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Soda Springs ReviewsSoda Springs, CA USContact Info / Directions back to main page |
Recent Soda Springs Reviews
1 Soda Springs Review(s), post yours and get a chance to win lift tickets.Post a Review
Overall Averages (4.00) Overall (3.00) Skiing / Terrain (5.00) Value / Prices (2.00) Service (3.00) Dining / Bars |
Great for the budget 12/23/2007 by: Anonymous Great place for Mom and Dad to get to ski with the kids. If the kids aren't ready to ski they have the tubes and play area to enjoy. I like it because I can see one kid ski while the other one is in the play area. More Ratings: |


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Polis Report
By Ami Chen Mills
Since the British Callard and Bowser company began mass-hyping its powerful Altoids breath mints and nifty tins three years ago, the company has enjoyed double-digit growth.
And apparently the surge in popularity may be attributed in part to potheads, who have discovered not only a powerful breath concealer, but a handy stash box as well. According to some sources, you can't ask someone for an Altoid in public anymore--it would be impolite to bust their cache.
"When somebody actually wants a mint, that's awkward," claims one local DJ, who observes that the alternate-use trend is "almost universal," cutting across race, gender and socio-economic levels.
The containers have other uses, of course. The Altoids home page reports many exciting Altoids-tin uses. ("Put water in it and watch it rust.") And there is a sage suggestion to stuff the tin with oregano "to use as a hilarious gag if you get pulled over."
"That's just what I wanted to hear," blurts an embarrassed-sounding Michael Staskin, product developer for Altoids. "I certainly don't condone any uses [of said tin]," he added, mulling the matter for a moment, "other than what they are used for."
Despite corporate objections, reports indicate that an increasing number of stoners are using the boxes. Where did police find Gilroy AIDS patient Jesse Garcia's wacky weed? According to news reports, in a "small metal tin," also described as a "mint tin."
Altoids, anyone?
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Altoids, Anyone?
From the June 27-July 3, 1996 issue of Metro
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11/05/2011 1:09pm
Style: Muay Thai--LAPD: Hotel Robber Nabbed by Guests in Town for Martial Arts Tourney
Story with video here: http://www.ktla.com/news/landing/ktl...,5236342.story
Armed robber gets his money, but then gets disarmed, taken down, and held for police. -
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11/05/2011 2:46pm--Oh come on! There's a perfectly reasonable explanation for this most unfortunate of incidents.
In truth, he was just an honourable gentleman ill-used in the Comedy of Life who just happened to enquire of a simple handout so he could get a cup of cawfeee (tea in Merrie Olde England) when 2 x Black Belts (having misjudged the situation) jumped in and forced him to the floor - before he could explain this simple misunderstanding) whence they were reinforced by Armed Police who arrived in numbers to further subdue him. All quite unnecessary, dontchaknow...
Expect it to get amplified in Prison, something like, 6 x Black Belts jumped him but had trouble taking HIM down to the floor and they only managed it cos the Police poured in....etc ....etc add hyperbole to choice.
By the way, well done to those 2 blokes. Great stuff.


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Office on iPads, Android Tablets Offers Good, Bad News for Microsoft
Microsoft is not confirming reports that its Office software suite will soon be available on Apple and Android tablets. But if the reports are true, it would keep Microsoft relevant in the bring-your-own-device era.
Rumors and reports are circulating that sometime in November the Microsoft Office application software suite will be available on the Apple iOS-powered iPad and the multiple tablet brands running Google Android. If it happens, it could be both good news and bad news for Microsoft. The latest report about versions of Office for tablets was posted by the blog Boy Genius Report. However, we've seen this movie before; eWEEK followed reports of Office coming to the iPad back in February. So far, however, Microsoft, as well as Apple and Google, has failed to respond to requests for comment.


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10/14 Shout Out: Lake Bluff Elementary
Published 6:45 AM CDT Oct 14, 2013Mary Van Kammen's senior kindergarteners at Lake Bluff Elementary in Shorewood are today's 12 School Shout Out.
Video TranscriptI'M MARY VAN KAMMEN, AND THIS IS AMY FORESON AND MRS. MADLON, AND WE'RE AT LAKE BLUFF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL IN SHOREWOOD. OUR SENIOR KINDERGARTEN BOYS AND GIRLS WANT TO TELL YOU, HAVE A GREAT DAY SHOREWOOD! GOOD MORNING! WE WANT TO COME TO YOUR SCHOOL FOR THE W-I-S-N 12 SCHOOL SHOUTOUT. GO TO WISN DOT-COM RIGHT NOW. WE HAVE A LINK ON THE LEFT COLUMN. FILL OUT THE INFORMATION, AND WE'LL TRY TO SCHEDULE YOUR CLASS TO GIVE US A SHOUT
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- 20Promote
Tote Bag
Our quality crafted Tote Bags are hand sewn in America using durable, yet lightweight, poly poplin fabric. All seams and stress points are double stitched for durability. Available in 13" x 13", 16" x 16" and 18" x 18" variations, the tote bags are washable, feature original artwork on both sides and a sturdy 1" wide cotton webbing strap for comfortably carrying over your shoulder.
