text:
A library is not a last resting place for the books contained there but a place where information and ideas live and breathe in new minds. To continue to do so, the materials collected—whether books or Web pages—must themselves be alive and fresh, in forms and formats that preserve their character and make them accessible to new readers. The digital age brings, here as elsewhere, opportunities and challenges.
Chapter 3 describes mechanisms that the Library of Congress (LC) could use to collect digital materials aggressively and coordinate the development of distributed virtual collections. This chapter discusses the nature of LC's preservation mission in the changing digital context. The Library can now provide access to some objects without assuming any responsibility for preserving them. It can distinguish "research collections," for which LC serves as a portal for access, from more focused "curatorial collections," for which LC would assume primary long-term preservation responsibility. The committee's focus here is on the curatorial collections, but see Chapter 6 for its remarks on the Library's obligation and opportunity to play a part in assuring the quality and preservation of collections it does not directly control.
The acquisition of materials and their integration into a library's collections traditionally have implied a responsibility to preserve those items
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 105
LC 21: A Digital Strategy for the Library of Congress
A library is not a last resting place for the books contained there but a place where information and ideas live and breathe in new minds. To continue to do so, the materials collected—whether books or Web pages—must themselves be alive and fresh, in forms and formats that preserve their character and make them accessible to new readers. The digital age brings, here as elsewhere, opportunities and challenges.
Chapter 3 describes mechanisms that the Library of Congress (LC) could use to collect digital materials aggressively and coordinate the development of distributed virtual collections. This chapter discusses the nature of LC's preservation mission in the changing digital context. The Library can now provide access to some objects without assuming any responsibility for preserving them. It can distinguish "research collections," for which LC serves as a portal for access, from more focused "curatorial collections," for which LC would assume primary long-term preservation responsibility. The committee's focus here is on the curatorial collections, but see Chapter 6 for its remarks on the Library's obligation and opportunity to play a part in assuring the quality and preservation of collections it does not directly control.
The acquisition of materials and their integration into a library's collections traditionally have implied a responsibility to preserve those items
OCR for page 105
LC 21: A Digital Strategy for the Library of Congress
for use by future generations. The Library of Congress has carried out its preservation responsibilities using a variety of professionally accepted practices:
Providing adequate storage conditions (e.g., proper environmental controls and appropriate binding and shelving);
Reformatting materials from their original fragile formats and media to more stable media (e.g., microfilming newspapers and brittle books, transferring audio recordings to more stable media, and copying content on nitrate and acetate film to more stable polyester film bases); and
For a small percentage of rare and unique materials with intrinsic value in their original formats, restoring originals through conservation treatments.
The Library also has a long history of providing leadership in the broader field of preservation. Over the last two centuries, it has conducted research and led efforts in areas such as binding and shelving books, proper environmental conditions for storage, use of microfilm for preservation, and mass deacidification of paper. The Library has also contributed to national preservation efforts, such as the development and adoption by many publishers of a standard for permanent paper and the coordination of preservation efforts under the Brittle Books Program, funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the National Newspaper Project.1
The Library faces challenges in digital preservation that are widely recognized and shared by many other libraries and archives. They include the following:
Fragile storage media—Digital materials are especially vulnerable to loss and destruction because they are stored on fragile magnetic and optical media that deteriorate rapidly and that can fail suddenly from exposure to heat, humidity, airborne contaminants, faulty reading and writing devices, human error, and even sabotage.
Technology obsolescence—Digital materials become unreadable and inaccessible if the playback devices necessary to retrieve information from
For additional information on LC's preservation efforts for analog materials, see <http://lcweb.loc.gov/preserv/>.
OCR for page 105
LC 21: A Digital Strategy for the Library of Congress
the media become obsolete2 or if the software that translates digital information from machine- to human-readable form is no longer available.
Legal questions surrounding copying and access—Libraries, archives, and other cultural institutions have limited and uncertain rights to copy digital information for preservation or backup purposes, to reformat information so that it remains accessible by current technology, and to provide public access.3
All organizations with responsibilities for preserving digital information are seeking better technical solutions, model policies, best practices, and clearer guidelines regarding legal and intellectual property issues. The committee found few examples of LC providing leadership or contributing actively to solving critical problems of digital archiving and long-term preservation. Until now, LC seems to have assumed a wait-and-see attitude toward its role in preserving digital information created outside the walls of the Library itself; this was probably exacerbated by the absence of a director for the Preservation Directorate. The committee observed a circular logic operating at LC with regard to born-digital materials: "We don't have much born-digital content because we don't know what to do with it; we don't know what to do with born-digital content because we don't have very much of it." Yet because of the Library's national stature and visibility and its past record of leadership, its participation in digital preservation efforts would be of great value and indeed is sorely missed.
The Library's collecting policies and mechanisms with regard to born-digital materials are closely tied to its preservation capabilities. As long as traditional collecting mechanisms guarantee a steady stream of print, other analog materials, and tangible digital objects such as CD-ROMs into the Library's collections, there is an illusion that little significant content is being lost. The absence of significant digital content in the Library's collections removes a sense of urgency about digital preservation, and the lack of organizational capacity to preserve many types of born-digital information discourages the Library from taking on responsibilities that it
It is worth noting that analog materials also suffer from this problem.
For additional discussion on copyright and digital preservation, see Chapter 3 of The Digital Dilemma, by the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, National Research Council (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2000); "Digital Preservation Needs and Requirements in RLG Member Institutions," by Margaret Hedstrom and Sheon Montgomery, Research Libraries Group, available online at <http://www.rlg.org/preserv/digpres.html>; and the film "Into the Future," by the Council on Library and Information Resources, description available online at <http://www.clir.org/pubs/film/film.html#future>.
OCR for page 105
LC 21: A Digital Strategy for the Library of Congress
is not prepared to fulfill. In order for LC to break out of this dilemma, it needs to be aggressive in building collections of born-digital materials, as argued in Chapter 3. The methods for doing this include traditional collecting and custodianship and developing relationships with publishers, other research libraries, other national libraries, bibliographic networks and utilities, government agencies, and archives.4
Traditionally, the acquisition of materials through purchase, exchange, or deposit and their cataloging into the Library's permanent collection entailed a commitment to preserve those materials. In the digital environment, LC will assume a wider variety of roles and responsibilities with regard to preservation. One of the first steps that LC needs to take in adapting its collecting practices to accommodate born-digital information is to delineate clearly its responsibilities for preserving digital information. These preservation responsibilities may be loosely classified into three categories:
LC as creator, active collector, and primary custodian;
LC as key player in a fail-safe mechanism; and
LC as a partner in preserving distributed digital collections.
As LC identifies the areas in which it will assume the lead responsibility for digital preservation, other organizations can adjust the scope of their digital collections accordingly. Just as the Library cannot ignore the problem of digital preservation, so also it cannot be expected to do it all. If LC does not set clear boundaries around its digital preservation responsibilities, then many people may assume unrealistically that the Library will be the repository of last resort for everything worth keeping.
The Library of Congress As Owner and Primary Custodian
The Library of Congress must act as the owner and primary custodian for the digital collections it creates.5 This is a logical extension of
The relationships that LC needs to foster are discussed in Chapter 6.
The notion of "creation" in the context of digital collections is admittedly ambiguous. A model of sole creation may be too simplistic, and in fact it may be more common that LC creates digital material in concert with other partners or that is interlinked with content from other partners. In these cases, the Library needs to ensure that the custodial responsibilities of all parties are clearly delineated.
OCR for page 105
LC 21: A Digital Strategy for the Library of Congress
the Library's current efforts to preserve the digital resources that it creates through the retrospective conversion of materials for the National Digital Library Program (NDLP), compilation of public-domain materials, and cataloging. The THOMAS system maintains a comprehensive full-text database of legislation introduced into the U.S. Congress since 1989 and bill summaries and status data from 1973 to 1989. The Law Library's Global Legal Information Network (GLIN) maintains an online database composed primarily of searchable legal abstracts in English of foreign laws and regulations enacted in selected countries since 1976 and over 20,000 full texts of legal instruments since 1995. In addition, LC has preserved its bibliographic database of some 12 million machine-readable catalog records representing the books, serials, maps, sound recordings, manuscripts, and visual materials in its collections by migrating these data successfully from older legacy systems to the new Integrated Library System.
The Library can also logically be expected to serve as owner and primary custodian of materials for which it has a unique mandate and of digital resources that it has unique responsibilities for acquiring. The Library's role in registering copyright and enforcing mandatory deposit law creates a unique opportunity for the Library to collect digital information that might otherwise vanish from the historical record. To fulfill its role and meet its responsibilities, LC urgently needs to develop the organizational and technical capacity to preserve digital deposits of long-term value, as discussed in Chapter 3.
One particular concern with regard to preservation is how deposited items will be identified for integration into LC's permanent collection and which parts of LC will look after long-term preservation requirements. It is not clear when (or if) CORDS will begin retaining and preserving complete digital objects in a systematic way rather than maintaining only registration information and a digital signature of the object being registered. In some cases, only the digital signature will be kept in CORDS, to verify potential alterations to a digital document or copyright infringements. It is also unclear whether the Copyright Office will assume responsibility for the long-term preservation of the digital content deposited in CORDS or whether some or all of this task will pass to Library Services. The Library needs to determine whether CORDS is intended to serve solely as a registration and deposit mechanism or whether it should also include a repository for digital materials with long-term value. If CORDS is not the most appropriate place to preserve deposited digital works—and the committee doubts that it is—then what other provisions will LC make for digital deposits?
OCR for page 105
LC 21: A Digital Strategy for the Library of Congress
The Library of Congress As a Fail-safe Mechanism
The Library of Congress will continue to provide a fail-safe mechanism for preserving materials that no other library has the mandate, resources, or will to maintain; however, it will do so in a new way for digital information. In the paper world, each library that decided to provide its users with a given resource both obtained and conserved its own copy of the object. This replication in the paper world served as a powerful fail-safe mechanism, helping to ensure long-term accessibility through the uncoordinated but distributed maintenance of independent copies. (The only coordination between libraries took place when materials deteriorated to the point where reformatting was required. At that point, a library would check in national databases to see whether another library had already reformatted the item.) In the digital environment, in which much content is distributed through the centralized services of a publisher, it is not clear where the preservation responsibility lies. If libraries can provide timely services to their users without the complexity and expense of locally storing and preserving the content, then who is to assume preservation responsibilities?6 If the creator, publisher, or distributor is willing to preserve digital resources as long as it is financially viable, when should libraries step in to ensure long-term preservation? The Library has begun experimenting with arrangements that may help clarify its role in these instances. It is now necessary to move from these early experiments to the development of a coherent, overarching strategy for digital preservation. The committee found two noteworthy examples where LC is experimenting with its role as a fail-safe mechanism. The first is in the context of the National Digital Library Program, which—as mentioned above—is investigating a repository system to preserve the content and associated indexing and retrieval capabilities of this rich collection. The NDLP begins to diverge from the strict ownership and custodial model because nearly 30 other institutions besides LC have contributed digital content. NDLP staff reported to the committee that the
Many publishers who provide direct online access to their materials today explicitly disclaim long-term preservation responsibility. Others say they will keep resources available, but there is a growing consensus that the dynamics of the commercial world do not favor long-term archiving. As content ages and use declines, it is far from clear that a commercial publisher will be willing to invest in keeping old content alive, migrating it as technology changes and retrofitting old content to take advantage of the ever-increasing functionality from advances in technology (as users will expect). Further, content will be threatened whenever it is in the hands of a single institution. Companies evolve, combine with others, change their orientation as markets evolve, and (a particular threat in this time of upheaval and dramatic technological change) go out of business.
OCR for page 105
LC 21: A Digital Strategy for the Library of Congress
Library would take responsibility for preserving digital content from partner institutions should any of them become unable to maintain their portions of the collection. This is a good example of the Library agreeing to serve as a fail-safe mechanism.
The committee nevertheless has several concerns about this arrangement. There are no formal arrangements that define LC's role in long-term maintenance and preservation of the portions of the NDLP that are currently in the custody of other participating institutions. Although the committee does not question the participating institutions' commitment, in principle, to preserving the digital content they have contributed, a variety of unforeseen circumstances could prevent them from doing so. This is a particular concern because of the funding model for the NDLP and the emphasis to date on digitization and the development of access mechanisms. While the committee encourages LC to function as a fail-safe mechanism, it believes that LC does not understand that it is placing itself in a risky position when it expresses a willingness to do this without adequately calculating the scale of the commitment and developing the capacity to fulfill it. Also, as the NDLP grows and as more institutions contribute content, the Library will have a larger number of relationships to manage. An important next step for the NDLP is to develop standards and agreements for long-term stewardship that define when and under what circumstances LC will serve as the fail-safe mechanism or repository of last resort.7
The committee also notes that the requirements and technical standards for the repository have not yet been defined. Repositories are systems for storing digital objects in a robust and managed fashion. They protect data from inappropriate access, facilitate the recording of appropriate metadata to allow the management of objects, and provide delivery facilities for both curatorial and user access. The Library has recently acquired, through a gift, the TEAMS system developed by Thompson Publishing. TEAMS supports both object and metadata storage and maintenance and has been implemented in a variety of corporate settings (for example, it is used by the Washington Post to manage its digital content). Its use by LC represents the first implementation of TEAMS in a traditional library application. The committee supports the development of a repository system as an important next step for the NDLP and agrees that this work needs to be stepped up, but it has reservations about the direc-
As an implementation issue, the role of LC as a fail-safe mechanism or repository of last resort does not necessarily have to be fulfilled by having the digital content resident on LC servers only. Redundancy across locations (whether at LC servers at other sites or at the servers of cooperating organizations) is desirable.
OCR for page 105
LC 21: A Digital Strategy for the Library of Congress
tions that LC is taking. Is it in the best long-term interest of LC or the participants in the NDLP to use a commercial product developed for a commercial application? Although accepting donated hardware and software helps to mobilize private support for LC and may reduce expenditures in the short run, contributions like these can also commit LC to proprietary systems and methods that in the long run will limit the Library's ability to federate its collections with those of other repositories and interoperate easily with potential partners. Where long-term strategic purposes are involved, selection should be based on a full review of the technical architecture, costs, and long-term value.
One approach is for LC to coordinate its efforts to develop a repository system with those of other organizations that are using the reference model for the Open Archival Information System (OAIS) (Box 4.1). This high-level model does not specify any particular implementation of an archival information system, nor does it define standards accession, description, data management, or distribution. The OAIS model is important for digital preservation standards and strategies because it defines the functions and requirements for a digital archive through an international standard that vendors and producers of digital information can reference. If the OAIS reference model is widely adopted (and there are indications that it will be), then it may provide the framework for a network of cooperating and federated repositories. The National Archives and Records Administration is adopting this model for some of its digital archiving requirements and is working with the San Diego Supercomputer Center on one specific implementation.
In general, for LC to develop the capacity to serve as a fail-safe mechanism, it will need to acquire a much more extensive technical infrastructure and greater expertise in a wide variety of file types and formats. While they are important experiments, neither the NDLP repository nor CORDS yet offers solutions to LC's responsibility to preserve born-digital content created outside the Library. In the case of NDLP, LC has been working with materials converted to digital form, and for these materials it has taken the lead in setting standards for formats, metadata, naming conventions, and other technical attributes. But for born-digital materials, especially those created outside the Library, LC is unlikely to have the leverage to define or limit the formats and structures that are used. In the experimental period of the dissertation project, ProQuest is presenting dissertations in the portable document format (PDF) directly to the Copyright Office.8 These are being accepted as the best edition, cataloged using the cataloging specifications offered by
See Chapter 3 for a discussion of the ProQuest arrangement.
OCR for page 105
LC 21: A Digital Strategy for the Library of Congress
Open Archival Information System
The Open Archival Information System (OAIS) is a high-level reference model developed by the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems with representatives of the leading space science agencies in North America, Europe, and Japan.1 The OAIS reference model provides a unifying set of concepts for an OAIS archive. It consists of an organization of people and systems that has accepted responsibility for preserving information and making it available to a designated community. The OAIS model provides terminology and concepts for describing and comparing the architectures and operations of archives, defines the responsibilities of an open archival information system, and offers detailed models for the functions, components, and processes necessary to support long-term preservation and access to digital information. Although the model was developed originally to assist organizations with the preservation of large databases of space science information, it has been used in several other contexts, including in Project NEDLIB and in archival program development at the National Archives and Records Administration. Building on the OAIS model, the Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR) began an initiative in the year 2000 involving the preservation of digital scholarly journals.2
Information about the OAIS reference model is available online at <http://ssdoo.gsfc.nasa.gov/nost/isoas/>.
For additional information, see <http://www.clir.org/diglib/preserve/presjour.htm>.
ProQuest, verified by examiners in the Copyright Office, and stored at ProQuest. That is, registration is handled by the Copyright Office but the deposit is virtual. This arrangement presents LC with no immediate need to preserve the materials.
Finding: Because of intellectual property law and the uncertainty of some publishers regarding the deposit of copies of digital works, institutions with long-term preservation responsibilities must seek and develop new means of ensuring continuing access to the valuable documentation of history, culture, and creativity. One possible approach is contractual agreements with rights holders who maintain digital information in off-site repositories, with provisions for deposit in a library or other institution should the publisher cease to maintain the information. Some publishers have agreed to provide perpetual access to their materials as one of the conditions of a license. The Library has initiated an experiment in reaching such an agreement with ProQuest. The committee believes that
OCR for page 105
LC 21: A Digital Strategy for the Library of Congress
such arrangements need to be tested carefully and that other models need to be explored as well.
Recommendation: The Library should establish contractual arrangements (i.e., projects) in 2000 and 2001 with a pilot set of publishers and distributors of significant digital content, in order to conduct additional experimental programs for storing and maintaining digital information in off-site and on-site respositories.
Recommendation: For all fail-safe arrangements, the Library must regularly test the integrity of the materials and systems and its capacity to accept responsibility in a timely way. Such tests will demonstrate whether LC has the appropriate technical capability and whether the arrangements with publishers are realistic ones.
The way in which librarians work must be totally reconceptualized for these fail-safe mechanisms to work. The Library should coordinate such efforts with institutions doing related work, including other research libraries, the National Libraries of Agriculture and Medicine, the National Archives and Records Administration, other national libraries working to preserve their nations' digital heritage, and other organizations that have a legal mandate for long-term preservation or a commercial interest in it.
The Library of Congress As a Participant in Shared Responsibilities for Long-term Preservation
The committee's analysis suggests that the Library needs to articulate carefully a policy identifying the subset of digital materials for which it will assume long-term curatorial responsibility, taking into account the following:
The burden of preserving digital collections is daunting and must be shared with other archiving institutions.
The archiving and preservation of digital resources normally accessed over the Internet will not take place as a by-product of normal access but must be explicitly pursued. Simply assuming that preservation will be carried out somewhere across numerous replicated research collections will not be a solution for networked resources.
Both considerations argue for libraries to define the scope of their
OCR for page 105
LC 21: A Digital Strategy for the Library of Congress
archiving roles, in order that responsibilities be distributed across the archiving libraries of the world.
The archiving and preservation responsibility is a long-term one that will serve researchers in generations to come. One advantage of digital materials is the potential to distribute preservation responsibilities among a wide variety of partners so that each institution preserves only a designated portion of the global digital record. With careful planning, coordination, cooperative agreements, and clearly articulated boundaries around its curatorial collection, the Library could assume long-term preservation responsibility for a much smaller portion of the digital corpus than it did for the paper one. Some redundancy is necessary for backup and security purposes, but less redundancy is needed for digital collections than was required in the past because access no longer requires physical proximity to materials. Distributed curatorial responsibility will be achieved only with leadership from LC and cooperation with many partners. A variety of roles can be envisioned for the Library in a collaborative effort among libraries, publishers, government agencies, and other stakeholders to define the parameters of distributed digital collections and delineate the roles and responsibilities of various parties for access and long-term maintenance of important digital works (see Box 4.2).
One of LC's roles could involve coordination with other national libraries. As mentioned above, several European national libraries and the national libraries of Canada and Australia have launched programs to collect and preserve the digital portions of their national bibliographies. If the mechanisms to acquire and preserve the digital national bibliographies of some countries succeed, LC could be relieved of responsibility for preserving most digital materials from those countries. At that point, it could concentrate its curatorial efforts on works created or published by Americans or that reflect important aspects of U.S. history, policy development, and culture. Some other countries would need help. For the foreseeable future, many developing countries will not have the resources to preserve their digital heritage. Curatorial responsibility for these collections could be shared by LC and other libraries that have well-developed repository systems rather than assuming that LC will serve as the repository for all significant materials globally.
There are many other opportunities to divide up long-term preservation responsibilities by subject area or domain. This is not unprecedented: LC already cedes responsibility for materials in medicine, agriculture, and education to the national libraries set up for those subject domains. In addition, the National Archives and Records Administration preserves records of the federal government that have long-term value for documenting U.S. government, policy development, and history. A clear delineation of LC's long-term curatorial responsibilities would be critical as
OCR for page 105
LC 21: A Digital Strategy for the Library of Congress
Research and Experiments in Digital Preservation
The CEDARS project aims to provide guidance in best practices for digital preservation by both developing practical demonstrator projects and sponsoring strategic working groups. Funded by the British Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC), with work carried out at Leeds, Oxford, and Cambridge universities, its main objectives are to promote awareness; to identify, document, and disseminate strategic frameworks for the development of appropriate digital collection management policies; and to investigate, document, and promote methods appropriate for long-term preservation. (For more information, see <http://www.leeds.ac.uk/cedars/>.)
For Project NEDLIB, several European national libraries have joined forces to develop strategies, programs, and infrastructure for digital deposit and archiving. Project NEDLIB—Networked European Deposit Library—started in January 1998 with funding from the European Commission's Telematics for Libraries Programme. Project partners include deposit libraries, archives, developers of information technology, and three large publishers (Kluwer, Elsevier, and Springer-Verlag) that contribute to the project and will supply electronic publications for demonstration purposes. The project aims to construct the basic infrastructure upon which a networked European deposit library can be built. Key issues to be investigated are standards and interfaces for the generic architecture; electronic document technical data; and access controls and archival maintenance procedures. Information technology developers and publishers will assist in defining standards, methods, and techniques. The commercial and copyright interests of publishers will be handled through access controls implemented when the publications are stored and activated when they are accessed. (Information on NEDLIB projects, working papers, and reports is available online at <http://www.konbib.nl/coop/nedlib/>.)
The PANDORA project (Preserving and Accessing Networked Documentary Resources of Australia) is an initiative of the National Library of Australia that aims to develop policies and procedures for the selection, capture, and archiving of Australian electronic publications and the provision of long-term access to them. One of its priorities is the fostering of working partnerships with other national libraries and overseas agencies that are also undertaking research and development in this area. To date, it has developed a working proof-of-concept archive (<http://www.nla.gov.au/pandora/archive.html>) and a collection of policy documents outlining the conceptual framework for a permanent electronic archive. It is now developing a working model for a national collection of Australian electronic publications. (See <http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pandora/>.)
Project PRISM, at Cornell University, is a 4-year effort to investigate and develop the policies and mechanisms needed for information integrity in distributed digital libraries. A collaboration of librarians, computer scientists, and social scientists, it is funded by the Digital Library Initiative, phase 2 (see <http://www.dli2.nsf.gov/>). One of its five foci is digital preservation; it aims to investigate the long-term survivability of information in digital form. Another focus is to
OCR for page 105
LC 21: A Digital Strategy for the Library of Congress
investigate policies and mechanisms for preserving digital content, especially when that content is not under direct curatorial control. (For more information, see <http://www.prism.cornell.edu/main.htm>.)
The CAMiLEON Project is a joint undertaking between the University of Michigan and the University of Leeds (United Kingdom) and is funded by the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC, which also funds the CEDARS project) and the National Science Foundation. It aims to evaluate emulation as a digital preservation strategy for retaining the original functionality and look and feel of digital objects and to locate emulation within a larger suite of digital preservation strategies. Its deliverables include cost comparisons of different levels of emulation; a set of emulation tools that will be available for use and further testing in libraries; and preliminary guidelines for the use of different strategies (conversion, migration, and emulation) for managing and preserving digital collections. (See <http://www.si.umich.edu/CAMILEON/>.)
The Data Provenance Project at the University of Pennsylvania is exploring methods for keeping track of the source (the provenance) of digital information as it is extracted from databases, translated, transformed, and combined with other information. Funded by the Digital Library Initiative (DLI), it aims to identify the central issues of digital provenance and to contribute to the development of new data models, new query languages, and new storage techniques that will lead to the creation of a substrate for recording and tracking provenance. (See <http://db.cis.upenn.edu/Research/provenance.html>.)
The NARA Project: Persistent Archives and Electronic Records Management, a project of the San Diego Supercomputer Center and the National Archives and Records Administration, is working on an approach to maintaining digital data for hundreds of years by developing an environment that supports the migration of collections onto new software systems. It is developing both the technologies and the preservation and management policies needed to define an infrastructure for a collection-based persistent archive. The project's current focus is the creation of a 1-million-message persistent e-mail collection. (See <http://www.sdsc.edu/NARA/>, <http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march00/moore/03moore-pt1.html>, and <http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april00/moore/04moore-pt2.html>.)
LOCKSS (Lots of Copies Keeps Stuff Safe), a project of Stanford University's HighWire Press, has funding from Sun Microsystems and the National Science Foundation. LOCKSS is testing the feasibility of preserving digital documents by storing multiple copies on different computers. Each computer in the LOCKSS network looks for and corrects errors in its copy by comparing it with other copies in the LOCKSS system. The system is currently being tested at the libraries of Columbia, Harvard, and Stanford universities, the University of California at Berkeley, the University of Tennessee, and the Los Alamos National Laboratory. If these tests are successful, the Stanford researchers hope to expand the project to libraries overseas. (For more on LOCKSS, see <http://lockss.stanford.edu/>.)
Like LOCKSS, the Intermemory project, based at the NEC Research Institute, aims to preserve digital information by replicating it at multiple sites. It is performing basic research in the area of Internet-distributed algorithms and protocols. (See <http://www.intermemory.org>.)
OCR for page 105
LC 21: A Digital Strategy for the Library of Congress
a means to avoid unachievable commitments to long-term preservation and enable the Library to preserve materials that it is best suited or uniquely able to collect and maintain.
Finding: Many national libraries, university research libraries, national archives, bibliographic utilities, and organizations with large holdings of digital information are actively pursuing solutions to the problems of digital preservation. Although the Library of Congress might have been expected to provide leadership in this area as it once did in others, LC has at best played only a minimal role in these initiatives. As a consequence, it has little awareness of potential solutions that are emerging from joint research and development projects and has not contributed much to this important national and international problem for the library community.
Recommendation: Ensuring its leadership in digital preservation will require the Library to hire or develop relevant expertise. The Library should join and, where possible, lead or facilitate national and international research and development efforts in digital preservation. There are opportunities for the Library to learn from and contribute to such efforts in preserving born-digital information and converting certain types of information to digital form as a preservation strategy.
Recommendation: To make it a safe haven for preservation purposes,9 the Library should take an active role—including working with the Congress if necessary—in efforts to rework intellectual property restraints on copying and migration.
In The Digital Dilemma, p. 210, it was similarly recommended that "Congress should enact legislation to permit copying of digital information for archival purposes, whether the copy is in the same format or migrated to a new format." LC is currently investigating intellectual property rights in the digital domain under a mandate from the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998, which asks the Librarian of Congress to determine whether technical protection measures are having an adverse effect on the ability to make noninfringing uses of copyrighted works.
OCR for page 105
LC 21: A Digital Strategy for the Library of Congress
Even if LC carefully defines its roles and responsibilities along the continuum from serving as a portal to acting as the primary custodian for digital materials, there is an urgent need for it to enhance its technical capacity and expertise in digital preservation. Such preservation will involve a wide range of activities, including the following:
"Protecting the bits"—The making of backup copies, periodic re-copying to new media, and regular checking of object coherence and validity are required to make certain that rarely accessed materials remain technically sound. Access will be enhanced to the extent that archived materials remain online rather than, say, being stored on media such as tapes, which must be mounted manually.
Archiving appropriate copies—For many digital materials, the format most useful for current services (say, a PDF file or a GIF image) is not the most robust for long-term archiving (SGML, XML, or TIFF may serve better). A preservation program must encompass the selection and archiving of the appropriate formats for long-term use and then the derivation of current-use copies appropriate to the technological base of today's users. It must also work with users to help them undertake these tasks.
Maintaining appropriate metadata—All preservation activities will depend on the completeness and quality of the metadata for the objects to be preserved. It will be critical for the Library to monitor developments in metadata standards and follow best practices for metadata as they develop.
Migrating formats—Even the most careful selection of archiving formats cannot ensure that objects will be useful in the decades to come. It will be necessary to migrate objects periodically from one archival format to another. Such processes must be carefully designed and executed to ensure minimal loss of content (it is impossible to ensure that all such migrations will be loss-free). Some works, such as those that include active software (e.g., Java applets), may raise particularly difficult issues.
Conducting research and development—Only a handful of institutions are likely to face digital preservation challenges on the scale or scope of those that LC faces in the coming years. This makes it unlikely that LC will be able to import models and solutions for all of its preservation needs. An active program of research and development in digital preservation is needed to solve immediate preservation problems—technical, legal, and economic—at LC and to provide guidance to other libraries and archives.
OCR for page 105
LC 21: A Digital Strategy for the Library of Congress
Educating the relevant communities—Especially in this transitional period, when digital materials are new and preservation practices are still in flux, institutions and particular communities will need to be educated about digital preservation: What is the state of the art? What factors must be taken into account in planning for preservation? LC is well situated to participate in such efforts and possibly to take the lead.
A robust preservation program will employ curators and preservation staff with knowledge of the formats of materials in their collections and of appropriate metadata standards and practices and an understanding of the issues involved in migrating objects from one format to another. It will require well-developed production services for creating the specified metadata, sound and robust repository services, and periodic quality checking and copying of objects in the collection. Technical staff will be required to build or implement many pieces of the necessary infrastructure and to create the custom migration facilities that a digital collection will need to endure over time. It is not imperative that the Library itself carry out all of this activity. The curatorial responsibility can be met by ensuring that appropriate activities are carried out by contractors or other libraries and archives.
In the future, LC will also need to make much more extensive use of digitization for preservation. Some professionals consider digital objects—whether born digital or turned digital—unacceptable as preservation masters because their longevity is uncertain.10 In some cases, however, digital conversion may offer the only viable means of salvaging and preserving certain materials, such as audio recordings in obsolete analog formats. The Library has used digitization to preserve severely damaged black-and-white negatives and some audio and video records on magnetic media. Just as LC will need new capabilities to collect and maintain born-digital materials, so also will it need to develop new capabilities to preserve all of the digital information under its control.
The challenges of digital preservation make it easy to overlook the benefits that LC could enjoy by rapidly enhancing its capacity to collect and preserve digital information. Digital storage media are very compact, making it possible to store enormous quantities of information in a very small amount of space. Digital information can be managed and handled more automatically. More significantly, whatever LC collects and preserves in digital form has the potential to be made accessible to
Why Digitize? by Abby Smith (Washington, D.C.: Council on Library and Information Resources, 1999).
OCR for page 105
LC 21: A Digital Strategy for the Library of Congress
anyone, anywhere, on any day of the week or at any time of the day (as rights permit under the copyright law or terms of licenses). Unless LC develops the capacity to integrate digital materials into the mainstream of its collecting and access programs, it will forgo all of these benefits and will cede its position as one of the world's leading libraries.
Finding: The Library of Congress lacks an overarching strategy and long-range plan for digital preservation. (In recent years, it has also been without a permanent head for its Preservation Directorate.) Although the Library has preserved many of its own digital resources, including the full-text databases of the THOMAS system, its own bibliographic databases, and the content, descriptive information, and retrieval capabilities of the National Digital Library Program, these efforts are not coordinated with each other or with efforts to address the larger problem of capturing and preserving born-digital content, nor is there any strategy, plan, or infrastructure to capture, manage, and preserve born-digital information that originates outside the Library.
Recommendation: The Library should immediately form a high-level planning group to coordinate digital preservation efforts and develop the policies, technical capacity, and expertise to preserve digital information. The hiring of someone who is knowledgeable about digital preservation as a new head of the Preservation Directorate must be given high priority.
Recommendation: The Library should put a digital preservation plan in place and implement it as soon as possible, taking into account life-cycle costs and minimizing the need for manual intervention. The Open Archival Information System (OAIS) reference model provides a useful framework for identifying the requirements for a digital archiving system. The initiative by the Council on Library and Information Resources that builds on the OAIS should also be consulted.


