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I guess there are enough of us now to start a thread about life with baby. How's it going?
DS2 is 9 days old and it's going. Actually better then I expected. He has one blocked tear duct and then a nasty diaper rash that came out of nowhere and has been really difficult to get rid of. He is generally fussy from 8-10pm, course when I want to go to bed but is generally mellow during the day. Nursing is fine, he has been sleeping more the last two days and hasn't wanted to eat as much which means my breasts are certainly feeling the difference. He isn't a fan of the carseat yet, getting buckled is the part he doesn't like, he seems to like the actual ride. Crossing fingers it stays that way since we have to do a lot of driving!
Other kids are adjusting. That part has been better then I expected I guess. The two middle ones have been more whiny and want mama. Currently going round and round with my 4.5y at this very moment because she wants to be touching me at all times, and I need a little space! The oldest has been a pill but I'm hoping that will improve next week once she gets busier.
I'm doing fine. Tired and having to take a short nap every day to get through the day. I took kids to open gym, park, and then lunch today because they were driving me nuts at home. It has wiped me out but at least they aren't bouncing off the walls this afternoon! DH shouldn't be working this weekend so I'm hoping to get a little more sitting time in then I have in the last few days, I started bleeding more again so I know I need it.
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Cate is now on 'day 9', I'm counting off days the way the MW do for visits ... she was born on the 28th.
She's gained weight, never actually saw her dip below birth weight, and as of yesterday she is 7lb11oz (up 1lb2oz from birth). Her newborn screen had a couple of rare positives, so we are going to the genetics place at the university hospital on Monday to re-test. They thought it was odd that she had 2 rare things come back positive, and as she shows no symptoms for either at present, the doc there feels it is an issue with regards to the samples being compromised in some way.
It's a good thing she likes her carseat b/c she'll be in it a lot over the next couple days! MIL is having a family reunion tomorrow, about an hour away, and the uni-hospital is actually walking distance from her house, and we'll have to drive back there Monday. That is good news for DS, as hopefully he'll be able to visit with MIL and not have to come to the hosp. with us.
Yesterday, we had to see a pediatrician, as all breech babies get referred for an U/S for their hips ... apparently they can be dislocated, but the only sure way to tell is U/S, and the midwives can't do the referral, so we had to see the Ped. We waited in the exam room for about an hour, saw him for 4 min. Got lots of fun advice, and practiced my 'smile & nod' technique. Vitamin D, how much sleeping, how often nursing, bath every day for flaky skin, followed by aveeno or vaseline all over (only her hands & feet are flaky ... and wouldn't yours be if you lived in water for nearly 9mth?!).
She's not fitting in any of her clothes yet! Only the tiniest 'NB' things, so we're doing a lot of laundry to keep her in clothes.
She's a great sleeper, and a quick eater. Very strange for me, as DS was a eat 23 hours a day & only sleep while touching mama sort of baby -- he would also eat & sleep at the same time. I got used to it, and was prepared for the same thing. However, Cate eats in 10 - 15 min, and un latches herself when she falls asleep. She sleeps in solid 3 hour sets at night, and 90min-3 hour blocks during the day. I'm feeling very spoiled & well rested.
I'd forgotten how long it takes to do everything with a newbie. Not b/c the baby takes more time, but b/c every.single.person in the store/park/sidewalk ... feels the need to stop & chat. "is that a baby?" ... one day I'm going to tell someone it's a puppy! Of course it's a baby, no you can't touch her, yes she's quite fresh, yes I know she's tiny, now can I get to the bananas please? It took 10 min to get from the shopping carts to the produce section at the grocery store the other day! It's only 30 feet!
I'm not on the "other side" yet, but I was just going to come and start a "post partum mamas" thread to see how everyone is doing!
Glad to hear the nurslings are doing well
Peony, are you cloth diapering? I only ask because A&D ointment was like magic for DS's skin, but I don't think you can use it with CD. Glad to hear your other kids are adjusting slowly but surely :)
Rochelle, your post gives me hope b/c DS was totally like your first and had to be ON or TOUCHING mama at all times to sleep (and even still at 3 years old won't make it more than a couple hours without me!). I'd LOVE to maybe have a baby who can sleep a *little* more independently this time around, lol!
Can't wait to hear from more mamas with babies! It gives those of us who are waiting hope that we WILL give birth one of these days, lol!
Anxiously awaiting my turn to post here, and happy to read along!
Carrie SAHM to Nora Caitlyn ('08) and Finnley Dax ('11) homebirthing, breastfeeding, babywearing, intactivist, doula mama!
I'm not CDing this babe. I fell off the bandwagon last baby and then ended up giving away all my dipes which I'm fine with. I haven't tried A&D, I might have to. I usually use some herbal stuff from a local shop with some Boudreaux when I need to break out the heavy guns. This looks blistered, very odd actually.
Rochelle- I'm having the opposite problem, DS2 is so long that nothing fits! All the Carters 3 month outfits have 1/2 inch of room at the feet, if that. I have a couple more outfits with a little more wiggle room but not by much in the 0-3 month clothes.
I don't know about weight gain, I haven't weighed him since his birth. I did decide to do the PKU this time around, and since my insurance is crappy I was going through do it through my MW since I don't have to pay for it like I would at the pedi office but she hasn't been able to come back since his birth. I'm not concerned about it but don't really feel like trying to get in with our pedi yet either.
My little guy is 10 days today, born on the 27th. So far he's very easy. He sleeps constantly. I'm CDing him and I've started with some EC, with surprising success! I started on day 5 or 6 and I've been catching at least a few pees each day and a few poops in total. At first I was bringing him to pee when I thought he looked like he was going to pee (during diaper changes), but now there have been several occasions where he isn't showing any signs of needing to pee and I've taken him and he's peed immediately. So I'm very pleased with that. I wasn't sure how quickly that stage would come.
This one is a good overnight sleeper, which is a real treat for me, having had bad ones only so far. He sleeps on top of me and generally only wakes up twice between when I go to bed at 11 or midnight and when we wake up, between 7 and 8. He's also a very peaceful sleeper, not a squirmy grunter like my others where as newborns, so it's really lovely to sleep with him. Last night he *was* squirmy and it reminded me of what my other two were like and how different the quality of sleep is.
My one problem with him is that he has a tendency to puke up his whole feed within a couple of minutes of finishing. He burps or gets the hiccups and the whole thing comes up. I hadn't been concerning myself with it but then he only gained 20 grams from day 4 until day 8. We now speculate that he must have lost more after day 4 such that he actually gained more than 20 once he bottomed out. The next day he weighed a full 100 grams more, so hopefully there's no problem with weight gain. He'll get weighed again on Monday. He pees and poops tons, his skin doesn't look dry, his soft spot isn't sunken, etc., so I don't think he's not getting enough, but it's just such a bummer when he gets a really full boob, sucks a lot of it down, and then proceeds to puke the whole thing up straight away! If it were a reflux thing he wouldn't do it until he had digested it somewhat, right? He always does this within about 3 minutes of finishing and it looks totally undigested.
My older child totally loves him and the only problem with her is that she won't leave the poor kid alone. She's always smothering him with kisses and coming up with cute things to say to him which she then proceeds to repeat endlessly to him and I go a bit crazy listening to the same sickly sweet endearments over and over. My DS (3) also really likes him, but he struggles more with me not being able to do everything for him any more. This was a bigger problem in the first few days when I really couldn't do anything. Now that I'm mobile again and can often say yes it's gotten a lot better. He's also gotten more used to papa. He wants to nurse a whole lot and is driving me crazy asking to nurse early in the morning before it's time to get up, but I'm hoping that will ease off. I keep giving the baby credit for putting lots of milk in the booies and he has clearly taken that in.
Oh, and the baby's latch isn't very good and I hadn't really realized that that was a problem for him too, not just me. I've nursed daily since May 2005 so my nipples can tolerate a bad latch, but I am now working on the latch for his sake so he'll be better able to empty the breast and get at the hind milk. The kid just doesn't open his mouth very wide and it's tricky to try to get him to do better.
Sarah, mother to Eloïse (5/2005), Lucas (3/2008) and Ilias (7/2011), and due with #4 (March 1, 2014)
I'm so happy to see this thread! I was hoping we would have one soon.
Peony, sorry about the baby's bottom. Poor little guy. Have you tried breastmilk? I've always had the best luck with leaving them open to air for a few minutes and then a little milk on the rash before the diaper goes back on. Might be worth a shot?
Sarah, that is exciting about ECing! I've never tried that and it always fascinates me. Do you think maybe the baby is reacting to an overactive letdown? A few things you could try- nursing in a semi-reclined position so that baby is eating "uphill" and the force won't be as strong, expressing a little milk before latching on so the flow slows down, cluster feeding could slow down production some, but I would be careful with that so early in the game...I hope you figure out what is going on.
Rochelle, you seem to be very busy already! I hope all the testing goes well. It is interesting how different each baby is isn't it?!
AFM- My little guy is 8 days old today. Today is also the day I was scheduled to have him! He has been a champion nurser since day 1, easily the best of all my kids. He does now and then have trouble keeping up when let down occurs and he'll click with each suck. It is kind of funny though, because it is really loud.
He is a decent sleeper. He has an awake period in the morning and again in the evening. He eats every 1-2 hours in the day and 2-3 at night. I've woken up three times so far with him latched on and helping himself I'm really happy he has taken to side lying nursing so easily. I really took that for granted with my first three kids, then DS3 came along and he would NOT nurse that way until after he was 1! It makes a world of difference, I can't even describe it!