A couple of friends, coming together for a bit of hot tea.


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The Community of Disc Golfers and About All Things Disc Golf
20 members Latest Activity: Mar 28, 2014 Saturday Aug. 21, 2010 10:00am Tuscawilla Park, Daytona Beach $25, 2 Discraft Proto Discs, Hat and Mini
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Former Baylor coach Grant Teaff now has a deep love for Floyd Casey Stadium.
That wasn't always the feeling he had about the stadium the No. 9 Bears will close Saturday after 64 seasons when they play No. 23 Texas. The winner gets at least a share of the Big 12 title.
Teaff, the Bears coach from 1972-92, now gets emotional thinking about the stadium where he has so many memories, including two Southwest Conference titles.
The Bears move next season to a $260 million stadium being built on the Waco campus, along the Brazos River and busy Interstate 35.
They have won their last nine home games, and won 22 of their last 25 at Floyd Casey Stadium, including 2011 when Robert Griffin III won the Heisman Trophy.
Floyd Casey farewell is big game for No. 9 Baylor
Published On: Dec 04 2013 07:38:31 PM CST
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In Focus
Defining a historic year: A look back at the 2015 UIAA Ice Climbing World Tour
What a season it was for the 2015 UIAA Ice Climbing World Tour! From the historic Bozeman competition which marked the arrival of UIAA ice climbing in North America to Petra Klingler's win in Kirov, a first Gold for Switzerland.
19 Mar 2015
Popularity of Diploma of Mountain Medicine growing
Interest continues to grow on certification for the UIAA, International Commission for Alpine Rescue (ICAR) and International Society of Mountain Medicine (ISMM) Diploma of Mountain Medicine, says Medical Commission President David Hillebrandt
23 Feb 2015
Search our public database for UIAA Safety Label certified products
The UIAA endeavors to maintain a complete listing of recalled climbing equipment including partial recalls as well as appeals for checking equipment. You can also search our public database for UIAA Safety Label certified products available in the market through their brand names.
18 Feb 2015
Spanish laboratory certified to UIAA Safety Standards
AITEX of Spain is the newest test laboratory accredited to certify climbing equipment to UIAA Safety Standards. The UIAA Safety Label is globally recognized and can be found on climbing equipment from many of the biggest gear and rope manufacturers.
27 Jan 2015
FEDME hosts International Mountaineering Congress 'CIMA2015'
Climbers and mountaineers from around the world gathered in Spain for CIMA2015, a mountaineering Congress organized by the Spanish Federation of Mountaineering and Climbing (FEDME). The UIAA Management Committee met during the Congress.
28 Mar 2015
Happy Birthday! The symbol which has to come stand for the UIAA is 50-years-old
The UIAA logo which is recognized today around the world as a symbol of excellence, quality and safety was the spontaneous creation of a boy named Oliver fifty years ago.
26 Mar 2015
Sanjaa Zaya receives top Mongolian sporting award
UIAA Youth Commission member Sanjaa Zaya has been honoured with Mongolia's greatest sporting honour, the Mongolian State Honoured Sportsman Prize.
11 Mar 2015
Petra Klingler wins first Gold for Switzerland in the Lead final in Kirov, Russia
Swiss climber Petra Klingler made history today in Kirov, Russia when she won her first World Cup Gold medal in the UIAA Ice Climbing World Tour.
08 Mar 2015
Koshcheeva and Vagin are World Speed Champions
Ekaterina Koshcheeva and Alexey Vagin are the "King and Queen" of Speed after they won the 2015 UIAA World Speed Championship in Kirov, Russia.
08 Mar 2015
Nomination period opens for UIAA Mountain Protection Award
The deadline for nomination for the US$5,000 Mountain Protection Award for Stewardship sponsored by Western University and Golden Rock Travel of Azerbaijan is 31 July 2015.
24 Feb 2015
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After Hours c4c (frusciante style)
After Hours played in the style of Frusciante.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CUOj...=1&feature=plcp will c4c as always |
Thanks for checking my cover. You have a nice voice, but your singing have to be more convincing, it sound like you don't want to sing ;)
Thanks I will try. I was kinda depressed I guess... :shrug: |
Awesome man, Im a huge Frusciante/Velvet underground fan, you nailed it!!
