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Hong Kong International Airport
Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok Airport 香港國際機場 赤鱲角機場 |
Summary | |||||||||||||||
Airport type | Public | ||||||||||||||
Operator | Airport Authority Hong Kong | ||||||||||||||
Serves | Hong Kong | ||||||||||||||
Location | Chek Lap Kok, Hong Kong | ||||||||||||||
Hub for | |||||||||||||||
Focus city for | |||||||||||||||
Elevation AMSL | 28 ft / 9 m | ||||||||||||||
Coordinates | 22°18′32″N 113°54′52″E / 22.30889°N 113.91444°ECoordinates: 22°18′32″N 113°54′52″E / 22.30889°N 113.91444°E | ||||||||||||||
Website | www.hongkongairport.com | ||||||||||||||
Map | |||||||||||||||
Location within Hong Kong | |||||||||||||||
Runways | |||||||||||||||
Statistics (2014) | |||||||||||||||
Hong Kong International Airport | |||||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 香港國際機場 | ||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 香港国际机场 | ||||||||||||||
Chek Lap Kok Airport | |||||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 赤鱲角機場 | ||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 赤鱲角机场 | ||||||||||||||
Hong Kong International Airport (IATA: HKG, ICAO: VHHH) is the main airport in Hong Kong. It is located on the island of Chek Lap Kok, which largely comprises land reclaimed for the construction of the airport itself. The airport is also colloquially known as Chek Lap Kok Airport (赤鱲角機場), to distinguish it from its predecessor, the closed Kai Tak Airport (啟德機場).
The airport has been commercially operational since 1998, replacing the former Kai Tak Airport, and is an important regional trans-shipment centre, passenger hub and gateway for destinations in Mainland China (with 45 destinations) and the rest of Asia. The airport is the world's busiest cargo gateway and one of the world's busiest passenger airports.[4]
The Hong Kong International Airport is also home to one of the world's largest passenger terminal buildings (the largest when opened in 1998). Hong Kong International Airport is one of the busiest airports in Asia. Operated by the Airport Authority Hong Kong 24 hours a day, the airport is the primary hub for Cathay Pacific (the flag carrier of Hong Kong), Dragonair, Hong Kong Airlines, Hong Kong Express Airways and Air Hong Kong (cargo carrier). The airport is one of the hubs of Oneworld alliance, and it is also one of the Asian-Pacific cargo hubs for UPS Airlines.[1] It is a focus city for many airlines, including China Airlines (Taiwan), and China Eastern Airlines. Singapore Airlines, Ethiopian Airlines, and Air India use Hong Kong as a stopover point for the flights respectively.
HKIA is an important contributor to Hong Kong's economy, with approximately 65,000 employees. More than 100 airlines operate flights from the airport to over 180 cities across the globe. In 2014, HKIA handled 63.3 million passengers,[5] making it the 10th busiest airport worldwide by passenger traffic.[6] It also surpassed Memphis International Airport to become the world's busiest airport by cargo traffic.[7]
Chek Lap Kok Airport was designed as a replacement for the former Hong Kong International Airport (commonly known as Kai Tak Airport) originally built in 1925. Located in the densely built-up Kowloon City District with a single runway extending into Kowloon Bay, Kai Tak had only limited room for expansion to cope with steadily increasing air traffic. By the 1990s, Kai Tak had become one of the world's busiest airports – it far exceeded its annual passenger and cargo design capacities, and one out of every three flights experienced delays, largely due to lack of space for aircraft, gates, and a second runway.[8] In addition, noise mitigation measures restricted nighttime flights, as severe noise pollution (exceeding 105 dB(A) in Kowloon City) adversely affected an estimated total of at least 340,000 people.[9][10]
A 1974 planning study by the Civil Aviation and Public Works departments identified the small island of Chek Lap Kok, off Lantau Island, as a possible airport replacement site. Away from the congested city centre, flight paths would be routed over the South China Sea rather than populous urban areas, enabling efficient round-the-clock operation of multiple runways. The Chek Lap Kok (CLK) airport master plan and civil engineering studies were completed towards the end of 1982 and 1983 respectively. In February 1983, however, the government shelved the project for financial and economic reasons. In 1988, the Port & Airport Development Strategy (PADS) Study was undertaken by consultants, headed by Mott MacDonald Hong Kong Limited, reporting in December 1989. This study looked at forecasts for both airport and port traffic to the year 2011 and came up with three recommended strategies for overall strategic development in Hong Kong. One of the three assumed maintaining the existing airport at Kai Tak; a second assumed a possible airport in the Western Harbour between Lantau Island and Hong Kong Island; and the third assumed a new airport at Chek Lap Kok. The consultants produced detailed analyses for each scenario, enabling Government to consider these appraisals for each of the three "Recommended Strategies". In October 1989 the Governor of Hong Kong announced to the Legislative Council that a decision had been made on the long-term port and airport development strategy for the territory. The strategy to be adopted was that which included a replacement airport at Chek Lap Kok and incorporating new container terminals 8 and 9 at Stonecutters Island and east of the island of Tsing Yi respectively.[11]
