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Battle of Long Island
The Battle of Long Island, also known as the Battle of Brooklyn or the Battle of Brooklyn Heights, fought on August 27, 1776, was a defeat for the Continental Army under General George Washington and the beginning of a successful campaign that gave the British control of the strategically important city of New York. In the American Revolutionary War it was the first major battle to take place after the United States declared independence on July 4, 1776. In terms of troop size, it was the largest battle of the entire war.
After defeating the British in the Siege of Boston on March 17, 1776, General George Washington, Commander-in-Chief, brought the Continental Army to defend the port city of New York, then limited to the southern end of Manhattan Island. Washington understood that the city's harbor would provide an excellent base for the British Navy during the campaign. There he established defenses and waited for the British to attack. In July, the British, under the command of General William Howe, landed a few miles across the harbor from Manhattan on the sparsely-populated Staten Island, where during the next month and a half they were slowly reinforced by ships in Lower New York Bay, bringing their total force to 32,000 troops. With the British fleet in control of the entrance to the harbor at The Narrows, Washington knew the difficulty in holding the city. Believing Manhattan would be the first target, he moved there the bulk of his forces.
On August 22, the British landed on the shores of Gravesend Bay in southwest Kings County, across The Narrows from Staten Island, more than a dozen miles south from the East River crossings to Manhattan. After five days of waiting, the British attacked American defenses on the Guan Heights. Unknown to the Americans, however, Howe had brought his main army around their rear and attacked their flank soon after. The Americans panicked, resulting in twenty percent losses through casualty or capture, although a stand by 400 Maryland troops prevented a larger portion of the army from being captured. The remainder of the army retreated to the main defenses on Brooklyn Heights. The British dug in for a siege but, on the night of August 29–30, Washington evacuated the entire army to Manhattan without the loss of supplies or a single life. Washington and the Continental Army were driven out of New York entirely after several more defeats and forced to retreat through New Jersey and into Pennsylvania.
Boston to New York[edit]
In the first stage of the war, the British Army was trapped in the then-peninsular city of Boston and on March 17, they abandoned it setting sail to Halifax, Nova Scotia, to await reinforcements.[7] Washington then began to transfer regiments to New York City where he believed that the British would next attack because of its strategic importance.[8][9] Washington left Boston on April 4, arrived at New York on April 13,[10] and established headquarters at the former home of Archibald Kennedy on Broadway facing Bowling Green. Previously, in February, Washington had sent his second in command, Charles Lee, ahead to New York to establish the city's defenses.[11] Lee remained in New York City until March, when the Continental Congress sent him to South Carolina; the defense's construction was left to General William Alexander (Lord Stirling).[10] Troops were in limited supply, so Washington found the defenses incomplete,[12] but Lee had concluded that with the British commanding the sea it would be impossible to hold the city. Lee reasoned that the defenses should be located with the ability to inflict upon the British heavy casualties if any move was made to take and hold ground.[11] Barricades and redoubts were established in and around the city, and across the East River, in Brooklyn Heights facing the city, the bastion of Fort Stirling.[13] Lee also saw that Long Island was cleared of Loyalists.[14]
Washington began moving troops to Brooklyn in early May[15] so that within a short time, there were a few thousand of them in Brooklyn. On the eastern side of the East River, three more forts were under construction to support Fort Stirling, which stood to the west of the hamlet of Brooklyn Heights: Fort Putnam[16] (named for Rufus Putnam, not to be confused with the later Fort Putnam at West Point), Fort Greene[17] (named for Nathanael Greene) and Fort Box[18] (named for Major Daniel Box).[19] From north to south they lay with Fort Putnam furthest to the north, Greene slightly to the southwest and Box slightly further southwest. Each of these defensive structures were surrounded by a large ditch, all connected by a line of entrenchments and a total of 36 cannons (mostly 18-pounders).[20]
Fort Defiance was also being constructed at this time, located further southwest, past Fort Box, near present day Red Hook.[19] In addition to these new forts, a mounted battery was established on Governors Island, cannons were placed at Fort George facing Bowling Green and more cannons placed at the Whitehall Dock, which sat on the East River.[21] Hulks were sunk at strategic locations to deter the British from entering the East River and other waterways.[22]
Washington had been authorized by Congress to recruit an army of up to 28,501 troops; he had only 19,000 troops when he reached New York.[23] Military discipline was inadequate: routine orders were not carried out, muskets were fired in camp, flints were ruined, bayonets were used as knives to cut food, and firearm readiness was lax.[24] Petty internal conflict was common under the strain of so many people from different environments and temperaments in relative closeness.[25]
The commander of the artillery, Henry Knox, persuaded Washington to transfer 500 to 600 soldiers, who lacked muskets, to crew the artillery.[21] In early June, Knox and Greene inspected the land at the north end of Manhattan and decided to establish Fort Washington. Another fort, Fort Constitution, later renamed Fort Lee, was planned for opposite Fort Washington on the Hudson River.[21] The forts were hoped to discourage the British ships from sailing up the Hudson.[21]
British arrival[edit]
On June 28, Washington learned that the British fleet had set sail from Halifax on June 9 and were heading toward New York.[26] On June 29, signals were sent from men stationed on Staten Island, indicating that the British fleet had appeared. Within a few hours, 45 British ships dropped anchor in Lower New York Bay.[27] Less than a week later, there were 130 ships off Staten Island under the command of Richard Howe, the brother of the general.[28] The population of New York went into panic at the sight of the British ships, alarms went off and troops immediately rushed to their posts.[27] On July 2, British troops began to land on Staten Island. The Continental regulars on the island took a few shots at the British before fleeing and the citizens' militia switched over to the British side.[28]
On July 6, news reached New York that Congress had voted for independence four days earlier.[29] On Tuesday, July 9, at 18:00, Washington had several brigades march onto the commons of the city to hear the Declaration of Independence read. After the end of the reading, a mob ran down to Bowling Green, where, with ropes and bars, they tore down the gilded lead equestrian statue of George III of Great Britain.[30] In their fury, the crowd cut off the statue's head, severed the nose, and mounted what remained of the head on a spike outside a tavern, and the rest of the statue was dragged to Connecticut and melted down into musket balls.[31]
On July 12, two British ships, the Phoenix and the Rose, sailed up the harbor toward the mouth of the Hudson.[31] The American batteries stationed at Fort George, Red Hook and Governors Island opened fire, but the British returned fire into the city. The ships sailed along the New Jersey shore and continued up the Hudson, sailing past Fort Washington and arriving by nightfall at Tarrytown, the widest part of the Hudson.[32] The goal of the British ships was to cut off American supplies and encourage Loyalist support. The only casualties of the day were six Americans who were killed when their own cannon blew up.[32]
The next day, July 13, General Howe attempted to open negotiations with the Americans.[33] Howe sent a letter to Washington delivered by Lieutenant Philip Brown, who arrived under a flag of truce. The letter was addressed "George Washington, Esq."[33] Brown was met by Joseph Reed, who, on Washington's orders, had hurried to the waterfront accompanied by Henry Knox and Samuel Webb. Washington asked his officers whether it should be received or not, as it did not recognize his rank as general, and they unanimously said no.[34] Brown was told by Reed that there was no one in the army with that address. On July 16, Howe tried again, this time with the address "George Washington, Esq., etc., etc.", but it was again declined.[35] The next day, Howe sent Captain Nisbet Balfour to ask if Washington would meet with Howe's adjutant face to face, and a meeting was scheduled for July 20.[35] Howe's adjutant was Colonel James Patterson. Patterson told Washington that Howe had come with powers to grant pardons, but Washington said, "Those who have committed no fault want no pardon."[35] Patterson departed soon after.[35] Washington's performance during the meeting was praised throughout the United States.[36]
Meanwhile, British ships continued to arrive.[37] On August 1, 45 ships with generals Henry Clinton and Charles Cornwallis arrived, along with 3,000 troops. By August 12, 3,000 more British troops and another 8,000 Hessians had arrived.[38] At this point the British fleet numbered over 400 ships, including 73 war ships, and 32,000 troops were camped on Staten Island. Faced with this large force, Washington was unsure as to where the British would attack.[39] Both Greene and Reed thought that the British would attack Long Island, but Washington felt that a British attack on Long Island might be a diversion for the main attack on Manhattan. Washington broke his army in half, stationing half of it on Manhattan, and the other half on Long Island; the army on Long Island was commanded by Greene.[39] On August 20, Greene became ill and was forced to move to a house in Manhattan where he rested to recover. John Sullivan was placed in command until Greene was well enough to resume command.[40]
Invasion of Long Island[edit]