Baby really really hates having his diaper changed, but it is getting better. He used to scream the second you unwrapped him, then it was just when I took off the diaper, now it is when I wipe him. Hopefully he continues to get over that, it makes me sad to hear him sad.
The other kids are doing fantastic. I was really only worried about my 2 yo, and he thinks baby is the cats pajamas. Loves the little guy
I'm healing pretty well. I'm still a little sore at my incision and my back gets pretty achy if I stand or walk too much. My family is being really helpful though and so I am able to rest quite a bit. My incision is held with steri strips that will come off in 3-4 more days and I am really anxious to see my scar. I have had staples 4 times and glue once, and every time they have taken my staples out at 10 days. This time though, they took them out on the morning of the 3rd day and I was really not happy about it. The three staples on either end were very tightly in there and it was very painful for them to come out. I'm hoping everything looks ok when it is all said and done, but I told DH if we have another one I do not want them out that early no matter what. All my others have practically fallen out with no pain whatsoever. This was a very different experience.
I'm healing pretty well. I'm still a little sore at my incision and my back gets pretty achy if I stand or walk too much. My family is being really helpful though and so I am able to rest quite a bit. My incision is held with steri strips that will come off in 3-4 more days and I am really anxious to see my scar. I have had staples 4 times and glue once, and every time they have taken my staples out at 10 days. This time though, they took them out on the morning of the 3rd day and I was really not happy about it. The three staples on either end were very tightly in there and it was very painful for them to come out. I'm hoping everything looks ok when it is all said and done, but I told DH if we have another one I do not want them out that early no matter what. All my others have practically fallen out with no pain whatsoever. This was a very different experience.
That seems very early to be taking out the bits that are holding you together! I'm so sorry! I hope that you've healed up well.
Married to Dusty
Mama to Charlie - born August 15th.
Waiting on number two, due March 17!
I know right? My biggest fear ever ever with c-sections is that something will happen and they will have to open me a second time. Either side of my incision are a little open from what I can see under the strips and it freaks me the crap out. I'm thinking that I have a slight memory of it being slightly separated maybe with DD? I don't know, but I don't like it!
I know right? My biggest fear ever ever with c-sections is that something will happen and they will have to open me a second time. Either side of my incision are a little open from what I can see under the strips and it freaks me the crap out. I'm thinking that I have a slight memory of it being slightly separated maybe with DD? I don't know, but I don't like it!
.... I don't like it either!
I'm so sorry! That doesn't sound okay in the slightest.
Married to Dusty
Mama to Charlie - born August 15th.
Waiting on number two, due March 17!
DS2 is 2 days old and we're still getting adjusted to life with a new baby and a toddler. DS1 seems to like "baby" as he calls his brother. But he has a very hard time sharing his "nummies" and it is making nap and bedtime very difficult. I was in tears earlier today because I feel like I'm neglecting ds1. But I know it will just take time for us to find a groove. If I could figure out an easy way to nurse both boys at the same time it will help a lot.
Ds2 is developing jaundice. I'm not too worried yet because we dealt with it when ds1 was the same age and resolved it by increasing bf'ing and keeping the windows uncovered during the day to let sunlight in the house. Unless it gets really bad in the next couple of days, I'll just wait to see what the pedi thinks when we go on Tuesday. ds2 is nursing like a champ and has already developed a better latch than ds1 ever had as a newborn. I'm hopeful this will help me establish my milk supply better this time around and avoid all the horrible things I had to do to keep my milk up enough to not starve ds1.
All in all, things are going pretty well. I'm totally sleep deprived though and need to find my groove soon or I'll slowly start to go nuts! I haven't shared my birth story yet because I haven't had time to sit at the computer to write it up, but I plan to do that very soon. However, I will say that I'm still processing how this baby entered the world and trying hard to let go of the trauma involved with the hospital transfer. I'm just a bit numb still and I have a feeling that some strong emotions are on the horizon for me. Physically, I am very sore...everywhere. I feel like I was in a car accident. All my muscles are sore, on top of the serious swelling I have going on in the vaginal/perineal region. I really hope I can get back to a fraction of normal in the next day or two.
Despite all my gripes, I'm on cloud 9 with my baby boy!
DS1 is just over 4 days old now and I must say is a really "easy" baby so far. He was born late Tuesday evening and never took that 3-4 hour post birth snooze that I was told about so the first night was a bit long especially seeing I was up for 30 hours. He fussed for a bit but finally was able to doze off. The second night was pretty much the same. Fussy till about 3 then off to sleep. We are co-sleeping and my mom is worried about it so I had a mild anxiety attack that first night thinking I may have smothering him or something. All was fine and has been ever since. He had a bit of trouble with a "good" latch those first couple of days and still does occasionally but we are working on it. He's much better one one side vs the other and I'm thinking it's got to be with the way I position him. I'm playing around with different positions to see what helps.
MW came back on Thursday to check him out and do the newborn screening. He took it like a champ and barely whimpered at all. Only lost about 5 oz and looked great. She said my tear was healing nicely as well. I've found that I don't really care for the iodine was she gave me for the peri bottle so I've been using the recipe Italiamom recommended in the after care thread and find it to be much more soothing.
Feeling a little awkward in the breastfeeding department as well. My milk came in on the second night and my oh my! I have these massive lumps under my armpits that I was expecting. The right side is about the size of a baseball and the left a golf ball. ( I have very sensitive lymph tissue under there due to cat scratch fever as a child) I've been doing some lymphatic drainage--mostly in the shower because it's so painful. I'm also leaking like a siv and can't seem to keep up with it. Have plans to call my LLL in the near future just to make sure everything is A-ok and baby is getting what he needs.
I've been fortunate enough to have been able to stay in bed the last couple of days. I was up and about the first 2 days but the pressure was just too much on my lady parts and perineum. We had a yard sale yesterday so I did have to get up in the am and help just a little with the organization for that. Put LO in the wrap and he just snuggled up and went to sleep. People were amazed that there was a baby under all that material. Didn't stay out long then it was back to bed for me.....I must say it did feel good to rest and nap. It's been really nice to have DH home and my mom is here for a month to help out. DH is getting a little frustrated that some things just aren't getting done and I keep trying to reassure him it's ok. We just had a baby so some things are going to have to wait a few hours or days before they get done. Not the end of the world.
We tried to completely restrict visitors for the first 3 days. We allowed DH's mom to come on day 1 seeing she was in the area and it was only "fair" seeing my mom was here. (Mistake!) She complained to my mom that she didn't agree with what we were doing by not allowing visitors for 3 days or letting anyone hold the babe for the first week but she would "support it." I was pissed that I let her come by after that. Oh well....water under the bridge.
I need to make the switch to cloth seeing all the mec has passed so I'm excited about that. I can't get over how much he's peeing and pooping already.
We are scheduled to see the pedi on Tuesday and that will be our first trip out of the house at just under a week old.
I'm absolutely in love and can't even imagine that I'm going to have to leave him to go back to work at some point. We are going to look at our budget and see if we can make something else work.
Becky, momma to Rafe 8/2/2011, wife to Sky & mom to our corgis.
Becky- DS2 did that as well, never did the post birth sleep. He was wired and I had been up for two days straight, it was almost 24 hours after his 3am birth that he finally allowed me to get some sleep. And it is so hard to look at them and about leaving them. I didn't return to work as planned after my first, i just couldn't leave her. I took some years off and then went back to part time employment when the right job came along.
This weekend wasn't as restful as I had hoped. DH ended up having to work yesterday. The neighborhood is putting in a new playground this weekend and despite being initially told we were "cleared" not to help because of baby, we keep getting pestered to help. Or rather DH does. We have very limited time with him as it is, the small kids need some good daddy time, he barely sees them at all M-F. He went and helped out for 3.5 hours this morning and it wasn't enough.
Getting out with 4 hasn't been as bad so far as I expected. We went to the skatepark this morning while DH volunteered, and Friday I was all over town. My MW is going to come by in the morning and do a hearing screen for DS2. I didn't do one with DS1 when he was a baby and then ended up having to do an extensive one later when he got older, which did turn out for the best because he does have delays and we would of been required to get one anyway, but hoping to avoid all that this time around. One typical child out of four would be really, really nice! My wallet and sanity would agree.
I was looking for such a thread, and I am glad it's here!
My daughter is 12 days today. Yesterday, she had her second ped visit and she gained a pound!! She was oly 5 lb 13 oz at birth (labor was induced due to she not growing much in last month)..and within a week (from her first ped visit) she is now 6 lb!! I am sooo happy. However, getting here has been very tough. She had problem nursing..latching issue...so I was pumping and pumping and pumping..in addition to giving her formula. I am happy to say that last 2 days she didn't need any formula...and she is finally latching quite right..and only getting milk directly from breast...I have pumped only once yesterday! I can't even describe how happy that makes me. Healing has been tough for me physically and on top of that constant pumping..I felt totally out of whack! And now haven't pumped in 24 hours...what a difference it makes! I hope baby continues to get better at latch.
She sleeps through day time and becomes a night owl after 1 a.m....and that's tough. She is up until 5 a.m...and wants to be on me constantly...last night was bit better as I have learned a way to lie down with her on my arm..so I can rest up and while she is still on me as she thinks! And last night for the first time I have nursed her while laying down..side ways..another big relief. She still has some latch issues..sometimes she latches on and moves her head and then she can't get it back! But then I move her to the other breast and she does fine.
I have a question regarding baby's skin- since her skin is now so flaky...not all over..legs, hands. and stomach...I am wondering what to use to get rid of those flaky skins? Ped told me to use anything unscented..aveeno..etc...but I am not going to use Aveeno..or Johnson..not at all. Any other options?
