text:
The Four Majors or Major tracks in Economics
The Economics department supports four different majors:
1. Economics (Economics Track)
2. Economics (Political Economy Track)
4. Economic and Social History
The best way to understand the difference between them is to begin by understanding the first track, since the other three are variations designed to allow students to focus more attention on those dimensions of economics that connect up with Political Science, Mathematics, and History respectively. All four majors are constructed around a common core. All four provide excellent preparation for graduate study in Business, Law, Public Administration, and International Affairs, as well as Economics.
A strong minor in Economics, including mainly courses from the common core and quantitative dimension of the major, will also prepare you adequately for most graduate programs. A strong minor in Economics together with a strong mathematics program will serve as good preparation for a PhD in Economics.
The important thing in choosing a major is to choose something that appeals to your curiosity and interests. You are more likely to be admitted to programs of graduate study if you have good grades in your major, whatever it is, than if you have lower grades in an Economics major. Equally, your job prospects immediately after the BA depend more on the specific courses you have taken than on your major.


text:
pybozocrack 1.2.1
PyBozoCrack is a depressingly effective MD5 password hash cracker with almost zero CPU/GPU load.
Latest Version: 220.127.116.11
PyBozoCrack is a depressingly effective MD5 password hash cracker with almost zero CPU/GPU load written in Python. Instead of rainbow tables, dictionaries, or brute force, PyBozoCrack simply finds the plaintext password. Specifically, it googles the MD5 hash and hopes the plaintext appears somewhere on the first page of results.
- Free software: BSD license
It works way better than it ever should. Go ahead and try.
Basic usage:
$ pybozocrack -f my_md5_hashes.txt
$ pybozocrack -s fcf1eed8596699624167416a1e7e122e
The input file has no specified format. BozoCrack automatically picks up strings that look like MD5 hashes. A single line shouldn't contain more than one hash.
Example with output:
$ pybozocrack -f example.txt
Loaded 5 unique hashes
$ pybozocrack -s fcf1eed8596699624167416a1e7e122e
To show just how bad an idea it is to use plain MD5 as a password hashing mechanism. Honestly, if the passwords can be cracked with this software, there are no excuses.
BozoCrack was originally written by Juuso Salonen (http://twitter.com/juusosalonen).
PyBozoCrack was rewritten in Python by Henrique Pereira (http://twitter.com/ikkebr).
1.2.1 (2014-05-07)
- Bugfix
1.2.0 (2014-05-05)
- Stand-alone file. Works on windows.
1.0.2 (2014-05-02)
- Increased test coverage
1.0.1 (2014-05-01)
- Trying to fix problems with Travis
1.0 (2014-05-01)
- First release on PyPI.
File | Type | Py Version | Uploaded on | Size | |
pybozocrack-1.2.1.tar.gz (md5) | Source | 2014-05-07 | 12KB | ||
- Downloads (All Versions):
- 3 downloads in the last day
- 106 downloads in the last week
- 460 downloads in the last month
- Author: Henrique Pereira
- Home Page: https://github.com/ikkebr/pybozocrack
- Keywords: pybozocrack
- License: BSD
- Categories
- Package Index Owner: ikkebr
- DOAP record: pybozocrack-1.2.1.xml

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Subscribe to RSS headline updates from: Powered by FeedBurner
To view all posts related to The Ring Click Here.
Das Rheingold Die Walküre Siegfried Götterdämmerung
Sign up for the Seattle Opera Ring Email List and receive the latest 2013 Ring updates such as cast announcements, ticket on-sale dates, extra events, and more. Personalize your profile to receive the communications you want.
Join Email List
Receive all the latest news from Seattle Opera plus special offers too.
Scroll through an exciting collection of recent operas and informative, short videos!
Check out and Subscribe to the Seattle Opera YouTube Channel!
Das Rheingold, 2005 © Rozarii Lynch


