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Semiconductor group - LMU
Research report 1996
Atomic force microscopic image of an InAs surface quantum well structure before (left) and after (right) definition of a short scale antidot lattice. The artificial superlattice has been created by directly 'punching holes' into the active surface layer thus creating an array of repulsive potentials. The spiral-like fine structure represents atomic layer features on the as grown InAs surface.
Most of the modern electronic devices as used in state-of-the-art complex circuits like microprocessors etc. are nowadays based on so-called quasi-two-dimensional electtron systems (Q2DES). Such Q2DES can be realized at the interface between a semiconductor and an insulator, or at the interface between two semiconductors.In a Q2DES, the electrons are confined along one spatial direction to within a length scale comparable to their quantum-mechanical wavelength. In the plane perpendicular to the direction of the confinement, however, they are more or less free to move.
Apart from a much better defined switching behavior and less power consumption as compared to many bulk-based semiconductor devices, the interface- and Q2DES- based devices also offer insight into many new and fascinating physical properties which are related to the reduced dimensionality.
Modern semiconductor physics concentrates on a further reduction of the dimensionality of the electron systems under investigation. Nowadays, so-called quantum wires (or quasi-one-dimensional electron systems Q1DES) and even quantum dots (Q0DES) can be realized. Here, the motion of an electron as confined in the repective artificial potential well is additionally quantized into a series of eigenstates. For quantum dots, this complete quantization is very similar to the one of the electron in an atom - this is why quantum dots are sometimes referred to as 'artificial atoms'. However, unlike to their real counterparts, the number of electrons per artificial atom may be tuned externally by, e.g. an electric field. Thus - we expect something like a revival of atomic physics if we continue to follow this tremendously interesting path.
In our research group here at the LMU, we study the properties of such electron systems which are confined to very small dimensions to form Q2DES, Q1DES and Q0DES as well as interactions between those low-dimensional systems. Also, the fundamental technologies to produce such systems are investigated and exploited. We concentrate on semiconductor structures based on the Si/SiO2 as well as compound semiconductor combinations such as GaAs/AlGaAs, InAs/AlSb, InAs/GaAs and related heterojunctions. Our work is based on several close collaborations with groups around the world that grow and characterize the above listed heterostructures with highest quality. Using different sophisticated facilities in our cleanroom lab we are able to laterally pattern the semiconductor structures down to lengthscales of only a few nanometers. We apply different lithografic techniques, such as holography, electron beam writing, and atomic force microscopy, which allow for a very flexible realization of very small sample sizes.
Experimentally, our setups provide the more or less unique opportunity to investigate our samples over a very wide frequency range from DC up to the UV region. We have access to several different high frequency setups (DC..20 GHz), a microwave vector network analyzer (8.5GHz..350 GHz), an (far-)infrared molecular laser, two (far-)infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometers and different laser systems, some of which are tuneable from the near infrared into the visible spectral range. All of our experimental setups are equipped with low-temperature cryostats and superconducting magnet systems, providing magnetic fields up to 15 Tesla. The combination of all our equipment and experimental facilities provides us with the basis for a detailed investigation of the new physical properties of semiconductor nanostructures.
Summary of the different research topics
Microscopic image of a 'triangular' antiot lattice (left) and corresponding magnetotransport- and photovoltage measurement in a magnetic field. The sketched trajectories correspond to the pronounced features in the transport properties.
(The high quality heterostructure starting material for this project as well as for many others reported here has been grown by W. Wegscheider in the Walter-Schottky-Institute in Garching.)
A.1. Interaction of Surface Acoustic Waves (SAW) and Low-Dimensional Electron Systems(A somewhat more detailed description of our SAW activities is available in German using this link)
Surface acoustic waves are modes of elastic energy which can propagate on the surface of different materials. If the substrate is piezoelectric, those waves are accompanied by electric fields which then propagate at the speed of sound. The electric fields of the wave can couple to the mobile carriers within a semiconductor structure and modify its electronic and elastic properties. By measuring the attenuation of the wave and the renormalization of the sound velocity we can, for instance, extract information on the dynamic conductivity of the electron system. We also investigate the possibility to use a SAW for a dynamical lateral potential modulation and we investigate the influence of a SAW onto the optical properties of an electron system. Our experiments presently cover the frequency range between 100 MHz and 6 GHz, corresponding to surface acoustic wavelengths between 30um and 0.5um, respectively.
In 1996 we focused on mainly two different topics, namely the realization of SAW-based hybrid structures consisting of a strong piezoelectric (LiNbO3) and a thin semiconductor layer structure that has been lifted off its natural substrate. Here, the SAW - 2DES interaction can be enlarged by two orders of magnitude as compared to the monolithic case. This interaction is now strong enough to become technologically very attractive. Together with the Siemens research lab, we are presently developping new concepts for a technological exploitation of this approach.
The second topic is the investigation of the acousto-optic interaction between a strong SAW and a semiconductor quantum well system. Here, a completely new and exciting area of research has been opened. We observe a strong influence of the SAW on the optical properties of a quantum well . The photoluminescence of the quantum well can be completely quenched under the influence of the SAW. Moreover, we show that the SAW can act as a "Photon Conveyor Belt", where optical signals can be stored by the SAW in the semiconductor and may be re-assembled into light after very long delay times and at a remote location of the sample!
Further, and related studies, namely the influence of SAW on the optical properties of semiconductor quantum structures aim towards the use of SAW for the generation of lateral Bragg gratings by a modulation of the local refractive index of the system. Such lateral, tunable grating structures will be of severe importance for future acousto-opto-electric devices like modulators, switches and multiplexers. This work is performed under the sponsorship of the Bayerische Forschungsverbund FOROPTOA.2. Capacitance Spectroscopy on Single Field-Effect-Induced Electron Wires in AlGaAs-GaAs Heterostructures
In specially designed heterostructure crystals grown by M. Holland in Glasgow we use e-beam defined gate electrodes to generate 150mm long quantum wires with different widths. We perform capacitance spectroscopy to investigate the electronic properties of very high quality electron wires. Because of the very small capacitance involved we developed a capacitance bridge with an impedance transformer close to the sample. We show that the capacitance spectroscopy allows us to study the formation of compressible and incompressible strips in a 2D interacting electron plasma at high magnetic fields. In the case of broad electron channels (width ~300nm) at high magnetic fields we find that the capacitance minimum at the filling factor 2 is strongly asymmetric that is in an agreement with a model proposed by A. O. Govorov.
A.3. Electron Transport in Antidot-Lattices
"Antidot" lattices can be considered the complementary structure to quantum dot lattices: While in the latter, an array of isolated islands of electrons are created, in the former an array of small voids is cut out of a two-dimensional electron gas. In the past, a number of novel effects have been observed both in classical as well as quantum transport, which result from the interplay between different length scales in antidot-lattices (lattice period, magnetic length, Fermi-wavelength). Whereas commonly circular voids are patterned, we have created square lattices of triangular antidots, thus breaking the left-right symmetry of the electron system . In low frequency transport these samples exhibit maxima in the magnetotransport at a magnetic field where the cyclotron diameter equals half the lattice period. This is caused by so-called skipping orbits and shows that it is indeed possible to transfer triangular shapes with straight edges into the two-dimensional electron gas. In high-frequency experiments we observe lateral photo-voltages which closely reflect the features in low-frequency transport caused by the presence of the antidots. This might be due to the fact that the broken symmetry of the antidot-lattice leads to a rectification of the high-frequency radiation. Apart from triangular antidots a second research subject are short period antidot devices which are fabricated by atomic force microscope (AFM) lithography into shallow HEMTs. Here lattices with a"diatomic" basis consisting of two circular antidots were investigated. For a constant period we systematically varied the spacing between the antidots forming the basis. Magnetoransport investigations of these devices allow to distinguish between so called pinned orbits and run away trajectories and such give information on the the transport mechanism through such devices.
A.4. Coulomb Blockade Phenomena in Quantum Dots
The fluctuations and the distribution of the conductance peak spacings of a quantum dot in the Coulomb-blockade regime are studied and compared with the predictions of random matrix theory (RMT). The experimental data were obtained in transport measurements performed on a semiconductor quantum dot fabricated in a GaAs-AlGaAs heterostructure. Coulomb interactions of the electrons in a quantum dot can be described by a capacitive charging term. In this picture the gate voltage differences between adjacent conductance peaks should be given by the sum of a classical charging energy and the spacing between adjacent bare energy levels of the dot. Thus, after subtraction of the charging term, one should have direct access to the quantum dotps ener-gy level spectrum. As RMT provides a very good description of the statistical properties of the spectra of many complex systems, the level spacings obtained from Coulomb blockade measurements are also expected to obey its predictions. However, it is found that the fluctu-ations in the peak spacings are considerably larger than predicted by RMT. Furthermore, the distribution of the spacings does not obey the Wigner surmise, which follows from RMT, but rather appears Gaussian distributed around a mean value. This indicates that the fluctuations in the electronic interactions have an important influence on the statistics of the peak spacings. The peak spacings cannot be related to a noninteracting single particle spectrum, as suggested by the capacitive charging model, but display the ground state energy spacings of an interacting system. However, RMT was originally developed to handle the statistical properties of excitation spectra. So far, it is not clear whether the results of RMT can be applied to ground state energy statistics.
