevention plan as an essential element of an annual wellness visit service. This key element is not required for 2011, however, as the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) was not yet able to accomplish the specific requirements in the ACA that aim to standardize the risk assessment tool and facilitate its use.
Aside from mandating the use of the risk assessment for which it was not practicable to require for 2011, Congress opted to enumerate annual wellness visit service elements that CMS may require. Considering this guidance from Congress, CMS exercised its discretionary authority and identified elements required for a first annual wellness visit (AWV) service and a subsequent AWV service for 2011 The 2011 first AWV service required elements are: establishment of a beneficiarys medical and family history; establishment of a list of providers and suppliers involved in the beneficiarys care; measurement of pertinent vitals; detection of cognitive impairments; review of functional ability and level of safety; establishment of a written screening schedule; documentation of a list of risk factors; and provision of personalized health advice. While a physician will not have the opportunity to furnish a subsequent AWV service in 2011, the requirements provide a sense of what will be mandated in future years.
CMS established a billing code that physicians must use to bill for a first AWV service, G0438, and a subsequent AWV service, G0439. The 2011 Medicare paymentnot adjusted for geographyis approximately $172 for G0438 and $111 for G0439. Medicare will pay the full amount, meaning that the beneficiary does not have to pay the typical 20 percent copayment nor toward a yet-to-be reached deductible.
Medicare will pay a physician for an AWV service and a medically necessary service, e.g. a mid-level established office visit, Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code 99213, furnished during a single beneficiary encounter. CMS initially believed that it would be uncommon for the two services to be provided to the same beneficiary on the same date; however, based on advocacy comments provided by ACP and other medical societies, the agency accepts that it will not be so rare an occurrence. CMS cautions that the elements of the AWV must not be replicated in the medically necessary service. Physicians must append modifier -25 (significant, separately identifiable service) to the medically necessary E/M service, e.g. 99213-25, to be reimbursed for both services.
Physicians can continue to bill a beneficiary for a non covered periodic comprehensive preventive service, signified by CPT 99381-99397, as long as the service does not fit the description of an AWV or the Initial Preventive Physical Examination/Welcome to Medicare visit.
- What is the new wellness visit benefit? Who is eligible to receive a wellness visit service?
- What are the required elements for an AWV service in 2011?
- If the law requires that a beneficiary complete a health risk assessment, why is not listed as a required element of an AWV service?
- Can I include elements when furnishing an AWV service beyond the elements that are listed as required?
- Since I am to help the beneficiary plan to receive appropriate screening services, where can I find a list of the Medicare-covered preventive services?
- Does ACP support advance care planning as a voluntary element even though it is not identified as a component of an AWV service?
- Can CMS make changes to the required AWV elements in the future?
- Which procedure codes do I need to use to bill for an AWV service to a beneficiary?
- Does a physician personally have to furnish an Annual Wellness Visit service?
- How does coverage of this service relate to coverage of the Welcome to Medicare visit service?
- What does Medicare pay for AWV services?
- Do beneficiaries have to pay anything for an AWV service?
- Does the establishment of the AWV service benefit revoke the ability of a physician to bill a beneficiary for a Medicare non-covered CPT comprehensive preventive medicine service, CPT 99381-99397?
- Can a physician bill Medicare for a medically necessary service and an AWV service when both are furnished during the same encounter?
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Val Eurman
"Study abroad! It opens all kinds of opportunities." |
What was your first job? What was one of your favorite jobs? What is your dream job? What job would you be horrible at? What did you want to be when you were little? What was the best advice you received? |


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As with conventional limited partnerships, family limited partnerships are comprised of both general and limited partners. The only difference is that these positions are held by family members. To form a limited partnership, the partners must file a certificate with the state. Once formed, the FLP is considered a legally distinct entity and assigned a tax identification number. The FLP can then own assets and conduct most business activities.
Setting up an FLP requires placing your assets into the partnership using your estate tax credit. For example:
A husband and wife can each transfer up to $5 million ($10 million total) to other family members as limited partners without paying estate or gift taxes and then allocate those assets to the limited partners. They can then place a smaller amount (typically 1% of total assets) into the FLP and assign ownership of this amount to the general partners. There are usually no taxes incurred when funding an FLP as long as you do not exceed the maximum contribution.
At first, you and your spouse own both general partner and limited partner shares. Over time, you can grant your family members limited partner shares using your annual $13,000 gift exclusion. Don't worry about giving away too many of your shares. Based on current tax law, general partners may own as little as 1% of the FLP's assets and still retain control of the partnership. That means you can still buy and sell assets, dispose of property and distribute additional FLP shares.
The IRS has increasingly scrutinized FLPs as potentially abusive tax shelters. To avoid unwanted scrutiny, take care when assessing the value of your assets and ensure that there is a legitimate business purpose for establishing the FLP (see the Estate Tax Credits section).


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Locals involved in Augusta arrests
Ģ Matthews woman followed masked robber, giving directions to officers via cell phone
By Parish Howard
She saw the mask, the gun and his eyes.
Mrs. Walden had stopped in at the Goody's off Deans Bridge Road in Augusta to do a little shopping for her grandchildren before meeting a friend.
Ģ Commission agrees to stagger terms of development authority members
By Ben Nelms
A tragedy was averted Feb. 2 when officers from Glascock County and other agencies successfully disarmed a man in a standoff at his residence on SR 80.
Ģ Young man was in cell with three other inmates when he attempted to hang himself
By Ben Nelms
An inmate at Jefferson County jail on misdemeanor charges is in critical condition at Washington County Regional Medical Center's intensive care unit after attempting to hang himself in his cell Tuesday morning.
The News and Farmer P.O. Box 487 Louisville, GA 30434
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text:
List: | MySQL ODBC | « Previous MessageNext Message » | |
From: | Michael Widenius | Date: | April 25 1999 12:03pm |
Subject: | Re: Why setlocale(LC_NUMERIC,"English") in ODBC driver | ||
View as plain text |
>>>>> "Kari" == Kari Lempiainen <kari@stripped> writes: Kari> On Thu, 22 Apr 1999 05:05:27 +0300 (EEST), you wrote: >> The problem is that the SQL standard requires numbers to have '.' and >> not ','. >> >> MyODBC sets the locale to '.' to fix some problems in some >> applications involving ','. >> (Before I added the English locale, MyODBC had a lot of problems with >> some applications in different locales) >> >> As MyODBC normally returns float/double as floating point values, the >> locale shouldn't affect most applications. >> >> What exactly didn't work for you and what did you change to get this >> to work? >> Kari> Hi Monty, Kari> The trouble was importing data to Microsoft Access and Excel thru Kari> odbc interface. I have a column which is type double and both Excel Kari> and Access imported data as integers (decimals dropped). If I remember Kari> correctly, I first commented the setlocale(LC_NUMERIC,"English") in Kari> the function SQLGetData. After that Access and Excel worked ok. Then I Kari> tried making a job in MS SQL Server 7.0 to periodically import that Kari> table to SQL Server. It imported only integers... Then I commented all Kari> the setlocale(LC_NUMERIC,"English") lines (4 of them), and now SQL Kari> Server imported the data ok. Kari> Cheers, Kari> Kari Kari> -- Kari> Kari Lempiainen Kari> kari@stripped - PGP key ID: A7377049 Kari> http://personal.eunet.fi/pp/funky/ Kari> "And what exactly is a dream..." -- SB Thanks for the update; The next MyODBC version will have an option on the connect screen to enable you to remove setlocale() handling. Regards, Monty
Thread | ||
• Why setlocale(LC_NUMERIC,"English") in ODBC driver | (Kari Lempiainen) | 21 Apr |
• Why setlocale(LC_NUMERIC,"English") in ODBC driver | Michael Widenius | 22 Apr |
• Re: Why setlocale(LC_NUMERIC,"English") in ODBC driver | (Kari Lempiainen) | 22 Apr |
• Re: Why setlocale(LC_NUMERIC,"English") in ODBC driver | Michael Widenius | 25 Apr |


