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8:26 pm
July 5, 2006
Has anyone tried the brand of chocolate called "Divine". It is made from a co-op group of farmers in Ghana and they are looking at going public soon in the US...anyone tried their bars yet? and if so what did you think?
9:36 pm
August 6, 2006
I've tried their 70% bar a while back. A commercial fairtrade chocoate, definitely better than Cadbury etc. and worth a try.
USA website
International website
Kuapa Kokoo Ghana, cooperative (coowner):
"Porcelana: The Holy Grail of Pure Criollos" (Maricel E. Presilla)
11:32 pm
October 26, 2006
I have tasted three Divine bars. Their 70%, their milk chocolate, and their milk chocolate with hazelnuts bar. Each is Fair Trade certified by TransFair USA.
Their dark bar is not very complex, but not bad. The two milks are very smooth, creamy, sweet bars. To me they have the same kind of creamy sweetness of a Lindt milk chocolate bar.
The ethic of this company is remarkable, and their relationship with the cacao farmers should be a model for other chocolate makers.
The hope is that as they expand, they can improve the quality of their product, especially their 70% bar.
11:46 pm
August 6, 2006
"Porcelana: The Holy Grail of Pure Criollos" (Maricel E. Presilla)
12:36 am
October 26, 2006
Masur Wrote:
"I do support an effort like this but it can be challenged. Cocoa price in Ghana is goverment controlled. Where does the extra money payed for fair trade go? I don't know unless Kuapa Kokoo / Divine Chocolate provides transparancy."
Thank you for these comments, I agree with you! Transparency, transparency!
I agree that paying an artificially inflated price for cacao, coffee, tea etc, can (and should) be challenged. I also agree that it is critical that there be transparency for where and how the extra money is used.
My understanding of Fair Trade is that certification requires that there exist a local 'democratic' structure to decide how and where the extra money shall be used by the community, in a transparent manner.
It seems that Kuapa Kokoo does provide some information about how that money has been spent between 1993 and 2002. I am not sure why there is no data since 2002.
Third party, independent certification gives the Fair Trade Chocolate producer the credibility that it is being transparent, rather than having to simply trust the CEO's statement.
There are lots of problems with third party certification, and it is out of reach for many (most?) small farmers, who are doing the 'right' thing without certification... but there are fundamental flaws with in-house certification too... is this off topic, and should I start a separte discussion thread for this?
I am new to this discussion site, and I have already been off topic once with my previous post. I apologise.
1:38 am
July 5, 2006
Hey this is all discussion about the company...that is some of the stuff I would like to find out...thank you for all your guys' input so far...
7:01 am
August 6, 2006
There is no need to question how Fair Trade premium is used by co-op farmers (Kuapa) in Ghana. But I doubt 100% of Fair Trade premium payed goes back to the co-op farmers. If transparency is not provided we are not able to check if the govermant (the middleman) keeps part of the money. They might charge an extra fee. No transparency, no control. I don't think Divine provides total transparancy.
"Porcelana: The Holy Grail of Pure Criollos" (Maricel E. Presilla)
7:15 am
July 5, 2006
I think there is an importance of knowing WHO is in charge...If you know the person who is most in charge and has the most influence then you can see more of how things will be ran. What comes to mind is Grenada Chocolate Company. Mott Green has a huge passion for Grenada and I can trust him when he says that he wants to do this to help Grenada and that he pays fair wages. I love his idea of just doing a small factory right in house. He is hoping to run it as a co-op with the farmers soon enough...
I think we could use more small factories in country as long as there are kind trustworthy people running the show and not businessmen looking for a buck....
With all this said, I do not know much about the fair trade politics but I just had that to say about people in charge and smaller factories...
9:01 am
August 6, 2006
Fair Trade is a trustworthy label. It involves a lot of bureaucracy to provide proof on a regular basis. This might be frustating for a farmer but is needed to keep the label.
I agree with you Robert. I've listened to Mott when he visited London a few years ago so I know Grenada Chocolate Company provides transparancy. A film about the company can be found att YouTube.com but this is off topic so I will not provide a link.
The Day Chocolate Company mission (Divine Chocolate):
The overall strategic aim of Day is to improve the livelihood of smallholder cocoa producers in West Africa by establishing their own dynamic branded proposition in the UK chocolate market thus putting them higher up the value chain. To be the leading Fairtrade Chocolate CompanyTo achieve this mission a range of clear intermediate objectives are set-out :
- To take a quality and affordable range of Fairtrade chocolate into the UK mainstream market.
- To pay a Fairtrade price for all the cocoa used in the chocolate sold.
- To raise awareness of fair trade issues among UK retailers and consumers of all age groups.
- To be highly visible and vocal in the chocolate sector and thereby act as a catalyst for change.
I wish Divine could comitt to a rigorous behaviour code and provide transparancy. Thus we might trust them without a label if this is done properly.
"Porcelana: The Holy Grail of Pure Criollos" (Maricel E. Presilla)
8:32 pm
July 5, 2006
I am meeting up with their director of sales soon so I look forward to asking him questions about the company...I just don't know much abut them so it will be nice to heart it from someone from their company...we will see what we get...


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MiniBag. Single Yo-yo
A single yo-yo bag with a key chain attachment.
Bring your yo-yo with you everywhere safely and well protected!
Manufactured from waterproof durable polyester with a cord closing clip and key chain to hang it from wherever you want.
Approximate size: 7 cm. high and 7 cm. wide.
Geen loyaliteitspunten voor dit product. Uw loyaliteitspunten.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
From: | "Janice Mahoney" |
Emily, They are called "Tissue Tampers" and they are a Sakura product that you can get them from Cardinal. I don't think they are in the catalog but your rep should be able to find them. Jan Mahoney, Alegent health, Omaha NE >>> "Emily Lockman" |


text:
If your bike has a few squeaks and groans, or has been parked in the garage gathering dust, a free safety check is available at the Big Bike Fix-Up at Havelock North Domain this Sunday.
Bike mechanics will be available from 11am to midday to give all bikes the once-over to make sure they are roadworthy.
The initiative is part of Hastings District Council's iWay project, which aims to get more people walking and cycling in Hastings.
"Bike mechanics from Revolution Bikes and Avanti Plus Hastings will give old bikes a check over and make any minor repairs on the spot," iWay project manager Owen Mata said.
"If they can't do the work within the five-minute check, bike owners will receive a $20 voucher for bike repairs at one of the participating bike shops."
Mr Mata said the bike checks are essential before winter so people can decrease the risk of riding in tough conditions.
"Riding your bike in winter needs a bit more care, as roads can get wet and slippery.
"It's good to be sure that brakes, tyres and other parts of your bike are in tip-top condition."
For more information go to facebook.com/loveiway.
Free bicycle WOFs' on offer on Sunday
4:00 PM Tuesday Apr 12, 2011
Read more by Court Reporter Email Court Reporter


text:
1937 Packard eight 120 Convertible. The 1937 120 was the company's landmark entry into the competitive mid-range eight-cylinder market and a historically significant automobile... More
1941 Packard 180, Looking to sell '41 Packard Super8 180 touring sedan, asking $19500.00. VIN/body plate #1442-2077. The first picture (in frame) IS of... More
1941 Packard 180 Presidential parade car, unique for US market, 148" wheelbase, restoration completed by Glenn Vaughn Restoration, Post Falls, Idaho, appraised at $500,000,... More


text:
Source: FOOTYMAD
Northampton push Forest in friendly
The Cobblers stepped up their preparations for the new season on Wednesday night After two low-key friendlies Gary Johnson will have been pleased to see how his side stepped up their efforts against a strong Nottingham Forest squad at Sixfields. Jake Robinson made an impressive start in front of his new home fans with an early strike before the Reds hit back to win thanks to goals from former Cobblers man Luke Chambers and Lewis McGugan. Another Championship side come to Town on Saturday when Reading are the visitors.


text:
Gordon and Josephine Bailey PapersAn Inventory of the Collection
Biographical NoteJosephine (Carlson) Bailey was born in 1909 and was a native of Austin. She went to work for the Austin Parks and Recreation Department on April 3, 1932, under the first director of recreation and would continue her work for Parks for almost 40 years. She married Gordon Bailey in 1939. Gordon Bailey was born on April 4, 1909, in Hunter's Bend, Texas. Bailey graduated from Waco High School in 1927. He attended the University of Texas for one year before leaving to play professional baseball for four years with the Texas League, Cotton State League, and the Dixie League. He was inducted into the Central Texas Semi-Pro Baseball Hall of Fame. He returned to the University of Texas in 1936 and went on to receive a B.S. degree in physical education. He enlisted in the United States Air Force and served four years. In 1946, he was awarded a Masters Degree in Educational Administration from the University of Texas. Gordon worked for the Austin School System for a total of 34 years, the last years spent as the principal at Johnston High School from the time it opened in 1960 until he retired in 1972. After retiring from the public school system he worked as probation officer for Travis County as well as a bailiff in Travis County Court I. He retired (again) in 1989. Both Gordon and Josephine were dedicated to Austin and in 1969 they were awarded the Austin Rotary Club's Community Service Award, the first time the award had ever been given to a couple. Gordon Bailey died on January 27, 1990. In 1992 ground was broken on the Gordon A. Bailey Middle School, named in his honor. Josephine Bailey died on February 25, 1995. Return to the Table of Contents Scope and ContentsThe collection contains newspaper clippings, newsletters, correspondence and awards that highlight the dedication of both Gordon and Josephine Bailey to the City of Austin. Also included are 7 photographs of Josephine from childhood to adulthood. There are 2 photos and a sketch of Gordon. A small amount of ephemera documents their personal lives. Return to the Table of Contents
Return to the Table of Contents RestrictionsRestrictions on AccessOpen to all users. Restrictions on UseNone. Return to the Table of Contents
Return to the Table of Contents Related Material
Return to the Table of Contents Administrative InformationCustodial HistoryDonated by the niece of Gordon and Josephine Bailey. Preferred CitationGordon and Josephine Bailey Papers (AR.2007.024). Austin History Center, Austin Public Library, Texas. Acquisition InformationDonor #: DO/1994/047 Donation Date: 2007 October Processing InformationFinding aid and encoding by: Molly Hults/2009 October. Return to the Table of Contents Detailed Description of the Collection Return to the Table of Contents |