C4C?: http://www.ultimate-guitar.com/foru...d.php?t=1576666 |
Thanks a lot brother i appreciate that, johns awesome
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Classic Tracks From Ten365 for NE1 Magazine and the North East
Soundtracks and Comedy! At work or home. Film and TV music, stand-up comedy and everything in between. Dean Martin to Hans Zimmer, James Newton Howard to James Bond, Thomas Newman to Jim Carrey, Dane Cook to John Williams.
New Age Music. Celtic & Inspirational. Added some new tracks & deleted some old ones. Over 20 Hours of Music.
An exceptional blend of your favorite soft rock & pop, Motown, love ballads and other chartbusting hits straight from the greatest hits collections! Relive the fun and cool times of those exciting, incredible, days! Here's to good times and great oldies!
Wartime Tunes! WWII Big Band, Swing, and Authentic WWII News Radio Clips
Music for the classical guitar, including solos, chamber pieces, and concertos.
UPDATED 10/26/2007. You'll hear Led Zeppelin, The Beatles, Rolling Stones, The Guess Who, CCR, Boston, The Who, Bob Seger, Lynyrd Skynyrd, ZZ Top, Supertramp, The Moody Blues, Jimi Hendrix, The Eagles, and much, much more...
The Biggest Hits of the 70's and More - Your Number One Place for Fun - Playing Your Rock, Pop, Soul and Disco Favorites!
Playing your SOFT ROCK hits and misses from the 1970's, 1980's, 1990's and More in STEREO.
Because Folk Music is the music of the people. And you're a person. 15+years leading the way at Live365 with freeform folk and related genres (singer/songwriter, bluegrass. Celtic, folk/rock, world folk, Cajun/Zydeco,technofolk and more).
One-Hit Wonderland (The greatest one-hit wonders of all time)
►► ALL NEW 128K SOUND : The harder side of Rockland USA. Full on alternative and rock hits. 2005 Broadcaster of the Year.
We Specialize In Playing The Oldies (60s & 70s) For The Office! We Rock But Not Too Hard!
Old Time Radio OTR MUSIC & COMEDY Old Time Radio OTR Programs, Remotes & Old Time Radio OTR Music Show Old Time Radio OTR Jazz, Pop StandardsOld Time Radio OTR Western Country MusicShowsfrom YesterdayOld Time Radio OTR Old Time Radio Oldtime Radio
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by Dr. Horner [Hi-Fi]- your destination for straight-ahead, hardbop, and classic jazz (Miles, Coltrane, Mingus, Bill Evans, Grant Green, Wes Montgomery, etc)


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BERETTA USA CORP Inox
Beretta J90C9F30 92 FS Inox Cmpct 9mm 13+1 Blk Syn Grip Inox Two Tone Finish
The 92 series of semi-automatic pistols operates on a short recoil, delayed blowback system with a safe and time-proven double/single action. Chrome-lined barrels provide extreme corrosion resistance and a deeply recessed combat muzzle crown to protect the rifling. The open slide design virtually eliminates jamming and stove piping and allows the chamber to be loaded one cartridge at a time. The attached disassembly latch simplifies field stripping. The user may retract the slide single-handedly by pushing the rear sight against the edge of a table, door, etc. The external hammer design provides the energy to the firing pin, virtually eliminating the possibility of misfires due to light primer, and provides immediate indication of cocked/uncocked status. Each pistol features a lightweight, forged frame made from extremely strong aircraft-quality aluminum alloy. These Inox models have a stainless steel slide and barrel with an exceptionally corrosion-resistant and durable gray-anodized frame to match the color and finish of the stainless components. The other metal parts (trigger, hammer, safety, magazine, etc.) are black finished.


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Condensed matter physics |
Phases · Phase transition |
Phase phenomena
Electronic phases
Electronic phenomena
Magnetic phases
Van der Waals · Onnes · von Laue · Bragg · Debye · Bloch · Onsager · Mott · Peierls · Landau · Luttinger · Anderson · Van Vleck · Mott · Hubbard · Shockley · Bardeen · Cooper · Schrieffer · Josephson · Louis Néel · Esaki · Giaever · Kohn · Kadanoff · Fisher · Wilson · von Klitzing · Binnig · Rohrer · Bednorz · Müller · Laughlin · Störmer · Tsui · Abrikosov · Ginzburg · Leggett
A polaron is a quasiparticle used in condensed matter physics to understand the interactions between electrons and atoms in a solid material. The polaron concept was first proposed by Lev Landau in 1933 to describe an electron moving in a dielectric crystal where the atoms move from their equilibrium positions to effectively screen the charge of an electron, known as a phonon cloud. This lowers the electron mobility and increases the electron's effective mass.
