text:
Bulldogs hold on for win vs. Kentucky
STARKVILLE, Miss. (AP)
Mississippi State coach Dan Mullen came to the postgame press conference, sat in his chair, adjusted the microphone and then let out a strange noise that was somewhere between a scream and sigh of relief.
The Bulldogs had picked up their first Southeastern Conference victory of the season.
But it wasn't easy at all.
Mississippi State beat Kentucky 28-22 on Thursday night at Davis Wade Stadium. The Bulldogs built a 21-7 lead in the first half, but couldn't secure the game until Kentucky's last drive fell short at Mississippi State's 29-yard line with 21 seconds left.
''We did a lot of really good things tonight,'' Mullen said. ''And we did a lot of sloppy things.''
Dak Prescott threw for 268 yards and two touchdowns and also caught a 17-yard touchdown pass in another impressive all-around performance. He completed a career-high 23 of 34 passes and also rushed for 33 yards.
Jameon Lewis had a 19-yard touchdown run, caught a 17-yard scoring pass and also threw the 17-yard touchdown to Prescott on a trick play.
''He's a guy who makes people miss,'' Prescott said. ''He's really good in space. He's a guy that we're going to get the ball to.''
Mississippi State (4-3, 1-2 SEC) beat Kentucky (1-6, 0-4) for a fifth straight season.
''It was a must win,'' Lewis said. ''A winning streak has to start somewhere.''
It's the second time this season Lewis has had rushing, receiving and passing touchdowns in a game. The 5-foot-9, 195-pound senior was a quarterback in high school and Mullen relishes his diverse skill set.
Kentucky's Joe Mansour made a 44-yard field goal with 8:15 remaining to pull the Wildcats to 28-22.
Mississippi State chewed up 6 minutes of clock the ensuing next drive, but Kentucky had one final chance. The Wildcats methodically moved downfield until Maxwell Smith's fourth-down pass missed its target and Mississippi State escaped.
Mullen said the Bulldogs were fortunate to win considering there will several breakdowns on special teams, including a missed field goal and botched punt that led to a Kentucky safety.
Kentucky pulled to 21-19 in the third quarter on Jojo Kemp's 14-yard touchdown run. Then in what proved to be a key moment, the Wildcats recovered an onside kick, only to have it disallowed because of an offsides penalty.
Mississippi State took advantage. A 74-yard drive ended on the halfback pass from Lewis to Prescott, who handed the ball off before leaking into the open field for the catch, touchdown and 28-19 lead.
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Prescott, a 6-foot-2, 230-pound sophomore, completed 11 of 18 passes for 160 yards and two touchdowns in the first half, helping Mississippi State to a 21-10 halftime lead.
Prescott's first touchdown pass — a 60-yard fling to a wide open Malcolm Johnson — came after he danced out of the pocket while avoiding a sack. Kentucky's defense shifted forward because of Prescott's ability to run, and it gave Johnson time to slip behind the secondary undetected.
''What I saw tonight is what I see every day in practice, whether it's in the weight room, in practice or in a game,'' Lewis said. ''He's going to go all out.''
The Bulldogs had 296 total yards in the first half. Mississippi State started the game with the intention of using two quarterbacks, but Tyler Russell suffered a sprained ankle on his first series and never returned.
Kentucky's offense had a few good early moments — especially on a 51-yard screen pass from Smith to Timmons that tied the game at 7 — but the Wildcats became predictable because of their inability to throw downfield. Smith has dealt with pain in his throwing shoulder all season and wasn't close on most of his attempts to complete long passes.
Mississippi State safety Nickoe Whitley was ejected in the second quarter after earning two personal foul penalties over a span of four plays. The extra 30 yards greatly aided Kentucky on a drive that ended on a 45-yard field goal by Mansour.
Kentucky's Smith completed 18 of 33 passes for 160 yards and one touchdown. Backup Jalen Whitlow led one touchdown drive, but was hampered because of a previous ankle injury. Raymond Sanders had 86 yards rushing.
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text:
"The Simple Life" by Charles Wagner. Published by McClure, Phillips and Co., 1904. Translated from the French by Mary Louise Hendee.
Nice clean copy of this classic philosophical / inspirational text. Top edge gilt, cover title and spine text in gilt. Light cover wear, a bit of light foxing on the deckled outer edge.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Finding Fossils Along U.S. Freeways
Geologic pressures force ancient layers of rock above ground, exposing their cargo of fossils. Paleontologist Kirk Johnson and artist Ray Troll search the western United States for fossils and chronicle their finds in a new book, Cruisin' the Fossil Freeway.
Johnson and Troll speak with Andrea Seabrook.
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US 7873583 B2 Abstract A classification system is described for resiliently classifying data. In various embodiments, the classification system constructs a combined classifier based on multiple classifiers that are constructed to classify a set of training data. The combined classifier can be constructed in parallel with the multiple classifiers and applied to classify data.
Claims(19) 1. A method performed by a computer system for combining multiple classifiers, comprising:
for each classifier, setting to zero multipliers associated with data elements that were not used to construct the classifier; and
constructing a combined classifier by setting its multiplier values to a weighted average of the multipliers associated with the multiple classifiers wherein a combined support vector machine associated with a classifier receives an input, x, and computes a classification for the received input as ĝ(x)=ψ(Σi=1 l{circumflex over (α)}iyiK(xi,x)+{circumflex over (b)}).
2. The method of
receiving data to be classified; and
classifying the received data based on the classification provided by the combined classifier.
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. The method of
10. A system for combining multiple support vector machines, comprising:
a computing device having a central processing unit and memory;
a component that computes at least two Lagrange multipliers, each Lagrange multiplier computed to construct a support vector machine based on a subset of original training data that is randomly selected from the original training data; and
a combined support vector machine, the combined support vector machine computed based at least in part on an aspect of the support vector machines based on the subsets of original training data, wherein the combined support vector machine receives an input, x, and computes a classification for the received input as ĝ(x)=ψ(Σi=1 l{circumflex over (α)}iyiK(xi,x)+{circumflex over (b)}).
11. The system of
12. The system of
13. The system of
14. The system of
15. A computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed, cause a computer system to perform a method for combining multiple support vector machines, the method comprising:
receiving at least two support vector machines constructed from an original set of training data;
creating a new training data set based on classifications provided by each of the at least two support vector machines for the original training data set from which the support vector machines were derived; and
constructing a combined support vector machine based on the new training data set, wherein the combined support vector machine receives an input, x, and computes a classification for the received input as ĝ(x)=ψ(Σi=1 l{circumflex over (α)}iyiK(xi,x)+{circumflex over (b)}).
16. The computer-readable medium of
selecting a majority of the new training data to train the combined support vector machine; and
selecting a remaining portion of the new training data to verify classifications provided by the combined support vector machine.
17. The computer-readable medium of
18. The computer-readable medium of
19. The computer-readable medium of
Description This patent application is related to copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/625,249, entitled �RESILIENT CLASSIFICATION OF DATA� and filed concurrently herewith. Classifiers such as support vector machines (SVMs) can be employed for classification and regression of data sets. Classifiers are employed in many areas, including search, pattern recognition, regression estimation, �SPAM� detection, intrusion detection, and other security-related applications. An SVM operates by finding a hyper-surface in a space of possible inputs by analyzing training data. The hyper-surface attempts to split �positive� examples in the space of possible inputs from �negative� examples by maximizing the distance between the nearest of the positive and negative examples to the hyper-surface. This allows for correct classification of data that is similar, but not identical, to the training data. Various techniques can be employed to train an SVM. Most commonly, a large portion of the training data is used to train the SVM, following which the remaining small portion of the training data is used to test the SVM's accuracy. This process is repeated until the test results in a satisfactory accuracy. The training data can contain errors. For example, a provider of training data may maliciously or inadvertently provide training data that contains errors. A malicious entity that knows that a set of training data will be employed to train an SVM can purposely introduce errors in the training data so that, for example, a SPAM-detection component employing the resulting SVM classifies SPAM that the malicious entity later sends as not being SPAM. As an example, the malicious entity may be able to indicate that all electronic mail messages coming from an identified domain and containing a specified subject line are not SPAM. The behavior of the malicious entity may be difficult to understand and may not follow a well-defined model. This problem can be exacerbated when the training data comes from multiple sources, with some being potentially unreliable. As an example, a provider of anti-SPAM software may employ as training data electronic mail messages from several sources, with each such message identified as being SPAM or not SPAM. If one or more sources identify a large number of messages incorrectly, the resulting SVM could incorrectly classify messages it later receives. It is possible for a malicious source to alter a small subset of the training data to sufficiently alter the hyper-surface and thereby render it unusable. Errors in the training data may not occur according to any known model. Thus, errors may be said to be correlated. Whether or not a data point is in error may depend on not just the data point itself, but on other data points as well. Alternatively, there may be no explicit malicious entity and consequently no explicit attack on the training data, in which case the errors may be said to be uncorrelated. In either case, the classification performance can significantly suffer because of the errors in the training data. A classification system is described for resilient classification of data. The classification system can create multiple classifiers, such as SVMs, based on small subsets of training data, with one classifier for each such subset of data. The subsets of data may be randomly selected from a large set of training data that is classified as positive or negative. The data for each subset may be randomly selected. Each subset with randomly selected data can have significantly less data than the total set of training data, such as one percent or less of the data in the entire training data set. The classification system then constructs a classifier for each of the small subsets it creates. To classify non-training data, each classifier classifies the non-training data as positive or negative. The classification system selects the final classification of the received non-training data by combining the result from each classifier. Alternatively, the classification system provides a single combined classifier that is based on the multiple created classifiers. This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. A classification system is described for resilient classification of data. In some embodiments, the classification system creates multiple classifiers, such as SVMs, based on small, randomly selected subsets of training data, with one classifier for each such subset of data. The subsets of data may be randomly selected from a large set of training data that has already been classified as positive or negative. As an example, the set of training data may include several thousand electronic mail messages, with each message indicated as SPAM (positive value) or not SPAM (negative value). The data for each subset may be randomly selected with equal distribution from the positive and negative data and, from within the subsets containing positive or negative data, with uniform distribution. Thus, each subset should have approximately an equal number of SPAM and not-SPAM messages. This random selection can be performed without replacement, meaning that the same data cannot appear more than once in a subset. Each subset with randomly selected data can have significantly less data than the total set of training data, such as one percent or less of the data in the entire training data set. As an example, the training data set can have ten thousand messages, but each subset may have one hundred messages. The classification system can then construct an SVM for each of the small subsets it creates. To classify non-training data, the classification system causes each SVM to classify the non-training data as positive or negative. The classification system then selects the final classification of the received non-training data by combining the results from each SVM. When an SVM classifies data as positive or negative, it indicates on which side of its corresponding hyper-surface the data lies. For example, an electronic mail message whose combined classification is positive may be characterized as SPAM. Examples of ways to combine SVMs are to use a simple majority vote, a weighted majority vote, parallelization, or to create a combination SVM. Each of these ways of combining the results of SVMs will be discussed after discussing the notations used in this patent application. The full training data set is identified as follows:
This training data set comprises l members, and each member of the training data set, (xi, yi), has an input of features, x, that is classified, y, as positive (e.g., +1) or negative (e.g., −1). Various features can be employed to construct an SVM that, together, are termed a feature space. As an example, when classifying electronic mail messages, the feature space may include the sender's identification, subject line, time, contents, recipients, and so forth. The output of the SVM is used to classify the input features, and can be specified as follows:
In the sum, αi represents weights, known as Lagrange multipliers (�multipliers�), with one multiplier associated with each of the l members (�data points�). These weights are obtained through an SVM learning procedure. K(xi, x) is a kernel function that calculates inner products in the feature space. Various kernel functions can be employed, such as linear, Gaussian, or Chi-squared kernel functions. The SVM function also employs a bias, b, that is computed as follows: The classification system can create SVMs after creating multiple smaller subsets of data from the full training data set. The classification system initially divides the training data set into two subsets, each containing the positive or negative values. Define D+={(xiyi)∈D:yi=+1} and D−={(xiy1)∈D:yi=−1} as the two subsets containing the positive or negative values. The classification system creates J small subsets by randomly selecting m values from each of these two subsets. In some embodiments, the classification system selects the values randomly from each subset with equal probability. If R(j) is a randomly created subset, then R(j)⊂D,j=1, . . . J. Each such subset can be of size m where m is much less than l (e.g., in some embodiments, m is one percent or smaller of l). An SVM is constructed based on each R(j). Thus, the classification system can create J SVMs. The classification of an input x is the sign of an SVM's output, as stated by the function �(x). As an example, when an input (e.g., set of features) is computed by the SVM to be a positive number, it is classified as positive. Conversely, when the input is computed to be a negative number, it is classified as negative. When the input is computed to be zero, it lies on the hyper-surface and so can be classified as either positive or negative, depending on how restrictive the classification needs to be. As an example, inputs computed by the SVM function to be on the hyper-surface (e.g., zero) may be classified as SPAM in addition to inputs that are computed to be positive. The classification system can combine SVMs or their outputs in various ways. In some embodiments, the classification system employs a simple majority vote in which each created SVM provides a temporary classification for new data that is not part of the training data set and the classification system selects the statistical median classification. In some embodiments, the classification system can compute a simple majority vote, the output of which is represented as In some embodiments, the classification system selects the statistical mean classification instead of the statistical median. However, empirical evidence suggests that the median may be a better indicator for classification. In some embodiments, the classification system employs a weighted majority vote in which each created SVM has a specified weight associated with it. In these embodiments, the classification system applies a classification for an input based on the weighted majority vote of the result of each SVM. The weights can be assigned in various ways. In various embodiments, the classification system employs as a weight for a SVM the margin of the SVM, the absolute value of the result of the SVM, etc. The margin of an SVM is a measure of how well the SVM performs and is defined as the overall separation between the positive and negative classifications the SVM emits. The greater the margin, the better the SVM performs. The classification system can compute the combined output using the weighted majority vote as follows: The classification system can compute the confidence factor, θj, for each of the J SVMs by mapping the SVM outputs to a sigmoid function. The parameters of the sigmoid can be obtained using Maximum Likelihood Estimation, as described in J. Platt, Probabilistic Outputs for Support Vector Machines and Comparisons With Regularized Likelihood Methods, in A. Smola et al., editors, Advances In Large Margin Classifiers, MIT Press, 2000. Such a sigmoid enables the classification system to calibrate the output of an SVM in terms of posterior probabilities, which in turn enables computation of an empirical Bayes error rate. The θj is fixed as one minus this estimated Bayes error rate of the jth SVM. The weighted majority vote method enables parallelization because each SVM with randomly selected data can be combined in a distributed manner. The Lagrange multipliers for each SVM are defined only for data points in the training set of that SVM and for no other data points. That is, for the jth SVM, αi (j) are defined by the SVM for all i∈R(j). Then, the classification system can set αi (j)=0 for all i∉R(j) and construct a combining classifier by computing the weighted average of the Lagrange multiplier values by computing {circumflex over (α)}i for i=1, . . . , l and {circumflex over (b)}, the bias, as follows:
The final combined SVM can be computed as follows:
Another way to combine the SVMs is to construct an SVM based on the other SVMs, such as by (1) employing the support vectors from each of the other SVMs as a training data set or (2) employing the full training data set with the majority voting classifications using either the simple majority vote or the weighted majority vote. Several embodiments of the classification system will now be described in more detail with reference to the Figures. The computing devices on which the classification system operates may include one or more central processing units, memory, input devices (e.g., keyboard and pointing devices), output devices (e.g., display devices), storage devices (e.g., disk drives), and network devices (e.g., network interfaces). The memory and storage devices are computer-readable media that may store instructions that implement the classification system. In addition, the data structures and message structures may be stored or transmitted via a data transmission medium, such as a signal on a communications link. Various communications links may be used, such as the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network, or a point-to-point dial-up connection. The classification system may use various computing systems or devices including personal computers, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like. The classification system may also provide its services to various computing systems, such as personal computers, cell phones, personal digital assistants, consumer electronics, home automation devices, and so on. The classification system may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, executed by one or more computers or other devices. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, and so on that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Typically, the functionality of the program modules may be combined or distributed as desired in various embodiments. Referring to The training data divider can divide a set of training data into subsets. As an example, the training data divider can divide the training data into a positive subset containing training data classified as positive and a negative subset containing training data classified as negative. The training data divider can also create multiple small subsets of training data, such as subsets of data that is randomly selected from the positive and negative subsets with equal distribution. In various embodiments, the training data divider may provide an interface that receives indications of the types or numbers of subsets into which it should divide the training data. The SVM creator can construct one or more SVMs, such as by employing the subsets of training data the training data divider creates. The SVM creator can also construct combined SVMs, such as by combining Lagrange multipliers associated with the SVMs that are to be combined. In some embodiments, the SVM creator can construct combined SVMs in parallel, e.g., when creating the multiple SVMs. The input processor receives and processes input, such as data that is to be classified. Upon receiving the input, the input processor can employ (1) one or more SVMs to create a classification, (2) the output combiner to combine temporary classifications provided by the multiple SVMs, and (3) the data classifier to emit or store a classification for the input. The output combiner receives temporary classifications (e.g., outputs) provided by multiple SVMs in response to a provided input and employs one or more methods to combine the temporary classifications to produce a classification for the input. As examples, the output combiner can employ a simple majority vote or a weighted majority vote to produce the classification for the input. The data classifier can emit or store classifications of input. As an example, the data classifier may store the classification of an input in a database. In some embodiments, the data classifier may employ the output combiner to combine the outputs of multiple SVMs before classifying input. The classification system combines the training data that it retrieves or receives into a full training data set 204. A component of the classification system, such as the training data divider 108, can divide the full training data set into a positive training data set 206 and a negative training data set 208. This component can also create one or more subsets of the training data by selecting, e.g., without replacement, elements from the positive training data and the negative training data to create subsets of training data from which SVMs can be created. The subsets can be created by randomly selecting elements from the positive and negative training data with equal probability. These subsets are illustrated in A component of the classification system, such as the SVM creator 110, can construct one or more SVMs based on the created subsets of training data. In some embodiments, the component may employ each subset of training data to create a corresponding SVM. As an example, the component employs subset 1 to create SVM 1, subset 2 to create SVM 2, and so forth. These SVMs are illustrated in The input processor employs the previously created SVMs (e.g., SVM 1 306 a, SVM 2 306 b, SVM 3 306 c, . . . SVM j 306 j) to create temporary classifications for the received input. The classification system then employs an output combiner 308 to combine the inputs to produce an output, e.g., a combined classification 310. The output combiner can employ various methods to combine the temporary classifications, such as a simple majority vote, a weighted majority vote, and so forth. In some embodiments, when employing the weighted majority vote method, the output combiner may employ weights 314. These weights may be computed using various methods, such as a SVM margin, one minus a fraction of points in the SVM's training set, an absolute value of the SVM's decision function at the input's data point, and so forth. The classification system may then employ a classifier 312 to emit or store the combined classification 310, such as in a database. According to the embodiment illustrated in Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the logic illustrated in In various embodiments, the classification system may employ classifiers other than SVMs or in combination with SVMs. Examples of other classifiers include discriminant-style classifiers, such as neural networks. Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims. Patent Citations
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This guide summarizes the main features of the Canadian income and mining tax systems currently in effect throughout the country. Quantitative examples give further insight into the application of the systems.
A variety of distinct business structures have evolved to facilitate mine development, including partnerships, joint ventures, flowthrough share financing, farm-ins and royalty arrangements.Normally, a tax regime will accord different treatment to each of these structures, affecting the tax effectiveness of that structure in a given situation. This guide describes the basics of the more common business structures, along with their treatment for tax purposes.
This guide also provides a broad overview of Canada's system for taxing foreign mining projects, whether held through branches or foreign subsidiaries, and lists some special considerations for non-resident investors in Canada.
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Canadian Mining Taxation — 2011 (1.18 MB) Download the full PDF. |
Canadian Mining Taxation — 2009 (1.18 MB) Download the full PDF. |
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Julianne Hough's Workout Secret: How She Stays in Shape (PHOTOS)
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MLBTR Live Chat
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An out of market Mets blog. (aka South of Citi)
I must say the entire first paragraph, you and me both. I love all of the names you mentioned, I can't wait to see how your series unfolds. I noticed we are both on Bleacher Report and hot stove. I will send you a message in B/R, so you know who I am, but I saw that you had a political website too. Do you still write on it? I have a friend who is big into politics and has similar views. He's brilliant and I'd love to send you a link to his stuff. Let me know.