I have a question regarding baby's skin- since her skin is now so flaky...not all over..legs, hands. and stomach...I am wondering what to use to get rid of those flaky skins? Ped told me to use anything unscented..aveeno..etc...but I am not going to use Aveeno..or Johnson..not at all. Any other options?
I just 'buff' Cate's skin lightly with a soft bamboo terry washcloth (dry) to get the loose flakes off, and don't put anything on it. She's had 2 baths, and when I dried her off, I gently rubbed off the worst of the flakies. The M/W said to just leave it alone, the Ped said to 'cover' her in lotion or vaseline. I'm not fond of coating anyone's skin in lotion w/o cause, so I didn't bother.
At 12 days now, the worst of the flaking is gone, and I think it'll be completely finished in another day or two, the best thing I can suggest is time. They went from living in water to our much drier environment (even with the insane humidity!), so it's the natural thing for their skin to do.
DS is nursing like a champ. My milk came in yesterday and he is loving it. So, far he has been quite mellow, but this isn't much of a surprise because he was pretty mellow in utero too .
Partner (10 years) Mother to Lily (4 years), Jonas (1.5 years), 1 dog , and 1 cat
Moses is almost two days old now and I'm definitely still adjusting! We just got home from the hospital earlier this afternoon and introduced him to two very excited brothers and one very excited sister. I'm nervous for how we will all adjust but am confident that we will find a way. I did send him to the nursery last night because I had had no sleep in two days and I'm concerned about developing PPD and wanted to get some bit of sleep. He did sleep in the hospital bed with DH and I from about 4 am on and he slept well then so I guess we'll see what he's like tonight! I like having a thread where we can discuss these things because after 3 years since I've had a newborn I feel like a noob all over again.
Mommy to THREE sweet boys & ONE sweet girl + a newb due in February! I need a nap.
Rafe had his first trip out of the house today. Hour drive to see the MW, then after that we went to see the Pedi. Pedi said he looked great! He's gained 8 oz which I was nervous about. Wasn't sure if I was nursing him "correctly." We did a little shopping afterward-- I need to find some tops to nurse in. I feel so clueless. I thought maternity wear sucked but finding clothes to nurse in aren't much better.
I'm feeling very fortunate. He slept "through the night" for the past two nights. Last night was 10:30 to 6:30 I gently roused him twice each night so he would nurse. Today was the first day that I allowed anyone other than DH and myself to hold him. My mom was so excited.
We are having family over on Sunday for a meet and greet (about 15 people) for about 3 hours. I'm not looking forward to passing our son around like a football and all the over stimulation that is going to occur. I will try to limit it as much as possible for DS' sake.
Becky, momma to Rafe 8/2/2011, wife to Sky & mom to our corgis.
I've found that wearing a spaghetti strap tank top over a nursing bra, and underneath your normal shirt, works great. Then you can lift your normal shirt, pull down the tank top under the nursing boob side, unsnap your nursing bra on the nursing side, and it still leaves your stomach covered. And then you can wear normal clothes. I had a bunch of spaghetti strap tank tops that I got at Costco for super cheap that worked great for this purpose, and I often wear a tank top under my normal shirts anyway. But then no expensive nursing clothes need to be bought. Just wear your regular shirts with a spaghetti strap camisole underneath. If that's helpful at all...
Wife to DH , mom to DS (4/09), and DD (8/11), and crafty and hardworking in my own right! In my parenting journey I've , , , , and. To each family their own!!
"There are words for people like me, but I don't think there are very many."
I just 'buff' Cate's skin lightly with a soft bamboo terry washcloth (dry) to get the loose flakes off, and don't put anything on it. She's had 2 baths, and when I dried her off, I gently rubbed off the worst of the flakies. The M/W said to just leave it alone, the Ped said to 'cover' her in lotion or vaseline. I'm not fond of coating anyone's skin in lotion w/o cause, so I didn't bother.
At 12 days now, the worst of the flaking is gone, and I think it'll be completely finished in another day or two, the best thing I can suggest is time. They went from living in water to our much drier environment (even with the insane humidity!), so it's the natural thing for their skin to do.
Thanks for the reply.. will do as you did...hopefully it'll go away soon!
I'm anxiously looking forward to baby's "sleeping through the night" phase!! Right now it's 3 am here and she is up...on my lap..she has her eyes closed but the moment I'm gonna put her on bed she'll wake up and cry!! She has been like this since day 1.....and I almost don't believe in "sleeping through the night" thing!! It's really tiring.
Have you tried sleeping with her on top of you or pressed up tightly next to you? This is what I do and my boy sleeps really well that way. If I try putting him away from me he wakes up either immediately or pretty quickly.
Sarah, mother to Eloïse (5/2005), Lucas (3/2008) and Ilias (7/2011), and due with #4 (March 1, 2014)
I'm anxiously looking forward to baby's "sleeping through the night" phase!! Right now it's 3 am here and she is up...on my lap..she has her eyes closed but the moment I'm gonna put her on bed she'll wake up and cry!! She has been like this since day 1.....and I almost don't believe in "sleeping through the night" thing!! It's really tiring.
Remember that 'sleeping through the night' is only considered 5 hours for little ones, and some don't till they are 4 or 5 yo! :) Just be realistic about it, Cate sleeps for 2 solid 3 hour blocks at night, and that makes me happy as DS didn't sleep well at all, till he was at least 2, and he was well past 3 before he was sleeping all night, almost every night. Babies that sleep 8 hours overnight early are very rare!
Remember that 'sleeping through the night' is only considered 5 hours for little ones, and some don't till they are 4 or 5 yo! :) Just be realistic about it, Cate sleeps for 2 solid 3 hour blocks at night, and that makes me happy as DS didn't sleep well at all, till he was at least 2, and he was well past 3 before he was sleeping all night, almost every night. Babies that sleep 8 hours overnight early are very rare!
Sigh. Yep. My almost 5y has yet to ever STTN. 3 out of my 4 kids wake at night, DH takes one, and I get the other two so at least it isn't all of them. This baby does *ok* at night until 4am, by ok I mean waking around every hour to hour and a half. After 4am though, he just squirms constantly and isn't too happy. He will only sleep either tucked into my arm or on top of me.
DD didn't start STTN til around 2 either. Now at just shy of 3 she's pretty decently getting 10-11 hours straight at night. It will be nice to only have one babe to deal with at night, but at least I know how it is so I'm prepared. With DD I was so frustrated and confused and thought something was wrong. Not wrong. Just hard. Hang in there Noorjahan!
Carrie SAHM to Nora Caitlyn ('08) and Finnley Dax ('11) homebirthing, breastfeeding, babywearing, intactivist, doula mama!
Miss Ada slept six hours last night! I feel so rested.
Oooooohhhh, we are going to Costco this afternoon and I remember seeing those tops. I'll have to pick some up.
mama to grace 12.11.01, cady 8.11.08, and ada 8.3.11
My little (unnamed) man is 10 days old today. He is an absolute joy. In fact, he's so mellow that I sometimes worry, but that's me just being dumb. He hardly ever cries. I am not exaggerating. In the 10 days since he was born, he has maybe had 8-10 minutes of cumulative crying and that's being generous. He generally will do one squawk (which DH says is like a prairie dog) and that's it. He sleeps very well during the day and night and is also content to be put down even while awake. He is sometimes hard to wake up, but that's getting much better. He nurses well, but sometimes takes a bit to latch on and will get frustrated and arch his back or pull on and off before he gets it. He lost only 2 oz at his first appt and has since gained back 6 oz (as of 1 wk old) so he is gaining and eating well.
I got mastitis which put me on my butt with a high fever and very bad shaking. It was uncontrollable and awful. I'm on the mend now. I had third degree tearing so I'm still healing from that, but you'd think I barely tore given the lack of significant discomfort. It pretty much just hurts when I wipe (pat) and if I have to cough or sneeze. I can feel it when I am sitting, but it's more a general awareness than actual pain.
Nursing is going well, but I leak terrible. Baby boy and I have to strip down before eating and I have to have several cloth diapers ready for wiping and catching the flow from both boobs or we'll both be soaked. No lie. When he latches and then pulls off right away, the flow has already started and it can literally pour down my side. Kinda cool my body can do that, but it's getting annoying because everything is covered in milk (i.e. my undies, the baby, the sheets, etc). I figure we'll get the hang of it soon and be able to complete a successful session with us ending up drier. :)
Bree - wife to Dave and "mother" of Scooter. Baby Elliott arrived August 2, 2011 at home in the water.
I'm wearing one from Costco right now. Very comfy.
Tamera - wife to Robb, mama to Aidan 1/2004, Evie 9/2009, and Augustus 8/2011
Veianya is 5 days old today. She is another very mellow baby (so far!) and has been really easy to care for. I'm on edge a lot because of her NICU problems though. Last night she started gulping at nothing real fast and got really blue around her lips and face. It all lasted maybe half a minute but it was horrifying and felt like forever. Turning her over and rubbing/patting her back really firm got that episode to end with her screaming her head off and then falling right back to sleep. I have been up watching her breath ever since, and I have never been one of *those* mothers before. I would have called for help or something, but it was over before I could. I'm just glad we were co-sleeping and I knew it was happening because she was silent. It terrifies me to think about what could have happened if she was sleeping alone. :( She sees a doctor tomorrow, but I'm not sure what, if anything, they will have to say about it if they don't see the episode for themselves. In the hospital the nurses rolled their eyes at me too until they actually witnessed her turning blue...and then it was an emergency.
