text:
"Revealing the True Colors of NASA ."
By Richard C. Hoagland © 2002 The Enterprise Mission
The above color images of Mars were taken in 1999, across almost 60 million miles (!) by a talented amateur astronomer in Oeiras, Portugal -- Antonio Cidadao. They were acquired with a modest 10-inch "Schmidt-Cassegrain" reflecting telescope, and a commercially available CCD (charge coupled device) camera. Mr. Cidados total investment in his "Mars imaging system" commercial telescope and electronic camera, plus computer to process the images, and the appropriate software -- was approximately three thousand American dollars .
To get a feel for Mr. Cidadaos remarkable accomplishment, examine the following professional color comparisons.
The Observatory image (below, right) was acquired in 1956 by Dr. Robert Leighton of the California Institute of Technology, using Mt. Wilsons famed 60-inch reflector. It was a 20 second exposure on Kodachrome color film, subsequently processed by the Institutes well-known research laboratory, "JPL." The comparison image (below, left) is one of Cidadaos 1999 Mars series shown above, when the Red Planet was almost twice as distant as in 1956. It was a combination of two images, exposed through red and blue filters for .2 seconds each one tenth the Kodachrome exposure! An "averaged" green image was subsequently created, and the three images composited to produce the final color view.
Whats remarkable about this comparison is that Antonio Cidadaos amateur CCD image has comparable detail, but truer color (based on the reciprocity failure of the three-layered color film under long exposures, and visual telescopic observations by this writer and others) -- compared to the professional "Leighton image," taken (at the time) through the worlds third largest telescope 46 years ago.
A comparison of the sheer physical size of the two instruments (below) is even more revealing.
That planetary images of the quality of Cidadaos 1999 Mars record could have been acquired with such a relatively small instrument only one sixth the mirror size of its professional counterpart -- is remarkable. That it could produce images better than the 60-inch Mt Wilson instrument, and when Mars was almost twice as far away as in 1956, is elegant testimony to the starling advances in the "computer-driven technology of astronomical photography" and its democratization within the amateur astronomical community that have occurred in only fifty years .
Which brings us to NASA and the strange tale of its color imaging of Mars.
As every space aficionado knows, the Space Agency has another unmanned spacecraft currently orbiting the Suns fourth planet, called "2001 Mars Odyssey." Odyssey carries an incredibly sophisticated, one-of-a-kind, solid-state CCD imaging system known as "THEMIS" -- capable of returning both thermal infrared AND "natural color" images of Mars from a ~250 mile orbit. According to official Odyssey documents.
"THEMIS will also acquire 20-m resolution visible images in up to 5 spectral bands. Over 15,000 panchromatic (3,000 5-color), 20 × 20-km images will be acquired for morphology studies and landing site selection."
The cost of this latest NASA spacecraft -- including launch vehicle, control center, tracking system, and ground personal (engineers and scientists) required to acquire and analyze these close-up Mars images -- is several orders of magnitude greater than Mr. Cidadaos modest astronomical investment on the order of ~300 million dollars. Yet, in stark contrast to Antonio Cidadaos obvious success in repeatedly taking, computer processing, and then posting his spectacular color Mars images worldwide on the Internet
In the entire year that Mars Odyssey has been in orbit, the much more extensively-endowed NASA-THEMIS team has yet to process and release
Even one of those ~3,000 5-color Mars Odyssey images!
* * *
Mars Odyssey arrived at Mars on October 24, 2001. It began its official "science mission" on February 18, 2002.
Within a few weeks (March 27, 2002) of that beginning of the "official" Mapping Mission, the THEMIS team established (with great fanfare, including a full press release) an official THEMIS "Image of the Day" website -- to (in the words of one THEMIS manager) communicate "some of the excitement of what we're seeing with the public." However, almost 250 images later (as of December 8, 2002)--
NONE have been the "natural" color images everyone was told were the unique hallmark of this mission!
For an Agency wanting in fact, desperately needing -- "good PR," especially after the debacle of losing two Mars bound spacecraft back to back in 1999, this failure to put out even one full color image of their first successful mission back to the "Red Planet" since those previous disasters is simply "inexplicable."
It was not until October 1, 2002, that we began to have some inkling as to why" this apparent "failure" has continued.
For on October 1, NASA officially released almost two thousand Odyssey Mars images and other scientific data, acquired in the first six weeks of the official science mission, to the Planetary Data System (PDS). Among these images were many apparent "full color attempts," made in those first six weeks with Odysseys "VIS System" (the visual color camera). These attempts, we duly discovered, were archived in both the PDS and ASUs own THEMIS data bank. However, upon downloading many of the B&W filtered images and attempting to create accurate color images through appropriate compositing, both we and independent investigators around the world ran into a host of "technical problems" .
For instance, Holger Isenberg, the well-known German independent investigator familiar to many readers here for the role he played a few months ago in the daytime Cydonia IR controversy, tried his talented hand at creating an initial real color image from this official THEMIS data ... and he failed (below).
Its clear from even a cursory glance at his attempted reproduction of full color, that this representation is NOT yet suitable for "prime time"; in addition to the annoying overall "green cast" in the middle of the image, the anomalous additional colors and "lights" at both ends attest to severe "light scattering problems" within the VIS camera optical system. From examination of the individual B&W filtered images (below), it is readily apparent that this scattered light is the major constraint to producing any kind of quality color composite from these "raw," official images.
Isenbergs only comment regarding his failed effort: "It is apparent that these images are still uncalibrated ."
More recently, in the general Mars discussion currently occurring at MarsNews.com, "Bamf" the notorious computer maven from ASU, who seems to be making a second career out of visiting various Internet bulletin boards and providing "ASU commentary" on the on-going Odyssey mission was asked about the continuing lack of any "real color" from the Odyssey Mission:
12th November. [12:45] <ianao> _Bamf_: Why has it taken so long to show color photos?
12:45] <Bamf> Because it's a hard job to make them. [12:45] <Woodlock> good question [12:46] <Woodlock> NASA should work hard. [12:46] <Woodlock> [12:46] <ianao> _Bamf_: What makes it so difficult? [12:47] <ianao> _Bamf_: (In Lamen's [sic] terms, of course) [12:47] <Bamf> There's 3 or 4 really tough pieces: [12:49] <Bamf> 1) Each color is taken about 1 second apart. This means that after you've taken the red picture, you have to wait for the spacecraft to travel a bit so you can take the blue image of the same part of the ground. This also means that the planet's rotated and the spacecraft's wobbled, and other things have occurred to make the pixels of the red image not line up with the pixels of the blue image. In addition to motion, different parts of [12:49] <Bamf> the telescope distort the image differently, so you have to take out those effects too. This is all called geometric registration, and STILL isn't complete. [12:51] <ianao> _Bamf_: I take it that the 3 frames/sec is caused by compact video equipment? [12:51] <Bamf> 2) The camera isn't perfect. There's several parts of the camera that suck, because it was mostly made from off the shelf parts. One of the really crummy parts is the black part of the detector array. When you snap a picture, you "shift" it to another part of the detector so you can read out the values. The "other" part of the detector is supposed to be completely opaque so additional light doesn't accumulate. In the wavelengths we use [12:52] <Bamf> it's not opaque, so it accumulates more data from other parts of the planet. [12:53] <Bamf> There's other stuff like this where stray light gets into the image that has to be taken out. This is called flat-fielding. [12:53] <Bamf> (I'll get to your other question in a minute) [12:53] <Boxman> bamf are there any plans for a probe with ground-penetrating radar/ [12:54] <Woodlock> But the amazing part about the whole thing is you still get a photo...of Mars. [12:54] <Bamf> 3) Each band has to be calibrated. This isn't all that hard, since the calibration coefficients were measured in the lab, but the camera doesn't have "red", "green" and "blue" filters, they're in other wavelengths, and converting them back to something you can view on your monitor is tough. [12:54] <ianao> _Bamf_: Please forget about my second question. I thought you were finished before. [12:55] <Woodlock> nope [12:55] <Bamf> Now: The frames/sec stuff is a little strange. We snap the whole array at once, which is 1 framelet in each band. 1 second later it does it again. [12:56] <Boxman> Bamf is there any lag between you and the data? do you see it as soon as anyone/ [12:56] <Boxman> ? [12:56] <Bamf> I don't think NASA is doing a ground penetrating radar. There was talk about it for the '05 orbiter, but it didn't get selected. The ESA Mars Express mission has one through. [12:56] <Boxman> interesting [12:56] <Bamf> We get it as fast as it comes down. [12:58] <ianao> _Bamf_: I am particularly interested in #3, the calibration. You mentioned use of 'calibration coefficients'. Would you mind elaborating on what exactly is used to calibrate the appropriate color bands? [12:58] <Bamf> Monochromatic filters, ianao. In the lab you measure the spectral response to monochromatic light. [12:59] <Bamf> You essentially map out the spectral response of the filters. [12:59] <ianao> _Bamf_: I see. [12:59] <Bamf> Baby's running around, so I might disappear on short notice. [12:59] <Woodlock> I don't see. [12:59] <Boxman> Will the coming war have any effect on your operations Bamf? [13:00] <Bamf> Unlikely. There's not a lot of call for the 70m dishes in war operations. [13:00] <Boxman> Interesting [13:00] <ianao> _Bamf_: Thanks for answering my question(s).