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Visit us At 5th and Market Streets on Independence Mall
Working on my new project for the Museum, Scattered Light, I was exposed to many personal associations and stories that arise when one is asked: "What does freedom mean to you?" In Scattered Light, I use phrases taken from the Museum's It's Your Story recording booths, which invites visitors to record their answers to various questions. I write this post after long hours of video watching and feel that now it's my turn to stop and answer this question myself. The museum recording booth yields a spectrum of associations connected to freedom, from theoretical thoughts to extremely personal stories. My immediate association is very specific: the freedom to create. To create my art and to re-create myself. About four years ago I re-created and redefined myself. After years in the academy and the high-tech industry, I started creating art. Back then I was working in a great group at a leading software company. I loved my colleagues, my research interested me, and the working conditions were amazing. It was all great, and at the same time something in me felt uncomfortable. So I created. I started using the tools I had learned, but changed their contexts. I learned electronics and added new techniques to my toolbox. It took me a few years until I was able to say, when asked about my profession, that "I am an artist." At first I was insecure about my steps but I was lucky enough to be surrounded by an encouraging environment. Lucky to have the emotional space, the physical ability and the support to create. There are still many open questions as I make my first steps into a new world, but I feel that the fact that one has the opportunity to redefine himself means optimism. This change did not happen overnight, but once the process started, for the first time I felt I was in the right place.By Liat Segal, Artist
Photo by Jessi Melcer
Below, is a blogpost written by one of three students who took part in a National History Day in 1999. Megan Felt (then Megan Stewart performed in "Life in a Jar", a play that will be shown at the Museum two times. The first time will be just for students and the second for the general public.
Life in a Jar
In the fall of 1999, a rural Kansas teacher encouraged three students to work on a year-long National History Day project which would, among other things, extend the boundaries of the classroom to families in the community, contribute to history learning, teach respect and tolerance, and meet our classroom motto, "He who changes one person, changes the world entire."
Two ninth graders, Megan Stewart, Elizabeth Cambers, and an eleventh grader, Sabrina Coons, accepted the challenge and decided to enter a project in the National History Day program. The inspiration was a short clipping from a March 1994 issue of News and World Report their teacher had shared with them which said, "Irena Sendler saved many children and adults from the Warsaw Ghetto in 1942." Her network saved many children from the Ghetto, and provided hiding locations for over 2,000 of them. The teacher, Mr. Conard, also told the girls the article might be a typographical error, since he had not heard of this woman or story. The students began their research and looked for primary and secondary sources throughout the year. This research project would become their National History Day Project, a performance called Life in a Jar.
The students wrote Life in a Jar (in which they portrayed the life of Irena Sendler. They have since performed this program hundreds of times for numerous clubs and civic groups in the community, around the state of Kansas, all over North America and in Europe. Their small Kansas community had little diversity and no Jewish students in the school district. The community was inspired by the project and sponsored an Irena Sendler Day. The students began to search for the final resting place of Irena and discovered she was still alive and living in Warsaw, Poland. Irena's story was unknown world-wide, even though she had received esteemed recognition from Yad Vashem (the Holocaust Museum in Israel) in 1965 and support from the Jewish Foundation for the Righteous in New York City. Forty-five years of communism had buried her story, even in her own country.
From that time on they would take a jar to every performance and collect funds for Irena and other Polish rescuers, which also inspired the name, Life in a Jar. The significance of this project really started to grow with community support. Community contacts assisted the students in sending funds to Poland for the care of Irena and of other rescuers. They wrote Irena and she wrote dozens of deeply meaningful letters to them, with such comments as, "my emotion is being shadowed by the fact that my co-workers have all passed on, and these honors fall to me. I can't find words to thank you, for my own country and the world to know of the bravery of rescuers. Before the day you had written Life in a Jar, the world did not know our story; your performance and work is continuing the effort I started over fifty years ago. You are my dearly beloved ones."
Irena passed away on May 12, 2008. She was buried in a Warsaw, Poland cemetery. Her family and many of the rescued children continue to tell her story of courage and valor. The Life in a Jar students continue to share her legacy through the play, this web site, through schools and study guides, and world media.
In 2009 the Hallmark Hall of Fame produced The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler for CBS. There is also an award-winning book available about the girls and Irena called, "Life in a Jar: The Irena Sendler Project."
Hello there friends,
I love to say the acronym NMAJH like it's a new fragrance by L'Oreal. Namaajjhh. With a little aspirated breath at the end. Namaste. Nor'easter. Nom de plume.
I, Martha Graham-Cracker, couldn't be more thrilled to announce that I was invited to create a cabaret in conversation with the collection at the NMAJH (or National Museum of American Jewish History). I will be premiering that cabaret, entitled IT'S HIGH TIME I SAID SOMETHING, the first weekend of December 2014 -- this is your first warning. I am putting together this really BIG SHOE in BIG SHOES with Andrew Nelson (bassist extraordinaire) as musical director and Elizabeth Stevens as director. There will be a set design! There will be a bar! There will be a roving spotlight! There will be six musicians backing my humble voice in a sumptuous manner! I can hardly believe it....
I guess I should back up and explain a few things....like:
Why Martha at the Jewish Museum?
When I was asked to work at the Museum, the powers-that-be of NMAJH called it an "intervention." Of course you say "intervention" and I instantly think of those times when you had to sit Uncle Joe down with all the family present and tell him he needs professional help. But no no! Context clues! As part of their "Open for Interpretation" Series, the Museum is aiming, with this "intervention," to encourage a conversation between what is presented within the Museum walls and a living breathing artiste.
My first reaction to the collection was that of being overwhelmed. So much to absorb in the collection. So much to talk about in relation to the Jewish story in America. My own dear mother, Isadora Duncan Hines, is the product of Russian Jewish emigres*. (*So I'm Jewish.) And Emily August, my "handler" from the Museum staff and Director of Public Programs, really gave me free rein with regards to how the cabaret addressed all things Jewish and American. But she did hand me a key that unlocked the themes of the cabaret for me.
That key was a DVD called BROADWAY MUSICALS: A JEWISH LEGACY. And it really did blow my mind. And bring back some foggy memories. Without the Jews, where would Broadway be, I ask you? Nowheresville. The history of the musical in America is woven tightly to Jewish-American composers. Many of whom I kissed; now's my chance to tell.
So I, Martha, like Scheherazade, will weave a tale in song, this cabaret narrating my own interventions in the history of 20th century musicals, the men who wrote them, and how I did my part to give them the best advice possible, in bed and out. Whether it was telling Lenny (Leonard Bernstein) to name his protagonist in WEST SIDE STORY Maria and not Martha (as much as that flattered me) or giving Stephen Sondheim the rhyme "a matinee, a Pinter play" over Sunday breakfast, I will finally come clean about how important I have been, what an enormous impact I have made, in the forging of the American musical.
For information on OPEN for Interpretation click here


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Return to Course Catalog
Public sector psychiatry in prisons and jails, the antisocial personality disorder and the "criminal brain." "The Antidepressant Era," the return of electroconvulsive therapy and the limits of "depression" as a mental disorder. Post traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder in children.
Subject Areas: Disciplinary Perspectives & Law .


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Rain-snow mix expected in forecast
UPDATED 6:22 PM EST Feb 14, 2013During the Thursday evening weather forecast, Tom talks about the upcoming rain-snow mix.
The views expressed are not those of this site, this station or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to accept our terms of use.blog comments powered by Disqus


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Just seven minutes after the Citibank on University Drive opened, it was robbed. Two hours before that the Vaughn Construction workers began their days' work across the street from the bank. That's where workers got a bird's eye view of the morning commotion.
"We just heard the cops pulling in, and we noticed something was going on," Vaughn Construction Foreman Manuel Jaime said.
It was a scene that Jaime says he doesn't see everyday.
"Everybody stopped working and was looking over there to see what was going on," Jaime said. "We all expected to see people running out of the bank."
But Manuel and his 100 plus man crew say they never saw anything before police arrived.
Reports of the pair of robberies spread quick across town. Texas A&M sent out emergency notification messages through the Code Maroon system, which helped some Aggies breathe a sigh of relief.
"I actually was planning to come here early in the morning but I overslept, and then got a message from A&M through Code Maroon, so I'm happy I didn't come here early," Ph.D. Student Maria Aldea said.
However, word of the heist also instilled a little bit of fear in others.
"I come here all the time, so it does kind of make you like well maybe I'll kind of be a little more aware of what I'm doing and who's around me," Long-time Citibank Banker Argie Butler said.
Patrons of the bank were certainly more aware of who was around them Monday morning, but they were still going about their business as usual.
"You can not stop your life just because people do these kinds of things," A&M Student Alberto Ruiz said.
The bank was closed briefly Monday morning after the robbery but re-opened shortly after. Traffic flow remained steady going in and out of the bank after that, despite the early morning scare.
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Three Forests
Here is an extreme zoom in of three forests. The only problem is that they are three different forests. Another problem is that the first is not a forest, but a golf course. A final problem is that the final picture is not a forest either, but an orange tree that was quite far from a forest. But the second picture is a forest – kinda. In retrospect, the title of this blog entry was bad.