In the PADS study the consultants advised that the earliest the airport could be opened was January 1998. However, in reaching the government's decision, this date was modified to January 1997, six months prior to the handover of the territory to China. Construction of the new airport began in 1991. As construction progressed, an agreement was reached with China that as much as possible of the airport would be completed before the handover to China in July 1997. In the event, British Prime Minister John Major opened the Tsing Ma Bridge, the main access to Lantau Island and the airport and its supporting community in May 1997, prior to the transfer of sovereignty to China. The airport itself was opened in July 1998.
The construction period was very rushed; specialists considered that only a 10–20-year period was sufficient for this massive project. Another cause for this rush was due to the uncertain future of the airport construction after the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China. It was originally believed that Beijing preferred to keep everything basically intact and minimise financial commitments for big projects, therefore stopping all construction despite the need for the new airport. In practice, the airport did not finish in time for the handover. However, China gave an additional year's grace period to finish the project.[12][13]
Hong Kong International Airport was built on a large artificial island, formed by levelling Chek Lap Kok and Lam Chau islands (3.02 square kilometres (1.17 sq mi) and 0.08 square kilometres (0.031 sq mi) respectively), and reclaiming 9.38 square kilometres (3.62 sq mi) of the adjacent seabed. The 12.48-square-kilometre (3,080-acre) airport site added nearly 1% to Hong Kong's total surface area, connecting to the north side of Lantau Island near Tung Chung new town.[14]
Construction of the new airport was only part of the Airport Core Programme, which also involved construction of new road and rail links to the airport, with associated bridges and tunnels, and major land reclamation projects on both Hong Kong Island and in Kowloon. The project is the most expensive airport project ever, according to Guinness World Records. Construction of the new airport was voted as one of the Top 10 Construction Achievements of the 20th Century at the ConExpo conference in 1999.[15]
The detailed design for the airport terminal was awarded to a consortium led by Mott Connell (the Hong Kong office of UK consultant Mott MacDonald) with British Airports Authority as specialist designers for airport related aspects, Foster and Partners as architects and Ove Arup as specialist structural designers for the roof. Mott Connell were the designers for foundations, all other structural components and the mechanical and electrical work. Project architects were Foster and Partners. The sides of the terminals, predominantly glass, were designed to break during high speed winds, relieving pressure and allowing the terminal to withstand an intense typhoon.[12]
Opened on 6 July 1998, a week later than the new Kuala Lumpur International Airport, it took six years and US$20 billion to build. On that day at 6:25 am, Cathay Pacific flight 889 was the first commercial flight to land at the airport, pipping the original CX292 from Rome which was the scheduled first arrival. However, on the first day of opening, the airport had already started to experience some technical difficulties. The flight information display system (FIDS) had suddenly shut down which caused long delays. Shortly afterwards, the cargo communication link with Kai Tak, where all the data was stored, went down. In the same period of time, someone had accidentally deleted a critical database for cargo services. This meant that cargo had to be manually stored. At one point, the airport had to turn away freight headed for and exported from Hong Kong (except food and medical supplies) while it sorted out the mess. HKIA simply could not keep up without an automated computer assisting.[12] For three to five months after its opening, it suffered various severe organisational, mechanical and technical problems that almost crippled the airport. Computer glitches were to blame for the crisis. Lau Kang-way, a Hong Kong politician, was quoted saying "This was meant to be a first-class project, but it has turned into a ninth-class airport and a disgrace. Our airport has become the laughing stock of the world."[16][17] At one time, the government reopened the cargo terminal at Kai Tak Airport to handle freight traffic because of a breakdown at the new cargo terminal, named Super Terminal One (ST1).[18] However, after six months the airport started to operate normally.