Breastfeeding is getting so much better. She was pretty much exclusively formula and bottle fed for the first three days. Then yesterday I finally got her latching sometimes and now my milk is starting to come in. I have enough pump milk saved up now that when she needs a bottle, I can use that instead of formula. I'm going to keep working at getting her ebf though. I've been considering it my full time job these last couple of days. Lots of nursing and laying in bed skin to skin time. If nothing else...I do not want to spend $ on formula for the next two years!
Melaya (29) - Mom to Z (9) and soon to be I (due Nov 2013)
Birth mom to M (7), O (5), & C (2).
Oh and for the babies who aren't wanting to sleep (or be set down). I highly recommend trying one of those swaddle blanket things. I have one and Veianya pretty much lives in it. She is much more mellow when she is in it and she sleeps by herself with no problems. I wish I had had one of these things when my other two kids were infants!
Melaya (29) - Mom to Z (9) and soon to be I (due Nov 2013)
Birth mom to M (7), O (5), & C (2).
That's terrifying, Melaya.
I'm so glad you're such an attentive mother! And that she's latching, yay! I hope they get that figured out and her breathing stays strong. Thinking of you!
Married to Dusty
Mama to Charlie - born August 15th.
Waiting on number two, due March 17!
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The North Face Amanda Short - Women's
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Love Love Love these shorts!
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
- Fit: True to size
Bought these for hiking. Super comfortable; sturdy but not stiff or heavy. Sit below the waist and very comfortable - they are roomy but not so loose you need a belt. I bought size 4 which is my usual size (5'6", 130lbs). The length is flattering; hides your thighs but not too long to look nerdy. Cargo pockets are small - too small for a phone or camera, but fit my chapstick nicely. They have washed well and don't wrinkle. I just bought 2 more pair and if I could afford it right now, I'd buy up even more. These are your go-to shorts and will last a long time. Very good quality. Get them before they're gone!
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
- Fit: True to size
These shorts are fantastic. I am 5'11" and have long legs, so shorts often look extremely short, but these are a perfect length. The material is really durable and a year later they still look new.

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Posted in Objects Dream Meanings
A pearl is considered a stone that glows with the aura of a pure human soul. Dreaming of pearls could be a symbolization of an era of irritation and pain that results in something wonderful, for they are formed when grains of sand become trapped within mollusks and shelled fish. After being irritated and unable to filter it out, they will begin to form a comforting barrier around that grain of sand. It becomes bigger and bigger until finally taken out. Thus, dreaming of one could mean that there is a pearl of reward waiting for you after all your troubles.
Dreaming of a pearl represents purity, chastity, and honesty. They are also considered emblems of high status. A pearl in your dream may indicate you are a stately person with great dignity. On the other hand, pearls may symbolize sorrow and tears.
Guide and Resources on Pearl in DreamsTags: pearl dream, purity dream, reward dream, sorrow dream
I had a dream I was digging in dirt to find pearls that my mother had left for me. Someone in my dream was telling me that they were very valuable. I found a handful of pearls and went to wash them off. (My mother passed away 7 mths ago)
I had a dream last night where I went to Olive Garden with my family and at the end of the meal we were given cards for some contest. It seems that if you match two holographic gems you get that prize. The was concealed by the cardboard on the card so you had to remove a little piece to see the image. The image looked like glittering diamonds but when you move it to one angle both were purple. Turns out I won a pearl necklace worth 11k. I went up to the bartender to see where I go to get my prize and she takes me into the back down this hallway (sorta felt like a factory of some sort). We go through some gates and she sits me in a chair. The next thing I know she's strapping me to the chair and giving me anesthesia. I fall asleep in the dream and my chest is opened up and she surgically implants a pearl right where my heart is. I wake up and a little confused, she shines some sort of blacklight/xray on my chest and the pearl glows. I tell her this isn't what I was suppose to win, I was suppose to get a necklace of pearls so that I can give it to my mother. She looks at the card and points at the part that says something having to do with not always winning and I'm like "yeah, its like winning the lotto not everyone is going to win but this time I did. I matched the two pictures." The lady was emotionless the entire time and after she kept refusing I became angry and threatened to sue. She looked at the little piece of folded paper inside a tiny box with the single pearl and I was right about the necklace. I can't remember the rest.
Hi I dreamt of finding 1 black pearl and 2 creamy pearls in there shells. What does this mean. I was in shallow sea. The dream was nice i was happy within the dream.
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...Damn it!
The amount of posts I'm responding to at the moment I'll be there tonight! :p
Printable View
Is it just me or did Austin's post count drop? o.O
He was well over 13,000 last time I checked.
Well I blame you. My post count would probably be around 13,000 if you'd been here the last few months. (And all of them would be in here :D)


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Pacific Adventure in Brinnon offers experienced guides and boat for dives in Hood Canal. |
See hiking | camping | fishing This area of Hood Canal is great for kayaking - abundant marine life includes seals, sea lions, otters, an occasional Orca, plus great blue herons, eagles, salmon and shellfish, fascinating land masses in pristine waters. See Kayak Brinnon for rentals. |


text:
by Dionysos Thriambos
The heart of heaven beams forth life and bliss
As worlds are hidden in the serpent's coil.
The horns of mortal change, twixt which there is
A gate of love, are turned towards the soil.
Brood of the snake! Droop down your heads and shoot
Forth venom's ice into the steaming earth.
There germinates the secret branching root
That surfaces in green and vital birth
Of stems uplifting leaves and fragrant blooms.
The final fruits lie rotting on the ground;
And far beyond the tombs, the kings are crowned.


text:
If you would like to link to our site...Copy and paste the following code to link to our site using our logo banner, To create a link to our site using text only, copy and paste the following code, Love Comics? Check out ComicsEtc.com |
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Owning Class: support
Requires: MathScript RT Module
a = fgets(fid)
a = fgets(fid, n)
Reads a specified number of characters or a line from a file. fgets(fid) reads a line from the file you specify in fid. fgets(fid, n) reads n characters from the file you specify in fid. If the file mark reaches an end-of-line character, LabVIEW stops reading from the file. To read a line or a specified number of characters from a byte stream file, you must use this function.
Name | Description |
fid | Specifies the identifier for the file you want to read. Use the fopen function to open a file and assign it an identifier. fid is an integer. |
n | Specifies the number of characters to read from the file you specify in fid. |
Name | Description |
a | Returns the string LabVIEW reads from the file you specify in fid. |
The following table lists the support characteristics of this function.
Supported in the LabVIEW Run-Time Engine | Yes |
Supported on RT targets | Yes |
Suitable for bounded execution times on RT | Not characterized |
Make sure the file Test.m exists in the MathScript search path.
fid = fopen('Test.m');


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Today's top stories
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This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2013) |
Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
(8R,9S,13S,14S,17S)-13-methyl-6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,17-diol | |
Clinical data | |
Trade names | Climara, Menostar |
AHFS/Drugs.com | monograph |
Oral, transdermal | |
Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | 97–99% is bound |
Metabolism | Liver |
Half-life | ~13-17 hours |
Excretion | Urine and sweat glands |
Identifiers | |
50-28-2 | |
PubChem | CID 5757 |
IUPHAR ligand | 1012 |
DrugBank | DB00783 |
ChemSpider | 5554 |
ChEBI | CHEBI:16469 |
ChEMBL | CHEMBL135 |
Chemical data | |
Formula | C18H24O2 |
272.38 g/mol | |
(what is this?) (verify) |
Estradiol, or more precisely, 17β-estradiol, is a human sex hormone and steroid, and the primary female sex hormone. It is named for and is important in the regulation of the estrous and menstrual female reproductive cycles. Estradiol is essential for the development and maintenance of female reproductive tissues[1] but it also has important effects in many other tissues including bone. While estrogen levels in men are lower compared to women, estrogens have essential functions in men as well. Estradiol is found in most vertebrates as well as many crustaceans, insects, fish, and other animal species.[2][3]
Estradiol or oestradiol (American or British English usages), derives from estra-, Gk. οἶστρος (oistros, literally meaning "verve or inspiration")[4] and -diol, a chemical name and suffix indicating that this form of steroid and sex hormone is a type of alcohol bearing two hydroxyl groups.