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Overview of content related to 'digital preservation'
This page provides an overview of 185 articles related to 'digital preservation', listing most recently updated content first. Note that filters may be applied to display a sub-set of articles in this category (see FAQs on filtering for usage tips). Select this link to remove all filters.
Digital preservation is the active management of digital information over time to ensure its accessibility. Preservation of digital information is widely considered to require more constant and ongoing attention than preservation of other media. This constant input of effort, time, and money to handle rapid technological and organizational advance is considered a major stumbling block for preserving digital information. Indeed, while we are still able to read our written heritage from several thousand years ago, the digital information created merely a decade ago is in serious danger of being lost, creating a digital Dark Age. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Digital preservation)
Key statisticsMetadata related to 'digital preservation' (as derived from all content tagged with this term):
See our 'digital preservation' overview for more data and comparisons with other tags. For visualisations of metadata related to timelines, bands of recency, top authors, and and overall distribution of authors using this term, see our 'digital preservation' usage charts. |
Top authorsAriadne contributors most frequently referring to 'digital preservation':
Note: Links to all articles by authors listed above set filters to display articles by each author in the overview below. Select this link to remove all filters. |
Title | Article summary | Date |
The Distributed National Electronic Resource and the Hybrid Library |
Stephen Pinfield and Lorcan Dempsey with an overview of the DNER. |
January 2001, issue26, feature article |
The Future Is Hybrid: London |
Kate Robinson reports on 'The Future is Hybrid' project day at the British Library in London. |
January 2001, issue26, event report |
The Future of the Past of the Web |
Matthew Brack reports on the one-day international workshop 'The Future of the Past of the Web' held at the British Library Conference Centre, London on 7 October, 2011. |
March 2012, issue68, event report |
The Information Grid |
Ariadne reports on a one-day workshop on 'an interoperable environment to support research, learning and teaching' held at the e-Science Institute in Edinburgh, April 30, 2002. |
July 2002, issue32, event report |
The JISC Annual Conference 2007 |
Philip Pothen and colleagues provide an overview of the proceedings of this Spring's JISC Annual Conference. |
April 2007, issue51, event report |
The Norwegian National Digital Library |
Marianne Takle describes the National Library of Norway's digitisation strategy and how the National Library is taking on a key role in the country's digital library service. |
July 2009, issue60, feature article |
The REMAP Project: Steps Towards a Repository-enabled Information Environment |
Richard Green and Chris Awre investigate what role a repository can play in enabling and supporting the management and preservation of its own digital content. |
April 2009, issue59, feature article |
The RSP Goes 'Back to School' |
Stephanie Taylor reports on the three-day residential school for repository managers run by the Repositories Support Project (RSP), held on 14-16 September 2009 in Northumberland. |
October 2009, issue61, event report |
The Rustle of Digital Curation: The JISC Annual Conference |
Julie Allinson, Marieke Guy and Maureen Pennock find themselves contemplating e-frameworks, digital curation and repositories at the JISC Annual Conference. |
April 2006, issue47, event report |
The Second Digital Repositories Programme Meeting |
Julie Allinson and Mahendra Mahey report on a 2-day JISC Digital Repositories Meeting focusing on project clusters working together and other related issues held by JISC in Warwick, UK over 27-28 March 2006. |
April 2006, issue47, event report |
The Tapir: Adding E-Theses Functionality to DSpace |
Richard Jones demonstrates how the Theses Alive Plugin for Institutional Repositories (Tapir) has provided E-Theses functionality for DSpace. |
October 2004, issue41, feature article |
The Tasks of the AHDS: Ten Years on |
Alastair Dunning reviews 10 years in the history of the Arts and Humanities Data Service. |
July 2006, issue48, feature article |
The Technical Advisory Service for Images (TASI) |
Karla Youngs describes what TASI is and the work that it is doing in building a common 'Framework' for digital imaging projects. |
December 1998, issue18, feature article |
The Wellcome Library, Digital |
Christy Henshaw and Robert Kiley describe how the Wellcome Library has transformed its information systems to support mass digitisation of historic collections. |
July 2013, issue71, feature article |
UK Digital Preservation Needs Assessment: Where We Go from Here |
Najla Semple and Maggie Jones outline the background and findings of the Digital Preservation Coalition's UK Needs Assessment and the Mind the Gap report. |
July 2006, issue48, feature article |
Jacqueline Chelin reports on the UKOLUG 20th birthday conference. |
September 1998, issue17, event report |
Utilizing E-books to Enhance Digital Library Offerings |
Shirley Hyatt and Lynn Silipigni Connaway, describe the rationale and background of OCLC's acquisition of netLibrary, the information environment that is being pursued, and the resulting benefits that libraries may experience. |
October 2002, issue33, feature article |
Virtual Research Environments: Overview and Activity |
Michael Fraser provides an overview of the virtual research environment (VRE) and introduces three JISC-funded projects in which Oxford University is participating. |
July 2005, issue44, feature article |
Volcanic Eruptions Fail to Thwart Digital Preservation - the Planets Way |
Matthew Barr, Amir Bernstein, Clive Billenness and Manfred Thaller report on the final Planets training event Digital Preservation - The Planets Way held in Rome over 19 - 21 April 2010. |
April 2010, issue63, event report |
Web Editorial: Introduction to Issue 18 |
The web editors, Bernadette Daly and Philip Hunter, introduce Ariadne issue 18. |
Web Focus: Using the Web to Promote Your Web Site |
Brian Kelly expalins how to promote your web site. |
Web Watch: WebWatching eLib Project Web Sites |
Brian Kelly is WebWatching the eLib Project Sites. |
Web-archiving: Managing and Archiving Online Documents and Records |
Neil Beagrie and Philip Pothen report on the Digital Preservation Coalition Forum held 25th March 2002. |
July 2002, issue32, event report |
WebWatch: Surfing Historical UK University Web Sites |
Brian Kelly outlines strategies for choosing appropriate standards for building Web sites. |
What Users Want: An Academic 'Hybrid' Library Perspective |
Reg Carr reflects on the development of a user-centred approach in academic libraries over recent decades and into the era of the hybrid library. |
February 2006, issue46, feature article |


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The Shenandoah Valley Regional Airport Commission is pleased to announce a change in United Express carrier from Colgan Air to their new regional airline partner, Silver Airways. Silver Airways began operating all United flights from SHD utilizing the newer generation Saab 340Bplus aircraft on August 1, 2012.
Known for its comfort, reliability and advanced technology, the Saab 340Bplus offers superior cabin class service with ample leg and headroom, Active Noise Control technology for a quieter flight, larger overhead bins for more carry-on storage, and a full lavatory. All of this while burning 60% less fuel per hour than a 70 seat regional jet and leaving a smaller carbon footprint.
Silver Airways, operating as United Express, operates three daily weekday flights and three weekend departures (one on Saturdays, two on Sundays), with all new flights connecting to hundreds of domestic and international destinations via Washington-Dulles International Airport (IAD). Silver Airways has also added an additional morning arrival beginning October 1. Passengers departing from Shenandoah Valley Regional Airport will still enjoy the same exceptional customer service and convenience they've come to expect from their local Airport. The Airport's modern, recently renovated airline terminal offers SHD passengers the same amenities available at larger airports with competitive pricing and shorter lines, plus the cost and time savings of not having to drive several hours.
"We are pleased to continue United Express service and introduce the Saab 340Bplus to the Shenandoah Valley," said Mickey Bowman, Vice President of Essential Air Service at Silver Airways. "The time-saving convenience of SHD, coupled with worldwide connections at Washington-Dulles provides travelers to and from the Valley with exceptional service. This market has experienced impressive growth over the past several years and we believe this trend will continue into the future."
"We are excited to welcome the arrival of Silver Airways to our community and look forward to the improvements in service they will bring," said Greg Campbell, Executive Director of the Shenandoah Valley Regional Airport. "The newer generation Saab 340Bplus will be a great enhancement in the passenger experience and offer improved reliability. Silver Airways has an excellent reputation of developing markets and providing safe and reliable service as United Express."
To book your flight from/to Shenandoah Valley Regional Airport (SHD) visit United.com or contact one of our Fare Specialists for assistance.
More information on Silver Airways can be found online at GoSilver.com.


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Dispersion phenomena demonstrated by a nanocarbon white point source
Optics Express, Vol. 14, Issue 2, pp. 932-937 (2006)
Enhanced HTML Acrobat PDF (872 KB)
Emission from nanocarbon as a point white-light source is studied in several scientific experiments, i.e., a demonstration of chromatic phenomena of a refractive lens, a diffractive Fresnel phase zone plate (FPZP), and a squared zone plate. Results show that white light from nanocarbon exhibits good coherent properties and can be an ideal point light source in comparison with other normal lighting sources, e.g., a light-emitting diode (LED), a He-Ne laser, and a semiconductor laser diode (LD). Dispersion and even diffraction phenomena could be analyzed this way as well.
© 2006 Optical Society of America
OCIS Codes
(090.1970) Holography : Diffractive optics
(230.6080) Optical devices : Sources
(260.2030) Physical optics : Dispersion
ToC Category:
Physical Optics
Shaomin Wang, Laigui Hu, Binzhi Zhang, Jie Wang, and Daomu Zhao, "Dispersion phenomena demonstrated by a nanocarbon white point source," Opt. Express 14, 932-937 (2006)
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(Credit: Marcus Nilsson)
There are certain foods that are better when not made at home, like french fries. To achieve golden-brown perfection, you have to fry them twice: first at a low temperature, to poach them; then at a high heat, to crisp them up. Very tasty, very much a pain in the neck. A few years back, I read about how French chef Joel Robuchon supposedly does it at his house: He puts sliced potatoes in a pot of cold oil, turns on the heat, and lets them go. It sounds too simple to work. But as the temperature rises, the potatoes cook from the outer layer in until the fries are wonderfully crunchy outside and creamy in the center. You'll never make fries any other way-even if you've never made them before. –Adam Rapoport
Get the recipe: Slow-Fried French Fries