text:
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 5937
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
Vol. 96, pp. 5937-5943, May 1999
Colloquium Paper
This paper was presented at the National Academy of Sciences colloquium "Plants and Population: Is There Time?"
held December 5-6, 1998, at the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center in Irvine, CA.
Plant genetic resources: What can they contribute toward
increased crop productivity?
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Lisboa 27, Apartado. Postal 6-641, 06600 Mexico City, Mexico
ABSTRACT To feed a world population growing by up to
160 people per minute, with >90% of them in developing
countries, will require an astonishing increase in food pro-
duction. Forecasts call for wheat to become the most impor-
tant cereal in the world, with maize close behind; together,
these crops will account for ~80% of developing countries'
cereal import requirements. Access to a range of genetic
diversity is critical to the success of breeding programs. The
global effort to assemble, document, and utilize these re-
sources is enormous, and the genetic diversity in the collec-
tions is critical to the world's fight against hunger. The
introgression of genes that reduced plant height and increased
disease and viral resistance in wheat provided the foundation
for the "Green Revolution" and demonstrated the tremendous
impact that genetic resources can have on production. Wheat
hybrids and synthetics may provide the yield increases needed
in the future. A wild relative of maize, Tripsacum, represents
an untapped genetic resource for abiotic and biotic stress
resistance and for apomixis, a trait that could provide devel-
oping world farmers access to hybrid technology. Ownership
of genetic resources and genes must be resolved to ensure
global access to these critical resources. The application of
molecular and genetic engineering technologies enhances the
use of genetic resources. The effective and complementary use
of all of our technological tools and resources will be required
for meeting the challenge posed by the world's expanding
demand for food.
Today, on the eve of a new millennium, we are approaching a
critical era in the evolution of our planet and species we are
in a race between growing population and food production.
This era was cast in Paul Ehrlich's The Population Bomb (1),
perhaps prematurely, as a time when population would out-
pace the earth's resources, including its capacity to produce
food. The threat of the Malthusian crisis forecast by Ehrlich
appears to have diminished as we have witnessed a slowdown
in the rate of population growth. But the challenge of feeding
a world population growing by up to 160 people every minute
(>90% of them in developing countries) remains daunting. It
is forecast that, by 2050, world population will increase from
the current level of ~6 billion to >8 billion people. Feeding
this population will require an astonishing increase in food
production. In fact, it has been estimated that the world will
need to produce as much food during the next 50 years as was
produced since the beginning of agriculture 10,000 years ago
(2~! Today, it appears more likely that a population/food crisis
may be born, not from an exponentially increasing world
population (though in some of the world's poorest regions,
population growth remains exceedingly high), but from an
ill-founded sense of complacency about food production.
PNAS is available online at www.pnas.org.
Our staggering requirement for food must be viewed in the
context of statistics that indicate that the area available for
food production has, essentially, remained constant since 1960
(3~. Despite some new land being brought into cultivation, soil
erosion and urbanization have offset these gains. In addition,
less resources (both human and financial) are being devoted to
overcoming major production constraints. Financial support
for agricultural research has decreased for the last several years
and is expected to continue its slow decline as most developed
nations continue to focus on domestic issues rather than
addressing the multitude of problems facing the world's de-
veloping nations.
How will we feed the world in the coming years? For the
foreseeable future, conventional agriculture will be our pri-
mary response, with cereal grains playing a pivotal role. The
International Food Policy Research Institute has predicted
that, by the year 2020, almost 96% of the world's rice con-
sumption, two-thirds of the world's wheat consumption, and
almost 60% of the world's maize consumption will be in
developing countries. Forecasts call for wheat to surpass rice
in its apical role in feeding the poor of those nations. It will
likely become the most important cereal in the world, with
maize close behind; together, these crops will account for
~80% of the cereal import requirements of developing coun-
tries. Many economists stress, however, that increased pro-
duction in developing countries will be essential for achieving
food security. Maize and wheat are each expected to have an
annual global demand of ~775 million tons eacht and will be
of critical consequence in the race between crop production
and population growth . This paper focuses on the potential of
genetic resources, particularly those of maize and wheat, to
help meet the continually expanding demand for these major
grains. It will indicate how such resources have contributed in
the past, and how they may advance our efforts in the future.
The Role of the Consultive Group on International
Agricultural Research (CGIAR) in Preserving Genetic
Simply stated, plant breeding depends on the correct combi-
nation of specific alleles at the 50-60,000 genetic loci present
in a plant's genome. The knowledge of where these alleles are
best found and the combination and evaluation of these into a
Abbreviations: CGIAR, Consultative Group on International Agri-
cultural Research; CIMMYT, Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento
de Maiz y Trigo; FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization; IPR,
intellectual property rights.
*To whom reprint requests should be addressed at: International
Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Aptdo 370, P.O.
Box 60326, Houston, TX 77205. e-mail: email@example.com.
TRosegrant, M. W., Sambilla, M. A., Gerpacio, R. V. & Ringler, C.,
Illinois World Food and Sustainable Agriculture Program Confer-
ence, May 27, 1997, Urbana-Champaign, IL.
OCR for page 5937
OCR for page 5937
OCR for page 5937
OCR for page 5937
5938 Colloquium Paper: Hoisington et al.
single species can be considered the "art" of breeding. Obvi-
ously, access to a wide range of genetic diversity is critical to
the success of any breeding program.
The work of the 16 centers that collectively form CGIAR
represents the largest concerted effort toward collecting, pre-
serving, and utilizing global agricultural resources. Together,
the centers hold nearly 600,000 samples of the estimated 6
million accessions stored globally (Table 1~. The remaining
germplasm are stored in other international, regional, and
national gene banks, many of which collaborate closely with
the CGIAR centers. If one considers that the Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO) has estimated that the total
number of unique accessions globally are on the order of 1-2
million, the CGIAR centers account for an estimated 30-60%
of the world's unique holdings under long-term conservation.
Given that the CGIAR has focused its efforts on the crops of
highest significance in world agriculture, this proportion could
be even greater.
The materials in the CGIAR gene banks include traditional
varieties and landraces, nondomesticated species, advanced
cultivars, breeding lines, and genetic stocks. The effort re-
quired to assemble, document, and maintain these collections
is enormous but well justified as the genetic diversity present
in the gene banks represents a critical component in the world's
fight against hunger.
The International Center for Maize and Wheat Improve-
ment, better known by its Spanish name of Centro Interna-
cional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo (CIMMYT), has a
global mandate for improving the productivity and sustain-
ability of maize and wheat in developing countries. The
collection, documentation, and evaluation of the genetic re-
sources of maize and wheat are a critical part of meeting this
mandate. CIMMYT's newly established Genetic Resource
Center contains ~120,000 accessions of wheat and 18,000
accessions of Latin American maize (of the 25,000-35,000
accessions in partner gene banks in Latin America). This
represents the largest collection of these two important cere-
als. It is, perhaps, the only effort that is actively pursuing the
documentation and evaluation of its collection on a routine
Before discussing several issues related to the use of these
genetic resources, it is important to mention a few examples of
their contributions to crop improvement. Although these
examples have been drawn mostly from maize and wheat, there
Table 1. Summary of CGIAR's germplasm holdings (4)
Center Total holdings
Major species
Cassava, Phaseolus, rice
Maize, wheat
Potato, sweet potato
Agroforestry species
Lentil, chickpea
Chickpea, sorghum, groundnut
Yam, rice, maize, cassava
Forage legumes and grasses
Banana, plantain
IITA, International Institute for Tropical Agriculture; CIAT, Cen-
tro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical; CIP, Centro Internacional
de Papa; ICRAF, International Centre for Research in Agroforestry;
ICARDA, International Center for Agriculture in the Dry Areas;
ICRISAT, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid
Tropics; ILRI, International Livestock Research Institute; IPGRI,
International Plant Genetic Resources Institute; IRRI, International
Rice Research Institute; WARDA, West African Rice Development
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (19994
are a large number of similar examples for many other major
food crops handled by the CGIAR Centers.
Contributions of Wheat Genetic Resources
Wheat is truly global, being one of the few crops grown over
most of the world. It belongs to the genus Triticum, which
oriainated almost 10,000 years ago in the historic Fertile
Crescent, an area in the Middle East. Triticum arose from the
cross (supposedly in nature) of two diploid wild grasses to
produce tetraploid wheat, which today includes the many
cultivated durum (pasta or macaroni) wheats (
Colloquium Paper: Hoisington et al.
Rust Resistance. Some of the most devastating and universal
crop diseases are caused by fungal pathogens. Among them,
the rust pathogens are the most widespread and generally
cause the largest crop losses per season. Many genes have been
found that provide resistance to specific races of each rust
pathogen. Within wheat, leaf, yellow, and stem rusts are major
pathogens. Fungicides can provide a level of control; however,
the chemical option is often limited for many farmers, partic-
ularly in developing countries, by high costs and lack of
knowledge about application. In addition, the negative envi-
ronmental effects of chemical applications can be consider-
The incorporation of host plant resistance genes into mod-
ern wheat varieties has allowed yields of resistant wheat that
have not been treated with fungicides to nearly equal those of
the same varieties under fungicide applications (6~. Many of
these varieties have incorporated single major genes that
convey resistance to specific races of the rust pathogen. Of >40
known genes for leaf rust resistance, 12 originated in species
other than T. aestivam and T. turgidum while 20 of the 41
known genes for stem rust resistance originated in species
other than T. aestivam and T. turgidum (ref. 11; also see Table
2~. Even among the genes originating from T. aestivam, many
come from landraces.
Unfortunately, many of these major genes have already been
"broken"; i.e., the specific race has mutated to become viru-
lent against the specific resistance gene. Efforts to identify and
incorporate genes that confer "durable" resistance are there-
fore preferable. Several such genes have been identified and
incorporated into modern wheat varieties. One of the most
important is Lr34, which was originally found in the cultivar
"Frontana" (131. Lr34 has been incorporated into >50% of the
wheat varieties grown in the world today; together with several
modifier genes, it has resulted in stable resistance to leaf rust
Table 2. Important genes in wheat that were found in related
species (12)
Locus Source
Disease resistance
Leaf rust
Stem rust
Stripe rust
Powdery mildew
Wheat streak mosaic
Karnal bunt
Pest resistance
Hessian fly
Cereal cyst nematode
Quality traits
Grain protein
High protein
Low molecular weight
Yrl S
Aegilops umbellulata
Triticum timopheevi
T. turg7tdum
Ag. elongatum
Secale cereale
Ag. elongatum
T. tauschii
T. turgidum
Tritzcum monococcum
Triticum timopheev~i
Triticum dicoccoides
Aegilops speltoides
Haynaldia villosa
1. monococcum
Ag elongatum
Qqantitative T. turgidum
trait loci
Cre3 (Ccn-D1)
trait loci
S. cereale
T. tausch~i
Aeg~lops ventricosa
T. tauschii
T. turg~dum
T. dicoccoides
T. turgidum
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999' 5939
in the 1980s and 1990s. Most of these durable sources of
resistance have not come from alien sources but from cultivars
and landraces that evolved in the past to contain broad levels
of resistance to pathogens.
The cultivar "Hope," bred in the United States earlier in the
century (14), was later used by Borlaug as a source of stem rust
resistance in the Rockefeller/Mexico wheat program. The
Hope resistance was based on the Sr2 gene that, when com-
bined with other unidentified genes, produced a more durable
resistance. The Sr2 originally came from a tetraploid wheat
variety known as emmer and has since been incorporated into
many wheat varieties worldwide, providing excellent levels of
resistance. Recently, a linked molecular marker was developed
(15) that may allow more rapid identification and manipula-
tion of this important gene. It is fair to say that the incorpo-
ration of the Sr2 and Lr34 genes from genetic resources into
cultivated wheat varieties represent milestones in the grain's
genetic advancement. Most likely, the gains of the Green
Revolution could not have been made without them.
Veery Wheats. Genetic resources have contributed more
than single genes to crop improvement efforts; entire chro-
mosomal segments also have been introduced with noteworthy
results. Perhaps the most important of these is the lB/lR
translocation that was identified as a simple transfer between
rye and wheat in the former Soviet Union cultivar "Kaukaz."
The lB/lR translocation, which carries a number of genes
from rye, confers resistance to various diseases (fungal and
viral pathogens) and adaptation to marginal environments
(16~. This translocation has been deemed so important that it
has been incorporated into >60 wheat varieties, including the
prominent Veery lines, that occupy >50% of all developing
country wheat area, almost 40 million hectares (174.
Yield Potential. Yields of the major cereal crops (rice, wheat,
and maize) have increased steadily over the past years, al-
though the rate of these yield increases appears to have
slowed.! To meet cereal production demand in the next
decade, we must continue to increase yields; even more
daunting, we must increase them at an ever-increasing rate.
How will such growth be supported, particularly when the rates
of increase over the past few years appear to have declined?
For rice and wheat, the use of hybrids may be one possibility,
although it remains to be demonstrated what level of heterosis
(hybrid vigor) can be achieved in either crop. Heterosis levels
currently detected in wheat are ~10-25~o, lower than the
25-35% levels historically found in maize, one of the first
hybrid cereal crops. The reasons for wheat's lower heterosis
levels have not been determined, but one possibility is the
lower level of diversity generally found in self-pollinated crops
such as rice and wheat. Many groups continue to search for
alternatives to the existing germplasm. In wheat, it is possible
to reproduce the hybridization event that created hexaploid
wheats from a cross of tetraploid with diploid wheat. These
so-called "synthetics" represent a source of novel genetic
variation (18~. Research at CIMMYT has led to the develop-
ment of >600 new synthetic wheats, crosses between various
durum wheats and T. tauschii accessions. Many of these crosses
have produced rapid improvements in important characteris-
tics, including disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and
Although much work remains to be done, the use of
molecular genetic techniques now allows us to identify the
gene segments most likely responsible for improved perfor-
mance and, thus, to focus on more directed crosses in the
future. A recent example, now under investigation at CIM-
MYT, is the role of the Lrl9-containing segment. This gene (or
segment) originally came from Agropyron elongatum and was
tRosegrant7 M. W.7 Sambilla7 M. A.7 GerpaciO7 R. V. & Ringler7 C.7
Illinois World Food and Sustainable Agriculture Program Confer-
ence7 May 277 19977 Urbana-Champaign7 IL.
5940 Colloquium Paper: Hoisington et al.
first incorporated into the wheat variety "Agatha" (11~. Yield
trial data indicates that varieties containing the Lrl 9 gene yield
at least 10% more than counterparts without Lrl 9 (Ravi Singh,
personal communication). The gene was originally transferred
for its possible role in conferring leaf rust resistance, but its
potential to increase yields may become a more important
factor for breeders, thus demonstrating the often unantici-
pated potential of these alien transfers.
Use of Genetic Resources in Maize Improvement
Unlike wheat, the use of genetic resources in maize improve-
ment has not been well documented at the global level and may
not be as great. Although ~50,000 accessions of maize exist in
germplasm banks around the world (19, 20), most of these have
never been adequately evaluated for useful traits. Reasons
cited for low utilization include lack of evaluation data,
documentation, and information; poor coordination of na-
tional policies; and poor linkages between gene banks and
breeders (21~. The untapped potential of these genetic re-
sources is indicated to some extent by the progress that U.S.
breeders achieved through a combination of plant improve-
ment and pedigree breeding. Using double and three-way
crosses, varieties were produced that helped double U.S. yields
between 1930 and 1966; by 1995, single crosses and the use of
better hybrid materials by breeders helped triple 1930 yields.
Meanwhile, there have been frequent warnings about the
genetic vulnerability of maize and the potential of exotic
germplasm to reduce the threat (22-24~. It has been estimated
that, in the U.S.,
Colloquium Paper: Hoisington et al.
(IPR) to agricultural products, even plant varieties. This is in
great contrast to the 1960s and 1970s, when such protection
was considered a detriment to global progress in plant im-
provement. With initiatives such as the 1991 strengthening of
the Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants
Convention and the 1993 Multilateral Trade Negotiating
Rounds in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, IPR
was widened to include inventions and breeding technology.
Looking to better protect genetic resources, FAO estab-
lished the International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Re-
sources in 1983. At its outset, the Undertaking subscribed to
the rule of free and unrestricted interchange of germplasm and
recognized all plant genetic resources as the "heritage for
mankind." The Undertaking was modified in 1989 and 1991 to
include resolutions regarding compensation and ownership of
genetic resources.
In 1992, the Convention on Biological Diversity officially
recognized the sovereign rights of individual nations over
biological diversity and the resources within their territories.
The Treaty has been ratified by most developing countries and
many developed countries but has yet to be ratified by the U.S.
A result of the Convention has been a modification of the
agreement between FAO and the CGIAR centers. In 1994,
each CGIAR Center signed an agreement with FAO putting
their genetic resources "in trust" under the auspices of the
FAO. These agreements describe the roles and responsibilities
of the centers as trustees and include articles that state: (i) The
Center shall hold the designated germplasm in trust for the
benefit of the international community, in particular, devel-
oping countries; (ii) neither the Center, or any recipient, will
seek IPR protection over the designated germplasm or related
information; and (iii) the Center will undertake to make
samples of the designated germplasm and related information
available directly to users for the purpose of scientific research,
plant breeding, or genetic resource conservation without re-
Hawtin and Reeves (37) provide an excellent review of the
historic aspects and current status of IPR in the CGIAR
centers. The authors point out that several important issues
must still be resolved, such as the meaning of the phrase
"germplasm and related information" and the definition of
when a variety is sufficiently different from the original in-trust
germplasm from which it was derived (the issue of derived
varieties). These are under study, and it is expected that,
following the next round of negotiations, some, if not all, of
these issues will be clarified. What effects these agreements
will have on the use of genetic resources is unclear. The
interpretation of related information, in particular, will have
implications for IPR options. If the interpretation restricts IPR
over materials such as genes obtained from genetic resources
held in trust, these important resources will continue to be
incorporated in conventional ways, but the application of
biotechnology may be more limited.
Molecular Approaches to Utilization of Genetic Resources
There is a multitude of examples illustrating the use of genetic
resources to improve modern plant varieties, but one can
readily posit that biotechnology could substantially enhance
this use. Molecular genetics now allows the routine genetic
analysis of nearly any characteristic of interest. As these traits
are better understood, the underlying genes can be isolated
and used to identify corresponding genes in a wide range of
genetic resources.
Molecular genetics has already had a tremendous impacts on
plant breeding. Progress in the development of new PCR-
based marker systems (amplified fragment length polymor-
phisms and microsatellites) has opened the vast majority of
plant genomes to investigation. Linkage maps for many species
have been developed and often have been combined with
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999' 5941
suitable phenotypic data to identify genomic regions contain-
ing the genes coding for specific traits of interest. Many of
these regions have been further characterized (e.g., by map-
based cloning) and even manipulated (via genetic engineering
and marker-assisted selection) in breeding programs (38~.
Undoubtedly, these efforts will continue and will even be
enhanced by newer molecular techniques such as DNA arrays
(39) and automation.
DNA markers also have been used extensively to charac-
terize germplasm, a process popularly known as fingerprinting,
to evaluate the genetic relationships among accessions (genetic
diversity) and provide important information in the areas of
ecology, population genetics, and evolution. Within wheat,
several studies have reported the application of molecular
markers within Asiatic wheat landraces (40~. Molecular
marker technology has advanced our understanding of genetic
resources more than any other type of genetic data.
A major hurdle, however, must be overcome soon: how to
store, access, and analyze the vast amounts of data that will be
produced by using molecular markers. Databases, such as the
International Crop Information System, are under develop-
ment to store pedigree and performance information for most
of the crop species within the CGIAR. Efforts are also
underway to expand the capability of the system to include
molecular genetic and diversity information. This data will
allow scientists to more exactly determine "relatedness" be-
tween accessions and even trace specific genomic segments
through pedigrees. The potential uses of this information
capability for gene identification and verification are enor-
mous and point to the importance of this area. Fortunately,
computing hardware and software systems are keeping pace
with advances in molecular technology so that appropriately
large-scale and real-time applications should be feasible.
Bioinformation has been called the next revolution in the
world; it is certainly of major import to our utilization of
genetic resources.
Genetic Resources: What Are the Potential Impacts?
Agriculture before the 18th century completely depended on
landraces for new varieties. During the industrial revolution,
the entire nature and practice of agriculture was transformed
forever. The discovery of genetics by Mendel in the mid-19th
century and the subsequent work of other plant geneticists
provided the knowledge base that made dramatic increases in
agricultural productivity possible. Undeniably, these discov-
eries have led to vast improvements in agriculture, but they also
have led to a decline in the genetic diversity of the crops in
many farmers' fields. Landraces and traditional varieties have
been replaced by less diverse modern cultivars and hybrids.
What lies ahead? A tremendous challenge now awaits
us an increased demand for food production spurred on by
an increasing world population, a decreasing natural resources
base, and declining investments in agricultural research. How
will this challenge be met?
Genetic resources will be fundamental to our efforts to
improve agricultural productivity. These resources, fortunately
stored in gene banks around the world, evolved an assortment
of alleles needed for resistance and tolerance to the diseases,
pests, and harsh environments found in their natural habitats.
Consumer characteristics enter the picture when one considers
that farmers over the years have selected their preferred
varieties based on yield, color, texture, and taste. Many of these
combinations cannot be easily duplicated artificially, even with
the help of modern molecular techniques. What should be
alarming is the fact that many of these valuable genetic
resources are essentially "sitting on the shelf" in what have
been dismissively termed "gene morgues." The conservation
of a resource only becomes important if the resource has or
5942 Colloquium Paper: Hoisington et al.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999'
farmer (often the net consumer) produce additional food in his
or her own fields may be the surest and quickest way to increase
food security in these countries
Can genetic resources contribute to maintaining the rate of
yield increase for the major crop species (or even increase it)
without requiring significantly higher inputs (human and fi-
nancial)? Molecular genetic studies indicate that self-
pollinating species generally have lower levels of molecular
diversity (as measured by the level of molecular polymor-
phism). Controversy still exists as to the exact relationship
between molecular diversity and yield potential, although
studies with maize indicate that at least among related mate-
rials, molecular diversity is positively and significantly corre-
lated with yield (43, 44J. Based on these studies, measures of
molecular diversity could be used to identify new germplasm
sources that, when crossed with existing varieties, would result
in enhanced yields. Work at CIMMYT using synthetic wheat
clearly indicates that this strategy is extremely promising.
The array of resources at our disposal, together with new
biotechnology techniques, provides us with a healthy measure
of optimism for meeting the world's future food requirements.
One technique or resource alone will not suffice; rather, the
effective and complementary use of all of our technological
tools and materials will be required to meet this enormous
challenge. We should not, however, let our growing capabilities
lull us into complacency. We cannot afford to wait on this
issue- we must move quickly and effectively. The world must
commit itself now to feeding its future generations to ensure
that, indeed, there is enough time for us to produce plants that
can provide food for all humankind.
1. Ehrlich, P. R. (1975) The Population Bomb (Ameron, Mattituck
2. James, C. (1997) ISAAC Briefs No. 4. (International Service for
the Acquisition of Agro-biotech Applications, Ithaca, NY), pp.
3. Evans, L. T. (1998) Feeding the 10 Billion: Plants and Population
Growth (Cambridge Univ. Press, London).
4. Langridge, P. & Chalmers, K. (1998) in Proceedings of the 9th
International Wheat Genetics Symposium, Saskatoon, Saskatche-
wan, Canada, ed. Slinkard, A. E. (Univ. of Saskatchewan Press,
Saskatoon, Canada), Vol. 1, pp. 107-117.
5. Chapman, C. G. D. (1986) Plant Genet. Resources Newslett. 65,
6. Smale, M., Aquino, P., Crossa, J., del Toro, E., Dubin, J.,
Fischer, T., Fox, P., Khairallah, M., Mujeeb-Kazi, A., Night-
ingale, K. J., et al. (1996) Understanding Global Trends in the
Use of Wheat Diversity and International Flows of Wheat Genetic
Resources: Economics Working Paper 96-02 (CIMMYT, Mex-
ico City).
7. Kihara, H. (1983) in Proceedings of the 6th International Wheat
Genetic Symposium, ed. Sakamoto, S. (Plant Germplasm Insti-
tute, University of Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan).
8. Krull, C. F. & Borlaug, N. E. (1970) in Genetic Resources in
Plants: Their Exploration and Conservation, eds. Frankel, O. H. &
Bennett, E. (Blackwell Scientific, Oxford).
9. Borlaug, N. E. (1988) J. R. Swedish Acad. Agric. Forestry 21,
Suppl., 15-55.
10. Gale, M. D. & Youssefian, S. (1986) in Progress in Plant Breeding,
ed. Russell, G. E. (Butterworth, London).
McIntosh, R. A., Hart, G. E., Devos, K. M., Gale, M. D. &
Rogers, W. J. (1998) in Proceedings of the 9th International Wheat
Genetics Symposium Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, ed.
Slinkard, A. E. (Univ. of Saskatchewan Press, Saskatoon, Can-
ada), Vol. 5, p. 236.
12. System-wide Genetic Resources Program (1996) Report of the
Internally Commissioned External Review of the CGIAR Genebank
Operations (System-wide Genetic Resources Group, Rome).
Dyck, P. L. & Samborski, D. J. (1982) Can. J. Plant Pathol. 7,
14. McFadden, E. S. (1930, J. Am. Soc. Agron. 22, 1020-1031.
15. Johnston, S. J., Sharp, P. J., McIntosh, R. A., Guillen-Andrade,
H., Singh, R. P. & Khairallah, M. (1998) Proceedings of the 9th
International Wheat Genetics Symposium, Saskatoon, Saskatche
Colloquium Paper: Hoisington et al.
wan, Canada, ed. Slinkard, A. E. (Univ. of Saskatchewan Press,
Saskatoon, Canada), Vol. 1, pp. 3, 117-119.
16. Villareal, R. L., Rajaram, S., Mujeeb-Kazi, A. & Del Toro, E.
(1991) Plant Breeding 106, 77-81.
17. Skovmand, B., Villareal, R., van Ginkel, M., Rajaram, S. &
Ortiz-Ferrara, G. (1997) Semi-Dwarf Bread Wheats: Names, Ped-
igrees and Origins (CIMMYT, Mexico City).
18. Mujeeb-Kazi, A. & Hettel, G. P. (1995) Utilizing Wild Grass
Biodiversity in Wheat Improvement: 15 Years of Wide Cross
Research at CIMMYT: CIMMYT Research Report No. 2 (CIM-
MYT, Mexico City).
19. Ayad, G., Toll, J. & Esquinas-Alcazat, J. T. (1980) Directory of
Germplasm Collections: III. Cereals. 2. Maize (Ins. Board for Plant
Genetic Resources, Rome).
20. Goodman, M. M. (1983) Report of the 1983 Plant Breeding
Research Forum (Pioneer Hi-Bred Int., Ames, Iowa), pp. 195
Pollak, L. M. (1993) Trop. Agric. (Trinidad) 70, 8-12.
Goodman, M. M. (1990) J. Hered. 81, 11-16.
Walsh, J. (1981) Science 214, 161-164.
Wilkes, G. (1989) in Biotic Diversity and Germplasm Preservation:
Global Imperatives, eds. Knutson, L. & Stoner, A. K. (Kluwer,
Dordrecht, The Netherlands), pp. 13-41.
Brown, W. L. (1975) Annul Corn Sorghum Res. Conf: Proc. 30,
Geadelmann, J. L. (1984) Annul Corn Sorghum Res. Conf Proc.
39, 98-100.
Hameed, A., Pollak, L. M. & Hinz, P. N. (1994) Crop. Sci. 34,
28. Campbell, M. R., White, P. J. & Pollak, L. M. (1995) Cereal
Chem. 72, 389-392.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999J 5943
Dunlap, F., White, P. J. & Pollak, L. M. (1995) J. Am. Oil Chem.
Soc. 72, 989-993.
30. Ng, K.-Y., Pollak, L. M., Duvick, S. A. & White, P. J. (1997)
Cereal Chem. 74, 836-841.
Galinat, W. C. (1988) in Corn and Corn Improvement, eds.
Sprague, G. F. & Dudley, J. W. (Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI),
pp. 1-31.
Doebley, J. (1990) Econ. Bot. 44, 6-27.
Doebley, J. (1990) Maydica 35, 143-150.
Cohen, J. I. & Galinat, W. C. (1984) Crop Sci. 24, 1011-1015.
Hooker, A. L. & Perkins, J. M. (1980) Proceedings of the 35th
Annual Corn and Sorghum International Research Conference,
(Am. Seed Trade Assoc., Washington, DC), pp. 68-87.
36. Savidan, Y. & Berthaud, J. (1994) in Biotechnology in agriculture
and Forestry, ed. Bajaj, Y. P. S. (Springer, Berlin), Vol. 25, pp.
37. Hawtin, G. & Reeves, T. (1998) Intellectual Property Rights III:
Global Genetic Resources: Access and Property Rights (Am. Soc.
Agron., Madison, WI), pp. 41-58.
38. Ribaut, J.-M. & Hoisington, D. (1998) Trends Plant Sci. 3,
39. Shalon, D., Smith, S. J. & Brown, P. O. (1996) Genome Methods
6, 639-645.
40. Ward, R. W., Yang, Z. L., Kim, H. S. & Yen, C. (1998) Theor.
Appl. Genet. 96, 312-318.
41. Tanksley, S. D., Young, N. D., Paterson, A. H. & Bonierbale,
M. W. (1989) Biotechnology 7, 257-264.
Tanksley, S. D. & McCouch, S. R. (1997) Science 277, 1063-1066.
Melchinger, A. E., Lee, M., Lamkey, K. R., Hallauer, A. R. &
Woodman, W. L. (1990) Theor. Appl. Genet. 80, 488-496.
44. Bernardo, R. (1994) Crop Sci. 34, 20-25.


