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After the 1990 and 2000 censuses, coverage measurement tabulations focused on estimates of net coverage error for poststrata and aggregates of poststrata. While such tabulations remain valuable, the expanded goals for census coverage measurement (CCM) in 2010 call for a wider array of tabulations and analyses. First, there should be tabulations that break out the four types of census errors (defined in Chapter 2). Second, in order to learn about how census operations affect the occurrence of census errors, each type of error should be linked with a much wider array of variables that include detailed measures of census processes. Finally, the Census Bureau needs to perform analyses that take advantage of the wealth of information from CCM. This chapter first presents a framework for defining, estimating, and modeling the components of census coverage error. It then broadly specifies the variables that might play a role in statistical models. Lastly, it considers data products in the light of the goal of census improvement.
We first consider a framework for defining and estimating components of census coverage error. An excellent start in this direction was provided in Mulry and Kostanich (2006), which details the assumptions underlying dual-systems estimation (DSE) in the presence of nonresponse and other census data deficiencies. In carrying this out, Mulry and Kostanich provide rigorous definitions for some of the components of census cover-
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Analytic Use of
Coverage Measurement Data
After the 1990 and 2000 censuses, coverage measurement tabulations
focused on estimates of net coverage error for poststrata and aggregates
of poststrata. While such tabulations remain valuable, the expanded goals
for census coverage measurement (CCM) in 2010 call for a wider array of
tabulations and analyses. First, there should be tabulations that break out
the four types of census errors (defined in Chapter 2). Second, in order to
learn about how census operations affect the occurrence of census errors,
each type of error should be linked with a much wider array of variables
that include detailed measures of census processes. Finally, the Census
Bureau needs to perform analyses that take advantage of the wealth of
information from CCM. This chapter first presents a framework for defin
ing, estimating, and modeling the components of census coverage error.
It then broadly specifies the variables that might play a role in statistical
models. Lastly, it considers data products in the light of the goal of census
FRAMEWORK FOR uNDERSTANDINg COvERAgE ERRORS
We first consider a framework for defining and estimating components
of census coverage error. An excellent start in this direction was provided
in Mulry and kostanich (2006), which details the assumptions under
lying dualsystems estimation (DSE) in the presence of nonresponse and
other census data deficiencies. In carrying this out, Mulry and kostanich
provide rigorous definitions for some of the components of census cover
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age error, which are the "dependent variables" for a research program
modeling these components. (See Appendix A for some of the details of
this research.) The panel supports this research and would like to see it
developed more fully, both operationally and in broadening the structure
to incorporate duplicates.
Recommendation 9: The Census Bureau should further develop
and refine its framework for defining the four basic types of census
coverage error and measuring their frequency of occurrence. The
Census Bureau should also develop plans for operationalizing the
measurement of these components using data from the census and
the census coverage measurement program.
In addition to producing tabulations of net coverage error at some
level roughly comparable to the poststrata used in 2000, the Census
Bureau has started developing plans for producing tabulations of com
ponents of census coverage error, including the percentages of erroneous
enumeration, duplicates, missed enumerations, and people counted in
the wrong area (e.g., in the wrong state) by major demographic charac
teristics, by geography (possibly states), and by some census operations
(such as mailout–mailback in comparison with alternatives). The panel
believes that such tabulations, while representing a very positive shift in
the role of products of coverage measurement, still fail to fully utilize the
richness of information contained in the coverage measurement data that
will be collected in 2010.
The hopedfor feedback loop linking component census coverage
errors to their causes will require the creative use of exploratory data
analysis to answer the following general question:
Which census processes are associated with a substantially increased
rate of erroneous enumerations, duplications, omissions, or enumera-
tions in the wrong location?
This, in turn, will necessitate answering several other general questions:
• What types of housing units are missed more often than others?
• What types of housing units are duplicated more often than others?
• What types of people are missed more frequently than others?
• What types of people are erroneously enumerated more frequently
than others?
• What types of people are duplicated more often than others?
• What types of people are counted in the wrong location more often
than others?
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Through use of data analyses that use these outcome variables as
dependent variables, one should be able to identify collective values for
sets of predictors that identify situations that produce a higher rate of
one (or more) of the four types of coverage error. In other words, given
the current plans for 2010, it seems very possible that the Census Bureau
could provide assessments of when a census enumeration is likely to be
erroneous, when a census enumeration is likely to be a duplicate, when
a census enumeration is likely to be counted in the wrong location, and
when a Psample enumeration is likely to be a census omission.
It is also reasonable to expect that beginning to develop answers to
the above questions and provide the above assessments will be an impor
tant step toward identifying alternative census processes and designs
that might reduce the frequency of the associated coverage errors in
subsequent censuses. For example, missing people in gated communities
might suggest altering the way nonresponse followup is carried out for
such residences. Duplicating people serving in the military would suggest
a change to the examples of residency examples provided on the census
Toward this end, we outline a general approach to the statistical
modeling of component census coverage errors that we believe the Census
Bureau should consider. Note that the statistical models outlined will be
fit using data from the Psample and from the associated Esample enu
merations, though efforts should be made to augment these models with
data from administrative records data, the American Community Survey,
and, if possible, other sources.
STATISTICAL MODELINg
The following provides some specifics as to the variables that should
be used in statistical models in support of census process improvement.
Dependent variables
There are four primary types of dependent variables that should be
used. The first dependent variable is an indicator variable as to whether
a Psample enumeration is a census omission. It may also be useful to
consider separate indicator variables that indicate whether the omission
is (a) a withinhousehold omission, with others in the housing unit having
been enumerated in the census; (b) a wholehousehold omission in a listed
housing unit; or (c) an entirely missed housing unit.
The second dependent variable is an indicator variable as to whether
an Esample enumeration is a census duplicate. It may also be useful to
consider separate indicator variables that denote whether the situation
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is (a) a wholehousehold duplicate or (b) a duplication of an individual
in a household in which others were counted only once. Also, consider
the possible ways in which people might be duplicated. People that are
often duplicated are those in nursing homes, people in prisons, or people
in military barracks being enumerated with their relatives rather than
at their institutional residences. Also there are college students being
enumerated where their parents reside and at school; people with winter
homes being counted as residents at those locations and also at their
primary residences; and movers being counted both at their previous
residence and at their current residence. These various causes of duplica
tion result in different displacements between the correct residence and
the duplicate residence. Therefore, to help differentiate between these
causes of duplication, it may be useful to have dependent variables that
distinguish between duplications that have varying degrees of displace
ment between the two residences.
The third dependent variable is an indicator variable as to whether
an Esample enumeration is erroneous. It may also be useful to consider
indicator variables that denote whether the erroneous enumeration corre
sponds to (a) a fictitious person, (b) someone who was born after Census
Day, (c) someone who died before Census Day, or (d) a visitor.
The fourth dependent variable is an indicator variable as to whether
an Esample enumeration is in the wrong location. As mentioned above,
there are different possible levels of geographic displacement (e.g., state
or county), and for each definition a separate indicator variable could be
formed. Further, it may also be useful to consider separate indicator vari
ables that could distinguish between the following situations: (1) a house
hold counted at the right address/housing unit but in the wrong place due
to a geocoding error, (2) a household counted in the wrong housing unit,
due to a move, and (3) a household counted at a Census Day residence
that is not the usual residence.
Before continuing, we note that there will always be mistakes in
attributing census component coverage error to one of the four types of
component coverage error, and even whether a coverage error occurred
at all. For example, due to matching errors, some cases judged to be
census duplicates in the coverage measurement program through use
of the national match for duplicates will not be duplicates and so a few
correct enumerations will be judged as being duplicates. For the same
reason, some actual duplicates will be erroneously classified as correct
enumerations. Other situations of ambiguity and error will certainly exist
in assessing erroneous enumerations, enumerations in the wrong place,
and omissions. However, the current methods for judging which cases
belong to which categories are sufficiently reliable to strongly support the
current aims of the Census Bureau to improve census methodology.
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Independent variables
To understand which subset of individuals and housing units are
more frequently subject to coverage errors of the four indicated types,
and to understand what census processes contributed to those errors, it
is necessary to focus on predictors that distinguish between individuals
and housing units that are likely to have different interactions with cen
sus enumeration processes, as well as predictors that indicate the census
processes that were used to attempt to enumerate those individuals and
housing units.
We caution that the set of census component processes that one might
want to represent is much richer than the discussion here would suggest.
To get some sense of the complexity, there will be dozens of different
questionnaires used in the 2010 census (to account for different forms
of delivery, foreign languages, and other factors). Given the size of the
postenumeration surveys (PES) used to date, the sample sizes of the cov
erage measurement program are unlikely to support analysis of the rarer
component processes used in conjunction with the more detailed subsets
of the population. Therefore, some compromise between full representa
tion and parsimony in modeling must be struck.
We recognize that some of the covariates suggested for use in statisti
cal modeling of the frequency of various components of coverage error
may not be routinely available given the planned data collection in the
Psample blocks. For instance, we discuss below the possibility of deter
mining whether someone in a household telephoned for questionnaire
assistance and whether that was associated with a higher or lower rate
of component coverage error. Such information has not been collected in
previous coverage measurement programs and would therefore not be
available to modelers. However, as mentioned above, if a master trace
sample is collected in a way that overlaps substantially with the Psample
blocks in 2010, such covariates could be made available for analysis. Our
outline assumes that certain covariates will be available in 2010. If this
information will not be available, we hope that this discussion motivates a
revision of plans to make more predictors available to support the models.
With these caveats, we discuss the primary predictors that might be valu
able to include in statistical models for component coverage errors.
Individuals and Housing Units There are four individual and housing
units variables that need to be considered. First is the type of enumeration
area and other features that identify the local geography and the types of
housing units in the area. Housing units in the United States are primarily
enumerated using one of three procedures: mailout–mailback, update–
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leave, and list–enumerate (see National Research Council, 2000). Broadly
speaking, housing units are selected for enumeration by one of these three
procedures as a function of the quality of the mailing list and whether
the housing units have unique identifiers. In addition, other features that
might be related to coverage error are the frequency of small multiunit
residences in the area, the rates of new construction, and the rates of
demolition of residences, as well as whether the immediate area is mainly
residential or a mixture of residential and business establishments.
The second type of variable is the kind of housing unit. Indicator
variables that might be useful to consider include whether the household
in question has been newly constructed or is part of a small multiunit
building. Other indicator variables that are likely to be predictive are
whether the housing unit is part of a group quarters and, if so, what kind
of group quarters.
The third type of variable is people's demographic characteristics,
which are related to differences in rates of components of coverage error
(e.g., being between 18 and 22 is related to increases in the chances of
duplication), and there also remains considerable interest in assessment
of the quality of the census as a function of these characteristics. There
fore, it is important to include them in any statistical models of the rates
of components of coverage error.
The fourth type of variable involves the relationships of residents. It
is generally believed that a household with people who are unrelated to
each other or are not part of the same nuclear family is related to census
omissions. Therefore, indicator variables for this would likely be useful.
Census Processes At least five types of census process variables could be
useful in these models. The first type uses results of the Master Address
File (MAF) building process. Four basic types of coverage error can result
from mistakes in the MAF building: if a nonresidential unit is erroneously
included, if a housing unit is included twice, if a housing unit is omitted,
and if an address is geocoded in the wrong location (which involves the
interaction of the MAF and TIGER).1 None of these mistakes forces a census
coverage error, since these mistakes can be, and often are, corrected during
the field enumeration. However, it seems clear that indicator variables of
these errors are very likely to be associated with a greater frequency of cov
erage error. Therefore, four variables that should be considered for inclusion
in statistical models to predict the relevant components of census coverage
1 These variables, and others listed, may serve dual purposes. For some analyses they
may be explanatory (or stratifying) variables. But it would also make sense to use them
as outcomes in other analyses, modeled as functions of housing characteristics and MAF
related operations.
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error are a variable that indicates when an address included in the MAF is
not a residence, a variable that indicates when an address is included more
than once on the MAF, a variable that indicates when an address was omit
ted from the MAF, and a variable that indicates when a geocoding error has
been made. It is anticipated that these indicator variables will be strongly
predictive of the obvious component coverage error. (It may sometimes be
difficult to identify the specific addressbuilding process that resulted in a
MAF error: for example, knowing that an address was omitted from the
MAF does not necessarily identify the specific addressbuilding process
that was in error.)
The second type of process variable to be considered uses results of
the mailout/mailback enumeration. Three indicator variables related to
the initial mail data collection might be associated with coverage errors:
(1) an indicator that a foreign language questionnaire was requested or
some other contact was made with telephone questionnaire assistance,
(2) an indicator of some degree of item nonresponse on the returned ques
tionnaire, and (3) an indicator that some of the responses to the census
questionnaire needed to be keyed rather than scanned from image. Each
of these indicator variables may be related to difficulties that respondents
had in responding to the census questionnaire.
The third type of process variable to be considered uses informa
tion from nonresponse followup. Indicator variables associated with
nonresponse followup that might be related to coverage error are the
number of attempts needed to collect the information from initial mail
nonrespondents and whether the ultimate enumeration was through a
proxy respondent.
The fourth type of process variable uses information from the cov
erage followup interview. Indicator variables involving the coverage
followup interview that might be related to coverage error are the six
possible reasons for a coverage followup interview (more than six resi
dents in the household, a count discrepancy in the census questionnaire,
a possible duplicate enumeration given the national search for duplicates,
count discrepancy with administrative records counts, response to the
undercoverage probe, and response to the overcoverage probe). Another
variable in this category is the number of phone calls needed to complete
the coverage followup interview.
The fifth type of process variable involves other modes of enumera
tion. Other methods of being enumerated include "Be Counted" and
through telephone questionnaire assistance. However, these and other
modes are relatively rare, and it is doubtful that the PES would support
statistical models that made use of variables that indicated their use.
However, expansion of these modes of enumeration might take place,
and in that case, indicator variables of their use might be useful in future
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models of the frequency of component coverage error. Similarly, any other
process that occurs relatively frequently that is not included in this outline
of census component processes, could be considered for inclusion.
Predictors Related to Enumerator Error There has been little research
as to whether census coverage error is related to the effectiveness or
doggedness of field enumerators. However, if possible, it would seem
useful to examine. One variable that might discriminate between effective
and ineffective enumerator effort is the turnover rate for the associated
field office, and other variables that might be useful can be imagined,
including variables that indicate how enumerators faired in any training
exercises and variables that represent the results of the quality control
program that checks on each enumerator's initial workload.
Contextual Factors
There are likely to be additional contextual variables that are asso
ciated with the frequency of components of census coverage error that
may relate to how the census operates in a broad sense. Examples of such
covariates are the percentage of people in an area that own their own resi
dences, the local mail return rate, the local crime rate (assuming improve
ments are made to the completeness of the Uniform Crime Reporting
system), the health of the local economy (using the local employment rate
from the American Community Survey, for example), or the percentage
of estimated undocumented local residents in the current or the previous
census (again from the American Community Survey, though estimated
To facilitate use of these various dependent and predictor variables,
it is important for the census coverage measurement database to be struc
tured to enable the representation of data at multiple levels—including
individual, household, local area, and the area covered by the Census'
local enumeration office—since various variables will exist at these dif
ferent levels. In addition, it will also be important to be able to link the
Esample data to the Psample data for the same individual and other
individuals in the same household.
It would be premature at this point to suggest the precise form of
the statistical models that could be used for this application, but since
most of the dependent variables are dichotomous, logistic regression,
discriminant analysis, and classification trees are obvious models to con
sider. Moreover, it is very likely that given the complexity of the under
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lying phenomena being modeled, focusing on fixedeffects models with
predictors restricted to the poststratification variables from 2000 will be
unsatisfactory. Instead, what is needed is a representation of the com
plexity of the situation, involving characteristics of households, housing
units, census processes, enumerators' performance, and interactions
among these variables. In addition, the Census Bureau should also
examine the possibility of using separate regression models for separate
geographic domains.
The panel stresses that although the implicit orientation of this dis
cussion has been on developing individuallevel models, modeling at the
individual level is not the only way of making progress in developing
feedback loops for census improvement. For example, one could take the
areas that have a high frequency of net undercoverage, or any of the four
types of coverage error, and see if those areas have any similarities. In par
ticular, one could carry out a cluster analysis of the areas with high rates
of duplication to find out that, say, 30 percent of these areas are college
towns, 35 percent are rural areas that have a lot of people with alternative
addresses, with the remainder difficult to categorize. Such an analysis
would provide obvious clues as to how to modify the census to reduce
the duplication rate in the future. Or one could try to develop models or
carry out exploratory data analysis at the household level.
There is a strong need for multiple approaches to the analysis of such
data. It remains to be seen which kinds of exploratory data analyses or