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The Student Recruitment and Admissions team provides general admissions guidance and support to prospective students.
We work closely with national agencies and the individual academic admissions teams located within our colleges and schools to ensure that applications are managed within a fair and transparent process.
Detailed information about entry requirements and the application process for undergraduate programmes at the University.
In depth information about entry requirements and the application processes for postgraduate programmes at the University.
Summaries of the numbers of undergraduate applications made via UCAS during the most recent admissions cycles.
Where to find out more about University admissions regulations, policies and procedures.
This article was published on Mar 18, 2015


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View Profile [124565]
Ben Harris <email@example.com> University of New Hampshire |
Secondary Phone: | 603-862-4107 |
Web Page: | http://www.unh.edu/psychology/faculty/fac_harris.htm |
List Affiliations: | Advisory Board Member for H-HOAC |
Interests: | American History / Studies Labor History / Studies Political History / Studies |
Bio: BRIEF CURRICULUM VITAE Benjamin Harris ACADEMIC POSITION Professor of Psychology, University of New Hampsire, 2001-present EDUCATION Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee Ph.D., Clinical Psychology, 1975 Hampshire College, Amherst, Massachusetts B.A., Social Science, 1971 AWARDS, FELLOWSHIPS, AND ACADEMIC HONORS Fellow, Institute for Research in the Humanities, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 1989-1990 Elected Fellow, American Psychological Society, 1989 Elected Fellow, American Psychological Association, 1989 SERVICE TO SCHOLARLY ORGANIZATIONS Executive Officer, Cheiron (the International Society for the History of Behavioral and Social Sciences) 1996-2002 Consulting Editor, History of Psychology, 1996-present Advisory Editor, Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 2000-2002 Advisory Editor, Isis, 1999-2001 Member, Central Committee, Historians of American Communism, 1998-present Advisory Editor, Contemporary Psychology, 1991-1998 SELECTED PUBLICATIONS Harris, B. (2000). Psychology. In A. Hassenbruch (Ed.), Reader's Guide to the History of Science (pp. 607-608). London: Fitzroy Dearborn. Harris, B. (1999). J. F. Brown; Margaret Wooster Curti; Otto Fenichel; Arnold Gesell; George W. Hartmann; Otto Klineberg; Goodwin Watson; John B. Watson. In J. A. Garraty and M. C. Carnes (Eds.), American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press. Harris, B. (1998). Psychiatry and Psychology. In M. J. Buhle, P. Buhle and D. Georgakas (Eds.), Encyclopedia of the American Left (2nd edition) (pp. 644-647). New York: Oxford. Harris, B. (1998). The perils of a public intellectual. Journal of Social Issues, 54, 79-118. Harris, B. & Nicholson, I. A. M., (1998). Toward a history of psychological expertise. Journal of Social Issues, 54, 1-6. Harris, B. (1997). Repoliticizing the history of psychology. In D. Fox & I. Prilleltensky (Eds.), Critical psychology: An introductory handbook. London: Sage. Harris, B. (1996). Psychology and Marxist politics in America. In I. Parker & R. Spears (Eds.), Psychology and society: Radical theory and practice (pp. 64-78). London: Pluto Press. Harris, B. (1995). History of Psychiatry. [Review of Discovering the History of Psychiatry, edited by Mark S. Micale and Roy Porter]. Contemporary Psychology, 40, 987-988. Harris, B. (1995). The Benjamin Rush Society and Marxist psychiatry in the United States, 1944-1951. History of Psychiatry, 6, 309-331. Harris, B. (1993). 'Don't be unconscious, join our ranks': Psychology, politics and communist education. Rethinking Marxism, 6 (1), 44-76. Harris, B., & Brock, A. (1992). Freudian psychopolitics: The rivalry of Wilhelm Reich and Otto Fenichel, 1930-1935. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 66, 577-611. Harris, B., & Brock, A. (1991). Otto Fenichel and the left opposition in psychoanalysis. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 27, 157-165. Harris, B. (1990, March 13). Hollywood blacklist's psychohistory. [Review of the film Fellow Traveller]. In These Times, 15. Harris, B. (1988). Key words: a history of 'debriefing' in social psychology. In J. G. Morawski (Ed.), The rise of experimentation in American psychology (pp. 188-212). New Haven: Yale University Press. Harris, B., Unger, R., & Stagner, R., (eds.), (1986). Fifty years of the psychology of social issues. Journal of Social Issues, 42 (1). Harris, B. (1980). The FBI's files on APA and SPSSI: Description and implications. American Psychologist, 35, 1141-1144. Harris, B. (1979). Whatever happened to Little Albert? American Psychologist, 34, 151-160. |


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Problems For High School Students Who Wanted To Take College Courses
Updated: 07/29/2009 - High school students who planned on taking classes at Pitt Community College as part of the dual enrollment program now may not be able to.
Updated: 07/29/2009 - High school students who planned on taking classes at Pitt Community College as part of the dual enrollment program now may not be able to.
Posted: 07/28/2009 - According to Boy Scouts of America they have had no cases of swine flu among campers this summer in North Carolina so far.
Posted: 07/28/2009 - A new report says North Carolina has improved on six of 10 key indicators for child well-being, including family income, health and education.
Posted: 07/28/2009 - The university ranks in the top ten of the Princeton Review's of Best Values for public universities in 2009.
Posted: 07/27/2009 - Penn State University tops the 2009 Princeton Review Survery.
Posted: 07/27/2009 - Governor Beverly Perdue will be in Halifax County Monday to address a group of school leaders.
Updated: 07/26/2009 - Brian Frizzelle was honored as the Pitt County Police Officer of the year by the Greenville Pitt County Chamber Of Commerce.
Updated: 07/23/2009 - Students have built 10 affordable homes since 1997.
Updated: 07/22/2009 - State schools CEO Bill Harrison says he's retiring next month. It comes a week after a judge ruled that Superintendent June Atkinson should run the state's school system.
Updated: 07/21/2009 - Schools districts in the east are getting some promising news when it comes to end of grade testing. The Adequate Yearly Progress or A.Y.P preliminary results are in.
Posted: 07/20/2009 - The transfer earlier this month of 25.3 million dollars from the NC Education Lottery to the state brought the tally for the fiscal year to 410.8 million dollars.
Posted: 07/20/2009 - An effort to prevent check-cashing outlets from selling North Carolina Education Lottery tickets has failed.
Updated: 07/17/2009 - The former administrator who hired former first lady Mary Easley at North Carolina State University in 2005 has wrapped up testimony before a federal grand jury.
Updated: 07/17/2009 - Judge Robert Hobgood's ruling Friday deals a blow to Gov. Beverly Perdue and is a win for Superintendent of Public Instruction June Atkinson.
Updated: 07/15/2009 - A judge says he will rule Friday if the state's elected schools superintendent should regain powers lost when Gov. Beverly Perdue named a separate CEO to make education decisions.
Posted: 07/14/2009 - While many ECU students are out for the summer, the financial aid workers at the university are hard at work.
Updated: 07/14/2009 - A heads up to parents with kids in the Beaufort County School District, dress codes have changed.
Posted: 07/14/2009 - UNC Asheville is cutting $1.7 million from its expenses.
Posted: 07/11/2009 - A fundraiser at an upstate New York university says senior athletic department officials tried to use her as a sexual "plaything" to ply big donors.
Updated: 07/17/2009 - Supporters who want to turn Bear Grass High School into a charter school will have to wait another month to find out if it's going to happen.
Updated: 07/15/2009 - A deadly game is making its way into some of our kid's schools, bedrooms, and pastimes. It's being dubbed the good kid drug, more commonly known as the choking game.
Updated: 07/08/2009 - The Student Government Association marched through the streets of Greenville Tuesday night starting where two men were gunned down last week.
Updated: 07/07/2009 - Some North Carolina parents aren't happy with plans to let students go home early on Wednesdays to give teachers more time to plan.
Posted: 07/04/2009 - A Washington kindergarten teacher who sent a 5-year-old student home with a bag of feces tucked in his backpack has been formally reprimanded.
Posted: 07/03/2009 - The Student Government Association at East Carolina University in Greenville will hold an anti-violence march and vigil next week.