In this exchange, "Bamf" (in actuality, Noel Gorelick remember, the official "software Manager for THEMIS data reduction at ASU") is confirming that "a major problem" exists with the reconstruction of accurate color images from Odyssey. Further, hes specifically blaming the problem on the camera hardware.
" there's several parts of the camera that suck, because it was mostly made from off the shelf parts. One of the really crummy parts is the black part of the detector array [emphasis added] ."
This is how an official NASA spokesperson for an on-going "make or break" NASA mission talks about "his" mission?!
Whats really going on here?
In truth, "Bamf" is actually placing the blame not-so-subtly at the door of another NASA THEMIS scientist . The surprise (to some) will be in "whom" that is.
Unlike the infrared components of the THEMIS camera (which were designed and assembled under the direction of ASUs Dr. Philip Christensen "Bamfs" boss), the VIS side of the instrument (remember, the one that "sucks") was constructed under the leadership of one
Dr. Michael Malin.
Thats right the same "Dr. Malin" who is Principle Investigator on the other highly controversial camera system, aboard the other NASA spacecraft still orbiting Mars Mars Global Surveyor. The same "Dr. Malin" who, frustratingly, has repeatedly withheld close-up images of Cydonia (if not a lot of other remarkable locations on the planet ) for well beyond their official "due date" to the PDS.
Realizing this, in the context of Bamfs many other "inexplicable actions and outright lies on the THEMIS website" over the past few months, is it possible that by publicly blaming Dr. Malins section of the camera, "Bamf" is actually trying to tell us that theres more to this continuing lack of color imaging than "simple problems with instrument design?"
Like "more peculiar rituals and politics re NASA?"
For whatever reason, if you go to Michael Malins website, to the section devoted to his own (too brief!) description of his VIS components in the THEMIS camera system, mysteriously all Malins former links to ASU and THEMIS now dont work!
Retribution for "Bamfs" curiously caustic, public criticisms of Malins section of the THEMIS camera? Or another sign that "somethings just not right" with NASAs entire approach to the lingering issue of "what color is Mars really?"
NASA has a long and curious "history" regarding the "real" Mars and certainly its color.
Perhaps the most infamous account is of the controversy that still swirls around the release by JPL, over a quarter of a century ago, of the first "true color Viking Lander image," just one day after Viking touched down in the pre-dawn darkness (Pacific time) of July 20, 1976. Within a few hours of that historic publication -- the release of the first color photograph from the surface of Mars -- another, hurriedly revised version of this first color surface image was suddenly produced "correcting the initial color engineering problems" in the first image.
Decades later, one of those personally present at JPL (and curiously "involved") would relate a very different story of this incident:
The "witness" is the son of the scientist in charge of one of Vikings three historic "biology investigations," the Labeled Release Experiment: Principle Investigator, Dr. Gilbert Levin. His sons name is Dr. Ron Levin, now also a scientist a physicist -- at MIT.
In the summer of 1976 (when Viking landed), Ron was a newly-graduated high school student, assisting his father at JPL during that incomparable "Viking Summer" (where this writer was also present, covering the extraordinary Viking story for millions of readers of a major magazine, and a couple of broadcast television networks ).
The following is from Levins first-hand recollections of the whole affair, recounted in a recent book by science writer Barry DiGregorio -- the remarkable "over reaction" by JPL that occurred in response to Ron Levins naive efforts to "correct" what seemed to him that July afternoon to be "a deliberate if perplexing methodical distortion of the incoming Viking Lander data" (Mars: The Living Planet, B. DiGregorio, G. Levin and P. Straat, Frog Ltd, Berkeley, CA 1997).
According to DiGregorios narrative:
"At about 2:00 P.M. PDT, the first color image from the surface of another planet, Mars, began to emerge on the JPL color video monitors located in many of the surrounding buildings, specifically set up for JPL employees and media personnel to view the Viking images. Gil and Ron Levin sat in the main control room where dozens of video monitors and anxious technicians waited to see this historic first color picture. As the image developed on the monitors, the crowd of scientists, technicians, and media reacted enthusiastically to a scene that would be absolutely unforgettable Mars in color. The image showed an Arizona-like landscape: blue sky, brownish-red desert soil, and gray rocks with green splotches ... "Gil Levin commented to Patricia Straat [his co-Investigator] and his son Ron, Look at that image! It looks like Arizona [below].
"At about 2:00 P.M. PDT, the first color image from the surface of another planet, Mars, began to emerge on the JPL color video monitors located in many of the surrounding buildings, specifically set up for JPL employees and media personnel to view the Viking images. Gil and Ron Levin sat in the main control room where dozens of video monitors and anxious technicians waited to see this historic first color picture. As the image developed on the monitors, the crowd of scientists, technicians, and media reacted enthusiastically to a scene that would be absolutely unforgettable Mars in color. The image showed an Arizona-like landscape: blue sky, brownish-red desert soil, and gray rocks with green splotches ...
"Gil Levin commented to Patricia Straat [his co-Investigator] and his son Ron, Look at that image! It looks like Arizona [below].
"Two hours after the first color image appeared on the monitors, a technician abruptly changed the image from the light-blue sky and Arizona-like landscape to a uniform orange-red sky and landscape [below]. Ron Levin looked in disbelief as the technician went from monitor to monitor making the change. Minutes later, Ron followed him, resetting the colors to their original appearance. Levin and Straat were interrupted when they heard someone being
chastised. It was Ron Levin being chewed out by the Viking Project Director himself, James S. Martin, Jr. Gil Levin went immediately and asked, "What is going on?" Martin had caught Ron changing all the color monitors back to their original settings. He warned Ron that if he tried something like that again, hed be thrown out of JPL for good. The Director then asked a TRW engineer assisting the Biology team, Ron Gilje, to follow Ron Levin around to every color monitor and change it back to the red landscape. "What Gil Levin, Ron and Patricia Straat did not know (even to this writing) is that the order to change the colors came directly from the NASA Administrator himself, Dr. James Fletcher. Months later, Gil Levin sought out the JPL Viking Imaging Team technician who actually made the changes and asked why it was done. The technician responded that he had instructions from the Viking Imaging Team that the Mars sky and landscape should be red and went around to all the monitors tweaking them to make it so. Gil Levin said, The new settings showed the American flag (painted on the Landers below as having purple stripes. The technician said that the Mars atmosphere made the flag appear that way [emphasis added]."
chastised. It was Ron Levin being chewed out by the Viking Project Director himself, James S. Martin, Jr. Gil Levin went immediately and asked, "What is going on?" Martin had caught Ron changing all the color monitors back to their original settings. He warned Ron that if he tried something like that again, hed be thrown out of JPL for good. The Director then asked a TRW engineer assisting the Biology team, Ron Gilje, to follow Ron Levin around to every color monitor and change it back to the red landscape.
"What Gil Levin, Ron and Patricia Straat did not know (even to this writing) is that the order to change the colors came directly from the NASA Administrator himself, Dr. James Fletcher. Months later, Gil Levin sought out the JPL Viking Imaging Team technician who actually made the changes and asked why it was done. The technician responded that he had instructions from the Viking Imaging Team that the Mars sky and landscape should be red and went around to all the monitors tweaking them to make it so. Gil Levin said, The new settings showed the American flag (painted on the Landers below as having purple stripes. The technician said that the Mars atmosphere made the flag appear that way [emphasis added]."
As someone who was also at JPL that afternoon, and vividly remembers a similar shock -- when the "Arizona Mars" initially flashed on the JPL monitors was suddenly transformed into a Martian "Red Light District" I now kick myself for not asking lots more questions.
But, it was 1976 -- and we all trusted our Space Agency back then .
One of the basic questions that I should have asked involves the physics behind JPLs abrupt color alterations. Or, as Gil Levin put it:
"If atmospheric dust were scattering red light and not blue, the sky would appear red, but since the red would be at least partially removed by the time the light hit the surface, its [the direct sunlights] reflection from the surface would make the surface appear more blue than red. There would be less red light [in the direct sunlight illumination] left to reflect. And what about the sharp shadows of the rocks in the black and white images yesterday? If significant scattering of the light on Mars occurred [from lots of red dust in the atmosphere], the sharp shadows in those images would not be present, or at best, would appear fuzzy because of diffusion by the [atmospheric] scattering [emphasis added]!"
Levin was describing the well-known phenomenon of "Raleigh scattering" -- whereby the similar-sized molecules of all planetary atmospheres (be it the primary nitrogen of Earth; the carbon dioxide atmosphere of Mars; or even the predominantly hydrogen atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn!) all produce blue skies when sunlight passes through them.
If you examine the long Martian photographic record which encompasses hundreds of thousands of images, acquired by dozens of observatories even before the Space age dawned you can see blatant evidence that Levins right and JPL is wrong regarding the scientifically expected color of the Martian atmosphere.