statistical modeling techniques are most helpful to the Census Bureau in
identifying census deficiencies. It would be important to consider a wide
variety of models and analyses before focusing on any small number of
techniques. And it would be comforting if different approaches to the
modeling produced similar findings. And, consistent with the need to
maintain disclosure avoidance, it would be valuable to share the data with
outside experts in various areas of application so that the latest techniques
are examined for their applicability.
To summarize, in developing models for the frequency of the com
ponents of coverage error, and for modeling match rate and correct enu
meration rate, the Census Bureau needs to consider a broad range of
possible approaches before focusing on a specific model. Alternatives
to the approach currently being considered include logistic regression
with other link functions, discriminant analysis, and data mining, such
as classification trees, support vector machines, and neural nets. Candi
date regression models would include various subsets of predictors, as
well as transformations and interaction terms. Also, separate models by
geographic strata of various types should also be considered, for instance
separate models for urban and rural areas.
We stress that the inclusion of interaction terms in such models is
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particularly important, since there are likely very significant interactions
between geography and demography. We are unaware of any studies
by the Census Bureau, in evaluating coverage error for previous cen
suses, where the possibility of complex regional effects has been investi
gated. For example, it is very easy to believe that the growing immigrant
Spanishspeaking population will have a different response than others
to changes in the presentation of the questions on race/ethnicity and resi
dence. Also, changes to the procedures used to procure foreign language
questionnaires and changes in the procedures used to hire field enumera
tors that are bilingual may also have an important impact on components
of census coverage error.
The variables used for these various problems need not be identical,
and therefore, separate model building research would need to be car
ried out. However, to avoid some form of balancing error, there may be
a benefit to using the same variables for the logistic regression model of
the match rate and erroneous enumeration rate in estimating net coverage
error: the Census Bureau could investigate the costs and benefits of this
idea prior to deciding whether to apply this constraint.
Recommendation 10: In developing the logistic regression models
or other types of discriminant-analysis models of match status, cor-
rect enumeration status, and components of census coverage error,
the Census Bureau should consider:
• use of several approaches before focusing on a specific model;
besides logistic regression, alternatives should include use of
other link functions, discriminant analysis, and various data
mining approaches, such as classification trees, support vector
machines, and neural nets.
• Thorough examination of the subset of predictors that is best
suited to each individual statistical model; the predictors for
these various statistical models need not be identical; however,
there may be a benefit to constraining the (logistic regression)
models of match rate and correct enumeration rate to have identi-
cal variables in the estimation of net coverage error, and research
should be carried out to assess whether this benefit outweighs
the benefit of selecting variables that are optimal for each of
these two logistic regression models.
• To effectively blend information from auxiliary sources at
various levels of geographic and demographic aggregation,
random effects modeling and Bayes' methods also should be
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Missing Data
In addition to developing a better understanding of the correlates of
component census coverage error, a related issue that is worth mentioning
is the development of a better understanding of the correlates of missing
data—obviously related to the quality of the census—that may also be
obtained through the use of statistical models. There are several differ
ent types of missing data in DSE. First, there are incomplete Esample
interviews, where the degree of "missingness" can range from character
istics information (e.g., missing demographic information) to situations
in which the number of residents in a housing unit is unknown. Census
interviews can also have missing information about whether a housing
unit is occupied or whether it is even a housing unit. (There are also
incomplete Psample interviews, but given the more intensive field work,
these are relatively infrequent.)
Second, missing characteristics information can affect whether E and
Psample enumerations are able to be identified as matching or non
matching, whether a Psample enumeration is properly designated as a
resident of the housing unit or not, and whether an Esample enumeration
is correct or incorrect.
Third, missing characteristics information can affect either the use
of poststrata or other means for smoothing or modeling estimates of the
match rate or the correct enumeration rate.
Because missing data reduce the quality of census counts in various
ways, it will be important for the Census Bureau to study which opera
tional factors relate to its occurrence as a first step in trying to reduce its
frequency in the future. Since missing data can be further categorized
as occurring at the level of an entire household or an individual, useful
dependent variables in such a study would be: (1) an indicator variable
for missing household count, (2) various indicator variables either for
specific missing household characteristics or for the degree of missing
household characteristics, and (3) various indicator variables either for
specific missing individual characteristics or for the degree of missing
individual characteristics. Given these dependent variables, one could
develop statistical models that would help identify which factors helped
to discriminate between households and people with and without miss
ing data. These models have the potential to make use of the entire cen
sus database, rather than just the data from the coverage measurement
In addition, given that proxy enumerations can be viewed as informed
imputations, one might also develop statistical models that predict
whether an enumeration is likely to be by proxy, again to assess which
factors may be related and potentially causal. Since proxy enumerations
are actual responses and not missing data, they can directly cause com
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ponent coverage errors and therefore one could, as mentioned above, use
such indicator variables as predictors in the study of causes of the rates
of duplication, omission, erroneous enumeration, and enumeration in the
wrong location.
Finally, PES data, through the matching of the Psample and the
Esample, could be used to assess the frequency of failure of characteristic
values to agree, such as race/ethnicity, age, or sex. Such errors can affect
some count tabulations. Administrative records could also be used to
assist in such studies. (Of course, some disagreements are due to imputa
tions, but others are due to misresponse.)
CENSuS DATA PRODuCTS FOR PROCESS IMPROvEMENT
As the panel emphasizes throughout this report, the new objective for
coverage measurement in 2010—to improve census processes through col
lecting and analyzing relevant information on census coverage error and
its covariates—is challenging. There are many possible routes to enumer
ating a person in the census (or attempting to do so), and the propensity
for coverage error is a complex function of both the census processes used
to enumerate individuals and households and their characteristics. Even
so, we are optimistic that much can be learned about which processes
lead to greater frequencies of coverage error for individuals with certain
characteristics and living situations. We believe that statistical analysis of
data from the census coverage measurement program as designed for the
2010 census, possibly along with data from administrative records and
the ACS, can provide considerable evidence about the causes of coverage
error or at least suggest valuable hypotheses for further investigation.
How this information is summarized for data users, and how it is
analyzed by people both inside and outside the Census Bureau has not yet
been decided. This is an extremely important dimension of the coverage
measurement program that needs to receive additional attention on the
part of the Census Bureau.
As described above, the coverage measurement program in 2010 will
provide information not only on net coverage error, but also on the four
components of census coverage error.2 With regard to net coverage error,
somewhat analogous to 2000, the Census Bureau has proposed that it will
2 There will be inconsistencies between the tabulations for net coverage error and for
components of census coverage error that need to be communicated to census data users.
In particular, while net census coverage error uses DSE to estimate those missed by both the
census and the CCM, since those omissions have no information locating them in a housing
unit, they are excluded from tabulations of components of coverage error and associated
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produce estimates of the net coverage error nationally, for major demo
graphic groups, and for states.
Although there are likely to be no poststrata in 2010 due to the use of
logistic regression modeling, for ease of comparison the Census Bureau
should consider releasing estimates of net coverage error for the 2010 cen
sus for comparable aggregates to support the comparison of net coverage
error from 2000 to 2010.
For housing units, the Census Bureau will produce estimates of net cov
erage error nationally and by occupied status and other characteristics.
With regard to components of census coverage error, the Census
Bureau proposes to produce the following research tables for persons:
erroneous enumerations (by which is meant duplications and what is
defined here as erroneous enumerations), and omissions nationally and
by major demographic group, and erroneous enumerations by major
census process. For housing units, the Census Bureau proposes to pro
duce research tables on the rate of erroneous enumerations by major
census process. In addition, the Census Bureau also proposes to produce
research tables providing some assessment of the extent to which people
are counted in the wrong geographic locations and the distances from the
correct locations.
The panel commends the Census Bureau for its forward thinking
about the role of coverage measurement in 2010 and the production of
these various research tabulations. In particular, providing rates of erro
neous enumerations by census process are likely to provide very useful
information on the sources of census coverage errors. Also, given that
measurements of the components of census coverage error have never
been tabulated before, the public release of these tabulations for the 2010
census is especially to be commended, since the newness of these statis
tics argues for a somewhat conservative approach to their public release.
Although census data users may not be asking about rates of components
of census coverage error, the release of these tabulations will give data
users a better sense of the totality of error in the census counts.
However, the panel believes that the Census Bureau needs to go fur
ther than the release of these tabulations, at least internally, in order to
support the ultimate goal of a feedback loop that uses information from
coverage measurement for identification of deficient census processes
(and possibly even hints at preferred alternative processes). We believe
that the major benefit from the current coverage measurement program
could very well be the production of a database that provides linked infor
mation for purposes of analysis on: (1) persons and their households and
housing units, (2) the census processes that were used to (try to) enumer
ate each individual or housing unit, (3) if an enumeration error was made,
what type of error was made, and (4) possibly, contextual information
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from the relevant geographic area. Such a database could then support
the use of regressiontype models that would identify the covariates that
were (and were not) predictive for rates of the four components of census
coverage error.
To be more specific, an analytic database, based on 2010 CCM data plus
auxiliary data, would contain important information. First, it would have
descriptive information about each individual from either the Psample
interview or the Esample interview, along with information on the hous
ing unit (e.g., type of dwelling unit and owner/renter). Second, it would
have the results of the census coverage measurement program assessment
of whether the individual was properly counted, omitted, erroneously
included, duplicated, or included at the wrong location. Also included
would be the coverage status of other members of the housing unit (e.g.,
to establish when a person was an omission in an otherwise enumerated
household and when the entire housing unit was missed).
Third, to the extent possible, this database would include the history
of census processes that were used to attempt to enumerate each indi
vidual and household. This would include how the address was added to
the MAF, whether the questionnaire was returned, whether the enumera
tion was obtained in nonresponse followup, etc. The panel has been told
that for some processes this history is not retained. For instance, if some
one was a duplicate and removed from the census during the followup
process, the fact that a duplicate enumeration existed for a short period of
time will likely not be retained. Especially given the critical importance of
coverage followup and the need to evaluate its performance, the Census
Bureau should consider retaining this history in a more complete form
for just the CCM block clusters, i.e., essentially a master trace sample (for
details, see National Research Council, 2004a).
StARS might also provide very helpful information on verifying
whether a census coverage error was made, and so efforts should be made
to fold in the StARS database. And the American Community Survey might
provide contextual information at the smallarea level, such as the poverty
or unemployment rate. In addition, the quality of the enumerator work
might be weakly assessed through information on enumerator turnover
rates and other measures of the quality of the census field staff, based on
information from the various management information systems for census
enumeration districts. One might even argue for linking in the results of
the quality assurance findings on the initial workload for each enumerator
(which could be used to see whether the current decision rule of which
enumerators to retain and which to let go is set at the right level).
The degree to which this database can and will be used to address
important questions about census design is directly a function of the
extent to which the needed analyses are permitted (even better, facili
OCR for page 119
tated) by the structure of the database. This is a question of database
management, which this panel did not address. However, it is clear that
the development of such a database will not be easy, and it is therefore
important that it be done by those with considerable expertise. The panel
believes it is very likely that the Census Bureau would benefit from
external assistance in developing such a database if it decides to pursue
its development.
To indicate just one type of complication in creating such a database,
consider the different geographies that might be encountered. There is
the geography of the contextual information, which is likely to be cen
sus tracts. Then there is the geography of the CCM survey, which is
the Psample block clusters (though estimates will be available for any
domain). There is also the geography of census enumeration districts. This
variety of "geographies" complicates linkages of data.
The specification of the structure of such a database should start
with the development of a list of the primary types of questions that the
database will likely be asked to address. To this end, the coverage mea
surement staff should formulate various hypotheses that it would like
a database to help resolve. Examples include: How much duplication is
the result of children living in joint custody arrangements? How many
erroneous enumerations are caused by the misinterpretation of residence
rules? Could StARS be used to reduce the number of MAF omissions? The
development of such a list will greatly assist in determining the structure
of the database, including what information should be linked in, and how
it should be linked.
In addition to using this database to confirm (or reject) a set of pri
mary hypotheses of interest, such a database could also be used in a more
exploratory manner to search for interesting and unanticipated patterns
that lead to census coverage error. Every census seems to have surprises
involving the types of people or households that experience novel causes
of coverage error. A caution, though, is that it is the nature of such explor
atory analyses to "discover" situations that are illusory or patterns that
are idiosyncratic aspects of the 2010 census.
Recommendation 11: The primary output of the Census Bureau's
coverage measurement program in 2010 should be an analytic data-
base that is used to support the development of statistical models to
inform census process improvement. The production of summary
tabulations should be of lesser priority.
Having argued for the development and use of this database, it is
the panel's responsibility to suggest how the analyses generated by this
database could be used to support a feedback loop for census improve
OCR for page 119
ment. Our view is that for each hypothesis of interest, one could develop a
statistical model to examine its validity. The development of such a model
would likely be nontrivial, potentially involving conditioning on variables
(such as sex of the individual, or urban/rural), and requiring diagnostic
tools for identifying which predictors are useful and which are not, when
transformations are and are not useful, etc. As mentioned above, many of
these hypotheses will be modeled as forms of discriminant analyses, i.e.,
methods for using the predictors to separate the cases that were subject
to a type of coverage error from those that were not.
When successful, such an analysis would suggest that certain types
of housing units, or households, or individuals, were more often missed
(or duplicated or otherwise incorrectly "counted") when associated with a
particular census enumeration process. Although this information would
be very useful, it would be incomplete, not providing the Census Bureau
with what it needs most: an alternative process that would remedy the
situation. For example, suppose an analysis demonstrated that many "Be
Counted" enumerations were duplicates, by noticing that a model of
the frequency of census duplication had a significant coefficient for the
predictor that was an indicator variable for enumeration using the "Be
Counted" program. (Such a finding would hardly be a surprise given the
nature of the program.) The difficulty is that it might not be clear what
could be done to the "Be Counted" program that would reduce the fre
quency of duplication. Is it the questionnaire itself that is being misunder
stood? Is the problem where the "Be Counted" forms are distributed? Or
is the problem how the forms are validated once they are collected? So it
is important to realize that the full feedback loop will still require insight
and interaction with field staff to use the information provided to identify
what specifically should be modified to provide needed improvement in
subsequent censuses.
Finally, we caution that such analyses cannot be used to tease out
extremely detailed aspects of census taking. The size of the CCM, and
the general infrequency of the four components of census coverage error
(in 2000, there were 37 million estimated omissions and overcounts of
283 million enumerations and as discussed often in this report, that is an
overestimate of the gross error rate; see National Research Council, 2004b)
crossed by census processes used, among other variables, will necessarily
limit the value of the proposed database to address very detailed ques
tions. Consequently, the panel cautions that Herculean efforts to attempt
to perfectly represent the census processes used through complicated
indicator variables is probably not going to be profitable. Rather, general
patterns of the census processes that proved to be less than fully effective
in enumerating relatively substantial subpopulations is what one hopes
to be able to identify. Such analytic findings may also be strengthened if
OCR for page 119
they are supported by anecdotal reports of field staff that suggest causal
explanations for the relationships discovered.
A remaining question is what should the Census Bureau commu
nicate to census data users about the analyses that are produced by the
proposed database? First, it is our hope that some extracts of this database
could be made available, possibly through the Census Bureau data centers
(taking care with respect to avoiding disclosure), to experts in various
areas of statistical methodology to see if different patterns of interest can
be identified. Second, while most census data users will be uninterested
in either developing their own models or even the models that the Census
Bureau develops, there is going to be interest in why the Census Bureau
is making various changes in the census coverage measurement program:
therefore, the Census Bureau may find it useful to issue a research report
series on major findings from the analyses (both internally and externally)
of a CCM database. These reports can describe the statistical models
developed and report on improvements to the census design or census
processes that might be indicated.
Recommendation 12: The Census Bureau should develop regression
models that elucidate the various types of census coverage error,
using specified dependent and predictor variables. To the extent
that the database supporting these models can be made available
to external researchers, it is extremely important that the Census
Bureau pursue all viable avenues to involve outside researchers in
the development of such models.
Given that the goal of the coverage measurement program in 2010
is census improvement, complete documentation of the functioning of
the various census processes in 2010, at least for a sample of households,
is crucially important to provide a baseline for comparison of potential
alternative processes. Such a sample of households is commonly called a
master trace sample. The value of such a master trace sample would be
significantly increased if it substantially overlaps with the CCM sample,
in order to be able to link indications of components of census coverage
error with the census processes involved.
Recommendation 13: For a sample of households, the Census Bureau
should retain data that provide a comprehensive picture of the cen-
sus processes used to enumerate it, and the individuals residing in
it, to facilitate subsequent evaluation. To allow linking assessment
of census coverage error with a history of the census processes, this
sample should substantially overlap with the CCM sample.
OCR for page 119