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Oops, I forgot to say that my long winded reply was for Robert Carl.
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Fixation (histology)
In the fields of histology, pathology, and cell biology, fixation is a critical step in the preparation of histological sections by which biological tissues are preserved from decay, thereby preventing autolysis or putrefaction. The structure of a tissue is determined by the shapes and sizes of macromolecules in and around cells. The principal macromolecules inside a cell are proteins and nucleic acids. Fixation terminates any ongoing biochemical reactions, and may also increase the mechanical strength or stability of the treated tissues. The broad objective of tissue fixation is to preserve cells and tissue components and to do this in such a way as to allow for the preparation of thin, stained sections.
In performing their protective role, fixatives denature proteins by coagulation, by forming additive compounds, or by a combination of coagulation and additive processes. A compound that adds chemically to macromolecules stabilizes structure most effectively if it is able to combine with parts of two different macromolecules, an effect known as cross-linking. Fixation of tissue is done for several reasons. One reason is to kill the tissue so that postmortem decay (autolysis and putrefaction) is prevented.[1] Fixation preserves a sample of biological material (tissue or cells) as close to its natural state as possible in the process of preparing tissue for examination. To achieve this, several conditions usually must be met.
First, a fixative usually acts to disable intrinsic biomolecules—particularly proteolytic enzymes—which otherwise digest or damage the sample.
Second, a fixative typically protects a sample from extrinsic damage. Fixatives are toxic to most common microorganisms (bacteria in particular) that might exist in a tissue sample or which might otherwise colonise the fixed tissue. In addition, many fixatives chemically alter the fixed material to make it less palatable (either indigestible or toxic) to opportunistic microorganisms.
Finally, fixatives often alter the cells or tissues on a molecular level to increase their mechanical strength or stability. This increased strength and rigidity can help preserve the morphology (shape and structure) of the sample as it is processed for further analysis.
Even the most careful fixation does alter the sample and introduce artifacts that can interfere with interpretation of cellular ultrastructure. A prominent example is the bacterial mesosome, which was thought to be an organelle in gram-positive bacteria in the 1970s, but was later shown by new techniques developed for electron microscopy to be simply an artifact of chemical fixation.[2][3] Standardization of fixation and other tissue processing procedures takes this introduction of artifacts into account, by establishing what procedures introduce which kinds of artifacts. Researchers who know what types of artifacts to expect with each tissue type and processing technique can accurately interpret sections with artifacts, or choose techniques that minimize artifacts in areas of interest.
Fixation is usually the first stage in a multistep process to prepare a sample of biological material for microscopy or other analysis. Therefore, the choice of fixative and fixation protocol may depend on the additional processing steps and final analyses that are planned. For example, immunohistochemistry uses antibodies that bind to a specific protein target. Prolonged fixation can chemically mask these targets and prevent antibody binding. In these cases, a 'quick fix' method using cold formalin for around 24 hours is typically used. Methanol (100%) can also be used for quick fixation, and that time can vary depending on the biological material. For example, MDA-MB 231 human breast cancer cells can be fixed for only 3 minutes with cold methanol (-20degrees Celsius). For enzyme localization studies, the tissues should either be pre-fixed lightly only, or post-fixed after the enzyme activity product has formed.
This section requires expansion. (June 2008) |
There are generally three types of fixation process:
Heat fixation: After a smear has dried at room temperature, the slide is gripped by tongs or a clothespin and passed through the flame of a Bunsen burner several times to heat-kill and adhere the organism to the slide. Routinely used with bacteria and archaea. Heat fixation generally preserves overall morphology but not internal structures. Heat denatures the proteolytic enzyme and prevents autolysis. Heat fixation cannot be used in the capsular stain method as heat fixation will shrink or destroy the capsule (glycocalyx) and cannot be seen in stains.
Perfusion: Fixation via blood flow. The fixative is injected into the heart with the injection volume matching cardiac output. The fixative spreads through the entire body, and the tissue doesn't die until it is fixed. This has the advantage of preserving perfect morphology, but the disadvantages that the subject dies and the cost is high (because of the volume of fixative needed for larger organisms)
Immersion: The sample of tissue is immersed in fixative of volume at a minimum of 20 times greater than the volume of the tissue to be fixed. The fixative must diffuse through the tissue to fix, so tissue size and density, as well as type of fixative must be considered. Using a larger sample means it takes longer for the fixative to reach the deeper tissue. Best in a slight vacuum.
Chemical fixation[edit]
In this process, structures are preserved in a state (both chemically and structurally) as close to living tissue as possible. This requires a chemical fixative that can stabilise the proteins, nucleic acids and mucosubstances of the tissue by making them insoluble.
Types of chemical fixatives[edit]
Crosslinking fixatives - aldehydes[edit]
Crosslinking fixatives act by creating covalent chemical bonds between proteins in tissue. This anchors soluble proteins to the cytoskeleton, and lends additional rigidity to the tissue.
By far the most commonly used fixative in histology is formaldehyde. It is usually used as a 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin (NBF), that is approx. 3.7%-4.0% formaldehyde in phosphate buffered saline. Because formaldehyde is a gas at room temperature, formalin-formaldehyde gas dissolved in water (~37% w/v)-is used when making the former fixative. Paraformaldehyde is a polymerised form of formaldehyde, usually obtained as a fine white powder, which depolymerises back to formalin when heated. Formaldehyde fixes tissue by cross-linking the proteins, primarily the residues of the basic amino acid lysine. Its effects are reversible by excess water and it avoids formalin pigmentation. Other benefits include: Long term storage and good tissue penetration. It is particularly good for immunohistochemistry techniques. Also the formaldehyde vapour can be used as a fixative for cell smears.
Another popular aldehyde for fixation is glutaraldehyde. It operates in a similar way to formaldehyde by causing deformation of the alpha-helix structures in proteins. However glutaraldehyde is a larger molecule, and so its rate of diffusion across membranes is slower than formaldehyde. Consequently glutaraldehyde fixation on thicker tissue samples may be hampered, but this problem can be overcome by reducing the size of the tissue sample. One of the advantages of glutaraldehyde fixation is that it may offer a more rigid or tightly linked fixed product—its greater length and two aldehyde groups allow it to 'bridge' and link more distant pairs of protein molecules. It causes rapid and irreversible changes, fixes quickly, is well suited for electron microscopy, fixes well at 4oC, and gives best overall cytoplasmic and nuclear detail. However it is not ideal for immunohistochemistry staining.
Some fixation protocols call for a combination of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde so that their respective strengths complement one another.
These crosslinking fixatives–especially formaldehyde–tend to preserve the secondary structure of proteins and may protect significant amounts of tertiary structure as well.
Precipitating fixatives - alcohols[edit]
Precipitating (or denaturing) fixatives act by reducing the solubility of protein molecules and (often) by disrupting the hydrophobic interactions that give many proteins their tertiary structure. The precipitation and aggregation of proteins is a very different process from the crosslinking that occurs with the aldehyde fixatives.
The most common precipitating fixatives are ethanol and methanol. They are commonly used to fix frozen sections and smears. Acetone is also used and has been shown to produce better histological preservation than frozen sections when employed in the Acetone Methylbenzoate Xylene (AMEX) technique.
The protein denaturants - methanol, ethanol and acetone - are rarely used alone for fixing blocks unless studying nucleic acids.
Acetic acid is a denaturant that is sometimes used in combination with the other precipitating fixatives, such as Davidson's AFA.[4] The alcohols, by themselves, are known to cause considerable shrinkage and hardening of tissue during fixation while acetic acid alone is associated with tissue swelling; combining the two may result in better preservation of tissue morphology.
Oxidising agents[edit]
The oxidising fixatives can react with various side chains of proteins and other biomolecules, allowing formation of crosslinks that stabilize tissue structure. However they cause extensive denaturation despite preserving fine cell structure and are used mainly as secondary fixatives.
Osmium tetroxide is often used as a secondary fixative when samples are prepared for electron microscopy. (It is not used for light microscopy as it penetrates thick sections of tissue very poorly.)
Potassium dichromate, chromic acid, and potassium permanganate all find use in certain specific histological preparations.
Mercurials such as B-5 and Zenker's fixative have an unknown mechanism that increases staining brightness and give excellent nuclear detail. Despite being fast, mercurials penetrate poorly and produce tissue shrinkage. Their best application is for fixation of hematopoietic and reticuloendothelial tissues. Also note that since they contain mercury care must be taken with disposal.
Picrates penetrate tissue well to react with histones and basic proteins to form crystalline picrates with amino acids and precipitate all proteins. It is a good fixative for connective tissue, preserves glycogen well, and extracts lipids to give superior results to formaldehyde in immunostaining of biogenic and polypeptide hormones However, it causes a loss of basophilia unless the specimen is thoroughly washed following fixation.
HOPE fixative[edit]
Hepes-glutamic acid buffer-mediated organic solvent protection effect (HOPE) gives formalin-like morphology, excellent preservation of protein antigens for immunohistochemistry and enzyme histochemistry, good RNA and DNA yields and absence of crosslinking proteins.
Frozen sections[edit]
Small pieces of tissue (5×5×3mm) are placed in a cryoprotective embedding medium—OCT, TBS, or Cryogel—then snap frozen in isopentane cooled by liquid nitrogen. Tissue is then sectioned in a freezing microtome or cryostat. Sections are then fixed in one of the following fixatives: Absolute acetone for 10–15 seconds, 95% ethanol for 10–15 seconds or Absolute acetone 10 seconds followed by 95% ethanol 10 seconds
- Give better preservation of antigenicity
- Minimal exposure to fixative
- Not exposed to the organic solvents
- Much faster than other forms of fixations.
- Lack morphological detail
- Present a potential Biohazard's
Target and chemical fixative do's and don'ts[edit]
This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. (September 2013) |
Target | Fixative of Choice | Fixative to Avoid |
Proteins | Neutral Buffered Formalin, Paraformaldehyde | Osmium Tetroxide |
Enzymes | Frozen Sections | Chemical Fixatives |
Lipids | Frozen Sections*, Glutaraldehyde/Osmium Tetroxide | Alcoholic fixatives, Neutral Buffered Formalin |
Nucleic Acids | Alcoholic fixatives, HOPE | Aldehyde fixatives |
Mucopolysaccharides | Frozen Sections | Chemical fixatives |
Biogenic Amines | Bouin Solution~, Neutral Buffered Formalin | |
Glycogen | Alcoholic based fixatives | Osmium Tetroxide |
- Frozen Sections preserve RNA and Lipids despite poor morphology. Compare to Paraffin sections, synonymous to Chemical Fixatives in the table, which destroy RNA and affect some antigens BUT give good morphology.
~ A picrate
Factors affecting fixation[edit]
Should be kept in the physiological range, between pH 4-9. The pH for the ultrastructure preservation should be buffered between 7.2 to 7.4
Hypertonic solutions give rise to cell shrinkage.
Hypotonic solutions result in cell swelling and poor fixation.
10% neutral buffer formalin is 4% formaldehyde (1.33 osmolar) in PBS buffer (0.3 osmolar) sums to 1.63 osmolar. This is a very hypertonic solution yet it has worked well as a general tissue fixation condition for many years in pathology labs. and also the size of tissue can be the factor that effect the FIXATION process
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Size of the specimen[edit]
1-4mm Thickness [0.5cm]
Volume of the fixative[edit]
At least 15-20 times greater than tissue volume
Increasing the temperature increases speed of fixation. However, care is required to avoid cooking the specimen. Fixation is routinely carried out at room temperature.
As a general rule, 1hr per 1mm of tissue PFA must penetrate. So if we have a three-dimensional tissue block, it is the shortest dimension that determines fixation time.
Time from removal to fixation[edit]
Fixation is a chemical process, and time must be allowed for the process to complete. Although "over fixation" can be detrimental, under-fixation has recently been appreciated as a significant problem and may be responsible for inappropriate results for some assays.
External links[edit]
Library resources about Fixation (histology) |
- Fixing specimens for making permanent slides
- Fixation strategies and formulations for immunohistochemical staining
- ^ Carson, Freida L; Christa Hladik (2009). Histotechnology: A Self-Instructional Text (3 ed.). Hong Kong: American Society for Clinical Pathology Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-89189-581-7.
- ^ Ryter A (1988). "Contribution of new cryomethods to a better knowledge of bacterial anatomy". Ann. Inst. Pasteur Microbiol. 139 (1): 33–44. doi:10.1016/0769-2609(88)90095-6. PMID 3289587.
- ^ Friedrich, CL; D Moyles; TJ Beveridge; REW Hancock (2000). "Antibacterial Action of Structurally Diverse Cationic Peptides on Gram-Positive Bacteria". Antiomicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 44 (8): 2086–2092. doi:10.1128/AAC.44.8.2086-2092.2000. PMC 90018. PMID 10898680.
- ^ http://microvet.arizona.edu/research/aquapath/davidson.htm Davidson's AFA formulation at University of Arizona, Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology website (accessed, Feb. 22, 2013)