A.5. High Frequency Properties of Quantum Point Contacts and Quantum Dots
The non-linear transport properties of ballistic quantum point contacts are investigated and well understood nowadays. We employ these non linearities in the IV characteristic of ballistic point contacts to aim towards a high frequency signal processing. First experiments using ballistic point contacts as high frequency mixers are very promising in these terms. We develop techniques to efficiently couple high frequency radiation into the ballistic point contact by using lenses, antennae and multi point contact arays.
A.6. Electronic Phases in Two-Dimensional Systems
In close cooperation with the Institute of Solid State Physics in Chernogolovka, Russia (Prof. V.T. Dolgopolov and co-workers) we measure the magnetocapacitance at temperatures down to 25 mK on special high-mobility AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures that have, apart from a top gate, a back electrode below the two-dimensional electron gas. Vertical transport establishes equilibrium between the electron gas and the back electrode so that even integer filling factors with vanishing dissipative conductivity are accessible to magnetocapacitance measurements. From our experimental data we extract the dependences of the thermodynamic density of states and of the quantum level width on both the position of the Fermi level and magnetic field. In the integer quantum Hall state at filling factor 2 the thermodynamic density of states remains finite in magnetic fields up to 8 T and is approximately a parabolic function. Its value is varied in a wide range (approximately by 2 orders of magnitude). The level width shows power-law energy and magnetic field dependences with an exponent of about 0.8. At even and odd filling factors the behaviour of the thermodynamic density of states proves to be similar. We find excellent agreement between our experimental results and the theory based on nonlinear screening. A collaboration with the theoretical group of A. V. Chaplik at the Institute of Semiconductor Physics in Novosibirsk (Russia) relates to electronic instabilities in quantum-dot arrays. To find experimental conditions for the appearance of ferro- (antiferro-) electric phase transitions, theorists from Novosibirsk discussed a molecular-like lateral array of quantum dots, where an elementary cell consists of two quantum dots connected by tunnelling. It was demonstrated theoretically that the type of a phase transition depends on symmetry of an array and the phase transition can be induced by application of a magnetic field (see A. V. Chaplik and A. O. Govorov, J. Phys.C8,4071 (1996))
A.7. Giant Growth of Quantum Oscillations in an Inhomogeneous 2D Electron System
In this research project done in close cooperation with the Institute of Solid State Physics in Chernogolovka, Russia (Prof. V.T. Dolgopolov and co-workers) and the Institute of Applied Physics in Hamburg (Prof. W. Hansen and co-workers) we experimentally find that the connection of 2D electron systems with different electrochemical potentials results in long-range ( 50 micrometer) electron density disturbances. When a gated region of the Corbino sample is strongly depleted, the amplitude of the magneto-resistance oscillations caused by high-density ungated regions is found to increase in proportion to the sample resistance which is dominated by low density regions with small conductivity. Experiments on samples with artificial potential profiles (antidots and etched rings) below the gate establish that contact effects are not the cause of the observed phenomena.
Intersubband-like absorptions of a strongly coupled double quantum well. In (a) we depict the possible transitions as calculated self-consistently. In (b) the corresponding experimental resonance positions are shown. The resonance positions agree very well with the theoretical prediction if a constant energetic offset simulating the effect of the depolarization shift is added to the single-particle trasition energies.
B.1. Electron Systems in Band Gap Engineered Quantum SystemsModern crystal growth techniques like molecular beam epitaxy nowadays offer the unique advantage of tailoring the band edges of different semiconductor systems in a very controlled manner. A prominent example is the so-called parabolic quantum well (PQW), but also more complex systems can be realized.
In close co-operation with the research group of A.C. Gossard in Santa Barbara we concentrate on the investigation of the collective reponse of low-dimensional electron systems in such man-made semiconductor structures. As an example, the electron system in the parabolic quantum well represents in good approximation the concept of a free electron system in a homogenous positive background ('JELLIUM').
Recently, we also focused on the investigations of the properties in coupled quantum well structures on the basis of PQW. Here, too, the very precise control of the potential profiles in growth direction can be used to fabricate nearly any desired structure. For instance, in analogy to the term 'artificial atom' we study the properties of artificial 'molecules' using two coupled PQW as a simple but powerful model system.
Absorption experiments in the far infra-red have been carried out on superlattice samples based o the PQW approach. The electrons are excited within the first miniband or from the first to the second miniband. We see strong evidence that the inter-miniband transition changes from being collective to single-particle-like depending on the strength of the inter-well coupling. We have shown how a magnetic field applied perpendicular to the superlattice direction can be used to reduce the coupling between the wells. This can lead to the situation where the resonance is single-particle-like at zero magnetic field but collective at high magnetic field.
B.2.Intersubband Spectroscopy of InAs/AlSb Quantum WellsThe relatively small energy gap of some semiconductors like InAs and the related pronounced coupling of neighbouring bands leads to strong non-parabolic effects in the energy vs. momentum dispersion relation. Such a non-parabolicity reflects, e.g., in a strongly energy dependent effective mass. To study such effects we concentrate on a relatively new material combination, namely InAs/AlSb which also provides the deepest quantum wells available to date.
A number of experiments have demonstrated that the depolarisation field plays a very important role in the intersubband resonance of InAs quantum wells. In particular, we have shown that the width of the intersubband resonance is not influenced by the broad single-particle spectrum which arises from strong nonparabolicity in the energy dispersion. This leaves the question open as to which scattering mechanism determines the linewidth. In order to investigate this point we have measured the intersubband resonance linewidth against well width and against temperature. The results demonstrate that fluctuations in the well width dominate, even at temperatures well above room temperature. Theoretical work is underway to try and understand this behaviour in terms of a decay of the collective mode into single-particle transitions (Landau damping). We have also investigated the case in which the first and second subbands are occupied and we see very strong coupling effects between the two resonances. In particular, the 1-2 resonance becomes very broad at elevated temperature. This supports the Landau damping picture as the 1-2 collective mode can decay into energetically degenerate 2-3 single-particle transitions.
As many of our intersubband resonance absorption experiments are performed using a grating coupler technique, we investigated both experimenatlly as well as theoretically the influence of the grating design on the absorption of intersubband resonances in quantum well systems. It turns out that the design of the grating coupler strongly influences the lineshape and absorption strength of the observed resonances.B.3. Photoconductive Response of Ins/AlSb Quantum Wells
Not only from the physics point of view this material combination is a very attractive candidate for semiconductor research. The unique band structure together with high carrier concentrations and small effective masses makes it very interesting for possible device applications. Here, we focus on the photonic properties and the optoelectronic response. Possible applications include infrared detectors, modulators, and switches in the infrared regime. In close co- operation with the research group of H. Kroemer at UC Santa Barbara (USA) we design and develop suitable layer structures to follow this route.
B.4. Influence of Infrared Excitation on the Low-Frequency Transport in Low-Dimensional Systems
The combination of DC transport and (far)-infrared excitation experiments offers a number of interesting opportunities. In these experiments, e.g., the sample itself serves as a detector, which is not only interesting from a technological point of view but also offers the advantage of local detection, which is of great benefit especially for samples which are smaller than the wavelength of the excitation radiation. Using this technique, we have investigated the dynamics of edge states in the quantum Hall effect. Because of very low scattering, these edge channels are in a way ideal one-dimensional model systems. However, spectroscopy on these channels proves to be extremely difficult because of the fact that they are strips of only ~ 0.5 um next to a much larger area of two-dimensional electron gas which absorbs in the same frequency regime. Using the edge channels as detectors, together with employing a micro-shadow mask technique, we were able to detect different excitations of quantum Hall edge states and obtain information on the local curvature of the edge potential in etched and gated Hall bars.