Estradiol is produced especially within the follicles of female ovaries, but also in other endocrine (i.e., hormone-producing) and non-endocrine tissues (e.g., including fat, liver, adrenal, breast, and neural tissues). Estradiol is biosynthesized from progesterone (arrived at in two steps from cholesterol, via intermediate pregnenolone).[citation needed] One principle pathway then converts progesterone to its 17-hydroxy-derivative, and then to androstenedione via sequential cytochrome P450-catalyzed oxidations.[citation needed] Action of aromatase on this dione generates estrone, and action of a dehydrogenase on this gives the title compound, 17β-estradiol.[citation needed]
Female reproduction[edit]
In the female, estradiol acts as a growth hormone for tissue of the reproductive organs, supporting the lining of the vagina, the cervical glands, the endometrium, and the lining of the fallopian tubes. It enhances growth of the myometrium. Estradiol appears necessary to maintain oocytes in the ovary. During the menstrual cycle, estradiol produced by the growing follicle triggers, via a positive feedback system, the hypothalamic-pituitary events that lead to the luteinizing hormone surge, inducing ovulation. In the luteal phase, estradiol, in conjunction with progesterone, prepares the endometrium for implantation. During pregnancy, estradiol increases due to placental production. In baboons, blocking of estrogen production leads to pregnancy loss, suggesting estradiol has a role in the maintenance of pregnancy. Research is investigating the role of estrogens in the process of initiation of labor. Actions of estradiol are required before the exposure of progesterone in the luteal phase.[citation needed]
Sexual development[edit]
The development of secondary sex characteristics in women is driven by estrogens, to be specific, estradiol. These changes are initiated at the time of puberty, most are enhanced during the reproductive years, and become less pronounced with declining estradiol support after the menopause. Thus, estradiol enhances breast development, and is responsible for changes in the body shape, affecting bones, joints and fat deposition. Fat structure and skin composition are modified by estradiol.[citation needed]
Male reproduction[edit]
The effect of estradiol (and estrogens) upon male reproduction is complex. Estradiol is produced by action of aromatase mainly in the Leydig cells of the mammalian testis, but also by some germ cells and the Sertoli cells of immature mammals.[5] It functions (in vitro) to prevent apoptosis of male sperm cells.[6]
Several studies have noted sperm counts have been declining in many parts of the world, and estrogen exposure in the environment has been postulated to be the cause.[7] Suppression of estradiol production in a subpopulation of subfertile men may improve the semen analysis.[8]
Males with sex chromosome genetic conditions, such as Klinefelters syndrome, will have a higher level of estradiol.[9]
Estradiol has a profound effect on bone. Individuals without it (or other estrogens) will become tall and eunuchoid, as epiphyseal closure is delayed or may not take place. Bone structure is affected also, resulting in early osteopenia and osteoporosis.[10] Also, women past menopause experience an accelerated loss of bone mass due to a relative estrogen deficiency.[11]
Estradiol has complex effects on the liver. It can lead to cholestasis. It affects the production of multiple proteins, including lipoproteins, binding proteins, and proteins responsible for blood clotting.[citation needed]
Estrogens can be produced in the brain from steroid precursors. As antioxidants, they have been found to have neuroprotective function.[12]
The positive and negative feedback loops of the menstrual cycle involve ovarian estradiol as the link to the hypothalamic-pituitary system to regulate gonadotropins.[13] (See Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis.)
Estrogen is considered to play a significant role in women's mental health, with links suggested between the hormone level, mood and well-being. Sudden drops or fluctuations in, or long periods of sustained low levels of estrogen may be correlated with significant mood-lowering. Clinical recovery from depression postpartum, perimenopause, and postmenopause was shown to be effective after levels of estrogen were stabilized and/or restored.[14][15]
Recently, the volumes of sexually dimorphic brain structures in phenotypical males were found to change and approximate typical female brain structures when exposed to estradiol over a period of months,[16] suggesting estradiol has a significant part to play in sex differentiation of the brain, both prenatally and throughout life.
There is also evidence the programming of adult male sexual behavior in many vertebrates is largely dependent on estradiol produced during prenatal life and early infancy.[17] It is not yet known whether this process plays a significant role in human sexual behavior, although evidence from other mammals tends to indicate a connection.[18]
Blood vessels[edit]
Estrogen affects certain blood vessels. Improvement in arterial blood flow has been demonstrated in coronary arteries.[19]
Estrogen is suspected to activate certain oncogenes, as it supports certain cancers, notably breast cancer and cancer of the uterine lining. In addition, several benign gynecologic conditions are dependent on estrogen, such as endometriosis, leiomyomata uteri, and uterine bleeding.[citation needed]
The effect of estradiol, together with estrone and estriol, in pregnancy is less clear. They may promote uterine blood flow, myometrial growth, stimulate breast growth and at term, promote cervical softening and expression of myometrial oxytocin receptors.[citation needed]
Medical uses[edit]
Hormonal contraception[edit]
A chemical derivative of estradiol, ethinyl estradiol with maximum dosage 200 µg,[20] is a major component of hormonal contraceptive devices. Combined forms of hormonal contraception contain ethinyl estradiol and a progestin, which both contribute to the inhibition of GnRH, LH, and FSH, which accounts for the ability of these birth control methods to prevent ovulation and thus prevent pregnancy. Other types of hormonal birth control contain only progestins and no ethinyl estradiol.[21]
Hormone replacement therapy[edit]
If severe side effects of low levels of estradiol in a woman's blood are experienced (commonly at the beginning of menopause or after oophorectomy), hormone replacement therapy may be prescribed. Such therapy is usually combined with a progestin to reduce the risk of endometrial cancer.[22]
Estrogen therapy may be used in treatment of infertility in women when there is a need to develop sperm-friendly cervical mucus or an appropriate uterine lining. This is often prescribed in combination with clomifene.[citation needed]
Estrogen therapy can also be used to treat advanced prostate cancer, as well as to relieve symptoms of breast cancer.[23][24]
Not all products are available worldwide. Estradiol is also part of conjugated estrogen preparations, such as Premarin, though it is not the major ingredient. (Premarin consists of a large number of estrogen derivatives. As the name indicates, it comes from pregnant mares' urine.)[25]
Hormone replacement therapy in transgender women[edit]
Estrogen therapy is also used as part of the hormone replacement therapy for trans women. Either oral or transdermal estradiol is used in higher concentrations during initial treatment and transition; estradiol is continued in lower doses to maintain female-level hormones following gender reassignment surgery.[26]
Blocking estrogens[edit]
Inducing a state of hypoestrogenism may be beneficial in certain situations where estrogens are contributing to unwanted effects, e.g., certain forms of breast cancer, gynecomastia, premature closure of epiphyses, and inhibiting feminization in female-to-male transsexual hormone treatment. Estrogen levels can be reduced by inhibiting production using gonadotropin-releasing factor agonists (GnRH agonists) or blocking the aromatase enzyme using an aromatase inhibitor, such as anastrozole, or with an estrogen receptor antagonist, such as tamoxifen.
Estradiol medications[edit]
Estrogen is marketed in a number of ways to address issues of hypoestrogenism. Thus, there are oral, transdermal, topical, injectable, and vaginal preparations. Furthermore, the estradiol molecule may be linked to an alkyl group at C17 (sometimes also at C3) position to facilitate the administration. Such modifications give rise to estradiol acetate (oral and vaginal applications) and to estradiol cypionate (injectable).
Oral preparations are not necessarily predictably absorbed, and are subject to a first pass through the liver, where they can be metabolized, and also initiate unwanted side effects. Therefore, alternative routes of administration that bypass the liver before primary target organs are hit have been developed. Transdermal and transvaginal routes are not subject to the initial liver passage.
Ethinyl estradiol, the most common estrogen ingredient in combined oral contraceptive pills, is a more profound alteration of the estradiol structure.
List of estradiol medications[edit]
- Gel: Estrogel, Estrasorb, Estraderm
- Oral versions: estradiol (Estrace), estradiol hemihydrate (Estrofem), estradiol acetate (Femtrace), estradiol valerate (Estrofem, Progynova)
- Transdermal patches: Alora, Climara, Minivelle, Vivelle-Dot, Menostar, Estraderm
- Topical Spray: EvaMist
- Ointments: Divigel, Estrasorb Topical, Elestrin
- Injection: estradiol benzoate, estradiol cypionate, estradiol valerate
- Vaginal ointment: Estrace Vaginal Cream
- Vaginal ring: Estring (estradiol), Femring (estradiol acetate)
- Vaginal tablet: Vagifem (estradiol hemihydrate)
- Estradiol combined with a progestin: CombiPatch (transdermal), Activella (oral), AngeliQ (oral)
Estradiol hemihydrate[edit]
Estradiol hemihydrate (INN; brand names Climara, Estraderm, Estralis, Estrasorb, Estreva, Estring, Estrofem, Estrogel, Vagifem, many others), or oestradiol hemihydrate, is the hemihydrate form of estradiol.[27] In terms of activity and bioequivalence, estradiol and its hemihydrate are identical, with the only disparities being an approximate 1% difference in potency by weight (due to the presence of water molecules in the hemihydrate form of the substance) and a slower rate of release with certain formulations of the hemihydrate.[28][29] This is because estradiol hemihydrate is more hydrated than anhydrous estradiol, and for that reason, is highly insoluble in water in comparison, which results in slower absorption rates with specific formulations such as Vagifem, a vaginal tablet form of the drug.[29] Estradiol hemihydrate has also been shown to result in less systemic absorption as a vaginal tablet formulation relative to other topical estradiol formulations such as vaginal creams.[30]
Adverse effects[edit]