text:
Borrowing Privileges for UMD Faculty and Staff
Please bring items for checkout to the Circulation desk, located on the first floor of the Library. Your U Card is your borrowing card, but you may use any photo ID to check out materials.
For your convenience, we will automatically renew loans of three days or longer until items reach their end renewal date. Regular books checked out to faculty or staff members reach their end renewal date two years after checkout. Other materials have shorter renewal terms. You must return materials by the final due date.
Materials loaned for shorter periods, such as study rooms or reserve items, do not have the autorenewal feature.
You may renew materials in the following ways:
- in person at the Circulation desk
- by calling 218-726-6120 during hours when the library is open, and
- online by using "My Account"—you must have a UMD Internet username and password to renew materials online
You will not be able to renew a borrowed item if another user has requested it.
The length of time during which an item may be renewed is limited. See a Circulation staff member if you encounter any difficulty renewing materials.
Interlibrary Loan Renewals
To request renewal of materials borrowed from libraries other than those in the University of Minnesota system, log in to your Interlibrary Loan ILLiad) account, and choose "renewal" on the left.
If books or journals become more than 30 days overdue, you will be billed a replacement charge of $100 plus a processing fee of $15. Items on short-term loan will be billed as lost even before they become 30 days overdue. Faculty members and staff of UMD do not accrue overdue fines.
For more information about fines, see Paying Fines and Fees.
Blocked or Barred Privileges?
You may be subject to the loss of borrowing privileges, as well as interlibrary loan privileges, in the following circumstances:
- if you have fees for unreturned items in excess of $250
- if interlibrary loan items checked out to you become overdue, lost, or damaged
Faculty and staff of UMD will be billed for damaged library materials. The faculty or staff member is responsible for paying these fines. Library privileges may be blocked due to fines.
Thirteen Weeks |
Four Weeks |
One Week |
Three Days |
One Day |
Three Hours |
In Library Use |
Library of Congress Books | Best Sellers | Periodicals | DVDs | Course Reserve Items | Group Study Rooms | Reference Books |
Folios | Audio Books | Audiocassettes | Videocassettes | Course Reserve Items | Reference Indexes | |
Government Documents | Music CDs | Newspapers | Headphones | Microfilm/Microfiche | ||
Teaching Materials | CD-ROMs | Media cords | Archival Materials | |||
Children's Literature | Maps | |||||
Restricted Tests | ||||||
Special Collections | ||||||
Loan periods for Interlibrary Loan materials are set by lending institutions.
Back to top