On 31 July 2000, Todd Salimuchai, a regularised illegal immigrant in Hong Kong with no provable nationality, forced his way through a security checkpoint using a fake pistol, took a woman hostage, and boarded a Cathay Pacific aircraft. He demanded to be flown to Burma, which he claimed was his native country but had refused to admit him due to his lack of documents. He surrendered to police two and a half hours later.[19]
Officially opened in June 2007, the second airport terminal, called T2, (check-in facility only) is linked with the MTR Airport Express on a new platform. The terminal also features a new shopping mall, SkyPlaza, providing a large variety of shops and restaurants, together with a few entertainment facilities. T2 also houses a 36-bay coach-station for buses to and from mainland China and 56 airline check-in counters, as well as customs and immigration facilities.
Besides T2, the SkyCity Nine Eagles Golf Course has been opened in 2007 whereas the second airport hotel, the Hong Kong SkyCity Marriott Hotel; and a permanent cross-boundary ferry terminal, the Skypier, began operations in 2008 and 2009 respectively. Development around T2 also includes the AsiaWorld-Expo which has started operation in late 2005.[20] A second passenger concourse, the North Satellite Concourse (NSC), opened in 2010.
Hong Kong International Airport covers an area of 1,255 hectares (4.85 sq mi). The airport has a total of 66 boarding gates,[21] with 66 jet bridge gates (1–4, 15–71, 501–510) and seven virtual gates (511–513, 521–524) which are used as assembly points for passengers, who are then ferried to the aircraft by apron buses. Of the 66 jet bridges, five (Gates 15,23,60,62,64) are capable of handling the Airbus A380, the current users of which are Singapore Airlines, Emirates, Qantas, British Airways, Asiana Airlines, and Air France. Previous users were Korean Air, Malaysia Airlines, Thai Airways, and China Southern Airlines.
Terminal 1[edit]
Terminal 1 of the HKIA, with an area measuring 570,000 square metres (6,100,000 sq ft), is the third largest airport passenger terminal building in the world, after Dubai International Airport's Terminal 3 and Beijing Capital International Airport's Terminal 3.[22]
At its opening, Terminal 1 was the largest airport passenger terminal building, with a total gross floor area of 531,000 square metres (5,720,000 sq ft). It briefly conceded the status to Bangkok's Suvarnabhumi Airport (563,000 m2 (6,060,000 sq ft)) when the latter opened on 15 September 2006, but reclaimed the title when the East Hall was expanded, bringing the total area to its current size of 570,000 square metres (6,100,000 sq ft). (The East Hall expansion, designed by architecture firm Aedas,[23] included a 39,000-square-metre (420,000 sq ft) expansion to SkyMart, a shopping mall). Terminal 1's title as the world's largest was surrendered to Beijing Capital International Airport Terminal 3 on 29 February 2008.