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Thrasymachus (/θræˈsiːməkəs/; Greek: Θρασύμαχος Thrasýmachos; c. 459 – c. 400 BC) was a sophist of Ancient Greece best known as a character in Plato's Republic.
Life, date, and career[edit]
Thrasymachus was a citizen of Chalcedon, on the Bosphorus. His career appears to have been spent as a sophist at Athens, although the exact nature of his work and thought is unclear. He is credited with an increase in the rhythmic character of Greek oratory, especially the use of the paeonic rhythm in prose, and a greater appeal to the emotions through gesture.
Aristophanes makes what is the most precisely dateable of references to Thrasymachus, in a passing joke from a lost play dated to 427 BCE.[1] Nils Rauhut of the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy concludes from this passage that Thrasymachus must have been teaching in Athens for several years before this point.[2] A fragment from Clement of Alexandria provides some further context by placing Thrasymachus contrary to the Macedonian Archelaus. "And while Euripides says in the Telephus, 'Shall we who are Greeks be slaves to barbarians?', Thrasymachus says in his speech For the People of Larisa, 'Shall we become slaves to Archelaus, Greeks as we are, to a barbarian?'"[3] Rauhut therefore declares it evident that Thrasymachus became most prominent in the last three decades of the 5th century.[2] Dillon and Gergel posit the alternate possibility that the speech was composed by the 2nd-century CE Herodes Atticus, of whom we have extracts similar in spirit to Clement's fragment, and sound authentically 5th-century, exhibiting detailed knowledge of Thessalian politics.[4]
There is a man by the same name mentioned in Aristotle's Politics who overthrew the democracy at Cyme, but nothing is known of this event, nor can it be said with any degree of certainty that they are the same man.[5] Aristotle mentions a Thrasymachus again in his Sophistical Refutations, where he credits him with a pivotal role in the development of rhetorical theory. Quoting the W. A. Pickard-Cambridge text: "For it may be that in everything, as the saying is 'the first start is the main part'... This is in fact what has happened in regard to rhetorical speeches and to practically all the other arts: for those who discovered the beginnings of them advanced them in all only a little way, whereas the celebrities of to-day are the heirs (so to speak) of a long succession of men who have advanced them bit by bit, and so have developed them to their present form, Tisias coming next after the first founders, then Thrasymachus after Tisias, and Theodorus next to him, while several people have made their several contributions to it: and therefore it is not to be wondered at that the art has attained considerable dimensions."[6] Dillon and Gergel are cautious not to read this as stating that this makes Thrasymachus a student of Tisias, just as it does not make Theodorus a student of Thrasymachus.[7]
Writing more specifically in the Rhetoric, Aristotle attributes to Thrasymachus a witty simile. "A simile works best when it is in effect a metaphor, for it is possible to say that a shield is like the drinking-cup of Ares, or that a ruin is like the tattered rag of a house, and to say that Niceratus is like a Philoctetes bitten by Pratys - the simile made by Thrasymachus when he saw Niceratus, who had been beaten by Pratys in a recitation competition, still going around with his hair uncut and unkempt."[8] A further reference to Thrasymachus in the Rhetoric finds Herodicus punning on Thrasymachus' name. "Herodicus said of Thrasymachus, 'You are always bold in battle (thrasymakhos)!'"[9] Dillon and Gergel suggest that this might explain Plato's choice of Thrasymachus as the "combative and bombastic propounder of the 'might is right' theory" for his Republic.[10] Against this theory, however, scholar Angie Hobbs suggests that Thrasymachus' intention may be "simply to expose current hypocrisies, rather than to applaud their manipulation".[11]
Plato mentions Thrasymachus as a successful rhetorician in his Phaedrus, but attributes nothing significant to him.[12] The Byzantine Suda gives a brief description of Thrasymachus affirming his position as a rhetorical theorist. "A Chalcedonian sophist, from the Chalcedon in Bithynia. He was the first to discover period and colon, and he introduced the modern kind of rhetoric. He was a pupil of the philosopher Plato and of the rhetor Isocrates. He wrote deliberative speeches; an Art of Rhetoric; paegnia; Rhetorical Resources."[13] Dillon and Gergel state that the second sentence is a "preposterous statement, both as concerns Plato and Isocrates." They further declare that emending 'pupil' (mathêtês) for 'teacher' (kathêgêtês) is equally foolish. They themselves suggest a lacuna in the text, wherein Thrasymachus is declared the pupil of another, and a rival of Plato and Isocrates.[14]
Dionysius of Halicarnassus praises Thrasymachus for various rhetorical skills in his On Isaeus, finding Thrasymachus "pure, subtle, and inventive and able, according as he wishes, to speak either with terseness or with an abundance of words." But Dionysus found Thrasymachus a second-rate orator beside the "incisive" and "charming" Lysias, because he left no forensic speeches to posterity, only handbooks and display-speeches.[15]
Fragment 1[edit]
Dionysius of Halicarnassus' essay On the Style of Demosthenes preserves (as an example of the "middle style") the lengthiest surviving fragment of Thrasymachus' writing. It seems to be "the beginning of a political speech, apparently composed for delivery by a young upper-class Athenian of conservative sympathies" and "was probably composed in the early 420s."[16]
" | I could wish, men of Athens, to have belonged to that long-past time when the young were content to remain silent unless events compelled them to speak, and while the older men were correctly supervising affairs of State. But since Fate has so far advanced us in time that we must obey others as rulers but must suffer the consequences ourselves; and when the worst results are not the work of Heaven or Fate but of our administrators, then it is necessary to speak. A man either has no feeling, or has too much patience, if he is willing to go on offering himself up to whoever wishes as the object of their mistakes, and is ready to take on himself the blame for the guile and wickedness of others.
No, the past is enough for us—that we have exchanged peace for war, reaching the present through dangers, so that we regard the past with affection and the future with fear; and that we have sacrificed concord for enmity and internal disturbance. Others are driven to excesses and civil strife through a surfeit of prosperity; but we behaved soberly in our prosperity. We were seized with madness at a time of adversity, which usually makes others act soberly. Why then should anyone delay to say what he knows, if he happens to feel grief at the present state of affairs, and to believe that he has a means of bringing this to an end? First of all, therefore, I shall prove in my speech that those of the orators and others who are at variance are mutually experiencing something that is bound to befall those who engage in senseless rivalry: believing that they are expressing opposite views, they fail to perceive that their actions are the same, and that the theory of the opposite party is inherent in their own theory. For consider from the beginning what each party is seeking. In the first place, the 'ancestral constitution' is a cause of dissension between them, though it is easiest to grasp and is the common property of all citizens. Whatever lies outside our knowledge must necessarily be learnt from earlier generations, but whatever the elder generation has itself witnessed, we can find out from those who know. (85B1 DK, trans. Freeman) |
" |
In Plato[edit]
Thrasymachus' current importance derives mainly from his being a character in the Republic. He is noted for his unabashed, even reckless, defence of his position and for his famous blush at the end of Book I, after Socrates has tamed him. The meaning of this blush, like that of Socrates' statement in Book 6 that he and Thrasymachus "have just become friends, though we weren't even enemies before" (498c), is a source of some dispute.
There is a long philosophical tradition of exploring what exactly Thrasymachus meant in Republic I, and of taking his statements as a coherent philosophical assertion, rather than as Plato's straw man.
In Republic I, Thrasymachus violently disagreed with the outcome of Socrates' discussion with Polemarchus about justice. Demanding payment before speaking, he claims that "justice is the advantage of the stronger" (338c) and that "injustice, if it is on a large enough scale, is stronger, freer, and more masterly than justice'" (344c). Socrates counters by forcing him to admit that there is some standard of wise rule — Thrasymachus does claim to be able to teach such a thing — and then arguing that this suggests a standard of justice beyond the advantage of the stronger. The rest of the dialogue is occasioned by Glaucon's dissatisfaction with Socrates' refutation.
His name means fierce fighter, which may have influenced his role in the dialogue.
In Leo Strauss's interpretation, Thrasymachus and his definition of justice represent the city and its laws, and thus are in a sense opposed to Socrates and to philosophy in general. As an intellectual, however, Thrasymachus shared enough with the philosopher potentially to act to protect philosophy in the city.
Quotes from Plato's Thrasymachus[edit]
338c: Ἄκουε δή, ἦ δ᾽ ὅς. φημὶ γὰρ ἐγὼ εἶναι τὸ δίκαιον οὐκ ἄλλο τι ἢ τὸ τοῦ κρείττονος συμφέρον. [1] ("Listen—I say that justice is nothing other than the advantage of the stronger.")
340d: ἐπεὶ αὐτίκα ἰατρὸν καλεῖς σὺ τὸν ἐξαμαρτάνοντα περὶ τοὺς κάμνοντας κατ᾽ αὐτὸ τοῦτο ὃ ἐξαμαρτάνει; ἢ λογιστικόν, ὃς ἂν ἐν λογισμῷ ἁμαρτάνῃ, τότε ὅταν ἁμαρτάνῃ, κατὰ ταύτην τὴν ἁμαρτίαν; ἀλλ᾽ οἶμαι λέγομεν τῷ ῥήματι οὕτως, ὅτι ὁ ἰατρὸς ἐξήμαρτεν καὶ ὁ λογιστὴς ἐξήμαρτεν καὶ ὁ γραμματιστής: τὸ δ᾽ οἶμαι ἕκαστος τούτων, καθ᾽ ὅσον τοῦτ᾽ ἔστιν ὃ προσαγορεύομεν αὐτόν, οὐδέποτε ἁμαρτάνει: ὥστε κατὰ τὸν ἀκριβῆ λόγον, ἐπειδὴ καὶ σὺ ἀκριβολογῇ, οὐδεὶς τῶν δημιουργῶν ἁμαρτάνει. ἐπιλειπούσης γὰρ ἐπιστήμης ὁ ἁμαρτάνων ἁμαρτάνει, ἐν ᾧ οὐκ ἔστι δημιουργός: ὥστε δημιουργὸς ἢ σοφὸς ἢ ἄρχων οὐδεὶς ἁμαρτάνει τότε ὅταν ἄρχων ᾖ, ἀλλὰ πᾶς γ᾽ ἂν εἴποι ὅτι ὁ ἰατρὸς ἥμαρτεν καὶ ὁ ἄρχων ἥμαρτεν. [2] ("Why, to take the nearest example, do you call one who is mistaken about the sick a physician in respect of his mistake or one who goes wrong in a calculation a calculator when he goes wrong and in respect of this error? Yet that is what we say literally—we say that the physician erred and the calculator and the schoolmaster. But the truth, I take it, is, that each of these in so far as he is that which we entitle him never errs; so that, speaking precisely, since you are such a stickler for precision, no craftsman errs. For it is when his knowledge abandons him that he who goes wrong goes wrong—when he is not a craftsman. So that no craftsman, wise man, or ruler makes a mistake then when he is a ruler, though everybody would use the expression that the physician made a mistake and the ruler erred.")
344c: οὕτως, ὦ Σώκρατες, καὶ ἰσχυρότερον καὶ ἐλευθεριώτερον καὶ δεσποτικώτερον ἀδικία δικαιοσύνης ἐστὶν ἱκανῶς γιγνομένη, καὶ ὅπερ ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἔλεγον, τὸ μὲν τοῦ κρείττονος συμφέρον τὸ δίκαιον τυγχάνει ὄν, τὸ δ᾽ ἄδικον ἑαυτῷ λυσιτελοῦν τε καὶ συμφέρον. [3] ("Thus, Socrates, injustice on a sufficiently large scale is a stronger, freer, and a more masterful thing than justice, and, as I said in the beginning, it is the advantage of the stronger that is the just, while the unjust is what profits man's self and is for his advantage.")
- ^ Father: Well, you'll get your come-uppance in time, my lad! Son: Ha! That 'get your come-uppance' is from the rhetoricians. Father: Where will all these fine phrases of yours land you in the end? Son: 'Land you in the end' - you got that from Alcibiades! Father: Why do you keep making insinuations (hypotekmairei) and slandering people who are just trying to practise decency? Son: Oho, ho! O Thrasymachus! Which of the law-men came up with that piece of Jargon? Dillon, John; Gergel, Tania (2003). The Greek Sophists. Great Britain: Penguin Group. p. 205. ISBN 0-14-043689-8. Hypotekmairei is a hapax legomenon, and occurs nowhere else in surviving literature. Dillon and Gergel assume that the word had some technical definition, possibly given to it by Thrasymachus
- ^ a b Rauhut, Nils (2006). "Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Thrasymachus". Retrieved September 2, 2006.
- ^ Clement of Alexandria, Stromateis VI 1. In Dillon, John; Gergel, Tania (2003). The Greek Sophists. Great Britain: Penguin Group. p. 213. ISBN 0-14-043689-8.
- ^ Dillon, John; Gergel, Tania (2003). The Greek Sophists. Great Britain: Penguin Group. p. 212. ISBN 0-14-043689-8.
- ^ Aristotle, Politics V, 1304b-1305a.
- ^ Aristotle, Sophistical Refutations 183b22-34. In Pickard-Cambridge, W. A. (2001) [1941]. Richard McKeon, ed. The Basic Works of Aristotle, De Sophisticis Elenchis (On Sophistical Refutations). New York: Modern Library. p. 211. ISBN 0-375-75799-6.
- ^ Dillon, John; Gergel, Tania (2003). The Greek Sophists. Great Britain: Penguin Group. pp. 383, n.7. ISBN 0-14-043689-8.
- ^ Aristotle, Rhetoric III 11, 1413a5-10 = A5, extended. In Dillon, John; Gergel, Tania (2003). The Greek Sophists. Great Britain: Penguin Group. p. 205. ISBN 0-14-043689-8.
- ^ Aristotle, Rhetoric II 23, 1400b17-23 = A6, extended. In Dillon, John; Gergel, Tania (2003). The Greek Sophists. Great Britain: Penguin Group. p. 206. ISBN 0-14-043689-8.
- ^ Dillon, John; Gergel, Tania (2003). The Greek Sophists. Great Britain: Penguin Group. p. 206. ISBN 0-14-043689-8.
- ^ http://0-www.rep.routledge.com.library.ucc.ie/article/A116?ssid=746991594&n=1#
- ^ Plato, Phaedrus 266c.
- ^ Suda, s.v. Thrasymakhos. Θ, 462. Tr. Ada Adler, 1928-1938
- ^ Dillon, John; Gergel, Tania (2003). The Greek Sophists. Great Britain: Penguin Group. pp. 383, n.3. ISBN 0-14-043689-8.
- ^ Dionysus of Halicarnassus, On Isaeus 20. In Dillon, John; Gergel, Tania (2003). The Greek Sophists. Great Britain: Penguin Group. p. 209. ISBN 0-14-043689-8.
- ^ Dillon and Gergel 2003, p. 210
External links[edit]
- Fragments of Thrasymachus, trans. Kathleen Freeman
- Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, with bibliographic sources
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Callicles and Thrasymachus