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17 of 17 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars
Couldn't put it down,
This review is from: The Birth House (Paperback)
I bought this book on a whim. I'd never heard of it before, but the cover just...caught my eye. And the charming binding made me pick it up. I wasn't dissappointed. It took me...a day to read it, 12 hours maybe, of solid reading, because try as I might, I couldn't bear to set it down for long. The story just...completely drew me in, and the characters make you fall in love with them from the very first chapter. This book made me laugh and cry and rage all in a single chapter...and provoking such an emotional response...is one of the hardest jobs an author has. Also, the additions of a glossary, recipe and other little fun tidbits in the back of the book were delightful. The perfect book for the summer.
Here's to tea with mitts!
13 of 13 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars
A Rare Treasure,
Verified Purchase(What's this?)
This review is from: The Birth House (Hardcover)
The story of Dora Rare's Life, Love, Profession, and Compassion is not only Compelling, It's Inspiring. Amy McKay Paints a picture of life in an isolated village in Nova Scotia during WWII. Dora is drawn into the world of the holistic midwife, helping to bring new life into the world. Yet with the sweet comes the sour, Dora often learns to ease fragile souls onto their next journey. As an Obstetrical Nurse, I found the details of Dora's work both fascinating and true to life. But beyond my personal connection with this book, it is truly a great novel.
A must read, can't put it down, page turner!!
7 of 7 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars
Can't get enough of The Birth House,
This review is from: The Birth House (Paperback)
When I bought this book in the Toronto airport, I was looking forward to having an interesting read to Vancouver. Little did I know that this book would consume my every thought. I couldn't put it down! I stayed awake the entire flight reading it and couldn't wait to read more. I must say that when I finished this book, I was quite upset, and still am, that it was done. A really excellent read!
14 of 15 people found the following review helpful
3.0 out of 5 stars
Ok Read - Nothing Spectacular,
By Mrs. Shaw "happybooks" (Alberta. Canada) - See all my reviews
This review is from: The Birth House (Hardcover)
While I am normally a huge fan of historical fiction, I was not that impressed by this novel. I found the characters to be underdeveloped and the plot stilted. I found myself skipping over a lot of superfluous information that did nothing to further the story or enhance the characters. Before I get yelled at by those who love the book, I would like to say that I very much enjoyed the glimpse into the history of midwives/birth and woman's rights as well as the subtle yet clever parallels between the two. (IE the "birth" of women's rights and freedoms). However, I still felt it could have benefited from a good editor and the fleshing out of the plot.
5 of 5 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars
Ami McKay is a fantastic writer!,
Verified Purchase(What's this?)
This review is from: The Birth House (Paperback)
I've read both Ami McKay's books and both are just amazing! She is just a wonderful writer and really brings you into the time peroid and lives of these characters. I love the fact that the underlying current in both books is women and their rights and women banding together and taking control of their bodies. In this one, it's about a woman's right to decide how and where she will have her baby. Not the doctors decision or her husbands. As well it's about women choosing when to have babies. So empowering. Dora Rare is an unwilling midwife to begin with and then finds her power and place in the village as a savour to the women there. Truely a great read for any woman.
4 of 4 people found the following review helpful
4.0 out of 5 stars
A pleasant surprise,
This review is from: The Birth House (Hardcover)
I was drawn to this book by its strking cover and the locale of the story - - an area of this country that I enjoy every summer with my daughter. What a welcome surprise that the story itself turns out to be even better than the package & the lure of coastal Nova Scotia. I found the book particularly thought provoking given some the present day assaults being launched on women's reproductive rights both north and south of the border. Plus ca change...it would seem.
For anyone who enjoyed Lori Lansen's Rush Home Road, The Birth House is guaranteed to please. A tender and thoughtful addition to the wealth of contemporary Canadian literature that we are so fortunate to have at our fingertips.
8 of 9 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars
Drawn to it,
By The center of gravity (Vancouver) - See all my reviews
This review is from: The Birth House (Paperback)
I'm initially drawn to novels becasuse they offer me either something totally foreign, or because of their location. Hence my picking Haddon's "Curious Incident" as I wasn't autistic and didn't live in England. Also the reason for picking "Bark of the Dogwood" as I don't live in the Southern U.S. So I picked "Birth" because it was set before WWI, a period I've always been fascinated with. Now, living on the opposite side of Canada I also was somewhat intrigued with Nova Scotia. Perfect book for me right?
This novel is real and you can literally smell, feel, and taste the experiences. It's the story of Dora, a young girl, who trains under an Acadian woman that many believe to be a witch. When a "real" doctor shows up, i.e. Dr. Gilbert Thomas, the clash begins. He represents all that's new and scientific and Miss Babineau and Dora represent just the opposite. The story unfolds from there, with a lot of good writing and even some poetic passages. The author obviously did a lot of research on this novel, and that also impressed me. This alone is probably the reason the experiences shown are so real and the characters' interactions touch the right nerves. For those looking for a great read, might I suggest this book, along with the novel "Middlesex" and the book "The Time Traveler's Wife."
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars
The Birth House by Ami McKay,
This review is from: The Birth House (Paperback)
When I finished reading this book, the images stayed with me for a long time. Ami McKay has a real feel for the characters in her book. Before I bought the book, I listened to Ami being interviewed on CBC radio recently.
If you have an interest in the tension between midwifery and the medicalization of birth, this would be a good book to read. Not only does it develop the constant struggle between the medical community vs. the common sense practice of the midwives, it also gives a strong feel for the people of east coast Canada at the beginning of the twentieth century. I give this book five stars because it captures the Canadian spirit of independence.
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars
Certainly Worthwhile,
This review is from: The Birth House (Paperback)
As a resident of the village which was the setting for this book I can say that it seemed very poignant. I read some of the other reviews that criticized the book for not being well researched and I am not sure what they are talking about. Firstly, it is a historical fiction, not history, therefore she is permitted to embellish here and there to add to the story. The parts based on historical events I believe were extremely well researched. The names of the characters were obvious plays on words, but that added to the overall impact of the story. Ami seemed to try to make us as readers feel as if we were in Dora Rare's shoes. She added little touches of folk remedy, undoubtedly taken from an eclectic collection of some persons, that made it seem authentic.
I think a lot of women can relate to the conflicts and emotions in this book. We have all at one point or another struggled with our identity, in love, and to fit in. If this book does not remind you of some memory within your own life than I am afraid you have not lived. I thoroughly enjoyed the book and look forward to "The Virgin Cure."
4.0 out of 5 stars
An Engaging Scrapbook,
Verified Purchase(What's this?)
This review is from: The Birth House (Paperback)
It is easy to see why this charming book has become a Canadian best-seller. It takes readers back to a time and place where life was simpler, though more elemental, and introduces a most attractive heroine in young Dora Rare, who becomes the midwife to her small community. The place -- a real one -- is Scots Bay, Nova Scotia, a small fishing and shipbuilding village at the tip of a rocky peninsula in the Bay of Fundy, isolated from the larger town of Canning by an intervening mountain. The time is roughly that of the First World War, and though the munitions explosion in Halifax and the Spanish Flu epidemic in Boston both play a part in the story, its focus is mainly on the women remaining in the village after the men have left.