At 05:10AM, on August 22, an advance guard of 4,000 British troops, under the command of Clinton and Cornwallis, left Staten Island to land on Long Island.[41] At 08:00AM, all 4,000 troops landed on the shore of Gravesend Bay, unopposed. Colonel Edward Hand's Pennsylvanian riflemen had been stationed on the shore, but they did not oppose the landings and fell back, killing cattle and burning farmhouses on the way.[42] By noon, 15,000 troops had landed on shore along with 40 pieces of artillery. As hundreds of Loyalists came to greet the British troops, Cornwallis pushed on with the advance guard, advancing six miles on to the island and establishing camp at the village of Flatbush; Cornwallis was given orders to advance no further.[42][43]
Washington received word of the landings the same day they occurred, but was informed that the number was 8,000 to 9,000 troops.[44] This convinced Washington that it was the feint he had predicted and therefore he only sent 1,500 more troops to Brooklyn, bringing the total troops on Long Island to 6,000. On August 24, Washington replaced Sullivan with Israel Putnam who commanded the troops on Long Island.[45] Putnam arrived on Long Island the next day along with six battalions. Also that day the British troops on Long Island received 5,000 Hessian reinforcements, bringing their total to 20,000.[46] Although there was little fighting on the days immediately after the landing, some small skirmishes did take place with American marksmen armed with rifles picking off British troops from time to time.[47]
The American plan was that Putnam would direct the defenses from Brooklyn Heights while Sullivan and Stirling and their troops would be stationed on the Guan Heights.[48][49] The Guan were up to 150 feet high and blocked the most direct route to Brooklyn Heights.[48][49] Washington believed by stationing men on the heights that heavy casualties could be inflicted on the British before the troops fell back to the main defenses at Brooklyn Heights.[50] There were three main passes through the heights; the Gowanus Road furthest to the west, the Flatbush Road slightly farther to the east, in the center of the American line where it was expected the British would attack, and the Bedford Road farthest to the east. Stirling was responsible to defend the Gowanus Road with 500 men, and Sullivan was to defend the Flatbush and Bedford roads where there were 1,000 and 800 men respectively.[48] 6,000 troops would remain behind at Brooklyn Heights. There was one lesser-known pass through the heights farther to the east called the Jamaica Pass. This pass was defended by just five militia officers on horses.[51]
On the British side, General Clinton learned of the almost undefended Jamaica Pass from local Loyalists.[52] Clinton drew up a plan and gave it to William Erskine to propose to Howe. Clinton's plan had the main army making a night march and going through the Jamaica Pass to turn the American flank while other troops would keep the Americans busy in front.[53] On August 26, Clinton received word from Howe that the plan would be used, and that Clinton was to command the advance guard of the main army of 10,000 men on the march through the Jamaica Pass. While they made the night march, General James Grant's British troops along with some Hessians, a total of 4,000 men, would attack the Americans in front to distract them from the main army coming on their flank.[53] Howe told Clinton to be ready to move out that night, August 26.[53]
Night march[edit]
At 9:00PM, the British moved out.[54] No one, except the commanders—not even the officers—knew of the plan. Clinton led a crack brigade of light infantry with fixed bayonets in front, followed by Cornwallis who had eight battalions and 14 artillery pieces. Cornwallis was, in turn, followed by Howe and Hugh Percy with six battalions, more artillery, and baggage.[54] The column consisted of 10,000 men who stretched out over two miles. Three Loyalist farmers led the column toward the Jamaica Pass. The British had left their campfires burning to deceive the Americans into thinking that nothing was happening.[54] The column headed northeast until it reached what later became the village of New Lots when it headed directly north, toward the heights.
The column had yet to run into any American troops when they reached Howard's Tavern (also known as Howard's Half-Way House), just a few hundred yards from the Jamaica Pass.[55] The tavern keeper William Howard and his son William Jr. were forced to act as guides to show the British the way to the Rockaway Foot Path, an old Indian trail that skirted the Jamaica Pass to the west (located today in the Cemetery of the Evergreens). Five minutes after leaving the tavern, the five American militia officers stationed at the pass were captured without a shot fired, as they thought the British were Americans.[56] Clinton interrogated the men and they informed him that they were the only troops guarding the pass. By dawn the British were through the pass and stopped so that the troops could rest.[56] At 09:00am, they fired two heavy cannons to signal the Hessian troops below Battle Pass to begin their frontal assault against Sullivan's men deployed on the two hills flanking the pass, while Clinton's troops simultaneously flanked the American positions from the east.[56]
The Rockaway Foot Path
William Howard Jr. describes meeting General Howe: "My father replied, 'We belong to the other side, General, and can't serve you against our duty.' General Howe replied, 'That is alright; stick to your country, or stick to your principles, but Howard, you are my prisoner and must guide my men over the hill.' My father made some further objection, but was silenced by the general, who said, 'You have no alternative. If you refuse I shall shoot you through the head.'" |
Grant's diversionary attack[edit]
About 11PM on August 26, 1776, the first shots of the Battle of Long Island were fired near the Red Lion Inn (near present-day 39th St. and 4th Ave.). American pickets - part of Samuel John Atlee's Pennsylvania regiment - fired upon two British soldiers who were foraging in a watermelon patch near the Red Lion.[58]
Around 01:00AM on August 27, the British approached the vicinity of the Red Lion with between 200–300 troops. The American troops fired upon the British and after approximately two fusillades fled up the Gowanus Road toward the Vechte-Cortelyou House. Major Edward Burd who had been in command was captured along with a lieutenant and 15 privates.[59] This first engagement was fought in the vicinity of 38–39 streets between 2nd. and 3rd. avenues near a swamp located adjacent to the Gowanus Road.
Newly promoted Brigadier General Samuel Holden Parsons a lawyer from Connecticut who had recently secured a commission in the Continental Army, and Colonel Samuel Atlee in command of the First Regiment of Pennsylvania Musketry - a veteran of the French and Indian War - were stationed further north on the Gowanus Road. Putnam had been awakened by a guard at 0300 and told that the British were attacking through the Gowanus Pass.[60] Putnam lit signals to Washington who was on Manhattan and then rode south to warn Stirling of the attack.[61]
Stirling led two units of Colonel John Haslet's, 1st Delaware Regiment under the immediate command of Major Thomas Macdonough, and Colonel William Smallwood's 1st Maryland Infantry under the immediate command of Major Mordecai Gist - both Haslet and Smallwood were on courts-martial duty in Manhattan. Following close behind were Parson's Connecticut regiment with 251 men. Stirling led this combined force to reinforce Parsons and Atlee and stop the British advance. Stirling had a total of 1,600 troops at his command.[citation needed]
Stirling placed Atlee's men in an apple-orchard owned by Wynant Bennett on the southside of the Gowanus Road near present-day Third Avenue and 18th Street.[citation needed] Upon the approach of the British:
We took possession of a hill about two miles from camp, and detached Colonel Atlee to meet them further on the road; in about sixty rods he drew up and received the enemy's fire and gave them a well-directed fire from his regiment, which did great execution, and then retreated to the hill.[citation needed] - General Parsons
Stirling along with the Delaware and Maryland regiments took up positions just to the north of Atlee's men on the slopes of a rise of land between 18th and 20th streets. Some of the Maryland troops were positioned on a small hill - called Blokje Berg (Dutch: cube or block hill) by the local Dutch–near 23 Street. At the base of this hill the Gowanus Road crossed a small bridge over a drainage ditch which drained a marshy area. When the British advanced up the Gowanus Road the American troops fired upon them from positions on the north side of the ditch. To the left were Colonel Peter Kachline's Pennsylvania regiment.[citation needed]
Just to the southeast of Blokje Berg were a few hills, amongst them was a hill which is the highest point in King's County at 220 feet which came to be known as Battle Hill–in what is today Greenwood Cemetery by the cemetery's boundary of 23 Street and Seventh Avenue. The British attempted to outflank the American positions by taking this hill. The Americans trying to prevent the British move also sent troops under Parsons and Atlee to take the hill. The British got there first but the Americans were able to dislodge them in fierce fighting.[citation needed]
Battle Hill was the site of especially brutal fighting, with the Americans inflicting the highest number of casualties against the British troops during the entire Battle of Long Island. Among those killed was British Colonel James Grant, which led the Americans to erroneously believe that they had killed General James Grant. He was alleged to have been shot by a Pennsylvanian rifleman who had been sniping at the British from up in a tree. Amongst the American dead was Pennsylvanian Colonel Caleb Parry who was killed while rallying his troops.[citation needed]
In part due to the ferocity of the fighting and the number of British troops engaged, the Americans were still unaware that this was not the main British attack.[62]
Battle Pass[edit]
The Hessians, in the center under the command of General von Heister, began to bombard the American lines stationed at Battle Pass under the command of General John Sullivan.[63] The Hessian brigades, waiting for the pre-arranged signal from the British, who at that time were in the process of outflanking the American lines did not attack. The Americans, still under the assumption that Grant's attack up the Gowanus Road was the main thrust had Sullivan send four hundred of his men to reinforce Stirling.