Here (below) is a comparison of three sets of tri-color Mars images -- starting with relatively insensitive photographic plates in 1909, and ending with a three-color CCD series taken in 2001. Begun by C. O. Lampland (CL) at the Lowell Observatory in 1903, this type of three-color photography has faithfully recorded the differences in albedo (reflectance) between the light areas and the dark areas, in different color wavelengths, for almost a full century.
What is immediately apparent in these black and white images is the simple fact that red light records the dark surface markings with the highest contrast, while blue makes them all but disappear. That this is not purely a result of the markings different reflectivity in red and blue is confirmed by a rare but well-documented blue clearing phenomenon amply photographed at times across the years.
Thus, whatever is causing the Martian surface to essentially disappear in blue light is in the atmosphere .
If the planets atmosphere were continually filled with tiny particles of reddish dust as NASA has insisted now for more than 30 years then the contrast would be the lowest in the red. Instead, as these images attest, the contrast disappears in the blue region of the spectrum in precise accordance with Rayleigh scattering of sunlight!
These conclusions are blatantly confirmed by combining the three-color images into full color (below) which show bluish scattering and hazes widely prevalent across the salmon deserts of the so-called Red Planet.
So, what the hell is truly going on with NASAs science !?
In 1997, before the arrival of the Mars Pathfinder spacecraft (the first NASA Lander sent to Mars since Viking), the Hubble Telescope was tasked to acquire a series of "weather forecast Mars images" prior to the landing (below). This long-distance reconnaissance detected a small dust storm less than a month before the Pathfinder arrival, which (with its potentially high winds) could have posed a serious threat to the Pathfinder entry and landing.
Hubble Investigator on the Pathfinder Landing imagery, Dr. Philip James, of the University of Toledo, when the dust storm safely dissipated (but only after filling Valles Marineris with suspended particles above), did note one potential impact on the Pathfinder Mission:
"If dust diffuses to the landing site, the sky could turn out to be pink like that seen by Viking ... otherwise [based on the Hubble images -- above], Pathfinder will likely show blue sky with bright clouds [emphasis added]."
In other words, based on the Hubble images taken just before the landing, NASA astronomers working with the Hubble data fully expected a surface view to match what their telescopic images were showing!
And they did not!
Instead, when Pathfinder did arrive the skies, according to the official JPL Lander image releases (below), if anything, seemed redder and more "dusty" than on the Viking images twenty years before!
In the years subsequent to Viking (and before Pathfinder), a variety of other NASA spacecraft had returned a variety of color views of Mars. Remarkably, in all those images (below) the tell tale evidence of major Raleigh scattering (that bluish limb around the planet, where the atmospheric path is longest) is blatantly apparent!
In the three examples displayed here, the top image is an enlargement of another of Antonio Cidadaos 1999 Mars images. Note again the "salmon-colored" deserts, and "blue-green" darker areas as well as hints of bluish tinges at the limb.
The color standards represented by this (and a host of other) world-wide amateur astronomers CCD images of Mars cannot be overstated; for they are the only basis for a valid (uncensored) scientific test for real Mars colors, still available to all the rest of us in 2002 .
That being the case, the second image is a "corrected" Hubble view (using the Cidadao image and Dr. James own comments -- as the standard). It was acquired just prior to the Pathfinder Landing, in 1997. Except for the obvious differences in resolution (remember, Cidadaos image was secured with a 10-inch, amateur telescope, looking through Earths atmosphere and across 54 million miles), the colors and features of both images, calibrated to the "salmon Martian deserts," are the same including (in the Hubble image, because of much higher resolution) a now clearly defined blue-sky scattering around the planets limb!
The third image is an ultra-close-up view of Mars from orbit, secured only 250 miles above the planet with Dr. Michael Malins wide-angle camera aboard the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft (MGS), in 1998 (prepared by independent Mars investigator, Jim Heald). Because of the MGS low orbit, the distance to the Mars horizon (and thus, greatest optical path through the atmosphere) is only a few hundred miles in this view (and, because of the "push broom" nature of the Malin camera, the image is also somewhat distorted from a circular field of view).
The critical feature of all three images is the now blatantly obvious, "Raleigh scattered" bluish limb of Mars!
This astonishing fact an unmistakably "Earthlike" sky on Mars is the exact opposite of what NASA has tried to get us to believe all these years, and with a variety of now clearly altered Martian images.
This remarkable scientific and political conclusion is confirmed by a close-up view (below) of (obviously, now!) the two most "Earthlike" planets in the solar system Earth and Mars. Note the distinct blue atmospheric layer floating over the russet Martian deserts in this close-up view, from the wide-angle MGS camera and not a trace of reddish atmospheric dust in sight!
In fact, if you want to really see what the atmosphere of Mars looks like with a significant amount of dust, one only has to look at this extraordinarily revealing Hubble image (below) taken during the height of the recent global dust storm, in 2001.
We all learn in grammar school that adding "yellow" to "blue," creates the color "green." Well, what do you know--
Adding yellow Martian dust to the Rayleigh-scattering Martian atmosphere in 2001, literally turned it green!
Which, of course, would be impossible unless there was an already strong, Rayleigh-scattered blue component to that atmosphere an atmosphere that NASA has tried extremely hard to hide for over thirty years!
Now, remember that cryptic statement DiGregario wrote earlier, regarding "the head of NASAs role" at the time of Vikings initial color image of the Martian surface?
It turns out that his statement was based on a remarkable confirmation of this 1976 incident and from an official source -- former JPL Public Affairs Officer, Jurrie J. Van der Woude. In a letter to DiGregario (also reproduced in Mars: The Living Planet), Van der Woude wrote:
"Both Ron Wichelman [of JPLs Image Processing laboratory (IPL)] and I were responsible for the color quality control of the Viking Lander photographs, and Dr. Thomas Mutch, the Viking Imaging Team leader, told us that he got a call from the NASA Administrator asking that we destroy the Mars blue sky negative created from the original digital data [emphasis added] ."
Destroy official NASA data?!
This bizarre sequence of events raises too many disturbing questions like why was the Administrator of NASA so determined to conceal the "true" colors of Mars from the American people and the world, in 1976? Why would he order the head of the Viking Imaging Team to literally eliminate an important piece of historical evidence from the official Mission archive the original "blue-sky negative" if the initial release was only "an honest technical mistake?!" Wouldnt that record be an important part of the ultimate, triumphant story of "NASA scientists eliminating initial scientific errors, in their continued exploration of the frontier and alien environment of another world ?"
And, why would a young teenager and the son of one of the key investigators on the Viking Mission, no less! actually be threatened with expulsion by the Director of the entire Project for simply "tweaking a couple of color monitors" around the Lab ?
In truth, none of Ron Levins story (or Van Der Woudes significant confirmation), makes any scientific sense unless certain individuals in NASA in 1976 felt compelled to hide and at all costs the visible appearance of the actual Martian surface .
Thirty years have now gone by, and some of us (unfortunately, when it comes to NASA) are considerably wiser. In the interim, because of the continued democratization of computer technology (and the existence of the Web), a whole new generation has now been enabled to revisit those original Mars images and the crucial questions that go with them to investigate for themselves this bizarre chapter in an "altered Martian story."
From the startlingly simple process of merely reinstating the original Viking surface color data (now available at certain official NASA websites), so the flag appears as "normal" (!) (like in this version, produced by Barry Arneson in 2001 below), one gets the distinct impression that "certain individuals" in NASA three decades ago for some arcane reason, didnt feel Americans were "ready" then to see the real "Red Planet."
But now in 2002 ?
This lingering, thirty-year-old question which goes to the heart of NASAs entire "game" involving Mars, and what "they" apparently think we are "ready" to find out -- suddenly came into focus all over again just a few days ago.
A member of the new Enterprise Mission Conference, the previously mentioned "Jim Heald," posting under the screen name "Woodlock," without warning completely upstaged NASA about a month ago by publishing in the Enterprise Conference a stunning, color view from Odyssey (below), successfully assembled from the B&W filtered images in the ASU/THEMIS official image archive!
Compare this striking, full color result to the "raw" data file from ASU (below).
Note that the official record calls this a "red/green/blue exposure test" .
So -- what went wrong with the rest of the "test?" What delayed the THEMIS Teams (apparently still unsuccessful!) attempts to turn this image into their own full color view? In other words, what has the THEMIS Team been doing all these months -- since this image was acquired, on March 14, 2002?!
And, how come Heald -- a carpenter by trade, and an admitted "imaging amateur" -- was somehow able to resolve alone, and in just over a month (from the time when the image first appeared, in the October 1 PDS release) -- the "intractable imaging problems" (the light leaks and geometric differences between the bands, apparent in even this raw data) that, according to "Bamf," have delayed ASUs official publication of any "natural color" THEMIS images for over a full year?
Inquiring minds .
Reaction to "Woodlocks" impressive amateur achievement has been mixed: dead silence from NASAs THEMIS Team (expected ), and cautious admiration from various independent Mars researchers in the field. However, amid the praise, more than a few of these independent minds (starting with Gary Leggiers aka "Mars Revealer") have raised some relevant questions regarding the ultimate accuracy of Jim Healds color. In particular, the distinctly "salmon" hues .
Their suspicions have a reason .