text:
Homemade Birth Anouncements
I'm always looking for a new idea...So I was wondering if you ladies could help me. I'm due next month and with my son I never did a birth anouncement, but I was thinking about doing one this time. The thing is though, I don't want to pay lots of money to have someone else print them out (Walgreens, etc.) Have any of you made your own birth anouncements before? Do you have any cute, original ideas? Please help!
Thanks for the replies. I'm very familiar with vistaprint. I used them for our wedding save the dates. I'm really looking for a hands on project. I will have to look around for some stamps. I used stamps to hand make all of my wedding programs. I figure handmade birth anouncements are scarce so it will be more likely that our family members won't accidently discard them down the line. Plus it gives me something to do in my down time, i.e., during my son's naptime or when I've got my pregnancy induced insomnia lol Thanks again ladies!
Walgreens has specials right now on 4x6 prints that are just 10 cents a copy. I did my daughter's birthday invites and also her thank yous this way. I am working on a birth announcement for my nephew that was just born. If you would like to see the finished product just let me know. And by the way....CONGRATULATIONS!!
Here's the thank you -
I'm also a stamper, so I'd suggest stamping them. There are also lots of little "embellishments" available in the party section of the dollar stores, so you could stamp the card and attach a little rattle or diaper pin embellishment with a piece of ribbon.
Debbie, the ribbon lady at http://www.reasonableribbon.com