The general concept of a polaron has been extended to describe other interactions between the electrons and ions in metals that result in a bound state, or a lowering of energy compared to the non-interacting system. Major theoretical work has focused on solving Fröhlich and Holstein Hamiltonians. This is still an active field of research to find exact numerical solutions to the case of one or two electrons in a large crystal lattice, and to study the case of many interacting electrons.
Experimentally, polarons are important to the understanding of a wide variety of materials. The electron mobility in semiconductors can be greatly decreased by the formation of polarons. Organic semiconductors are also sensitive to polaronic effects, and is particularly relevant in the design of organic solar cells that effectively transport charge. The electron phonon interactions that form cooper pairs in type-I superconductors can also be modelled as a polaron, and two opposite spin electrons may form a bipolaron sharing a phonon cloud. This has been suggested as a mechanism for cooper pair formation in type-II superconductors. Polarons are also important for interpreting the optical conductivity of these types of materials.
The polaron, a fermionic quasiparticle, should not be confused with the polariton, a bosonic quasiparticle analogous to a hybridized state between a photon and an optical phonon.
Polaron theory[edit]
L. D. Landau [1] and S. I. Pekar [2] formed the basis of polaron theory. A charge placed in a polarizable medium will be screened. Dielectric theory describes the phenomenon by the induction of a polarization around the charge carrier. The induced polarization will follow the charge carrier when it is moving through the medium. The carrier together with the induced polarization is considered as one entity, which is called a polaron (see Fig. 1).
Material | α | Material | α |
InSb | 0.023 | KI | 2.5 |
InAs | 0.052 | TlBr | 2.55 |
GaAs | 0.068 | KBr | 3.05 |
GaP | 0.20 | RbI | 3.16 |
CdTe | 0.29 | Bi12SiO20 | 3.18 |
ZnSe | 0.43 | CdF2 | 3.2 |
CdS | 0.53 | KCl | 3.44 |
AgBr | 1.53 | CsI | 3.67 |
AgCl | 1.84 | SrTiO3 | 3.77 |
α-Al2O3 | 2.40 | RbCl | 3.81 |
A conduction electron in an ionic crystal or a polar semiconductor is the prototype of a polaron. Herbert Fröhlich proposed a model Hamiltonian for this polaron through which its dynamics are treated quantum mechanically (Fröhlich Hamiltonian).[5][6] This model assumes that electron wavefunction is spread out over many ions which are all somewhat displaced from their equilibrium positions, or the continuum approximation. The strength of the electron-phonon interaction is expressed by a dimensionless coupling constant α introduced by Fröhlich.[6] In Table 1 the Fröhlich coupling constant is given for a few solids. The Fröhlich Hamiltonian for a single electron in a crystal using second quantization notation is:
The exact form of gamma depends on the material and the type of phonon being used in the model. A detailed advanced discussion of the variations of the Fröhlich Hamiltonian can be found in J. T. Devreese and A. S. Alexandrov [7] The terms Fröhlich polaron and large polaron are sometimes used synonymously, since the Fröhlich Hamiltonian includes the continuum approximation and long range forces. There is no known exact solution for the Fröhlich Hamiltonian with longitudinal optical (LO) phonons and linear (the most commonly considered variant of the Fröhlich polaron) despite extensive investigations.[2][4][5][6][8][9][10][11][12][13]
Despite the lack of an exact solution, some approximations of the polaron properties are known.
The physical properties of a polaron differ from those of a band-carrier. A polaron is characterized by its self-energy , an effective mass and by its characteristic response to external electric and magnetic fields (e. g. dc mobility and optical absorption coefficient).
When the coupling is weak ( small), the self-energy of the polaron can be approximated as:[14]
and the polaron mass , which can be measured by cyclotron resonance experiments, is larger than the band mass m of the charge carrier without self-induced polarization:[15]
When the coupling is strong (α large), a variational approach due to Landau and Pekar indicates that the self-energy is proportional to α² and the polaron mass scales as α⁴. The Landau-Pekar variational calculation [2] yields an upper bound to the polaron self-energy , valid for all α, where is a constant determined by solving an integro-differential equation. It was an open question for many years whether this expression was asymptotically exact as α tends to infinity. Finally, Donsker and Varadhan,[16] applying large deviation theory to Feynman's path integral formulation for the self-energy, showed the large α exactitude of this Landau-Pekar formula. Later, Lieb and Thomas [17] gave a shorter proof using more conventional methods, and with explicit bounds on the lower order corrections to the Landau-Pekar formula.