Some independent researchers (such as the persistent Robert Williams who has been perhaps the most vocal individual across the Web, asking now for months, "Wheres Odysseys real color?!") have slowly become convinced that the primary reason NASA has been "dragging its feet" for over a year on this otherwise "golden PR issue" the first Real Color Images of Mars from orbit -- is because accurate, full color images will ultimately reveal to all the world NASAs "dirty little secret":
The existence of wide spread areas down there of tell-tale green indicative (one would then easily believe) of current living organisms Martian plant life ... NOW on Mars!
For these investigators, the Woodlock three-color image though, indeed, containing tantalizing (if subtle) hints of "green" -- does not go far enough.
Another "amateur" -- Holger Isenberg, himself an investigator of NASAs strange historical habit of arbitrarily altering the colors of its own Mars images (the "JPL story") -- within a few hours, produced another version of "Woodlocks" color view (below). In it, not only do the reddish tints become more vivid, but the darker areas now take on an unmistakable "green hue" .
Heald responded:
"Holger got some [interesting] results in his stretched version of my image . A little scary I had not done that, yet Shows that there is a depth to these layered color images, even if each layer starts off at a very low contrast. I'm thinking that would make my photo 'unenhanced'. Not a problem ."
So, is it vegetation?
A more prosaic possibility is the presence of the distinctly greenish mineral, "olivine." The rational for a lot of this ancient, very "primitive" volcanic compound lying around on the current Martian surface in the "Terra Meridiani" region (where Healds image was acquired) can be found in our "Mars Tidal Paper."
And here (below) is a larger context graphic of the entire area starting with another enlargement of Atonio Cidadaos remarkable 1999 Mars image (remember taken with a 10-inch telescope; look at the detail!), compared with the official NASA-ASU THEMIS map of all Odysseys visible light images to date. This comparison reveals that, indeed, the aggregation of innumerable small patches of this "greenish stuff" seen in "Woodlocks close-up (and even more so in Isenbergs enhancement) is probably now responsible for the overall shape and darkness of this Martian surface pattern, classically called "Meridiani Sinus" ("Terra Meridiani" in the current NASA designation). Note also the "salmon color" of both Mars deserts in Cidadaos whole-disc image, and in Healds processed ultra-close-up.
Theyre the same .
In other words: "Woodlock" got it right!
So, again the question must be asked: whats the "green stuff?"
Because, in looking one more time at Cidadaos truly extraordinary image, its clear that Mars is actually not "red" but definitely salmon pink -- just as it appears visually through any decent telescope. And, hes not the only one .
As you can see (below), other amateur astronomers worldwide, armed with a wide range of comparably small telescopes and CCD cameras, are recording the same "salmon colored" planet ... year after year -- complete with "blue-green" markings.
This is in sharp contrast to NASAs various space views (below) which are literally "all over the map," in terms of "true Mars color."
This curious (and also totally inexplicable) fact is blatantly attested to by the variety of official NASA images that Jim Heald has patiently collected on his website. Note that, with the same instrument (the Hubble Telescope), NASA has published since 1995 at least five different versions of "the Red Planet"(and thats not counting various additional shades returned by cameras aboard assorted U.S. spacecraft orbiting the planet!).
Only one -- taken in 1995 -- resembles the characteristic "salmon pink" that amateurs routinely have observed .
So, whats the meaning of all this?
The actual colors of Mars, long before NASAs apparent inability to present consistent images, have been historically crucial (if not also intensely controversial) to an accurate understanding of what is taking place on the Red Planet.
This has been true ever since the first known amateur observations, by Franciso Fontana (from Naples) in 1636. Fontana produced the first crude maps, noting "the disk of Mars is not uniform in color." A later observer, Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens, in 1659, drew the first still recognizable triangular-shaped feature (Syrtis Major). He also made what could be termed the first scientific (comparative) observations of the colors of the planet, in a manuscript titled "Kosmotheroros" (1798).
"I am apt to believe that the land in Mars is of a blacker color than that of Jupiter [sic] or the moon, which is the reason for his appearing of a copper color."
The first astronomer to render drawings of Mars in color was Jesuit Father Angelo Secchi, Director of the Gregorian University Observatory in Rome. Secchis primary work in the mid-1800s involved exploring the possibilities of the newly-invented spectroscope, as applied to ferreting out the chemical make-up of celestial objects. While he was eminently successful with the stars, his visual observations of planets in an effort to determine their very different chemistries and physical conditions was far too early, in terms of the state of the technology, to be successful. In 1858, however, he did produce the first color drawings and maps of Mars which showed the dark areas as shades of green, and the lighter areas as "tints of yellow" .
With an eye trained by looking through his spectroscope at literally thousands of multi-colored stars, in all their myriad hues, it is noteworthy that none of Secchis maps depict Mars as a "red" planet unlike NASA .
Slightly over a hundred years later, in 1894, perhaps the most famous "amateur" astronomer of all, Percival Lowell, would poetically compare the colors he observed on Mars to those of the Southwestern deserts surrounding what was about to become his famed "Lowell Observatory" assembled on "Mars Hill," in Flagstaff, Arizona:
"The resemblance of its [the Arizona deserts] lambent saffron to the telescopic tints of the Martian globe is strikingly impressive. Far forest and still farther desert are transmuted by distance into mere washes of color, the one robin's-egg blue, the other roseate ochre, and so bathed, both, in the flood of sunshine from out of a cloudless burnished sky that their tints rival those of a fire-opal. None otherwise do the Martian colors stand out upon the disk at the far end of the journey down the telescope's tube. Even in its mottlings the one expanse recalls the other ."
Earl C. Slipher, a later, noted planetary astronomer at Lowell (and brother of then Lowell Director, Vesto Slipher who himself discovered the infamous "redshifts" of distant galaxies at Lowell, which would then launch Hubble at Mt. Wilson on his eventual career ) would write of these dark "mottlings":
"[Their] presence on Mars indicates a living world: vegetation. The evidence is in the blue-green areas and the changes in their appearance. Vegetation would present exactly the appearance shown, and nothing we know of but vegetation could. The seasonal change that sweeps over them is metabolic; that is, it shows both growth and decay and proclaims an organic constitution such as only vegetation could produce. The blue-green lapses into ochre and revives again to blue-green just as vegetation does on Earth at the proper season under the stimulus of the Sun and the advent of water. Certain large dark areas, like the Pandorae Fretum , turn to chocolate-brown and ochre at times, the color of dead planets and fallow ground. "These seasonal changes of the dark areas have long been interpreted as vegetative even though the atmosphere is now almost devoid of free oxygen. If there was enough oxygen to sustain life, and if the exhaustion by weathering were exceedingly slow, it is conceivable, but not considered probable, that the evolution of life may well have kept pace with it. Plants may have developed means of utilizing for their own internal respiration the oxygen produced by photosynthesis, just as desert plants on Earth have learned to store up water and protect themselves from evaporation ." (The Photographic Story of Mars, E.C. Slipher, Northland Press, Flagstaff, AZ, 1962)
"[Their] presence on Mars indicates a living world: vegetation. The evidence is in the blue-green areas and the changes in their appearance. Vegetation would present exactly the appearance shown, and nothing we know of but vegetation could. The seasonal change that sweeps over them is metabolic; that is, it shows both growth and decay and proclaims an organic constitution such as only vegetation could produce. The blue-green lapses into ochre and revives again to blue-green just as vegetation does on Earth at the proper season under the stimulus of the Sun and the advent of water. Certain large dark areas, like the Pandorae Fretum , turn to chocolate-brown and ochre at times, the color of dead planets and fallow ground.
"These seasonal changes of the dark areas have long been interpreted as vegetative even though the atmosphere is now almost devoid of free oxygen. If there was enough oxygen to sustain life, and if the exhaustion by weathering were exceedingly slow, it is conceivable, but not considered probable, that the evolution of life may well have kept pace with it. Plants may have developed means of utilizing for their own internal respiration the oxygen produced by photosynthesis, just as desert plants on Earth have learned to store up water and protect themselves from evaporation ." (The Photographic Story of Mars, E.C. Slipher, Northland Press, Flagstaff, AZ, 1962)
Not all telescopic observers, however, were so easily convinced.
Astronomers who used large reflecting telescopes to observe Mars (with primary mirrors that collect the light), as opposed to large refractors (which use big objective lenses), noted important visual differences in the apparent "colors of Mars."
Edward Emerson Bernard, one of the 19th and 20th Centurys great telescopic observers, had visually studied (and drawn) the planets for decades by looking through the telescope. Bernard traditionally did his looking through the 36-inch refractor at the Lick Observatory (just south of San Francisco), and the 40-inch refractor at the Yerkes Observatory (northeast of Chicago) still the two largest refracting telescopes in the world. Refractors of this great size have an intrinsic engineering problem: bringing all the colors of the spectrum to the same focus (because light refracts differentially through the crown and flint glass "objective") unless additional, special color-correcting lenses are introduced. Reflectors (even big ones), which collect their light with simple parabolic mirrors that reflect all light waves evenly, dont suffer this intrinsic "color problem."
When Bernard got a chance to visually observe Mars through the newly built 60-inch reflector on Mt. Wilson in 1911 (then, the largest telescope in the world), he was reportedly amazed that the bright regions of Mars were
" a very feeble salmon almost free of color" (see recent drawings, done by Harold Hill, while visually observing through a 10-inch reflector -- below).