text:
Maison Martin Margiela Couture Spring 2013 | Runway
Maison Martin Margiela Artisanal Spring 2013
Like us on Facebook
What's Your Reaction?
Thanks for your reaction
Don't forget to share this with your friends!
Maison Martin Margiela Artisanal Spring 2013
If some of the pieces in Maison Martin Margiela's Spring 2013 Couture collection look like they were made from candy wrappers, that's because they were. The house tweeted that the last three looks from Wednesday's show "were inspired by artist Félix González-Torres's 'Candy Floors.'" To mimic the installation of thousands of pieces of candy covering the floors at New York's Museum of Modern Art, the Margiela atelier spent a reported 70 hours embroidering metallic wrappers onto silk.
Read More Maison Martin Margiela ArtisanalMaison Martin Margiela Couture Spring 2013Spring 2013 CoutureSpring 2013Maison Martin MargielaCouture
Link Love
- Bags were selling for under $200 all because of a site glitch! — Who What Wear
- Lately, Beyoncé's been all about the swimsuit selfie — Lucky
- These old-school J.Crew photos will shock you — HuffPost Style
- Want to design shoes as cool as Kate Bosworth's? Read this — InStyle
- Why running and fashion go hand in hand — Racked
- Wash your jeans so you can keep them forever — SheFinds
- Do yourself a favor and check out Lady Gaga's sunglasses — The Cut
- We can't wait to see Kendall Jenner's latest fashion ad — Style.com
- The way you shop says a lot about you — Man Repeller
Latest Fashion