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Thursday, June 30, 2011
My first signing EVER
However, my publisher Tin House Books did have a booth in the exhibitor's hall and they invited me to do a signing on Sunday morning from 11am to noon. The book is still at the printer, but they brought quite a few copies of the blad (which stands for "book layout and design" and is basically a heavily abbreviated [like, only 6 to 12 pages] version of a book - I am guessing that a blad is sort of the art book version of a prose ARC, which stands for advanced reading copy), a huge stack of those gorgeous promo postcards they made up (thanks to the Tin House intern Vanessa who tirelessly collates, bands and stickers these together!) and a bunch of their Fall catalogues with one of my drawings on the cover.
I was really not sure at all what to expect. I mean, I've worked a lot of years in bookstores and I have seen a lot of author events. Some have been heavily attended and generated some fantastic discussion. Others have been just the author and one or two friends or relatives who lived in the area, sitting uncomfortably in a field of empty folding chairs and trying not to feel embarrassed for each other. I was a bit terrified that the signing would end up being just me sitting there and talking to my wife and the people from Tin House, but I vowed to do the best job I could.
And man, it was CRAZY! I mean, not crazy like huge lines of people snaking down the long aisles of the exhibitor's hall, but crazy like there were actually people there waiting for me when I got there. It blew me away. It was such a wonderful experience and every single person I met was truly, genuinely nice as well as interested in the book.
So let's see, I got to meet Deborah Jayne, one of the people at Tin House who handles publicity and marketing. I've exchanged many emails with her, but she was incredibly cool in person. As soon as I sat down and got started, I got to talk to two really sharp librarians from Minnesota who had been waiting for a bit for me to arrive. I probably tormented them with too many questions about how bitterly cold I imagined it to be in Minnesota, but they were really good sports and we talked all about the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, Zak Smith and his art, how I ended up using all those found pages and different media, and so on. I even had the chance to draw an extremely quick and rather rough portrait of Captain Ahab on notebook paper for one of them. It really started things out well.
In no real order, I also got to meet Amanda, another talented artist who has a site called Tumbling Elephants and who I believe has a day job at either Tin House or for Publisher's Group West (I'm embarrassed I can't recall).
I finally had the chance to meet Matt Dembicki, an artist and cartoonist whose name I feel like I've been seeing for years now. Matt is a regular at Columbus, Ohio's S.P.A.C.E. (Small Press and Alternative Comics Expo) and he actually has copies of my the very first comics I ever made and xeroxed myself, Spudd 64, which was really cool to find out. Oddly enough, in spite of how many times we've been in the same room, this is the first time I've ever really met him. He must have bought those "Spudd 64" comics when my wife was at the table and I was wandering around at S.P.A.C.E. Anyway, Matt is a great guy and he just edited an absolutely fantastic anthology of comics called Trickster...
...which you can and really should pick up right away. It's a beautifully produced book, and the art and the stories in it are really quite astonishing.
Matt took a few photos of my drawing pictures and talking to people while apparently gesticulating wildly, so I am thieving a few from him...
(I am drawing a whale on the back of someone's postcard here. You can see the blad right in front of me, with the old book cover design. Also, a stack of the promo postcards, the Tin House Fall catalogue, and my trusty Hello Kitty inkpen case. I never go anywhere without that thing.)
I also got to meet a friend of Daryl L.L. Houston and still hope to meet the man himself some day. There was someone there from Publisher's Group West, a few reps from Bookforum magazine...I'm sure I am forgetting some people. But man! It was way more than I expected, and in just an hour. Maybe people really are getting interested in this book!
I want to thank Tin House, Deborah Jayne, intern Vanessa, and everyone else who put this all together and shipped it all out from Portland to New Orleans so I could hang out for a bit. And most importantly, I want to sincerely thank everyone who stopped by and talked to me about the book. You've really helped me get off to a great start, and it was wonderful beyond belief to talk to people face to face instead of just through email.
12 comments:
That's my arm in the photo of you drawing the whale! You drew that whale for me! I am one of the "sharp librarians from Minnesota," and thanks again for drawing Captain Ahab for us. We are going to frame him and put him up in our school library. I'm so looking forward to your book coming out. Congrats and it was lovely to meet you. That ALA exhibit hall was pretty great, wasn't it?
ReplyDeleteKali! First, that is a remarkable and awesome name. Second, please send me a photo when you finally get old Ahab framed and hung. Like many librarians, the school library was a real sanctuary for me growing up, so I am deeply honored to know my art will have a home in one. Hopefully one day I will finally make it up to Minnesota and the Walker Arts Center and perhaps our paths will cross again.