Bernards view of the controversial dark markings -- that Lowell (also using a 24-inch refractor on Mars Hill) had lyrically described as "robins egg blue" was that they appeared
" painted with a grayish paint supplied [sic] with a very poor brush, producing a shredded or streaky and wispy effect."
Some decades later -- during the same 56 opposition that Robert Leighton used to photograph Mars on color film with that same telescope from Mt. Wilson -- another well-known astronomer, Gerard Kuiper, carried out a completely different color experiment a thousand miles away. Kuiper used the 82-inch reflector at the McDonald Observatory (in Texas), to visually compare the subtle Martian features with a set of standard laboratory color charts, representing some "200 different hues."
Kuiper set up his charts inside the well-lit 82-inch dome (so his eyes were "normal," rather than being "night adapted" and thus insensitive to subtle color hues), and arranged it so that he could look at Mars visually through a binocular eyepiece at the huge telescope, and also (via a beam splitter configuration) at the color charts about 3 feet away. In this way, with a magnification of 900 times, he could instantly flip back and forth, comparing the planet which, with that magnification, appeared about 12 times larger than a full Moon as seen with the naked eye from Earth (!) -- with the "200 different hues" .
Kuipers conclusion: the dark markings seemed to be "a neutral gray essentially the same hue as the adjacent deserts but diluted with black." Other areas did display some subtle tints, ranging from "slightly brownish" to "a very dilute moss green [emphasis added]." ("The Colors of Mars: Reality and Illusion," T. Dobbins and W. Sheehan, Sky and Telescope, April, 1999, pp116-120)
Which is precisely what Jim Healds unenhanced Odyssey color image clearly now reveals amid the salmon pink, some intriguing, "mossy" hues ...!
Some critics of the historical tendency to see the color "green" on Mars, explain away all these the observations thus: that a phenomenon called "simultaneous contrast" is responsible. That
"[This psychological phenomenon, discovered in 1839 by a French chemist, M. E. Chevreul] causes colored highlights to impart their complementary hue to any adjacent low-luminosity features Viewed against a bright ochre background [the Martian deserts], a dark neutral gray marking will take on an illusory bluish green cast [emphasis added] (ibid.).
[The major problem with this "explanation," is that modern amateur astronomers objective CCD cameras which are not psychologically susceptible to "simultaneous contrast" or any other "optical illusions" -- are also faithfully recording these same provocative "blue-green and salmon" hues (Cidadao image -- below) .]
In the mid-1960s, another attack on the premise that the "greenish-looking, seasonally changing, Martian surface markings are waxing and waning vegetation" suddenly arose: the wind was doing it.
Based on studies of terrestrial sand dune formations, including one most famous work published in 1941 by English naturalist, R. A. Bagnold, and later analysis of the first primitive Mariner 4 Mars images in 1965 (by NASA space scientists such as James Pollack and Carl Sagan), the majority of planetary scientists in the late 50s gradually came to believe that the long-mysterious "dark markings" on Mars were merely, in truth, wind-sculpted, dark volcanic features. This view was solidified in 1971, when Mariner 9s much better spacecraft imagery revealed thousands of "wind streaks" dark and light markings stretching out across the dark and lighter regions of the planet, emanating from myriads of Martian impact craters into previously erupted dark, "basaltic" lava.
In this model, the long-observed seasonal changes which have fascinated Mars observers since those first telescopic observations centuries ago, were casually reduced to "dust deposition changes" ultimately caused by seasonal variations in the winds . The long-mysterious dark markings, in this view, were not are not "evidence" of Life on Mars not plants, nor trees, nor "alien" greenish organisms .
The alterations of Mars makings were merely due to miles of shifting, ancient, wind-born volcanic ash and pumice .
(Continued in Part II)


text:
Due Diligence in Managing Water Damage or Mould Growth in Buildings
Mould growth in buildings and the possible adverse health impact on occupants has emerged as one of most pressing and common health and safety issues of the day.
Employers, property managers and contractors understand they are responsible to protect the health and property of employees, clients and occupants. This article and the accompanying flowchart will assist these responsible parties in meeting current standards for managing water damage or mould growth in buildings.
Mould microorganisms are rapidly growing fungi, present throughout the natural world. Mould spores will always be present in buildings, whether blown in through windows or other openings, brought in by ventilation equipment, or tracked in with dust and dirt.
The growth of mould can occur whenever susceptible building materials are wet for long enough to allow the spores to germinate and multiply. Common sites for mould growth include drywall, carpets, ceiling tiles, wood and wood products, and paper products.
Once the mould spores are formed, they are readily airborne and will remain a health hazard until the growth is removed. This is the case even when the mould growth is within wall cavities or other concealed locations.
The most common symptoms reported from mould exposure in buildings are running nose, eye irritation, cough, nasal congestion, aggravation of asthma, headache and fatigue. There is also a risk of fungal respiratory infections in occupants who have a compromised immune system. There is no safe level of airborne mould exposure in buildings, that is, an airborne level without a risk of adverse health effects among at least some of the occupants.
Several professional bodies have issued standards in the past few years on the assessment and remediation of mould growth in buildings. The most significant of these are given below.
Guidelines on Assessment and Remediation of Fungi in Indoor Environments, New York City Department of Health, 2008.
The New York City guidelines are widely quoted by public health departments and other regulatory agencies. The Ontario Ministry of Labour refers employers to these guidelines in a Hazard Alert on Mould in Workplace Buildings issued in 2000.
Construction – Related Nosocomial Infections in Patients in Health Care Facilities: Decreasing the Risk of Aspergillus, Legionella and Other Infections, Health Canada, 2001; Infection Control during Construction, Renovation and Maintenance of Health Care Facilities, CSA Standard Z317.13-07, Canadian Standards Association, 2007.
These two Canadian standards give precautions for construction or restoration work in hospitals and health care facilities, to reduce the risk of patients acquiring mould infections or infections with Legionella bacteria.
Standard and Reference Guide for Professional Water Damage Restoration, 3rd Edition, US Institute of Inspection, Cleaning and Restoration, 2006. The IICRC provides training and certification for restoration contractors. The S500 Standard emphasizes steps to be taken to protect building occupants from the risks of contaminated flood water or harmful microbial growth.
Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings, US Environmental Protection Agency, 2001.
The EPA standard details procedures to be followed in remediating mould growth. It also gives useful advice on the effectiveness of drying efforts and the time that finishes can remain wet before mould growth might occur.
Mold Remediation Procedures, Environmental Abatement Council of Ontario, 2nd Edition, 2010.
EACO, in consultation with the Ontario Ministry of Labour, developed a code of practice for mould abatement, incorporating on the recommendations of various standards and industry practices in Ontario. The Ministry of Labour accepts the EACO guidelines as meeting the due diligence requirements of the Occupational Health and Safety Act.
Mould Guidelines for the Canadian Construction Industry, Canadian Construction Association, 2004.
The CCA guidelines give advice on prevention of mould growth on construction projects, demolition precautions and legal and insurance considerations, among other issues. The guidelines also give precautions for mould remediation (Levels I, II and III plus HVAC abatement).
Fungal Contamination in Buildings: Health Effects and Investigation Methods, Health Canada, 2004.
This Health Canada update of a 1995 guideline presents a literature review on health effects of indoor mould and concludes that living or working in mouldy buildings is harmful to health. It gives detailed recommendations for mould investigations and provides general advice for abatement and supervision of abatement.
The attached flowchart summarizes the major requirements of the standards listed above, as well as some general responsibilities under the Ontario Occupational Health and Safety Act pertinent to this work.
Are occupants experiencing adverse health effects?
At the outset, the responsible party should be attentive to the health complaints and the health status of the occupants. The New York City protocol recommends that occupants who are experiencing significant adverse health effects that might be related to mould exposure be advised to see a doctor. It may be necessary to re-locate susceptible persons. In a workplace building, the Ministry of Labour Sensitive Worker policy might be applied in such a case.
Evacuation of a building would only be warranted in cases of widespread mould related symptoms (preferably physician confirmed) and widespread mould contamination. In most cases, occupants can safely remain in the building during remediation. However, both the New York City Protocol and the IICRC S500 standard state it may be necessary to re-locate susceptible individuals until the remediation is complete.
Does the affected area contain possible asbestos-containing building materials (ACM)?
Asbestos may be present in common finishes in older buildings, such as mechanical insulation, fireproofing, smooth and textured plaster, vermiculite insulation, ceiling tiles or drywall joint compound. Ontario Regulation 278/05 sets standards for the day to day management and safe disturbance of ACM. Prior to any disturbance, check the asbestos inventory for the building, required by the regulation. If information is incomplete or not available, samples must be taken for laboratory analysis or the material presumed to be ACM.
Note that O.Reg. 278/05 requires at least 3 and in some cases up to 7 samples of a material to confirm asbestos is not present. Type 1, 2 or 3 work procedures will be required for any disturbance of confirmed or presumed ACM. Waste must be managed and disposed of in accordance with Ontario's waste management regulation, O.Reg. 347.
Is the building a hospital or health care facility?