Feynman [18] introduced a variational principle for path integrals to study the polaron. He simulated the interaction between the electron and the polarization modes by a harmonic interaction between a hypothetical particle and the electron. The analysis of an exactly solvable ("symmetrical") 1D-polaron model,[19][20] Monte Carlo schemes [21][22] and other numerical schemes [23] demonstrate the remarkable accuracy of Feynman's path-integral approach to the polaron ground-state energy. Experimentally more directly accessible properties of the polaron, such as its mobility and optical absorption, have been investigated subsequently.
Polaron optical absorption[edit]
The expression for the magnetooptical absorption of a polaron is:[24]
Here, is the cyclotron frequency for a rigid-band electron. The magnetooptical absorption Γ(Ω) at the frequency Ω takes the form Σ(Ω) is the so-called "memory function", which describes the dynamics of the polaron. Σ(Ω) depends also on α, β what is beta? and .
In the absence of an external magnetic field () the optical absorption spectrum (3) of the polaron at weak coupling is determined by the absorption of radiation energy, which is reemitted in the form of LO phonons. At larger coupling, , the polaron can undergo transitions toward a relatively stable internal excited state called the "relaxed excited state" (RES) (see Fig. 2). The RES peak in the spectrum also has a phonon sideband, which is related to a Franck-Condon-type transition.
A comparison of the DSG results [25] with the optical conductivity spectra given by approximation-free numerical [26] and approximate analytical approaches is given in ref.[27]
Calculations of the optical conductivity for the Fröhlich polaron performed within the Diagrammatic Quantum Monte Carlo method,[26] see Fig. 3, fully confirm the results of the path-integral variational approach [25] at In the intermediate coupling regime the low-energy behavior and the position of the maximum of the optical conductivity spectrum of ref.[26] follow well the prediction of ref.[25] There are the following qualitative differences between the two approaches in the intermediate and strong coupling regime: in ref.,[26] the dominant peak broadens and the second peak does not develop, giving instead rise to a flat shoulder in the optical conductivity spectrum at . This behavior can be attributed to the optical processes with participation of two [28] or more phonons. The nature of the excited states of a polaron needs further study.
The application of a sufficiently strong external magnetic field allows one to satisfy the resonance condition , which {(for )} determines the polaron cyclotron resonance frequency. From this condition also the polaron cyclotron mass can be derived. Using the most accurate theoretical polaron models to evaluate , the experimental cyclotron data can be well accounted for.
Evidence for the polaron character of charge carriers in AgBr and AgCl was obtained through high-precision cyclotron resonance experiments in external magnetic fields up to 16 T.[29] The all-coupling magneto-absorption calculated in ref.,[24] leads to the best quantitative agreement between theory and experiment for AgBr and AgCl. This quantitative interpretation of the cyclotron resonance experiment in AgBr and AgCl [29] by the theory of ref.[24] provided one of the most convincing and clearest demonstrations of Fröhlich polaron features in solids.
Experimental data on the magnetopolaron effect, obtained using far-infrared photoconductivity techniques, have been applied to study the energy spectrum of shallow donors in polar semiconductor layers of CdTe.[30]
The polaron effect well above the LO phonon energy was studied through cyclotron resonance measurements, e. g., in II-VI semiconductors, observed in ultra-high magnetic fields.[31] The resonant polaron effect manifests itself when the cyclotron frequency approaches the LO phonon energy in sufficiently high magnetic fields.
Polarons in two dimensions and in quasi-2D structures[edit]
The great interest in the study of the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) has also resulted in many investigations on the properties of polarons in two dimensions.[32][33][34] A simple model for the 2D polaron system consists of an electron confined to a plane, interacting via the Fröhlich interaction with the LO phonons of a 3D surrounding medium. The self-energy and the mass of such a 2D polaron are no longer described by the expressions valid in 3D; for weak coupling they can be approximated as:[35][36]
It has been shown that simple scaling relations exist, connecting the physical properties of polarons in 2D with those in 3D. An example of such a scaling relation is:[34]
, |
where () and () are, respectively, the polaron and the electron-band masses in 2D (3D).