Howe fired his signal guns at 09:00AM and the Hessians began to attack up Battle Pass while the main army came at Sullivan from the rear.[63] Sullivan left his advance guard to hold off the Hessians while he turned the rest of his force around to fight the British. Heavy casualties mounted up between the Americans and the British and men on both sides fled out of fear.[63] Sullivan attempted to calm his men and tried to lead a retreat. By this point the Hessians had overrun the advance guard on the Heights and the American left had completely collapsed.[64] Hand-to-hand fighting followed with the Americans swinging their muskets and rifles like clubs to save their lives. Many of the Americans who surrendered were bayoneted by the Hessians.[65] Sullivan, despite the chaos, managed to evacuate most of his men to Brooklyn Heights though Sullivan himself was captured.[64]
Vechte-Cortelyou House[edit]
At 09:00AM, Washington arrived from Manhattan.[67] Washington realized that he had been wrong about a feint on Long Island and he ordered more troops to Brooklyn from Manhattan.[67] Washington's location on the battlefield is not known for sure, because accounts differ, but most likely he was at Brooklyn Heights, where he could view the battle.[68]
On the American right, to the west, Stirling still held the line against Grant.[68] Stirling held on for four hours, still unaware of the British flanking maneuver, and some of his own troops thought they were winning the day because the British had been unable to take their position. However, by 11:00AM, Grant, reinforced by 2,000 marines, hit Stirling's center and Stirling was attacked on his left by the Hessians.[65][68] Stirling pulled back but British troops were, at this point, coming at him in his rear south down the Gowanus Road. The only escape route left was across a Brouwer's millpond on the Gowanus Creek which was 80 yards wide, on the other side of which was Brooklyn Heights.[69]
The Maryland 400[edit]
Stirling ordered all of his troops, except a contingent of Maryland troops under the command of Major Mordecai Gist, to cross the creek. This group of Maryland troops became known to history as the "Maryland 400", although they numbered about 260–270 men. Stirling and Gist led the troops in a rear-guard action against the overwhelming numbers of British troops which surpassed 2,000 troops supported by two cannons.[69] Stirling and Gist led the Marylanders in two attacks against the British who were in fixed positions in and in front of the Vechte-Cortelyou House (known today as Old Stone House). After the last assault, the remaining troops retreated across the Gowanus Creek. Some of the men who tried to cross the marsh were bogged down in the mud under musket fire and others who could not swim were captured. Stirling was surrounded and, unwilling to surrender to the British, broke through the British lines to von Heister's Hessians and surrendered to them. Two hundred fifty-six Maryland troops were killed in the assaults in front of the Old Stone House, and fewer than a dozen made it back to the American lines.[70] Washington, watching from a redoubt on nearby Cobble Hill (intersection of today's Court Street and Atlantic Avenue), reportedly said, "Good God, what brave fellows I must this day lose."[69][note 1]
After those American troops not killed or captured escaped behind the fortified American positions centered on Brooklyn Heights. Howe, in a move considered controversial to this day, ordered all of his troops to halt the attack, despite the protestations of many of the officers in his command who believed that they should push on to Brooklyn Heights. Howe had decided against a direct frontal assault against the entrenched American positions choosing instead to begin a siege and setting up lines of circumvallation around the American positions who he believed to be essentially trapped with his troops blocking escape by land and the Royal Navy in control of the East River which they would have to cross to reach Manhattan Island.[71][72]
Howe's failure to press the attack, and the reasons for it, have been disputed. He may have wished to avoid the casualties his army suffered when attacking the Continentals under similar circumstances at the Battle of Bunker Hill.[72] He may also, in the European gentleman-officer tradition, have been giving Washington an opportunity to conclude his position was hopeless and surrender. Howe told Parliament in 1779 that his essential duty was to avoid excessive British casualties for insufficient purpose, and capturing Brooklyn Heights would likely not have meant capturing the entire American army. "The loss of 1000, or perhaps 1500 British troops, in carrying those lines, would have been but ill repaid by double that number of the enemy, could it have been supposed they would have suffered in that proportion." [73]
Retreat to Manhattan[edit]
Washington and the army were surrounded on Brooklyn Heights with the East River to their backs.[74] As the day went on, the British began to dig trenches, slowly coming closer to the American defenses. By doing this, the British would not have to cross over open ground to assault the American defenses as they did in Boston the year before.[75] Despite this perilous situation, Washington ordered 1,200 more men from Manhattan to Brooklyn on August 28.[74] The men that came over were two Pennsylvania regiments and Colonel John Glover's regiment from Marblehead, Massachusetts. In command of the Pennsylvania troops was Thomas Mifflin who, after arriving, volunteered to inspect the outer defenses and report back to Washington.[76] In these outer defenses, small skirmishes were still taking place. On the afternoon of August 28, it began to rain and Washington had his cannons bombard the British well into the night.[77]
As the rain continued, Washington sent a letter instructing General William Heath, who was at Kings Bridge between Manhattan and what is now the Bronx, to send every flat bottomed boat and sloop without delay, in case battalions of infantry from New Jersey might come to reinforce their position.[79] At 16:00, on August 29, Washington held a meeting with his generals. Mifflin advised Washington to retreat to Manhattan, while Mifflin and his Pennsylvania regiments made up the rear guard, holding the line until the rest of the army had withdrawn.[79] The generals agreed unanimously with Mifflin that retreat was the best option and Washington had orders go out by the evening.[80]
The troops were told that they were to gather up all their ammunition and baggage and prepare for a night attack.[80] By 21:00, the sick and wounded began to move to the Brooklyn Ferry in preparation for being evacuated. At 23:00, Glover and his Massachusetts troops, who were sailors and fishermen, began to evacuate the troops.[81]
As more troops were evacuated, more troops were ordered to withdraw from the lines and march to the ferry landing. Wagon wheels were muffled, and men were forbidden to talk.[81] Mifflin's rear guard was tending campfires to deceive the British and convince them that nothing was going on. At 04:00, on August 30, Mifflin was informed that it was his unit's turn to evacuate.[82] Mifflin told the man who had been sent to order him to leave, Major Alexander Scammell, that he must be mistaken, but Scammell insisted that he was not and Mifflin ordered his troops to move out. When Mifflin's troops were within a half mile of the ferry landing, Washington rode up and demanded to know why they were not at their defenses. Edward Hand, who was leading the troops, tried to explain what had happened, but Mifflin arrived shortly.[83] Washington exclaimed "Good God. General Mifflin, I am afraid you have ruined us." Mifflin explained that he had been told that it was his turn to evacuate by Scammell; Washington told him it had been a mistake. Mifflin then led his troops back to the outer defenses.[83]
Artillery, supplies, and troops were all being evacuated across the river at this time but it was not going as fast as Washington had anticipated and daybreak soon came.[83] A fog settled in and concealed the evacuation from the British. British patrols noticed that there did not seem to be any American pickets and thus began to search the area. While they were doing this, Washington, the last man left, stepped onto the last boat.[75] At 07:00, the last American troops landed in Manhattan.[84] All 9,000 troops had been evacuated with no loss of life.[84]
Conclusion of the Campaign[edit]
The British were stunned to find that Washington and the army had escaped.[84] Later in the day, August 30, the British troops occupied the American fortifications. When news of the battle reached London, it caused many festivities to take place.[85] Bells were rung across the city, candles were lit in windows and King George III gave General Howe the Order of the Bath.[86]
Washington's defeat revealed his deficiencies as a strategist who split his forces, his inexperienced generals who misunderstood the situation, and his raw troops that fled in disorder at the first shots.[87] On the other hand his daring nighttime retreat has been seen by some historians as one of his greatest military feats.[88] Other historians concentrate on the failure of British naval forces to prevent the withdrawal.[89]
General Howe remained inactive for the next half month, not attacking until September 15 when he landed a force at Kip's Bay.[90] The British quickly occupied the city. On September 21, a fire of uncertain origin destroyed a quarter of New York City. In the immediate aftermath of the fire Nathan Hale was executed for spying. Although the Continentals were able to mount a victory at Harlem Heights in mid-September, Howe defeated Washington in battle again at White Plains and then again at Fort Washington.[91] Because of these defeats, Washington and the army retreated across New Jersey and into Pennsylvania.[92]