text:
Cooking with gluten-free grains: 17 recipes
Jan 29, 2013-
What it is: This golden, beadlike, U.S.-grown grain tastes nutty and mildly sweet, is highly digestible and gluten free, and packs plenty of fiber, protein, minerals, and B vitamins. It's also inexpensive, averaging 60–90 cents per pound.
Creamy Millet with Apples and Honey
Gluten-Free Orange-Banana Bread with Pecans
More -
Wild rice
What it is: The seed of a tall, aquatic North American grass that is low in fat and high in fiber, protein, and B vitamins.
Wild Rice Salad with Dried Cranberries
Wild Rice Pilaf with Water Chestnuts and Pistachios
More -
What it is: Buckwheat, a whole protein, adds an unusual background flavor and unique texture to an array of dishes.
Spiced Apple, Buckwheat, and Oat Porridge
Tuscan Kale Soup with Buckwheat
More -
What it is:Often called a whole grain, quinoa is a gluten-free seed from the chard and rhubarb family. Golden is common, but you'll also find red and black varieties. It's wonderfully tasty and spectacularly healthy, boasting all nine essential amino acids for a complete protein.
Warm Quinoa and Roasted Vegetable Salad
Grilled Chicken Breast with Citrus-Scented Quinoa
From quinoa and millet to buckwheat and wild rice, here are some of our favorite ways to prepare nutritious gluten-free grains in their various forms including whole grains and baking flours.