Terminal 2[edit]
Terminal 2 (140,000 m2 (1,500,000 sq ft)), together with the SkyPlaza, opened on 28 February 2007 along with the opening of the Airport Station's Platform 3.[24] It is only a check-in and processing facility for departing passengers with no gates or arrival facilities (passengers are transported underground to gates at Terminal 1). So far most low-cost carriers and some full-service carriers have relocated their check-in operations to T2. The SkyPlaza is situated within Terminal 2. Architecture firm Aedas and Skidmore, Owings and Merrill designed Terminal 2 and the SkyPlaza.[25][26][27]
North Satellite Concourse[edit]
In 2007, HKIA began the construction of a two-storey North Satellite Concourse (NSC), which opened in December 2009.[28] This concourse was designed for narrow-body aircraft and is equipped with 10 jet bridges. The concourse has a floor area of 20,000 square metres (220,000 sq ft) and will be able to serve more than five million passengers annually. There is a shuttle bus service between the NSC and Terminal 1 every four minutes. The North Satellite Concourse was built so the airport could accommodate at least 90 percent of its passengers by aerobridges. It has two levels (one for departures and one for arrivals). Architecture firm Aedas designed North Satellite Concourse[29]
Midfield Concourse[edit]
On 25 January 2011, Airport Authority Hong Kong (AA) unveiled phase 1 of its midfield development project which is targeted for completion by the end of 2015. The midfield area is located to the west of Terminal 1 and between the two existing runways. It is the last piece of land on the airport island available for large-scale development. This will include 20 aircraft parking stands, three of these will be wide enough to serve the Airbus A380, and cater for an additional 10 million passengers annually. Passengers will reach the concourse through an extension of the underground automated people mover.[30] Architecture firm Aedas designed the Midfield Concourse.[31]
Other buildings[edit]
Cathay Pacific City, the head office of Cathay Pacific, is located on the airport property.[32] Dragonair House (港龍大厦), the head office of Dragonair, is also on the airport property.[33] The head office of Air Hong Kong, as of 2004, is located on the fourth floor of the South Tower of Cathay Pacific City.[34]
The Civil Aviation Department has its headquarters at Hong Kong International Airport.[35]
The head office of Hong Kong Airlines was previously on Level 2 of the CNAC House (中航大廈, Cantonese: jung1 hong4 daai6 ha6, Mandarin: Zhōngháng Dàshà) at HKIA.[36][37]
View of the outside. A Boeing C-17 Globemaster is in the lower left corner
Future development[edit]
In June 2010, the Airport Authority unveiled plans to develop in stages the vast midfield site of the airport island. Stage 1 will involve the construction of a new 20 gate passenger concourse to be built in 2 phases (completion 2015 and 2020) with 11 gates in phase 1 growing to 20 gates in phase 2. Configuration of the new concourse is similar to those at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, London Heathrow Terminal 5 and Incheon International Airport. After stage 1 of midfield development is completed in 2020, there will be sufficient lands remaining for further new concourses to be built as and when demand for them materialises.[38]
Master Plan 2030[edit]
One year after, on 2 June 2011, the Airport Authority announced and released their latest version of a 20-year blueprint for the airport's development, the Hong Kong International Airport Master Plan 2030.[39] The study took three years and according to the authority, nine consulting organisations have been hired for the research, observation, planning and advice. The main focus is to improve the overall capacity and aircraft handling ability of the airport. Based on this, two options have been developed.
Option 1: Two-runway system[edit]
To maintain the current two-runway system, there will be enhancements to the terminal and apron facilities to increase the airport's capacity. This option will enable the airport to handle a maximum of 420,000 flight movements per year, with annual passenger and cargo throughput increased to 74 million and six million tonnes respectively. The approximate cost of this plan is $23.4 billion Hong Kong dollars in 2010 prices, or HK$42.5 billion in money-of-the-day[when?] prices. It will increase the number of direct jobs associated with HKIA to 101,000 by 2030 (from 62,000 in 2008) and generate a total of HK$432 billion (in 2009 dollars) in economic net present value (ENPV) up to 2061. However, the Airport Authority estimates that the airport will reach its maximum runway capacity sometime around 2020 if no extra runway is added.
Option 2: Three-runway system[edit]
This plan will focus on adding a third runway to the north of the Chek Lap Kok, the existing island the airport is built on, by land reclamation, using deep cement mixing, of about 650 hectares (1,600 acres). Associated facilities, additional terminals, airfield and apron facilities, will be built as well, and, combined with the new runway, it is estimated that the airport would be able to handle a maximum of 620,000 flights per year (102 per hour, or about one flight every 36 seconds), and meet forecast annual passenger and cargo throughput of about 97 million and 8.9 million tonnes by 2030 respectively.