text:
24th January 2010, 09:50 PM | #1 |
Join Date: Apr 2009
Posts: 421
5.3m on iSonic 101 08
I'm looking for a new board and although I'm mainly considering a Futura 93 I've stumbled across an iSonic 101 from 2008 for a really good price.
I've got a new F8 Ram 5.8m which would be great on it, I think, but I'm not sure how well it could take my higher wind sail, a 5.3m. I'm quite light weight and generally use a smaller fin than recommended. Would a 34cm fin and a 5.3m still work ok on this board? Thanks.
JP Super-X 106l, North F8 Ram: 5.8m, 175cm, 54kg |
Bookmarks |
Tags |
None |
Thread Tools | |
Display Modes | |


text:
Does this case fit iPad mini retina display?
I just got an iPad mini retina display with a Smart Cover for Christmas and I'd like to get a case to cover the back. Hoping this one fits.
- Asked by Lisa H from Eastern Passage
- Flag as inappropriate (Does this case fit iPad mini retina display?)
8 Answers from the Community
Best Answer:
Yes - it fits because the ipad mini and ipad mini 2 are same size
but the microphone which is now on the back of the ipad mini retina display will be covered !!- Answered by Sujan K from Toride
- Flag as inappropriate Answer 1
Yes this fits the Mini Retina great and is excellent coverage. If you buy the one specified for the Mini Retina, the mic hole is correctly aligned. Probably it was not out yet when Lisa was looking; around Christmas time.
- Answered by David T from Westlake
- Flag as inappropriate Answer 2
This case will fit the iPad mini with retina display and it does have a cutout for the rear microphone, contraray to what some one else wrote on here. I have one and it does have a place for the mic without covering it up. It is also made to pair with the Smart Cover.
- Answered by Juan D from Naples
- Flag as inappropriate Answer 3
Yes it fits the ipad mini retina, but..... There is an additional microphone hole on the back, towards the top which is covered by the case. It should be easy to drill a small hole to uncover it.
- Answered by Trevor D from Miami
- Flag as inappropriate Answer 4
Yes I would guess so because the iPad min retina display has the same dimensions as the iPad mini
Thanks- Answered by Alison M from Winslow
- Flag as inappropriate Answer 5
While it does fit, it doesn't seem to align perfectly.
- Answered by Paul K from Madison
- Flag as inappropriate Answer 6
No, this case is designed for the iPad Air, as it says at the top of the page.
Their are other versions of this case designed for the iPad mini and such variants.
This case also doesn't fit the 2nd 3rd and 4th generations, because the iPad Air has a different shape overall, as well as skinner bezels.- Answered by Katherine R from Wellesley
- Flag as inappropriate Answer 7
NO, it doesn't fit the mini. It says just above in the compatibility section that this case fits the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th generation iPads.
They do however sell a version of this specifically for the mini. Just not this one ;)- Answered by Edward M from Paradise
- Flag as inappropriate Answer 8
Related Questions
Will this case fit iPad mini retina display??
- Asked by Alex S from Cupertino
- 13-Apr-2014
- Flag as inappropriate (Will this case fit iPad mini retina display??)
- Asked about: Incase Neoprene Pro Sleeve for iPad
Can this case fit the iPad mini with retina display?
- Asked by Joanna B
- 04-Dec-2013
- Flag as inappropriate (Can this case fit the iPad mini with retina display?)
- Asked about: Acme Made Skinny Sleeve for iPad mi…


text:
See definition in
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
Line breaks:
com|pre¦hen|sionPronunciation: /kɒmprɪˈhɛnʃ(ə)n/
Definition of comprehension in English:
1The ability to understand something: some won't have the least comprehension of what I'm trying to do the comprehension of spoken language
More example sentences
- Since you are striving for something that is basically beyond your comprehension and ability, you cannot trust yourself to do all the right things to get you there.
- It is simply beyond a tourist's comprehension to understand why such ancient monuments, which do not require maintenance on a weekly basis, are closed once a week.
- When reading comprehension is assessed through writing, these difficulties are compounded.
understanding, ability to understand, grasp, grip, conception, apprehension, cognition, cognizance, ken, knowledge, awareness, perception, discernment;
1.1British The setting of questions on a set text to test understanding, as a school exercise: [ as modifier] : comprehension exercises
More example sentences
- The comprehensions and the questions on them were lovely.
- She said the comprehensions at ordinary level were a bit difficult and the grammar was as hard as at higher level but the topics should have been of interest to students.
- The comprehensions were challenging but in the composition section the varied choice of essay titles in general satisfied the students.
2.1 historical The inclusion of Nonconformists within the Established Church of England (as proposed in the 17th to 19th centuries but not adopted).
Late Middle English: from French compréhension or Latin comprehensio(n-), from the verb comprehendere 'seize, comprise' (see comprehend).
Words that rhyme with comprehension
abstention, apprehension, ascension, attention, circumvention, condescension, contention, contravention, convention, declension, detention, dimension, dissension, extension, gentian, hypertension, hypotension, intention, intervention, invention, mention, misapprehension, obtention, pension, prehension, prevention, recension, retention, subvention, supervention, suspension, tensionDefinition of comprehension in:
- US English dictionary
- English synonyms
- US English synonyms
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.


text:
tool name
closePUBLIC SAFETY SUPPORT ANALYST
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PUBLIC SAFETY SUPPORT ANALYST $38.69 - $47.02 Hr. 2 FT vacancies in the Inf More info |
Hydro Electrical Technician
INSTALLATION - MAINT - REPAIR: PCWA water - energy - stewardship Placer County Water Agency JOIN OUR OUTSTANDING TEAM OF PROFESSIO More info |
SBA Underwriting Manager
BANKING: BANKING SBA Underwriting Manager Sacramento Golden Pacific Bank is a highly innovative community ba More info |
Director of Patient Care Services
HEALTH CARE: We are seeking a highly experienced and effective leader for our Hospice which provides services in More info |
Industrial Electrician
INSTALLATION - MAINT - REPAIR: Must be State certified, Minimum 5 years experience with rigid conduit, transformers, setting electr More info |
Assistant Operations Supervisor - Sacramento Location
BANKING: BANKING Assistant Operations Supervisor Sacramento Location Golden Pacific Bank is a highly innovat More info |
Assistant Manager
CUSTOMER SERVICE: Full time assistant manager needed for self storage facility. Experience is a plus but not a require More info |
Development Operations Engineer
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: This position is primarily responsible for supporting Department Operations for the Engineering Depa More info |
Landscape Installer/Laborer
INSTALLATION - MAINT - REPAIR: Growing tree landscape company seeking qualified landscape installer/laborer for residential landsc More info |
EDUCATION: EDUCATION JESUIT HIGH SCHOOL Sacramento, CA A Catholic, Jesuit College Preparatory Now accepting a More info |


text:
Never leave money on the negotiation table again!
Hire Jim Camp to coach you through your business negotiations
Video testimonials from clients of Jim Camp
Why hire Jim Camp to coach you through negotiations:
- Jim has over 25-years of professional negotiation experience and has coached companies world-wide through billions of dollars of negotiations. Nobody has more experience or a better track record at winning complex high-dollar negotiations than Jim Camp.
- Jim is able to consistently provide his clients with a 200% or better return on their investment. Many of Jim's clients have experienced a 2,000% (yes thousand) return on their investment. Because of Jim's amazing ability to structure winning agreements for his clients, there is zero financial risk in hiring Jim to coach you through your negotiations.
- By working with Jim Camp, you are going to learn the world's most successful negotiation system. This gives you the power to expertly handle any negotiation you will ever engage in. You will love the confidence and newfound calmness you will have in every negotiation, no matter how complex or heated it becomes.
Contact us today to learn more about Jim's negotiation consulting services and how you and your company will greatly benefit.