Among these is Dora, reputedly the only girl child ever born to a Rare man. As a girl, she strikes up a friendship with Marie Babineau, an old Acadian woman who subsists on the charity of the local women in return for her services as a herbalist, healer, and midwife, "catching" babies as they come into the world, or occasionally undoing their conception; her only aim is to help. Dora becomes her apprentice while still in her early teens, and eventually takes over, although she also keeps a foot in the more normal social life of the village. The contrast between old half-superstitious wisdom and modern science is one of the few plot tensions in the book, especially with the arrival of Dr. Gilbert Thomas, a practitioner of obstetrics and an early form of for-profit managed care. McKay tilts the playing-field, however, by making Thomas all too ready to bring out the chloroform, forceps, and scalpel, and showing him totally blind to the emotional needs of his patients. While she paints a valuable picture of the early feminist struggle for autonomy in women's health, it is hard not to read this as a polemic for her own day also. McKay, who lives in a former birth house herself, has done an impressive amount of research into social, medical, and maritime history, herbalism, and folklore. There is even a beautifully-illustrated herbiary at the end of the novel. Her book is a treasure-trove of tidbits of knowledge. The problem with this, however, is less her few inaccuracies (such as mentioning transistor radios three decades before their time) than the difficulty of maintaining narrative tension while writing essentially in scrapbook form, with vignettes, journal entries, letters, and newspaper clippings intercutting the mainly first-person account. This is especially true at the end, where the novel settles down gracefully into a series of glimpses. Though similar in subject and setting, it has none of the wildness or tension of Michael Crummey's GALORE. It is not a book I shall want to keep on my own shelves, but I shall certainly send it to my pregnant daughter, in some confidence that she will like it. |
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The Birth House by Ami McKay (Hardcover - Feb. 14 2006)
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text: Url.Action() and RouteValue Encoding July 19, 2009 - from Hood River, Oregon 11 comments Tweet As I'm working though my first MVC application I've run into a few problems with creating URLs based on 'special characters'. Here's a specific example, where I need to create links from a list of tags. In the example above a list like C#,ASP.NET,MVC is turned into a list of links that looks like this: The tags are stored as a simple comma delimited string and are split and turned into links using the UrlHelper's Action() method. The following is an extension method on my application specific UrlHelperExtensions class: public static string GetTagLinkList(this UrlHelper urlHelper, string tags) { if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(tags)) return string.Empty; string[] tagStrings = tags.Split(new char[1] { ',' }, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries); StringBuilder html = new StringBuilder(); foreach (string tagString in tagStrings) { string urlAction = urlHelper.Action("List", "Snippet", new { listAction = "tag", listFilter = tagString.Trim() }); html.Append(StringUtils.Href(HttpUtility.HtmlEncode(tagString.Trim()), urlAction) + ", "); } if (html.Length > 2) html.Length -= 2; return html.ToString(); } The Action() method works against the available routes for the application and makes it easy and consistent to link to other Urls in your applications without explicitly building up URLs which is nice. So rather than writing out the URL you can specify the controller and action, plus any additional parameters in the RouteValues parameter and the Action() method figures out based on the route configuration how the URL needs to be formatted. This works great – until you hit certain special characters in your URL. Specifically in the tag list above one of the tags is C# – notice the hash tag. A hashtag has special meaning in a URL that is meant to jump to the name of an anchor contained within the content of the page. So what happens above when the C# link is embedded? It gets embedded raw as http://codepaste.net/list/tag/C# without any encoding. This actually works, but only coincidentally – when the MVC application parses the URL to perform it's routing the value for the language (C#) gets truncated to C because the # is treated as a URL artifact rather than part of the actual embedded tag. Bummer! So my first thought was – well duh – I'll just UrlEncode the value myself: string urlAction = urlHelper.Action("List", new { listAction = "tag", listFilter = urlHelper.Encode(tagString.Trim()) }); but that doesn't actually work because Action() actually DOES encode values on its own. It just doesn't encode # as it should. The result of the code above is C%2523 which is double encoded C%23. Not quite what I had in mind. This came up in a Twitter discussion and some argument ensued over whether the # should be encoded or not, but I'm pretty adamant in that it definitely should be: Although you may want a hashtag in a URL somewhere, the # has no place in an action parameter, so when Action() parses parameters it should most definitely UrlEncode() the entire value no exceptions. In the end the only way I could figure out to make this work is fall back on manually creating the URL as a string: string urlAction = urlHelper.Content("~/list/tag/") + urlHelper.Encode(tagString.Trim()); This correctly produces the following URL: http://codepaste.net/list/tag/C%23 which works correctly although it doesn't look very pretty. The code above of course then also loses the ability to check routes and build the URL from the configured routes, so if routes are changed this code will have to be updated. OTOH, it's probably more efficient to just write out the hardcoded string in this way. :-} To Encode or Not To Encode So, does this behavior of the Action() method strike anybody else as incorrect? I don't see any reason that something like C# as an action parameter should ever not encode. While hashtags on URLs are certainly valid, they need to always be used at the end of a request so I can't imagine a scenario where the # should be embedded as part of Action parameters. What do you think? Posted in MVC ASP.NET Tweet Feedback for this Post # Url.Action() and RouteValue Encoding by DotNetKicks.com July 19, 2009 @ 5:50pm You've been kicked (a good thing) - Trackback from DotNetKicks.com # re: Url.Action() and RouteValue Encoding by Haacked July 19, 2009 @ 8:26pm I think it should be encoded as %23. the reason it isn't is because we rely on a method of the URL class for the encoding that might be the wrong method to call in this context. I believe we'll fix this in ASP.NET MVC 2. # Interesting Finds: July 20, 2009 by Jason Haley July 20, 2009 @ 4:07am Interesting Finds: July 20, 2009 # re: Url.Action() and RouteValue Encoding by Duncan Smart July 20, 2009 @ 5:15am My hunch is that somewhere, something is calling Uri.ToString() and not Uri.AbsoluteUri, which is something that bit us ages ago. For some reason Uri.ToString outputs an unescaped ("human readable"?) version of the querystring, thereby decoding carefully URL-encoded values. # re: Url.Action() and RouteValue Encoding by Richard Deeming July 20, 2009 @ 10:23am Actually, it's more likely that the Bind method in the internal ParsedRoute class is calling Uri.EscapeUriString [1] instead of Uri.EscapeDataString [2]; the former is used to escape an entire URI, whereas the latter is used to escape part of a URI. This is similar to the encodeURI and encodeURIComponent methods in JavaScript. For example:Console.WriteLine(Uri.EscapeUriString("C++/C#")); // C++/C# Console.WriteLine(Uri.EscapeDataString("C++/C#")); // C%2B%2B%2FC%23It's good to hear that this will probably be fixed in v2.[1] http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.uri.escapeuristring.aspx[2] http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.uri.escapedatastring.aspx # re: Url.Action() and RouteValue Encoding by Khalid Abuhakmeh July 20, 2009 @ 5:25pm instead of trying to encode the # in C# why don't you just interpret # to the word "sharp".so your web address wouldn't look likehttp://codepaste.net/list/tag/C%23but insteadhttp://codepaste.net/list/tag/Csharpdo the same for any other special character. "+" is "plus," "-" is "minus" or "dash", and "=" is "equal(s)." I feel preserving the web address readability is completely worth the effort of writing an interpreter. # re: Url.Action() and RouteValue Encoding by Rick Strahl July 20, 2009 @ 5:44pm @Khalid - not sure if that really helps. While it may make the URL more readable (which doesn't really matter), it doesn't make the URL more hackable to a power user. A power user would expect C# to work so they'd likely try http://codepaste.net/list/tag/C# and end up with the same original problem.Like the idea of translating parameters though! # re: Url.Action() and RouteValue Encoding by Chris Love July 23, 2009 @ 5:05am This is not really SEO freindly. First 'normal' users are not going to understand a URL Encoded character. Second from what I know search engines are not going to take the time to translate the %23 to #. If you think about it they cannot just assume something has actually been encoded. I like your example because it really shows this problem I have been raising for several months now. I typically use an 's to break the routing. I do hope to create a blog in the coming days to show my position on this issue and it goes beyond just the Routing system we now have, it really affects any URL rewriting solution that solely relies on regular expressions. The real issue is how to rehydrate to the real URL correctly, while making a truely friendly URL that gets the highest SEO juice you can. # Url.Action() and RouteValue Encoding - Rick Strahl by DotNetShoutout July 28, 2009 @ 9:21am Thank you for submitting this cool story - Trackback from DotNetShoutout # re: Url.Action() and RouteValue Encoding by Boersnoes August 03, 2009 @ 2:44am I too encountered this problem a while ago.ref: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/240224/double-incomplete-parameter-url-encodingIt's good to read that the team is on it and it will be fixed in the 2.0 version. # re: Url.Action() and RouteValue Encoding by Krisztian March 18, 2013 @ 4:38am It looks like that as of MVC 4.0 this is still not changed. Some characters are still not encoded using Url.Action(...).