There are possible drawbacks. Development costs are a concern: although the proposal would increase the number of direct jobs associated with HKIA to 141,000 by 2030 and generate an ENPV of HK$912 billion (in 2009 dollars) over a 50-year lifespan up to 2061, the estimated cost is approximately $86.2 billion (2010) Hong Kong Dollars, or HK$141.5 billion (at money-of-the-day prices).[40] There are also environmental and local noise pollution concerns.
On 20 March 2012, the Hong Kong Government adopted this option as the official expansion plan.[41]
Airlines and destinations[edit]
1Martinair operate aircraft in KLM colour scheme on these routes.
Operations and Statistics[94][95][96] | |||
year | Passenger movements |
Airfreight movements (tonnes) |
Aircraft movement |
1998 | 28,631,000 | 1,628,700 | 163,200 |
1999 | 30,394,000 | 1,974,300 | 167,400 |
2000 | 33,374,000 | 2,240,600 | 181,900 |
2001 | 33,065,000 | 2,074,300 | 196,800 |
2002 | 34,313,000 | 1,637,797 | 206,700 |
2003 | 27,433,000 | 2,642,100 | 187,500 |
2004 | 37,142,000 | 3,093,900 | 237,300 |
2005 | 40,740,000 | 3,402,000 | 263,500 |
2006 | 44,443,000 | 3,580,000 | 280,000 |
2007 | 47,783,000 | 3,742,000 | 295,580 |
2008 | 48,582,000 | 3,627,000 | 301,000 |
2009 | 45,499,604 | 3,440,581 | 273,505 |
2010 | 50,410,819 | 4,112,416 | 306,535 |
2011 | 53,909,000 | 3,939,000 | 333,760 |
2012 | 56,057,751 | 4,062,261 | 352,000 |
2013 | 59,913,000 | 4,122,000 | 372,040 |
2014 | 63,367,000 | 4,376,000 | 390,955 |
Capacity | |||
Passenger (current) | 59,900,000 | ||
Passenger (ultimate) | 60,000,000 | ||
Cargo (current) | 4.1m tonnes | ||
Cargo (ultimate) | 7.4m tonnes | ||
Apron (current) | 96 | ||
Number of destinations | |||
International (air) | 154 | ||
International (water) | 6 |
The airport is operated by the Airport Authority Hong Kong, a statutory body wholly owned by the Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.[97]
The airport has two parallel runways, both of which are 3,800 metres (12,500 ft) in length and 60 metres (200 ft) wide. The south runway has a Category II Precision Approach, while the north runway has the higher Category IIIA rating, which allows pilots to land in only 200-metre (660 ft) visibility. The two runways have an capacity of over 60 aircraft movements an hour. The Airport is upgrading ATC and runways so that they can handle 68 movements per hour. Normally, the north runway (07L/25R) is used for landing passenger planes. The south runway (07R/25L) is used for passenger planes taking off and cargo flights due to its proximity to the cargo terminal.[94]
There are 49 frontal stands at the main passenger concourse, 28 remote stands and 25 cargo stands. There are also five parking bays at the Northwest Concourse. A satellite concourse with 10 frontal stands for narrow body aircraft has been commissioned to the north of the main concourse at the end of 2009, bringing the total number of frontal stands at the airport to 59.