text:
UC IPM Home > Homes, Gardens, Landscapes, and Turf > Trees and Shrubs > Yew
Yews are coniferous evergreen shrubs or trees. Leaves are dark green needles. Yews produce cup-like, single-seeded berrylike fruit. Only female plants produce berries, mostly red. Fruit and leaves are poisonous if ingested.
Yews are often grown as hedges or screens. They do well in sun or shade and require moderate or regular amounts of water. They are tolerant of many soil types but don't do as well in soils that are too alkaline or too acidic. They do not like extremely hot areas. Dry winds and very low temperatures can damage foliage. Hose plants off every couple of weeks during times of hot, dry weather.
Needle-like leaves of Hick's yew


text:
Usher - Greatest Hits 2CD (2012) 320 vtwin88cubeseeders: 0
leechers: 0
Usher - Greatest Hits 2CD (2012) 320 vtwin88cube (Size: 425.25 MB)
Greatest Hits (2012) After Usher Raymond was spotted by a LaFace record executive at a talent show in his hometown of Atlanta, it took no time for his career to take off. The 14-year-old auditioned for LaFace co-founder L.A. Reid, who signed the gospel choir boy to a recording contract. Raymond was introduced to the world simply as "Usher," and released his debut album of the same name in 1994, which featured co-executive producer Sean "Puffy" Combs. The first single, "Think of You," gained Usher wide recognition and reached gold status. From that initial exposure, Usher was approached to do other projects. In 1995, he recorded a national holiday jingle for Coca-Cola. He also joined several top male R&B vocalists to form Black Men United for the single "You Will Know," featured on the Jason's Lyric soundtrack. He also teamed with teen singing sensation Monica for a duet remake of Latimore's "Let's Straighten It Out." Format: Mp3 Bitrate: 320 CBR Contains: Album Art & ID Tags Audio-Info: Disc 1 01.Can U Get Wit It 02.Love Was Here 03.Nice & Slow 04.Think Of You 05.I Will 06.You Make Me Wanna... 07.Pop Ya Collar 08.U Got It Bad 09.U Don't Have A Call 10.U Remind Me 11.Yeah! 12.Burn 13.Confessions 14.Confessions Part 2 15.Superstar (Luther Vandross Version) 16.Superstar 17.Bad Girl 18.That's What It's Made For 19.Can U Handle It 20.Caught Up 21.My Way Disc 2 01.This Ain't Sex 02.Moving Mountains 03.Throwback 04.Trading Places 05.Love You Gently 06.Appetite 07.What's A Man To Do 08.Lifetime 09.His Mistakes 10.There Goes My Baby 11.Mars Vs. Venus 12.Papers 13.Making Love (Into The Night) 14.OMG (Feat. Will.I.Am) 15.Hot Toddy (Feat. Jay-Z & Ciara) 16.Secret Garden (Feat. Robin Thicke) 17.DJ Got Us Fallin' In Love (Feat. Pitbull) 18.Love 'Em All 19.My Boo (Feat. Alicia Keys) 20.Next Contestant 21.Something Special ****You Don't Have To Thank Me. Just Seed Back. Thanks.**** ****Support The Artists & Buy It If You Like It.**** Related Torrents
Sharing WidgetTrackers
All CommentsUser Opinions
... And 65 more
Koal147, JJ_6183 |


text:
› Learn How
Gary Sullivan demonstrated the use of a vacuum dry box and safety equipment in this April 1963 photo. The box provided an inert, or controlled atmosphere, for handling sensitive materials such as cesium during tests of components and materials for ion motor propellant feed systems. It had internal electrical power and lighting, as well as argon gas and vacuum lines. Thick Plexiglas implosion shields usually found on the view ports were removed for this photo. The vacuum dry box was just one piece of equipment in the Thrust Devices Laboratory in JPL's building 125-B7. This lab went into operation in June 1962 and was used by the Advanced Propulsion Engineering Section in research relating to nuclear-electric propulsion systems development. Image Credit: NASA


text:
About me:
This profile is inappropriate and should be flagged for moderation. Please choose from one of the following options:
Recent submissions by Estee
Channel: Weather & Scenery
Rainbow from Vahson ferry
Thursday, Mar 27 , 2014 at 12:17 PM1 Comment -
Channel: Pets & Wildlife
Hummingbirds? In January?
Monday, Jan 16 , 2012 at 9:46 AM+ Comment!


text:
Hi everyone once again! We're creating a spot for road safety, and we're looking for a sound similar to this one from 0:07 to 0:14 (sorry I didn't know the exact soundtrack's track)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVkQ0C4qDvMWe're looking for this kind of beat for the intro, showing cars driving on roads and then culminating with the sound of a crash.
Can you help us? Thanks!
Greetings to Joao
Hi. This track might suit it? http://audiojungle.net/item/the-escape/1441767
Hello again!
The track Epic Orchestral Trailer is a popular one to match up with this kind of sound. And, of course, something custom is always possible if you are unable to find exactly what you are after for this project!
Best of luck with your hunt!
Listen this track from 0:50
http://audiojungle.net/item/action-music/1120619Helpful Information
- Please read our community guidelines. Self promotion and discussion of piracy is not allowed.
- Open a support ticket if you would like specific help with your account, deposits or purchases.
- Item Support by authors is optional and may vary. Please see the Support tab on each item page.
Most of all, enjoy your time here. Thank you for being a valued Envato community member.


text:
Campground Amenities
Amenities Overview
Campground Amenities
Unique Amenities
- Large sports area.
- Planned Activities
- Two playgrounds.
KOA stands out from our competitors in many ways.
Stay in these unique lodgings and enjoy a truly one-of-a-kind camping experience.
Learn MoreGet camping related news, tips, recipes and more right at your fingertips.
Visit blog now!2481 Jacksonville Road
Bellefonte, PA 16823
Reserve: 800-562-8127
Info: 814-355-7912
I-80 Exit 161: 2 miles on PA 26 North. From State College, PA: Follow I-99 North. Past I-80 interchange onto PA 26 North 2 miles. Campground is north of I-80. GPS may try to take you south. GPS: N40.96275, W77.68725
Get Google Directions


text:
Updates from January, 2015 Toggle Comment Threads | Keyboard Shortcuts
Rick Mc
special needs gymnastics – Fitness Wheel
Tumbl Trak:
Our two days at Blue Heron. Here are the shots of the special needs class having fun with the 8′ fitness wheel.
Click PLAY or watch it on YouTube.
That inflatable Fitness Wheel is round, soft and safe. Ideal for the physically and mentally challenged.
It was safe even for the boy who normally wears a bike helmet day-to-day.
Rick Mc
"open" gymnastics
I love "open gym" time. It's fascinating to see what kids want to do when they are free in our giant playgrounds.
See more photos at RENMORE GYMNASTICS, Ireland.
Rick Mc
BC – Play Gymnastics
Gymnastics BC launched the PLAY Gymnastics brand yesterday at separate events at Club Aviva Gymnastics in Coquitlam and Cartwheels Inc. in Surrey. This new provincial brand highlights the importance of recreational gymnastics as the first activity for all children in British Columbia.
… With close to 41,000 members, gymnastics is the fourth largest participation sport in British Columbia, behind only soccer, hockey and athletics. Of that membership 83% are under the age of 12 …
Also introduced this weekend was Sammy – the new mascot for the brand….
Rick Mc
old gymnasts never die …
Power Stretching and Easy Exercises by Shiro Tanaka
In his late 50s, one of my first gymnastics mentors published his personal training program. He demonstrates all exercises himself in the home or office, using no special equipment.
I asked Shiro he'd ever done Yoga. "Never.", he replied.
Like most of the old school gymnastics folks, he considers Yoga inferior to traditional gymnastics stretching. Shiro grew up with Tsukahara, one year younger.
Shiro's book is not available for sale anywhere, unfortunately. It was published by his University for internal use.
But I'm inspired … just as Shiro inspired me as a gymnast and young coach. (In the late 1970s, he insisted we stretch every morning in the shower, to save time.)
Holly Manchester
That's incredible. My daughter can do over splits too.
Rick Mc
Introducing Glides
Hi Liz here sharing with you one of my favorite simple bars stations! It's easy enough do be done independently and is fun!
It's a great way to introduce a glide swing and practice regrasping the bar. The stability ball also teaches young gymnasts to be aware of their core muscles (you see in the video how the ball starts to roll from side to side as her core relaxes). Using a scooter is a nice modification too for younger ages/levels!
Does anyone have any other fun drills for teaching a glide? Please reply to share!
coach Rick
Great post, Liz. Thanks.
I'm going to dig up a tutorial on Glides by JAO. And I'll post it as a follow-up.
Rick Mc
This is the first draft of a site where coaches, teachers, educators and program directors can discuss ideas, games, lesson plans, etc. … Everything non-competitive.
Comments are welcome. … But to post something you need get permission of site editor Rick McCharles. Details on our About page.