B.5. Spectroscopy of Self-Organized InAs Quantum Dots
With decreasing sizes of nanostructures the problem of homogeneity becomes more and more important. Ideally, one would like to study large arrays of identical quantum systems. One elegant way to achieve this is to use fabrication mechnisms where the shape and the dimensions of the nanostructures are given by, energetic considerations, such that energy minimization will lead to the desired sample homogeneity. This happens, e.g. in the Stranski-Krastanow growth mode of InAs on GaAs heteroepitaxy and results in layers of uniform quantum dots of ~ 20 nm diameter and ~ 7 nm height. In a close collaboration with the group of P. Petroff at UC Santa Barbara we have demonstrated that these dots can be integrated into a metal-insulator-semiconductor heterostructure, which allows us to tune the electron number per dot, determine it by capacitance spectroscopy, and study the dots' excitation in the far-infrared. Here, the far-infrared spectroscopy resembles the atomic spectroscopy mentioned in the introduction. Indeed, we can "tune the dots through the table of elements" and distinguish, e.g. "quantum dot Helium" and "quantum dot Lithium" by their excitation spectrum. Furthermore, we can directly compare the different ground states of these few-electron systems, and, from a comparison between ground state and excitation energies, derive detailed information on the Coulomb and quantization contributions to the energetic structure of these man-made "atoms". On small dot ensembles we observe a pronounced fine structure in the capacitance spectra which reflect ensemble properties and can be explained either by dot-dot-interctions or by monolayer fluctuations.
B.6.Optics on Field-Effect Induced Tuneable Potential Superlattices in AlGaAs-GaAs Heterostructures.
Voltage - controlled lateral superlattices are employed to demonstrate the trapping of photogenerated excitons in quasi- one dimensional regions and to store light in form of ionised excitons in the quantum well of a semiconductor heterostructure. Two interdigitated gate electrodes on the surface of a semiconductor heterostructure and a back electrode buried below the GaAs quantum well enable us to impose a periodic lateral modulation of the strength of the quantum confined Stark effect. This effect implies a shift of the exciton energy in the quantum well governed by the local vertical electric field. Hence, in such a structure a lateral potential modulation for neutral excitons can be realised. To trap exitons we apply a voltage difference between the two finger gates. The excitons are localised in regions underneath the gate stripes with the more negative potential. We verify this trapping behavior with photoluminescence experimentsin structures of varying period and stripe widths down to 100nm. Our experiments show that the photoluminescence originates mostly from regions with minimum exciton energy, i. e. maximum redshift. The application of a strong magnetic field perpendicular to the quantum well increases the exciton binding energy. This counteracts the ionisation of excitons in regions of high lateral electric fields between the stripes, hence improving the trapping efficiency. Furthermore, the magnetic field reduces the exciton diffusion length, so that more excitons recombine in areas of maximum potential.
Electron-beam-deposited (EBD) tip for atomic force microscopy on top of a used conventional Silicon tip. The upper part shows the as-grown EBD tip, the lower part depicts the tip after a sharpening procedure.
C1. Fabrication and characterization of semiconductor nanostructures by atomic force microscopy
Non-destructive characterization of semiconductor nanostructures by atomic force microscopy (AFM) offers the possibility to get a deeper insight into the interaction of sample fabrication and the measurement of physical properties of these structures. Furthermore, the AFM is used for nanometer-scale lithography at ambient conditions by mechanically modifying a thin resist layer. Hereby the smallest feature size is determined by the tip radius. Best results are obtained with electron beam deposited tips, which are additionally sharpened in an oxygen plasma. At the moment we are able to write holes in photoresist with a period of 9 nm and a minimal structure size of 2 to 3 nm. Meanwhile we are able to directly pattern semiconductor layers by modified EBD-tips. On the other side, a special method of local anodic oxidation has been successfully developed. Here we are able to modify metals and semiconductors with a typical smallest structure size in the range of 10 nm. Current investigations aim at the characterization and optimization of the electrical properties of such oxides for possible device application.
C2. X-ray investigations of laterally structured surfaces
For a collaboration with M. Tolan and W. Press at Kiel University we fabricate surface gratings on silicon (period: 500 nm to 1000 nm; height: 1 nm to 20 nm) using holographic lithography followed by a dry etching process. Subsequently such gratings are covered with a thin deposit of different materials and studied by small-angle x-ray diffraction from this well defined surface roughness. For the case of SiGe deposited films the replication factor is extracted from the x-ray analysis. In a polystyrene-silicon system the interface interaction can be deduced from the diffraction measurements.
C3. Nanoscale 'Supertips' for AFM
The quality of atomic force microscope (AFM) micrographs crucially depends on the quality of the used tips. Under financial support of the Volkswagen-Stiftung and Neue Werkstoffe we have developed so called electron beam deposited (EBD) tips, which additionally can be sharpened in a special plasma etch process. This needle shaped tips are very sharp, extremely stable and chemically inert. We use this tips e.g. for high resolution topographic investigations of very deep, narrow trenches as well as for high resolution nanolithography. The feasability of these needle shaped, custom designed tips in biology, biophysics or colloid physics have been proved in a number of collaborations as e.g. with the Deutsches Krebsforschungsinstitut or the Max-Planck Institut f¸r Kolloid und Grenzflâchenphysik. The tips now are commercially available (NanoTOOLS GmbH) and are distributed by Digital Instruments. New developments as conductive EBD tips or test samples for AFM purpose are actually in development.
C4. Relaxation and Formation Dynamics of Wannier Excitons Studied by Spatiotemporal Pump and Probe Experiments
In collaboration with the group of Prof. Jochen Feldmann (Sektion Physik, University of Munich) we fabricate e-beam-lithographically defined gold structures on semiconductor quantum wells for spatial calibration purposes of femtosecond optical pump and probe experiments. The spatial resolution is in the order of 1 micron. Such spatiotemporal nonlinear optical experiments give important insight into the relaxation processes of 1s-excitons with non-vanishing in-plane center-of-mass momentum. We obtain picosecond transients of the ambipolar diffusion 'constant', which allow us to determine the temporal dynamics of formation, cooling and heating of 1s-excitons by varying the excess energy of the optically excited electron-hole pairs and the crystal temperature. We find an exciton formation time of 3 ps, exciton cooling due to acoustic phonon emission, and temperature dependent exciton heating rates governed by optical phonon scattering for temperatures higher than 50 K.
Guest Scientists, Visitors, and their Sponsors in 1996
Diploma Theses completed in 1996:
Martin Streibl
"Kollektive Effekte in der Interminiband-Resonanz eines Halbleiter-Übergitters und der Intersubband-Resonanz undotierter Quantentöpfe"Christoph Kadow
"Optische Anregungen in Quantentöpfen mit lateralen Potentialübergittern"Markus Rotter
"Akustoelektrische und akustooptische Untersuchungen an GaAs/LiNbO3-Hybridsystemen"Armin Tilke
"Dynamik des quantisierten Hall-Effektes: Absorption von akustischen Oberflächenwellen an AlSb/InAs/AlSb-Quantentöpfen"Petra Denk
"Tunnelexperimente an parabolischen Quantentöpfen"Markus Kehrle
"Lokale Oxidation mit einem Rasterkraftmikroskop"Joao Cortes Rosa
"Magnetotransport in InAs-Oberflächenquantentöpfen mit quadratischen Modulationsübergittern"Mark Haslinger
"Spektroskopie an gekoppelten GaAs/InAs-Quantendots"
Doctoral Theses completed in 1996:
Helmut Kriegelstein
"Untersuchungen zur Hochfrequenzankopplung an ballistischen Quantenpunktkontakten in Halbleiter-Heterostrukturen"Martin Wendel
"Herstellung und Untersuchung von Halbleiterbauelementen mit dem Rasterkraftmikroskop"
Publications in 1996:
numbers indicate downloadable manuscripts (E-prints).
Preprints indexed by a number starting with the letter p may be ordered as hardcopy using our preprint order form .A. TRANSPORT PROPERTIES
K. Ensslin, W. Hansen, and J. P. Kotthaus
"Electron Motion in Lateral Superlattices on Semiconductors"
in "Molecular Electronics", Eds. V. May, G. Mahler, and M. Schreiber (Dekker, New York 1996) pp. 143-170.2-96
K. Ensslin and R. Schuster
"Fabrication and Electronic Properties of Antidot Superlattices"
in "III-V Semiconductor Quantum Systems", Ed. K. Ploog (The Institution of Electrical Engineering, IEE, London 1996), pp. 102-138.3-96
F. Hofmann and D.A. Wharam
"Investigations of the Coulomb Blockade in a Parallel Quantum Dot Geometry"
in "Festkörperprobleme, Advances in Solid State Physics, Ed. R. Helbig (Vieweg, Braunschweig 1996) Vol. 35, pp. 197-213.4-96
T. Schlösser, K. Ensslin, J. P. Kotthaus, and M. Holland
"Internal Structure of a Landau Band Induced by a Lateral Superlattice: A Glimpse of Hofstadterïs Butterfly"
Europhys. Lett 33, 683-688 (1996).7-96
D. Többen, D. A Wharam, G. Abstreiter, J. P. Kotthaus, and F. Schäffler
"Quantized Conductance in a Si/Si0.7Ge0.3 Split-Gate Device and Impurity-Related Magnetotransport Phenomena"
Solid State Electronics 40, 405-408 (1996).9-96
W. Hansen, D. Schmerek, and H. Drexler
"Quantum Wires and Quantum Dots in Heterojunction Devices with Field-Effect Electrodes"
Brazilian Journal of Physics 26, 110-122 (1996).12-96
J. P. Kotthaus
"Künstliche Halbleiter-Nanostrukturen - Billiard mit Elektronen"
Spektrum der Wissenschaft, Mai 1996, Heidelberg, 25-32.15-96
K. Ensslin and Ralf Schuster
"Antidot-Übergitter - Flippern mit Elektronen
Physik in unserer Zeit 27, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, 1996/2, 84-89.20-96
V. T. Dolgopolov, A. A. Shashkin, G. V. Kravchenko, I. M. Mukhametzhanov, M. Wendel, J. P. Kotthaus, L. W. Molenkamp, and C. T. Foxon
"Giant Growth of Quantum Oscillations in an Inhomogeneous 2D Electron System"
JETP Lett. 63, 63-69 (1996).21-96
M. Holzmann, D. Többen, P. Baumgartner, G. Abstreiter, A. Kriele, H. Lorenz, and F. Schäffler
"Magnetotransport of Electrons in Arrays of Wires in Si/Si0.7Ge0.3 Heterostructures"
Surf. Sci. 361/362, 673-676 (1996).