The airport was the third busiest for passenger traffic in Asia in 2010, and the world's busiest airport for cargo traffic in 2010. In terms of international traffic, the airport is the third busiest for passenger traffic and the busiest for cargo since its operation in 1998. There are over 95 international airlines providing about 900 scheduled passenger and all-cargo flights each day between Hong Kong and some 160 destinations worldwide. About 76 percent of these flights are operated with wide-body jets. There are also an average of approximately 31 non-scheduled passenger and cargo flights each week.[98]
The operation of scheduled air services to and from Hong Kong is facilitated by air services agreements between Hong Kong and other countries. Since the opening of HKIA, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government has implemented a policy of progressive liberalisation of air services. Many low-cost airlines have started various regional routes to compete head-on with full-service carriers on trunk routes.[99]
The airport's long term expansion opportunities are subject to variables. An HKD 80 billion proposal to build a third runway has been under feasibility study and consultation but would be very expensive as it would involve additional reclamation from deep waters, and the building cost of the third runway may be as high as the building cost of the entire airport. On the other hand, there exists only one airway between Hong Kong and mainland China, and this single route is often and easily backed up causing delays on both sides. In addition, China requires that aircraft flying the single air route between Hong Kong and the mainland must be at an altitude of at least 15,000 feet. Talks are underway to persuade the Chinese military to relax its airspace restriction in view of worsening air traffic congestion at the airport. Other than that, Hong Kong Airport Authority is co-operating with other airports in the area to relieve air traffic and in the future, Shenzhen may act as a regional airport while Hong Kong receives all the international flights.[100]
Air traffic[edit]
This section requires expansion. (December 2013) |
The Government Flying Service provides short and long range search and rescue services, police support, medical evacuation and general purpose flights for the Government.
Passenger facilities[edit]
Despite its size, the passenger terminal was designed for convenience. The layout and signage, moving walkways and the automated people mover help passengers move through the building. The HKIA Automated People Mover, a driverless people mover system with 3 stations transports passengers between the check-in area and the gates. The trains travel at 62 kilometres per hour (39 mph). The airport also boasts an IMAX theatre that has the largest screen in Hong Kong. The theatre is located in Terminal 2, level 6 and can seat 350 persons at a time.[101]
Hong Kong Business Aviation Centre[edit]
The Hong Kong Business Aviation Centre (BAC) is located within the airport and has its own terminal and facilities separate from the public terminal. It provides services for executive aircraft and passengers, including a passenger lounge, private rooms and showers, business centre facilities, ground handling, baggage handling, fuelling, security, customs and flight planning. Designated spaces and hangars are also provided at the BAC for private aircraft.
Intermodal transportation hub[edit]
To sustain the growth of passengers, the Airport Authority formulated a "push and pull through" strategy to expand its connections to new sources of passengers and cargo. This means adapting the network to the rapidly growing markets in China and in particular to the Pearl River Delta region (PRD). In 2003, a new Airport-Mainland Coach Station opened. The coach station has a 230-square-metre (2,500 sq ft) waiting lounge and sheltered bays for ten coaches. Many buses operate each day to transport passengers between HKIA and major cities in the Mainland.[102]
The Coach Station was relocated to the ground floor (level 3) of Terminal 2 in 2007. The 36 bays at the new Coach Station allow cross-border coaches to make 320 trips a day carrying passengers between the airport and 90 cities and towns in the PRD. Local tour and hotel coaches also operate from T2. The coach station at T2 has shops and waiting lounges as well as a mainland coach service centre which gathers all operators together.[103]
In late September 2003, the SkyPier high-speed ferry terminal opened. Passengers arriving at the SkyPier board buses to the terminal and arriving air passengers board ferries at the pier for their ride back to the PRD. Passengers travelling both directions can bypass custom and immigration formalities, which reduces transit time. Four ports – Shekou, Shenzhen, Macau and Humen (Dongguan) – were initially served. As of August 2007, SkyPier serves Shenzhen's Shekou and Fuyong, Dongguan's Humen, Macau, Zhongshan and Zhuhai. Passengers travelling from Shekou and Macau can complete airline check-in procedures with participating airlines before boarding the ferries and go straight to the boarding gate for the flight at HKIA.
In 2009, the permanent SkyPier Terminal opened. The permanent ferry terminal is equipped with four berths, but the terminal is designed to accommodate eight berths. Transfer desks and baggage handling facilities are included, and the terminal is directly connected to the airport automatic people mover system.