Adverse effects, which may occur as a result of use of estradiol and have been associated with estrogen and/or progestin therapy, include changes in vaginal bleeding, dysmenorrhea, increase in size of uterine leiomyomata, vaginitis including vaginal candidiasis, changes in cervical secretion and cervical ectropion, ovarian cancer, endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial cancer, nipple discharge, galactorrhea, fibrocystic breast changes and breast cancer. Cardiovascular effects include chest pain, deep and superficial venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, thrombophlebitis, myocardial infarction, stroke, and increased blood pressure. Gastrointestinal effects include nausea and vomiting, abdominal cramps, bloating, diarrhea, dyspepsia, dysuria, gastritis, cholestatic jaundice, increased incidence of gallbladder disease, pancreatitis, or enlargement of hepatic hemangiomas. Skin adverse effects include chloasma or melasma that may continue despite discontinuation of the drug. Other effects on the skin include erythema multiforme, erythema nodosum, otitis media, hemorrhagic eruption, loss of scalp hair, hirsutism, pruritus, or rash. Adverse effects on the eyes include retinal vascular thrombosis, steepening of corneal curvature or intolerance to contact lenses. Adverse central nervous system effects include headache, migraine, dizziness, mental depression, chorea, nervousness/anxiety, mood disturbances, irritability, and worsening of epilepsy. Other adverse effects include changes in weight, reduced carbohydrate tolerance, worsening of porphyria, edema, arthralgias, bronchitis, leg cramps, hemorrhoids, changes in libido, urticaria, angioedema, anaphylactic reactions, syncope, toothache, tooth disorder, urinary incontinence, hypocalcemia, exacerbation of asthma, and increased triglycerides.[31][32]
Estrogen combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate is associated with an increased risk of dementia. It is not known whether estradiol taken alone is associated with an increased risk of dementia. Estrogens should only be used for the shortest possible time and at the lowest effective dose due to these risks. Attempts to gradually reduce the medication via a dose taper should be made every three to six months.[31]
Estradiol has been tied to the development and progression of cancers such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer. Estradiol effects target tissues by interacting with two nuclear hormone receptors called estrogen receptor α (ERα) and estrogen receptor β (ERβ).[33][34] One of the functions of these estrogen receptors is gene expression. Once the hormone binds to the estrogen receptors, the hormone-receptor complexes then bind to specific DNA sequences, possibly causing damage to the DNA and an increase in cell division and DNA replication. Eukaryotic cells respond to damaged DNA by stimulating or impairing G1, S, or G2 phases of the cell cycle to initiate DNA repair. As a result, cellular transformation and cancer cell proliferation occurs.[35]
St John's wort, phenobarbital, carbamazepine and rifampicin decrease the levels of estrogens, such as estradiol, by speeding up its metabolism, whereas erythromycin, clarithromycin, ketoconazole, itraconazole, ritonavir and grapefruit juice may slow down metabolism, leading to increased levels in the blood plasma.[31]
Estradiol should be avoided when there is undiagnosed abnormal genital bleeding, known, suspected or a history of breast cancer, current treatment for metastatic disease, known or suspected estrogen-dependent neoplasia, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism or history of these conditions, active or recent arterial thromboembolic disease such as stroke, myocardial infarction, liver dysfunction or disease. Estradiol should not be taken by people with a hypersensitivity/allergy or those who are pregnant or are suspected pregnant.[31]
Biosynthesis and localization[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2014) |
Estradiol, like other steroids, is derived from cholesterol. After side chain cleavage and using the delta-5 or the delta-4 pathway, androstenedione is the key intermediary. A fraction of the androstenedione is converted to testosterone, which in turn undergoes conversion to estradiol by an enzyme called aromatase. In an alternative pathway, androstenedione is aromatized to estrone, which is subsequently converted to estradiol.[36]
During the reproductive years, most estradiol in women is produced by the granulosa cells of the ovaries by the aromatization of androstenedione (produced in the theca folliculi cells) to estrone, followed by conversion of estrone to estradiol by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Smaller amounts of estradiol are also produced by the adrenal cortex, and (in men), by the testes.[citation needed]
Estradiol is not produced in the gonads only, in particular, fat cells produce active precursors to estradiol, and will continue to do so even after menopause.[22] Estradiol is also produced in the brain and in arterial walls, though it cannot be readily transferred from the circulatory system into the brain.[37] However, as one of the two active metabolites of testosterone in males (the other being dihydrotestosterone), it can be produced from this hormone within the brain.
The biosynthesis of estradiol has been observed in various other species, as indicated above, but also in such species as Phaseolus vulgaris.[relevant? ][38]
Mechanism of action[edit]
Estradiol acts primarily as an agonist of the estrogen receptor (ER), a nuclear steroid hormone receptor. There are two subtypes of the ER, ERα and ERβ, and estradiol potently binds to and activates both of these receptors. The result of ER activation is a modulation of gene transcription and expression in ER-expressing cells, which is the predominant mechanism by which estradiol mediates its biological effects in the body. Estradiol also acts as an agonist of the intracellular membrane receptor GPER, a recently discovered non-nuclear estrogen receptor, through which it can mediate a variety of rapid, non-genomic effects.[39] Unlike the case of the ER, GPER appears to be selective for estradiol, and shows very low affinities for other endogenous estrogens, such as estrone and estriol.[40]
In the E2 classical pathway or estrogen classical pathway, estradiol enters the cytoplasm, where it causes dissociation of heat-shock protein (HSP). Estradiol now binds to HSP and can homodimerise (form structures of two HSP and two estradiol molecules) and then bind to specific domains on the nucleus (estrogen response element, ERE), allowing for gene transcription which can take place over hours and days.
In plasma, estradiol is largely bound to sex hormone-binding globulin, also to albumin. Only a fraction of 2.21% (± 0.04%) is free and biologically active, the percentage remaining constant throughout the menstrual cycle.[41] Deactivation includes conversion to less-active estrogens, such as estrone and estriol. Estriol is the major urinary metabolite. Estradiol is conjugated in the liver by sulfate and glucuronide formation and, as such, excreted via the kidneys. Some of the water-soluble conjugates are excreted via the bile duct, and partly reabsorbed after hydrolysis from the intestinal tract. This enterohepatic circulation contributes to maintaining estradiol levels.
In the liver, estradiol is non-specifically metabolized by CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9 via 2-hydroxylation into 2-hydroxyestradiol, and by CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2C8 via 17β-hydroxy dehydrogenation into estrone,[42] with various other cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and metabolic transformations also being involved.[43] As a result, cimetidine, a known, non-selective inhibitor of CYP450 enzymes, can increase the levels of exogenous, orally-ingested estradiol.[42]
Levels and potency of estrogens[edit]
As the name implies, estradiol, sometimes abbreviated E2, has two hydroxyl groups in its molecular structure; its relatives estrone (E1) and estriol (E3) have one and three, respectively.[citation needed] Based on its unique chemical structure, estradiol is about 10 times as potent as estrone and about 80 times as potent as estriol in its estrogenic effect.[citation needed] During the reproductive years of the human female, its serum levels are somewhat higher than that of estrone, except during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle; thus, estradiol may be considered the predominant estrogen during human female reproductive years in terms of absolute serum levels and estrogenic activity.[citation needed] During pregnancy estriol becomes the predominant circulating estrogen, while during menopause, estrone predominates (both based on serum levels).[citation needed] The estradiol produced by male humans, from testosterone, is present at serum levels roughly comparable to postmenopausal women (14-55 versus <35 pg/mL, respectively).[citation needed]
In women, serum estradiol is measured in a clinical laboratory and reflects primarily the activity of the ovaries. As such, they are useful in the detection of baseline estrogen in women with amenorrhea or menstrual dysfunction, and to detect the state of hypoestrogenicity and menopause. Furthermore, estrogen monitoring during fertility therapy assesses follicular growth and is useful in monitoring the treatment. Estrogen-producing tumors will demonstrate persistent high levels of estradiol and other estrogens. In precocious puberty, estradiol levels are inappropriately increased.
Individual laboratory results should always been interpreted using the ranges provided by the laboratory that performed the test.
Reference ranges for serum estradiol | |||
Patient type | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit |
Adult male | 50[44] | 200[44] | pmol/L |
14 | 55 | pg/mL | |
Adult female (follicular phase, day 5) |
70[44] 95% PI (standard) |
pmol/L |
110[45] 90% PI (used in diagram) |
19 (95% PI) | 140 (95% PI) | pg/mL | |
Adult female (preovulatory peak) |
400[44] | 1500[44] | pmol/L |
110 | 410 | pg/mL | |
Adult female (luteal phase) |
70[44] | 600[44] | pmol/L |
19 | 160 | pg/mL | |
Adult female - free (not protein bound) |
0.5[46][original research?] | 9[46][original research?] | pg/mL |
1.7[46][original research?] | 33[46][original research?] | pmol/L | |
Post-menopausal female | N/A[44] | < 130[44] | pmol/L |
N/A | < 35 | pg/mL |
In the normal menstrual cycle, estradiol levels measure typically <50 pg/ml at menstruation, rise with follicular development (peak: 200 pg/ml), drop briefly at ovulation, and rise again during the luteal phase for a second peak. At the end of the luteal phase, estradiol levels drop to their menstrual levels unless there is a pregnancy.
During pregnancy, estrogen levels, including estradiol, rise steadily toward term. The source of these estrogens is the placenta, which aromatizes prohormones produced in the fetal adrenal gland.
Chemical synthesis[edit]
Estradiol is most easily made by reducing the keto group of estrone by various reducing agents, in particular potassium borohydride.
An alternative way of making estradiol is based on using androstenolone acetate (3-acetoxy-5-androsten-17-one). Reduction of the keto-group in this molecule by hydrogen using Raney nickel catalyst and subsequent acylation of the resulting hydroxyl group with benzoyl chloride forms a diester. The double bond at C5–C6 is reduced with hydrogen over platinum catalyst, and then mild alkaline hydrolysis in methanol of the acetyl protecting group at C3, oxidation of the resulting hydroxyl group to a ketone using chromium trioxide, and then the benzoyl pretecting group of the hydroxyl at C17 is hydrolyzed by an aqueous base, giving the keto alcohol. This compound undergoes bromination with molecular bromine, just as in the method for preparing estrone, which results in the formation of a dibromide. This product undergoes dehydrobromination when heated in collidine, giving a dienone. When heated in tetralin to a temperature of 325 °C, methane molecule cleaves off the position 10 followed by aromatization of ring A, and the desired estradiol.