text:
Home | Forums | Rules | Articles | The diyAudio Store | Gallery | Blogs | Register | Donations | FAQ | Calendar | Search | Today's Posts | Mark Forums Read | Search |
Swap Meet Sell your stuff here, who knows, some other fanatic might be interested! |
Please consider donating to help us continue to serve you.
Ads on/off / Custom Title / More PMs / More album space / Advanced printing & mass image saving |
Thread Tools | Search this Thread |
16th April 2003, 11:22 PM | #1 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Apr 2003
Location: Brantford, ON
Artic Silver Thermal compound
I have a small quantity of Artic Silver Heat sink compound...this stuff is very expensive and I want to contribute some of it to the members of the forum.....I have set aside about 10 grams of it to give away....it reduced temps in different applications quite abit compared to white thermal grease....I use it on my computer processer with great results...........All I ask is that if you request some dont be greedy!!!!..LOL....I want as many members to try this out.....and because of the customs problems...Canadian residents only please...(they might think its a bomb or something).
so whoever wants a sample Email me with how much you need...I did a whole Amplifier with barely half a gram Cheers!!The DIRT® |
16th April 2003, 11:36 PM | #2 |
diyAudio Member
I wouldn't mind get some. I need for 50 or so devices.
www.audiosector.com Do something really well. See how much time it takes. It might be a product, a work of art, who knows? Then give it away cheaply, just because you feel that it should not cost so much, even if it took a lot of time and expensive materials to make it. - JC |
16th April 2003, 11:48 PM | #3 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Apr 2003
Location: Brantford, ON
check your Email.....50 devices>????....now your being Greedy..LMAO
17th April 2003, 01:32 AM | #4 |
diyAudio Member
Hey Joe! Great offer I'd like to take you up on enough to do a couple of processors if you don't mind, I run AMD exclusively and these little suckers get prety hot. Especially when you "push them a little".
Stand alone HTPC with a laptop LCD screen. |
17th April 2003, 01:34 AM | #5 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Apr 2003
Location: Brantford, ON
Email me your addy and I`ll send you some
Cheers!!The DIRT® |
17th April 2003, 06:49 AM | #6 | |
diyAudio Member
Re: Artic Silver Thermal compound
UrSv Those who say it can't be done should not stop those who are doing it. |
17th April 2003, 09:11 AM | #7 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Jan 2001
Location: Scandinavia
This is an interesting thread -- what I am most interested in the electrical characteristics of Arctic Silver. Is it conductive? Does it become inductive under pressure?
Petter |
17th April 2003, 09:18 AM | #8 | |
diyAudio Member
As for inductivity I have no idea. Check their web site: http://www.arcticsilver.com/ It it fairly standard stuff and most suppliers have it if you look at computer suppliers as the paste is originally for CPUs IIRC.
UrSv Those who say it can't be done should not stop those who are doing it. |
17th April 2003, 10:11 AM | #9 |
Warp Engineer
On Holiday
Under normal conditions, i'd expect it to exhibit some capacitive characteristics. With higher voltages / mounting pressure, there will probably be some conduction.
17th April 2003, 12:41 PM | #10 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Apr 2003
Location: Brantford, ON
UrSv....it is about 8 bucks US for 3 grams....thats 15 Can bucks...we are poor here in Canada hahaha...... and it does have some conductive properties thats what makes it so good....you dont spread this stuff on like peanut butter you have to watch that there isnt any on component leads...............I am not trying to market this stuff I was merely offering a gesture to members...I am a designer of electronic controls and I get some freebies now and again and I would rather give away what I`m not using because if you were married to my wife you would know why.... I have so much crap around she says it looks like store..LOL
Cheers!!The DIRT® |
Thread Tools | Search this Thread |
Similar Threads | ||||
Thread | Thread Starter | Forum | Replies | Last Post |
Biasing/thermal compensation of Thermal Trak transistors | Bob Cordell | Solid State | 161 | 8th March 2014 08:42 AM |
DIY Thermal Compound | Rodeodave | Parts | 0 | 4th August 2009 09:17 AM |
silicon grease vs. arctic silver thermal compound | DreadPirate | Solid State | 3 | 26th October 2007 01:26 AM |
help with Thermal Impdeance vs. Thermal Conductivity | Eric | Pass Labs | 4 | 22nd July 2005 07:23 PM |
New To Site? | Need Help? |


text:
Eye Care Your eyebrows frame your face and brighten up your eyes, so it is essential to have the right shape according to your face. Long dazzling lashes and well groomed eyebrows are the best accessory for any eyes.
Eyelash tint Eyebrow tint Eyebrow shape/wax
Eyelash Perming One of the hidden secrets in the beauty industry. A fantastic treatment that helps emphasise the eyes and offers a 'natural look' alternative to the daily use of mascara. Have beautiful curled lashes 24/7.
Patch test required 24 hours prior to professional tinting.


text:
I love my pillows — the bigger and puffier the better. I've always thought of them as the ultimate allies, cradles of comfort outside the womb, the means to melt into peaceful slumber.
And I've been so wrong.
I started taking pillows more seriously after two shoulder surgeries on one arm affected my neck and upper back. The good arm became even more painful than the bad one. Among the myriad issues we explored, my physical therapist and rehabilitation doctor separately brought up pillows and what they're really for — which is getting your wayward body back in line.
Since then, I've looked at pillows in a whole new way. The pillow, after all, is the inanimate object with which people arguably spend the most time — up to a third of their lives. Along the way, I've learned the answers to questions I'd never previously thought to ask. Some of them made me shudder.
How old is your pillow?
One by-product of my research was learning about the health of the pillow itself.
On her Web site, Mercia Tapping, president of AllergyBuyersClub.com, recalled returning to her parents' home and finding pillows that were at least 20 years old. "Moldy, smelly and stained," she writes.
Repositories of body moisture, dead skin and drool, pillows offer irresistible digs to dust mites and fungi. A 2005 medical study of pillows — said to be the first since 1936 — found up to 16 species of fungi in a single pillow. Testing both feather and synthetic pillows that ranged from 18 months to 20 years old, University of Manchester researchers found several thousand spores of fungus per gram of used pillow — a higher count than you'd find on a used toothbrush. A minute's soak in hydrogen peroxide can kill the toothbrush spores; not so with a pillow.
And the consequences can be serious.
"Given the time spent sleeping, and the proximity of the pillow to the airway, synthetic and feather pillows could be the primary source of fungi and fungal products. This has important implications for patients with respiratory disease, and especially asthma and sinusitis," Ashley Woodcock, the University of Manchester research team leader, wrote in the journal, Allergy.
Some stores now sell dust mite covers for pillows. Alternatively, wool and natural latex pillows are more mite-resistant.
"If you fold over your pillow in half and the poor thing just lies there, you have a dead pillow. Time to bury it."
Alpaca pillows are among the longest-lasting, she says.
Why is a pillow such a big deal? What damage can a pillow do?
"Typically, people like to use two or three pillows under their head, and they end up getting forward head posture" because the head is pushed unnaturally forward, out of alignment with the spine, explained Michael Uttecht, my Georgetown University Hospital physical therapist.
"The body will adapt to that position and assume it, which leads to a lot of neck tension, shoulder problems, headaches and then loss of range of motion in their neck as well."
As people age, they generally tend to develop forward posture — a kind of shoulder slumping, he said. The problem has become more severe in computer-centric societies, as people hunch forward over their keyboards all day.
Sleep is the time to let the body heal and realign. But that requires the right pillow.
"If you see people on the street that look like they're looking down, sometimes it's a mechanical problem, sometimes it's neurological, sometimes it's orthopedic. But there are people ... (who) sit at their desks with their heads way forward, then go home at night and say pushing their head back hurts. So they stack the pillows, so the head is forward all the time," explained John Toerge, a Georgetown University Hospital pain specialist.
"It starts to have consequences of wear and tear," he added. "One of the big issues is trying to get to a point where you relax backward or slide backwards or go into an extension moving backwards, so you get into alignment and take care of what's gone on during the day."
Otherwise, neck and back pain can only get worse.
How do you find the right pillow?
In the end, it's personal choice. And the choices are many.
Once crafted from straw, wood and even porcelain, pillows now come in silk, wool, alpaca, latex, cotton, foam and "memory foam," lyocell (from wood pulp cellulose), air pump-ups and many kinds of down. Some have built-in headphone outlets. Others use super-cleaned materials for sleepers with asthma and allergies.
One major healthy-pillow outlet offers a dizzying selection, including the neck pillow, comfort pillow, husband pillow (complete with two arms and a high back), back body pillow, Magniflex wave pillow, head cradle, Millennium pillow, grand pillow and the all-purpose pillow. It also offers a back wedge, a back leg wedge, a doughnut and the back bed lounger.
Although somewhat alike, its "symphony pillow" differs from the "rhapsody pillow" because the former has "a gently arched side that provides head and neck support while the reverse side provides a traditional pillow feel for side sleepers." The rhapsody is filled with shapeable micro-cushions.
But the names don't give consumers many clues about what they're getting.
Health professionals offer tips for making tough decisions. The most basic is to try it out. Go to a store and spend 15 to 30 minutes with each product, Uttecht advised. "Get on a bed and see if it really fits. Bring someone along to check if your body is in alignment," he said.
How you sleep determines a lot. For side sleepers, the nose-to-navel rule is a good guideline. The nose and the navel should be the same height off the bed. The goal is to align the back and head — and prevent the head from being propped above the spine.
Belly sleepers tend to like the softest pillows, but sleeping on the stomach is bad all around, especially for the neck and body alignment, according to physicians and physical therapists. Uttecht sleeps with a long body pillow just to prevent himself from rolling over and sleeping on his stomach during the night.
"Pillows are dangerous because people tend to read an advertisement that a pillow will fix their neck," said Uttecht. "But no pillow fits every person's body. You have to understand your alignment for it to work appropriately."
What did I do?
Researched and ready, I headed to a Healthy Back Store to do my own testing. Self-conscious at first, I got into the swing of it, moving from bed to bed to find one that matched the feel of my mattress, then trying two dozen pillows, taking my time to lie on each and see how I settled into it.
Some pillows the salesperson wouldn't let me try. "They're made for big men," he said, and I'm a small woman.
I liked one of the memory foam pillows and the smallest version of a model with an extra curve that goes under the neck.
Then cost became a consideration. Good pillows can run anywhere from $75 up to $500.
I picked the one that left me with enough left over to buy the dust mite cover, too.


text:
Any info on when Best Buy will carry the Infuse? On May 15th, or do they historically start selling phones a week or two after the carriers?
I preordered the infuse yesterday at best buy, cost me $50 to do this, but in return they gave me a $50 gift card that Ill use towards the purchase price so I'll be getting the phone for $149.99. Nice Ps It'll be ready for pick up on the 15th
Yeah I read online of someone else preordering it so went to a local store and the kid at the mobile section had too look it up but he was able to do it. The $50 gift card was a nice surprise so I'll get the phone for $149.99 plus I'm trading my 16gb 3GS for $170 so phone will basically be free.
Nice....so if I end up getting it, I'm definitely going to Best Buy. I forgot that they did this. I had a similar deal with them when I got my Inspire.
I work for BB and the phone is $200, if you preorder you put $50 out of the $200 price down and they give you a $50 gift card to use on said phone, it's not like it's a free gift card or anything just a way to make sure you come back to BB for the phone.