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Summary: Technische Universit©at HamburgŁHarburg Technische Informatik I Fast adaptive calculation of invariant features Interner Bericht 1/95 Sabine Kr©oner Hanns SchulzŁMirbach TU HamburgŁHarburg TU HamburgŁHarburg Technische Informatik I Technische Informatik I 21071 Hamburg, Germany 21071 Hamburg, Germany kroener@tuŁharburg.d400.de schulzŁmirbach@tuŁharburg.d400.de March 1995 Abstract The paper presents algorithms for the fast adaptive calculation of invariant features. These are pattern characteristics that remain unchanged under the action of a transforŁ mation group. First it is explained how to construct such features by integrating complex valued functions over the transformation group. Motivated by this technique we devise algorithms for adaptively calculating invariant features especially suited for a given appliŁ cation. The basic tool is a new network structure with adaptable nodes allowing the fast calculation of an invariant feature with the computational complexity of O(N) (N the size of the input data). The algorithms have been implemented and tested both on real
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Henri Pirenne
Henri Pirenne | |
Born | Verviers, Liège, Belgium |
23 December 1862
Died | 25 November 1935 Uccle, Brussels, Belgium |
(aged 72)
Occupation | Historian and political activist |
Nationality | Belgian |
Alma mater | University of Liège |
Genre | Medieval History, Economic History, Belgian history |
Notable works | Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade (1927) Mohammed and Charlemagne (1937) |
Notable awards | Francqui Prize (1933) |
Henri Pirenne (French: [piʁɛn]; 23 December 1862 – 25 October 1935) was a Belgian historian. A medievalist of Walloon descent, he wrote a multivolume history of Belgium in French and became a national hero. He also became prominent in the nonviolent resistance to the Germans who occupied Belgium in World War I.
Henri Pirenne's reputation today rests on three contributions to European history: for what has become known as the Pirenne Thesis, concerning origins of the Middle Ages in reactive state formation and shifts in trade; for a distinctive view of Belgium's medieval history; and for his model of the development of the medieval city.
Pirenne argued that profound social, economic, cultural, and religious movements in the long term resulted from equally profound underlying causes, and this attitude influenced Marc Bloch and the outlook of the French Annales School of social history. Though Pirenne had his opponents, notably Alfons Dopsch[1] who disagreed on essential points, several recent historians of the Middle Ages have taken Pirenne's main theses, however much they are modified, as starting points.[citation needed]
Early years[edit]
Pirenne was born in Verviers.
At the University of Liège he was a student of Godefroid Kurth (1847–1916). He became Professor of History at the University of Ghent in 1886, a post he held until the end of his teaching career, in 1930. After the Great War he was the most prominent and influential historian in Belgium, receiving numerous honors and committee assignments. Pirenne was a close friend of German historian Karl Lamprecht (1856–1915), until they broke during the war when Lamprecht headed a mission to invite Belgians to collaborate with Germany's long-term goals.
In 1914, Belgium was invaded by the German Empire and placed under German military occupation. How involved Pirenne was in the Belgian resistance during World War I is not known. What is known is that Pirenne was questioned by German occupiers on 18 March 1916, and subsequently arrested. The occupying army had ordered striking professors at the University of Ghent to continue teaching. Pirenne's son Pierre had been killed in the fighting at the Battle of the Yser in October 1914. The German officer questioning Pirenne asked why he insisted on answering in French when it was known that Pirenne spoke excellent German and had done postgraduate studies at Leipzig and Berlin. Pirenne responded: "I have forgotten German since 3 August 1914," the date of the German invasion of Belgium, part of Germany's war plan to defeat France.
Pirenne was held in Crefeld, then in Holzminden, and finally in Jena, where he was interned from 24 August 1916 until the end of the war. He was denied books, but he learned Russian from soldiers captured on the Eastern Front and subsequently read Russian-language histories made available to him by Russian prisoners. This gave Pirenne's work a unique perspective. At Jena, he began his history of medieval Europe, starting with the fall of Rome. He wrote completely from memory. Rather than a blow-by-blow chronology of wars, dynasties and incidents, A History of Europe presents a big-picture approach to social, political and mercantile trends. It is remarkable not only for its historical insight, but also its objectivity, especially considering the conditions under which it was written.
After the war, he reflected the widespread disillusionment in Belgium with German culture, while taking a nuanced position which allowed him to criticize German nationalism without excluding German works from the scholarly canon. His earlier belief in the inevitable progress of humanity collapsed, so he began to accept chance or the fortuitous in history and came to acknowledge the significance of single great individuals at certain points in history.
At the conclusion of the war, Henry Pirenne stopped his work on A History of Europe in the middle of the 16th century. He returned home and took up his life. He died at Uccle, Brussels in 1935. His son Jacques Pirenne, who had survived the war to become a historian in his own right, discovered the manuscript. He edited the work by inserting dates for which his father was uncertain in parentheses. Jacques wrote a preface explaining its provenance and published it, with the English translation appearing in 1956. It stands as a monumental intellectual achievement.
Theses and works[edit]
On the formation of European towns[edit]
Henri Pirenne first expressed ideas on the formation of European towns in articles of 1895;[2] he further developed the idea for the Pirenne Thesis while imprisoned in Germany during World War I. He subsequently published it in a series of papers from 1922 to 1923 and spent the rest of his life refining the thesis with supporting evidence. The most famous expositions appear in Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade (1927, based on a series of lectures of 1922) and in his posthumous Mohammed and Charlemagne (1937), published from Pirenne's first draft.[3]
In brief, the Pirenne Thesis, an early essay in economic history diverging from the narrative history of the 19th century, notes that in the ninth century long-distance trading was at a low ebb; the only settlements that were not purely agricultural were the ecclesiastical, military and administrative centres that served the feudal ruling classes as fortresses, episcopal seats, abbeys and occasional royal residences of the peripatetic palatium. When trade revived in the late tenth and eleventh centuries, merchants and artisans were drawn to the existing centres, forming suburbs in which trade and manufactures were concentrated. These were "new men" outside the feudal structure, living on the peripheries of the established order. The feudal core remained static and inert. A time came when the developing merchant class was strong enough to throw off feudal obligations or to buy out the prerogatives of the old order, which Pirenne contrasted with the new element in numerous ways. The leaders among the mercantile class formed a bourgeois patriciate, in whose hands economic and political power came to be concentrated.
Pirenne's thesis takes as axiomatic that the natural interests of the feudal nobility and of the urban patriciate, which came to well-attested frictions in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, were in their origins incompatible. This aspect of his thesis has been challenged in detail.[4]
Traditionally, historians had dated the Middle Ages from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, a theory Edward Gibbon famously put forward in the 18th century, and which is inexorably linked to the supposition of a Roman "decline" from a previous classic ideal. Pirenne postponed the demise of classical civilization to the 8th century. He challenged the notion that Germanic barbarians had caused the Western Roman Empire to end and he challenged the notion that the end of the Western Roman Empire should be equated with the end of the office of emperor in Europe, which occurred in 476. He pointed out the essential continuity of the economy of the Roman Mediterranean even after the barbarian invasions, and that the Roman way of doing things did not fundamentally change in the time immediately after the "fall" of Rome. Barbarian Goths came to Rome not to destroy it, but to take part in its benefits; they tried to preserve the Roman way of life. The more recent formulation of a historical period characterized as "Late Antiquity" emphasizes the transformations of ancient to medieval worlds within a cultural continuity, and European archaeology of the first millennium, purposefully undertaken in the later 20th century, even extends the continuity in material culture and patterns of settlement below the political overlay as reaching as late as the eleventh century.[5]
According to Pirenne[6] the real break in Roman history occurred in the 8th century as a result of Arab expansion. Islamic conquest of the area of today's south-eastern Turkey, Syria, Palestine, North Africa, Spain and Portugal ruptured economic ties to western Europe, cutting the region off from trade and turning it into a stagnant backwater, with wealth flowing out in the form of raw resources and nothing coming back. This began a steady decline and impoverishment so that, by the time of Charlemagne, western Europe had become almost entirely agrarian at a subsistence level, with no long-distance trade.
Pirenne used statistical data regarding money in support of his thesis. Much of his argument builds upon the disappearance from western Europe of items that had to come from outside. For example, the minting of gold coins north of the Alps stopped after the 7th century, indicating a loss of access to wealthier parts of the world. Papyrus, made only in Egypt, no longer appeared in northern Europe after the 7th century; writing reverted to using animal skins, indicating its economic isolation.
In a summary, he famously said, "Without Islam, the Frankish Empire would probably never have existed, and Charlemagne, without Muhammad, would be inconceivable."[7] That is, he rejected the notion that barbarian invasions in the 4th and 5th centuries caused the collapse of the Roman Empire. Instead, the Muslim conquest of north Africa made the Mediterranean a barrier, cutting western Europe off from the east, enabling the Carolingians, especially Charlemagne, to create a new, distinctly western form of government.
Pirenne's Thesis has not convinced most historians of the period, but they generally agree it has stimulated debate on the Early Middle Ages, and has provided a provocative example of how periodization would work.[8][9]
Belgian history[edit]
Pirenne's other major idea concerned the nature of medieval Belgium. Belgium as an independent nation state had appeared only a generation before Pirenne's birth; throughout Western history, its fortunes had been tied up with the Low Countries, which now include the Netherlands, Luxembourg and parts of north-east France. Furthermore, Belgium lies athwart the great linguistic divide between French and Dutch. The unity of the country might appear accidental, something which Pirenne sought to disprove in his History of Belgium (1899–1932) by tracing Belgium's history back to the Roman period. His ideas, promoting a form of Belgian nationalism, have also proved controversial, with many historians preferring to stress the economic unity of the Low Countries as a whole. Henri Pirenne donated the majority of his personal library to the Academia Belgica in Rome. In 1933, he was awarded the Francqui Prize on Human Sciences.
Pirenne's Histoire de Belgique (7 vol., 1899–1932) stressed how traditional and economic forces had drawn Flemings and Walloons together. Pirenne, inspired by patriotic nationalism, presupposed a Belgian unity - social, political, and ethnic - which predated its 1830 independence by centuries. Although a liberal himself, he wrote his seven-volume history with such a masterly balance that Catholics, liberals and socialists could quote from it with equal respect in their newspapers or sometimes even in their political gatherings.
Pirenne's history remains crucial to the understanding of Belgium's past, but his notion of a continuity of Belgian civilization forming the basis of political unity has lost favor. Some Belgian scholars have argued that the creation of their country was a historical chance.[10] Pirenne's argument that the long Spanish rule in the Low Countries had little continuing cultural impact has likewise fallen, in the face of new research since 1970 in the fields of cultural, military, economic, and political history.[11]
Medieval Cities[edit]
Pirenne was also the author of Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade (1927), a book based on lectures he delivered in the United States in 1922. In this book, he contends that through the period from the tenth to the twelfth centuries, Europe reclaimed control of the Mediterranean from the Muslim world, and opened up sea routes to the Orient. This allowed the formation of a merchant/middle class and the development of that class's characteristic abode, the city.
He argued that capitalism originated in Europe's cities, as did democracy. His "Merchant Enterprise School" opposed Marxism but shared many of Marx's ideas on the merchant class. Pirenne's theory of a commercial renaissance in towns in the 11th century remains the standard interpretation.
A History of Europe[edit]
Pirenne wrote a two-volume A History of Europe: From the End of the Roman World in the West to the Beginnings of the Western States, a remarkable but incomplete work which Pirenne wrote while imprisoned in Germany during World War I. It was published by his son in 1936. A translation into English, by Bernard Miall, was first published in Great Britain in 1939 by George Allen and Unwin.
- Pirenne, H. Histoire de Belgique
- Pirenne, Henri (1909). "The Formation and Constitution of the Burgundian State (Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries)" (PDF). The American Historical Review 14 (3): 477–502. doi:10.2307/1836443. JSTOR 1836443.
- Pirenne, Henri. Belgian Democracy, Its Early History (1910, 1915) 250 pp. history of towns in the Low Countries online free
- Pirenne, Henri. "The Stages in the Social History of Capitalism," The American Historical Review, 19:494, April 1914 in JSTOR
- Pirenne, Henri. Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade (1927) excerpt and text search
- Pirenne, Henri. A History of Europe (1936). excerpts in Google Books
- Pirenne, Henri. Mohammed and Charlemagne (1937). onlineedition
- Pirenne, Henri. Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe (1936), online edition
- Pirenne, Henri. "Reflexions d'un Solitaire". (edited by Jacques-Henri Pirenne) in Bulletin De La Commission Royale D'histoire 1994 160(3-4): 143-257. Issn: 0001-415x. First publication of his wartime prison journal.
- Pirenne, Henri; Frank D. Halsey (translator) (1969). Medieval cities: their origins and the revival of trade. Princeton University Press. p. 253. ISBN 0-691-00760-8.
See also[edit]
- Paul Fredericq – historian, regarded as the Flemish equivalent of Pirenne
- ^ Dopsch, The Economic and Social Foundations of European Civilization (tr, 1937).
- ^ Pirenne, "L'origine des constitutions urbaines au Moyen Age", in Revue Historique, 1895.
- ^ Henry Pirenne (1937). Mohammed and Charlemagne English translation by Bernard Miall, 1939. From Internet Archive. The thesis was originally laid out in an article published in Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire 1 (1922), pp. 77-86.
- ^ E.g. by A. B. Hibbert, "The Origins of the Medieval Town Patriciate" Past and Present No. 3 (February 1953:15-27).
- ^ In this context, K. Randsborg, The First Millennium AD in Europe and the Mediterranean: an archaeological essay (1991) is cited by Averil Cameron, The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity AD 395-600 1993:4; the extent to which the new data and interpretations of processual archaeology have altered modern perceptions is the theme of Richard Hodges and David Whitehouse, Mohammed, Charlemagne and the Origins of Europe: archaeology and the Pirenne thesis, 1983.
- ^ Pirenne, Mohammed and Charlemagne; the thesis appears in chapters 1-2 of Medieval Cities (1925)
- ^ the quote appears in Medieval Cities p.27
- ^ Philip Daileader; Philip Whalen (2010). French Historians 1900-2000: New Historical Writing in Twentieth-Century France. John Wiley & Sons. p. 496.
- ^ David Abulafia (2011). The Mediterranean in History. Getty Publications. p. 219.
- ^ Stengers, Jean (1989). "La Belgique, Un Accident De L'histoire?". Revue de l'université De Bruxelles 1989 (3-4): 17–34. ISSN 0770-0962.
- ^ Parker, Geoffrey (1985). "New Light on an Old Theme: Spain and the Netherlands 1550-1650". European History Quarterly 15 (2): 219–236. doi:10.1177/026569148501500205. ISSN 0265-6914.
- Brown, Peter. "Mohammed and Charlemagne by Henri Pirenne." Daedalus 1974 103(1): 25-33. Issn: 0011-5266
- Cate, James L. "Henri Pirenne (1862-1935)," in S. William Halperin, ed. Some 20th Century Historians-essays on Eminent Europeans, (1961) 1-30.
- Frank, Kenneth W. "Pirenne Again: A Muslim Viewpoint," The History Teacher, Vol. 26, No. 3 (May 1993), pp. 371–383 in JSTOR
- Ganshof, F. L. "Henri Pirenne and Economic History." Economic History Review 1936 6(2): 179-185. Issn: 0013-0117 Fulltext: [ in Jstor]
- Havighurst, Alfred F. ed. The Pirenne Thesis: Analysis, Criticism, and Revision (1958) readings by scholars
- Hodges, Richard and David Whitehouse (1983). Mohammed, Charlemagne, and the origins of Europe. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9262-9. Influential analysis of the Pirenne Thesis and the role of recent archaeological findings.
- Lyon, Bryce. Henri Pirenne: A Biographical and Intellectual Study (1974)
- Lyon, Bryce. "The Letters of Henri Pirenne to Karl Lamprecht (1894-1915)." Bulletin De La Commission Royale D'histoire 1966 132(2): 161–231.
- Brown, Elizabeth A. R. "Henri Pirenne: a Biographical and Intellectual Study." History and Theory 1976 15(1): 66-76. review of Lyon in Jstor
- McCormick, Michael (2001). Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce, 300-900. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-66102-1. A reexamination of the Pirenne Thesis.
- Powicke, F. M. "Henri Pirenne," The English Historical Review, Vol. 51, No. 201 (January 1936), pp. 79–89 in JSTOR
- Tollebeek, Jo. "At the crossroads of nationalism: Huizinga, Pirenne and the Low Countries in Europe," European Review of History (2010) 17#2 pp. 187–215.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henri Pirenne. |
Wikisource has original works written by or about: Henri Pirenne |
- "Henry Pirenne". In Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
- Digitheque Henri Pirenne
- A review of Mohammed and Charlemagne
- Works by Henri Pirenne at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Henri Pirenne at Internet Archive
- 1862 births
- 1935 deaths
- Belgian historians
- Belgian scientists
- Belgian medievalists
- Walloon people
- Ghent University alumni
- Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–25)
- Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
- World War I civilian detainees held by Germany
- Belgian people of World War I