The effect of the confinement of a Fröhlich polaron is to enhance the effective polaron coupling. However, many-particle effects tend to counterbalance this effect because of screening.[32][37]
Also in 2D systems cyclotron resonance is a convenient tool to study polaron effects. Although several other effects have to be taken into account (nonparabolicity of the electron bands, many-body effects, the nature of the confining potential, etc.), the polaron effect is clearly revealed in the cyclotron mass. An interesting 2D system consists of electrons on films of liquid He.[38][39] In this system the electrons couple to the ripplons of the liquid He, forming "ripplopolarons". The effective coupling can be relatively large and, for some values of the parameters, self-trapping can result. The acoustic nature of the ripplon dispersion at long wavelengths is a key aspect of the trapping.
For GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs quantum wells and superlattices, the polaron effect is found to decrease the energy of the shallow donor states at low magnetic fields and leads to a resonant splitting of the energies at high magnetic fields. The energy spectra of such polaronic systems as shallow donors ("bound polarons"), e. g., the D0 and D− centres, constitute the most complete and detailed polaron spectroscopy realised in the literature.[40]
In GaAs/AlAs quantum wells with sufficiently high electron density, anticrossing of the cyclotron-resonance spectra has been observed near the GaAs transverse optical (TO) phonon frequency rather than near the GaAs LO-phonon frequency.[41] This anticrossing near the TO-phonon frequency was explained in the framework of the polaron theory.[41]
Besides optical properties,[4][12][42] many other physical properties of polarons have been studied, including the possibility of self-trapping, polaron transport,[43] magnetophonon resonance, etc.
Extensions of the polaron concept[edit]
Significant are also the extensions of the polaron concept: acoustic polaron, piezoelectric polaron, electronic polaron, bound polaron, trapped polaron, spin polaron, molecular polaron, solvated polarons, polaronic exciton, Jahn-Teller polaron, small polaron, bipolarons and many-polaron systems.[4] These extensions of the concept are invoked, e. g., to study the properties of conjugated polymers, colossal magnetoresistance perovskites, high- superconductors, layered MgB2 superconductors, fullerenes, quasi-1D conductors, semiconductor nanostructures.
The possibility that polarons and bipolarons play a role in high- superconductors has renewed interest in the physical properties of many-polaron systems and, in particular, in their optical properties. Theoretical treatments have been extended from one-polaron to many-polaron systems.[4][44][45]
A new aspect of the polaron concept has been investigated for semiconductor nanostructures: the exciton-phonon states are not factorizable into an adiabatic product Ansatz, so that a non-adiabatic treatment is needed.[46] The non-adiabaticity of the exciton-phonon systems leads to a strong enhancement of the phonon-assisted transition probabilities (as compared to those treated adiabatically) and to multiphonon optical spectra that are considerably different from the Franck-Condon progression even for small values of the electron-phonon coupling constant as is the case for typical semiconductor nanostructures.[46]
In biophysics Davydov soliton is a propagating along the protein α-helix self-trapped amide I excitation that is a solution of the Davydov Hamiltonian. The mathematical techniques that are used to analyze Davydov's soliton are similar to some that have been developed in polaron theory. In this context the Davydov soliton corresponds to a polaron that is (i) large so the continuum limit approximation in justified, (ii) acoustic because the self-localization arises from interactions with acoustic modes of the lattice, and (iii) weakly coupled because the anharmonic energy is small compared with the phonon bandwidth.[47]
More recently it was shown that the system of an impurity in a Bose–Einstein condensate is also a member of the polaron family.[48] This is very promising for experimentally probing the hitherto inaccessible strong coupling regime since in this case interaction strengths can be externally tuned through the use of a Feshbach resonance.
See also[edit]
- ^ Landau LD (1933). "Über die Bewegung der Elektronen in Kristalgitter". Phys. Z. Sowjetunion 3: 644–645.
- ^ a b c Pekar SI (1951). "Issledovanija po Elektronnoj Teorii Kristallov". Gostekhizdat, Moskva.
- ^ Devreese JTL (1979). "Moles agitat mentem. Ontwikkelingen in de fysica van de vaste stof". Rede uitgesproken bij de aanvaarding van het ambt van buitengewoon hoogleraar in de fysica van de vaste stof, in het bijzonder de theorie van de vaste stof, bij de afdeling der technische natuurkunde aan de Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven.
- ^ a b c d e Devreese, Jozef T. (2005). "Polarons". In Lerner, R.G.; Trigg, G.L. Encyclopedia of Physics 2 (Third ed.). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 2004–2027. OCLC 475139057.
- ^ a b Fröhlich H; Pelzer H; Zienau S (1950). Phil. Mag. 41: 221. Missing or empty
(help) - ^ a b c Fröhlich H (1954). "Electrons in lattice fields". Adv. Phys. 3 (11): 325. Bibcode:1954AdPhy...3..325F. doi:10.1080/00018735400101213.