text:
The Politics of Retrenchment in a Social Democratic Welfare State : Reform of Swedish Pensions and Unemployment Insurance
Anderson, Karen M. (2001) The Politics of Retrenchment in a Social Democratic Welfare State : Reform of Swedish Pensions and Unemployment Insurance. Comparative Political Studies, 34 (9). pp. 1063-1091. ISSN 0010-4140
Restricted to UT campus only : Request a copy 146kB |
Abstract: | What explains the origins and pattern of retrenchment dynamics in Swedish old-age pensions and unemployment insurance during the 1990s? Although the economic crisis created pressure to scale back both programs, the author argues that retrenchment only occurred when and where the Social Democratic Party and some segments of the labor movement supported change. This finding suggests that the political importance of organized labor in retrenchment politics depends on the relationship between welfare-state programs and interest group structure. When interest group structure is characterized by solidaristic, centralized, encompassing organizations, the old class-based power resource model has more explanatory bite than Pierson's new politics of the welfare-state approach. |
Item Type: | Article |
Copyright: | © 2001 Sage |
Research Group: | |
Link to this item: | http://purl.utwente.nl/publications/60188 |
Official URL: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414001034009005 |
Export this item as: | BibTeX EndNote HTML Citation Reference Manager |
Repository Staff Only: item control page
Metis ID: 205138


text:
About the Authors
Chandra Chekuri
Dept. of Computer Science
201 N. Goodwin Ave.
University of Illinois
Urbana, IL 61801
Dept. of Computer Science
201 N. Goodwin Ave.
University of Illinois
Urbana, IL 61801
Chandra Chekuri is an Associate Professor of
Computer Science at the University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). He moved to UIUC in
the fall of 2006 after spending eight
years at Lucent Bell Labs. He finished his Ph.D. in
Computer Science at Stanford University under the
supervision of Rajeev Motwani in 1998. Before that he obtained his
B. Tech degree in Computer Science and Engineering from the Indian
Institute of Technology, Madras (now Chennai). He is primarily
interested in algorithms for discrete optimization problems with
current research focusing on approximation algorithms.
Martin Pál
Google Inc.
76 Ninth Avenue
New York, NY 10011
Google Inc.
76 Ninth Avenue
New York, NY 10011
Martin Pál is a Software Engineer at
Google, Inc., where he enjoys designing algorithms for internet
advertising markets. Before joining the company that does no
evil, he spent four lovely years at Cornell University pursuing a Ph.D. in
Computer Science under the supervision of Éva
Tardos, followed by a year as a postdoc at DIMACS and Bell Labs.


text:
Mushrooms are the reproductive organs ("fruiting bodies") of a much larger living entity, much like an apple is the reproductive organ of the much larger apple tree. Mushrooms spend most of their time hidden from view, living underground as a giant matrix of cells, or eating the insides of dead and dying trees. I grow my sculptures from a mushroom called Ganoderma lucidum, also known as Reishi or Ling Chi. If you walk in a forest you might see these growing off of trees as tough semicircular shelves.
Mushrooms Eat Cellulose
This fallen tree has broken open, revealing the white spongy body of a mushroom that is digesting the wood from the inside out. This blob of cells emerges from the tree to form a mushroom, which you can see on the top right.
Laboratory Growth
Forming the Body of the Mushroom
The body of the mushrooms takes form inside of custom built molds. Like plaster or cement, it can be cast into almost any shape.
Early Experiments
Some early experiments at growing and fusing mushrooms together.
If you would like to learn more about this process, or want to grow your own mushrooms, check out the article I wrote for Make Magazine.


text:
Tweet |
London, May 8: Around hundreds of opposition fighters and their families have been reportedly evacuated from their last stronghold in the central Syrian city of Homs.
According to the BBC, two convoys of buses have so far left the Old City under a deal brokered by Iran and facilitated by the UN.
The Syrian government and the rebel forces have reached a truce, following which dozens of captives will be released by the latter, and two sieges would be eased.
The move is said to put an end to the three year old rebellion against president Bashar al-Assad.
Residents said that the rebels had set fire to their bases and possessions before heading to the buses.
The damage to buildings in the Old City, particularly those in the Warsha district, is substantial, the report added. (ANI)


text:
You need the latest Flash player to see this video.Click here to get Adobe Flash player
This men fucks her like a monkey!!! XD
I was half expecting her to have a penis too
Good cum shot! Well, not everyone can have a big rod.
too small
umm this is my dream
guter geiler Stecher


text:
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Same Sex Marriage
The Conservative Case for Gay Marriage
Submitted by ONE Community on January 11, 2010 - 1:28pm
Together with my good friend and occasional courtroom adversary David Boies, I am attempting to persuade a federal court to invalidate California's Proposition 8—the voter-approved measure that overturned California's constitutional right to marry a person of the same sex. My involvement in this case has generated a certain degree of consternation among conservatives. How could a politically active, lifelong Republican, a veteran of the Ronald Reagan and George W.
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Portugal Passes Gay Marriage Bill
Submitted by ONE Community on January 9, 2010 - 4:29pm
Portugal's parliament voted Friday to pass a bill that would make the historically socially conservative country the sixth in Europe to permit same-sex marriage. Conservative president Anibal Cavaco Silva is not expected to veto the bill, which won the support of all liberal parties. He is expected to ratify the bill in time for gay marriage ceremonies to begin in April, a month before a scheduled visit from Pope Benedict XVI. The bill passed by a vote of 125 to 99.
Article found here.
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N.J. Senate votes down same-sex marriage bill, gay rights advocates vow to bring issue to court
Submitted by ONE Community on January 9, 2010 - 4:26pm
TRENTON -- After 90 minutes of impassioned debate that invoked the sweep of American history, the state Senate today
voted down a bill to legalize same-sex marriage in New Jersey
. Gay-rights advocates immediately said they would bring their campaign to the courts. The final tally — with 20 senators opposing the measure, 14 supporting it and three abstentions — reflects a dramatic shift in the state's political landscape since Gov. Jon Corzine lost his bid for re-election to Republican Chris Christie in November. Christie, the former U.S. Attorney for New Jersey, came out strongly against the bill, emboldening opponents of same-sex marriage and drawing undecided senators to the Republican fold.
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ONE Community
Gay Candidates Get Support That Causes May Not
Submitted by ONE Community on December 29, 2009 - 3:47pm
HOUSTON — When an openly gay woman
won the mayor's race here this month
, it was the latest in a string of victories by gay candidates across the country, a trend that seems to contradict the bans on
same-sex marriage
that have been passed in most states in recent years. Take Texas, by many measures one of
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Latin America sees its first same-sex marriage
Submitted by ONE Community on December 29, 2009 - 3:41pm
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Mexico City moves to legalize same-sex marriage
Submitted by ONE Community on December 22, 2009 - 1:13pm
Legislature passes a bill giving gay couples the right to marry, adopt children and enjoy the same status as heterosexual couples.
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Economic Impact Of New Jersey Same Sex Marriage
Submitted by ONE Community on December 16, 2009 - 1:59pm
New Williams Institute Study Estimates that Extending Marriage to Same-Sex Couples in New Jersey Would Boost State Economy by $200 Million; Create over 1,400 Jobs
This week the Williams Institute released a new study estimating the impact of New Jersey extending marriage to same-sex couples.
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ONE Community
D.C. Council Gives Final Passage to Same-Sex Marriage Bill
Submitted by ONE Community on December 16, 2009 - 1:56pm
Mayor Fenty Says He Will Sign; Pending Conclusion of Congressional Review Period, Washington, D.C. Would Join Five States in Recognizing Marriage Equality
The Human Rights Campaign, the nation's largest lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) civil rights organization, applauded the Washington, D.C.
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Gay Marriage Gets Thumbs Up in Nation's Capital
Submitted by ONE Community on December 2, 2009 - 2:17pm
D.C. Council Votes 11-2 for Same-Sex Marriage, But Hurdles Remain
By TEDDY DAVIS
Dec. 1, 2009
The D.C. Council voted in favor of same-sex marriage on Tuesday, moving Washington, D.C., a big step closer to becoming the first jurisdiction below the Mason-Dixon Line to allow full civil equality for gays and lesbians.
The D.C.
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Christian Leaders Scapegoat Gays on Marriage
Submitted by ONE Community on November 27, 2009 - 1:32pm
The most significant thing about the new, anti-gay "
Manhattan Declaration
" is not that scores of Christians are against gay rights. It's that, recognizing they're on the wrong side of history, they tie themselves in knots insisting they're not anti-gay.
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text:
Honda CD 175 19761976 Honda CD 175 specifications, pictures, reviews and rating |
John Gray Rotherham. Click to submit more pictures. |
General information | |
Model: | Honda CD 175 |
Year: | 1976 |
Category: | Allround |
Rating: | 71.4 out of 100. Show full rating and compare with other bikes |
Engine and transmission | |
Displacement: | 174.00 ccm (10.62 cubic inches) |
Engine type: | Twin, four-stroke |
Power: | 17.00 HP (12.4 kW)) |
Top speed: | 128.0 km/h (79.5 mph) |
Fuel system: | Carburettor |
Fuel control: | OHC |
Cooling system: | Air |
Gearbox: | 4-speed |
Transmission type, final drive: | Chain |
Fuel consumption: | 4.70 litres/100 km (21.3 km/l or 50.05 mpg) |
Greenhouse gases: | 109.0 CO2 g/km. (CO2 - Carbon dioxide emission) |
Chassis, suspension, brakes and wheels | |
Front tyre: | 2/75-17 |
Rear tyre: | 3/0-17 |
Front brakes: | Expanding brake (drum brake) |
Rear brakes: | Expanding brake (drum brake) |
Physical measures and capacities | |
Other specifications | |
Starter: | Electric & kick |
Color options: | Red,Black |
Further information | |
Parts and accessories | Our partner CMSNL ships low cost OEM motorcycle parts to Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Belgium, Canada, China, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Montenegro, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, The United States and more. Or check out parts and accessories from our other partners. |
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Buying a bike starts at BikezGet a list of related motorbikes before you buy this Honda. Inspect technical data. Look at photos. Read the riders' comments at the bike's discussion group. And check out the bike's reliability, repair costs, etc.Show any 1976 Honda CD 175 for sale on our Bikez.biz Motorcycle Classifieds. You can also sign up for e-mail notification when such bikes are advertised in the future. And advertise your old MC for sale. Our efficient ads are free. You are also welcome to read and submit motorcycle reviews. |
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Jun 13, 2013
Meditating figures in Helsinki
Rafael Saifulin, "Onni." Photographed in Helsinki by Donald Farmer.
Apr 08, 2013
Monks in a waterfall
This gorgeous photograph was taken at the Pongua Falls in Vietnam, by the talented photographer Dang Ngo.
Check out Dang's site, where this image is available for sale.
Wildmind Meditation News
Feb 13, 2013
Images of mindfulness
Phatarawadee Phataranawik, The Nation: BACC show communicates the truths of dharma.
Fashion photographer and avid dharma practitioner Punsiri Siriwetchapun believes there is little difference between working on his art and meditation.
"The teaching of Lord Buddha seeks to achieve the cessation of suffering. The way to undo suffering is to explore the causes as they manifest themselves in our own bodies and minds in order to understand their origins. It's the same with my art. I search within myself to convey my thoughts. My art presents my inner self," says Punsiri who has been practising dharma for more than a decade.
Punsiri has teamed up with three fellow artists for … Read more »
Dec 04, 2012
A vision of peace in Burma
meditation on peace by Alamsyah Rauf |
There's been so much bad news from Burma recently, with Buddhist monks advocating violence against the Muslim minority and being attacked by security forces as they tried to prevent the expansion of a Chinese copper mine, that I thought I'd post this lovely image of a Burmese boy monk meditating.
The photographer, Alamsyah Rauf, says that he used a 1/5th second exposure on a tripod to blur the water a little yet keep the monk sharp. Do visit his page, and if you like the photograph then consider supporting the artist by buying a copy.
Sep 29, 2012
Tibetan sky burial photographs
An astonishing series of photographs of a Tibetan "sky burial," where a corpse is cut up and fed to vultures, with the remains being pounded into dust, has been viewed almost three quarters of a million times in 24 hours.
The images (view here) are very graphic, but as Justin Whitaker says, "As a poignant reminder of the impermanence of this body, they're worth viewing."
According to Wikipedia, in Tibet the practice is known as jhator, which means "giving alms to the birds."
Sky burial is traditional in Tibet, where the ground is too rock for interment to be practical, and where a lack of wood similarly makes … Read more »
May 17, 2012
Buddha statue, Nagaloka
A photograph of a Buddha statue at Nagaloka Buddhist Center in Portland, Maine, taken when I was leading a workshop there a few weeks ago.
May 09, 2012
Gandharan Buddha seated in meditation, Seattle Asian Art Museum
Another Greco-Indian statue from Gandhara.
Notice the beautiful carved base, which itself contains three Buddha figures along with attendants.
May 08, 2012
Buddha image, Seattle Buddhist Center
I took this detail of a Tibetan Thangka painting on my iPhone at the Seattle Buddhist Center just before doing a workshop on the Satipatthana Sutta with the men's sangha there tonight.
Last night I gave a talk and led a meditation at the Buddha Day celebrations, where we commemorate the Buddha's enlightenment.
May 06, 2012
Bodhisattva at the Seattle Asian Art Museum
I snapped this on my iPhone yesterday at Seattle's Asian Art Museum. The pose and style of the statue look Greco-Roman because they are. It's a Gandharan statue of the Buddha before his enlightenment. Gandhara, now in Pakistan, was in the Classical Greek sphere of interest, and it's where the first Buddha images were made.
Apr 27, 2012
It's a sign!
As I arrived at work today, the signmakers were just starting to hang Wildmind's new sign outside of the mill building that we moved into back in February. We're very pleased with the way it looks.