text:
Please download and instal Adobe Flash Player .
Northern Uganda Children's Marathon
December 8th 2012
ACU National Children's Painting Competition
Star Award
Nomination for Star Award is Open
Read our latest edition of Dwon Otino Magazine
Latest Magazine
Art for Children Uganda P.O. Box 66 Lira-Uganda Plot 3 Adoko Road, Junior Quarters, Adyel Division, Lira Municipality
Phone: Office +256 392 854233 Mobile +256 392 963509
General: email@example.com firstname.lastname@example.com
Internship: email@example.com
Jobs: firstname.lastname@example.com
Volunteer: firstname.lastname@example.com
Connect with us via


text:
user functionsCurrent Ithaca College community members may contribute stories and comments as well as view additional topics by logging in. sectionsrelated linksroundup
Please remember to submit your timecard for the pay period February 25-March 10 before leaving for break. Any timecards not approved by Tuesday, March 12 will not be processed until the next payroll. Feel free to contact the Payroll Office at (607) 274-3874 or (607) 274-3133 with any questions or concerns. |


text:
Shadow Brook Records
Isaacs lays it all out rather nicely as he periodically implements a bottle-neck for some hot n' nasty, wailing blues licks. The guitarist tones the session down a few notches during his nimble-picking acoustic work on "Waterfall. But he also slams the pedal to the metal in spots.
Overall, he conjures up a tasteful series of events, often dappled with attractive harmonic patterns. And his ability to ad-lib the melodic content of these pieces, framed upon structured grooves, transmits his conviction and astute musicality.
Track Listing: For True; Front Porch Swing; Eight Avenue; Sunrise; La Mosca; Shadows Waltz; Waterfall; The Lonesome Gunslinger Saves The Day; Winter's Lullaby; Xango
Personnel: Dave Isaacs: guitars, Hammond B-3; Bob Stander: bass, bass guitar synth, drum programming; Steve Holley: drums; Al Speed: Hammond B-3 (3).
Record Label: Shadow Brook Records
Style: Fusion/Progressive Rock
comments powered by Disqus


text:
trouble striking an arc with a stick welder
Having trouble striking an arc - trying to repair some rusted sections on my trailer. Sticks strike easily when new - after the coating at the tip is gone I can't strike - I'm only using a 110 setting - will using the 220 setting help?
Sponsored Links | |||
Once you break the flux off the end of the rod, It makes it harder to strike without sticking.. If you want to save the rod.. There's ways you can.. Take a scrap piece of steel and drag it across it.. You will burn off the tip, Then you can use it again..( Unless you got the rod to hot...) When you weld on the right piece.. Don't just try to stick it.. Try dragging it.. (A little).. Like lighting a match.. The 220 machine would make things a little easier.. Make sure you don't have any wet or damp rods..Good luck.. 110 machine's are only good for causing people to think they can't weld.. I'll say it 1000 times.. 220 machine's is the only way to learn.. Someone trying to learn.. Should stay away from learning on a 110.. I have seen to many people walk away from trying to learn on a 110.. You may not be one that is trying to learn and this case.. Don't take that the wrong way.. Last edited by NEW INTERIORS; 12-18-2010 at 10:09 AM. |
This site may help: www.weldingtipsandtricks.com/stickwelding.html for rod I used Forney from Ace Hardware for my 110 welder or use Lincoln rods,didn't have much luck with the Harbor Freight stuff.
Recent General Rodding Tech posts with photos |
Currently Active Users Viewing This Thread: 1 (0 members and 1 guests) | |
Thread Tools | |
Similar Threads | ||||
Thread | Thread Starter | Forum | Replies | Last Post |
welder reccomendations? | rally4x4racer | Garage - Tools | 32 | 10-14-2008 09:00 PM |
Would a stick welder work? | WakBordr7387 | Body - Exterior | 8 | 08-21-2005 11:19 AM |
How do you stick weld? | FrankR | General Rodding Tech | 20 | 08-16-2005 05:50 PM |
ARC welding - good enough ? | vorgath | General Rodding Tech | 25 | 12-14-2004 04:02 PM |
Stick welder - power supply | vorgath | Body - Exterior | 30 | 10-26-2004 06:56 PM |


text:
Glovebucket keeps messy jobs contained
By Ben Coxworth
September 24, 2013
From time to time, just about everyone has to perform messy jobs such as cleaning paintbrushes, scrubbing greasy vehicle parts with solvent, or removing dried-on mud from footwear. Usually, you have to change into old clothes in order to so, and even then you'll still get some "overspray" on your face and arms. With the Glovebucket, however, you can do those jobs while wearing a tux.
The device itself is pretty simple.
It's a square 5-gallon (19-liter) high-density polyethylene bucket, with a removable transparent acrylic lid. The bucket has round holes in two of its sides, which a pair of included heavy-duty rubber gloves extend through from the outside – the gloves seal around the holes.
User just throw their dirty items in the bucket along with whatever cleaning solution they're using, throw on the lid, stick their hands in the gloves and go to work. The lid lets them see what they're doing, yet protects them from flying drops of solvent, muddy wash water, or anything else. As an added bonus, they can pretend that they're a scientist studying a bio-hazardous material.
The Glovebucket is usually priced at US$79.95, although it's currently on sale for $49.95.
Source: Glovebucket via Bicycle Times
Very useful! I wonder how much (like new printer ink cartridges costing more than the printer) replacement gloves go for? Let's face it, they don't last that long!
The Skud24th September, 2013 @ 08:35 pm PDT
Problem will be cleaning the bucket out afterwards. Rubber gloves aren't the easiest things in the world to clean thoroughly either, and you wouldn't want to be wearing a tux when replacing the gloves!
I think the best use for this product would be as a camper van manual 'washing machine'- you'd be able to get smallish items pretty clean by hand, and soapy water won't soil the gloves as, say, motor oil contamination would from cleaning car parts. Also, oil attacks rubber-based products pretty aggressively so they wouldn't last long cleaning angular motor components.
bergamot6925th September, 2013 @ 07:26 am PDT
Not so much muddy shoes, as after I've suddenly found the pile of dog crap that I missed.
Matt Sailors25th September, 2013 @ 11:12 am PDT
Or Login with Facebook:
- Features
- Reviews
- Aircraft
- Architecture
- Around The Home
- Automotive
- Bicycles
- Children
- Computers
- Digital Cameras
- Electronics
- Environment
- Games
- Good Thinking
- Health and Wellbeing
- Holiday Destinations
- Home Entertainment
- Inventors and Remarkable People
- Laptops
- Marine
- Medical
- Military
- Mobile Technology
- Motorcycles
- Music
- Outdoors
- Pets
- Robotics
- Science
- Space
- Sports
- Telecommunications
- Urban Transport
- Wearable Electronics


text:
Target.com: Women's Handbags & Accessories Starting at Only $3.48 + FREE Shipping on $50
This Hip2Save.com Deal was hand-posted on Wednesday, February 6th, 2013 at 3:18 pm.
If you're looking for new accessories or simply want to add a splash of color to your wardrobe, be sure to check out this deal! Currently, Target.com has reduced a lot of Women's handbags and accessory items – starting at just $3.48! Plus, may items qualify for FREE shipping on your $50 order (or FREE shipping + 5% off with your Target red card)!
Be sure to browse around as there are lots of items marked down. Come back and share what bargains you score!
* Go through ShopAtHome.com for 4% cash back!
(Thanks, Jeanne!)
Save a buck in these similar categories:
- Online Bargains
- Target Deals
Spread the word on a great deal:
8 Hip Readers Commented
glorylu says:
How do u get free shipping on an item?
Tricia H says:
Get a Target credit card..ie red card…gives u free shipping!
Deana says:
The Target debit card gives you free shipping and 5% discount as well. Love, love my Target debit card.
Alea says:
Me too!!!
glorylu says:
Thank you
roxy says:
Ladies, check out the stores. They have lots of shoes 70% off. I got some adorable, medium heel animal print pumps for $9. Actually they were $7 because I had overage from some items :)
Lisa says:
I'm planning on going to Target this afternoon. I'm def. checking out the handbags, not that I need anymore! :)
Jessica gabbys says:
Great Post, Women handbags are really hard to find… You can buy handbags and etc at http://irockbags.com/