Any work in a hospital or other health care facility has the potential to release settled mould spores, or Legionella bacteria in plumbing systems. If these spores or bacteria are not contained, susceptible patients might develop fungal infections or Legionnaires' disease, a bacterial pneumonia. Note that mould spores are presumed to be present in all settled dust so that a risk of infection from airborne mould is present even if there is no visible mould growth. If mould growth is present, the risk is even greater. All work in a health care facility should be performed under the direction of infection control personnel, following Health Canada and CSA Z137.13 guidelines.
Contamination with sewage or other highly contaminated water?
Where a building has been contaminated with water containing microorganisms harmful to health (sewage, and also flooding from rivers and streams), Category 3 work practices described by the IICRC S500 standard apply.
The contractor should be trained and experienced in such work and have appropriate liability insurance. The contaminated area should be enclosed, and the ventilation systems turned off and sealed. It may be advisable to install portable filtered exhaust fans to put the area under negative pressure.
All finishes and contents affected by the flood should be sealed in plastic bags and disposed of. The structure should be disinfected and dried as quickly as possible, and the contractor should provide a written report documenting the success of the water restoration including both relative humidity and surface moisture readings. The IICRC Standard recommends a 3rd party health and safety consultant to oversee the work, at least where harmful microbial contamination is present, where there are susceptible individuals present, or where there are public health issues.
Newly reported water damage?
Where a water episode is reported early, an immediate response and professional water restoration practices can prevent or limit mould growth and allow most of the finishes and contents to be saved. Both the New York City protocol and the US EPA standard allow a 24-48 hour grace period during which effective drying will prevent mould growth.
Contractors trained in structural drying methods should be employed and should provide written proof of a dry condition at completion. Note that some porous materials may not be able to be successfully dried, even with the best of efforts. The EPA standard advises that ceiling tiles, cellulose and fiberglass insulations cannot be reliably dried with current methods. Once wet, they should be discarded. Building assemblies with multiple adhered layers that will be difficult to dry quickly (e.g., two layers of drywall, wood paneling on drywall) should be discarded as a proactive measure.
Report of old water episode or signs of mould growth present?
Signs of water damage not properly corrected, musty odours, or reports of potentially mould-related health effects should prompt an investigation for possible mould growth. A professional experienced in mould investigations, preferably with liability insurance including mould hazards, should perform the investigation. The investigation will include an inspection of the property, often with intrusive testing to examine hidden areas, and in some cases might involve air sampling. The investigation should report on the presence and extent of mould, if found, where possible comment on the likely cause of the growth, and give recommendations for remediation.
Is the property a workplace?
In Ontario, the Ministry of Labour considers mould growth in general buildings to be a workplace hazard. The Ontario Occupational Health and Safety Act requires the employer to notify the Joint Health and Safety Committee or the Safety Representative of any investigation for health and safety, including investigations for mould growth. The Act also allows a representative of the Committee to observe the beginning of such testing. The JHSC or Representative must be copied with all reports provided to the employer. Similar legislative requirements apply in most other Canadian jurisdictions.
Once mould growth is confirmed?
Remediation should begin as soon as possible. The CCA and EACO guidelines are recommended as the most up-to-date and detailed procedures. Susceptible occupants (infants, elderly, immunocompromised, etc.) should be relocated from the area of work and perimeter of the work area during abatement. The occupants should be informed of the work to be performed and given information on the methods to be used.
In a workplace building, it is advisable to inform the JHSC of the remediation work, and to provide the committee with any inspection reports. The abatement contractor should be trained, experienced and carry mould remediation insurance. Health Canada recommends that quality assurance measures be applied, typically an independent health and safety professional to oversee the work. Environmental testing, usually air sampling, is performed at completion as part of the quality assurance measures.
This article is modified from an article published in the May 2002 edition of "Without Prejudice", published by the journal of the Ontario Insurance Adjusters Association.
Bruce Stewart CIH, ROH, is a Vice President at Pinchin Environmental Ltd. of Mississauga, Ontario.

subset: commoncrawl


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go Live - Visual Search
The go Live™ app functions with the Go Guide Directories, which are located in Texas, Illinois and Kentucky. go Guide™ is rapidly expanding to multiple markets across the United States.
go Live™ utilizes image recognition technology to link from print to dynamic online/mobile content. With go Live™ you no longer need to utilize valuable print real estate with QR codes because the advertisements are the markers.
Using the go Live™ app, you can transform any printed advertisement into an abundant array of interactive mediums including video and images, social networking, and daily deals or coupons.
go Live™ provides a gateway to inform, using rich media experiences, while allowing instantaneous access to information that is valuable to you.
How to use go Live™
Follow the steps below to search an ad.
1.Press the "Search" tab in the bottom tab bar.
2.Touch the screen to start the camera.
3.Point the camera at the ad and fill the frame as much as possible.
4.Press the camera icon to take the photo.
5.Wait for the search to complete.
6.View the results.
What's new
- App Store name changed to "go Live - Visual Search"
- Minor user interface fix
Share with Others
- Last changed:
- Jun 22, 2012
- Category:
- Productivity
- Developer:
- go Guide
- Version:
- 1.1.1
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text:
Point-to-Point Protocol extensions for bridging
Document | |||
Type |
RFC - Proposed Standard
(April 1991; No errata)
Obsoleted by RFC 1638
Last updated | 2013-03-02 | ||
Stream | IETF | ||
Formats | plain text pdf html | ||
Stream | |||
WG state | (None) | ||
Document shepherd | No shepherd assigned | ||
IESG state | RFC 1220 (Proposed Standard) | ||
Telechat date | |||
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Network Working Group F. Baker, Editor Request for Comments: 1220 ACC April 1991 Point-to-Point Protocol Extensions for Bridging 1. Status of this Memo This document defines an extension of the Internet Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) described in RFC 1171, targeting the use of Point-to- Point lines for Remote Bridging. It is a product of the Point-to- Point Protocol Extensions Working Group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). This RFC specifies an IAB standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "IAB Official Protocol Standards" for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. 2. Historical Perspective Two basic algorithms are ambient in the industry for Bridging of Local Area Networks. The more common algorithm is called "Transparent Bridging" and has been standardized for Extended LAN configurations by IEEE 802.1. IEEE 802.5 has proposed an alternative approach, called "Source Routing", and is in the process of standardizing that approach for IEEE 802.5 extended networks. Although there is a subcommittee of IEEE 802.1 addressing remote bridging, neither standard directly defines Remote Bridging per se, as that would technically be beyond the IEEE 802 committee's charter. Both allow for it, however, modeling the line as an unspecified interface between half-bridges. This document assumes that the devices at either end of a serial link - have agreed to utilize the RFC 1171 line discipline in some form. - may have agreed, by some other means, to exchange other protocols on the line interspersed with each other and with any bridged PDUs. - may be willing to use the link as a vehicle for Remote Bridging. - may have multiple point-to-point links that are configured in parallel to simulate a single line of higher speed or Point-to-Point Protocol Extensions Working Group [Page 1] RFC 1220 Bridging Point-to-Point Protocol April 1991 reliability, but message sequence issues are solved by the transmitting end. 3. General Considerations 3.1. Link Quality Monitoring It is strongly recommended that Point-to-Point Bridge Protocol implementations utilize Magic Number Loopback Detection and Link- Quality-Monitoring. This is because the 802.1 Spanning Tree protocol, which is integral to both Transparent Bridging and Source Routing (as standardized), is unidirectional during normal operation, with HELLO PDUs emanating from the Root System in the general direction of the leaves, without any reverse traffic except in response to network events. 3.2. Message Sequence The multiple link case requires consideration of message sequentiality. The transmitting station must determine either that the protocol being bridged requires transmissions to arrive in the order of their original transmission, and enqueue all transmissions on a given conversation onto the same link to force order preservation, or that the protocol does NOT require transmissions to arrive in the order of their original transmission, and use that knowledge to optimize the utilization of the several links, enqueuing traffic to links to minimize delay. In the absence of such a determination, the transmitting station must act as though all protocols require order preservation; many protocols designed primarily for use on a single LAN in fact do. A protocol could be described to maintain message sequentiality across multiple links, either by sequence numbering or by fragmentation and re-assembly, but this is neither elegant nor absolutely necessary. 3.3. Maximum Receive Unit Considerations Please note that the negotiated MRU must be large enough to support the MAC Types that are negotiated for support, there being no fragmentation and re-assembly. Even Ethernet frames are larger than the default MRU of 1500 octets. 3.4. Separation of Spanning Tree Domains It is conceivable that a network manager might wish to inhibit the exchange of BPDUs on a link in order to logically divide two regions into separate Spanning Trees with different Roots (and potentially different Spanning Tree implementations or algorithms). In order to Point-to-Point Protocol Extensions Working Group [Page 2]Show full document text


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Exercise, diet, still die
i was asked by a friend not to long ago if we are living or dying. i told him i didnt know so i was asking around and everybody had different answers. some people said it was what their religon taught others said it was they way things should be. i want to know your answers.
Why is everything so ****ing hard for me? Keep me down to what you think I should be! Must you tempt me and provoke the ministry? Keep on trying I'm not dying so easily!