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Mary Ann, Jane ? Elizabeth ? John Charles Catto- Cato Portsea England
Journal by
Hi I am looking For any info on Mary Ann, Jane, Elizabeth and John Charles Catto Children of William Catto and Isabella Morrinson who lived at Portsea Hampshire.
by wilbers Profile | Research |
Contact | Subscribe | Block this user
on 2013-01-02 17:45:27
on 2013-01-02 17:45:27
wilbers has been a Family Tree Circles member since Dec 2012.


text:
Ended on a infield hit after a wild pitch, this really was, "One for the Dogs."
Ended on a infield hit after a wild pitch, this really was, "One for the Dogs."
It wasn't aesthetically pleasing but I thought it was entertaining. And any win is a good win.
A summer watching a bad Reds' team, is still a pretty good summer.
I just went back and re-watched the Phillips incident. Couldn't see much. It was odd that the pitcher threw over with Phillips just standing on the bag. But wasn't it also odd that play had resumed, the pitcher had come set and Phillips WAS just standing on the bag. Shouldn't he have been taking a lead?
A summer watching a bad Reds' team, is still a pretty good summer.
Kudos to all the Reds Zoners who stayed up for the entire game.
* Attended the 1990 and 2010 Reds Division clinchers *
Watched the 2012 Clincher on FOX.
*Bat Votto SECOND, please?*
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text:
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Breathe MeDefinition: Breathe.1:a: to draw air into and expel it from the lungs:respire: to take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide through natural processes.b: to inhale and exhale freely.2: To live.I was just a grain of sand, a water droplet swallowed up in the ocean of fabricated feelings and shredded paper, dyed red and pink and bleeding down the worn, yellowed walls of my high school.It was was a week before Valentine's Day.I was miserable.The paper hearts, the pantomimed feelings, they were all too much. It was as if Saint Valentine was laughing in my face, mocking me in my loneliness it was as if someone wanted to watch me fail that day.I caught myself staring at you as you passed me in the halls.Help. I have done it again. I didn't even see Daniel's fist until it connected with my jaw.I heard his friends laugh.Pain surged through me, bone cracking as I fell into the lockers.I have been here many times before.I watched in silence as he strode u
Linger onThe touch of your fingersthey linger onleaving scarsthat I can not rememberThere is nothing in my heartGot a bullet in my trustI am ripped openby friendly fingersleft openfor the hungryto feast on my fleshand I wish I could flyhow badly I want to fleeStay out of reachStay up in the cloudsHowoever I am stuckthe grip is to firmyou fingersthey hold meand linger on
Living DeadI awake with worms crawling inside, dying from infectionMy gut dug into, fractured ribs, missing some intestinesMy jaw is broken, hanging open, I'm blind in both my eyesLimbs locked by rigor mortis, a pitchfork sticks out my thighThe only pain I feel is a constant aching hollowImpulse to fill the void has me in search of ones to swallowI hunger for the living... I've lost my grip on sanityCravings control this corpse to turn on crying familyI'm all regret and rot, they're blood and snot and tear bubblesI wish I could resist... but the empty sickness doublesI bite into the necks of the ones I once protectedChew away their flesh and leave their pleas neglectedI can't escape the filth ingrained in skin; it stains my mindI'm covered head to toe in wounds, bloody brains and grimeCursed to feed again, no end until I've lost my headThe night forever haunted by the marching genocidal dead