At the time, it was by far the largest battle ever fought in North America.[71] If the Royal Navy is included, over 40,000 men took part in the battle. Howe reported his losses as 59 killed, 268 wounded and 31 missing. The Hessian casualties were 5 killed and 26 wounded.[5] The Americans suffered much heavier losses. About 300 had been killed and over 1,000 captured.[4] As few as half of the prisoners survived. Kept on prison ships, then transferred to locations such as the Middle Dutch Church, they were starved and denied medical attention. In their weakened condition, many succumbed to smallpox.[93]:191
The most significant legacy of the Battle of Long Island was that it showed there would be no easy victory, and that the war would be long and bloody.[93]:2
Commemorations of the battle include:
- The Altar to Liberty: Minerva Monument: The battle is commemorated with a monument, which includes a bronze statue of Minerva near the top of Battle Hill, the highest point of Brooklyn, in Green-Wood Cemetery. The statue was sculpted by Frederick Ruckstull and unveiled in 1920. The statue stands in the northwest corner of the cemetery and gazes directly at the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor. In 2006, the Minerva statue was invoked in a successful defense to prevent a building from blocking the line of sight from the cemetery to the Statue of Liberty in the harbor. The annual Battle of Long Island commemoration is held inside the main Gothic Arch entrance in Green-Wood Cemetery.[94]
- The Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument: A freestanding Doric column in Fort Greene memorializing all those who died while kept prisoner on the British ships just off the shore of Brooklyn, in Wallabout Bay.[95]
- Soldiers' Monument - Milford, Connecticut. Memorializes the 200 seriously ill prisoners of the Battle of Long Island who were dumped on the beach at Milford the night of January 3, 1777.[93]:195
- The Old Stone House: A re-constructed farmhouse (c.1699) that was at the center of the Marylander's delaying actions serves as a museum of the battle. It is located in J.J. Byrne Park, at 3rd Street and 5th Avenue, Brooklyn, and features models and maps.[96]
- Prospect Park, Brooklyn, Battle Pass: along the eastern side of Center Drive in Prospect Park, Brooklyn is a large granite boulder with a brass plaque affixed, and another marker lies near the road for the Dongan Oak, a very large and old tree felled to block the pass from the British advance. In addition, in the park resides the Line of Defense marker erected by the Sons of the American Revolution and, near the eastern edge of Long Meadow, the Maryland Monument& Maryland Memorial[97] corinthian column.[98]
There are only thirty currently existing units in the U.S. Army with lineages that go back to the colonial and revolutionary eras. Five Army National Guard units(101st Eng Bn,[99] 125th MP Co,[100] 175th Inf,[101] 181st Inf[102] and 198th Sig Bn[103]) and one Regular Army Field Artillery battalion (1-5th FA[104] ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battle of Long Island.
See also[edit]
- Dr. John Hart, Regimental Surgeon of Col Prescott's Regiment who was stationed at Governor's Island
- Long Island order of battle
- New York and New Jersey campaign
- ^ The 256 dead troops of the Maryland 400 were buried by the British in a mass grave on a hillock on farmer Adrian Van Brunt's land on the outskirts of the marsh. It was from this battle that Maryland gained its nickname "The Old Line State". This mass grave is believed to be around the southwest corner of what is today 3rd Avenue, between 7th and 8th streets.[71]
- ^ David Syrett (June 15, 2005). Admiral Lord Howe. Naval Institute Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-59114-006-1. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
- ^ Lengel 2005, p. 140-Figure indicates how many troops were on Long Island total. Only 3,000 troops were on the Guana Heights, where the British attacked.
- ^ Lengel 2005, p. 139
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 180
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 179
- ^ according to Lord Howe report 21 {1 officer and 20 Grenadiers of the Marines} were captured Diary of the Revolution .p.304
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 101.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 112.
- ^ Lengel 2005, p. 128.
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 121.
- ^ a b Lengel 2005, p. 129.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 122.
- ^ Lengel 2005, p. 131.
- ^ Field 1869, p. 47.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 127.
- ^ Fort Putnam - New York State Military Museum
- ^ Fort Greene - New York State Military Museum
- ^ Fort Box - New York State Military Museum
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 128.
- ^ Field 1869, p. 144.
- ^ a b c d McCullough 2006, p. 129.
- ^ McCullough 2006 .
- ^ Lengel 2005, p. 132.
- ^ Lengel 2005, p. 133.
- ^ Ellis 2005, p. 159.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 133.
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 134.
- ^ a b Lengel 2005, p. 135.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 135.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 137.
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 138.
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 139.
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 144.
- ^ Johnston 1878, p. 97.
- ^ a b c d McCullough 2006, p. 145.
- ^ Lengel 2005, p. 138.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 146.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 148.
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 152.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 153.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 156.
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 157.
- ^ Johnston 1878, p. 141.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 158.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 160.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 161.
- ^ Johnston 1878, p. 152.
- ^ a b c McCullough 2006, p. 162.
- ^ a b Lengel 2005, p. 141
- ^ Lengel 2005, p. 142.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 163.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 165.
- ^ a b c McCullough 2006, p. 166.
- ^ a b c McCullough 2006, p. 168.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 169.
- ^ a b c McCullough 2006, p. 170.
- ^ The Campaign of 1776 Around New York and Brooklyn By Henry Phelps Johnston pp.171-172 [1]
- ^ History of the City of Brooklyn By Henry Stiles. p.269 (1867)
- ^ John J. Gallagher: Battle Of Brooklyn 1776 p.33
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 171.
- ^ Lengel 2005, p. 143.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 172.
- ^ a b c McCullough, p. 173.
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 174.
- ^ a b Lengel 2005, p. 145.
- ^ Henry P. Johnston: Campaign of 1776 Around New York and Brooklyn (1878) Long Island Historical Society - Reprint Di Capo Press (1971) LCCN 74--15782[verification needed]
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 175.
- ^ a b c McCullough 2006, p. 176.
- ^ a b c McCullough 2006, p. 177.
- ^ Lengel 2005, p. 146.
- ^ a b c McCullough 2006, p. 178
- ^ a b Fischer 2006, p. 99.
- ^ "The narrative of Lieutenant General William Howe". Retrieved July 27, 2012. p 5.
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 182.
- ^ a b Lengel 2005, p. 148.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 183.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 184.
- ^ NYPL Digital Gallery: http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?trg=1&strucID=717090&imageID=800078&total=44&num=0&parent_id=717063&word=&s=¬word=&d=&c=&f=&k=0&sScope=&sLevel=&sLabel=&lword=&lfield=&imgs=20&pos=8&snum=&e=r
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 185.
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 186.
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 188.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 189.
- ^ a b c McCullough 2006, p. 190.
- ^ a b c McCullough 2006, p. 191.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 195.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 196.
- ^ Charles Francis Adams, "The Battle of Long Island," American Historical Review Vol. 1, No. 4 (Jul. 1896), pp. 650-670 in JSTOR
- ^ David McCullough, 1776 (2005). ISBN 978-0-7432-2671-4
- ^ William L. Calderhead, "British Naval Failure at Long Island: A Lost Opportunity in the American Revolution," New York History, July 1976, Vol. 57 Issue 3, pp 321-338
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 209.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 244
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 262.
- ^ a b c d Lewis, Charles H. (2009). Cut Off: Colonel Jedediah Huntington's 17th Continental (Conn.) Regiment at the Battle of Long Island August 27, 1776. Westminster, MD: Heritage Books. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-7884-4924-6.
- ^ Elizabeth Hays (May 7, 2008). "Developer says plan respects Minerva statue's point of view". New York: NY Daily News. Archived from the original on February 20, 2009. Retrieved February 2, 2009.
- ^ Fort Greene Park Conservancy. "Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument". Fort Greene Park Conservancy. Archived from the original on August 2, 2008. Retrieved February 2, 2009.
- ^ NYC Department of Parks and Recreation. "Old Stone House". NYC Department of Parks and Recreation. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved February 2, 2009.
- ^ Monument& Maryland Memorial
- ^ NYC Department of Parks and Recreation. "Prospect Park". NYC Department of Parks and Recreation. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009. Retrieved February 2, 2009.
- ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 101st Engineer Battalion
- ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 125th Quartermaster Company. [2]
- ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 175th Infantry. Reproduced in Sawicki 1982, pp. 343–345.
- ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 181st Infantry. Reproduced in Sawicki 1981, pp. 354–355.
- ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 198th Signal Battalion.
- ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 1st Battalion, 5th Field Artillery. [3].
- Adams, Charles Francis. "The Battle of Long Island," American Historical Review Vol. 1, No. 4 (Jul. 1896), pp. 650–670 in JSTOR
- Calderhead, William L. "British Naval Failure at Long Island: A Lost Opportunity in the American Revolution," New York History, July 1976, Vol. 57 Issue 3, pp 321–338
- Field, Thomas Warren (1869), The Battle of Long Island, Brooklyn: The Long Island Historical Society, p. 600
- Fischer, David Hackett (2006), Washington's Crossing, New York: Oxford University Press US, ISBN 978-0-19-518159-3
- Gallagher, John J.; Gallagher, John J (October 21, 1999), The Battle of Brooklyn 1776, Brooklyn: Castle Books, p. 226, ISBN 978-0-7858-1663-8 Check date values in:
|year= / |date= mismatch
(help) - Johnston, Henry Phelps (1878), The Campaign of 1776 Around New York and Brooklyn, Long Island Historical Society, p. 556, ISBN 0-548-34227-X
- Lengel, Edward (2005), General George Washington, New York: Random House Paperbacks, p. 522, ISBN 0-8129-6950-2
- McCullough, David (2006), 1776, New York: Simon and Schuster Paperback, p. 12, ISBN 0-7432-2672-0
- Sawicki, James A. (1981), Infantry Regiments of the US Army, Virginia: Wyvern Publications, ISBN 978-0-9602404-3-2
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Long Island. |
Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Battle of Long Island. |
- Whittimore, Henry "The Heroes of the American Revolution and their Descendants; The Battle of Long Island" 1897
- The Battle of Long Island
- The Wild Geese Today Honoring Those who saved Washington's Army
- Website on Battle of Long Island
- "The Old Stone House" museum
- Animated History Map of the Battle of Long Island
- [4] Howe's defense of his actions to Parliament in spring 1779.
- New York Guard 1/9th Battalion


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Kalamazoo Transit Authority Levy Proposal (November 2009)
There was a Kalamazoo Transit Authority Levy Proposal on the November 3 ballot in Kalamazoo County.
The Kalamazoo Transit Authority sought to add a $.60 tax on all property in the city of Kalamazoo in order to help fund and provide public transportation services. This tax would be in place for three years once it is approved and would begin in 2010.[1]
The question on the ballot was, "Shall the City of Kalamazoo Transit Authority, County of Kalamazoo, Michigan levy as a new millage, an amount not to exceed Sixty Cents ($.60) per thousand dollars ($1,000) (.60 mill) of the Taxable Value of all taxable property in the City of Kalamazoo for a period of three years, for 2010, 2011 and 2012, to provide for public transportation services, including limited evening services? Since it was approved, it will be levied in its entirety in 2010, this millage would raise approximately $998,442 for the Transit Authority."
This tax will help fund 18 bus routes in the city and would generate $1 million annually to help fund these services. This is the second part of a tax levy which voters approved in May, also helping to fund public transportation in the city.[2]
Election result
Kalamazoo Transit Authority Levy Proposal | ||||
Result | Votes | Percentage | ||
Yes | 8599 | 74.79% | ||
No | 2899 | 25.21% | ||
Total votes | 11498 | 100.00% | ||
Voter turnout | 0% |

subset: commoncrawl


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Search Results for compact binoculars yukon
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Yukon Viking Pro 2x24mm Night Vision Binoculars
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Yukon Viking 1x24 Night Vision Goggle Kit
Yukon Viking 1x24 Night Vision Goggle Kit 25025 pairs a Viking 1x24 Night Vision Binocular ... features flip-top lens covers that can be flipped up to fit against the Yukon Binoculars body ... Features of Yukon Viking Night Vision: Viking Binocular With Hands-Free Goggle Head Gear ... and a Yukon Head Gear Kit for hands free viewing. This Yukon Night Vision Goggle has a magnification power ... rubberized body around your neck for a long expedition; the lightweight and compact unit ... by Yukon, the Viking 1x24 Night Vision Goggles utilizes Yukon's newly designed Eclipse lens cap ... field of view (30°). Yukon Advanced Optics provides an exclusive Eclipse lens cap system which... |
Yukon Viking Pro 2x24mm Night Vision Binoculars
Yukon Viking Pro 2x24 mm Night Vision Binoculars 25022 allow for incredibly detailed observation ... Yukon's no hassle lens cap system, and a compact body. Yukon Advanced Optics engineers kept ... Binoculars by Yukon have a magnification power of 2x and an objective lens of 24mm. While the Viking Pro's ... by Yukon feature 12mm of eye relief for comfortable viewing. The Yukon Viking Pro Binoculars come ... lights; however these Night Vision Binoculars by Yukon Opticsremedy this problem by including ... the exclusive eclipse lens cap system. Eclipse lens caps include a pinhole to protect the your Yukon Binocular ... These Yukon Binoculars feature Yukon's Limited Lifetime Warranty. In addition, Yukon Viking Pro... |
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Yukon Ranger 5x42 LT Digital Night Vision Monocular
2012 Brilliance Award Winner Best Digital Night Vision – view all winners The Yukon ... technologies. Being quite different from the Gen.1 devices, the Yukon Ranger 5x42 LT Digital NV Monocular w/ ... a gradual power intensity adjustment function and memorization of a fixed emanation level. The Yukon ... on the front panel one can choose the suitable brightness level of the display. The Yukon Ranger Digital Night ... or surveillance system available. Yukon 28041: Night Vision Digital Ranger Monocular - 5x42mm, Matte, NEW ... Specifications for Yukon Ranger 5x42 LT Digital NV Monocular w/ LCD Display: Magnification: 5x Lens ... Temperature(°F): -4 to +95 Dimensions(in): 6.7 x 4.6 x 3 Weight(oz): With Batteries Features of Yukon... |
Yukon Telescopic Universal Tripod Kit 29013
the Scout 30x, the Yukon 20-50x50, the Newtonian Reflector Binocular, and units equipped for standard ... Make prolonged viewing more convenient with this unique Yukon Telescopic Universal Tripod Kit ... Yukon Universal Tripod Kit 29013 has telescopic abilities and adjusts to meet individual comfort ... needs. Yukon's exclusive stabilizing pad is then applied, allowing observers to steady optics ... a large tripod. Yukon Telescopic Universal Tripod Kit 29013 also includes Yukon's unique window mount ... that allows safe, stable viewing from the comfort of your car. Compatible with the Yukon 100x, ... 1/4 inch tripods. Yukon Universal Tripod Kit-29013 comes with a tabletop tripod and window mount,... |
Yukon NVMT 2x24 SALE Night Vision Monocular
The Yukon NVMT 2x24 Night Vision Monocular YK24021 is both a compact and lightweight ... of Yukon NVMT 2x24mm Night Vision Monocular: Compact and lightweight Easy to use and reliable Cap ... and can be beaten around when out in the field. The Yukon nightvision monocular has a built in Pulse IR ... systems and reduces battery draining. The NVMT series nightvision monocular by Yukon also has the ability ... Specifications for Yukon NVMT 2x24 Night Vision Monocular: Image intensifier tube ... Contents: Yukon NVMT 2x24 Night Vision Monocular YK24021 Protective carrying case Wrist strap... |
Yukon Viking Magnification Doubler 2x to 3.5x 29093
The Yukon Viking Magnification Doubler 2x to 3.5x 29093 can be used with all binoculars ... Doubler is compatible with Yukon Viking LT 2x24mm Night Vision Binoculars 25023 and Yukon Viking Pro ... 2x24mm Night Vision Binoculars 25022. Features of Yukon Viking Magnification Doubler 29093: Provides ... higher magnification Compact Lightweight Package Contents: Yukon Viking Magnification Doubler 2x to 3.5x 29093 ... in the Viking series and increases their magnification from 2x to 3.5x. Yukon 29093 Viking Magnification... |
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Beyond Wonderland Sat, September 28, 2013 - 2:00 PMShoreline Amphitheatre CA in Mountain View, CA |
We are sorry, the date for this event has already passed. This event took place on 9/28/2013. Click here to view upcoming events for Beyond Wonderland.
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Well SOMEBODY doesn't like his lessons in food form!
For so much aggression in preparation, these boys sure do sit down to a dignified meal.
Seriously, just give her a little more time in the tanning booth and she'll come out golden and happy.