text:
The Indian Express ePaper is an Indian newspaper owned by Ramnath Goenka. The Newspaper was started in 1931 by Chennai based Veradharajulu Naidu. After his death the group was split in 1999 among his family members into two with the southern editions taking the name The New Indian Express, while the old The Indian Express name was retained in the northern editions based in Mumbai with a prefix "The". It is published in all major Indian cities.
The Indian Express Newspaper is owned by the The Indian Express Group, which also owns other newspapers in India such as the Financial Express, a newspaper focused on the Indian economy, stock markets, and fiscal policies. The group has other publications such as Screen weekly, the Marathi-language daily Loksatta, and the Hindi daily Jansatta.
Language: | English |
Country: | India |
Owner: | The Indian Express Group |
Website: | www.indianexpress.com |
ePaper: | http://epaper.indianexpress.com |
Registration: | Yes |
Price: | Free |


text:
- Northern New York Newspapers
- Watertown
- Ogdensburg
- Massena-Potsdam
- Lowville
- Carthage
- Malone
- NNY Business
- NNY Living
- NNY Ads
Clarkson (4-10-5 overall, 3-3-1 ECAC Hockey) has 15 games left in the regular season, and all of them will be ECAC Hockey contests.
The Golden Knights had a 1-7-4 record in nonconference games this season, but the team is in the hunt for home ice in the ECAC Hockey playoffs.
Clarkson hosts Brown (4-6-4, 0-3-4) at 7 p.m. on Friday and faces Yale (7-4-3, 3-3-1) at 7 p.m. on Saturday.
The Golden Knights tied Brown 3-3 in Providence, R.I. on Nov. 10 and beat Yale 1-0 in New Haven, Conn., on Nov. 9.
This week's interviews are with coach Casey Jones, newcomer T.J. Moor, redshirting defenseman Kevin Tansey and junior forward Jarrett Burton.
Casey Jones
T.J. Moor
Kevin Tansey
Jarrett Burton


text:
A Truck Driver, Medium earns an average wage of $14.60 per hour. Pay for this job does not change much by experience, with the most experienced earning only a bit more than the least.
A truck driver (medium) may perform a variety of duties depending on the needs and requirements of their company. Generally, it is the truck driver's responsibility to ensure the correct cargo makes it safely to its destination on schedule and that the appropriate signatures and paperwork are obtained. Truck drivers typically work under a manager who will monitor their locations, total workload, and shipment times.
Read More...Median of all compensation (including tips, bonus, and overtime) by years of experience.
Highly satisfied |
Rated 4 out of 5 based on 189 votes. |
5 % |
95 % |
Medical: 67% | Dental: 46% | ||
Vision: 34% | None: 32% |


text:
dc.creator | Lightle, D. M. | |
dc.creator | Dossett, M. | |
dc.creator | Backus, E. A. | |
dc.creator | Lee, J. C. | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2012-10-09T17:14:37Z | |
dc.date.available | 2012-10-09T17:14:37Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2012-08 | |
dc.identifier.citation | Lightle, D. M., Dossett, M., Backus, E. A., & Lee, J. C. (2012). Location of the mechanism of resistance to amphorophora agathonica (hemiptera: Aphididae) in red raspberry. Journal of Economic Entomology, 105(4), 1465-1470. doi: 10.1603/EC11405 | en_US |
dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/1957/34259 | |
dc.description | This is the publisher's final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Entomological Society of America. It can be found at: http://www.entsoc.org/Pubs/Periodicals/JEE. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. | en_US |
dc.description.abstract | The aphid Amphorophora agathonica Hottes (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is an important virus vector in red (Rubus idaeus L.) and black (Rubus occidentalis L.) raspberries in North America. Raspberry resistance to A. agathonica in the form of a single dominant gene named Ag1 has been relied upon to help control aphid-transmitted plant viruses; however, the mechanism of resistance to the insect is poorly understood. Aphid feeding was monitored using an electrical penetration graph on the resistant red raspberry `Tulameen' and compared with a susceptible control, `Vintage'. There were no differences in pathway feeding behaviors of aphids as they moved toward the phloem. Once in the phloem, however, aphids feeding on resistant plants spent significantly more time salivating than on susceptible plants, and ingested significantly less phloem sap. This suggests that a mechanism for resistance to A. agathonica is located in the phloem. Reduced ingestion of phloem may result in inefficient acquisition of viruses and is a likely explanation for the lack of aphid-transmitted viruses in plantings of resistant cultivars. | en_US |
dc.description.sponsorship | Funding was provided by a USDA Specialty Crops Research Initiative grant 2009-51181-06022, and CRIS 5358-22000-032-00D. | en_US |
dc.language.iso | en_US | en_US |
dc.publisher | Entomological Society of America | en_US |
dc.relation.ispartofseries | Journal of Economic Entomology | en_US |
dc.relation.ispartofseries | Vol. 105 no. 4 | en_US |
dc.subject | electrical penetration graph | en_US |
dc.subject | plant resistance | en_US |
dc.subject | feeding behavior | en_US |
dc.subject | antixenosis | en_US |
dc.title | Location of the Mechanism of Resistance to Amphorophora agathonica (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Red Raspberry | en_US |
dc.type | Article | en_US |
dc.description.peerreview | yes | en_US |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.1603/EC11405 |


text:
MorseFusion: The novel way to learn Morse code.
Learn the new, natural way: Have a novel of your choice spelled out in English letter by letter. Letters and numbers gradually get replaced by Morse code.
click here to
follow the link
if you want to rate
MorseFusion: The novel way to learn Morse code.
use this special
rating form
if this link is broken please
let us know
This is
ham and amateur radio internet guide page, it requires frames for proper display.


text:
DoJ's updated FOIA policy emphasizes customer service
The updated FOIA policy states the department must advise the FOIA requester that a their request has been referred and provide the name of the agency to the requester with that agency's FOIA contact.
Cyber Monday counterfeiting crackdown highlights agency collaboration
The Justice Department and the Immigration and Customs Enforcement led a government-wide effort to stem the flow of counterfeit products. The White House launched a public-service campaign to let citizens know the impact of fake products on the economy. The Senate passed more stringent rules for DoD and its vendors to make sure military parts are original.
Justice Dept. cracks down on sites selling counterfeits
The Justice Department, Immigration and Customs Enforcement and the FBI have teamed up to take 150 websites that are alleged to have sold counterfeit products.
Obama requests funds to expand cyber training
President Obama has requested $166.5 million to fight computer crime over the next year, and Congress has approved every penny.
DoJ to crack down on cyber crimes
Justice Deputy Chief Richard Downing says racketeering and corrupt organization laws need to cover online activities to help fight cyber crimes.
Holder: Fast and Furious errors won't be repeated
Attorney General Eric Holder on Tuesday acknowledged serious mistakes in an arms-trafficking probe that allowed AK-47s and other weapons to leak into the black market, but he insisted the Justice Department was taking steps to ensure that never happens again.
DoJ IG: Conference muffins didn't cost $16
Last month, the Inspector General of the Department of Justice said the agency spent too much money on conferences, citing $16 muffins as an example. Today, in a revised report, the IG said the muffins didn't actually cost that much.
DoJ criticized over proposed FOIA regulation
The Justice Department is being criticized by open government groups for proposing a regulation that would in rare instances allow federal law enforcement agencies to tell people seeking information under the Freedom of Information Act that the government has no records on a subject, when it actually does.
Senate votes to end DoJ's 'Fast and Furious' gun program
The Senate voted Tuesday to effectively block the Justice Department from undertaking gun-smuggling probes like the flawed "Operation Fast and Furious" aimed at breaking up networks running guns to Mexican drug cartels but that lost track of hundreds of the weapons, some of which were used to commit crimes in Mexico and the United States.
Issa: 'Fast and furious' subpoenas issued soon
The chairman of the House oversight committee said Sunday that he could send subpoenas to the Obama administration as soon as this week over weapons lost amid the Mexican drug war.
Oracle to pay $200M in largest GSA false claims settlement
Software company Oracle has agreed to pay nearly $200 million to the U.S. government for failing to meet contractual obligations to the General Services Administration under a contract first awarded more than a dozen years ago. The company denies any wrongdoing, while GSA claimed the settlement as a victory for government purchasers.
DoJ finds $130M savings in streamlining
The Department of Justice says it has found more than $130 million in cost savings through efficiency and streamlining efforts, according to an agency release.
What do DoJ memos reveal about botched gun-tracking sting?
Jordy Yager, a staff writer with The Hill newspaper, joined the Federal Drive with Tom Temin and Amy Morris to discuss the lastest revelations in the case.
Top 10 agencies with telework issues
How does your agency compare to others when it comes to allowing employees to telework? The latest Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey gives some insight.
IG: Justice cyber operations slow to report incidents, lacking critical info
The Justice Department drags its feet when reporting cyber incidents and does not have cyber incident reports from all of its departments, according to an Office of the Inspector General report.
New hires, robotics eliminate FBI DNA backlog
DoJ IG finds the agency now processes 60,000 profiles a month instead of 1,700. The bureau may need to continue its hiring spree to keep up with the DNA data coming in.
OMB orders governmentwide review of conference spending
Agencies must complete their analysis by Nov. 1 and be prepared to present their findings during the December cabinet meeting with the Vice President. OMB's edict comes after the Justice Department inspector general found excessive spending by the agency. This is not the first time agencies have had trouble controlling conference expenses.
FBI investigates corporate bank-account hacks
The FBI is investigating more than 400 cyber hijackings of corporate bank accounts, after cyber criminals have taken over the accounts of American companies, school districts and even some local government offices and made unauthorized wire transfers.
NIST begins outreach for new public safety network
In a request for comments issued today, the agency wants industry to answer 10 questions across four broadly themed areas.
Why Justice is footing EPA's law bills
David Trimble is the Director of Natural Resources and Environment Issues at the Government Accountability Office.