text:
Report to the Men's Club and Other Stories | |||||||||
The Mount | |||||||||
Carol Emshwiller | |||||||||
Small Beer Press, 272 and 322 pages | |||||||||
A review by Rich Horton
Much of this early work was clever but light, as with that first story, "This Thing Called Love", a 50s social satire in the mode
pioneered by H. L. Gold's Galaxy. The narrator's husband wants to emigrate to the stars, but she refuses to accompany
him: why should she abandon her crushes on the robots who star in TV shows, and who could love a real human anyway? Her slightly
later story, "Idol's Eye" (Future, February 1958), is perhaps more characteristic of her later work. An apparently
ugly, near-blind, young farm woman is being crudely courted by a brutish neighbor, but she discovers a special "sight", that makes
her the appropriate consort for a mysterious man brought by aliens.
In the mid-60s, Emshwiller's work became odder, deeper, more experimental. Many of these stories were collected in the 1974
book Joy In Our Cause, including "Sex and/or Mr. Morrison", one of the creepiest and most memorable stories in Harlan
Ellison's landmark anthology Dangerous Visions. There followed two more collections, Verging on the Pertinent (1989)
and The Start of the End of It All (1991), the strange feminist fantasy Carmen Dog (1988), and two novels set in the
American West, Ledoyt (1995) and Leaping Man Hill (1999).
In 1999, her stories began appearing again in F&SF, and she has published a generous helping of new fiction in the
past few years, in F&SF, at SCI FICTION, and in anthologies such as Leviathan Three
and The Green Man. And here are two new books: a story collection, and a novel, both published by Gavin Grant and Kelly Link's
worthy effort, Small Beer Press.
Report to the Men's Club and Other Stories includes 19 pieces, seven of them new to this book. The reprints include seven from
her recent in-genre outburst, with the other stories dating as far back as 1977. Throughout Emshwiller's lovely wry voice is
evident, as are her quirky imagination, her warm regard for her characters: women, men, and other creatures, and her passionate
interest in the relationship between the sexes.
Several of the stories reflect her interest in the Western landscape. (Emshwiller lives part of the year in a remote Western
area.) Often these stories feature independent women coming to cautious accommodations with similarly independent, often mostly
silent, men. The settings may or may not be the actual American West. (I have not yet read her Western novels, but I gather that
this might describe these novels as well.) Thus vaguely SFnal stories like "Water Master", about the man who controls the allocation
of water to a generally dry village, and the woman who becomes fascinated with him. Thus also "The Paganini of Jacob's Gulch",
about a lame violinist from Scotland who moves to the American West and gets beat up for playing too well. And "Desert Child", about
an old woman, an old man, and a near-feral child who end up together.
Emshwiller's range is wide, though. "Acceptance Speech" is one of the oddest and most SFnal of her recent stories, about a human
kidnapped by aliens to write poetry. "Foster Mother" and "Creature" are related stories about a genetically engineered war-fighting
monster who is also a child in need of love. The longest story here is "Venus Rising", originally published as a chapbook in
1992. It tells in Emshwiller's oblique, submerged, way of intelligent water creatures and their reaction to the arrival of a
castaway, apparently a man, in their midst.
Other delights include "Prejudice and Pride", a striking and moving meditation on the sexual life of Elizabeth Bennett and
Fitzwilliam Darcy; two stories about yetis and other mysterious creatures: "Abominable" and "Overlooking"; and "Grandma", a look at
a female superhero in her old age. This is a wonderful collection of short fiction, marked by tremendous variety, a wonderful,
funny, knowing, and sympathetic voice, and a truly off-center imagination.
Emshwiller's new novel is The Mount, and unlike any of her previous novels it is fairly straightforward science fiction. In
simplest terms, it tells of a revolution against alien invaders. These invaders, called "Hoots", are physically weak and small, but
over generations they have bred humans to serve them as "Mounts". The humans, then, become essentially pets to the aliens, treated
a great deal like horses are treated by present-day humans. Thus the novel explores, quite thoughtfully, human/pet relationships,
master/slave relationships, and the question of freedom versus comfort.
There are a few different viewpoint characters, but the story is mainly told through the eye of Charley, an especially prized young
Mount who is the property of the son of a very high-ranking Hoot. Charley is extremely proud, to the point of vanity, of his
abilities as a Mount. And his relationship with his Hoot, who he calls "Little Master", is complex but largely loving. Loving,
though, in an almost creepy Master-Slave fashion. Charley, it turns out, is the son of a rebellious human, who has gone off to live
in the wilderness, and who plots to free all humans, but particularly his son. The novel's main action turns on the initial success
of this scheme, and then on the ambiguous results. Charley is by no means sure that freedom is all it's cracked up to be, and
moreover he misses his "Little Master". He's also jealous of his father's relationship with a woman not his mother -- his mother,
of course, being basically a brood mare chosen by the Hoots.
The plot twists a couple of times from there, coming to a moving, thoughtful, and balanced resolution, if not exactly a terribly
original one. The storytelling is clear and interesting. The age of the protagonist, the theme, and the relatively simple
storytelling make this novel, I would think, appealing to younger readers, but it certainly will satisfy adults as well.
Carol Emshwiller is a real treasure. She seems underappreciated to me, but this late burst of productivity may help remedy
that situation. Both The Mount and Report to the Men's Club are first rate books. I think I'd choose the story
collection as the better book, for its range, complexity, and wit. But either way, I'm thrilled to see these books, and I look
forward to many more stories from this writer.
Rich Horton is an eclectic reader in and out of the SF and fantasy genres. He's been reading SF since before the Golden Age (that is, since before he was 13). Born in Naperville, IL, he lives and works (as a Software Engineer for the proverbial Major Aerospace Company) in St. Louis area and is a regular contributor to Tangent. Stop by his website at http://www.sff.net/people/richard.horton. |
If you find any errors, typos or anything else worth mentioning,
please send it to firstname.lastname@example.com.
Copyright © 1996-2014 SF Site All Rights Reserved Worldwide


text:
Event Name
- OR - Select an option belowThe original location of this higher-end Mexico City-style taquería chain opened in 2007. Since then, branches have opened all over Dallas (and one in San Antonio). Each time, owners Markus Pineyro and John E. Tuma have upped the game for upscale authentic Mexican food, moving beyond the namesake food. The menu now includes more than a dozen salsas (including peanut habanero, poblano-pepita pesto and black bean) and specialty margaritas mixed with tequila on tap. The restaurant is appointed in a style that melds traditional Mexican décor with modern flare and sleek lines. Because of this, the selections fetch a higher price point than the average taco shop's fare. What you won't find here is anything associated with Tex-Mex (meaning no orange-dyed cheese).