Man are they gonna be mad when they try to eat me. That idiot used way too much cinnamon and I'm nearly inedible.


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right place at the right time
In the New York Times, Sheryl Sandberg Is Lucky, Men Are Good
In a recent profile, the New York Times takes special note of the good luck Sheryl Sandberg has had in her rise to the top.What does it take for someone to rise to the top -- the very top -- of a field? Hard work, mentors, connections, brains, charm, ambition...
Samsung Is The New King Of Mobile
Sammy is now the big kahuna of cell phones. Today's Juniper Research and comScore reports indicated that Samsung kicked Apple from the top spot in regards to smartphones. IDC also released a report today indicating the same thing while noting that Samsung kicked Nokia from the top of total phone...
"ZUCK! How The Brat Tycoon Became A Brilliant CEO"
New York Magazine was kind enough to ask me to write a big story on Mark Zuckerberg and Facebook to celebrate the company's long-awaited IPO. The story's out now, and you can read it here. If there's anything good in it, it's probably the result of excellent editing and research...
Welcome (Back) to The Next Web, Robin Wauters
Back in 2008, @Boris put a tweet out looking for a replacement for one Robin Wauters, a contributor, who after a spell with The Next Web was being snapped up by Michael Arrington to join TechCrunch. As with many things, both TNW and I were at the right place at...
Codecademy Plans Global Code-Teaching Expansion With $10M From Branson, Milner, Kleiner, Index, Union Square
Codecademy, the New York startup that wants to teach the world to code, has capitalized on widespread interest by raising a second venture round of $10 million from top investors — Kleiner Perkins, Index Ventures, Union Square Ventures and Yuri Milner — and serial entrepreneur Richard Branson. It's been at...
Codecademy Plans Global Code-Teaching Expansion With $10M From Branson, Milner, Kleiner, Index, Union Square
Oceanhouse Media talks Dr. Seuss, book-apps and mobile edutainment
But president Michel Kripalani is keen to avoid 'predatory' in-app purchase modelsThere are tens of thousands of smartphone and tablet apps for kids available on the various app stores, but how many are making much money for their creators? The jury is still out on whether many of the startups...
Pair wasn't the first "social network for couples", remember Cupple, Duet, and Between?
There's been a lot of buzz the past few days about a service called Pair, which lets you interact with your significant other in an intimate way. Think of it as a "Facebook for lovers", a "Path for couples", or "Super-SMS". In just its first few days, the app has...
T-Mobile 1,900MHz 3G lights up Moscone West in time for WWDC, carrier swears it's a happy accident
T-Mobile may be planning to deploy 1,900MHz HSPA+ across the whole of its network, but it sure has a knack for being in the right place at the right time. The carrier has confirmed that it just recently started testing the refarmed frequency for 3G in San Francisco's Moscone...
An inside look at SURF Incubator: How one entrepreneur's dream became Seattle's latest startup experiment
Understand the 'local consumer,' and you'll understand how to serve SMBs
This sponsored post is produced by Street Fight. It's fair to say we're entering hyperlocal marketing 2.0. After a much-hyped explosion, the daily deal industry is now in the process of consolidating; smaller players are falling off while the bigger players are looking beyond the deal to create customer loyalty...
In 1844, Morse Gets The Scoop, Then Tweets His Dinner
I'm reading a fascinating biography of Samuel Morse - Lightning Man: The Accursed Life Of Samuel F.B. Morse by Kenneth Silverman. I'll post a review in a week or so, but one scene bears a quick post. Morse successfully demonstrated his telegraph between Baltimore and Washington DC in May of 1844....
The Revolution May Or May Not Be Branded
The Occupy movement, or rallying cry, or whatever you want to call it, is by its nature decentralized. By refusing to come together under one banner other than the word "Occupy," they've both diluted their message and allowed it to spread more quickly. You don't need an Occupy license to...
The irresistible rise of Will Lewis, News Corp's clean-up campaigner
You have to hand it to Will Lewis, the guy has a knack of being in the right place at just the right time.Then again, as he would undoubtedly say, getting into the right place at the right time is a skill in itself.Similarly, he has had penchant for making...
15 Insanely Popular Lady Gaga YouTube Videos
You may have heard that Lady Gaga is the first music artist to reach one billion online video views. Some of us here at Mashable say that's downright ridiculous — a tragedy, even — but other staffers are cheering her on.And while we may not be able to agree...
How To Be In The Right Place At The Right Time More Often
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5 Guaranteed Ways to Hate Your Own Writing
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Just a test of the new info bar. What do you think?


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Triton 9mm Dual Finish White Tungsten Carbide Black Diamond Ring
Retail Price: $479.00
Our Price: $339.95
Triton 8mm Tungsten Carbide Diamond Ring with Carbon Fiber Inlay
Retail Price: $399.00
Our Price: $289.00
Product Details
This special Edward Mirell 6mm Black and Gray Titanium Diamond Ring features polished center grooves made of black titanium framed by squared gray titanium edges.
This item comes with the Edward Mirell Ring for Life program. Your ring is guaranteed to fit as long as you own it. You can read more about this program by visiting our Lifetime Ring Sizing page.
Be the first to post a video for this item !
Brand: |
Edward Mirell |
Category: |
Rings |
Metal: |
Black and Gray Titanium |
Style: |
Flat Profile |
Width: |
6mm |
Stone: |
0.03ctw Diamonds |
Stone Clarity: |
Finish: |
Polished |
Fit: |
Comfort |
Availability: | Available (Usually ships in 7 - 10 business days) |


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How to make a Yellowbird Recipe - Ingredients
0.75 oz Cream0.75 oz white creme de cacao0.5 oz Galliano Herbal Liqueur0.75 oz Orange Juice0.75 oz Vodka
Yellowbird Recipe Instructions:This famous liqueur cocktail drink is easy to make! Check out the tips below to create the best presentation of the Yellowbird Recipe.
Free, Best, Online Yellowbird Recipe, mix the ingredients to make a great speciality liqueur drink! CHEERS!
What is Galliano?Galliano is a strong alcoholic drink consisting of a blend of ingredients including anise, lavender, mint, herbs and plants such as vanilla, cinnamon and coriander. Liqueurs are sweet alcoholic drinks which are flavoured with a variety of different ingredients and come in a variety of different colors and included in other drinks such as the Yellowbird Recipe. The Alcoholic content of liqueurs is not generally a distinctive feature of these speciality drinks. Most liqueurs have a lower alcohol content than spirits between 15% - 30% although some have a much higher alcohol content up to 55%. The name 'liqueur' derives from the Latin word 'liquifacere' which means to melt or dissolve - the flavorings used to make liqueurs, such as contained in the Yellowbird Recipe, are dissolved. A Liqueur drink might be flavored from a variety of flavors from fruits, herbs, spices, flowers, seeds, nuts, roots, plants, barks, eggs and cream. For interesting facts & information and additional drink recipes containing this famous liqueur please click the following link:
How to serve the Yellowbird RecipeLiqueurs are made in nearly every country of the world and come in a variety of different flavors and colors. This makes every liqueur drink, such as the Yellowbird Recipe, an extremely versatile drink. The Yellowbird Recipe can be served:
Rainbow Liqueur Drinks - Floating LiqueursEver wondered how bartenders create those unusual rainbow effects when making cocktails? They use a method called 'Floating liqueurs' which is achieved by 'floating' a measure of liqueur in a glass by pouring it slowly over an inverted spoon or down a glass rod on top of previous layers. This creates a rainbow effect in a glass when using different colored liqueurs or cordials. Liqueurs are sometimes referred to as Cordials, which causes some confusion. In America a cordial mean a sweet, syrup like alcoholic beverage. However, in the UK a cordial means a non-alcoholic, sweet, syrupy drink!
How to create the best special effects making Yellowbird RecipeThe following hints and tips will give you some ideas how to make the best special cocktail effects with the Yellowbird Recipe :
Quantities and ProportionsQuantities of ingredients tend to cause confusion - no problem, just use the correct proportions of each ingredient to create the best authentic & original Yellowbird Recipe ! You can use a thimble, cup or even a pitcher ( if you are making this recipe for a group or a crowd ) when you make a cocktail! The following simple guidelines will also help with the different quantities referred to in other cocktail recipes:
Exercise your bartending skills, become the bartender of your own personal bar which servesa great Yellowbird Recipe!