text:
Released: Mar 01st, 1995
Running Time: 80
Company: Metro Distribution
Distribution Companies: Magma
Nadine, Albert, Isabelle, Florence, Patrizia, Janine Lindemulder, Eric (I), Colette (I)
Critical Rating: AAA 1/2
Genre: Feature
The first scene in this sexvid is a bit lame, but it's a short sequence,and from there on out, the ladies and the sex are a pleasure to behold.
A sexy brunette with her tasty breasts on display reverse cowgirls, doggies and reverse cowgirl-anals her partner before taking a resounding facial. A sort of punkish, Molly Ringwaldish gal (except way prettier) gives some succulent head and tit fucks her partner before bumpin' uglies with him. After a friend shows up, a d.p. ensues, capped off by and excellent double facial slog. Another beauty with superb melons gives a sizzling b.j. with great use of hands, and during her boob boffing, sweetly licks and sucks the head of her partner's pork. Missionary, anal and a burnin' d.p. follow. And the beat goes on...
American sex performers and producers take note of the highly appealing nature of these delicious looking ladies with taut and natural bodies, as Magma offers up yet another steamy, refreshing and lusty sexvid.


text:
a place for zinesters - writers and readers
İn this page,let's share fanzine's facebook page.
this is our fanzine's fb page. https://www.facebook.com/heytbefanzin
Heyt be! Zine, an illustrution/humour zine collective of Deniz Beşer, Sedef Karakaş, and Barış Sinsi formed in 2010 December from Istanbul, Turkey
Having joined zine fairs, festivals and exhibitions such as "Even my mom can make a book 2", "Zine Fest Berlin" and " Zürich Small Press Fair", Heyt be!, in 2012, organised "Heyt be! Zine Exhibition" in an abandoned building in Tarlabaşı. Graffiti artists and musicians from Turkey and abroad were invited to the event. Following this exhibition, Heyt be! organised events like zine exhibitions and "Zine Movies at Home" in Kaptan Tomtom Street, Beyoğlu/Istanbul in 2013
and this is your turn.What's your fanzine's facebook page?
Hey Zinesters! We updated our facebook page https://www.facebook.com/heytbefanzin Check it out!
A zine focused on the negotiation of an aging body and a "forgetful" self in an unaccommodating world.
Filament Zine is a music journal. An attempt to document the independent contemporary music scene in Greece and the people surrounding it. Musicians, designers doing artwork for music releases and people running independent record labels or non-profit live performances fill out Filament's 8-song-questionnaire.
Τhe project began the first day of 2014.
This is the fb page:
Our free bi-monthly litzine, The Literary Commune, can be found at
We'd love to see you guys there, "liking" us!
i made this zine (not)art or (ne)māksla in my language that has this crappy/trashy/weird/minimalistic, but cool artstyle, dude. it's open call based.
Check out the music zine Filthy Minky on Facebook http://on.fb.me/1nE2SuA
https://www.facebook.com/011235zine Newly launched. Art, literature ezine. Hoping to move to print, as well, at some point.
Important: freedom, art, equality, passion, culture, and honesty.
Monstera zine is a self-published paper that is released twice a year. Every issue is available online and as a small printed set. The zines deal with all possible themes just because it is possible. Monstera-zine is sincere statement for enthusiasm, art, equality and DIY-culture.
Here's our facebook page
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Ist preference given to distros and zines. Rates and details are here. Limited space. Very Low Cost!
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text:
St George Lycabettus Hotel is in the heart of Athens, walking distance from Mount Lycabettus and Goulandris Museum of Cycladic Art. This 5-star hotel is close to Hellenic Parliament and Syntagma Square.
Make yourself at home in one of the 153 air-conditioned rooms featuring minibars. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and satellite programming is available for your entertainment. Private bathrooms with shower/tub combinations feature complimentary toiletries and hair dryers. Conveniences include phones, as well as safes and desks.
Rec, Spa, Premium Amenities
Relax at the full-service spa, where you can enjoy massages, body treatments, and facials. If you're looking for recreational opportunities, you'll find a health club, a spa tub, and a sauna. Additional amenities include complimentary wireless Internet access, concierge services, and babysitting/childcare (surcharge).
Grab a bite to eat at the hotel's restaurant, which features a bar, or stay in and take advantage of room service (during limited hours). Relax with a refreshing drink from a poolside bar or one of the 2 bars/lounges. Buffet breakfasts are available daily for a fee.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include complimentary high-speed (wired) Internet access, a 24-hour business center, and a computer station. Event facilities at this hotel consist of a conference center and meeting rooms. Self parking (subject to charges) is available onsite.
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text:
Kerala government has decided to refer the 'larger conspiracy' leading to Revolutionary Marxist Party (RMP) leader T.P. Chandrasekharan's murder to Central Bureau for Investigation (CBI).
Home Minister Ramesh Chennithala told a news conference in Thiruvananthapuram on Thursday that the government had taken the decision based on the report submitted by the Special Investigation Team (SIT) which had inquired into the conspiracy angle based on a case registered by the Edacherry police station under Vadakara circle in Kozhikode district. The case was registered based on a petition submitted by Chandrasekharan's widow K.K. Rema.
The SIT, he said, had listed six grounds that necessitated a CBI probe which could cover the involvement of top leaders of the CPI(M), the inter-State dimensions of the crime and the possible links between the killer gang and gold smuggling accused Faiz, who is currently in custody and under investigation by the CBI.
The government had also taken the letter written to Chief Minister Oommen Chandy by Leader of the Opposition V.S. Achuthanandan. Mr. Achuthanandan had, in his letter, sought a CBI investigation into the links between those who had been convicted in the case by the trial court and Faiz, who had visited one of the acquitted accused P. Mohanan, a district secretariat member of the CPI(M).
Asked whether the report submitted by the SIT contained specific mention about any specific CPI(M) leader, the Home Minister replied in the negative.
Keywords: Kerala government, T.P. Chandrasekharan's murder case, Onchiyam case, CBI probe, Oommen Chandy, K.K. Rema