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A Raytheon Standard Missile-3 Block 1B interceptor passes test
Thursday - 5/17/2012, 6:52pm EDT
The Missile Defense Agency says a Raytheon Standard Missile-3 Block 1B interceptor successfully shot down a ballistic missile target during a flight test in Kauai, Hawaii. It was the missile system's 20th successful intercept, but the first for its newest, evolved variant, which will enable the defeat of sophisticated threats around the world. Essential to the Obama administration's phase two of the Phased Adaptive Approach to long-term missile defense in Europe, the SM-3 Block 1B will be deployed ashore and at sea on Navy cruisers and destroyers.


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The Jack and Shirley Silver Center for Special Needs builds and nurtures an inclusive and accepting community where individuals with varying special needs and their families can participate and succeed in innovative social, recreational, and educational activities. We recognize and respect the diversity of our community as we work to meet the changing needs of individuals with disabilities in the 21st century.
For more information, contact Allison Kleinman, Director, Center for Special Needs via email or phone at 646.505.4367.
The Center for Special Needs is made possible through the generous support of Jack and Shirley Silver.


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Exchange and Community
This is the last weekend to catch the intriguing show at UTA, which features images created by Susan kae Grant
…based on the dreams she had while a test subject at a sleep research clinic, as well as some eye-catching pictures taken by 20 contemporary German photographers.
Exchange and Community, thru Sat. The Gallery at UTA, 502 S Cooper St, Arlington. 817-272-3143.
272, 3143, 502, 817, arlington, catching, community, contemporary, cooper, exchange, eye, features, gallery, german, images, photographers, pictures, sat, sleep, uta


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Select a picture:
Item: MECAJ8MBM
The MEINL Pickup Cajons are equipped with the DST pickup microphone and the A1.2 preamp system with volume control from B-Band ®. This active system includes a specially designed preamp, high quality endpin output jack and a durable battery. The structure is light in mass adding very little weight to the instrument. The sound reproduction is amazingly pure and clear. This installed microphone system provides comfortable and easy handling in live situations. Plug in and play.
List price: $496.00
You Save: $196.01 (40%)
MECAJ8MBM - Pickup Cajon with StringsPrice $299.99
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Tuesday, September 4, 2012
Hard Candy Love
You guys! Oh Em Gee!! So, I know y'all know and love her royal highness, PinkLouLou right?! If you don't, you should! She posted a week or two ago about some Hard Candy products she tried and I decided to try a few products after seeing her positive reviews of them.
I scooted off to my local Wal-Mart since Hard Candy Cosmetics are sold exclusively at Wallyworld. Fun times! After perusing the HC section quite a bit I decided to try the Just Face It foundation. I haven't used an actual foundation in YEARS. I have just been using a tinted moisturizer, which don't get me wrong I love, but it was time to see if something else would work better. And, hello! I see a HUGE difference in the way my skin looks and feels with the foundation as opposed to just a tinted moisturizer. Amazing!!
The next thing I tried was this Glow all the way luminzer that is infused with 24karat gold! I got the 'dollface' color which is a very soft pastel pinky kind of color since I tend to stay away from the bronzy or coppery colors just because I think they look ridiculous on me. I mean if the rest of my body is pink, I think its stupid for my face to be brown. Maybe that's just me though...lol So I use this luminzer once I have the foundation on. I put it mainly on my cheeks for that 'dewy' fresh faced look. Again, LOVE this product.
I know I have talked before about how hard mascara is for me. I have very sensitive eyes and have to use waterproof mascara, there have only been a couple kinds that I've found that don't irritate my eyes terribly and I'm happy to say I can now add Lashaholic to the list! I really can't say enough good things about this mascara. It goes on smooth, doesn't clump, doesn't flake off, looks incredible and doesn't irritate my sensitive peepers!
One of my favorite shadows that I've used recently is this Hard Candy duo. It has sparkles built into it. Something I will say is that this shadow tends to not stay unless I use a ton of primer on my lids. But since I know this about this shadow I do use a primer on my lids every time. After I figured that part out, I love this shadow. It goes on evenly, and it stays all day.
And voila! This is my Hard Candy face! I love. Seriously.
beauty products,
Hard Candy Cosmetics,
Reactions: |
8 comments:
Looks great girl!! OK you have convinced me to go get the glow stuff and the mascara. Going to WM tonight :) Darn it I fear I have a new easily accessible makeup addiction, at least it is cheap right?? haha ;)
Thanks for your sweet shout out, made me blush! Love your layout too. love how clean it is :)
PLLYou look great! Ok I am going to have to try the mascara and the duo shadow. I am sure the mascara is cheaper than my regular stuff, all the reason to try it out:) I have never heard of Hard Candy before this. I am going to check out PinkLouLou now too:)
ReplyDeleteLOVE that about the mascara - I also have super sensitive eyes and it's so good to know that I can buy Hard Candy's mascara, too! Great review. :)
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Do you have high level retail contacts?
reading- Contract type
- Permanent
- Posted
- 1194 days ago
Looking for someone who knows - all the right people in the marketing departments of national RETAIL brands - and who can get to them and deliver powerful ideas by them - and CLOSE. Make a million with us this year if you can deliver the goods. The ultimate, insanely easy sale but you need to get in front of the right people. Work from home, and from wherever you are. Eat what you kill.
Ad ID: 94856214


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To graduate with distinction, a candidate for the bachelor's degree must have completed a minimum of 96 semester hours in residence at Manchester University and accumulated a grade point average that falls in the ranges outlined below. Graduation with honors is determined using the cumulative grade point average when all graduation requirements are complete. At the commencement ceremony, the University recognizes students who met the requirement for graduation with honors at the end of the 2015 January session. Final determination for graduation with honors will be made when all work is completed.
The Honors Diploma
The Honors Diploma is awarded to seniors who have maintained a grade point average of at least 3.5, completed five semester hours of honors study each academic year, and written an honors thesis.