Estradiol is also made in other ways.[48][49]
See also[edit]
- Hormone replacement therapy (menopause)
- Hormone replacement therapy (male-to-female)
- Estrogen insensitivity syndrome
- Gender
- Androgen
- Oral contraceptive formulations
- Phytoestrogens, the family of plant chemicals which can act on estradiol receptive tissue in mammals, although the exact mechanism at hand is unclear.
- Bisphenols, a group of human made chemical compounds that mimic estradiol
- ^ Ryan KJ (August 1982). "Biochemistry of aromatase: significance to female reproductive physiology". Cancer Res. 42 (8 Suppl): 3342s–3344s. PMID 7083198.
- ^ Mechoulam R, Brueggemeier RW, Denlinger DL (September 2025). "Estrogens in insects" (PDF). Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 40 (9): 942–944. doi:10.1007/BF01946450. Check date values in:
(help) - ^ Ozon R (1972). "Estrogens in Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, and Birds". In Idler DR. Steroids In Nonmammalian Vertebrates. Oxford: Elsevier Science. pp. 390–414. ISBN 032314098X.
- ^ "Greek Word Study Tool: oistros". Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ Carreau S, Lambard S, Delalande C, Denis-Galeraud I, Bilinska B, Bourguiba S (2003). "Aromatase expression and role of estrogens in male gonad : a review". Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 1: 35. doi:10.1186/1477-7827-1-35. PMC 155680. PMID 12747806.
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- ^ 韋伯顧問醫師 (2011-08-09). 【您應該知道的避孕常識 9】事後緊急避孕 [Common contraception knowledge you shall know (Part 9): Emergency contraception after sex] (in Chinese). Retrieved 2012-07-02.
- ^ Glasier, Anna (2010). "Contraception". In Jameson, J. Larry; De Groot, Leslie J. Endocrinology (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier. pp. 2417–2427. ISBN 978-1-4160-5583-9.
- ^ a b Mutschler, Ernst; Schäfer-Korting, Monika (2001). Arzneimittelwirkungen (in German) (8 ed.). Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft. pp. 434, 444. ISBN 3-8047-1763-2.
- ^ Ockrim JL, Lalani el-N, Kakkar AK, Abel PD (August 2005). "Transdermal estradiol therapy for prostate cancer reduces thrombophilic activation and protects against thromboembolism". J. Urol. 174 (2): 527–33; discussion 532–3. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000165567.99142.1f. PMID 16006886.
- ^ Carruba G, Pfeffer U, Fecarotta E, Coviello DA, D'Amato E, Lo Castro M, Vidali G, Castagnetta L (March 1994). "Estradiol inhibits growth of hormone-nonresponsive PC3 human prostate cancer cells". Cancer Res. 54 (5): 1190–3. PMID 8118804.
- ^ Drugs.com: Premarin Official FDA information, side effects and uses.
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- ^ Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis US. 2000. pp. 406–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
- ^ IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans; World Health Organization; International Agency for Research On Cancer (2007). Combined Estrogen-Progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen-Progestogen Menopausal Therapy. World Health Organization. p. 384. ISBN 978-92-832-1291-1. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
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- ^ a b c d Barr Laboratories, Inc. (March 2008). "ESTRACE TABLETS, (estradiol tablets, USP)" (PDF). wcrx.com. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
- ^ Pfizer (August 2008). "ESTRING (estradiol vaginal ring)" (PDF).
- ^ Bulzomi P, Bolli A, Galluzzo P, Leone S, Acconcia F, Marino M (January 2010). "Naringenin and 17β-estradiol coadministration prevents hormone-induced human cancer cell growth". IUBMD Life 62 (1): 51–60. doi:10.1002/iub.279. PMID 19960539.
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- ^ Young, I. J.; Hillman, J. R.; Knights, B. A. (1978). "Endogenous Estradiol-17 β in Phaseolus vulgaris". Zeitschrift für Pflanzenphysiologie 90: 45. doi:10.1016/S0044-328X(78)80223-2.
- ^ Prossnitz ER, Barton M (May 2014). "Estrogen biology: New insights into GPER function and clinical opportunities". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 389 (1-2): 71–83. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2014.02.002. PMID 24530924.
- ^ Prossnitz ER, Arterburn JB, Sklar LA (February 2007). "GPR30: A G protein-coupled receptor for estrogen". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 265-266: 138–42. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2006.12.010. PMC 1847610. PMID 17222505.
- ^ Wu CH, Motohashi T, Abdel-Rahman HA, Flickinger GL, Mikhail G (August 1976). "Free and protein-bound plasma estradiol-17 beta during the menstrual cycle". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 43 (2): 436–45. doi:10.1210/jcem-43-2-436. PMID 950372.
- ^ a b Cheng ZN, Shu Y, Liu ZQ, Wang LS, Ou-Yang DS, Zhou HH (February 2001). "Role of cytochrome P450 in estradiol metabolism in vitro". Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 22 (2): 148–54. PMID 11741520.
- ^ Lee AJ, Cai MX, Thomas PE, Conney AH, Zhu BT (August 2003). "Characterization of the oxidative metabolites of 17beta-estradiol and estrone formed by 15 selectively expressed human cytochrome p450 isoforms". Endocrinology 144 (8): 3382–98. doi:10.1210/en.2003-0192. PMID 12865317.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j GPNotebook — reference range (oestradiol) Retrieved on September 27, 2009
- ^ a b Values taken from day 1 after LH surge in: Stricker R, Eberhart R, Chevailler MC, Quinn FA, Bischof P, Stricker R (2006). "Establishment of detailed reference values for luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone during different phases of the menstrual cycle on the Abbott ARCHITECT analyzer". Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 44 (7): 883–7. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2006.160. PMID 16776638. as PDF
- ^ a b c d Total amount multiplied by 0.022 according to 2.2% presented in: Wu CH, Motohashi T, Abdel-Rahman HA, Flickinger GL, Mikhail G (August 1976). "Free and protein-bound plasma estradiol-17 beta during the menstrual cycle". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 43 (2): 436–45. doi:10.1210/jcem-43-2-436. PMID 950372.[original research?]
- ^ Inhoffen, H. H.; Zühlsdorff, G. (1941). "Übergang von Sterinen in aromatische Verbindungen, VI. Mitteil.: Die Darstellung des Follikelhormons Oestradiol aus Cholesterin". Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series) 74 (12): 1911. doi:10.1002/cber.19410741215.
- ^ Eder, U.; Gibian, H.; Haffer, G.; Neef, G. N.; Sauer, G.; Wiechert, R. (1976). "Totalsynthese optisch aktiver Steroide, XIV: Synthese von Östradiol". Chemische Berichte 109 (8): 2948. doi:10.1002/cber.19761090829.
- ^ Oppolzer, W.; Roberts, D. A. (1980). "The Enantioselective Synthesis of (+)-Estradiol from 1,3-Dihydrobenzo[c]thiophene-2,2-dioxide by Successive Thermal SO2-Extrusion and Cycloaddition Reactions. Preliminary communication". Helvetica Chimica Acta 63 (6): 1703. doi:10.1002/hlca.19800630638.
External links[edit]
- Estradiol MS Spectrum
- Estrogens - Lab Tests Online
Additional images[edit]


text:
Via Meerkat Mania.
Thanksgiving's in the air… and it tastes good.
Well! Of all the nerve!
I'm thankful for red panda tongues, toe beans, earsies, whiskers, eyebrow dots, floooflieness, schnoozles, feathers, pawsies….. and much more that causes me to overload on Qte. Oh yeah, and I'm thankful for all the CO hooomins!
Razberries to all of us hoomans.
… and the clown makeup, the downward tuft that makes their ears look funny, the giant woolly bear tail…
Did anyone watch the video that followed of the red pandas cavorting in the snow? I want to live in the house that has that backyard!
His tongue – it wiggles at me so.
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text:
Have an ADR for lunch at 50's PTC. I am a vegetarian and the veggie option looks kind of gross, but I don't like the CS options in DHS so I figured I'd give 50's a shot. My mom isn't a vegetarian but now I am wondering if she will like the food. I am just overanalyzing I guess, but I am looking for everyone's opinions on this place! Thanks, C
Can't comment on anything veggie related. Lol But we really like the food. We are not a big fan of the theme so we eat at the bar to avoid the antics. Love the fried chicken and pot roast. The chicken pot pie is good too. Didn't care for the meatloaf. But I read about others loving it. The desserts are huge! Hope you have a great time!
I don't think that's what I had there (2 years ago) but I liked my vegetarian dinner. Cant remember for the life of me what it was? On the other hand, I think that Risotta looks good.
I think it used to be a stuffed pepper? But now it is some kind of meatless spaghetti? Thank you both for the input!!
Well, we decided to cancel for this trip. I will keep all of your insight in mind for next time, though Thanks again!
I had the vegetarian spaghetti and "meatballs" last year and actually thought it was really good. Do you know where you plan on eating instead? I'm trying to decide where we're going to eat next week at DHS and the vegetarian options are...less than exciting.
My family of 5 are vegetarian/pescetarian and we ate the veggie sandwiches at Backlot Express and Cheese Pizza at Pizza Planet. We really liked the sandwiches but thought the pizza was gross (the theme at pizza planet was great though).


text:
Extruded soft glass photonic crystal fiber for ultrabroad supercontinuum generation
Optics Express, Vol. 10, Issue 25, pp. 1520-1525 (2002)
Enhanced HTML Acrobat PDF (628 KB)
We report the fabrication and properties of soft glass photonic crystal fibers (PCF's) for supercontinuum generation. The fibers have zero or anomalous group velocity dispersion at wavelengths around 1550 nm, and approximately an order of magnitude higher nonlinearity than attainable in comparable silica fibers. We demonstrate the generation of an ultrabroad supercontinuum spanning at least 350 nm to 2200 nm using a 1550 nm ultrafast pump source.