text:
Closing the Knowledge Gap with Intuitive Flat Designs
Much of the debate surrounding skeuomorphic versus flat design has focused on the theoretical strengths and weaknesses of natural versus artificial representations. The focus is primarily on design style. In this article, we propose that style does not produce good or bad design in and of itself. Whether we communicate with users through a skeuomorphic or flat design style, the design needs to be intuitive, and both styles can deliver an intuitive user experience if users are implicitly guided to appropriate actions.
Each interaction we experience with a product induces a small change in our long-term memory. For example, when you first see a hyperlink, you don't know if it is clickable. But, after a few hundred interactions you directly associate an underlined or different colored word with a click action. The experience of using a hyperlink seems direct and clear; knowledge is applied and processed automatically. When direct connections like this exist between long-term memory and interface design, intuitive interactions—such as cultural conventions—emerge. This occurs even though these conventional interactions are not perceptually mapped within real-world environments. The intuitiveness of the interaction is determined primarily by the level of familiarity that the user has with the design interaction.
Skeuomorphic designs are intended to build upon users' previous real-world experiences, by mapping real-world object properties onto digital objects (e.g., the desktop folder). Specifically, skeuomorphic design attempts to target the familiarity of real world objects to decrease the required learning curve for users. Ironically, familiarity with these real world objects can sometimes mislead users. For example, natural object properties do not hold true in a virtual environment (e.g., the visual size of a folder is unrelated to the number of objects within it) and can be violated to create super abilities (e.g., a file can be stored within multiple folders locations).
Interfaces contain arbitrary mappings between visual features and function. Depending on their complexity, these mappings require varying amounts of cognitive effort to learn. Often our goal as designers is to reduce the amount of effort our interfaces require. Graphical user interfaces can be very complex because of the wide vary of tasks they support. Thus, with skeuomorphic elements, designers were attempting to communicate potential interactions in a direct and clear fashion by depending on their users' previous experience.
Clear and direct experiences are usually described as being intuitive. According to Raskin (1994), familiarity with a design produces intuitive interactions. That is intuition emerges when pre-existing knowledge can be applied to the current situation with minimal effort. Therefore, it seems that a prerequisite for an intuitive interaction is having had experience with that interaction type in the past. Similarly, Spool (2005) suggests that creating an intuitive experience is about reducing the distance between users' current knowledge and required knowledge of the system for effective interactions. He refers to the distance between current knowledge and needed system knowledge as a knowledge gap.
Users may see flat designs as intuitive, but designers need to help users cross the knowledge gap
Whenever we reduce naturally occurring design features we risk creating a knowledge gap. Flat design does just that by dropping realistic details like shadows and textures (the iPad's bookshelf). If done correctly, user experience remains unaffected, but it can be difficult to know which of these features are playing a critical role. To avoid creating a gap we must only remove irrelevant details because if we remove too many of the visual properties necessary for long-term memory retrieval, the interaction will become unfamiliar. When an interaction is unfamiliar, cognitive workload remains high as our system attempts to develop new connections to cross the knowledge gap. This effortful process represents part of the cost associated with the introduction of any new interface. Therefore, we need to put ourselves in the user's shoes. If a system update requires users to learn how to bridge the knowledge gap, an explicit benefit ought to be associated with this cost. No one enjoys having to resolve arbitrary interactions given similar outcomes.
Flat designers often have to create new design patterns, which comes at a major cost. Not only is it labor-intensive to create design patterns, it's labor-intensive to conduct the additional empirical testing that is required to verify that the design bridges the knowledge gap. Because flat design is newer than skeuomorphic design, it is at a disadvantage in this regard. Skeuomorphic design has more mature design patterns. Users are familiar with this design style, through thousands of interaction experiences, within the real-world and virtual environments. The following example illustrates how skeuomorphic designs might be used to produce more familiar flat designs. Each icon in Figure 1 is an example of the "share" design representation.
Figure 1A.
Figure 1B.
Figure 1C.
The skeuomorphic designs in Figure 1 connect "share" with the average user's knowledge (e.g., A. offering, B. connected, C. multiple people associated). Many users already have experience interacting with these representations.
The function of the flat design icons in Figure 2 are less clear to the average user. First, each of these icons, although intended to represent "share," look very similar to other icons that have different functions: Icon A resembles the icon to forward information, icon B resembles the icon for USB, and icon C resembles the icon for refresh.
Figure 2A.
Figure 2B.
Figure 2C.
From a designer's perspective the icons make sense; for instance, the circles in icons B and C are ties to network nodes. But, the average person may not know what a network node is. This lack of understanding creates a knowledge gap. We could bridge that gap by requiring users to learn a new convention or we could create a design that builds on previous knowledge.
We recommend the following flat versions of the traditional representation for sharing. Icons A, B, and C are, essentially, flat versions of skeuomorphic icons, but we're not suggesting that all flat design be relegated to simple versions of skeuomorphic designs.
Figure 3A.
Figure 3B.
Figure 3C.
Our focus is not on the style, but the intuitiveness of the interaction. For instance, the visuals associated with these first three examples suggest that the icon is associated with sharing files, but it is not clear if it is appropriate for sharing links. In addition, folders are quickly becoming less common within the real world making the connection between the icon and function less obvious to users. Another example of this is the 3.5 diskette icon used for saving information. Considering these factors, we suggest icon D as it displays familiar features and actions while remaining independent of content. Sharing information is not a new concept to users and should not be treated that way. Users have formed associations between the action of sharing and visual features, so let's take advantage of that knowledge.
Figure 3D.
Flat design is a young style, which will develop its own design patterns, and users will learn ways to overcome unusual interactions (if they are motivated). Over time, users may see flat designs as intuitive, but designers need to help users cross the knowledge gap by using familiar representations. As designers we ought to be more concerned with how effectively our designs connect with users' conventional knowledge then with the particular design style. If a flat or skeuomorphic design connects with user knowledge, great! If not, we need to help them.
This is achieved by either making the interaction familiar or by providing additional training. Without either familiarity or training, our user experience will not be considered intuitive. We must look beyond style type and attempt to determine the merit of a design based on the user's current understanding.
Image of stacked folders courtesy Shutterstock
Add new comment
Re-evaluating what real-world objects we are modeling as metaphors for icon usage within digital spaces is a great idea.
It's a good topic for conversation however the you guys are confusing basic icon metaphors used within UI design to foster interactions with skeuomorphic design which is just making things look like real world objects.
The use of the folder icon is not an example of skeuomorphism it is an example of how we use metaphorical represntation in icon form to represent the actions that can be performed in the context of this interaction. Skeuomorphism and, so called, flat design are just about the style of representing those metaphors.
Also on what grounds would you "recommend" these icons? Professionally, a UX recommendation without metrics is like a statistic without a source.
For a great conversation about the share icon that fully explores the nature of metaphor and the icons we use you should check out Min Ming Lo's article on pixelapse.com "Share: The icon no one agrees on" https://bold.pixelapse.com/minming/share-the-icon-no-one-agrees-on
For a history of Graphical User Interfaces that illustrates that the majority of Computer Human Interaction design was exclusively "flat design" see this page on Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_graphical_user_interface
And for a better understanding of the concept of Skeuomorph here is another Wikipedia page: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeuomorph
This whol article leads into a "recommendation" based on slight altering skeumorphic icons into flat icons...?Where are the metrics to support the transition? Hundreds of people have done analysis on this and you missed the most critical factor of icon recognition: labels.
It has been tested time and time again for the last decade - icons trigger memory for quicker recognition and less cognitive load, but the element of learning them is always an underlying challenge. Thus, using icons + labels together tests better a majority of the time and should always be considered.Most importantly, these things should be tested to make sure they work.
Not a great article, in my opinion.
^lots of typos up there... the key point is that testing was not mentioned at all, nor were labels. intuition varies across audiences, and icons vary across interfaces. Unless you are attempting to create a global icon standard, your recommendations based on "more intuitive icons" are just a broad, sweeping assumption based on your personal experience. And that is bad UX design.
Some great points here, but I'd appreciate some clariifcation of the use of the term 'skeuomorphism'. To my underdstanding, a skeuomorph is a non-functiopnal reference back to a previous technology. That is, it is there for the purpose of decoration or familiarity but is not functional. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/skeuomorph) I would consider a woodgrain bookshelf or leather stitching on a calendar to be skeuomoprphs.
On the other hand, the icons you are referring to are functional and there contents are intended to indicate the function. I would describe them as metaphors, not skeuomorphs.
Splitting hairs? Probably.
Operationally defining skeuomorphism does appear to be difficult given ongoing discussions. So, we are going to avoid that thought process at the moment.
Our cognitive system is continuously presented with an overwhelming amount of data – fundamentally due to working memory limitations. So, it automatically preforms dimensional reduction to manage the overload. Impressively, it creates usable representations to support ongoing task goals. But, how does our system select the "correct" representation from a very large array of alternatives? It depends on attention to visual details to fire up a familiar pattern of activation. Although there has been a lot of research on the features that attract attention and support recognition memory, we still do not fully understand what features are vital in making up mental representations for images. It is quite possible that these decorative features that make something feel familiar are essential features used for recognition and thereby essential for an intuitive interaction. In some cases these details provide the interaction a unique context which helps resolve ambiguity. So, 'non-functional' visual details maybe very important for crossing the 'knowledge gap'.
"Exploration" should be added to "familiarity & training". In fact, in interaction design, unfamiliar micro-interactions are, indeed, more about exploration. The user may invoke a tooltip or menu list to figure out how a specific button functions.
I think flat design is particularly important today due to the information density that exists with mobile devices. The cleaner and more distinct an icon or affordance, the more valuable it is -- regardless of how intuitive it is at first. A new language through flat design is being constructed because of this need.
Context and personas aside, as long as the user can explore and learn relatively quickly the semantics of a flat design element -- and it is used consistently between applications -- that is all that really matters. The allowed period of learnability of a design is also dependent on the nature and context of the application as well.
Note: some of the examples of skeumorphic iconography that was presented above (even your solution) could be misinterpreted by the uninitiated.
We agree exploration ought to be under training. But, this starts to draw attention to learnability of new interactions within a system. Our goal with this article was to highlight visual representations that clearly and directly communicate meaning. We believe that directness is a critical component of the intuitive construct.
If you have to consciously search, requiring limited working memory resources, to determine what an icon does. Then, it isn't intuitive, you still need further learning to occur to bridge the knowledge gap.
I believe flat design is a reflection of new design constraints like screen size. I agree it does play an important role. However, learning a new language is a cognitively painstaking process. Hopefully, the new flat design representations will build on, map onto, our previous knowledge. Cognitive psychologist usually refer to this as positive transfer and it demands less limited cognitive resources. Remember, most of us have spent decades developing our current UX language. We ought to build on this solid foundation of implicit understanding.
I agree that our proposed solution isn't always going to be the best. Especially, if testing the icon with users already trained on the new share icons. However, how about those of us with little flat design familiarity? Which is currently the larger portion of the population? It sounds like we need to start gathering data.
I completely agree with your intentions, Jeremiah. The more intuitive the flat design, the better. And if a designer can create a flat icon, for example, to be recognized 100% of the time -- fantastic! However, I think it is acceptable for certain global design elements (if used consistently) to be refreshed into a more abstract and distinct form -- losing some of that 'positive transfer'. I believe the proposed design above will still not be recognized by a lot of users. What's more, I don't think this particular icon will scale well when smaller (as much as the now well-known "node" icon).
Changing visual language like this must be done carefully and sparingly, however, or else it may be overwhelming. Again, I agree with your concerns. In fact, beyond the OS "system" level of design, it is a very risky practice for designers who care about usability.
Learnability tolerance is something that should also be considered, however. In the case of the share icon, this is a design that will be consistent throughout all applications because it is a global design element. It also allows for exploration because a menu is invoked. Furthermore, the design itelf, as mentioned, scales well and is very distinct. All in all, it is a design that will be immediately recognized by a user after a short amount of time.
The usability sacrifice made for certain abstracted flat design elments, in other words, is well worth it IMO.
An interesting article, and I agree with most of the thrust of it. Flat design is not a "new" visual language, (although the term "flat design may be) but a return to tried and tested tenenents of information design, signage design, and the original GUI icons design work of the Xerox PARC labs, so wonderful brought to life by original Apple Macintosh icon designer Susan Kare, who had to invented a whole new, consistent visual language. Looking at the big picture, skeuomorphism will be seen as the aberrant style, a blip in the process where icons were made "more realistic" because we could, not because we should. Flat design is simply a return to more rigourous thinking…
Figure 2b is used as a sharing icon on android devices, now used by more and more devices/ apploications e.g bbc news. Knowlage gap that!
Norman's seven stages of action is a general theory of human interface interactions. I think you could say unfamiliar icons make it harder to cross the execution gulf. For example, you want to share a link on your phone with a friend, but can't find a familiar looking share icon. However, I don't believe the evaluation gulf relates to our discussion. It focuses on feedback and interpretation following an interface interaction.
I think Hutchins, Hollan, and Norman (1986) work on the 'directness' concept fits better with our discussion. They claim directness is supported by two components: distance between the system and user knowledge and the feeling of direct engagement the user has with the system. This explanation is similar to that provided by Spool (2005).


text:
Drinking Water Systems
Whole House Systems
Well Water Treatment
Iron Out Feeder Systems
Spring Air Purifier
Replacement Parts
Weekly Deals
From the name you trust!
This item has being discontinue. You can purchase filter replacement here
The Reverse Osmosis Process is the removal of up to 99.9% of undesirable water contaminants by forcing untreated water through a semi-permeable membrane. Pressure forces the water to flow in the reverse direction to the direction of flow in natural osmosis.
Nominal Rejection Rates for typical R/O Units
Standard Features:
Conserves water and energy. Positive Level control and shut-off Extends system component life.
Membranes are 100% flushed, rinse and tested for a minimum the two hours. Triple O-ring seals assures the purity of the product water will not be contaminated by the feed water.
Requires no tool on service. Eliminate leakage from fittings Cleaning is greatly reduced for more compact space.
Contact Us Privacy Policy Return Policy Shipping Charges Site Map Term of Services Who we are? Frequently Ask Questions