Exercise, diet, still die
Good question, I guess we always live as we never completely dissapear, but we most certanly evolve with the time mentally and physically. You can say that we are dying because once we are born, our cells multiply and one day they simply get used and can't multiply anymore or make broken copies of themselves and finish by dying off as well. But the body still remains, except well you don't really control your fate(freedom, actions, thoughts, etc...) anymore, I think. I won't go too far into it, but I hope I helped a bit.
i think that we are a little bit of both...living when we are happy and such, then dying when we are in pain, sadness, or anger. but thats just what i think...
I won't let this world exist without me! If I die, we all die! / Avatar & Signature by anime_8000.
This sounds like the half full or half empty arguement. I guess its the way you look at life.
I say it's a combination of the two. We're lying!
It depends entirely on the person.
We're obviously doing both.
You live (even if living just means emitting signals of life) from the moment you are born to the moment you die.
You are dying from the moment you're born until the moment you die.


text: No recent wiki edits to this page. Boromir is the elder son of Denethor II, steward of Gondor. Boromir is a valiant soldier and high captain of the guard of the city and also greatly dedicated to the protection of his younger brother Faramir. As a testament to their strength the two brothers along with two remaining soldiers held the pass of Osgiliath against the Witch King of Angmar and at the last lept down to into the great River Anduin and swam safely to shore as the bridge was cast down and the western shore thus held safe against the Enemy. The bridge was not taken again until the time of the Battle of the Pelennor Fields in The Return of The King in which Sauron moved the bulk of his (not yet fully mustered) army upon the city of Minas Tirith, the last great bastion of free men in Middle-Earth.Boromir shared a prophetic dream with his brother of the coming of doom and the time of the great plans to be set in motion that could not be denied. While at the Council of Elrond, Boromir shares the words of his (and his brother's) dream:(The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, The Council of Elrond, page 296)"In that dream I thought the eastern sky grew dark and there was a growing thunder, but in the West a pale light lingered, and out of it I heard a voice, remote but clear, crying:Seek for the Sword that was broken:In Imladris it dwells;There shall be counsels taken,Stronger than Morgul-spells.There shall be shown a token,That Doom is near at hand,For Isildur's Bane shall waken,And the Halfling forth shall stand."From Rivendell the wholly formed fellowship set out. Gandalf sets out with the party as council and leader. Representing the race of men were Boromir and Aragorn. For the race of the elves went Legolas from Mirkwood. For the dwarves went Gimli son of Gloin (whom Bilbo traveled with in The Hobbit) and the tightly knit hobbit friends Frodo, Sam, Merry, and Pippin make up the last four members of the party set against the nine riders of Mordor.Boromir proves his worth on the Pass of Caradhras (Redhorn Gate) as the fellowship attempted to pass over the Misty Mountains. The company was set upon by severe snowstorms which proceeded to block the path behind them that they wished to reuse to attempt the passage toward Moria, being a man of large stature and strength Boromir began walking and heaving snow clearing a path for the fellowship. Shortly thereafter joined in his effort by Aragorn before long the two had cleared a long stretch of the path with only a few yards remaining which Legolas points out to them after walking swiftly atop the high drifts.Aragorn and Boromir each pack the hobbits through the path and safely to the clearing where their attempt at passing Caradhras ends.The fellowship then elect (much to Boromir's objection) to take the passage of Moria where Gimli's cousin Balin (another of Bilbo's earlier traveling companions from The Hobbit) went years ago to reclaim for the dwarves since it's loss to the goblins in the dark years. From the wilderness about them before reaching the West Gate of Moria the company hears the howling of the wargs and are attacked. The company fights valiantly and Boromir hews the head from one of the great beasts and with the help of Gandalf's magic the party escapes and Boromir then goes elects to go along with the decision of the fellowship to take the path of the mines.This quest proved dark from it's beginning with the attack on Frodo by the Watcher in the water of the dammed pool outside the Gates of Moria. As the fellowship fled into the mines the Watcher closes the Great Gate and the sound as if of falling stone is faintly heard outside and figuring the path is of no more use to them the fellowship proceeds on deeper into the mines. As their journey through the mines progressed the fellowship came upon the tomb of Balin where they are attacked again by orcs of the mountains. At the conclusion of the battle the party flees through the east door and Gandalf seals the door with a spell as a great light breaks violently against it cracking the wall as they flee. As the fellowship make their final dash across the Bridge of Khazad-dum they are attacked by a balrog, a demon in the early days of Middle-Earth served Melkor (Morgoth) and were believed to now be gone from Middle-Earth forever. As Gandalf makes a last stand against the demon on the bridge Aragorn and Boromir stand at the end of the bridge behind Gandalf and Boromir lets loose a deep and loud blast from the Horn of Gondor which gives pause to the enemy and all is suddenly quiet for a few moments. It is however to no avail and Gandalf is taken into the void along with the balrog and the company obey his final order and flee from the mines to safety.From this "defeat" the fellowship under the leadership of Aragorn make for the woods of Lothlorien. After entering Lothlorien the group are taken to the heart of the elven kingdom where they are introduced to the Lord Celeborn and the Lady Galadriel. Galadriel peers into the heart of each member of the company and finds their deepest/truest intentions and desires. Here Boromir's desire for the power and dominant capability of the One to be used against the Enemy are made known to her. Through the companies stay at Lorien, Boromir finds no comfort or rest in the tranquility of the haven they are offered. From their very entrance of Lorien, Boromir is made suspect by Frodo and his actions and intentions become more and more questionable. At the beach of Amon-Hen the company seeks their next course of action and Frodo asks for an hour to be alone and come to his final decision. Boromir follows Frodo and in a fit of rage attempts to take the One from Frodo but Frodo slips it on and vanishes. Beaten and regretful of his actions Boromir slinks back to the party where his actions are found out and upon hearing that Frodo put on the One the company scatters in an attempt to find him. Frodo makes his way to the boats and and Sam (guessing his intentions) breaks off from following Aragorn and makes for the boats to follow his master.Aragorn tells Boromir to go after Merry and Pippin and when Boromir does find them the two young hobbits have been surrounded by a party of orcs (Uruks). Boromir fought bravely and truly but arrow after arrow finally brings down the mighty warrior and Merry and Pippin are captured and taken away. When Boromir is found amidst the scores of enemies he had felled by Aragorn, he is still alive with his sword broken near the hilt and his horn is cloven in two. Aragorn promises that Minas Tirith will not fall to the Enemy. After his death the remaining members of the fellowship (Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli) arrange Boromir's body in one of the boats given to them by Galadriel with his weapons, the weapons of his enemies as well as his personal items and then commence Boromir's body to the river and over the mighty Falls of Rauros.Faramir later claims that as if in the haze of a dream he found one part of his brother's cloven horn upon the beach and watched as the boat that carried the body of Boromir passed by him in the river and carried on toward the great sea.


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Dapco improves safety for railroads, pipelines and other critical infrastructure with TI's new six-core DSP
DALLAS and RIDGEFIELD, Conn., Nov. 3 /PRNewswire/ — Dapco Industries, Inc. is using Texas Instruments Incorporated's (TI) (NYSE: TXN) new TMS320C6472 digital signal processor (DSP) to improve the ability of Dapco's non-destructive testing (NDT) equipment to peer inside railroad rails, high-speed train wheels, high pressure gas cylinders, and other critical transportation, power generation, and infrastructure components to pinpoint internal defects before structural failures cause safety risks to life and property. Dapco will deliver the first commercial version of its C6472-based ultrasonic testing instrumentation to the Union Pacific Railroad next month. Processing power up to 4.2 GHz, faster real-time processing speeds and the industry's lowest power consumption were critical features imperative in Dapco's decision to deploy the six-core C6472 DSP at the heart of their test equipment.
"Our next-generation test and inspection instruments will have significantly greater precision and be capable of 3D imaging, similar to that of medical ultrasonic imaging; things that just were not possible with legacy equipment," said Ron Keenan instrumentation development leader at Dapco. "Internal defects in the structures and components we are dealing with are simply dangerous. Because of the capabilities of the C6472, our defect detection capability will increase in speed and accuracy. Technicians in the field, inspecting rail or high-pressure gas cylinders, and in factories where pipe and other product is being manufactured, will be able to locate and classify defects that were previously considered undetectable. By accelerating the speed and accuracy of these tests, we will lower the cost of the inspection process and make it more effective."
Dapco is implementing the C6472 in a new system architecture designed to detect the smallest defects quickly and allow technicians to examine their characteristics much more closely than they could in the past. Moreover, the system will have the intelligence to dynamically and automatically categorize defects, reducing the risk of human operator error. TI DSPs are also used by other companies for imaging and diagnostic systems as well as other high-performance imaging applications.
High-Speed Architecture
Dapco's next-generation NDT systems have been designed for "real-time" digital processing of received acoustic signals within a 100 micro-second (us) test cycle time. That is, every 100 us, the C6472-based system pulses acoustic energy into the test piece, and monitors the test piece for any returned acoustic energy. The system digitizes and analyzes the received acoustic signals for rendering of detailed 3D images of any internal anomalies, or for application to real-time pattern recognition algorithms.