Yellowbird Recipe - Download Free Yellowbird Recipe - Liquer - Liqueur - Liquor - Online Recipie - Resipie - Resipe - Recipee - Dowload and Printable Yellowbird Recipe - Mixed - Bar Drink - Recipie - Resipie - Resipe - Cocktail - Cocktails - Download Free - Tropical - Liquer - Liqueur - Liquor - Bartender - Free - Bar - List of ingredients for Yellowbird Recipe - Cocktail - Yellowbird Recipe by ingredient - Liquer - Liqueur - Liquor - Tropical - Party - Parties - Liquor - Shot - Bartending - Virgin - Recipie - Resipie - Resipe - Recipie - Resipie - Resipe - Online Cocktail - Yellowbird Recipe


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Bikini Body Showdown: Which Jersey Shore Girl Has the Best Bikini Bod? (PHOTOS)
full size
Deena Nicole From Behind
Deena peeks over her shoulder.
Deena peeks over her shoulder.
Perks include access to all Wetpaint content, secret links to exclusive video, and best of all, points earnings and rewards from our partner, Viggle.


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Appliqué Bed Cover
Classical Revival Piano
Portrait of Kezia
Girl with Two Faces
Le Corbeile de Fruitire
See what connections about coming of age you can find among these objects and their stories. Are they records of an event? Are they accomplishments showing skill? Are they personal visions?
Compare your experience to the experiences of the people connected with these art objects.


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For assitance with your online shopping please call
Your daughter will have a bedroom fit for a princess with this ornate, French styled poster bed in a luminous replicated paint finish. Traditional details throughout include acrylic appliques and rosettes on the arched headboard and shaped footboard trim. Both the headboard and footboard include button tufted upholstered panels in a pearl finish. The crowning touch for this princess bed are the faceted acrylic finials that top each bed post. This bed is available in twin and full sizes.
The Exquisite Full Ornate Poster Bed with Tufted Headboard & Footboard by Signature Design by Ashley in the San Fernando & Los Angeles area from Michael's Furniture Warehouse. Contact us for the most current availability on this product.
With the exquisite beauty of formal French style brought to life within a country motif, the "Exquisite" youth bedroom collection is sure to create a sense of magic and wonder in any child's bedroom. With a luminous white finish flowing smoothly over the decorative embossing and beautifully turned detailing, this furniture is perfectly designed for any little girl's room. The satin nickel color hardware and stylish appliqués and rosettes adorn this furniture with a traditional beauty that radiates from the collection. Create the fairy tale bedroom for your child with the elegant design of the "Exquisite" youth bedroom collection.
The Exquisite collection is a great option if you are looking for Traditional furniture in the San Fernando & Los Angeles area.
View other items in the Exquisite collection available from Michael's Furniture Warehouse in the San Fernando & Los Angeles area.
Beds are no longer just about style. New designs for children and adults offer ample storage to help you make the most out of the space in your bedroom, with features like headboard storage, footboard drawers, or underbed storage. Take a look at our guide to discover the perfect storage bed for your needs.
This item has been tagged as:Bed, Bedroom Furniture, Twin Size Bed, Full Size Bed, Queen Size Bed, King Size Bed, California King Size Bed, Bookcase Bed, Book Case Bed, Canopy Bed, Bed with Canopy, Captain's Bed, Daybed, Headboard and Footboard Bed, Headboard, Footboard, Headboard & Footboard, Pier Bed, Poster Bed, Sleigh Bed, Upholstered Bed, Wall Unit Bed, Double Bed, Day Bed, Storage Bed, Home Furnishings, Furniture, Bed frame, Furnishing For Bedroom, Bedroom Furniture Set
Michael's Furniture Warehouse features a great selection of living room, bedroom, dining room, home office, entertainment, accent, furniture, and mattresses, and can help you with your home design and decorating in the San Fernando, Los Angeles, and Burbank area. View recent additions to our online furniture gallery. Michael's Furniture Warehouse offers great quality furniture, at a low price to the Panorama City, Valley Glen, Sherman Village, Burbank, Northridge, Woodley, West Hills, West Hollywood, Beverly Hills, San Fernando, Simi Valley, Los Angeles, Woodland Hills, Van Nuys, Santa Monica, Hollywood, Glendale, Anaheim, Long Beach, Thousand Oaks, Santa Clarita, Pasadena, Covina, Downey, Orange, Garden Grove, Palmdale, Oxnard, Inglewood, Pico Rivera, Norwalk, Bellflower, Lakewood, Pomona, La Puenta, El Monte, Santa Ana, Huntington Park, Torrance, Carson, San Fernando Valley, L.A. County, Los Angeles County area.
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Tag: double exposure
Tipster: How to Take Symmetrical Images with Exposing Both Sides of the Film (EBS)
written by hodachrome on 2013-01-14 in #gear #tipsterToday I will be introducing the technique so called EBS, exposing both sides of the film, one of the most unique techniques within Lomographic photos. Is it hard to do it? Maybe! But once you get good luck and concentration, you might get amazing results!
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Multiple Exposures with Flowers!
written by hodachrome on 2012-11-11 in #gear #tipsterThe Multiple Exposure (MX) technique is one method to create some of the most unique photos know to Lomographers! We all love MX, but what are the techniques? Flowers are my favorite subject for MX. I often mix them with landscapes, old factories, trees and so on. Now, let's take a look at how we can create those wonderful images!
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Astrophotography: The Easy Way!
written by natalieerachel on 2011-11-08 in #gear #tipsterI decided to shoot a roll of doubles with myself layering the stars of the night sky with ordinary things down on Earth!
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Multiple Exposures for Beginners
written by carmenism on 2011-02-10 in #gear #tipsterNew to Lomography? Have you been wondering how other people have been able to blend pictures together? You have come to the right place. With the technique of multiple exposure, you will find yourself achieving works of art that digital photography cannot compete with!
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Multiple Exposure : Choose Your Subjects!
written by naqi on 2011-06-27 in #gear #tipsterMultiple exposure is a photographic technique by exposing your film to different subjects. This technique will produce unique and unimaginable image to your photos. In fact, this method is experimental and will enable you to express your photos in a creative way. This article will guide you on proper subject to be choose for multiple exposure
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Doubles to Get You Up in the Clouds
written by stitch on 2011-11-22 in #gear #tipsterDouble exposure shots with clouds as background has been my signature shot simply because I love shooting clouds and walking around the city. I love how cloud formations have such a nice contrast against the blue sky. Thanks to film photography and Lomo cameras, I now have a way of immortalizing this wonder of nature and at the same time, double exposing it against ordinary things I encounter.
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Make your subjects transparent: How to create Ghost Shots (GS)
written by hodachrome on 2013-09-20 in #gear #tipsterHave you already seen a mysterious looking photo that features a transparent subject? Well, it's one of the multiple exposure techniques and is actually simple to do.
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Enjoy Lomography even more with Lomography Splitzer!
written by hodachrome on 2012-10-10 in #gear #tipsterHave you ever used Lomography Splitzer? I use it all the time! Depending on how you use it, you can get great results with your analog photography! I will introduce some of techniques on how to use it!
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LC-Wide – Just Amazing!
written by singleelderly on 2011-05-19 in #reviewsWhen I received this amazing camera, the first thing I thought was "This will be perfect for street snapshots!" - My second thought was "The mechanics are awesome!" - And my third thought was "Should I sell some of my cameras?"
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Life's Daily Photo Walk with MX Skills
written by hodachrome on 2012-12-05 in #gear #tipsterthis one is really easy. It's something you can easily try within all the techniques from MX. You can basically snap whatever you want, and you can create very unique shots! You just need to know how to MX it :)
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Get Creative with Overlapping Images with the LOMO LC-Wide!
written by gocchin on 2011-07-09 in #reviewsThe half-frame format of the LOMO LC-Wide enables you to create amazing dreamlike overlapped images.
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Community LomoAmigo Ripsta Shoots with the Lomo LC-Wide
written by soundfoodaround on 2013-03-12 in #people #lomoamigosYou know him for his double exposures, active blogging, and lovely lomographs! Let's hail our newest LC-Wide Community LomoAmigo for his awesome work with the featured Malaysian favorite - the Lomo LC-Wide!
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Take Your Lover With You on a Holiday!
written by shoujoai on 2011-06-19 in #gear #tipsterYou go on a holiday and can't take your lover with you? You wish to be with him/her at all these great sightseeing spots, but he/she has to work, to go to university or whatever... here's a little idea for you!
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Redscale + Normal Double Exposure: Save Me from Mediocrity
written by mr-korn on 2011-07-08 in #gear #tipsterI often take photos and think "It's going to be another boring roll of film!" Then I found that it is never too late to save those boring shots. By taking the film out and shooting a second layer with redscale, the results can be exciting and mesmerizing.