text:
Sara Horowitz is the founder and Executive Director of Freelancers Union, and an innovator for tomorrow's workforce. Sara has been widely recognized for her entrepreneurial efforts to build a new support system for independent workers, including creating and running a social-purpose insurance company to serve Freelancers Union members. Sara was recognized as one of Forbes' Top 30 Social Entrepreneurs in 2011, Top 25 Most Promising Social Entrepreneurs by Businessweek in 2011, "25 People to Watch" by Crain's New York in 2010, 100 Global Leaders for Tomorrow at the 2002 World Economic Forum, Esquire Magazine's 50 Best and Brightest in 2002, and she received a MacArthur Foundation "Genius Grant" in 1999. Before founding Freelancers Union, Sara was a private practice labor attorney and union organizer with 1199, the National Health and Human Service Employees Union. She has a master's degree from Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, a law degree cum laude from the SUNY Buffalo Law School, and a B.S. from Cornell University's School of Industrial and Labor Relations.
Sara's BlogHanan Kolko is a union side labor and employee benefits lawyer, and a Shareholder and Director at the law firm of Meyer, Suozzi, English & Klein. He represents clients before federal and state courts, the National Labor Relations Board, the New York State Public Employment Relations Board, and in arbitrations and negotiations. He has served on the Board of Directors of the Freelancers Union since 2001 and as chairperson of the Freelancers Union Board since 2005. He is a cum laude graduate of the University of Michigan Law School and received a B.S. from the Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations.
Stephanie Buchanan is currently a psychotherapist at Red Hook Residential, a prison for adolescent boys in Dutchess County, New York. Prior to that, she was Director of Policy at Freelancers Union, where she developed and coordinated advocacy campaigns and oversaw the organization's research on the independent workforce. Earlier in her career, Stephanie was a Knowledge Manager at McKinsey & Company, a global management consulting firm dedicated to helping the world's leading organizations address their strategic challenges. Her focus was on E-Business and Organization. Stephanie holds a Ph.D. in English from the University of Texas at Austin and a Masters of Social Work from New York University. She earned her B.A. from the University of Virginia.
Ina Chang has had a varied career in publishing, business communications, and journalism, including 20 years as a freelance editor of nonfiction books. She currently specializes in strategic communications for corporations and foundations, offering services that include writing, editing, consulting, and training. Her clients have included Microsoft, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Weyerhaeuser, and numerous research institutions, consulting firms, technology startups, and nonprofit organizations. Ina has worked as an Associated Press reporter based in Beijing, a freelance journalist, and a nonfiction writing instructor. She is the author of an award-winning children's book, A Separate Battle: Women and the Civil War. Ina is a graduate of Brown University.
Ohad Folman is the former founding Chief Information Officer for Freelancers Insurance Company and founding Chief Technology Officer of Freelancers Union. He has lived and worked in Israel, the United States, Africa, and France, with experience ranging from startups to Fortune 500 companies such as BabyFirst TV and VIACOM/MTV Networks. In 2004, Ohad initiated Ghana's first government subsidized open-source certification program for software engineers. Ohad holds a B.S. in Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence from the City University of New York, a Master in Interactive Communications from New York University (ITP), and Master of Business Administration from the MIT Sloan School of Management.
Andrea Phillips is a Vice President in the Urban Investment Group of Goldman Sachs with a focus on developing CDFI partnerships around access to capital for small businesses and economic development investing. She has over 20 years of experience in developing small business, workforce and community development programs. Most recently, she was a consultant providing strategic and operational planning services to a variety of public and private sector clients. Previously, Ms. Phillips was President of Seedco Financial, a $54 million Community Development Financial Institution(CDFI) which provides affordable capital to small businesses and non-profits in disadvantaged communities.
Prior to that she was Executive Vice President for Programs at Seedco, where she was responsible for developing strategies for and overseeing the implementation of all Seedco programs, totaling nearly $50 million in funding annually. Prior to her time at Seedco, she served as Deputy Director for Research and Evaluation for New York City's Victim Services Agency and as a Program Director at the Local Initiatives Support Corporation (LISC).
Ms. Phillips holds a BA from Tufts University and a MA in Public Policy from the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.
Trisala Chandaria is co-founder of Temboo, an NYC startup that's reimagining programming with a cloud-based platform for coding connected devices, software applications, and the Internet of Things. Her passions include disruptive networks, creative platforms, empathy and, via Temboo, banishing unnecessary complexity from software forever. She grew up in Switzerland, so she has a thing for chocolate, too.


text:
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TEXAS PATERNITY - BOOTS AND BOOTIES: BRANDED BY THE SHERIFF DELORES FOSSEN ISBN# 9780373693771 January 2009 Harlequin Intrigue www.eHarlequin.com Paperback $4.99 US/ $5.99 CAN 217 pages Romantic Suspense Rating: 4 cups
After being run out of town ten years ago, Faith Matthews is back with her sixteen month-old daughter, Aubrey, in tow. No one in the small Texas town is happy to see her back, especially since she is stepping into the role of assistant district attorney. Only two and a half months ago, her mother and sister were murdered, and it looks like Faith is the next name on the killer's list.
Beck Tanner is the sheriff and has always believed the worst about Faith. With a lot of bad blood between Faith and the Tanner family, Beck needs some clarification on a situation which happened before Faith left town. When Beck is placed in charge of protecting Faith and Aubrey, the case is solved and a romance able to bloom.
The murders of Faith's sister and mother have people pointing fingers at Darin, Faith's mentally unstable brother. Faith does not believe her brother committed these crimes. Beck believes he committed them with the help of an accomplice. Faith wants to clear her brother's name and get him the help he needs. Neither Faith nor Beck is ready when the murderer comes calling at their door.
This is a fantastic story that kept me guessing as to who the killer was. There are so many suspects and so many reasons why they would want to see the Matthews family gone. Faith is a tough lady. Beck is the perfect match for her and vice versa. Together, they are a couple who should not be messed with. I encourage you to pick up this book. Ms. Fossen knows how to keep the reader interested and on the edge of their seat.
Kimberly Reviewer for Coffee Time Romance & More
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text:
one-handed bottle opener
Community Voted
- the story
You'll Pop Your Top!
Charleston architect Rush Dixon's innovative throwback lets any host handle the drinks and entertainment with just one hand. Inspired by the long-forgotten Theodore Low bottle opener from the 1930s, Rush's one-handed marvel references the old while meeting the demands of the modern entertainer. With the squeeze of its thumbhole trigger, this seamlessly designed device pries tops and catches detached caps with the help of an ingenious magnetic fulcrum.
This sophisticated interpretation of the classic bottle key is cast out of polished stainless steel, giving it a little sparkle. Plus, each stylish accessory comes in a keepsake tin case with an old fashioned aesthetic that evokes the nostalgia and charm of the soda fountain. Made in China.
- details
Community Voted
- Item ID
- 21380
- Made from
- stainless steel
- Measurements
- 4.25" L x 1.25" W
- Notes
- Hand wash.
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Whiskey Stones & Gift Set $58.00 -
Anniversary Wine Box $180.00 -
Stoneware Growler $65.00 -
Cardboard Animal Heads $61.00