- ^ J. T. Devreese & A. S. Alexandrov (2009). "Fröhlich polaron and bipolaron: recent developments". Rep. Prog. Phys. 72 (6): 066501. arXiv:0904.3682. Bibcode:2009RPPh...72f6501D. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/72/6/066501.
- ^ Kuper GC; Whitfield GD, eds. (1963). "Polarons and Excitons". Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.
- ^ Appel J (1968). In: Solid State Physics, F. Seitz, D. Turnbull, and H. Ehrenreich (eds.), Academic Press, New York 21: pp.193–391. Missing or empty
(help) - ^ a b Devreese JTL, ed. (1972). "Polarons in Ionic Crystals and Polar Semiconductors". North-Holland, Amsterdam.
- ^ Mitra TK; Chatterjee A; Mukhopadhyay S (1987). "Polarons". Phys. Rep. 153 (2–3): 91. Bibcode:1987PhR...153...91M. doi:10.1016/0370-1573(87)90087-1.
- ^ a b Devreese JTL (1996). In" Encyclopedia of Applied Physics, G. L. Trigg (ed.), VCH, Weinheim 14: pp.383–413. Missing or empty
(help) - ^ Alexandrov AS; Mott N (1996). "Polarons and Bipolarons". World Scientific, Singapore.
- ^ Smondyrev MA (1986). "Diagrams in the polaron model". Theor. Math. Phys. 68 (1): 653. Bibcode:1986TMP....68..653S. doi:10.1007/BF01017794.
- ^ Röseler J (1968). "A new variational ansatz in the polaron theory". Physica Status Solidi (b) 25 (1): 311. Bibcode:1968PSSBR..25..311R. doi:10.1002/pssb.19680250129.
- ^ M. Donsker and R.Varadhan(1983). "Asymptotics for the Polaron", Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 36, 505–528.
- ^ Lieb E.H.; Thomas L.E. (1997). "Exact Ground State Energy of the Strong Coupling Polaron". Commun. Math. Physics 183 (3): 511–519. arXiv:cond-mat/9512112. Bibcode:1997CMaPh.183..511L. doi:10.1007/s002200050040.
- ^ Feynman RP (1955). "Slow Electrons in a Polar Crystal". Phys. Rev. 97 (3): 660. Bibcode:1955PhRv...97..660F. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.97.660.
- ^ Devreese JTL; Evrard R (1964). "On the excited states of a symmetrical polaron model". Phys. Lett. 11 (4): 278. Bibcode:1964PhL....11..278D. doi:10.1016/0031-9163(64)90324-5.
- ^ Devreese JTL; Evrard R (1968). Proceedings of the British Ceramic Society 10: 151. Missing or empty
(help) - ^ Mishchenko AS; Prokof'ev NV; Sakamoto A; Svistunov BV (2000). "Diagrammatic quantum Monte Carlo study of the Fröhlich polaron". Phys. Rev. B 62 (10): 6317. Bibcode:2000PhRvB..62.6317M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.62.6317.
- ^ Titantah JT; Pierleoni C; Ciuchi S (2001). "Free Energy of the Fröhlich Polaron in Two and Three Dimensions". Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 (20): 206406. arXiv:cond-mat/0010386. Bibcode:2001PhRvL..87t6406T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.206406. PMID 11690499.
- ^ De Filippis G; Cataudella V; Marigliano Ramaglia V; Perroni CA et al. (2003). "Ground state features of the Fröhlich model". Eur. Phys. J. B 36 (1): 65. arXiv:cond-mat/0309309. Bibcode:2003EPJB...36...65D. doi:10.1140/epjb/e2003-00317-x.
- ^ a b c Peeters FM; Devreese JTL (1986). "Magneto-optical absorption of polarons". Phys. Rev. B 34 (10): 7246. Bibcode:1986PhRvB..34.7246P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.34.7246.
- ^ a b c d e Devreese JTL; De Sitter J; Goovaerts M (1972). "Optical Absorption of Polarons in the Feynman-Hellwarth-Iddings-Platzman Approximation". Phys. Rev. B 5 (6): 2367. Bibcode:1972PhRvB...5.2367D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.5.2367.
- ^ a b c d e Mishchenko AS; Nagaosa N; Prokof'ev NV; Sakamoto A et al. (2003). "Optical Conductivity of the Fröhlich Polaron". Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (23): 236401. arXiv:cond-mat/0312111. Bibcode:2003PhRvL..91w6401M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.236401. PMID 14683203.