Baggage and cargo facilities[edit]
Ramp handling services are provided by Hong Kong Airport Services Limited (HAS), Jardine Air Terminal Services Limited and SATS HK Limited. Their services include the handling of mail and passenger baggage, transportation of cargo, aerobridge operations and the operation of passenger stairways. The airport has an advanced baggage handling system (BHS), the main section of which is located in the basement level of the passenger terminal, and a separate remote transfer facility at the western end of the main concourse for handling of tight connection transfer bags.
HKIA handles over three million tonnes of cargo annually.[104] Hong Kong Air Cargo Terminals Limited operates one of the two air cargo terminals at the airport. Its headquarters, the 328,000-square-metre (3,530,000 sq ft) SuperTerminal 1,[105] is the world's second largest stand-alone air cargo handling facility, after the opening of the West Cargo Handling Area of the Shanghai Pudong International Airport in 26 March 2008. The designed capacity is 2.6 million tonnes of freight a year. The second air cargo terminal is operated by Asia Airfreight Terminal Company Limited, and has a capacity of 1.5 million tonnes a year.[106] DHL operates the DHL Central Asia Hub cargo facility which handles 35,000 parcels and 40,000 packages per hour. Hongkong Post operates the Air Mail Centre (AMC) and processes 700,000 packages per day. It is envisaged that HKIA's total air cargo capacity per annum will reach nine million tonnes ultimately.[107]
Aircraft maintenance services[edit]
Both line and base maintenance services are undertaken by Hong Kong Aircraft Engineering Company (HAECO), while China Aircraft Services Limited (CASL) and Pan Asia Pacific Aviation Services Limited carry out line maintenance. Line maintenance services include routine servicing of aircraft performed during normal turnaround periods and regularly scheduled layover periods. Base maintenance covers all airframe maintenance services and for this HAECO has a three-bay hangar, which can accommodate up to three Boeing 747-400 aircraft and two Airbus A320 aircraft, and an adjoining support workshop. HAECO also has the world's largest mobile hangar, weighing over 400 tons. It can be used to enclose half of a wide-body aeroplane, so that the whole facility can fully enclose four 747s when the mobile hangar is used.
On 29 May 2009, CASL opened its first aircraft maintenance hangar in the maintenance area of the airport. The new hangar occupies an area of about 10,000 square metres (110,000 sq ft) and can accommodate one wide-body and one narrow-body aircraft at the same time; the hangar also has an about 10,000-square-metre (110,000 sq ft) area in its annexe building. CASL specialises in Airbus A320 family and Boeing 737 Next Generation series heavy maintenance.[108]
Airport based ground services[edit]
This section does not cite any references or sources. (July 2011) |
The Air Traffic Control Complex (ATCX), located at the centre of the airfield, is the nerve centre of the entire air traffic control system. Some 370 air traffic controllers and supporting staff work around the clock to provide air traffic control services for the Hong Kong Flight Information Region (FIR). At the Air Traffic Control Tower, controllers provide 24-hour aerodrome control services to aircraft operating at the airport. A backup Air Traffic Control Centre/Tower constructed to the north of the ATCX is available for operational use in the event normal services provided in the ATCX are disrupted by unforeseen circumstances. Apart from serving as an operational backup, the facilities are also used for air traffic control training.
The Airport Meteorological Office (AMO) of the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) provides weather services for the aviation community. The AMO makes routine and special weather observations and provides fixed-time aerodrome forecasts and landing forecasts for the HKIA. It issues aerodrome warnings on adverse weather for protection of aerodrome facilities and aircraft on the ground. It also issues significant weather information on thunderstorms, tropical cyclones, turbulence, icing and other hazardous weather. The AMO issues alerts of low-level windshear and turbulence. Windshear detection is made using traditional doppler weather radars as well as the more effective doppler LIDAR, of which Hong Kong International Airport was the first to introduce. Doppler LIDAR systems use lasers to detect windshear and wind direction even when atmospheric conditions are too dry for Doppler radar to work.