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I live in a community in northern Westchester County, NY where interior decorators are deified. But it wasn't until a few nights ago, when my family and I were having dinner at another couple's house that I learned that there were also exterior decorators. We were sitting on the back deck and I complimented our friends on the color of their house.
I especially liked how the cream-colored trim looked with the rest of the sage green-colored house. I mean, it was perfect.
Wouldn't you know, my friend Fran told me she used color consultants James Martin and Megan Eatherton of The Color People in Denver, Colo. I had heard of color consultants for wardrobes, but not for the outside of homes. "If you screw up a room when you're painting, it takes four hours and a can of paint," says Martin. "If you screw up your house, it is $10,000 and everyone knows about it."
Martin and Eatherton didn't fly to New York to pick out Fran's paint color. Instead, she photographed each side of her house at different times of the day as well as the neighboring homes and surrounding landscape and sent them the photos. Fran also had to fill out a two-page questionnaire with such questions as: What colors on buildings are you attracted to most? What colors do you envision for your home? What impression do you want your building to make (multiple choice: dignified, refined, bright, warm, cute, light-hearted, historical-feeling, whimsical and subtle)?
Once in receipt of the photographs, Martin, who got his start on old grand Victorian Painted Ladies of San Francisco goes to work. "I see [the right] color in my mind," says Martin. "I study the photos so I don't need to be there. I've spent a lot of time studying old houses so I have a huge storehouse of knowledge," he adds. About 30% of his business is residential, and the remainder is commercial projects like apartment buildings, shopping centers and offices.
Once a color is chosen, he marks on the photographs, sort of like a paint by number and sends them back to the client to give to the painter. Cost: $550. "If we haven't added $550 to value of your house we've done something terribly wrong," says Martin.
In Fran's case, he definitely did.
That looks very nice, Toddi.
Color is much preferred to the typical brown stucco and white vinyl siding that graces so much of suburbia. The top car colors are white, black, and silver, most with a tan, grey, or black interior. Vibrant color is largely devoid in modern life. I often wonder if we will look back in 20 years and say "what in the world were those people thinking?".
BusinessWeek editors Chris Palmeri, Prashant Gopal and Peter Coy chronicle the highs and lows of the housing and mortgage markets on their Hot Property blog. In print and online, the Hot Property team first wrote about the potential downside of lenders pushing riskier, "option ARM" mortgages and the rise in mortgage fraud back in 2005—well ahead of many other media outlets. In 2008, Hot Property bloggers finished #1 in a ranking of the world's top 100 "most powerful property people" by the British real estate website Global edge. Hot Property was named among the 25 most influential real estate blogs of 2007 by Inman News.