text:
Jam Songbook | 88 songs - 6% edited |
by bjgolf54 | Bob Dylan, Rolling Stones, John Prine, Gram Parsons, Johnny Cash, Commander Cody, Barry McGuire, Tom Waits and Merle Haggard |
jamesnbrown songbook | 9 songs - 0% edited |
by jamesnbrown A booklet I made of some Elvis songs. Enjoy | Elvis Presley, Paul McCartney, song by O Blackwell & E Presley and Beatles |
inasin songbook | 99 songs - 0% edited |
by inasin the songs I like to play, Easy-Medium. Some Norwegian, but mostly wellknown artists. | Beatles, Cat Stevens, Postgirobygget, Lennon/McCartney, Traditional, Eva Cassidy, Patti Smith, Howie Day, Janis Joplin, Simon & Garfunkel, Stereophonics, Bill Withers... |
DenverJim.1 | 101 songs - 0% edited |
by jimhollis | Neil Young, Johnny Cash, Kris Kristofferson, Chuck Berry, by Ray Davies of the Kinks, Byrds, Alabama, Lennon/McCartney, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Glen Campbell, Trace Adkins... |
DenverJim.3 | 83 songs - 0% edited |
by jimhollis | Bob Dylan, John Denver, Eagles, Neil Diamond, Diamond Rio, Vince Gill, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Jim Croce, Mac Davis, The Eagles, Crosby Stills and Nash... |
DenverJim.2 | 100 songs - 0% edited |
by jimhollis | Merle Haggard, Vince Gill, Fleetwood Mac, Lefty Frizzell, Everly Brothers, Vern Gosdin, Lee Greenwood, Crystal Gayle, Freddy Fender, John Fogerty, Dan Fogelberg... |
missfarfaraway songbook | 33 songs - 6% edited |
by missfarfaraway Just songs i like to play. | Jeff Buckley, David Bowie , R.E.M., James, Yazoo, (Arr. Cat Stevens), George Strait, Peter, Paul and Mary, Jefferson Airplane, Janis Joplin and Catatonia |
jerry5306 songbook | 100 songs - 0% edited |
by jerry5306 these are mreal good, easy songs to play.... lots of fun | Neil Young, Gordon Lightfoot, Bob Dylan, David Gilmour, Pink Floyd and Jewel |
gotta learn sometime songbook | 53 songs - 0% edited |
by gotta learn sometime just some good tunes that i try and play. | 3 Doors Down, Pearl Jam, Sublime, Blue Rodeo, Bob Dylan, Traditional, Johnny Cash, Whitesnake, Otis Redding / Steve Cropper, John Cougar Mellencamp... |
fredde_83 songbook | 28 songs - 0% edited |
by fredde_83 | Stephen Lynch, John Fogerty, Calling, Leonard Cohen, Johnny Cash, Elton John, Thirteen Senses, Bright Eyes and Death Cab For Cutie |
Fakebook in Progress | 64 songs - 0% edited |
by burnettm | Jim Croce, James Taylor, Roger Miller, Johnny Cash, John Prine, R.E.M, Leonard Cohen, Rodney Carrington, Our Lady Peace, Bad Company, Foo Fighters, Allman Bros... |
howdy131 songbook | 65 songs - 0% edited |
by howdy131 | Taylor Swift, Misc. Religious, Misc. Christmas, Tim McGraw, Brad Paisley, Pete Seeger, Peter, Paul and Mary, Sixpence None The Richer, Twila Paris, Faith Hill... |
Sanctus Real | 11 songs - 0% edited |
by gopriss All of them have Chords..., no tabs i only searched the songs from sanctus real and put them all together, i did not write the chords on them... some songs are repeated with different chords so you can choose the one you like or are able to play :P have fun, i did and still do! | Sanctus Real |
Live And let Die | 8 songs - 25% edited |
by manegi This is some of my favourite songs! | Michael Jackson, Queen, Backstreet Boys, Paul McCartney, Stevie Wonder and ABBA |
Obello TipTop | 25 songs - 4% edited |
by Obello Easy playing, easy listening. | U2, Muse, Robbie Williams, Madrugada, Gasolin, Seal, REM, R.E.M., Oasis, Return, Bruce Springsteen, Smokie, By The Eagles, Unknown and Beatles |
Worship Book 1 | 18 songs - 6% edited |
by Longhorn_C Praise songs for our small group. | Hillsong, Paul Baloche and Hillsong United |
RobU songbook | 71 songs - 0% edited |
by RobU beginner songs for a wanna be guitarrist | Dierks Bentley, Jack Johnson, Colin Hay, Dave Matthews, Pink Floyd, The Animals, Felder, Henley & Frey, Five Man Electrical Band, Bodeans, Creedence Clearwater Revival... |
Melodious Mayhem | 3 songs - 33% edited |
by onelostdog **status:incomplete** contains songs mainly for acoustic players. improve picking techniques & nail those elusive notes.. | Beatles, Foo Fighters and Levellers |
canzoniere | 74 songs - 5% edited |
by sirpatrickspens | Lucio Battisti, Nomadi, Edoardo Bennato, Bob Dylan, Tom Petty, Pooh, Elvis Costello, Traveling Wilburys, Antonello Venditti, Cat Stevens, Jos? Feliciano... |
Bolul songbook | 33 songs - 0% edited |
by Bolul | Johnny Cash, Journey, Tenacious D, Trey Parker, Chuck Berry, Monty Python, Men At Work, Bob Marley, Traveling Wilburys, Jeff Buckley, Creedence Clearwater Revival... |


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Agriculture Databases
Featured Database | |
Agricola Bibliographic citations on resources related to agriculture. More information | Can't Connect? |
Other Agriculture Databases | |
Academic Search Premier Find journals, magazines, newspapers, reports & books on a wide variety of topics. More information | Can't Connect? |
GreenFILE Find resources on agriculture and sustainable agriculture. More information |
MasterFile Complete Full-text general interest magazines, journals and books. More information | Can't Connect? |
Utah Government Digital Library Find Utah government publications on agriculture & related topics. More information |


text:
More In Loans & Mortgages
Mortgage Insurance Rates Take a Big Dip
The Domino Effect: What's Stunting Student Debtors Now?
Try Before You Buy: I Took a Mortgage Test Run
Scared Out of Selling: The New Fear Gripping Homeowners
Why Buy? The Rise of Auto Leases
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Cash Conversation of the Month: Plan a Family Financial Retreat
Infographic: 3 Habits of Financially Optimistic People
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7 Money Links We Love: Snagged a Promotion? 3 Power Moves to Make Next
Sellers: Don't Miss Spring!
It took long enough after a rainy April, but spring has finally sprung. And, along with the sunny skies and the daffodils comes the traditional spring housing market. Sellers know that it's the busy season, so they clean out their closets, put out some flowers, and bring their properties to market. (Read this for five ways to sell your home fast.)
Buyers, meanwhile, are excited by the new inventory, and so they run around shopping, knowing that they'll have more properties to choose from than at any other time.
It works out for everybody … except sellers who miss the boat.
Why You Should Sell Before August
Wayne Gomes, a real estate agent in Burlingame, Calif., put out a report urging sellers to get on the market now to get the best possible prices. "Sell before August if possible," Gomes said in the report. "June and July are better months to sell your home, apartment building, commercial real estate, or any investment property." Is this just real estate industry puffery? Gomes argues no, pointing to prices in his area as measured by the Case-Shiller housing index: up 3% in June, up 5% in July, down 3% in August.
(For how exactly a real estate agent would go about getting your house sold, click here.)
If You're Selling Now, This Is Your Big Shot—Make It Count
Make sure you do the following:
- Wash your windows. After the heavy rains seen in some parts of the country, windows can get streaky and muddy. Get out the squeegee and clean the panes. While you're at it, wash your screens as well. If the windows need to be disassembled a little in order to be properly cleaned, it's worth paying a handyman to do this. If you only have the time or money to do one room, do the living room.
- Clip your grass. One of my old college friends in Atlanta once sent me a note that said, "Sheesh, our neighbors just put their house up for sale, and they didn't even mow the lawn!" This is a big, bad mistake. Many house hunters will drive by a property to see how it looks from the street even before they drop into an open house. You want your home to look neat and inviting. A HomeGain.com survey found that the cost of landscaping a property averages around $540, while the return to the sellers is around $1,932.
- Air out your place. A house or apartment closed up for the winter can smell musty, even if there are no serious mold or mildew problems. Go ahead and open a couple of windows and run a fan to get a nice shot of fresh air in. Also, while you're at it, make sure your can't smell your pets. No matter how much you love them, you don't want a cat box smell, the stink of a doggy sofa, or just the smell of pet food to be the first thing that greets a potential buyer. Ask a neighbor or a Realtor to do a sniff test if you're not sure.
- Watch your pricing. Since you know this is the time to sell, give yourself three or four weeks to decide if you need to chop your prices (namely, if you aren't seeing any offers you like within that time). If you know you have some wiggle room, you want to offer that to potential buyers in the spring, not in August while they're all at the beach.


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i personally suggest dynasty warriors 4 it might have a lil strategy but mostly you will just go around slaying enemy soldiers to gain better stats (not sure if you would consider this a aciton/adventure game though)
Well, I'm going to the store the day after tomorrow and I'm planning on picking up at least one game for this trip there. Unlike what I usually pick up (RPG/sRPG), I want an Action / Adventure game. Of course this doesn't really narrow it down, since it could be Horror Adventure or Platform Action; well I don't really know what to get this time :P Any suggestions? I have the motivation to get MMX8 since I'm a Megaman fan, though I'm not sure if I should.
EDIT: I guess I should say that I own the PS2 console :P
i personally suggest dynasty warriors 4 it might have a lil strategy but mostly you will just go around slaying enemy soldiers to gain better stats (not sure if you would consider this a aciton/adventure game though)
Tediz arnt the only ones who are going to die
Okage: The Shadow King.
Seduced by Flesh
I can't believe I'm going to say this but I'm really enjoying ".Hack". Of course I watched the series first and the 45 min video that came with the game. Makes alot more sense that way.
(Can you tell I'm desperatly waiting for FFXII?)
Seriously though, the best platform game I have ever played was "Sly Cooper: and the Thevious Racoonus". Wouldn't have bought it for myself, my brother gave it to me for Christmas 1+yrs ago, and I loved it.
Get MGS3!!!
Metal Gear Solid 3 is a really good action game. If you want an Action/Adventure game, you should definitely pick up Prince of Persia. That came is challenging, entertaining, and time-consuming. Also, if you beat the game, you get the original PoP as a playable extra on the game. I likes it.
Let me step in as AO's GTA:San Andreas representative....and promote the game once more....theres just so much you can do at the drop of a hat. You could easily just walk down the street for a stroll....or you could start an over the top James Cameron style action scene right out of the blue. It also adds alot of rpg-elements this time around. With nut-grabbing action of course. Cant go wrong with it
Last edited by narrator; Feb 01, 2005 at 11:34 AM.
Yeah, I would say either the new MGS game or GTA:SA. I haven't played MGS3 (isn't it by series count really like MGS5?), but I have played San Andreas, and if you've played Vice City, then this game is a must have. It's incredibly fun, and the missions were designed a lot better and with more variety.
Unless I grip the sword, I can not protect you. While gripping the sword, I can not embrace you.