- ^ De Filippis G; Cataudella V; Mishchenko AS; Perroni CA et al. (2006). "Validity of the Franck-Condon Principle in the Optical Spectroscopy: Optical Conductivity of the Fröhlich Polaron". Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 (13): 136405. arXiv:cond-mat/0603219. Bibcode:2006PhRvL..96m6405D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.136405. PMID 16712012.
- ^ Goovaerts MJ; De Sitter J; Devreese JTL (1973). "Numerical Study of Two-Phonon Sidebands in the Optical Absorption of Free Polarons in the Strong-Coupling Limit". Phys. Rev. 7 (6): 2639. Bibcode:1973PhRvB...7.2639G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.7.2639.
- ^ a b Hodby JW; Russell GP; Peeters F; Devreese JTL et al. (1987). "Cyclotron resonance of polarons in the silver halides: AgBr and AgCl". Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 (14): 1471–1474. Bibcode:1987PhRvL..58.1471H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.1471. PMID 10034445.
- ^ Grynberg M; Huant S; Martinez G; Kossut J et al. (15 July 1996). "Magnetopolaron effect on shallow indium donors in CdTe". Physical Review B-Condensed Matter (APS) 54 (3): 1467–70.
- ^ Miura N; Imanaka Y (2003). "Polaron cyclotron resonance in II–VI compounds at high magnetic fields". Physica Status Solidi (b) 237 (1): 237. Bibcode:2003PSSBR.237..237M. doi:10.1002/pssb.200301781.
- ^ a b Devreese JTL; Peeters FM, eds. (1987). "The Physics of the Two-Dimensional Electron Gas". ASI Series, Plenum, New York B157.
- ^ Wu XG; Peeters FM; Devreese JTL (1986). "Effect of screening on the optical absorption of a two-dimensional electron gas in GaAs-AlxGa1-xAs heterostructures". Phys. Rev. B 34 (4): 2621. Bibcode:1986PhRvB..34.2621W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.34.2621.
- ^ a b Peeters FM; Devreese JTL (1987). "Scaling relations between the two- and three-dimensional polarons for static and dynamical properties". Phys. Rev. B 36 (8): 4442. Bibcode:1987PhRvB..36.4442P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.36.4442.
- ^ Sak J (1972). "Theory of Surface Polarons". Phys. Rev. B 6 (10): 3981. Bibcode:1972PhRvB...6.3981S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.6.3981.
- ^ Peeters FM; Wu XG; Devreese JTL (1988). "Exact and approximate results for the mass of a two-dimensional polaron". Phys. Rev. B 37 (2): 933. Bibcode:1988PhRvB..37..933P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.37.933.
- ^ Das Sarma S; Mason BA (1985). "Optical phonon interaction effects in layered semiconductor structures". Ann. Phys. (New York) 163 (1): 78. Bibcode:1985AnPhy.163...78S. doi:10.1016/0003-4916(85)90351-3.
- ^ Shikin VB; Monarkha YP (1973). Sov. Phys. – JETP 38: 373. Missing or empty
(help) - ^ Jackson SA; Platzman PM (1981). "Polaronic aspects of two-dimensional electrons on films of liquid He". Phys. Rev. B 24 (1): 499. Bibcode:1981PhRvB..24..499J. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.24.499.
- ^ Shi JM; Peeters FM; Devreese JTL (1993). "Magnetopolaron effect on shallow donor states in GaAs". Phys. Rev. B 48 (8): 5202. Bibcode:1993PhRvB..48.5202S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.48.5202.
- ^ a b Poulter AJL; Zeman J; Maude DK; Potemski M et al. (2001). "Magneto Infrared Absorption in High Electron Density GaAs Quantum Wells". Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (2): 336–9. arXiv:cond-mat/0012008. Bibcode:2001PhRvL..86..336P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.336. PMID 11177825.
- ^ Calvani P (2001). "Optical Properties of Polarons". Editrice Compositori, Bologna.
- ^ Feynman RP; Hellwarth RW; Iddings CK; Platzman PM (1962). "Mobility of Slow Electrons in a Polar Crystal". Phys. Rev. 127 (4): 1004. Bibcode:1962PhRv..127.1004F. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.127.1004.
- ^ Bassani FG; Cataudella V; Chiofalo ML; De Filippis G et al. (2003). "Electron gas with polaronic effects: beyond the mean-field theory". Physica Status Solidi (b) 237 (1): 173. Bibcode:2003PSSBR.237..173B. doi:10.1002/pssb.200301763.
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- ^ Scott AS (1992). "Davydov's soliton". Physics Reports 217 (1): 1–67. Bibcode:1992PhR...217....1S. doi:10.1016/0370-1573(92)90093-F.
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