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Microplasmin Administered Via the Trellis-8 Infusion System for Treatment of Acute Iliofemoral DVT (MAX-DVT)
This study has been terminated.
(Sponsor's decision to not pursue uPLi for vascular conditions including DVT.)
Bacchus Vascular
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: January 26, 2007
Last updated: April 4, 2014
Last verified: April 2014
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
A single centre, single-arm study to evaluate safety and efficacy of microplasmin administration via the Trellis-8 Infusion System in patients with acute iliofemoral DVT
Condition | Intervention | Phase |
Deep Vein Thrombosis |
Drug: microplasmin |
Phase 2 |
Study Type: | Interventional |
Study Design: | Allocation: Non-Randomized Endpoint Classification: Safety/Efficacy Study Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment Masking: Open Label Primary Purpose: Treatment |
Official Title: | An Open Label Clinical Trial of Microplasmin Administered Via the Trellis-8 Infusion System for the Treatment of Acute Iliofemoral Deep Vein Thrombosis |
Resource links provided by NLM:
MedlinePlus related topics:
Deep Vein Thrombosis
Drug Information available for:
U.S. FDA Resources
Further study details as provided by ThromboGenics:
Primary Outcome Measures:
- Treatment success - treated segment has < 25% residual thrombus AND flow is present following administration of microplasmin [ Time Frame: During intervention procedure ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
Secondary Outcome Measures:
- Grade of lysis [ Time Frame: Upon completion of procedure ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
- Limb patency [ Time Frame: Baseline, 48h post procedure, Day-7 and Day-30 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
- Target limb reintervention [ Time Frame: Day-7 and Day-30 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
- Clinical outcomes [ Time Frame: Baseline, 48h post procedure, Day-7 and Day-30 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
Enrollment: | 6 |
Study Start Date: | March 2007 |
Study Completion Date: | October 2008 |
Primary Completion Date: | July 2008 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure) |
Arms | Assigned Interventions |
Experimental: 1 |
Drug: microplasmin
20mg with Trellis-8 15cm Treatment length 40mg with Trellis-8 30cm Treatment length
Ages Eligible for Study: | 18 Years and older |
Genders Eligible for Study: | Both |
Accepts Healthy Volunteers: | No |
Inclusion Criteria include:
- Patients with radiographically-confirmed acute proximal DVT
Exclusion Criteria include:
- Isolated calf or popliteal vein DVT, based on duplex ultrasound
- Thrombus involving the inferior vena cava (IVC)
- Proximal (e.g. cranial) aspect of thrombus cannot be adequately assessed to level of the iliac veins or inferior vena cava, based on duplex ultrasound.
- Cannot traverse the target vessel segment with guidewire
- Symptomatic pulmonary embolism is present at time of presentation
- Documented history of prior DVT in target extremity
- History of anticoagulants administered for > 30 days for undocumented/ unclear reason (e.g. for reasons other than presence of mechanical cardiac valve, atrial fibrillation, etc.)
- Documented history of thrombophilic disorder, with diagnosis established via previous objective testing (e.g. familial screening for thrombophilia).
- Cannot receive standard secondary prevention pharmacotherapy [i.e. heparin or LMWH and vitamin K antagonists (VKA)] due to contraindications to anticoagulation [e.g. known bleeding diathesis, thrombocytopenia (platelets < 100,000 mm3), heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), known allergy to heparin or warfarin]
- Absolute contraindication to thrombolytic therapy
- Previous central nervous system haemorrhage
- Life expectancy less than 1 year, due to other comorbid condition.
- Previous intervention in target limb to address venous thrombus.
- Target limb has chronic venous insufficiency of C4 or greater severity
- Acute or chronic symptomatic musculoskeletal condition in target limb (e.g. trauma, fracture, severe arthritis).
- Documented patent foramen ovale or other right-to-left cardiac shunt.
- Absolute contraindication to contrast media or renal insufficiency (baseline creatinine >2.0 mg/dL).
Contacts and Locations
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study.
To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the Contacts provided below.
For general information, see Learn About Clinical Studies.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00428129
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00428129
Ireland | |
Section of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University College Hospital, Newcastle Road | |
Galway, Co Galway, Ireland |
Sponsors and Collaborators
Bacchus Vascular
Principal Investigator: | Gerard O'Sullivan, MD | Section of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University College Hospital, Newcastle Road, Galway |
More Information
No publications provided
Keywords provided by ThromboGenics:
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on May 03, 2015
No publications provided
Responsible Party: | ThromboGenics |
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: | NCT00428129 History of Changes |
Other Study ID Numbers: | TG-M-005 |
Study First Received: | January 26, 2007 |
Last Updated: | April 4, 2014 |
Health Authority: | Ireland: Irish Medicines Board |
Keywords provided by ThromboGenics:
Acute Iliofemoral Deep Vein Thrombosis |
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Thrombosis Venous Thrombosis Cardiovascular Diseases Embolism and Thrombosis Vascular Diseases |
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on May 03, 2015


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Where do I begin?
Where do I begin?
I have been thinking about raw foods for a while after reading about Gala Darling's raw adventure on iCiNG. I'm seventeen and I've been overweight for a very long time; I also lack the energy and motivation to get all the things I'd like to do, done.
I've been reading up on raw foods today and I'm really excited! I want to start soon; however, I am feeling a bit lost. Where do I begin? Any help or tips or links would be so so loved. Let me know how you started and did you find it hard? What are your favorite recipes? Anything you'd like to share with a total raw-virgin, really.
It is my opinion that you should ease into it. Add more salads and raw fruit to your diet and transition slowly. Your body will do a lot of cleansing if you start eating raw and some people can't handle the detox well. You may feel worse before you feel better.
You have made a good decision though, despite the initial detox effects, you will come out a winner!
Hi windymoors,
Congrats to joining this raw journey. I am also 17 years old and its great to have another raw teen on board. My story of going raw is something that my body kind of led the way to. It started last summer when I read about all the benefits of raw. At the time I was still vegan and my goal was to go raw when I'm a full grown adult with more knowledge of how to take care of myself. And then, by november/december, it hit me! I looked at my diet and I was like, oh my god, I'm eating raw. I'm actually doing it! I'm eating raw!
It was completely unintentional for me. I simply and slowly reduced and eventually diminished certain things from my diet like beans (after realizing how much heart burn and gas it caused me), cooked veggies (same reason as beans as well as thinking about all the loss of nutrients and enzymes made it unappetizing), etc.
Mainly, the big thing I noticed after my epiphany that I was eating raw was that I did not get severe heartburns from meals anymore. I was already super health conscious so junk food was never a concern. Apples are my ultimate comfort food. I eat them as much as I want.
One advice from me is not to worry if you eat something not raw along the way. Everybody slips here and there once and a while. And as 123 mentioned, don't let the initial detox take you away from this diet. I am still experiencing detox at this moment actually becuase I just tried a couple of different leafy greans that I've never tried before (dandelion and aragula) and I know that the dandelion is extremely cleansing for the body, specifically the liver, and its really got me feeling lousy at the moment. Speaking of detox, don't expect yourself to feel better very soon. It might take some time depending on your body. So be patient and good luck!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
123 is right, the first thing to do is add more fruits and salads into your diet. Espcially depending on what your diet is right now. Maybe you do eat a lot of fruit but also have a lot of processed sugar in your diet—get rid of the processed sugar! It completely tricks your body into consuming empty calories when a sugar craving hits. Fruits like apples, bananas and dates will really hit your sweet tooth when processed sugar is out of the body. I also think it would be good to pick one or two days a week where you aim to eat exclusily raw those days and see what happens. Welcome to the raw lifestyle – eating a high raw diet is something you'll never regret!
Thanks everyone!
Elizabeth – I really like the idea of pick a few days a week to do only raw, it'll help me ease into it nicely. I'm lucky that my mom has been pretty good about raising me on veggies and not buying sodas and things like that. I think where I lag is when I feel too lazy to make myself something and I just heat up a frozen meal. I'll have to try dates!
This next week is going to be exciting!
I find raw to be the easiest for the lazy cook – I have a big fruit/vege bowl and when I simply can't be bothered cooking (and in the past would have eaten bread, bread and more bread) I just grab something from the fruit bowl. Wha-La! Instant meal! Its great!
Hey windymoors! Congratulations on finding the raw lifestyle! I am sure it will change your life for the better :) I have transitioned over a few months trying a raw day now and then. But what really worked for me was doing a 3 day green smoothie fast. I find that when you are eating SAD and then a raw day or even vegan cooked and then a raw day… I missed the cooked food. But when I did a smoothie fast (out of pure bliss after having bought a new blendtec blender!) it really taught my body how much food was enough and that if I messed up a dinner recipe or something that a green smoothie was a great replacement! So it was a really natural transition for me to go raw after 3 days on green smoothies. But, I was into raw foods for a few months… had purchased all the gear (dehydrator, spiralizer, food processor, blender, raw nuts and superfoods…. I was practicing my sprouting skills etc) so I was ready. I guess the most important thing is that you do it in joy and do what feels best for you. Some go raw overnight and are super happy detoxing because they know it is going to pass…. so my advice would be do whatever brings you joy. Best of luck to you!!! And use this forum there are fantastic people on here that have shared the experience and are so friendly and helpful… even if you want to talk about your poop!! hahaha Have fun!
I think another success factor of a 3 day green smoothie fast is that the greens totally take care of cravings…. your body is getting what it needs on the greens… so I didn't go around all day wishing I was eating pizza… I really felt great on the smoothies. For a lot of people (including myself) cravings can be a real problem when transitioning… but greens do the trick every time!!
You HAVE to buy the Raw Food Real World book by Sarma Melngailis and Matthew Kenney. It's got a whole bunch of tips and recipes! :) good luck.
Oh, and by the way, if you love ice cream, you should check out some of my raw ice cream recipes I posted on this website! other people have great desserts, which you should check out.
Hey Maggie :) If you want to try a green smoothie fast you can join me on mine – I am starting today. It's a good way of detoxing and starting on your journey. Smoothies in general are good for you, full of fruit/greens etc and full of nutrients! Only takes a few mins to buzzzz up in a blender and are delicious! I was 20 years old when I decided I wanted to do something about my weight problem, it is great that you are being proactive now, don't let it be 'tomorrow' that you start losing weight, make it today! :D If you need any help I'm around. I lost 66lbs (about 30 kilos or 5 stone) last year and hope to drop the remaining weight in the next few months!