text:
cycle routine
that is a perfect X cycle. You might want to repost it.
trying to put my excel sheet up as an attachment but it wont, how do I get it up as an image?
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Re: trying
Originally posted by Panther06
trying to put my excel sheet up as an attachment but it wont, how do I get it up as an image? - 02-17-2003, 07:42 PM
here is the program
ok here is the program, its 3 on 1 off, so 6 days a week, after cycle 4 I take 3 days off. let me know what you think? i am thinking of changing my program around for the bulking cycle?
Ah ****, I see some flaws, but Ill have to get to this tomorrow, Im tired and I cant quote because of the format... YJ
thanks, whenever you ahve time YJ
You need more sets than 8 for chest. Work in some dumbells, I like incline bench press. What do you do for triceps? it just says triceps. I recommend 9 total sets. close grip bench, skull crushers, and presses, but since you do chest and tris on the same day (like I do), give weighted dips a go. Nothing, in my opinion, builds mass like dips. You have to do more sets for shoulders also, although military presses are great, they just wont get it done alone.
Thats a real confusing lay out now that I look at it, its too difficult to critique it... - 02-24-2003, 07:01 PM
The way I work it is I go 3 days on 1 off, so cycle 1 is 3 days then 1 off, cycle 2 is 3 days then 1 off, etc. once I am done with all 4 cycles which is about 2 weeks I take 3 days off before I start over.
for triceps I do the tricep extension machine. it seems like a pretty confusing layout but essentially comes down to 6 days on 1 off, and each week the day off changes i.e. week one thursday is off then next week friday is day off. - 02-24-2003, 08:08 PM
Well the basic idea of a three on 4 split is about what I do. My sets and reps are set up a little differently, but thats just what works for me.
Non the less, I am not sure if doing the same weight for the same rep multiple times is a great idea. IMHO either raise or lower the weight between sets, I see no point in doing the same thing over and over again. Also I like to add in inensity factors rather than just performing straight sets and reps, but not everything gets benefits from those.
The volume dosn't look bad to me considering the 3 on 4, and if 4 per an exercize sets is what works best for then its decent.
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text:
02/06/2013, 09:02 PM | #1 (permalink) |
Posts: 14
Want to install the Battery Widget, and it says you need Dr, Battery installed (which I have) and will work on any device that has the Enyo maps update. Need someone to point me in the right direction for Enyo maps, I checked both the app catalog and Preware and I can't find it. I would ask on the Battery Widget thread but it is closed. Pre 2 web OS 2.1.0
02/06/2013, 09:17 PM | #2 (permalink) |
Homebrew Developer
The "Enyo Maps" update was the one that replaced Google Maps with Bing Maps on older webOS phones. If you don't have that, you can alternatively install Enyo through Preware.
Want to keep up with my exciting new projects? You know where to find me. |
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text:
video breaking up at 1080i50 with Ion through Onkyo AV amp
The Onkyo AV amp is a TX-SR308, the computer is an asus aspire revo R3600 with nvidia ion graphics with 4Gb RAM running Ubuntu 10.04 with nvidia driver 195.36.15
I've had the computer coupled to a sony KDF-E50 telly up till recently, working fine; I just got the above AV amp and when using this for HDMI pass-through, the picture at 1080i50 breaks up horribly, though works fine at 720p50. Its not the leads, as I've run every possible permutation without the issue moving with a cable; also the playstation 3 works fine in all modes under HDMI pass-through. |
Re: video breaking up at 1080i50 with Ion through Onkyo AV amp
if u connectthe revo direct to the tv via hdmi, does the video still stutter?
probably u might wanna upgrade to the 256 drivers if u are on lucid.. google "x-updates ppa nvidia" |
Re: video breaking up at 1080i50 with Ion through Onkyo AV amp
All boxes work fine when connected directly to my television; the ps3 works fine when connected via the onkyo; the revo works fine at 720p50. I'm assuming that the onkyo is reporting something via EDID which is prompting the ion to output something that the television can't cope with (telly is quite old and can only cope with 1080i, not 1080p). The Revo is reporting that its attached to an Onkyo as the display device, not a Sony as it does when attached directly.
I doubt that there is an issue with the nvidia driver - its more likely to be the onkyo. Any assistance in how to establish this would be gratefully received :). I've downloaded both EDID files which I can't read as they are binary... |
Re: video breaking up at 1080i50 with Ion through Onkyo AV amp
I've used parse-edid to look at the two edid files I downloaded (one with the onkyo, one direct from the telly); the only difference I can see is the device text.
Any thoughts on this? |
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Oral History Transcript — Dr. Gordon Hamilton
This transcript may not be quoted, reproduced or redistributed in whole or in part by any means except with the written permission of the American Institute of Physics.
This transcript is based on a tape-recorded interview deposited at the Center for History of Physics of the American Institute of Physics. The AIP's interviews have generally been transcribed from tape, edited by the interviewer for clarity, and then further edited by the interviewee. If this interview is important to you, you should consult earlier versions of the transcript or listen to the original tape. For many interviews, the AIP retains substantial files with further information about the interviewee and the interview itself. Please contact us for information about accessing these materials.
Please bear in mind that: 1) This material is a transcript of the spoken word rather than a literary product; 2) An interview must be read with the awareness that different people's memories about an event will often differ, and that memories can change with time for many reasons including subsequent experiences, interactions with others, and one's feelings about an event. Disclaimer: This transcript was scanned from a typescript, introducing occasional spelling errors. The original typescript is available.
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Interview with Dr. Gordon Hamilton |
Gordon Hamilton; March 15, 1996
ABSTRACT: Born April 20, 1923 in Orleans, Vermont; discusses family life and childhood. Describes entering Princeton in 1940 for undergraduate education in physics; discusses joining the Navy in 1943 as a radar specialist. Comments on how his Navy experience helped his later career at Lamont; discusses being convinced by his older brother to pursue geophysics at Columbia. Describes the research involved in the sinking of the Scorpion in May 1968; comments on the tensions between Maurice Ewing and Bruce Heezen. Describes the significance and frustrations of his Bermuda station work; discusses the formation of the Palisades Geophysical Institute. Comments on his retirement from PGI in 1972 and his subsequent classified projects for ONR.
Session I | Session II
This is Ron Doel. This is an interview with Gordon Hamilton. Todays date is March 15, 1996. Were recording this at the ONR [Office of Naval Research] in Arlington Virginia. I know that you were born on April 20, 1923 in Orleans, Vermont, but I dont know about your parents or your family. Who were your parents, and what did they do?Hamilton:
My father was a congregational minister who died after a mastoid operation in 1928 when I was four or five. Mother took us back to New York City, where she went back to teaching high school. So I was brought up in Flushing, New York, with two brothers and a sister. My brothers were both much smarter than me. I learned to not play chess with them by the time I was eight, because I always got whipped.Doel:
They were older than you?Hamilton:
One was older and one was younger.Doel:
I take it when you say back to New York, thats where your mother was from.Hamilton:
Thats where mother is from, right. Flushing, New York. Thats where her sister and brother lived in an old family house. I went to high school in New York City, Bayside High. Went from there to Princeton. My older brother, who was a smart guy, suggested that geophysics was a field that would probably be interesting to me, and that it was largely outdoors. So I majored in physics, took some geology. World War II came along.Doel:
I want to cover all that in detail, but Im curious, what kind of house did you live in when you were growing up in Flushing? You mentioned thatHamilton:
In an apartment. In a row house, basically.Doel:
This was separate from the extended family, your mothers family?Hamilton:
My mothers family had another house a quarter mile away, where, in those days, they had a coal furnace, and I stoked it and I took the ashes out and used the ashes, often as not, to fill the potholes in the road. And you know, we lived in rather limited circumstances, mother with four kids.Doel:
Of course, the Great Depression started not long after that.Hamilton:
Of course, her position teaching school was a major asset in the Depression.Doel:
She was able to keep her job through the Great Depression? What subject, what grade did she teach?Hamilton:
She taught high school biology.Doel:
Did you have an interest, particularly, in that field when you were growing up?Hamilton:
No. I was quite proud of myself when about 1980, I finally took a course in biology, evening classes at Northern Virginia Community College. Mom would have loved it. But thats the first time I ever took biology.Doel:
Did she talk about science often at home?Hamilton:
No. Hey, she was a single parent bringing up four kids on a limited salary. She was just busy with running a house and working. My older brother occasionally talked science. He was a physicist with a Ph.D. from [Isador I.] Rabi about 1939 at Columbia.Doel:
What were your main interests when you were growing up? Were they in the sciences? Were they in other areas, other fields?Hamilton:
No. There was a very active Boy Scout troop in the area, which I was a member of, Troop 1 Queens. As an indication of what a viable Boy Scout troop it was, Im going to the Troop 1 Old-timers sixty-second annual dinner next month.Doel:
Thats interesting.Hamilton:
They had a cabin out on Long Island—they trekked to out to it weekends, we had two standard Saturday night dinners, franks and beans or spaghetti and meat sauce— and a continued series of scouting competitions; signaling, first aid, knot tying, fire building (flint and steel, friction). I also played trombone in the church band and the high school band.Doel:
Was your mother particularly religious? Did you attend—Hamilton:
Religious enough that I went to Sunday school and to church each Sunday. And after I grew up and left home, I havent been back to church since.Doel:
What do you remember reading when you were growing up? Did you read a lot?Hamilton:
Yes, I used to go down to the library regularly. The public library, that is.Doel:
The public library?Hamilton:
My older brother, Donald, was upset that I was reading the trash-paper novels and bought me off to read hardbound books, but they were still basically adventure stories type of things. You know, Treasure Island, The Nordoff and Hall, South Pacific etc.Doel:
Do you remember reading much about science? Was that an interest that you had at all, that you recall, in those years?Hamilton:
No, not particularly. The bottom line is, Im a very average-type guy. I certainly was not a star in high school nor in college nor since then, except that Im pretty good at managing people.Doel:
Did you take part in after-school activities when you were at Bayside High?Hamilton:
The usual science clubs. Tried running track and cross country, not very successfully.Doel:
Were you developed in other sports besides cross country?Hamilton:
What sort of things did you do in the science club back then?Hamilton:
I havent a clue, long since forgotten.Doel:
Were there any teachers particularly memorable for you?Hamilton:
Oh, yes, I remember Mr. Pincus my physics teacher and Mr. Lev the lab assistant. I remember one or two of the French teachers Miss Skidmore and Miss Brooks and a math teacher. Im going to go back to the Bayside Highs fifty-fifth reunion sometime this fall, but I guess none of those teachers will still be around.Doel:
Someone might surprise you, but I suspect it would be pretty extraordinary if it did. How did you come to decide on what schools you might attend for college? Was it always clear to you that you were going on to college, in high school?Hamilton:
Oh, yes. I came from a family that all went to college. I applied to several and was accepted at Princeton, so I took that since my brother had gone there.Doel:
This is your brother Donald who took the Ph.D.?Hamilton:
Thats right. Donald had gone to Princeton.Doel:
When did he enter Princeton? What year was he in —?Hamilton:
He started in 31, so he was the class of 35.Doel:
And you were finishing high school at about that time, werent you?Hamilton:
I was graduating from grade school in 36. So I finished high school in 40.Doel:
Thats quite right. What had he told you about Princeton? Had you seen the campus already, by the time that you applied?Hamilton:
Wed driven down there, taken him down, had gone down to see him several times. Really the thing I remember about those trips was not the campus so much as our old car, it used to boil over. We used to stop at the streams along Route 1 and get some water for the radiator.Doel:
That was very different landscape back then than it is today.Hamilton:
Sure is.Doel:
What were you thinking to—did you have an idea what you were going to major in when you arrived at Princeton, or did you find it a pretty open slate?Hamilton:
Yes. I had long since had decided to major in physics.Doel:
Because of your brothers recommendation or through other reasons?Hamilton:
No, I enjoyed physics in high school, enjoyed science in high school generally.Doel:
You had taken physics. What else did you take in high school in the sciences? What courses were offered?Hamilton:
The usual— four years of math, two of Latin, three of French, the usual history courses, and the four years of English. In science, freshmen general science, chemistry, physics. One period for band and one period as a lab assistant in the chemistry/physics department.Doel:
Were areas like astronomy or geology offered?Hamilton:
No. There was something called physical geography. It was basically a gut course, but I didnt take it.Doel:
Where was your brother at the time that you went to Princeton? Was he already in the Ph.D. program at Columbia?Hamilton:
When I went to Princeton? Lets see. Thats 40 to 43. He had received his Columbia physics PhD he was then a Harvard Fellow, Junior Fellow, and then he went to work in the radiation lab at MIT.Doel:
Oh, he did, I see. Had you been up to Columbia much?Hamilton:
Had I been up there?Doel:
Yes, with him as a—Hamilton:
To see what he was doing, see his laboratory.Doel:
What were your impressions of that? What was it like to see that when you were growing up?Hamilton:
I didnt really understand what he was doing. I was fascinated by the high- vacuum technology of his molecular beam research and the continued work to keep the high vacuum in place. For example, taking a shaving brush with soap on it, and running it around the various joints until he hit the one with the leak and the vacuum started to drop again, which meant he had found the leak. But no, I was not that informed on the research he was in. He was working quadra-pole beams.Doel:
You mentioned that you feel one of your strengths has been in managing people. When you were in high school, Im just curious if you were involved in activities where you found you were already called on to do that?Hamilton:
No, I was a patrol leader in the Boy Scouts, and that was about it.Doel:
When you got to Princeton, as you say, you were pretty sure you were going to major in physics when you arrived there in 1940. What were your impressions of Princeton? How did it suit you at the time?Hamilton:
Suited me just fine. I enjoyed the course work. I was a bit of a grind, so my marks were good, which I needed because I had a scholarship.Doel:
Had you had to apply for that before going to Princeton?Hamilton:
Yes, just a partial scholarship. Mother was paying the rest of it. But I remember my bills that first year were $1,000 total. I didnt keep a record of later years. And I worked part-time.Doel:
What sort of things were you doing?Hamilton:
I was initially the gatekeeper at the football games, and then next year I was cashier, and as a junior I was one of the head cashiers.Doel:
Over at the stadium?Hamilton:
Yes. Which means I never really got to see any of the football games or basketball games. Of course, a major victory last night for Princeton in basketball, they whipped UCLA, last years NCAA winner, which is really amazing. An article in the paper a few days ago about Pete Carril the Princeton coach whos retiring, 594 victories and zero basketball scholarships.Doel:
Ive seen a little bit of that in some of the alumni magazines as well. Its rather an interesting record. How much contact did you have with any of the physicists on campus outside of the lectures and the classes that you had? Did you meet any of them socially? Were there any informal meetings that you and your fellow students had?Hamilton:
Basically no. By then, the war years were starting. Certainly by my sophomore year, the war years were starting, and they were— the leading physicists were all departing. For example, my optics course was a man by the name of Professor [Helmut] Ladenberg, whod been a German scientist in World War I. So here he was teaching as, an American scientist but not part of the defense effort, but most of the professors had departed. Actually, my junior year— I was only there three years— I didnt learn much physics, because for a mediocre scientist like me, having a textbook where you can work through the examples and read the explanations is essential. The smarter ones could pick it up from the lectures without the textbook, and they didnt have them the good textbooks for sophomore and junior and senior physics that they have now. So the graduate student instructor or professor would come in and talk extemporaneously at the board, and you madly scribbled notes that didnt make much sense. But it wasnt until later that I learned to spend the next hour rewriting those notes.Doel:
Thats an interesting point. Were there other friends who were also taking the physics program that you would study with at Princeton?Hamilton:
That I would study with? No. I certainly had friends there. We never studied together.Doel:
So essentially you were learning this by yourself in order to understand it. Indeed, many of the people were leaving Princeton during that time, many of the East Coast universities. Who were the main professors that you did take courses from, who were there?Hamilton:
There was a Professor [Hiram] Nichols with a background in—electronics and Ladenberg. There was a professor who eventually showed up at Rochester but whose name I dont remember.Doel:
I think I know who you mean. We can add that to the transcript later.Hamilton:
There was a good math professor, Solomon Lefschetz who had an artificial hand. He used to give me hell because he said I wasnt working hard enough.Doel:
How did you feel about that?Hamilton:
I was more of a grind than most of the people, so I just sloughed it off.Doel:
How did you find laboratory work at Princeton, the labs that you took?Hamilton:
Fascinating. They had some beautiful physics experiments such as the oil droplet experiment for determining the charge of the electron.Doel:
Were they in Palmer Hall at that point?Hamilton:
Right. And the chemistry labs— the quantitative chemistry labs were fun.Doel:
Who was there in chemistry at the time? Was [Hugh Scott] Taylor on campus, or had he left for the war effort?Hamilton:
I dont know. He was far removed from the freshman/sophomore chemistry courses that I might have taken.Doel:
Did you take any courses, say, from Hubert Alyea? Was that one of your instructors?Hamilton:
Alyea was my freshman chemistry professor,—a great showman. Though I guess in those days he hadnt quite developed into the showman that he developed into the next twenty years.Doel:
But you could see the evidence of it already?Hamilton:
Well, his lectures were certainly entertaining enough, but they werent a bang a minute, the way they were later.Doel:
What do you recall from them, when you think back on it? What particularly interested you about it?Hamilton:
The fun of qualitative analysis in the laboratory where you were given an unknown, and you went through a series of steps trying to figure out what it was.Doel:
How did you find mathematics? Was that difficult for you or did it come relatively easy?Hamilton:
No, mathematics is one place where they usually had a good textbook, and so you could dig your way through it, so it came easy. The advice Ive given everybody since is, For Gods sake, dont take an advanced math course, take something that is well within your capabilities so youre understanding it and enjoying it, because mathematics is the essence of every science field. The best biologist I know is a very competent statistician, a statistician equivalent with the scientific officers in ONR who run the ONRs statistics program. Its just essential that you get a good background in math for any branch of science.Doel:
Who is it youre referring to?Hamilton:
Peter A. Jumars, Professor of Oceanography at University of Washington.Doel:
Did you have any courses in geology at the time? [Harry H.] Hess was obviously at Princeton then.Hamilton:
Yes, but he was a senior professor. I had a course in geology from Richard [M.] Field.Doel:
You did? Thats interesting.Hamilton:
A fascinating course. The spring term was paleontology, first term was structural geology.Doel:
What were your impressions of those classes? What do you recall from them? Did you find that particularly interesting at the time that you were taking it?Hamilton:
No. Enjoyed them, enjoyed the mineralogy in the lab.Doel:
Who had taught the mineralogy class?Hamilton:
I dont know. I dont know who taught paleontology either. Basically this were just a smattering of background in the fields.Doel:
Yes. Which course was it that Field taught, that you took?Hamilton:
Freshman geology.Doel:
Did he touch on major questions in geology? Did he raise current research topics, or did he cover it in a fairly traditional classical way?Hamilton:
No, it was a traditional classical course. This was a freshman course, with the reputation of being a gut course that all the football players took. It would be far below anything at the professional level of Harry Hess, though I guess by then he was skipper of a Navy transport.Doel:
I was going to ask, certainly he was in the Navy pretty early in the war. Do you remember meeting him at the time?Hamilton:
No. No. I met him years later.Doel:
How was Field as a teacher, when you think back? Was he effective?Hamilton:
I dont really have a recollection of how he was as a teacher.Doel:
Realizing fully that, as you say, Field was teaching a course for freshmen, one of the reasons I was asking that question, was wondering whether he was talking about the work that was going on, say, with [?] Ewing in that period of time, in exploring the ocean.Hamilton:
Ewing didnt exist in those days in terms of freshman geology courses.Doel:
Right. Except that Field, of course, did know about the kind of work that Ewing was doing through the personal contacts.Hamilton:
Ewings work in those days was certainly not at the forefront of anything. And Ewing would just barely have moved to Woods Hole from Lehigh. I dont know, but I suspect that Richard Field, professor at Princeton, would have thought that this junior scientist at Lehigh was beneath him.Doel:
Thats interesting. Do you remember going to any lectures that were done by others than the professors? Was that something that as undergraduates would attend?Hamilton:
Were any of the teachers at Princeton particularly memorable for you, particularly influential?Hamilton:
Professor Nichols was. It must have been his course in electronics. And Solomon Lefschetz, a math professor with the prosthetic device on his right hand for holding the chalk to write on the blackboard.Doel:
How would you say they were influential or helpful? In what way did you find that?Hamilton:
Well, the math professor certainly spurred me on to doing more math than I would otherwise have done. Nichols had lab experiments in electronics that taught me the fundamentals of vacuum-tube electronic design and so on.Doel:
You had a lot of hands-on experience building things in the lab?Hamilton:
No, we measured radio tube characteristics and amplifiers performance, this sort of thing. This all came in handy when I decided to get into the Navy to avoid the mud in the Army, get in the Navy where theres always a bed and a hot meal. With that background I could make a pretty good case for training to be a Navy radar specialist or SONAR specialist.Doel:
Were you thinking of that when you took the class or was that apparent in retrospect?Hamilton:
No, its probably apparent in retrospect.Doel:
You say that in 1943 you went into the Navy. How did that come about?Hamilton:
I was dodging the draft.Doel:
Very typical in that period.Hamilton:
The fellow across from the hail from me went into the artillery and spent a year in the mud in France. I spent a year or two on a destroyer in the Pacific, where I always had a sack, though I couldnt roll over without scratching my butt on the bunk above me.Doel:
Those were tight quarters. Did you work during the summers when you were at Princeton, or had the university gone to the calendar where one attended—Hamilton:
First summer, I was a Scout master in New York City Boy Scout Camp, Ten Mile River. The second summer, wed already gone to an accelerated educational program, so I was taking courses of some sort.Doel:
Throughout the summer. You were actually finished with the bachelors degree by 1943 under that accelerated program?Hamilton:
June 43. Right.Doel:
What kind of duty did you see when you were out in the Pacific?Hamilton:
I was the radar specialist officer on a destroyer squadron staff, which was a hell of a lot of fun, because I got rotated around among the various destroyers in the squadron. I was the only one that knew all the officers in the squadron. And if there was a major electronic problem on a destroyer, Id get high-lined over to that ship. The problem was usually solved by going down and talking to the chief petty officer for electronic for electronics. Usually it was some simple problem like water in the waveguide up on the top of the mast, and the skipper wouldnt let them climb the mast to drain it. So Id go talk to the skipper and say, Hey, weve got to climb the mast, and if he was hesitant and didnt want to do it, I would blackmail him.Doel:
How did you blackmail him?Hamilton:
I would tell him that when Im on the destroyer squadron flagship, I stand a flag watch, and invariably there will be occasion when it will be three oclock in the morning, doing Zigzag Plan Six; the plan calls for thirty degrees left and your ship does thirty right. When the ships were making a big turn, I would always watch the radar to make sure, nobody made a mistake. At that point I had two options. Either I call the commodore and say, Hey, that stupid ship over there has thirty right instead of thirty left, or I can get on the radio without saying who I was, and say, Hey, you asshole, come on, thirty left, not right. And the result was, Id get permission to climb the mast, and wed get it fixed. I had a couple of excellent destroyer squadron commodores, so I enjoyed it very much.Doel:
I can see where your electronics experience came in handy.Hamilton:
For example one fire control radar was always burning out a 3000-volt transformer. Id jerry-rig a 3000 volt line, hang it on string near the overhead from a cathode ray tube power supply in the adjacent radar. This would keep this fire control radar going until we got spares.Doel:
And that wasnt necessarily a skill shared by others who might know electronics, either. Youve got to know how to jerry-rig a system to keep it going.Hamilton:
And you had to be willing to take the responsibility to do it.Doel:
That was probably as critical if not more so, wasnt it? Hamilton. Yes, right. I didnt go ask anybody, I just did it.Doel:
Can you think of any particular instance when you say that?Hamilton:
No. It was a tough war on my destroyer squadron. We lost about 40 percent of the officers of the squadron. The kamikazes would come down on the destroyer, and they would come through the bridge structure, which meant they would take out the two officers in the gun control topside. They would take out everybody on the bridge, three or four there. Theyd go down, go on through the communication shack and the crypto machines, down into Combat Information Center, and finally down on the next deck where you had the computers for fire control as well as the forward repair party and the ships doctor. So when a kamikaze came into and succeeded in hitting the bridge structure, youd be left, really, with only the engineering officers below and the paymaster on the after 40 mm guns. That plus the fact that my squadron that was the destroyer screen for the small carriers, that were caught east of Leyte Gulf by a Japanese force coming through Suragaya Strait. The squadron took on Japanese cruisers with our five-inch guns against the cruisers had eight and twelve inch guns. In any case, come June of 45, our original squadron of ships got sent back but with only three ships left, to the States for overhaul. So we went back to Seattle. I went home for two weeks, then went out to radar school in Pearl [Harbor], and thats were I was when the war ended.Doel:
Had that happened on one of the ships you were serving, that kind of kamikaze attack?Hamilton:
No. The ship I was on, when a kamikaze came in, the skipper Col. Fred Michael ran through the wheelhouse and spun the wheel so we were coming right, and the kamikaze hit ten feet off the port bow, close enough so that when I was on the third deck up, I was soaked by the splash. Close. But it was the skipper that saved us. He didnt bother shouting an order. He just ran through the wheel house and spun the wheel.Doel:
How many times did that happen?Hamilton:
That only happened once to me but many destroyers in ASW screens off Leyte Gulf and Iwo Jima were hit.Doel:
That must have been quite a moment for you.Hamilton:
It was over so soon, I didnt know what happened.Doel:
You do get the chance to think about it afterwards, though.Hamilton:
Right. Almost more interesting was when the fleet would make a major change of course. And the destroyer screen would have to reorient to stay ahead. Our destroyer captain, Fred Michael was an Annapolis graduate. And in the course of changing seventy degrees to the left, a destroyer escort would come across our bow from right to left. The DE probably had a lieutenant commander reserve as a CO. And its the only time Ive heard five bells, which is a collision. It was kind of funny to watch Fred Michael, our commanding officer cuss at the DEs CO, because he knew he was senior to that guy. [Laughter] We of course were backing down full, the DE had the right of way. But that was more of a long, drawn-out incident, it took a minute or two, where you thought maybe you were going to be rammed. We had already run for our life jackets when we heard fire bells.Doel:
How close did that end up being?Hamilton:
Oh, you passed fifty feet apart, with my ship shuddering as it was backing down, all full on both screws.Doel:
What else do you particularly recall from your wartime experience?Hamilton:
I went to midshipmens school in New York City on the USS Prairie State at 136th Street and the Hudson River. Had a ball. Went from there to radar school at Harvard and at MIT for a better part of eight months.Doel:
What did you learn at that radar school? What kind of training did you do?Hamilton:
Maintenance of fleet radars and fleet SONARs. Essentially at Harvard, the fundamentals of radar technology. At MIT, the hands-on-experience with the fleet radars and the fleet SONARs.Doel:
How big were the classes?Hamilton:
I dont specifically recall. Twenty or thirty.Doel:
Did you also learn about things like chaff?Hamilton:
No, chaff was not a factor then.Doel:
That came later?Hamilton:
Im curious if, in looking back, you found that whole experience was particularly helpful for what you later did in science, the radar training or the wartime experience, generally.Hamilton:
Yes, because the primary thing it taught me was, dont get caught up in the sophisticated details of trying to fix failed equipment; its probably something pretty simple. Years later on a cruise from Woods Hole down to Bermuda on the research vessel Caryn, it was three oclock in the morning, and the FM radio for Tzers shot times between the two ships did not work. Sitting there, Im about to replace what Ive decided has gone bad its one of the coupling coils in the receiver. I looked at it and I said, Christ, no, man, dont be stupid. Look for something simple. Rather than attempting to rewind that coupling coil I found something simple. The antenna wire between the receiver and the antenna was broken. But it was that experience in the Navy where it saved me from really lousing up that experiment at sea abroad Caryn that time.Doel:
Do you find that to be a common trait of those who had gone through the Navy in those later years, who knew that sort of thing about equipment, or was that something that you felt youd particularly picked up from your own experiences?Hamilton:
I dont think I ever ran into anybody else whod spent time in the Navy as an electronic technician, who had science and geophysics.Doel:
So your background, then, was fairly unique.Hamilton:
Yes. I had a much better background in electronics and such than most the other people had. And the practical details of electronics, like trying to troubleshoot a receiver by going in and tapping the grids to see where the clicks came through, where they didnt come through, where they stopped.Doel:
Were there any other aspects of the wartime service that you found particularly memorable?Hamilton:
When the war ended, did you already know what you wanted to do? Were you thinking already that you wanted to get into graduate school for study, or did that come gradually?Hamilton:
I wanted to use the GI bill for more education.Doel:
You had mentioned that conversation with your brother who had recommended geophysics. When did that happen. Was that still when you were at Princeton, or was it later?Hamilton:
No, it must have been while I was in high school, because in my high school yearbook where it says, What do you want to do? And I said, Geophysics.Doel:
Is that right? Thats interesting. Very few people even know what geophysics is, coming into college as freshmen, but you already had that. That was nice. [W.] Taylor Thom was at Princeton, wasnt he, in the geophysical engineering?Hamilton:
I had no contact with him. You know, my freshman year I had electives, but by my sophomore year, I had a language requirement to meet. Then the war started, and I had no electives left. It was essentially take the required courses when you graduate in three years. I still think about taking a course, for example, in music appreciation.Doel:
One that you wanted to take, but you couldnt?Hamilton:
Well, that I would have taken.Doel:
It would have been difficult, since you already had a full schedule during the time that the curriculum had narrowed down to the required courses. How much did you know about geophysics? Your brother had recommended it.Hamilton:
Basically nothing.Doel:
What did he know about it?Hamilton:
He was a smart guy.Doel:
Did he know, for instance, the applied parts, geophysics applied to petroleum exploration?Hamilton:
He essentially knew geophysics as applied to petroleum exploration. Right.Doel:
Had you seen any of the textbooks at that time or talked to anybody who was active in the business?Hamilton:
No. There wasnt anybody at Princeton, in those days, active in the field. They are much more active in the field now.Doel:
That, of course, was common of many universities at that period of time. I was just curious, your brother, you say, had been at Harvard. I wondered if he had met or had spoken to you about any of the geophysical work going on there.Hamilton:
No. He was in physics, and L. [Lewis] Don Leet was in another department working in seismology.Doel:
And the seismology was certainly in a separate area, but there was still people there, like Reginald [A.] Daly, who worked in areas that overlapped geophysics.Hamilton:
Was Daly at Harvard?Doel:
Daly was at Harvard. And [Francis] Bridgman had started the high-pressure work, Francis Bridgman.Hamilton:
Bridgmans work was background for solid earth theoretical geophysics, a far cry from exploration geophysics.Doel:
Leet felt it was geophysics, geochemistry, geophysics.Hamilton:
So you were thinking about going into geophysics coming out from the war. Where were you thinking you might go? How much did you find out about what was happening?Hamilton:
I am a very mediocre guy. I just plodded along.Doel:
But how did you find out about, say, Columbias program in geophysics?Hamilton:
I started in physics there and then shifted over to geology.Doel:
But what made you choose Columbia at that point, versus other possible schools?Hamilton:
Well, because my brother had gone there and I could live at home.Doel:
Did you apply at anywhere else besides Columbia?Hamilton:
How helpful was the GI Bill for getting into graduate school?Hamilton:
Well, it paid my way through.Doel:
Did it pay most of it? Did you find it was sufficient?Hamilton:
Oh, yes. I was living at home, as well, so—Doel:
All that you had at that point was the tuition, by and large, and expenses. Were you working at the time, outside?Hamilton:
No. It paid my tuition and expenses.Doel:
What do you remember from the physics department? When you went in, you were thinking of geophysics, or were you overlapping, thinking of physics and—Hamilton:
Kind of overlapping. Professors Willis [E.] Lamb [Jr.], Webb, 1.1. Rabi in physics. Over in geology, Marshall Kay. Maurice Ewing, of course.Doel:
Did you take any courses from Walter [H.] Bucher?Hamilton:
Yes, Walter Bucher, Structural geology.Doel:
How early on did you make the decision to go over to geology and start in geophysics? Was that the first year?Hamilton:
Essentially after a year, right.Doel:
Youd taken a year of the physics, the graduate physics. How much of that was classical and how much of it was quantum physics?Hamilton:
I did not get as far along as quantum physics, quantum mechanics.Doel:
So the first year was still, by and large, the classical.Hamilton:
Yes. I was basically making up for what I didnt get in my senior year in college.Doel:
Do you remember what courses you had taken in that year?Hamilton:
Some math, some physical chemistry. I guess, mechanics.Doel:
Do you remember what you did that summer, that first summer that you were at Columbia?Hamilton:
Yes. I went to summer school, took a course in mechanics and something else. 46?Doel:
I should be clear. When you were finally released from the Navy, did you then start in the spring term, or were you already there for the start of the fall?Hamilton:
I was released about the end of June and started in graduate school the next month.Doel:
So you were able to get right in. And then Columbia was still on an accelerated schedule then, which is why you had the summer courses?Hamilton:
I dont know what schedule I was on. I had summer school, though.Doel:
So the first courses that you took in geophysics came that next year, the 46-47 academic year.Hamilton:
No. It must have been a year later.Doel:
A year later than that? 47-48. You mentioned Marshall Kay. What course do you remember taking from him?Hamilton:
He taught stratigraphy, which was the correlation of a sediment strata here and a sediment strata over there, and inferring from that what the sediments did in between, how they banded in and how they banded out.Doel:
Did that sort of approach appeal to you? Did you find that interesting?Hamilton:
Yes. Very interesting. You know, in those days, it was the essence of large-scale geology. Today we may have more bore holes, so you dont have to try and infer, but then we didnt.Doel:
Were there field trips with that class? Did you go out to see highway cuts or things of that sort?Hamilton:
No. The field trips were with Walter Bucher, not in stratigraphy.Doel:
What do you remember about the classes that you had with structural geology with Bucher?Hamilton:
Nothing particularly.Doel:
You say you had the trips—was this, in essence, field camp that you went on, or was it daytime only?Hamilton:
It was daytime field trips up to the Palisades and North Palisades, where on a very short scale there are some highly folded beds. It must have been north of Nyack, but I dont recall where.Doel:
But clearly, you could go up and get back within the same day with no trouble. When you think back on it, were any of those courses particularly helpful for your later career? It was all more or less part of a—Hamilton:
No. There about 48, I started working more and more on government research contracts, Navy contracts, where the field was ocean sound transmission.Doel:
Was anyone teaching a course in underwater acoustics, things of that sort?Hamilton:
Had you had much training in acoustics?Hamilton:
What do you remember— you had a seminar with Ewing? Did you have the introductory—Hamilton:
I had a course in introductory geophysics. There was a good textbook by [L.L.] Nettleton.Doel:
Nettleton was the more or less applied to geophysics text?Hamilton:
Right. And a book by Daly.Doel:
Do you remember which one from Daly?Hamilton:
No, I do not. A book on seismology by— James B. Macelwane a professor at Washington [University] in St. Louis.Doel:
Did you talk much about the work going on in California, [Perry] Byerlys work or [Beno] Gutenbergs?Hamilton:
No. We used to hear occasional disparaging remarks about L. Don Leet.Doel:
From where?Hamilton:
From the office, generally. Might have been from Joe [Lamar] Worzel.Doel:
Had you met Leet, did you know? What kind of remarks?Hamilton:
There was quite an argument in the scientific literature, in the late thirties on a paper Ewing wrote, where he had done some considerable extrapolation — legitimate — which Leet had criticized vociferously. I cant imagine Ewing having commented on it, but its the sort of thing that Worzel might have. Being disciples of Doc Ewing we of course thought poorly of Leet as a result.Doel:
How well did you come to know Joe Worzel in that period?Hamilton:
Very well. Dirty old Joe. We were both working in the same lab. He was running the gravity program with the [Felix A.] Vening-Meinezs pendulums, and I went to sea on submarines a couple of times with those pendulums to get data for him.Doel:
When did you first go to sea?Hamilton:
Went to sea in the summer of 47 on the Atlantis, going to Bermuda and then over to the Azores. And off and on every so often after that, every four or five months.Doel:
Do you remember who the chief scientist was on that first cruise that you took?Hamilton:
Maurice Ewing, with Adrian Lane, the skipper; Mr. Carlson, the first mate; Chief Baccus, the chief engineer; and Sammy, the cook. That was an interesting cruise. They had loaded up the Atlantis freezer solid with meat, and the result was that the meat in the center never froze. So by the time we were six weeks out of Woods Hole and on our way back home, that meat had gotten pretty ripe. If you went through the galley at six oclock in the morning, the meat stank But after they stewed it from six in the morning til six in the evening, it wasnt bad at all [Laughter] It wasnt bad at all.Doel:
It just didnt help to smell it at that hour in the morning.Hamilton:
Didnt help at all to smell it then.Doel:
What was it like to work with Ewing as chief scientist?Hamilton:
Oh, it was tremendous. If youre running an experiment and there were four jobs to do, he would always grab the dirtiest job and do it.Doel:
And this was characteristic of him?Hamilton:
Yes. We were listening with hydrophones over the side. I would end up inside on the photograph oscillograph, making a recording. He would do what was actually the critical part of the job, but it was also the heavy work, which was haul hydro phones in close to the ship and then cast them off so that the hydro phone would remain still in the water as the ship drifted away. It was heavy work puffing these hydrophones in, letting it go for the next shot, and hed do it twenty times. But he would do that job, which meant that the phones were quiet, which meant I got good records inside. But he was doing the heavy work, but he was always that way.Doel:
That was your task during the cruise? You were working on the hydrophones?Hamilton:
During that particular set of experiments, yes.Doel:
How often would it rotate during a single cruise like that?Hamilton:
How often would what rotate?Doel:
The task, the experiment that you were working on.Hamilton:
We didnt do that experiment that often, so it didnt rotate, really.Doel:
By 46, 47, when you were first getting acquainted and got to know Ewing and the rest of the people in geophysics, how much did you know about the sound channel work that Ewing had been involved in at Woods Hole during the war?Hamilton:
Didnt know much about it for another couple of years, because the book that he wrote on it, Memoir Twenty-seven of the Geological Society of America, is dated 1947.Doel:
Do you remember reading it when it came out?Hamilton:
Oh, yes. After it came out, yes, in great detail.Doel:
And you found the topic particularly interesting?Hamilton:
I found it essential to my profession, which was becoming long-range ocean sound transmission.Doel:
Thats, in essence, what Im asking you about. How did that become your particular area?Hamilton:
In 48, I did some ocean sound transmission work with ONR on two ships from the Gulf of Maine, down on the edge of the shelf. Basically seismic transmission study of the sea floor.Doel:
Joe Worzel was on that cruise, wasnt he?Hamilton:
No, I was the program director and chief scientist, Joe Worzel was somewhere else. These boats were the Lida and Dido, the shooting boat, and the receiving boat was a little schooner called the Reliance. I dont know where Joe was that summer, 48. That fall, the Navy decided they wanted to put a hydrophone on the sea floor off Bermuda, and so I did the planning and such for that. So in June 1949, I moved to Bermuda and set up the Columbia University Geophysical Field Station on St. Davids Island at the east end of Bermuda. The Navy interest in the station was a very highly classified project, so they wouldnt tell me why they wanted this listening station. This was probably just as well, because I would have told them they were stupid.Doel:
And why is that?Hamilton:
Heres Bermuda.Doel:
Were looking at a map on your office wall.Hamilton:
Heres Bermuda. And what they wanted to do was listen for possible Russian underwater nuclear depth charges up near Novala Zemla, north of Russia. And if you got a world Mercator projection like this, it looks like Bermuda has a clear path to listen but if you look on a Great Circle map, Newfoundland and the Grand Banks block the path. Theres no transmission path. It was only after Id gone down to Bermuda and put in an underwater hydrophone and was monitoring it, that I realized what they really wanted, which was be able to monitor for USSR underwater nuclear depth charges. But we had a hydrophone there that was in about 2,500 feet of water, and over the next twenty years, we listened to various underwater phenomena, including, as it turns out, a simulated underwater nuclear depth charge, which resulted when the Navy scuttled a ship, loaded with overage explosives; mines, depth charges, to dispose of them and it detonated on the way down. It probably detonated on the way down because there was a cavity in the explosives which, under the hydrostatic pressure, collapsed causing that charge to detonate, and so the whole ship detonated.Doel:
How deep was it by the time the pressure detonated it?Hamilton:
It was probably 3,000 feet. It was like 800 tons of explosives. This started a program, sponsored by ARPA, as a convenient way to simulate underwater big explosions, by loading ships and towing them out to sea, and putting a SOFAR charge in there so they would detonate at 4,000 feet. A silly mistake was made, the last scuttling. They loaded a ship, took it up to the Aleutians, scuttled it so that it would detonate over the Aleutian trench. The ship had been checked over with, reinstalled the seacocks that worked fine. But at the last moment, when the ship was scuttled, with open seacocks, the topside hatches were closed, and the result was, the ship could not flood and did not sink. It drifted up there in the fog for about three days before it finally sank but in water too shallow to free the 4000 SOFAR detonators to fire.Doel:
Is it still there?Hamilton:
Yes. Its still there, sure. A week or two later, they were up dropping deep depth charges on them, but by then the SOFAR charges which were supposed to initiate the detonation had leaked, so the mechanism wouldnt work. There was a bit of a rumpus about that.Doel:
Was that in the late sixties when that happened?Hamilton:
Yes, it was about 69. It was when Tom [Thomas B.] Owen had just taken over as Chief of Naval Research. At his first briefing over at the Pentagon, the CNO demanded from the junior admiral in the back row, Tom, what the hells that ship you have got up there in the Aleutians causing all these PR problems? Tom, what are you going to do anything about it? Turned out, the program had been run by two or three civilians, and their report on Friday nights problem had not yet gotten to Owen for his Monday a.m. meeting. In any case, the hydrophone we had in Bermuda opened a whole new view on the underwater world, because we recorded it continuously. From our background at Columbia in seismology, we were used to— recording things continuously, changing the paper once a day, and so we put in recorders of that sort. Actually, the ones we used a hot-wire recorder on a wax paper, thirty-six-inch sheet of paper, twelve inches wide, on a drum, for a twenty-four-hour record with a response to 80 Hz plus a slow tape recorder. In the mid-sixties, I was the Navy expert on ocean SOFAR signals. The TJSN was firing Polaris missiles southeast from Cape Canaveral in Florida to the open ocean east of Barbados. SOFAR signals were an obvious way to locate the impact positions. The Russians can test 3000 mile missiles from land. Essentially then put a tape measure down and measure the distance. We had to develop an accurate method of locating the missile splash point east of Barbados. To get high accuracy we put in a hydrophone station in the Canary Islands so we would have on all four underwater acoustic or so far hydrophones.Doel:
With triangulation from the different receiving stations?Hamilton:
Triangulation with these different receiving stations is required to compute a SOFAR position. In 67, the accuracy required was not that great. But there, too, we put in continuous visible recorders and continuous tape recorders. That was the facility that got a significant recording of the break up of the submarine Scorpion when it sank. This recording was good enough that we could not just triangulate on the loss position, but could make a good enough story from this series of sounds, that their origin couldnt be anything else but a shipwreck.Doel:
When did the Scorpion sink?Hamilton:
May 1968.Doel:
This may be actually a good time to cover that in a bit greater detail. I want to get back to some other points that youve raised. What were you recording from the Scorpion? How quickly did you recognize what kind of a signal you had? How did you find out about the nature of the problem?Hamilton:
We were continuously recording the hydrophone in the Canarys that we had installed.Doel:
Canary Station or Bermuda, do you mean?Hamilton:
Canarys and Bermuda, with both a visible recorder, but also with a tape recorder. With the tape recorder we could analyze the frequency spectrum of the signals. The point is, an underwater explosion has initial shock wave, then a gas bubble forms which then collapses, and sends out a second acoustic signal. These two acoustic signals set up an interference pattern which controls the frequency spectrum of the received signal so you can go back and read off right away what the bubble pulse frequency was. And there is a simple relationship between the explosive charge weight and the detonation depth to determine the bubble pulse frequency. So in the Scorpion sequence, there was an initial signal with no frequency spectrum in it, which meant there was no bubble pulse, and then a sequence of about twenty signals with frequencies of the order of eighteen cycles, thirty-two cycles, fifty cycles, a range of frequencies, which you could duplicate with a series of explosions, a series of explosive charges, but you would have to go to some trouble to simulate that. So with that series of signals, with varying bubble-pulse frequencies, that followed a minute and a half, a signal that had no bubble pulse frequency, we could make this story. There was an explosion that ruptured the hull, and vented into the hull followed by the breakup sounds of the various collapsing tanks including the actual main hull as the sub sank. In a sub there are a lot of other smaller strong tanks. Theres the tanks that have high-pressure air. Tanks that drain the water from a torpedo tube, where the torpedo has been fired. The escape trunks that are forwarded and back aft. It took us a week or so to get the tape back from the Canary Islands. These large signals could then be correlated with weaker signals at SOSUS stations, which you would not have noticed otherwise. Combined the signals could then be used to triangulate a source position.Doel:
Was that seen as critical in the history of the programs? Do you feel that the methods were applicable to the disaster such as the Scorpion, or was it simply one in a series, and one of the more visible in the series, the usages? How critical was it?Hamilton:
This one accomplishment in a long series. CUGFS [Columbia University Geophysical Field Station] was then 19 years old. Our data provided the Scorpion search position where the ship was finally found. The submarine community doesnt talk to anybody about anything, so this story has — never surfaced. Certainly never surfaced in the open literature, and doesnt surface in the Navy literature. I was at a conference five years later, and this Navy captain came up and said, Gordon, glad to see you. How are you doing? I finally said, Who in the hell are you? Where did I meet you? and he laughed. He said, At that Navy Investigating Board on the Scorpion. I was the aviator on that board, representing the rest of the Navy to make sure the submarine types didnt sweep it under the table. [Laughter] One guy at a table with two admirals and ten captains. He said, I was the representative for the rest of the Navy. And, of course, he had no question for me at all that day.Doel:
But youd given the Board good ammunition.Hamilton:
Well, Id given them a good enough story, so they kept the NRL search team in that location for five months. In those days, the search was slow because they put a camera down and towed it along taking pictures at one knot, then you brought the camera up the camera developed the film.Doel:
Then repeat the procedure?Hamilton:
Repeat the procedure. And it was bad weather, you probably didnt get to tow the vehicle where you wanted to tow it, they eventually found the Scorpion. Of course, Im sure the Navy has figured out what caused the loss, but nobody has ever put it in public domain. I dont know what caused the loss. Lots of theories. For example, the Scorpion was coming from the Mediterranean, and there were French and Israeli submarines lost in the Mediterranean the previous two years. So there was a rumor that some group over there was putting limpet mines on them. Not my problem, not my business.Doel:
I wanted to go back to something that was very much your business when you got started in that. When you said that you were involved in planning the hydro phones off Bermuda back in 48, what did that entail? What sorts of issues did you have to work through to get that to work properly?Hamilton:
What was I going to use for a boat to put them down? What was the cable I was going to use? Where was the cable landing going to be? What were the amplifiers on the hydrophones going to be? What was the hydrophone going to be? What was the recording system to be. None of those things existed in those days.Doel:
Ill bet you that was actually developed and answered when you were at Lamont. How much time did you actually spend at Lamont?Hamilton:
Well, Lamont didnt exist as such.Doel:
It didnt exist as such until 49, clearly, and you were doing this by 48.Hamilton:
I was working out of a desk and phone at Schermerhorn Hall in the geology department.Doel:
Was it something that you were working on with, say, Angelo Ludas in fashioning any pieces of equipment?Hamilton:
Angelo made the submarine cable brake fashioned to in handling the cable going overboard. We laid the cable with a thirty-eight-foot boat that was designed for handling harbor buoys.
Session I | Session II


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Fish of Madagascar
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