T. Schlösser, K. Ensslin, J. P. Kotthaus, and M. Holland
"Interplay of Landau Band Width and Band Separation in a Square Lateral Superlattice"
Surf. Sci. 362/362, 847-850 (1996)31-96
T. Schlösser, K. Ensslin, J. P. Kotthaus, and M. Holland
"Landau Subbands Generated by a Lateral Electrostatic Superlattice - Chasing the Hofstadter Butterfly -"
Semicond. Sci. Technol. 11, 1582-1585 (1996).32-96
Jörg P. Kotthaus, W. Hansen, and D. A. Wharam
"Electronic Interactions between Quantum Dots"
Physica B 227, 1-5 (1996)36-96
R. Kaiser, B. Irmer, M. Wendel, T. Schlàsser, H. Lorenz, A. Lorke, K. Ensslin, J.P. Kotthaus, and A. Gossard
"Influence of pinned orbits and runaway trajectories on the magneto transport in antidot lattices with a 'diatomic' basis",
in 23rd International Conferene on "The Physics of Semiconductors", Vol 2,
Eds. M. Scheffler and R. Zimmermann,
(World Scientific, Singapore, 1996) pp. 1501-150442-96
JD. Schmerek, S.Manus, A.O. Govorov, W. Hansen, J.P. Kotthaus, and M.Holland
"Compressible and Incompressible Strips in a Narrow Electron Channel"
Phys. Rev. B 54, 13816-13820 (1996)B. INTRA- AND INTERBAND SPECTROSCOPY
M. Hartung, A. Wixforth, K. L. Campman, and A. C. Gossard
"The Effect of Resonant Sublevel Coupling on Intersubband Transitions in Coupled Double Quantum Wells"
Solid State Electronics 40, 113-115 (1996).8-96
A. Lorke, J. P. Kotthaus, J. H. English, and A. C. Gossard
"Local Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of Edge States in the Quantum Hall Regime"
Phys. Rev. B 53, 1054-1057 (1996).10-96
C. Gauer, A. Wixforth, J. P. Kotthaus, B. Brar, and H. Kroemer
"Spin Phenomena in Intersubband Transitions"
Superlattices and Microstructures 19, 241-249 (1996).13-96
M. Hartung, A. Wixforth, K. L. Campman, and A. C. Gossard
"Intersubband Transition in Band Gap Engineered Parabolic Potential Wells"
Superlattices and Microstructures 19, 55-60 (1996)14-96
C. Wetzel, R. Winkler, M. Drechsler, B. K. Meyer, U. Rößler, J. Scriba, J. P. Kotthaus, V. Härle, and F. Scholz
"Electron Effective Mass and Nonparabolicity in Ga0.47In0.53As/InP Quantum Wells"
Phys. Rev. B 53, 1038-1041 (1996).16-96
R. J. Warburton, B. Brar, C. Gauer, A. Wixforth, J. P. Kotthaus, and H Kroemer
"Cyclotron Resonance of Electron-Hole Systems in InAs/GaSb/AlSb"
Solid State Electronics 40, 679-682 (1996).
G. Blanke, A. Lorke, J. P. Kotthaus, J. H. English, A. C. Gossard, and P. M. Petroff
"Photon-Assisted Tunneling in Coupled Quantum Wells"
Solid State Electronics 40, 421-424 (1996).18-96
R. J. Warburton, C. Gauer, A. Wixforth, J. P. Kotthaus, B. Brar, and H. Kroemer
"Intersubband Resonances in InAs/AlSb Quantum Wells: Selection Rules, Matrix Elements and the Depolarization Field"
Phys. Rev. B 53, 7903-7910 (1996).19-96
R. J. Warburton, C. Gauer, A. Wixforth, J. P. Kotthaus, B. Brar, and H. Kroemer
"Collective Effects in the Intersubband Resonance of InAs/AlSb Quantum Wells"
Superlattices and Microstructures 19, 365- (1996)22-96
Th. Ihn, C. Gauer, F. Koch, and J. P. Kotthaus
"Anisotropy of the Conductivity in d-Doped Multilayers"
Surf. Sci. 361/362, 583-586 (1996)23-96
C. Gauer, M. Hartung, A. Wixforth, J. P. Kotthaus, B. Brar, and H. Kroemer
"Zero-Field Spin-Splitting in InAs/AlSb Quantum Wells"
Surf. Sci. 362/362, 472-475 (1996).25-96
K. F. Kaesen, A. Huber, H. Lorenz, J. P. Kotthaus, S. Bakker, and T. M. Klapwijk
"Quantum Oscillation of the Cyclotron Mass in Two-Dimensional Electron Systems in Silicon"
Phys. Rev. B 54, 1514-1517 (1996).26-96
V. T.Dolgopolov, A. A. Shashkin, A. V. Aristov, D. Schmerek, H. Drexler, W. Hansen, J. P. Kotthaus, and M. Holland
"Nonlinear Screening in Two-Dimensional Electron Systems"
Physics of Low-Dimensional Structures 6, 1-22 (1996).27-96
W. Hansen and H. Drexler
"Spectroscopy on Field-Effect Induced Quantum Wires and Quantum Dots"
in "Festkörperprobleme, Advances in Solid State Physics, Ed. R. Helbig (Vieweg, Braunschweig 1996) Vol. 35, pp. 81-101.28-96
A. P. Förster, W. Hansen, A. Schmeller, J. P. Kotthaus, W. Klein, G. Böhm, G. Tränkle, and G. Weimann
"Modulation-Assisted Raman Scattering of Plasmons in Field-Effect Induced Potential Superlattices"
in "Highlights of Light Spectroscopy on Semiconductors", Eds. A. D'Andrea and L. G. Quagliano (World Scientific, Singapore 1996), pp. 183-186.29-96
M. Fricke, A. Lorke, J. P. Kotthaus, G. Medeiros-Ribeiro, and P. M. Petroff
"Shell Structure and Electron-Electron Interaction in Self-Assembled InAs Quantum Dots"
Europhys. Lett. 36, 197-202 (1996).33-96
A. O. Govorov, W. Hansen, and J. P. Kotthaus
"Voltage-Tunable Bragg Reflector Based on the Quantum Confined Stark Effect"
J. Appl. Phys. 80, 1-3 (1996).p 19-96
JF.R. Frank, A.O. Govorov, W. Hansen, J.P. Kotthaus, and M. Holland
"New plasmon mode in coupled quantum wires in high magnetic fields"
Proceedings of 12th International Conference on the Application of High Magnetic Fields (Germany, 1996), World Scientific, in press.C: NANOMETER FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
M. Wendel, H. Lorenz, J. P. Kotthaus, and M. Holland
"Magneto Transport on Antidot Arrays Fabricated by an Atomic Force Microscope"
Solid State Electronics 40, 25-28 (1996).11-96
M. Tolan, G. Vacca, S. K. Sinha, Z. Li, M. H. Rafailovich, J. Sokolov, H. Lorenz, and J. P. Kotthaus
"Si/Ge Films on Laterally Structured Surfaces: An X-Ray Study of Conformal Roughness"
Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 191-193 (1996).30-96
M. Wendel, B. Irmer, J. Cortes, H. Lorenz, J. P. Kotthaus, and A. Lorke
"Nanolithography with an Atomic Force Microscope"
Superlattices and Microstructures 20, 349-356 (1996).