text:
Star Men Screensaver 1.1
Sponsored Links
Star Men Screensaver 1.1 Ranking & Summary
User Review:
0 (0 times)
File size:
Windows 95/98/Me/2000/XP
Date added:
Altix Soft
Star Men Screensaver 1.1 description
Star men are desired men on your desktop! Luxurious lads, Hollywood Stars is: Alec Baldwin, Antonio Banderas, Bill Pullman, Brad Pitt, Bruce Willis, David Duchovny, George Clooney, Jim Carrey, John Travolta, Nicholas Cage, Robert De Niro, Stephen Baldwin, Sylvester Stallone, Don Johnson. Many women dream of them... You may see easy as slideshow and to do wallpaper. The screen saver includes 40 of the best images.
Star Men Screensaver 1.1 Screenshot
Star Men Screensaver 1.1 Keywords
Bookmark Star Men Screensaver 1.1
Star Men Screensaver 1.1 Copyright
WareSeeker.com do not provide cracks, serial numbers etc for Star Men Screensaver 1.1. Any sharing links from rapidshare.com, yousendit.com or megaupload.com are also prohibited.
Featured Software
Want to place your software product here?
Please contact us for consideration.
Contact WareSeeker.com
Related Software
The fascinating screensaver that shows the time and calms down your mind Free Download
Original Star Trek Screensaver from TV show, for free! Free Download
Star Faces Screensaver - If you want to see the funny mix of star faces, download Star Faces Screensaver Free Download
RSI relief and prevention advice screensaver to remind you how to prevent the build up of RSI while using your computer. Free Download
Rest break reminder screensaver to remind you to take regular rests while using your computer. Free Download
This free screensaver is an excellent chance for all "Star Trek" series fans to experience faster-than-light space travel, explore new worlds and bodily go where no man has gone before. Download this fantastic screensaver and enjoy incredible adventures with James T. Kirk, Jean-Lue Picard and other Star Trek captains of all times on board starship "Enterprise". Discover the universe right on your desktop! Free Download
Stargate SG-1 protected our planet for many years on your TV. Jack ONeil and his team explored a lot of new worlds and civilizations in our galaxy and wiped out the evil threatening the Earth. Free Download
7art Elephants screensaver brings you 32 charming photos of elephants and elephant calfs Free Download
Latest Software
Popular Software
Favourite Software


text:
The Riverhead Police Ahtletic League's annual bike rodeo will take place on Saturday, May 4 at Stotzky Park in Riverhead.
Children will compete in three grade categories for a chance to win brand-new bicycles: kindergarten through second grade, third through fourth grade and 5th through 6th grade.
Bicycles are awarded to the winners in each age group.
This event is free and open to all Riverhead Town and school district students. Bicycle helmets are required.
Participants can register the day of the event at Stotzky Park, beginning at 8:30 a.m. There is no charge to participate. The park is located on Columbus Avenue in Riverhead.
The raindate for the rodeo is Sunday, May 5; in the case of inclimate weather call the recreation department at 727-5744 x 30.
Source: Riverhead Police Athletic League announcement


text:
Many years ago I looked at the wall beneath Sant Pere de Caserres, and everyone I've asked no one knows, and the answer is always the same, "falls apart", a few weeks ago a day rest did a good family outing, but my intention was to get close to the foot of this wall, my surprise was arriving, if the rock is typical here, but a large gap of about 25 meters and still going through a roof and I did not see an end, and I got nervous, wanted to return the next day to find access at the top, but one thing and another has prevented me during these last two weeks.
I mentioned it to Quo, no calico not want to share with, so right next heading home after getting lost in between a forest until the end of the cliff, hang down to a first rappel of about 20 meters and back to hang down to see where it could go the way and not screw up the placement of the meeting decided that we have found the best place.
The route has only a two-parabolts M10 with ring and nothing else, where the crack ends and there were no more likely to continue, almost at the top, the rest of the way to make this clean climbing without parabolts , style nails or anything, you just have to carry a whole set of friends at # 5, some medium and small friend also repeated a long ribbon to the ceiling.
The route has a distance of about 20-25 meters approx, falls far more than it looks in the photos, the crack lengths of embedment combines hand and the last section before the meeting is fingers.
Much remains clean and condition, not finished, you can still drop some important and stone slab, lack sanearla well, and do not miss the point, in the weeks go by, patiently stay a way from a very good quality, but lack a bit for that.
Location: Sant Pere de Caserres In, not below the monastery if not approximately 1.5 km from the monastery, is the most visible rock band, you can go for the top (but better know the way) or a path land jutting out from the viewpoint of the Parador de Vic, walking 1 hour and have some more.
It has given more time, it was a fleeting visit and has already been done at night, wanting to go back and work on this track is shaping a masterpiece of climbing, just as good as Indian Creek or cracks anywhere (but again, lack sanearla much) the name of the track the Mite de la Caverna
The Myth of the Cave (Sant Pere de Caserres, Osona) - Ferran Guerrero Hervas
January 11, 2013 -
Ferran Guerrero Hervas
Popular Stories
Nicolas Favresse
04-22-2015 -
Four years after Vertical Sailing Greenland, Captain Reverend Bob Shepton (79) calls the...
Hans Christian Montenegro
04-06-2015 -
Here we have a new climbing park In Bolton pass Estrie, Québec. ...
Urs Moosmuller
04-20-2015 -
There aren't words to describe how beautiful Fontainebleau is. All the hype about...


text:
Learn more about Light Force 300 Upright Vacuum Cleaner in Green:
ERA1002: Features: -Vacuum cleaner. -Green color. -Lightweight design. -Power paw turbo with riser visor for vertical cleaning of stairs and upholstery. -Flip bottom dust cup for quick and easy cleaning. -Allergen filtration. -Includes: Nested wand, crevice tool, combo upholstery brush and telescopic self cleaning duster. Specifications: -Motor power: 12 Amp. -Eureka provides 1 year warranty. -Cord Length: 25'. -Overall dimensions: 45.25" H x 15" W x 12" D. For more information on this product please view the Sheet(s) below: Vacuum Cleaner Manual Sheet Vacuum Cleaner Quick Start Guide |


text:
Hasselback Garlic Cheesy Bread
Photo: Delacy
Yield: 1 serving
Community Recipe from
- 1 cup(s) warm water
- 1 tablespoon(s) honey
- 1 envelope(s) active dry yeast (2 1/4 TBSP)
- 1 teaspoon(s) salt
- 3 cup(s) bread flour
- olive oil, for greasing surfaces
- 1/2 pound(s) sharp white cheddar
- 1/2 cup(s) garlic butter
- In a large bowl, stir water, honey and yeast together. Let yeast proof 5 minutes. Once you know yeast is active, stir in salt and the flour in 1/4 cup increments. If you are using a stand mixer, be sure to not increase your speed higher than a 2 or 'stir'. Once dough starts pulling away from the sides and the bowl seems to be pretty clean, set a timer for 5 minutes and walk away. Let the machine knead the dough. After 5 minutes, dough should be smooth and tacky but when touched shouldn't leave any dough on your fingers.
- Grease the bowl and the dough. Cover with plastic wrap or a kitchen towel and let rise 1 hour or until doubled in size.
- Punch down dough and cut into two equal portions. Form into two long baguettes the length of the cookie sheet. I like to twist mine because it looks cool, but it also keeps its length and doesn't shrink. Cover with plastic wrap and rise 30 minutes. Start to preheat oven to 400 degrees F and place dough close to the oven where it's nice and warm. Once oven is preheated, remove plastic wrap, from the dough reduce oven to 350F, put the bread into the oven and bake 20 minutes.
- In the meantime, slice the cheese into thin slices and melt the butter.
- Pull loaves of bread out of the oven after 20 minutes and brush with the melted garlic butter. Bake another 5-7 minutes or until bread begins to turn a golden brown. Remove from oven and cool 15 minutes.
- Cut 1-inch slices 3/4′s of the the way through the loaves. Brush garlic butter in between each slice and fill with a slice of cheese. Bake another 3-5 minutes or until cheese is completely melted.
- Serve immediately.
June 2014
This recipe is a personal recipe added by Delacy and has not been tested or endorsed by MyRecipes.
Hasselback Garlic Cheesy Bread Recipe at a Glance
- COURSE: Breads
More Recipes for Main Dishes
Find out what we've got cooking...
Get our Free Weekly Specials Newsletter filled with our favorite recipes, seasonal menus, and special features.
We Respect Your Privacy. Privacy Policy