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Sentences that Throw you a Curve
What are Paraprosdokians?
© 2008 The Lexiteria LLC. All rights reserved. For more information, contact The Lexiteria by clicking here You may distribute this list freely so long as a link to alphaDictionary.com is included.
Paraprosdokian is not an Armenian writer or football coach but a figure of speech characterized by an abrupt change of direction at the end. It is a phrase that intentionally leads us down the garden path, that misleads us into thinking one way, then suddenly ending on an unexpected twist. Stand-up comedians who like one-liners use lots of them, because the setup and punchline are all in a single line.
Here are some examples that we've gathered from various sources. If we didn't include your favorite, please send it to us via our Contact Page and we will give it our full consideration.
Other Resources You Might Enjoy
- The 100 Funniest Words in English
- The 100 Most Beautiful Words in English
- Rebel-Yankee Test
If you liked the dictionary, you would probably enjoy taking Rebel-Yankee Test as much as the 3 million people who have already taken it. - Glossary of Rhyming Compounds
Some of the funniest words in English are rhyming couplets like sing-song, willy-nilly, and dilly-dally. Learn more about them here. - Glossary of Eponyms
Words that come from the names of people. - Phobias, Philias, and Manias
Here they all are. Of course, new ones are made up every day. - Phobia Quiz
Do you know the difference between agoraphobia and acrophobia? Let's find out. - Where do US State Names Come from?
Where in the world did we get names like Wyoming, Mississippi, Arizona, and California? - Glossary of Folk Etymology
Foreign words we change to sound more like English.


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Associated Press
Associated Press: Remember That Story About Nuns Stuffing Kids' Bodies in a Septic Tank? Never Mind.
Remember the cock and bull story about the bodies of kids being stuffed into a septic tank by nuns who ran a home for unwed mothers in Tuam, Ireland? If you do, the Associated Press really wishes you would forget all about it.
DUBLIN (AP) — In stories published June 3 and June 8 about young children buried in unmarked graves after dying at a former Irish orphanage for the children of unwed mothers, The Associated Press incorrectly reported that the children had not received Roman Catholic baptisms; documents show that many children at the orphanage were baptized. The AP also incorrectly reported that Catholic teaching at the time was to deny baptism and Christian burial to the children of unwed mothers; although that may have occurred in practice at times it was not church teaching. In addition, in the June 3 story, the AP quoted a researcher who said she believed that most of the remains of children who died there were interred in a disused septic tank; the researcher has since clarified that without excavation and forensic analysis it is impossible to know how many sets of remains the tank contains, if any. The June 3 story also contained an incorrect reference to the year that the orphanage opened; it was 1925, not 1926. Continue reading
If You Repeat a Lie a Thousand Times…
Archbishop John Nienstedt of St. Paul-Minneapolis has defended Pope Benedict in his column in the archdiocesan weekly newspaper.
In reporting on the column, the Associated Press closed their story with this:
Critics of the church's handling of abuse cases are citing Benedict's tenure as head of the Vatican office charged with disciplining clergy. The office halted a mid-1990s investigation into a Wisconsin priest accused of molesting some 200 deaf boys.
Dear Associated Press: the CDF did not stop the investigation. If you'd actually do some journalism you'd know that.


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Welcome, guest
Like us on Facebook for inter-esting movie poster-related stuff:
Blade cover
Copyright by respective production studio and/or distributor. Intended for editorial use only.
Directed by:
Stephen Norrington
Wesley Snipes,
Kris Kristofferson,
Traci Lords,
Stephen Dorff,
Matt Schulze,
Udo Kier,
John Enos III,
Sanaa Lathan,
Donal Logue,
Tim Guinee,
Kenny Johnson,
Jenya Lano,
Stephen Norrington,
Gerald Okamura,
Judson Earney Scott,
Kevin Patrick Walls,
N'Bushe Wright,
Arly Jover
Blade movie stills, Lobby Cards


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These crafts are my creations.
Feel free to pin away!
But please give Our Prairie Home credit.
Click on the caption below the picture to be redirected to the post.
Some posts are from my old blog, so you may be sent there.
Thanks for looking!!
Barn Window Picture Display {Tutorial} |
Paper Rosette Wreath {Tutorial} |
Family Chore Chart {Tutorial} |
Canvas Painting {Tutorial} |
Family Wall Art {Tutorial} |
Audrey Hepburn Barn Door Art {Tutorial} |
Antiqued White Mirror {Tutorial} |
Pool Noodle Wreath |
Scrap Fabric Wreath {Tutorial} |
Burlap and Hydrangea Straw Wreath |
DIY Mirror Turned Chalkboard |
Fox Hollow Cottage Aurora Fundraiser Wreath |
Freezer Paper Transfer Grain Sack Pillows {Tutorial} |
No Sew Pillows {Tutorial} |
Burlap & Canvas Crafts |
Patina Frills |
Patina Frills |
Patina Frills |
Patina Frills |
Patina Frills |
Creating a Blog Header: Part 1 |
Creating A Blog Header: Part 2 |
Creating A Blog Header: Part 3 |
Creating Connect Buttons |
Creating Sidebar Header Labels |
Monogrammed Oak Pedestal Table {Tutorial} |
Smores On A Stick {Tutorial} |
Drop Cloth Canvas Curtains {Tutorial} |
No Sew Owl Pillows {Tutorial} |
Owl Family Pillow {Tutorial} |
Cheap & Easy Custom Party Invitations |
Elegant Book Page Ornament |
Shabby Book Page Ornament |
Vintage Hymnal Page Ornament |
Aqua and White Ornament |
"Believe" Bottle Brush Tree Ornament |
School Spirit Ornament |
Dollar Tree Swags {Tutorial} |
Festive Coffee Filter Wreath |
Salt Dough Star Ornaments {Tutorial} |


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An hour with James Bush.
A Skateboarding video by theogriffiths - 1,344 views
Had a very rainy day at Buszy with only an hour of battery on my camera.
Needless to say James killed it, all of this filmed in just over an hour.
Compression killed the quality a bit.
What Do You Think?
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Item No: mca1582082
Folio: f. 208v
Generic Title: Missal, Dominican use
Date Range: 1250 - 1299
Country: France
City: Paris
Script: Gothic bookhand
Language: Latin
Dimensions: 140 mm x 210 mm
Initial U with the Ascension
The manuscript can be dated to before 1285.
This initial begins the Introit for the feast of the Ascension, "Viri Galilei quid admiramini ..." (Men of Galilee, what are you wondering at). The liturgy of this missal follows the Dominican liturgy established by Humbert of Romans, Master General of the Dominican Order (1254-1263). This manuscript is unusual because it contains both the sung and spoken parts of the mass. More often, the sung parts of the Mass were found in separate books called graduals. This feature and the small size of the manuscript suggest that it was for the personal use of a Dominican friar.
Digital Scriptorium ShelfMark:
Source: Rare Book Department


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San Francisco - 7/29/12
Warrior Dash Ohio II - 8/26/12
Chicago - 10/7/12
Imminent Catastrophe
"Able to function despite imminent catastrophe"
"To obtain the air that angels breathe you must come to Tahoe"--Mark Twain
"The most common question from potential entrants is 'I do not know if I can do this' to which I usually answer, 'that's the whole point'.--Paul Charteris, Tarawera Ultramarathon RD.
√ Tahoe Rim Trail 100M 19/20 July 2014
Georgia Death Race 14 March 2015
Boston Marathon 20 April 2015
I run for Fried Chicken!
Dutchie I go running in the early morning, before my brain figures out what I'm up to.
Run the day, or the day runs you.
Actions determine state of mind - Aristotle
Aaron - you're more man than I am..icing your groin. Oh, I did take an ice bath a couple weeks ago. As I was slipping into the slushy water mix, I was eating a burrito which I promptly began to choke on when the ice took my breath. Not loking forward to many more of those. Teresa - I gotta see if I can find some Pearl Izumi's to try on. Sounds like potential. A buddy at a running shoe store wants to give me a free pair of Etonic. Heck, I'll give 'em a shot.
A Saucy Wench
I have become Death, the destroyer of electronic gadgets
"When I got too tired to run anymore I just pretended I wasnt tired and kept running anyway" - dd, age 7
I'm off to the pool with Mike for a shower.
Yeah! Showering is fun. MTA: disclaimer - I have no idea who Mike is...hope he isn't a relative given my joke above. Here in the South, this wouldn't be abnormal... necessarily.


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Please choose a country or other area, Region, or U.S. State.
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