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Ken and Betty Borland
Holiday Pageant
And Tower Lighting
Each year on the Saturday following Thanksgiving, the Caballeros de Yuma usher in the holiday season with a pageant at Desert Stadium that culminates with the lighting of the Yuma Friendship Tower.
Independence Day
Flag Raising
The Yuma Armed Services Park is the site of the annual Fourth of July Flag Raising ceremony. An early morning ceremony honoring the military in Yuma precedes the raising of the Stars and Stripes from the tower's mast.


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Released: Jan 24th, 2011
Running Time: 240 Min.
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DVD Extras: Still Gallery(ies)
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Nick Reinhart and Sean Dooney, two enterprising teenagers from the west hills spent 4 1/2 hours yesterday building a snow hut. I was not totally aware that they planned on spending Saturday night outside in 17 degree temp. I awakened at 3AM and notice they boys were not in bed. I rushed outside and happily found they were still alive, warm, and sleeping. They slepted until 9am. What an adventure!
Teenagers Spent Night in SNOW HUT
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The "Boxing Day" tradition of New Zealand, like most of the current or former British Empire, is to return to stores on the day after Christmas the unwanted or ill-fitting gifts of Christmas. My wife and I exchanged no gifts this year, except for the gift of time with each other and our China-based son and his wife in New Zealand. So we had nothing to return, and we've had moments to savor.
Outside our window on Christmas Day was an extinct volcano rising 758 feet above New Zealand's Bay of Plenty coast. Its peak was hidden in clouds sent by the remnants of Cyclone Evan. We couldn't see the top of Mt. Maunganui; but our fragment of the Roberts family who had gathered for this holiday, below the equator and on the other side of the International Dateline, decided on a "Christmas climb" anyway.
Attempting a challenge whose goal is shrouded in uncertainty is an every-season experience of coaches, which may be the opiate that draws so many men and women to that vocation for so long, and consumes coaches so far beyond what are reasonable hours for most other occupations.
Even in the more mundane existence of a state high school association administrator, it is the unknown of each year, week and day that energizes the grind. How boring it would be to know what's at the end of each climb. How exciting it can be to come to a problem-solving table with good ideas and also with the expectation that the best ideas will come out of collaboration with others' good ideas.
I count myself among the fortunate folks who, at the end of most days and weeks and years, do not feel inclined to want to return the gifts that each has brought. And I'm still attracted to the discovery of what the next cloud-shrouded climb may reveal.
Jack Roberts has been at the helm of the MHSAA as its Executive Director since 1986, implementing programs and overseeing tournament administration and regulations for the Association which boasts 1,500 member schools, 11,000 registered officials and 13,000 head coaches.
During the last 43 years, Roberts has spoken to educator and athletic groups, business leaders and civic groups in almost every state and five Canadian provinces. He is one of the nation's most articulate advocates for educational athletics.
Roberts has served on several national association boards and is the first chairman of the NFHS Network board of directors. He has been board president for the Refugee Development Center: for six years, and is past-chair of the board of directors of the Michigan Society of Association Executives. He was selected to the board of trustees for the Capital Region Community Foundation in December of 2013.
He is a 1970 graduate of Dartmouth College, where he played defensive safety for the Ivy League's winningest football team during that span, and he sang in Dartmouth's close harmony vocal group.
His wife, Peggy, has recently retired from a 30-year career in social services, and is serving as president of the board of the Fenner Nature Conservancy in Lansing.
Jack and Peggy are passionate world travelers and have two grown sons: John, who - with his partner, Liliana Garces - are on the school of education faculty at Penn State University; and Luke, who - with his wife, Alison - are international school educators in Wuxi, China.


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Previous Sub2Sect | Next Sub2Sect |
Certain tenses of verbs ending in -μι in the first person present indicative active, or in -μαι in the present middle (and passive) when not preceded by the thematic vowel, are inflected according to the ω-conjugation. These tenses are: all futures, all first aorists active and middle, most perfects and pluperfects active, and all subjunctives. Verbs in -νυ_μι regularly inflect the subjunctive and the optative according to the ω-conjugation. Furthermore, the 2 sing. in the present and 2 and 3 sing. in the imperfect active of certain verbs, and some other forms, follow the ω-conjugation ( cross746).
Previous Sub2Sect | Next Sub2Sect |
Herbert Weir Smyth [n.d.], A Greek Grammar for Colleges; Machine readable text [info] [word count] [Smyth].


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They are very friendly, I like them


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International Securities Exchange Holdings, Inc. (ISE) announced ISE GeminiTM as the brand name of its new options exchange. The SEC published ISE's Form 1 application for a second exchange license on March 7, 2013, and ISE Gemini is targeted for launch in Q2 2013, pending SEC approval.
Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) and CEE Stock Exchange Group AG (CEESEG) have entered into preliminary discussions
IntercontinentalExchange (NYSE: ICE), a leading operator of global markets and clearing houses, announced the introduction of 35 new energy, environmental, freight and ferrous metal contracts on April 29, 2013.
Shenzhen Stock Exchange (SZSE) made amendments to the Appraisal Measures for Information Disclosure of Listed Companies (hereinafter referred to as the Appraisal Measures) recently, in a move to improve the quality of information disclosure, propel regulated operations of listed companies, intensify the daily supervision over listed companies, and promote the construction of the market-oriented operation mechanism which rewards the good and fines the bad.
On April 5, 2013, a bell ringing ceremony was organized at Borsa İstanbul's headquarters in İstinye on the occasion of the launch of Borsa İstanbul, a prominent project of the Turkish financial world. Hosted by Borsa İstanbul Chairman & CEO İbrahim M. Turhan, the ceremony was attended by Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and other distinguished members of the government, private sector and international representatives.
Singapore Exchange (SGX) commemorated the 5th Anniversary of its Representative Office in Beijing. SGX CEO Mr Magnus Bocker hosted a dinner with Guests-of-Honour Mr Zhuang Xinyi, Vice Chairman, China Securities Regulatory Commission, Mr Teo Ser Luck, Minister of State, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Singapore and Mr Eric Teo, Deputy Chief of Mission, Embassy of the Republic of Singapore to China.
- Operating revenues: NT$6,577m ($226.48m), a decrease of 16.95% compared to 2011
- Operating expenses and costs: NT$4,872m ($167.77m), a decrease of 0.63% compared to 2011
- Net operating income: NT$1,705m ($58.71m), a decrease of 43.47% compared to 2011
- Net income: NT$2,145m ($73.86m), a decrease of 34.36% compared to 2011
- Basic earnings per share (after tax): NT$3.5(Par = NT$10), a decrease of 34.21% compared to 2011
The 50 outstanding issues by the Spanish Treasury as well as the 100 strips (Public Debt) will start trading on SEND, BME's electronic Fixed Income platform for retail investors, following their admission by AIAF, the Spanish Fixed Income Market.
The NASDAQ OMX Group, Inc. (Nasdaq:NDAQ) announced it has enhanced UltraFeedSM to include U.S. equity market depth data from NASDAQ, NYSE Euronext, Direct Edge and BATS exchanges. Included in UltraFeed's equity depth data is NASDAQ TotalView, a product that displays The NASDAQ Stock Market's full order book. TotalView features Net Order Imbalance information for NASDAQ's opening and closing crosses as well as for the IPO and halt crosses, insight that can help reveal new trading opportunities.
Since the title of Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) is converted to Borsa İstanbul A.Ş. on April 5, 2013, the abbreviation "İMKB" used in the Equity Market and Debt Instruments Market indices is changed to "BIST" on the same date.