Invited Talks in 1996:
T. Schlösser
" An experimental glimpse at the Hofstadter butterfly
Edgar-Lüscher-Seminar "Modern Aspects of Solid State Physics"
(Serneus, Switzerland, 1996)J. P. Kotthaus
"Landau Subbands Generated by a Lateral Electrostatic Superlattice - Chasing the Hofstadter Butterfly", 9th Int. Winterschool "New Developments in Solid State Physics"
(Mauterndorf, Austria, 1996)A. Lorke
"Far-Infrared spectroscopy of Self-Organized InAs/GaAs Quantum Structures"
Int. Workshop on Semiconductor Growth, Surface Morphology, and Quantum Phenomena
(Ringberg, Germany, 1996)K. Ensslin
"Quantum Transport in Lateral Superlattices"
15th Gen. Conf. Condensed Matter Division of the European Physical Society ( Baveno Stresa, Italy, 1996)K. Ensslin
"Lateral Superlattices: Classical Chaos, Phase Coherent Electrons and Artificial Bandstructure"
17th Nordic Semiconductor Meeting ( Trondheim, Norway, 1996)D. A. Wharam
>Transport Properties of Coupled Quantum Dot Systems<
International Conference on Quantum Devices and Circuits
(Alexandria, Egypt, 1996)M. Wendel
3rd European Canadian Mesoscopic Initiative (ECAMI) Workshop
(Ottawa, Canada, 1996)A. Wixforth
"Spin effects in the intersubband resonance of semiconductor quantum wells"
ICPS XXIII (Berlin, Germany, 1996)A. Lorke
"Far-Infrared and Capacitance Spectroscopy of Self-Assemled InAs Quantum Dots"
23rd Int. Symp. "Compound Semiconductors" (St. Petersburg, Russia, 1996)K. Ensslin
"Lateral Superlattices: Classical Chaos, Phase Coherent Electrons and Artificial Bandstructure"
XXXI. Rencontre de Moirond on "Correlated Fermions and Transport in Mesoscopic Systems"
Les Arcs, France, 1996K. Ensslin
"From Classical Chaos to Quantum Behavior: Electron Transport in Lateral Superlattices"
Adriatico Research Conference "Mesoscopic Phenomena in Complex Quantum Systems"
(Triest, Italy, 1996)
Financial Support:
Funding of this work via the following agencies is gratefully acknowledged :


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Does Katniss survive The Hunger Games?
12 Answers | Add Yours
The original rules of The Hunger Games are that only one person can survive, meaning that both tributes from each district must fight everyone or each other. When the romantic plot of Katniss and Peeta becomes popular with the public, the Capitol changes the rules to allow two tributes to survive if they are from the same District. However, when Katniss and Peeta are actually the last two survivors, the Capitol tries to change the rules back; in rebellion, Katniss threatens to commit mutual suicide with Peeta instead of fighting him. Rather than allow that very powerful defiance of their power, the Capitol lets them both survive, and Katniss and Peeta return to their District to begin the events of the second book, Catching Fire.
Katniss Everdeen and Peeta Mellark (Both District 12) win the 74th Annual Hunger Games. Katniss offers Peeta poisonous berries to defy the Capitol when the Capitol tells them there can only be one victor at the end of the novel. Right before they eat the berries to commit suicide, they call of the games and announce them both as winners of the game.
Katniss ends up surviving and wins the Hunger Games as well as Peeta Mellark. They both win due to threatening to kill themselves by eating poisonous berries, but since there must be a winner, the capitol made them both winners. The capitol is very upset that they were made into a laughing stock thus Katniss has to act like she's in love with Peeta in able to stay out of trouble.
KAtniss does end up surviving the Hunger Games along with her lover Peeta Mellark thus both end up winning. Earlier in the novel there was an anouncement saying a pair from the same district will both be able to go home. From this announcement, Katniss is intentt on saving her and Peeta. After Cato dies, however, another announcement is made stating that there can only be 1 victor to make a dramitic ending to the games. Neither of the two want to kill the other, so in a plan to not kill each other, they decide to eat Nightlock berries, a type of berry that killed another compatetor. Since the capitol has to have a victor, they allow both of them to live.
Go read the book....
But bother Peeta and Gale live because they were going to commit suicide when they were the only ones left in the hunger games by eating Nightlock Berries. The capitol saw this as an act of rebellion and the capitol is trying to find an excuse to kill Katniss but she lives.
Yes she does. The original rule is only one came remain. But at the end her and Peeta were left and Peeta had no intention of killing Katniss especially since he loved her, and Katniss did not want to kill Peeta therefore to ensure one survivor, when she couldn't kill him, she decided to eat the poison berries herself as well as Peeta. They were both about to commit suicide but the Capitol saw that as an act of treason and let them both live.
Katniss does survive the hunger games. She utilizes her sources as well as her amazing logic to get around many rules and keep herself (as well as Peeta) alive through it all.
If you are also talking about the second book she survives that round of the hunger games as well, although she is not announced winner. I won't add any more spoilers in case you haven't read/weren't referring to that book.
Yes Katniss ends up winning the hunger games with peeta .
Katniss does end up surviving the hunger games. The original rule stated that only one person could be a victor but peeta and katniss threaten to kill themselves by eating nightlock. They let both peeta and katniss be crowned victors. She also survives the 2nd hunger games (quarter quell) she goes to by being rescued by the Plutarch Heavensbee .
Katniss survives The Hunger Games, and also allowed Peeta to join her even though the rules state only one person can be victorious.
Yes , both Katniss and Peeta were able to survive the Hunger Games . Katniss used her brain by tricking the game makers that she and Peeta were going to eat the poison berry thus making there no winners to the game . The game makers wanting a winner allowed both of them to win at the end .
katniss survives the Hunger Games by tricking the Capitol by giving te man ultimatum.
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Two parents are facing drug charges after their 11-year-old child took their drugs to elementary school and told a school officer his parents were breaking the law.
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Average rating | ||
Based on 673 Ratings and 673 Reviews |
Book Description
Richard Mayhew is a young man with a good heart and an ordinarylife, which is changed forever when he stops to help a girl he finds bleeding on a London sidewalk. His small act of kindness propels him into a world he never dreamed existed. There are people who fall through the cracks, and Richard has become one of them. And he must learn to survive in this city of shadows and darkness, m... More
Book Information
Publisher | HarperCollins Publishers |
Binding | Kindle Edition (33 editions) |
Reading Level | Uncategorized |
# of Pages | 400 |
Publication Date | 03/17/2009 |
Read the First Chapter of Neverwhere for Free
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3/15/2011 Leanne Pankuch said: I'm so excited that this novel has been chosen for the Spring 2011 "One Book, One Chicago" I'm really enjoying reading it again.
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9/25/2008 celia Leary said: I really enjoyed this, especially after moving to London and doing a Neverwhere tour of the city.
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very different too...but kinda fascinating in an odd way!
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Drs. Appelbaum and Ahrens discuss a case involving an adolescent with an eating disorder who was passively refusing treatment. They explore the nature of decision making capacity, and how it can be contextualized to specific decisions.
Parental Decision-Making in the ICU: Neurology, Genetics and Uncertainty
Sconyers/Godfrey Bioethics Grand Rounds. Commentator: Robert Truog, MD, MA, Professor of Medical Ethics, Anesthesiology and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Senior Associate, Critical Care...
Should Children with Disability Be Listed for Heart Transplant?
OMG, What R They Thinking? The Adolescent Brain, Risk Assessment and Decision-Making
Sconyers/Godfrey Ethics Grand RoundsDouglas Diekema, MD, MPH, University of Washington
Limitations of Resuscitation in Pediatric Patients
Treuman Katz Bioethics Lecture Joan S. Roberts, MD, University of WashingtonJonna Derbenwick Clark, MD, MA, University of Washington
Find out by selecting your child's symptom or health condition in the list below:


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Valencia ace David Villa has declared he's ready to move to England.
Villa has had a change of heart after failing to secure a transfer to Barcelona or Real Madrid last summer and is finally ready to leave Spain, a message that will be received with interest in the boardrooms of Chelsea, Manchester United and Manchester City.
"Quite simply, I rejected the possibility of moving abroad at that moment because there were issues that would not allow me to leave my country . . . my wife was pregnant and it didn't seem right to leave," he told The Times.
"I like the Premier League a lot. It's the league I follow the most along with La Liga and I've got a lot of friends playing there.
"There are a lot of globally important teams there that play very good football."
Villa is ready to stick it out with Valencia until the summer, but admits he is ready to play in England.
He said: "Maybe quite a few years ago, Spanish players were reluctant to leave La Liga for another league.
"But that's all changed now. There are very important players, a showcase of Spanish footballers playing for Premier League clubs; and there are players in other leagues, lesser leagues, as well.
"I think that the Spanish footballer has changed in this aspect in the last few years."