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The La Sardina Multiple Exposures Rumble
written by nyebe on 2012-04-11 in #competitionsTime for some double exposure fun! Take out your sardine can camera and let's get layering! Read on for more details...
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The City of Lights
written by cohetesnaranjas on 2011-11-10 in #gear #tipsterThanks to the double exposures and the bokeh technique, we can achieve surprisingly beautiful effects at our photos.
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Call-Out for Film Swap Participants: Lomography SG x Lomography PH
written by basterda on 2012-01-16 in #newsLomography Singapore and Lomography Philippines will collaborate on a film swap. Merge your lomographic imagination with your fellow Lomographers and take part in this project. Read the full article for more details.
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Doubles with Light Painting
written by saidseni on 2012-02-06 in #gear #tipsterThis is a very simple tipster that combines two of the funniest things in photography: Light Painting and Double Exposures.
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Horizon Perfekt: Why I Love it So!
written by gateau on 2011-06-16 in #reviewsI just wanna say "I love you!" to my beloved Horizon Perfekt!
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Meeting Half Way
written by wapclub on 2011-11-28 in #gear #tipsterDouble exposures always yield amazing images. What if you used a splitzer and double exposed your film? Have you tried doing it? I did and here are the results.
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You Can Make Doubles with Lots of Camera Types
written by blue-dog on 2009-06-01 in #gear #tipsterI like to fiddle with cameras. The less invasive, the better!
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Seeing Double - 3 Tips for Making Doubles
written by mario-salvenmoser on 2012-09-17 in #gear #tipster"Oh help, I'm seeing double" - Don't worry, it's just Double Exposures. But it's not always that simple as it sounds. Here are three basic hints that helped me and will hopefully help you too with your doubles.
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A New Way of Doing Double Exposure with the Splitzer
written by saviorjosh on 2012-04-19 in #gear #tipsterAs small as it may be, the splitzer for Lomo LC-A+ can lead you to a brave new world when it comes to double exposure. Expose a whole roll with the splitzer covering half of your lens and then shoot again covering the already exposed half. Voila! You have both the "surprise" factor and the assurance of a clearly exposed double exposure. Read on for details.
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Taking Back Tipsters: Double Exposures
written by jeanmendoza on 2012-01-27 in #gear #tipsterFor this new series, we'll be taking a look back at some of the best Tipster articles. We scoured our archives and found some cool double-exposure techniques that you might want to try out on your next roll of film. Read on!
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Modify and Reload Instead of Throwing Away - AGFAPHOTO LEBOX Single Use Camera
written by adash on 2012-08-29 in #gear #tipsterA beautiful vignette and multiple exposurse from a camera that costs EUR5? Is it possible? Well, now it is. Read this easy tutorial and see the samples!
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Click Away - Double Exposures for Dummies
written by pinkpix on 2011-09-13 in #gear #tipsterI tend to forget that Holga has more potential than just creating dreamy photos with dark vignetting. Sometimes I really have to remind myself to click again though afraid to ruin a picture. But, when you have a plan, you can at least learn from your mistakes and have a creative shot!
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Double Exposures Using Pop9 Film Reloaded into a 35mm Camera
written by lynxalb00 on 2012-05-25 in #gear #tipsterThe Pop9 is an excellent way to create a solid background for double exposed film. Since the Pop9 produces 9 identical images the backdrop for each picture is consistent throughout the entire 35mm frame, which allows the reloaded film to focus on a particular subject.
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Do Tha Splitz! User Rumble Winner Announcement
written by shhquiet on 2010-07-19 in #competitionsOur previous rumble winner, marshall4480, is a twin. So it's not surprising that he chose a relevant theme - impressive double exposures and the fantastic pairing of Lomo LC-A+ and Splitzer. Check out the winning entry below!
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When in Doubt, Double Expose Your Redscales
written by stitch on 2012-04-09 in #gear #tipsterI've used a handful of redscales—DIYs and Lomography Redscales. For DIYs, a good number of times, they are underexposed, for Lomography Redscales, some shots are still underexposed. Without going to too much analysis about film density and time exposure, I figured double exposing them would do the trick.
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Split your spinner shots
written by edwinchau on 2010-09-10 in #gear #tipsterWell we all know the 10 Spinner 360° techniques featured in the Spinner microsite, but we Spinners are not content to stick with the rules. Remember Golden Rule no.10? Forget all the rules! So I spinned it out with a friend and discovered a new trick here!
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text:
Editor: Marc Bridle Webmaster: Len Mullenger |
Seen and Heard Opera
Tchaikovsky Eugene Onegin Soloists, Chorus & Orchestra of English
National Opera/Jonathan Darlington, Coliseum, 14 June, 2005
(CC) There is much to recommend the current ENO Onegin.
This is the third revival of Julia Hollander's 1994 production,
and it is easy to see why it stands the test of time. Beautiful
colours and dramatically effective
use of available space make for telling effect. Colin Clarke
Back to the Top Back to the Index Page |
| ||


text:
professor layton VS. pheonix wright. professor layton VS. pheonix wright! please, please please, nintendo!
User Profile
Male, 16, United States
15 (as of today). I am a firm believer that all 3ds/ds games should have a download play option
- Joined:
- Sun 8th January, 2012
Recent Comments
"new and familiar nintendo characters" what could those characters be? and I can't believe they haven't released the information on how the gyroscope controls are to be used.
luma =
maybe a revamped version of the game with graphics in the style of skyward sword and a third person perspective instead of a top-down look
they could do a pikman themed console that would be so awesome especially if it came bundled with the game!
I have mixed thoughts about the first one the part i really hated about it was the " find the parts" quest where you had to find all of your robot freinds's parts. it was so hard and I felt so awful about not finding all of their parts when i finished a level. man i hope they don't bring that part back
its nice to see nintendo taking advantage of the 3dsware service with releases of such classics as freakyforms, pushmo, and this game. it seems to me nintendo is really trying to boost sales on the 3dsware service.
p.s as mentioned above, with such great games on the e-shop, I have no idea what to do with my 3ds pre-paid card!
me im waiting for nintendo to announce a newremake of a yoshi, kirby, or donkey kong game for the 3ds
and also iwould love to know what games nintendo are going to release for the wii-u's launch


text:
Essential Elements Jazz Play-Along - The Blues
By Various
Essential Elements Jazz Play-Along - The Blues (Bb, Eb and C Instruments). Composed by Various. Arranged by Michael Sweeney and Paul Murtha. For Jazz Ensemble. Instrumental Jazz. Grade 2. Softcover with CD-ROM. 88 pages. Published by Hal Leonard (HL.842360).
ISBN 1423462610. 9x12 inches.
(Sample solos by Mike Steinel)
Welcome to the exciting world of jazz improvisation! Whether you are using this book as a supplement to the Essential Elements for Jazz Ensemble method book or just by itself, this play-along book will help you get started creating your own improvised solos. The recordings feature professional jazz players performing well-known jazz classics and provide an excellent model for playing in a jazz style. In addition, sample solos are provided as a guide for creating effective melodies. An added feature on the CD-ROM is the Amazing Slow Downer software program for changing the tempo of any of the recorded tracks - when used in your computer, ASD allows you to adjust the tempo to suit your needs as you progress through the book.
Includes 10 blues classics: All Blues • Bags' Groove • Blue 'N Boogie • Blue Monk • Blues in Frankie's Flat • Blues in the Closet • Cold Duck Time • St. Louis Blues • Straight No Chaser • Tenor Madness.


text:
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FCN No. 112
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Food Contact Substance:
Tris (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite (CAS Reg. No. 31570-04-4).
Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corp.
BASF Corporation
Intended Use:
For use as a stabilizer in olefin copolymers described in 21 CFR 177.1520(a)(3)(iii) and meeting the specifications in 21 CFR 177.1520(c), item 3.4.
Effective Date:
Maximum use level of 0.2 percent by weight of the finished copolymer. The finished copolymers are intended to contact Food Types I, II, III, IVB, VI, VII, VIII and IX under Conditions of Use A through H, as described in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.
Environmental Impact Decisions:
Environmental Decisions Site


text: I started to cross stitch when I was really young. I love watching some grow from the beginning when there is nothing and to the end when it complete. I've had my hand in alot of crafts but have been quilting the last 10 years. My mom was the qu ilter in the family but by the time I got the bug she was unable to teach me, But I was able to show her a rough drawing and desribe what was in my head and she would throw out sugestions.