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Snow, deep cold in store for next 2 days
Another round of snow is on tap for the Wichita area today, forecasters say, and it could make the evening commute a challenge.
The National Weather Service has issued a winter weather advisory for 19 counties in south central and southeast Kansas, including the Wichita area. The advisory is in effect from early this morning until noon Wednesday.
Wichita could see 4 to 5 inches of snow by the time flurries end Wednesday, said Robb Lawson, a meteorologist with the weather service. Counties along the Oklahoma border could see 6 inches, he said.
"It's not going to be as windy with this one as it was last week," Lawson said.
North winds will still top 15 mph, however, causing some blowing and drifting and dropping the wind chill as low as minus-10 at times, forecasters say.
Wichita has received just more than 9 inches of snow so far this winter, said Jerilyn Billings, a meteorologist with the weather service. That's slightly below average but about the same to date as last year.
Another blast of arctic air will push through following the storm system, keeping highs in the teens on Wednesday and the 20s on Thursday. But Lawson said temperatures should recover for the weekend, with highs in the 40s.
Join the Discussion
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This cheat sheet lists about a dozen of useful, simple and often neglected tips for iPhone users. It's by no means a complete list of all iPhone shortcuts, we excluded the obvious and only included those that are not easily noticeable.
Check it out. It's completely free.
From the Web


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Top 50 Hottest Jewish Women (30-21)
Join Shalom Life in celebrating the 50 most talented, intelligent, funny, and beautiful Jewish women in the world
By: Ashley Baylen
Happy Passover everyone!. In celebration of the holiday,
we have compiled a list of the 50 Hottest Female Jews (Some are Mom's… but they
are all JILF'S) in the world today.
Narrowing it down to only 50 took a lot of thought and consideration, but I
think we finally nailed it. Over the next 5 days, Shalom Life will celebrate
the most talented, intelligent, funny, and beautiful Jewish women. Tune in next
week for our list of the 50 Hottest Jewish Men (Still JILFs).
Also in celebration of Passover, we asked 5 of our favorite Jewish comedians to
share a holiday memory. What did Moshe Kasher have to say?
Age: 36
Hometown: Los Angeles, California
Known for: Parks and Recreation, The Office, The Social Network, Our Idiot Brother
Why she's a JILF: Rashida is the daughter of the famed Quincy Jones and Peggy Lipton. Although daddy was Christian, her mother was Jewish, so Rashida attended Hebrew school as a child. Rashida was considered a child prodigy of sorts. From a very young age, she was an avid reader, played classical piano, and orchestrated music. Immediately after graduating from Harvard, she landed an acting role in a mini-series called The Last Don. Rashida has been acting consistently since, with roles in many popular TV shows and films including The Office, Parks and Recreation, I Love You Man, The Muppets, and The Social Network. Jones is currently single, bit might be on the look out for a nice Jewish boy. She once said, "My boyfriends tend to be Jewish and also be practicing ... I don't see it as a necessity, but there's something about it that I connect with for whatever reason."
Age: 38
Hometown: Pittsfield, Massachusetts
Known for: Zack and Miri Make a Porno, Wet Hot American Summer, The Hunger Games
Why she's a JILF: Elizabeth was raised in a Christian household, but converted to Judaism for her sportwriter husband, Max Handelman. As a child, she was very athletic; horseback riding and baseball were her favs. After breaking a leg sliding into third base, she decided to audition for the school play for a change of pace. A passion for acting was sparked and she never looked back. Elizabeth's breakthrough role was in 2005's 40 Year Old Virgin. Since then, she's appeared in countless popular comedy films including Wet Hot American Summer, Zack and Miri Make a Porn, Role Models, and Our Idiot Brother. She's currently in the box office record breaking hit, The Hunger Games. Look out for her in the upcoming People Like Us and What to Expect When You're Expecting.
Age: 39
Hometown: Southfield, Michigan
Known for: Cruel Intentions, The Fog, Hellboy
Why she's a JILF: This Hebrew School hottie attended a Hillel day school in Farmignton Hills, Michigan. Selma moved to New York originally to pursue a career in photography, barely surviving and living at the Salvation Army. Although she landed an agent really quickly, she didn't get any roles beyond commercials and the odd indie flick until 1999's Cruel Intentions. That role (and more memorably her award-winning kiss with Sarah Michelle Gellar) put her in the spotlight and the parts starting rolling in. Selma appeared in dozens of mainstream movies in the 2000's including Legally Blonde, The Sweetest Thing, Hellboy, The Fog, and Hellyboy II:The Golden Army. Watch out for Selma in Charlie Sheen new FX show, Anger Management, based on the Jack Nicholson/Adam Sandler pic.
Age: 37
Hometown: Toronto, Canada


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- Comments
Nordstrom has the Columbia Hail Tech Men's Jacket (wham) on sale for $54 with free shipping. It's waterproof, has an adjustable storm hood and a security pocket. About $60 and up everywhere else.
$70 Retail: $90
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Another day another deal site. Too many doing the same thing, that's why I go to http://www.freefu.com first to see if I can find a free offer. Who wants to pay upfront for something and then hope the deal goes through? Not me!
Sometimes there are new introductions of a product to that area which also can bring high value coupons through the "Printapons" or printable coupons
some daily deals sites advertise but do not have deals in my city. I entered email and answered questions only to find "deals coming to your city soon". I'll stick my fav site http://www.groupbuydaily.com
Digits delivers breaking news and insights about the technology landscape, including Q&As with newsmakers, product news and strategic moves. Send news items, comments and questions to email@example.com.
Content engaging our readers now, with additional prominence accorded if the story is rapidly gaining attention. Our WSJ algorithm comprises 30% page views, 20% Facebook, 20% Twitter, 20% email shares and 10% comments.


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Video: Tags: voting
A tag is a word or phrase that helps you find video clips with similar content. View all tags »
Tavis Smiley | Elected mayor of San Antonio (TX) Mayor Julian Castro | PBS (#2119)
The mayor of San Antonio addresses the critique that the Latinos are taken for granted. 08:22
Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly | October 29, 2010 | PBS (#1409)
Full Program: Democrats and Faith Voters; Minnesota Bishops on Gay Marriage 25:32
The McLaughlin Group | October 22, 2010 | The Hispanic Vote | PBS (#2843)
Full Program: Issues this week: Latino Poder; Not a Race, a Referendum?; It's Smear Time; Does Obama Back Foreclosures? Pat Buchanan, MSNBC; Eleanor Clift, Newsweek; Monica Crowley, Washington Times; Mort... 28:37
PBS NewsHour | Thursday, October 21, 2010 | PBS (#9881)
Full Program: 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' is reinstated, plus political polls, herbal supplements and more. 53:24
NEED TO KNOW | Nate Silver on why the polls don't always add up | PBS (#124)
Pollster Nate Silver joins Jon Meacham to unlock the mysteries of interpreting polls and evaluating which ones are most credible. 06:03
Washington Week | Webcast Extra - October 15, 2010 | PBS (#5016)
Senate races still in play; Democrats vulnerable with blue-collar voters; campaign cash 07:11
Sesame Street | Election Day | PBS
Election date at Sesame Street Sesame Street is a production of Sesame Workshop, a nonprofit educational organization which also produces Pinky Dinky Doo, The Electric Company, and other programs... 05:22
Need To Know | In perspective: Jon Meacham on 'Superlativism' | PBS (#120)
Every US president from FDR to Bill Clinton, both Democrat and Republican, has lost House seats in at least one midterm election. Need to Know's Jon Meacham argues that midterms are less about grand... 02:22
Tavis Smiley | Frank Luntz - Friday 9/10/10 | PBS (#2085)
The political consultant shares the issues on Americans' minds for the polls in Nov. 11:03
Tavis Smiley | Frank Luntz - Highlight | PBS (#2085)
The political consultant shares the top issues on Americans' minds for the polls in Nov. 02:29
To The Contrary | August 20, 2010 | PBS
Full Program: Competing for Women Voters, Celebrating Women's Suffrage, The CLEAR Act 24:40
PBS Newshour | Shields and Gerson on Voter Fears, 'Party of No' | PBS (#9832)
Syndicated columnist Mark Shields and Washington Post opinion columnist Michael Gerson, sitting in for David Brooks, analyze the week's top news stories. 13:02
Washington Week | Webcast Extra - August 13, 2010 | PBS (#5007)
Voter discontent, Defense cuts, new legislation and more on a broken Washington. 06:17
PBS Newshour | Shields and Brooks: Will Voters Think Democrats Have Gone Too Liberal? | PBS (#9817)
Columnists Mark Shields and David Brooks speak with Jim Lehrer about how voters will view the Democratic Party headed into this fall's midterm elections and what impact the ethics charges against... 11:19
American Experience | Deleted Scene on Congress and Parties | PBS (#2204)
A deleted scene from the film about Congress and parties. 02:54


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Click here to view the item | |
Creator: | Hughes, Addie Jean |
Title: | Adults and child pose for NAACP 50th Anniversary, 1964 |
Date: | 1964 |
Description: | Two African American women hold up a large poster of the Fourteenth Amendment for a young boy to read as they pose for an NAACP 50th anniversary photograph. The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata. |
Types: | Image |
Subjects: | African Americans--Oregon--Portland | African American women--Oregon--Portland | Posters--Oregon--Portland | African American boys--Oregon--Portland | United States. Constitution. 14th Amendment | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People--Anniversaries, etc. | Portland (Or.) | Multnomah County (Or.) |
Collection: | Columbia River Basin Ethnic History Project |
Institution: | Washington State University's Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections |
Contributors: | Oregon Historical Society |
Online Publisher: | [Spokane, Wash.] : Washington State University |
Original Material: | File 113-A |
Rights and Usage: | Oregon Historical Society, Photographic Services 1200 SW Park Avenue, Portland, OR 97205; firstname.lastname@example.com; phone number 503-306-5250; FAX 503-492-6001. |
Related Materials: | From the Columbia River Basin Ethnic History project (Washington State University) |
Persistent Link to Item: | http://kaga.wsulibs.wsu.edu/u?/wsuvan1,634 |


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2010-04-14 — financemymoney.com " Million dollar home sales in the state continue to fall. In 2009 California saw 18,621 homes sell with a price tag of over $1 million. That is a far cry from 2005 when over 54,000 homes sold with a price of $1 million or more. But one thing that is rarely mentioned is this massive decline is due to the elimination of toxic maximum leverage mortgage products like option ARMs. "
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