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The Box for Arduino is the perfect enclosure for any Arduino project: the internal mounting plastic pins are designed to fit in all Arduino boards.
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To see the tablescape, click here.
Make it Pretty Monday @ The Dedicated House
Tweak it Tuesday @ Cozy Little House
Tuesdays Treasures @ My Uncommon Slice of Suburbia
Hi Helen! My home town consists of a small post office! So no, we don't have one but a neighboring town does! Of course, we can travel a little farther south into Baton Rouge or New Orleans!
Hi Sherry! Thanks for the kind comments!
Thank you both for stopping by! Hopefully, one day I will be able to figure out why my "reply" does not work!
I LOVE this idea! I'm sure those gold chargers they always have at HL would work. I'll definitely be doing this! Spanish Town this Saturday!


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Re: Copy Vs DistCP
DistCP is a full blown mapreduce job (mapper only, where the mappers do a
"fully" parallel copy to the detsination). CP appears (correct me if im wrong) to simply invoke the FileSystem and issues a copy command for every source file. I have an additional question: how is CP which is internal to a cluster optimized (if at all) ? On Wed, Apr 10, 2013 at 7:28 PM, 麦树荣 <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > ** > Hi, > > I think it' better using Copy in the same cluster while using distCP > between clusters, and cp command is a hadoop internal parallel process and > will not copy files locally. > > ------------------------------ > 麦树荣 > > *From:* KayVajj <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> > *Date:* 2013-04-11 06:20 > *To:* [EMAIL PROTECTED] > *Subject:* Copy Vs DistCP > I have few questions regarding the usage of DistCP for copying > files in the same cluster. > > > 1) Which one is better within a same cluster and what factors (like file > size etc) wouldinfluence the usage of one over te other? > > 2) when we run a cp command like below from a client node of the cluster > (not a data node), How does the cp command work > i) like an MR job > ii) copy files locally and then it copy it back at the new location. > > Example of the copy command > > hdfs dfs -cp /<some_location>/file /<new_location>/ > > Thanks, your responses are appreciated. > > -- Kay > -- Jay Vyas http://jayunit100.blogspot.com |


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Released: Nov 01st, 1991
Running Time: 78
Director: Eric Edwards
Company: Hollywood Video
Raven Richards, Tom Byron, Mike Horner, Sharise (I), Stacey Nichols
Critical Rating: AA 1/2
Genre: Feature
Send a neophyte lady magician out to the stix of Weedpath, USA, and what do you get? Not exactly a warm reception, until she shows the locals some of the off-stage sleight-of-hand tricks.
Sharise makes the best of a plot misplaced somewhere in the bottomless top hat. Her encounter with the bartender (Nick E.) is a showstopper—she makes his magic wand disappear! But seriously, folks, this feature is nicely crafted but nothing new. A good amount of sex makes it worth it for stores who stock lots of new releases.


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So, you are a Christian? This is a message for you!
PriscillaFeb 5 2014, 7,156 views
Hope it can encourage Christians to stand up for their faith and what they believe in, but to never force our moralities on others who choose not to agree. God gives us all free will in life. It is not our responsibility to cram Christianity down anyone's throat.
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if you liked the video! Thank you!


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Ann Arbor is the ultimate in college towns: close to campus (which is beautiful, by the way), with a compact, walkable downtown area packed with coffee shops, good food, and brick buildings.
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10:02 PM GMT on March 12, 2013jaws2003 has created a new entry. |
By: jaws2003 , 5:23 PM GMT on March 02, 2013
Short Term(Today-monday)
Today the short term period begins with a weak system in the area bringing colder temperatures. No rain is to be expected during this short term period. Today's highs are predicted to be around 53F and lows are predicted to be around 35F. For Sunday highs are predicted to be around 56F and the low will be around 33F. Monday will have a high around 60F.
Long Term(Tuesday-Friday)
At this moment in the long term forecast the models are mostly in agreement. The GFS model is slightly more aggressive than the NAM model for precipitation during this period. On Tuesday evening there is a low pressure system predicted to come into the area. This system should leave the area by Wednesday morning. For the rest of the long term period clear weather and cooler temperatures will dominate the area. Temperatures will range around the upper 50s to mid 60s.
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I come from a small town just 45 minutes away from Tallahassee, Fl and since I was about 12 I enjoyed the weather and how it always changing.


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Message board »Message Board home »Sign-in or register to get started
Online now: 5 members: BabyDoll10, Tri18, Webbie25, the wood, wdodge22; 77 anonymousDiscussion: Team Points
Posted | Discussion |
July 10, 2012 Beasley Men's 50 173 posts | Team Points For those interested, I started a project and have part of it finished. I've been working on a "Point System" for Senior Softball. Rather than repeat some of the info I have there, you can go to www.seniorsoftballcentral.com and click on the Points button. John Beasley Senior Softball Central Admin Team 1 Sports/Renegades |
July 10, 2012 taits Men's 65 4417 posts | Many assn's use something like this even in SR ball. Nothing new. There are varying 'degrees' of championship events all of which are used in one way or another to "rate" individual players as well as teams. That applies to qualifiers or the others. One way or another they put you where they want or keep you where you are. Performance or lack of it, changes made in the roster or a move to different age group all effect ratings, but if roster doesn't change and you go up in age grouping, I doubt you'll drop a rating. There are 22 MAJOR events for the year, each of those are used but I think those should have more weight than used, for a move up. The other events should be used but at slightly less value for the win. Those major events are not equal as to team representation ie numbers, filled brackets, and those are the ones where concern need to be used. Not really a big win if only a couple other teams are in it with you. Even tho TOC gets those. But they matter because they made it there. Even more weight for the PHX, Reno and Vegas events which are usually well supported. Bottom line is, It is what it is. |
July 10, 2012 Beasley Men's 50 173 posts | Responded to this post on the Senior Softball Central forum. |
July 10, 2012 taits Men's 65 4417 posts | John, Won't be going there, because I do not feel I need to register for another site. You posted here, I replied here. I did the same on the site that was up for a year. Posted here so others would know what was also available on the other, but they could view it all too. Only needed to reg if you wanted to post. So no harm, no foul as it were. Hope it comes together for you. But the bottom line is still the same. Say hello to Alan for me. |
July 10, 2012 Beasley Men's 50 173 posts | I understand Alan. And yes, I'm trying to draw the discussion to that site to generate traffic. I know it gets to be a pain in the butt with all the different sites/forums. But that's why I that a central site would work well. It's going to take some time though. Basically what I replied there was that I didn't do the points for the associations. I did it because I thought it would be cool to rank the teams within a age group and then a classification. But could an association look at a teams performance in all the sanctioning bodies and base a classification on it - certainly. One of the things I found when doing the "system" was that you can't mix the classifications because a good Major+ tournament may draw 4 teams where the Major in the same tournament would draw 20. IMO ranking all the classifications together gives the lower classifications a leg up on the higher classifications. I concluded by saying that "IMO if a team wants to be considered one of the top teams in the Country, then they HAVE to play in the top classification. If you're happy with being a top team in your CLASSIFICATION, then so be it but don't confuse the two." Thanks for the feedback and I also hope things come togehter. |
July 10, 2012 Beasley Men's 50 173 posts | Sorry Scott, I'm such a putzzzz. I'll see Alan this afternoon for some BP and let him know you said hey. I'll also change my board where unregistered users can view the messages but a person needs to register to post. You make a good point. Thanks again. John |
July 10, 2012 taits Men's 65 4417 posts | Don't fret over it. Thanks for the change to come. Hope to meet you both sometime\someplace like so, so many others on here. Stay safe & healthy. |
July 10, 2012 Beasley Men's 50 173 posts | Scott, The change should be in place now. Thanks again for point that oversight out. Our next tournament is in two weeks at Dalton. If you're going to be there, let me know when you play and maybe our schedules will permit some time to have a cold one and talk some softball or whatever. After that, I'm not sure where we'll be but it would be nice to put some screen names with some real names and some faces. Take care. John |