The high-speed peripherals included with the C6472 were also critical to Dapco's selection of the device. In particular, Dapco is using the C6472′s Serial RapidIO (SRIO) ports to achieve transfer rates of five gigabits per second (Gbps) between the system's pre-processor FPGAs and the C6472 DSP cores. The C6472′s high-speed Gigabit Ethernet interface as well as its Double Data Rate 2 (DDR2) memory interface are also deployed in Dapco's next-generation systems.
Low Power
The C6472′s industry-leading power consumption efficiency was another important consideration for Dapco. Future generations of Dapco's NDT inspection and test systems will be battery-operated. As a result, deploying the lowest power components in the next generation of their systems was an important step in this direction.
"We always try to design our systems with a 'green' mindset," said Keenan. "We will be designing low-power features into our next-generation systems so that partitions of the system can be powered down when they're not in use. That will reduce overall power consumption. And, of course, the low power consumption of the C6472 was a very big plus in this regard."
Pricing and availability
The TMS320C6472 is available starting at USD $140 in quantities of 1K units. To help speed development, developers can take advantage of the low cost high performance evaluation module TMDXEVM6472 for USD $349.
Find out more about TI's C6472 DSP by visiting the links below:
- C6472 Overview Page: www.ti.com/c6472-pr-customer-wn
- C6472 EVM Folder: www.ti.com/c6472-pr-customer-evm
- Related White Paper: www.ti.com/c6472-pr-customer-wp
- C6472 Overview Video: www.ti.com/c6472-pr-customer-v
- Follow TI on Twitter: http://bit.ly/REsI6
About Texas Instruments
Texas Instruments (NYSE: TXN) helps customers solve problems and develop new electronics that make the world smarter, healthier, safer, greener and more fun. A global semiconductor company, TI innovates through design, sales and manufacturing operations in more than 30 countries. For more information, go to www.ti.com.
TMS320C64x and C64x+ are trademarks of Texas Instruments. All other trademarks and registered trademarks belong to their respective owners.
About Dapco Industries
Dapco Industries (www.dapcondt.com) specializes in the design and manufacturing of nondestructive testing instrumentation, ultrasonic transducers and wheel probes, and customized turnkey ultrasonic inspection systems used for high throughput, real-time inspection of products for factory/mill in-line and off-line applications. Dapco is a global leader in the development and design of ultrasonic rail inspection vehicles.
Dapco Industries is part of Nordco, Inc. The Nordco family of companies offer an extensive selection of products and services that help the railroad industry keep its trains running safely, efficiently and on time. The family of companies consists of Nordco Inc.; J.E.R. Overhaul; Shuttlewagon; Dapco Industries; and Nordco Rail Service. Nordco is headquartered in Oak Creek, Wisconsin, with operations in Oshawa, Ontario, Canada; Arcola, Illinois; Grandview, Missouri; Ridgefield, Connecticut; and Lee's Summit, Missouri. For more information, go to www.dapcondt.com.
SOURCE Texas Instruments Incorporated


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Help with moving around receivers for whole home
Posted 21 March 2013 - 07:04 AM
I have an HR20-100 that has a failed hard drive. I also use OTA antenna, and I also have an HR21 and HR24 in my whole home setup. Currently, my DTV receivers are not connected to the Internet.
I have the protection plan, and received a nearly-as-old HR 21-200 as a replacement. I tried to tell them to send me an AM21, but the CSR insisted that the HR21 supported OTA, although I knew it didn't. The new HR21 arrived, and I called them back to get an AM21.
I moved the HR24 to the location of the failed HR20. I took off all of the DECA, BSF, splitter, ethernet cable, etc. since I know it is a direct connect. It came up fine and can see the original HR21 in my whole home network. It can't see the "new" HR21 though.
I set up the "new" HR21 where the HR 24 used to be. I added the BSF and DECA between the line off the SWM and the SAT2/SWM port on the HR21. The DECA is closest to the receiver in the cabling. The receiver came up fine, downloaded software, but cannot see the other receivers in the network.
Do I have the "new" HR 21 hardware set up correctly? I know a complete power cycle of all my receivers is something I can try, but it was 1AM and I had to stop working on it.
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Posted 21 March 2013 - 08:51 AM
Do I have the "new" HR 21 hardware set up correctly?
The old HR20-100 required a special setup.
The 21 should have the coax ->DECA->SAT #1
Posted 21 March 2013 - 09:19 AM
I think I connected the 24 to the SAT2/SWM port. So, it is a different port than the 21 (which I should move to SAT1)?
Posted 21 March 2013 - 09:32 AM
I think if you look at the 24 again, you'll see SAT#1OK, thanks. No BSF, then? I couldn't get to my other 21 last night as it's in my bedroom and my wife as asleep
I think I connected the 24 to the SAT2/SWM port. So, it is a different port than the 21 (which I should move to SAT1)?
Nothing works for the coax connected to SAT#2, and it's just the HR20-100 that connects to SAT #2 for the DC power to the DECA.
Any receiver needing a DECA that isn't a HR20-100 connects like this:
Posted 21 March 2013 - 09:43 AM
Posted 21 March 2013 - 09:52 AM
If you're using the coax [DECA] networking, you do need to have one BB DECA [CCK] to bridge to your home network for internet access.OK, I will look again this evening. I definitely don't have ethernet cables everywhere. Are they required only if I want to connect to the Internet for VOD?
Posted 21 March 2013 - 10:14 AM


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- Tsubomi ga Hiraku Toki - When the Bud Opens
Visit our forum for help on making wallpapers! Tsubomi ga Hiraku Toki
Kanji information is from the KANJIDIC dictionary database. Animelyrics.com now has an OpenSearch plugin that you can install into your browser (FireFox and IE 7 supported) Affiliates: My Little Pony Ties Lyrics copyright to their respective owners or translators. No copyright infringment is intended or implied. Layout and other content copyright Anime Lyrics dot Com / Anime Globe Productions This is some text here |


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VSA New Jersey, a nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting the creative power of people with disabilities, is accepting applications for the 2013 Arts Achievement Awards and Art Par Excellence statewide touring exhibit.
Application deadline for the Arts Achievement Award is Jan. 23 and deadline submission for the Art Par Excellence exhibit is Jan. 31.
The VSA/NJ Arts Achievement Awards include the Student Arts Excellence awards, presented to students with disabilities who show outstanding achievement in and commitment to an art form.
Achievement awards also include Education in the Arts awards, which are given to outstanding educators and administrators for establishing high quality arts programs for classified students.
Award recipients become candidates for the distinguished NJ Governor's Awards in Arts Education.
VSA/NJ is also accepting applications for the 12th Art Par Excellence statewide touring art exhibit featuring two dimensional artwork by students with disabilities, no older than 21.
All schools in the state are invited to submit two works. Selected artists will have their work professionally displayed at locations throughout the state.
The artists will be recognized at an opening reception with their families, teachers and school administrators as invited guests.
For applications and registration information, contact VSA New Jersey at 703 Jersey Ave., New Brunswick, N.J. 08901, call (732) 745-3885 or visit firstname.lastname@example.com.
Group Accepting Bids for Annual Awards
Carmen Juri/The Star-Ledger
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on December 14, 2012 at 10:32 AM, updated December 14, 2012 at 10:37 AM
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on December 14, 2012 at 10:32 AM, updated December 14, 2012 at 10:37 AM


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OIT Knowledgebase
Posts Tagged profiles
Tufts CTSI Profiles
Posted by Kathleen Beauparlant in Communication & Collaboration, Service Catalog, Services, Wiki, Blogs & Website on March 22, 2013
Scientists and researchers throughout the Tufts community have a new way to connect online. On February 14, 2013, Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute (Tufts CTSI) and Tufts University launched Profiles, a free, web-based research networking tool designed to promote collaboration. Available at https://profiles.med.tufts.edu, Tufts CTSI Profiles is a publicly accessible library of web-based electronic […]


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Need for Speed: Carbon (Windows)
<< Previous | Shot 19 of 31, return to thumbnail page | Next >>
Screenshot: Just them good 'ol boys! Here I've customized my Charger to look like the Dukes of Hazzard's General Lee. If only they had a southern flag available for the top!
Contributed by SifouNaS (1317) on Mar 04, 2007.


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The celebration starts when a Coleman Party Stacker cooler makes it to the get-together. Coolers lid is specially-designed to interlock with the bases of other Party Stacker coolers for easy, organized fun. Pick up a few and use 1 color for drinks and other colors for food. Large enough to hold 2 cases of soda. Wide enough for a 13" x 9" dish. When youre ready to pick up and move, molded handles make carrying more comfortable.
Features: Stackable
Material: Polyethylene
Liner Material: Polypropylene
Handle Type: Molded Handle
Handle Material: Polypropylene
Beverage Can Capacity: 48 "
Capacity (volume): 33.0 Cu. Ft.
Number of Compartments: 1
Dimensions: 11.8 " H x 22.1 " W x 22.0 " L
Weight: 4.9 Lb.
other Info.
- Online Item #: 11265798
- Store Item Number (DPCI): 091-01-0276
- Item can be gift wrapped.
- Made in the USA