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A Day in the Life of Brockport Students
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Brockport Concert Performance of Porgy and Bess
7:30 pm - 9:30 pm
Graduate Commencement Ceremony
5 pm


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Humanitarian action: constructing legitimacy
30-06-2001 Article, International Review of the Red Cross, No. 842, by André Pasquier
Abstract of the article " Action humanitaire: une légitimité en question ? "
With the concept of humanitarian action becoming disproportionately vast and politicized, scaled down or diluted, the question is to what extent it can, without seeing its own legitimacy seriously challenged, fill the vacuum created by the lack of a consistent and predictable worldwide political system. Between war and peace, this question casts its shadow on the broader horizon of a world in search of a new political order, one that would be better able to reconcile humanitarian requirements and political interests, State sovereignty and respect for the fundamental rights of the individual. The author looks for answers in the vast experience accumulated over the years by the ICRC whose legitimacy in providing humanitarian assistance and protection to war victims has traditionally been upheld by three elements. The first of these is a set of principles whose raison d'être is to mark out and define the humanitarian space within which it operates ; the second is a legal framework, made up today of the 1949 Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols of 1977, which enjoy universal acceptance ; and the third is the product of time, the legitimacy acquired through activities conducted in the long term and through constant practice.


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January 29, 2011 2:36 am
By Martin Arnold, Private Equity Correspondent
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