July 10, 2012 taits Men's 65 4417 posts | John, Only a few assns share results, thus the skewed off balance ratings. The go with what they have or believe. They are within the same ages\ratings overall but since they combine both at times they are even worse off. You correct on the numbers game to a point but most teams attend the same events over and over no matter where they are. Looking at the start off points you give I wonder why different since you say your doing them separately. I think one issue is number of like teams in bracket. Say the same four teams play once a month, and the others only play once evert 2-3 months. Numbers will increase for some not the others. How do you level that out? I think using numbers for say total run scored, or runs held to is better than XX number for entering it. Especially when the two mentioned, M & M+ get different points. Even it the # of teams entered are different they both play the same number of games unless they play the same teams over in a best of 3 deal which really sucks. The brackets less that 4 teams are really a problem. Even 4 isn't so hot. But you see 1,2,3 & 4 all the time. Keep going, you might set something out of it... Just my opinion here. Some interesting stuff there. |
July 10, 2012 taits Men's 65 4417 posts | PS John, I'm lucky to play at all here, no Dalton for me. Thanks though. |
July 10, 2012 Beasley Men's 50 173 posts | Scott, I hear your concerns and at some point they may need to be addressed. But for now everything is based on the number of teams entered and a teams final result. Lets say there are 4 teams. Each team starts with 12 points. The team finishing 1st gets an additional 150 points for a total of 162 points. Second place gets 110 points plus the original 12 for a total of 122. 3rd place gets 90 plus the 12 original points for a total of 102 and the 4th place team would have a total of 92. That I've seen in crunching the numbers so far, the same 4 teams haven't played each other month after month. Even if they did, they haven't had the same finishing order. But just for grins, lets say that Avenue Towing (only because I saw they name mentioned in another post) plays does play a National tournament every month and happens to play the same teams and finishes 1st in all those tournaments. Then shouldn't they get the points? If the other teams want to get the points for 1st place then they should find a way to win the tournament. But you do have a couple good points: 1. I don't get the results from the other associations..... yet. I'm doing some talking to one of the other associations now to see if we can work something out. But you know something, IF (and that's a big if) the points become relevant and the different associations want their tournaments to count for something more than just being a tournament, they'll make the information available. 2. It would be great to give a team credit for run scored or runs allowed. But then you'd have to find a way to rate the opposing teams offense and defense. That way if a team scores 25 runs against a team that is a great defensive team then they get higher points and if they hold a team that has a very high "team OB per centage" to a minimal amount of run, they would also get a higher level of points. But for now, it is what it is. And at least it's something - a starting point. John |
July 10, 2012 taits Men's 65 4417 posts | I agree on the D part. Could be either objective or subjective depending on where the info come from. Only place that 'might' be neutral is taking how many inning were over in less that 3 outs by means of 5 runs scored. Another story there.... Why not like a horse race, win, place or show. 3 for win, 2 for place, 1 for show....OR reverse and its a golf game, lowest score wins... Ok, I'm nuts. But simple is better. SPA, SSUSA & ISA share some info still I'd think. How much is the question. And with different rosters between them poses another problem. |
July 10, 2012 Beasley Men's 50 173 posts | I don't know if every aspect will ever be covered. I can try to impliment what I can, when I can. Going with a win, place, show system like you mentioned would probably work but I tried not to reinvent the wheel. The system I'm trying to adapt is being used in Conference USSSA and seems to be working. I didn't research some of their boards to see if there were a lot of complaints or not. But we have one problem that they don't have there - classifications. They give points for the Smokey Mountain Classic regardless of a team being Major, A, B, or E. If your part of the conference and play in one of their tournaments, you get points. I doubt a 50+ AA team is going to want to come to a tournament and play the Major+ teams by the Major+ rules. It's hard enough trying to get 50+ Major teams to play the 50+ Major+ teams without some type of handicap. I've talked with a couple sponsors about providing the points champion with some type of award. Just some initial discussions to float the possibility. And it probably won't be much until the points begin to mean something - IF that ever happens. I mean, it may just be something that I play with to occupy my time since I don't have a real life - so I'm told. |
July 16, 2012 swing for the fences Men's 50 1038 posts | I think NCSSA should be added to your points list... SPA is not even coming out to California this year so Cali teams would get penalized in your format! IMO |
July 16, 2012 Mr Ed Men's 55 10 posts | SPA is have a western national tournament in Hemet Ca. on august 30th to sept 3rd. the info can be found on the SCSSA website www.socalssa.com Teams from Nevada and Arizona are planning on attending. |
July 16, 2012 Omar Khayyam 1036 posts | swing for the fences, good point. NCSSA would provide an attractive source of data with its 55 scheduled tournaments and 100+ teams. Mr. Ed, thanks for the info about SPA coming to SoCal. Our team enjoyed the SPA format in Reno last year, and they made a 5 year commitment to us to keep returning there so we helped them with info on how to build the number of teams. But they cancelled the Reno tournament this year, and evidently for years to come. |
July 16, 2012 Beasley Men's 50 173 posts | Swing, Omar, I went to the link provided by Swing earlier today and checked out NCSSA. I'll have to do some more checking. As I mentioned earlier, I'm trying to only include tournaments that qualify you for a National/World/TOC/World Series. So far, the tournaments I have listed do that. That I saw the NCSSA tournaments don't. I'll probably get beat up over that but I guess it goes with the territory. |
July 16, 2012 taits Men's 65 4417 posts | Better recheck the Yuba city events a couple are usually posted for Q's for some. You'll need to read flyers because not are. They usually post them for SSUSA, since they are in bed with them as the saying goes. Most of the rules are same. NCSSA is good but the web site sucks now. |
July 16, 2012 swing for the fences Men's 50 1038 posts | Beasly, I just wanted to point out that in some of these NCSSA Tourneys the Talent might be as good or better in some cases than the nationals Tourneys all over the country in SPA and the other sactions. Just for your rating critera I think it should be counted because of what teams are playing it and how well these team perform in SSUSA and on the national level. |
July 16, 2012 Omar Khayyam 1036 posts | Beasley, you're correct that most of the NCSSA events are not qualifiers, but as taits points out, some are. What you do have is excellent teams, nationally powerful and respected teams, who are going head to head in norCal with teams that don't travel as frequently, but which can beat them and the best. The reason taits said the website is poor is that the webmaster, Bob Strand, unexpectedly passed away. When he was in charge, the site was perhaps the best in all of softball (scores posted the same day! directions from YOUR home to a tournament, once you let a cookie on! Links to all important softball organizations and sites! Weather report for next tournament!). What a loss his death has been and will be. So far, no replacement webmaster has stepped forth. |
July 16, 2012 Beasley Men's 50 173 posts | Taits, Swing & Omar, You guys present a good case. I'm still cyphering on it and it's possible I'll use a few of the tournaments. I'll have to talk with the NCSSA to see what we can work out. I'm going to do the same with the other associations (SPA, ISSA, etc) to see what kind of agreement we can reach. If I can get the results, I'll probably try to figure out which are the most popular tournaments (besides World, World Series & TOCs) and use them. At some point, who knows, we may even crown a "points champion". Just wait until I try to do a batting sheet with OB%. I'm sure that will create a stur. |
July 16, 2012 swing for the fences Men's 50 1038 posts | LOL Beasley, for what it's worth you are on to something that I find interesting and in need of to the softball community.. it will need some tweeking, but you are working on it and I look forward to your finished product... you are off to a great start! |
July 16, 2012 Beasley Men's 50 173 posts | Thanks Swing, I appreciate that. I hope that it gives teams and players the recognition they deserve. There are a lot of fine individuals playing Senior Softball and a little recognition will go a long way. |
July 16, 2012 taits Men's 65 4417 posts | There will be a couple wild cards or jokers in the mix, that being the different rosters used within any one assn or between the different ones attended by same team. You can find that now as it is. There are always exceptions made somewhere. for players or where teams are placed*. * that refers to up or down ratings &\or age wise. The different assns do not rate the same which is another one eyed jack in the mix. Either way on 'points' 'champ, those who play more\win more... receive more. Not necessarily the best there though. |
July 17, 2012 Beasley Men's 50 173 posts | Taits, You're absolutely correct, those that play more will earn more points and the team at the top doesn't necessarily mean they are the best. And at the same time, a team that happens to win a World Tournament doesn't necessarily mean they are the best, it could just mean they got hot, were very fortunate and the bounces went their way that weekend. I don't know if there is a sure fired way to crown a Champion. But a team that gets out and plays and places in the majority of the tournaments they play in, will probably come out on top. I guess the bottom line is - if you want to say home and win Yard of the Month, don't expect to be crowned as the points champion. |