text:
Another woodshed beating
This was originally written heading into the Jets-Patriots game last week. With the World Series, our hangover from celebrating the humiliating demise of the Yankees, and our standard midweek bouts of drinkin' and whorin', we didn't get to answer many e-mails from angry Jets fans. But let this belated response be a warning to everyone: do not argue with us unless you offer some facts in your defense. You will be ruthlessly pummeled, like Jets fan Bryan below.
Jets fans were angered last week when we exposed their overinflated sense of self worth for what it is: the nervous chatter of self-doubt. Several Jets fan took a leaky water pistol of opinion into battle against the M1A1 Abrams tank of truth called the Cold, Hard Football Facts. Here is the disastrous outcome for one poor soul. Cold, Hard Football Facts comments appear, as always, [in brackets].
Sent on: 10.22.04
Visitor name: Bryan
"Your first two arguments against the Jets are the most illogical I have ever seen. First of all, our defense is much improved."
[Maybe the newspapers and pundits tell you that the Jets defense is "much improved" this season. Maybe you've swallowed this distasteful bit of misinformation from an old beer bottle like a slimy used plug of chew. The Cold, Hard Football Facts exist simply to wipe this foul taste of ignorance from your mouth. We proved last week ("Jets fans come undone") that this belief is just not true. There's plenty more proof to follow here.]
"The linebackers are quicker and more athletic and we are stopping the run a lot more."
[The Jets run defense allowed 4.3 yards per carry through the first five games of the 2003 season. This year, they allow 4.1 yards per carry. That 0.2 yards per carry improvement is hardly a reason to blow the bandwagon whistle. (After the New England game, the Jets defense now allows 4.2 yards per carry.) One reason New York's run defense may look better is because teams are having much more success passing against them this year. The Jets surrendered 218.8 yards passing per game through the first five games this year, a significant decline over the 168.2 passing yards per game they allowed last year through five games.]
"It's silly to compare two defenses based on how many points they have allowed."
[Points may be "silly" on the twilight zone that you inhabit. But in the real world, points are used to determine winners and losers in each sporting event. For example, if Team A scores 21 points and Team B scores 14 points, Team A is declared the victor. The Cold, Hard Football Facts typically use points allowed to measure defensive effectiveness and will continue to do so until they start awarding victories to the teams that rack up the most yards in a game. With that said, the Jets give up more points through five games this year (17.8 per game) than they did through five games last year (16.0), and have played weaker competition. Last year's first five opponents included the playoff-bound Cowboys, eventual Super Bowl champion Patriots, and a Dolphins team that would go 10-6. Four of this year's first five opponents have losing records, and all four claim one of the worst offenses in football. New York's other opponent this year, San Diego, is just 3-3.
[But if you insist, let's look at yards allowed which, inexplicably, is the measure the NFL uses to rate total defense. Oh, look what we found! Some Cold, Hard Football Facts: The Jets allow 318.8 yards per game this year. Last year, they allowed 318.0 per game through the first five games. Again, the Jets defense was better (though barely) last year against tougher competition.]
"What if the offense has great field position as a result of a good special teams play or bad turnover? What if they racked up a few touchdowns in garbage time? Did you guys ever think of that?"
[The Cold, Hard Football Facts don't deal in variables like field position and turnovers. These variables effect each and every team in each and every game. The Patriots, for example, gave up several big plays on special teams against Buffalo, including one kick returned for a touchdown. At the end of the day, though, the true story can be culled from the inalterable reality of raw numbers found in the Cold, Hard Football Facts. As for your elicitation of "garbage time" points, we laugh at your starry-eyed look at the Jets season so far.
[To put it most simply, the Jets have not played a single minute of garbage time this season. They've yet to win a game by more than a touchdown and conversion, and have yet to be in a position where they could be so cavalier as to allow "garbage time" points. Even if they were in "garbage time" they should still have enough dignity to attempt to stop the opposition. For example, the Patriots were leading by 14 points with nine seconds to play last week when the Seahawks found themselves with a first-and-goal at the New England 2 yard line. The Patriots stopped the Seahawks on three straight pass plays, only to get whistled for a defensive penalty with no time left. The Seahawks were given one more attempt to score from the 1. A final rushing attempt was stuffed by New England defensive backs Ty Law and Rodney Harrison – big-name stars still on the field in what you would probably call "garbage time." We guess, based on your analysis, that the Jets would have simply allowed the Seahawks to score.]
"Even if you want to use the silly points allowed argument, you purposely ignore how much the (Jets) defense has improved since allowing all those points the first two weeks. In their third game versus the Dolphins, they allowed 9 points. In their fourth game versus the Bills, they allowed 14. And versus the 49ers, they allowed 14. Were they against poor offenses? Sure, but if you're using this stupid points argument, you have to point this out also."
[Yes, the Jets defense has improved since the first two games of the year, but we would not hang your hat on any of their defensive performances this season. The Dolphins scored 9 against the Jets, but average just 9.2 points per game. The Bills scored 14 on the Jets, but average just 14.2 per game. The 49ers scored 14 on the Jets, but average just 17.5 per game. In case you were wondering, the Jets surrendered 24 to Cincinnati in the first game of the year, but the Bengals average just 16.6 points per game. The Jets surrendered 28 points to San Diego, but the Chargers average 26.7 points per game. So yes, New York's defense has improved but has yet to post an impressive performance when you consider how their opponents have fared against the rest of the league. The Patriots, meanwhile, have handed every opponent they've played this year their worst loss of the season.
[By the way, your repeated insistence that points are "silly" and "stupid" makes us question your understanding of sports in general and football in particular, as well as the general state of your intelligence. Maybe you should follow figure skating or gymnastics, where winners are those judged to be most pretty. Sounds more your speed.]
"Now, the Chad Pennington argument. Pennington has less touchdowns then Tom Brady because he has played less and had had fewer opportunities to get touchdowns because we actually have had an effective running back named Curtis Martin to get them. The Patriots didn't get a good running back until this season. This is why judging quarterbacks by the amount of touchdowns they have is silly. What if you have a good running back who you like to depend on to get you in? You guys don't consider these factors."
[As we stated, Pennington is a "fine young quarterback" who has put up some nifty numbers. We even said quite clearly that he hasn't played a whole lot. We didn't compare touchdown passes between the two quarterbacks. We simply said that it's hard to take seriously comparisons between these two players when Pennington has barely been on the field throughout his five-year career, as evidenced by the low number of touchdowns he's passed for in his career. But if you still want to mix it up with us in this argument at a later day, we're all game. Suffice it to say that Pennington is a part-time player who's put up some pretty impressive numbers when he's played. Brady is a two-time Super Bowl MVP who has put up better numbers at this point in his career than many of the greatest quarterbacks ever to play the game.
[Your running back argument, however, is nonsensical: Pennington has had a better running game? Sure, but how does this demean Brady? If anything, it's another reason to marvel at New England's remarkable success in the Brady era. The Patriots have won two Super Bowls in three years with, as you point out, a poor running game. In fact, last year, the Patriots averaged just 3.4 yards per rushing attempt. The only Super Bowl-winning team to fare worse was the 1970 Baltimore Colts, who averaged 3.3 yards per carry. Teams have geared up to shut down Brady throughout his entire career because he's been the only offensive weapon in New England's arsenal. Yet he comes through with one clutch performance after another.
[Pennington has no excuse. He's played his entire career with a future Hall of Fame running back in Curtis Martin. Yet in the one year when he played almost an entire season (2002), Pennington engineered just 22.4 points per game. The Patriots offense, without a decent running game until this season, has averaged more points per game three times during the four seasons of the Brady era].
"And the playoff argument is AWFUL. Guess how many touchdowns Tom Brady threw in the playoffs the first year the Pats won the Super Bowl? ONE. It was obviously their defense that won them the trophy."
[Yes, you're right. He threw for only one touchdown that year in the playoffs. But he also ran for one touchdown against Oakland, while completing 32 of 52 passes for 312 yards that night in a blinding blizzard. It was one of the great clutch performances in playoff history. Of course, Brady was at his best late in the game, completing all but two passes in the fourth quarter and overtime, while leading three must-have scoring drives over the same period. Did we mention the blizzard? In Super Bowl XXXVI, meanwhile, he led the only walk-off scoring drive in Super Bowl history. In total, in his first three playoff games as a first-year starter, Brady led three last-second, game-tying or game-winning scoring drives, a streak unmatched in the history of postseason football. Keep in mind that Brady had started just 14 games in his career heading into that postseason. Sure, he didn't throw one touchdown after another, but he came through time and again when it counted most. Pennington, meanwhile, was won just one playoff game. Of course, it came against the world's greatest choke artist, Peyton Manning.]
"Let me tell you something; if Chad Pennington had Tom Brady's defense, he'd win Super Bowls too."
[Ah, the old argument of the Peyton Manning buttswabs. "If only he had the New England defense." When Brady won his first Super Bowl, after his aforementioned heroic postseason performances, the Patriots had a defense ranked just 17th in the NFL by your measure (yards allowed) and 6th by points allowed. In either case, it was hardly an overwhelming defense. In fact, the 2001 Patriots won despite a piss-poor running game, and one of the worst regular-season defenses by any team ever to win a Super Bowl. Last year, the Patriots had the No. 1-ranked scoring defense and were, by all accounts, the best defense in football. But using your standard of yards allowed, the Patriots ranked seventh in the NFL last season. In fact, 2003 was the only year in Brady's career in which the Patriots had a top-five scoring defense or a defense ranked in the TOP HALF of the league in yards allowed. New England's defense has been very good during Brady's career. But it's a myth to believe that it's been overwhelming. Brady has had a pivotal role by making clutch plays, not turning the ball over, and by stepping up when his team needed him most: Note New England's defensive debacle in Super Bowl XXXVIII, when the Patriots gave up three fourth-quarter touchdowns, but still won thanks to Brady's record-setting (32 completions) MVP performance.]
It's not Chad's fault that in his two seasons as a starter (one which was injury shortened, pretty much ruining their season, which shows how valuable this guy is to the team) they had a poor defense. You guys think you're so f*cking smart because you use these terrible statistics and terrible arguments and think that 'proves' you are right. Well, it doesn't. This is the worst football site I have ever seen.
[Agreed. We suck. But at least we support our sucky arguments with a mountain of facts. We believe you offered just one fact in your entire tirade. Sorry, man, but you're out of your league here. Go back to figure skating. We think Michelle Kwan is on TV Sunday afternoon.]
- Quality Stats Super Bowl Breakdown: Patriots vs Seahawks
- Super Bowl XLIX Prop Bets: Full List
- Super Bowl 49 Game Capsule: Patriots @ Seahawks
- Awesome: Must-see Super Bowl Hall of Shame Infographic
- Referee Bill Vinovich Gets The Nod For Super Bowl 49 -- Balls
- 2014 NFL Divisional Playoffs Most-Watched Evah!
- CHFF's Pat Imig Talks Stan Kroenke & The Rams on Sportsnet 590 Toronto
- NFL 2014 Playoff Seeds and Schedule
- Cold Hard Football Facts Quality Stats: Perfect 4-0 In Wild Card Weekend
- Vegas Win Totals For Each NFL Team