© 2002 Optical Society of America
OCIS Codes
(060.2280) Fiber optics and optical communications : Fiber design and fabrication
(060.2290) Fiber optics and optical communications : Fiber materials
(190.4370) Nonlinear optics : Nonlinear optics, fibers
ToC Category:
Research Papers
Original Manuscript: November 11, 2002
Revised Manuscript: December 12, 2002
Published: December 16, 2002
V.V. Ravi Kumar, A. George, W. Reeves, J. Knight, P. Russell, F. Omenetto, and A. Taylor, "Extruded soft glass photonic crystal fiber for ultrabroad supercontinuum generation," Opt. Express 10, 1520-1525 (2002)
Sort: Journal | Reset
- J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, D. M. Atkin and P. St. J. Russell, �??Pure Silica Single-mode Fiber with Hexagonal Photonic Crystal Cladding,�?? Proc. Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. No. PD3 (post deadline), San Jose, California Feb. 1996. [PubMed]
- M. A. van Eijkelenborg, M. C. J. Large, A. Argyros, J. Zagari, S. Manos, N. A. Issa, I. Bassett, S. Fleming, R. C. McPhedran, C. M. de Sterke and N. A. P. Nicorovici, �??Microstructured Polymer Optical Fiber,�?? Opt. Express 9, 319-327 (2001), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-9-7-319. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. C. Allan J. A. West, J. C. Fajardo, M. T .Gallagher, K. W. Kock and N. F. Borrelli, �??Photonic Crystal Fibers:Effective index and Band gap Guidance,�?? in Photonic Crystals and light localization in the 21st Century, C. M. Soukoulis, Ed., pg 305-320, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands (2001).
- T. M. Monro, K. M. Kiang, J. H. Lee, K. Frampton, Z. Yusoff, R. Moore, J. Tucknott, D. W. Hewak, H. N. Rutt and D. J. Richardson, �??High nonlinearity extruded single-mode holey optical fibers,�?? Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf . Post deadline paper FA1, 1-3 OFC 2002 (2002).
- J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. St. J. Russell, and D. M. Atkin: �??All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding,�?? Opt. Lett. 21, 1547 (1996); errata 22, 484 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. A. Birks, J. C. Knight and P. St. J. Russell, �??Endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fiber,�?? Opt. Lett. 22 961 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. K. Ranka, R. S. Windeler, A. J. Stentz, �??Visible Continuum Generation in Air-Silica Microstructure Optical Fibers with Anomalous Dispersion at 800nm,�?? Opt. Lett. 25, 25-27 (2000). [CrossRef]
- F. G. Omenetto, A. J. Taylor, M. D. Moores, J. Arriaga, J. C. Knight, W. J. Wadsworth and P. St. J. Russell, �??Simultaneous generation of spectrally distinct third harmonics in a photonic crystal fiber,�?? Opt. Lett. 26 1158-1160 (2001). [CrossRef]
- Data sheet for N-SF6, Schott Glass Company (2001).
- L. L. Chase and E. W. Van Stryland , �??Nonlinear Optical Properties,�?? in CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology Suppl. 2, M. J. Weber Ed, CRC Press, Boca Raton (1995).
- J. C. Knight J. Arriaga, T. A. Birks, A. Ortigosa-Blanch, W. J. Wadsworth and P. St. J. Russell, �??Anomalous Dispersion in Photonic Crystal Fiber,�?? IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 12, 807-809 (2000). [CrossRef]
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CHARACTER Bruce | |
Appearance(s): | The Lost and Damned |
Full name: | Bruce |
Status: | Determinant |
Gender: | Male |
Place of birth: | Liberty City |
Home: | The Lost Clubhouse, Acter, Alderney |
Nationality: | American |
Main affiliation: | The Lost Brotherhood |
Voiced by: | N/A |
This article is about The Lost MC member. For other characters with the same name, see Bruce. |
Bruce is a character in the Grand Theft Auto series, appearing as a minor character in The Lost and Damned.
Bruce is a minor member of The Lost MC biker gang. He helps Johnny Klebitz and other bikers during gang wars.
He can be toughen up if he'll survive either storyline missions or gang wars; he is killable, and if he'll get killed he would be replaced by another member while a photo of him will be placed on the clubhouse's memorial wall.


text:
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President's Updates
Preview Days, April 5-6Wednesday, Apr. 2, 2014This weekend we expect to host about 3000 visitors on campus for Preview Days. This is an important opportunity for admitted students to decide if Santa Clara is the place for them. Of the nearly 15,000 applicants for the freshman class of 1300 spots, 48.8% were admitted. Throughout the weekend, faculty, staff and students will give tours and presentations on academic programs, student life, housing, international programs and many more topics. I thank all the members of the University community who will be on campus to welcome our guests and present Santa Clara at its best.
Posted by Office of the President
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U.S. Thanksgiving is just around the corner. If you're teaching lessons about The First Thanksgiving, the Plimoth Plantation website has some resources that you will want to check out.
You Are the Historian: Investigating the First Thanksgiving is an interactive exploration of the facts and myths associated with the story of the First Thanksgiving. Students can explore the facts and myths through the eyes of a Native American child or through the eyes of a female Pilgrim. Through the eyes of each character students discover the culture of giving thanks in the Native American and English cultures. My favorite part of the investigation is "The Path to 1621" in which students hear the perspectives of Native Americans and Pligrims about events prior to 1621.
Applications for Education
Plimoth Plantation has an extensive teaching guide that accompanies You Are the Historian: Investigating the First Thanksgiving. The teaching guide includes the use primary source documents in addition to the text in the interactive investigation. To make the activity accessible to as many classrooms as possible Plimoth Plantation allows you to download the files to run the activity locally. You can download the activity here (the link will start a zip file download).
I learned about this great interactive exploration from a pre-service teacher participating in one of my workshops in Missoula, Montana last month.


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Saturday, August 4, 2012
Domes and Cloches
13 comments:
Where should I begin? I have one in my living room that holds a stack of vintage books, a few beautiful buttons, and a bird feather. Love a good cloche :)
ReplyDeleteI love that one with the bird hanging over the spools of ribbon - so cute!
Totally love the idea of using one for seasonal decor! Especially the ornament idea. Already getting Christmas-fever. hahaGorgeous pictures. I think the thing I love most about a cloche is the versitility--so easy to change out items on display with the season or when I find a new treasure. Love the baby fern undert the chicken wire dome!
ReplyDeletesweet images, especially one with cakes :)
Pretty To Be HappyLove the one with ribbons and bird hanging from the top! So cute! Hope you are having a wonderful day!
Style-Delights Blog
Style-Delights on BloglovinI love the idea of cake/cupcakes under a glass dome - so cute!


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OS X - Apps and Games Discussion of applications and games available for Mac OS X. |
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Member Since: Mar 01, 2005
Location: Liverpool
Posts: 30
Mac Specs: G4 ibook 1.33, 512 ram, 80gig hd, bluetooth and airport
Hi All,
I have a friend who has a citrix client loaded onto his mac OS10.2 which he uses to access his intranet at work from home. Up until the other day all was working fine but now the client no longer opens the applications. So far i have reinstalled the client clearing all the preferences and replaced the myroot.crt file in the keystore/cacerts folder. There is no error message its just wont open the application. I have reset safari, made sure the Norton and OSX firewall is disabled etc. I have check safari`s browser settings and all seem to be fine. I have asked my friend to see what happens if he saves the link to desktop and open it from the icon or to control click and open in a new window. After this i am stuck can anybody offer any suggestions?? my thanks in advance Panic, chaos, disorder, my job here is done http://www.totallybear.co.uk/ http://www.silversolutions.co.uk/ |
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Safari image loading problem-Post 10.4.6 upg | peter_hutson | OS X - Apps and Games | 0 | 06-03-2006 03:16 AM |
Safari: Opening links as Tabs - how? | Steve1 | OS X - Apps and Games | 3 | 04-25-2006 05:11 PM |
Safari quits when opening bookmarks | fennel0 | OS X - Operating System | 5 | 02-17-2006 09:25 AM |
Safari is the browser to use on OS X!! | Computer.Geek | OS X - Apps and Games | 14 | 04-29-2005 03:01 PM |
Citrix Client and Mac OS X | MichaelSullivan | Running Windows (or anything else) on your Mac | 4 | 04-15-2005 02:40 PM |
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Rosenberg and Bernstein debate U.S. economic recovery
In the video clip below, David Rosenberg of Gluskin Sheff & Associates and Richard Bernstein of Richard Bernstein Advisors discuss whether the American economy has turned a corner and the importance of corporate profits on GDP. Source: CNBC, March 22, 2012. 1 comment to Rosenberg and Bernstein debate U.S. economic recovery
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Hundley Ready To Help Rebels Reach Next Level
April 11, 2012 LAS VEGAS (UNLVRebels.com) - Veteran defensive coach Tim Hundley joined the UNLV football staff on March 6, less than one week before the start of spring practice. Just over a month on the job with the Rebels, coach Hundley sat down to talk about what the transition has been like for him, his outlook on the linebackers and what he looks forward to at UNLV.
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7-year-old arrested; mother says it shouldn't have happened
UPDATED 6:17 PM EDT Mar 26, 2014The mother of a 7-year-old boy told only WPBF 25 News' Angela Rozier on Wednesday that he's a special-needs child who should not have been arrested.
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