July 18, 2012 Marv19 Men's 60 461 posts | I need to jump in here to make sure the topic of SPA coming to the west coast is for real and not a rumor. Its a National event titled appropriately the Western Nationals. The web site provided by Taits is correct. As for Ridge promising he'd be in Reno for 5 years you can ask him about it there because he will be at this event in person. Any other questions you can email me at firstname.lastname@example.com |
July 18, 2012 swing for the fences Men's 50 1038 posts | Spa is going to be in Hammet CA in Sept 2 I believe.. with the worlds in SSUSA in Oct beginning. it might not be in the cards for teams north CA to go all the way down the Hammet! just saying.. |
July 18, 2012 Marv19 Men's 60 461 posts | That would be Hemet CA. Apparently 33 teams think otherwise so far :O) |
July 19, 2012 Omar Khayyam 1036 posts | Marv19, good signup so far for the Hemet tournament on Labor Day weekend. Our team thought about it. We were planning on going back to SPA in Reno that weekend, but decided Hemet is just too far. How many of the 33 so far are norCal teams? |
July 20, 2012 Marv19 Men's 60 461 posts | Omar: With about 6 weeks left 7 teams from out of the area. MO, AZ, CO, WA, NorCA and NV |
July 27, 2012 Tri18 728 posts | Beaz, How many negative points did we accrue under the system for sleeping through Dalton? A Team 1 Sports |
July 29, 2012 swing for the fences Men's 50 1038 posts | hey Tri, thanks for getting me the Wintercrest so fast... |
July 30, 2012 Tri18 728 posts | You are very welcome! I just got in another box as a lot of guys hit me up for it! Kept me going in Dalton for sure. Got to get Beaz some for his keyboarditis. Counting all those points is tough. A Team 1 Sports |
July 31, 2012 swing for the fences Men's 50 1038 posts | I gave my buddy Mike Rennels your email.. he will be ordering a tub shortly... cheers Allen! |


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Falling leaves with nCloth and Paint Effects-Use latest simulation module nCloth and Paint Effects in Maya 8.5 to create falling leaves animation Author: Duncan BrinsmeadSource: Autodesk AreasunsetLeafFall.avi sunsetLeaf.zip With nCloth, Maya users finally have a simple method for handling falling leaves. One can also easily attach leaves to branches and have the attachments broken by windforces by using nCloth constraints with glue strength. The basic workflow is very simple. Make a paint effects tree, convert it to poly, select the leaves and make nCloth. What follows is a more detailed tutorial. 1. Create a Paint Effects TreeIn general it helps to use a tree that will convert to poly well and which will not have too many segments per leaf. Here is a brush preset that should work OK. Put the following two files in your maya location "treesMesh" directory. (Do "Paint effects:Get Brush" and you will see the full pathname near the top left of the visor window) oakBigLeaf.mel oakBigLeaf.mel.icon You should now be able to select the preset "oakBigLeaf" in the visor and then create a tree by painting on the ground. 2. MENU "Modify: Convert: Paint Effects to Polygons"3. Select the Leaves4. MENU "nCloth: Create nCloth"The leaves will now fall downward during playback. On the nucleus node turn on "Use Plane" to collide with the ground. The playback will be rather slow. To speed things up set the substeps and max collision iterations on the nucleus node to 1. Also turn off "Self Collide" on the nClothShape. (If you want to collide the leaves with each other you can enable this, but you will likely wish to make the selfCollideWidthScale 1.0 and lower the thickness a bit) The simulation should now playback quickly. Raise the friction on the nCloth and the planeFriction on the nucleus node so the leaves don't slide too much. 5. Increase the nCloth bend resistanceThe preset in this tutorial has a little bend on the leaves so that they will curl as they fall, in typical leaf fashion. We need some bend stiffness for this to work. The Stretch/Compression/Bend resistance can all be set to 1.0 (if you have more segments on the leaves then you will need higher values) 6. Increase Lift and Drag on the nClothSetting both attributes to 0.3 works pretty well. In general if you make the lift higher than the drag it will be too energetic, but it provides a nice control over the character of motion. You can also make the tangential drag a little higher than zero so that there is some resistance to motion in the plane of the leaf. With tangentialDrag at 1 and lift at 0 we have simple uniform drag which looks boring and unnatural: sunsetLeafUniformDrag.avi If we lower the tangentialDrag to 0 but still have zero lift the effect is somewhat more interesting, but you still don't get the desired looping motion: sunsetLeafNoLift.avi When we add in the effect of lift the animation becomes much more natural: sunsetLeafFall.avi 7. Have some fun!We can play with various cloth attributes during playback to see how it affects the simulation. Try editing the wind strength and direction on the nucleus node to blow the leaves around. You can pull all the leaves back onto the tree by raising "Input Mesh Attract". Note that if one animates the original pfx tree( with turbulence for example) then this attraction is to the animated leaf positions. One could have the tree blowing around using turbulence on the pfx brush node then animate the inputMeshAttract from 1 to zero to release the leaves. Raising deform Resistance will freeze the overall group of leaves as if they were in a block of ice. Lowering it will then "melt" the ice (not realistic, but still fun). The rest of this tutorial will cover how to attach the leaves to the tree and dynamically break the attachments(through wind or tree shaking) such that the leaves don't all fall at once. 8. Select the leaves and the tree9. MENU: "nConstraint: Component to Component"By default each cv on the leaf object is connected to the nearest cv on the tree object, and visa versa. Instead we only want connections where the leaves touch the tree. To do this set the constraint "Connection Method" to "Within Max Distance" Now when you playback some leaves will fall, because all their cvs are further the the default "0.1" Max Distance from the tree cvs. We can simply increase the Max Distance to about 0.3. Playback will now be slower because this creates many connections( some redundant ones ). The longer connections can help keep the leaves from twisting about the branch. A more accurate connection would involve connecting edges to edges and using the bendStrength on the constraint to keep the leaves from twisting, although this is much slower to compute. To do this lower the constraint max distance to about 0.08 and on the two nComponent nodes set "Component Type" to edge. 10. Set glue strength so bonds can break.Set the constraint glue strength to about 0.2 and increase the wind speed on the nucleus node to blow leaves off the tree. Note that one may wish to type values greater than 1.0 into the wind speed. Alternately you could have turbulence animation on the oakBigLeaf brush to shake the leaves off. One could also key the brush Uniform Force attribute to bend the tree. Note that if you are using an edge to edge constraint with bend strength then you also need to set the constraint "Bend Break Angle". In the following animation the brush Path Follow attribute was animated to bend the tree, following by an increase in Wind Speed on the nucleus node. sunsetLeafBlow.avi The following project contains the scenes sunsetLeafFall.ma and sunsetLeafBlow.ma as well as source image files. sunsetLeaf.zip |
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Hallowell business owners want stricter parking enforcement
UPDATED 6:43 PM EDT Jul 14, 2014Businesses say people are not obeying parking limits in town, and it's costing them money.
Video TranscriptIN HALLOWELL, BUSINESS OWNERS ARE FED UP WITH DRIVERS WHO ARE IGNORING TIME LIMITS IN PARKING SPOTS. RIGHT NOW, PARKING ENFORCEMENT FALLS ON THE CITY'S POLICE OFFICERS, BUT CITY COUNCILORS ARE CONSIDERING ADDING AN EMPLOYEE THAT WOULD BE DEDICATED TO ENFORCING THE RULES... THOSE BUSINESS OWNERS SAY PEOPLE WILL PARK IN TWO- HOUR PARKING ZONES FOR EIGHT HOURS OR MORE, AND IT'S TAKING AWAY FROM THEIR BOTTOM LINE... Well on busy days we often look out the windows and there are cars parked all day long in two hour parking spots and the businesses want, need those spots to be available for people coming in to spend money in town not for tenants and employees and employers. CITY COUNCILOR LYNN IRISH HAS PROPOSED RAISING PARKING VIOLATION FEES FROM TEN TO FIFTEEN DOLLARS TO PAY FOR THE PARKING ATTENDANT. THE PROPSAL IS STILL IN THE EARLY STAGES AND WILL BE REVIEWED BY THE CITY'S FINANCE
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men's basketball falls at mcdaniel
Despite winning four of six contested bouts, the Muhlenberg wrestling team dropped its final Centennial Conference dual match of the season, 33-21
to McDaniel in a rescheduled match at Ursinus.
Back-to-back pins by junior Kevin Homan at 149 and senior Keith Swanson at 157 cut McDaniel's 15-0 lead to 15-12,
and then junior Patrick Gibson tied the match with a 7-3 decision.
The Green Terror won three of the final four weight classes, two by forfeit, to capture the match. Senior Bill Sholly won by disqualification at 184.
Homan finished the season 4-2 in CC duals, while Swanson was 3-2.
The Muhlenberg men's basketball team could not recover from a rough first half and lost at McDaniel, 68-54, in its last scheduled road game of the season.
The loss dropped the Mules (12-11, 8-8) into a three-way
tie for fifth place in the Centennial Conference. The two teams the Mules are tied with - Haverford and Ursinus - are their opponents in the final two games of the regular season. If Muhlenberg wins both games, it will qualify for the CC playoffs.
McDaniel (12-11, 9-7) held Muhlenberg without a field goal for almost the final 11 minutes of the first half, opening up a 33-17 lead at the break. The Mules could get no closer than nine points in the second half.
Freshman Kevin Hargrove shot 7-of-10 from the field and finished with 16 points. Junior Spencer Liddic notched his 13th double-double with 14 points and 12 rebounds, and junior Justin Greenstone added a season-high 10 points.
Muhlenberg® College2400 Chew St.Allentown, PA 18104-5586484.664.3100484.664.3623 (TTY) |