Rescue and fire fighting services within the airport are covered by the Airport Fire Contingent of the Hong Kong Fire Services Department. The contingent has 282 members, operating two fire stations and two rescue berths for 24-hour emergency calls. It is equipped with 14 fire appliances which can respond to incidents within two minutes in optimum conditions of visibility and surface conditions, satisfying the relevant recommendation of the International Civil Aviation Organisation. Two high capacity rescue boats, supported by eight speed boats, form the core of sea rescue operations.
Ground transport[edit]
The airport is connected to inner Hong Kong by the North Lantau Highway on Lantau Island.
There is an automated people mover, operated by the Airport Authority and maintained by MTR Corporation, connecting the East Hall to the West Hall and Terminal 2. It was extended to SkyPier in late 2009.
Citybus, New Lantao Bus, Long Win Bus and Discovery Bay Transit Services operate 25 bus routes to the airport from various parts of Hong Kong, available at the Airport Ground Transportation Centre and Cheong Tat Road. The bus companies also offer 10 overnight "N" services.[109]
Passengers can also take the S1 Citybus[110] to the Tung Chung MTR Station. From there they can board the MTR Tung Chung line which follows the same route as the MTR Airport Express to Central with cheaper fare but longer journey time.
Coach services are available to major cities and towns in Guangdong Province, such as Dongguan, Guangzhou and Shenzhen.
Direct ferry services are available from the airport to various destinations throughout the Pearl River Delta via Skypier. Passengers using these services are treated as transit passengers and are not considered to have entered Hong Kong for immigration purposes. For this reason, access to the ferry terminal is before immigration in the airport for arriving passengers. Check-in services are available at these piers. Four ports – Shekou, Shenzhen Airport (Fuyong), Macau and Humen (Dongguan) – were initially served, extending to Guangzhou and Zhongshan at the end of 2003. The Zhuhai service began on 10 July 2007 while a Nansha service started on 14 July 2009.[111]
The airport can be reached by the Airport Express, a dedicated rail link provided by the Mass Transit Railway. The line has stops at Tsing Yi Island, West Kowloon Cultural District, and terminates at Hong Kong Station, situated at the northern coast of Central and Western District, Hong Kong Island. It takes 24 minutes to reach the airport from Hong Kong station.[112] It offers free shuttle bus services to and from hotels and free transfers to and from the MTR. In addition, both Hong Kong and Kowloon stations provide in-town check-in services for major airlines. There are also discount promotions for group tickets annually.
The Airport Express line terminates at AsiaWorld–Expo, located near the airport. This segment of the Airport Express started operations on 20 December 2005 to facilitate the opening of the expo.
The airport is served by all three different types of taxi, distinguished by their colour:
- Urban taxis connect the Airport with Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and parts of the new towns of Tsuen Wan, Sha Tin and Tseung Kwan O (urban taxis can go anywhere in Hong Kong except southern Lantau Island).
- New Territories taxis connect the airport with the New Territories, except those parts of the Tsuen Wan, Sha Tin and Tseung Kwan O served by urban taxis.
- Lantau taxis connect the airport with the rest of Lantau Island.
Airport hotels[edit]
There are 3 hotels located in the nearby area, which are the Hong Kong Skycity Marriott Hotel (connected to AsiaWorld Expo),[113] Novotel Hong Kong Citygate (Tung Chung)[114] and Regal Airport Hotel.[115] In 2013, the Regal Airport Hotel was named by Skytrax as the best airport hotel in the world.[116]
Incidents and accidents[edit]
The following are events at the current HKIA (see accidents and incidents at the former HKIA at Kai Tak):
- On 22 August 1999, China Airlines Flight 642 (an MD-11 operated by subsidiary Mandarin Airlines), which was landing at Hong Kong International Airport during Typhoon Sam after a flight from Bangkok International Airport (now Bangkok Don Mueang International Airport), rolled over and caught fire, coming to rest upside down beside the runway. Of the 315 passengers and crew on board, three people were killed and 219 were injured.
- On 13 April 2010, Cathay Pacific Flight 780 from Surabaya Juanda International Airport to Hong Kong landed safely after both engines failed due to contaminated fuel. 57 passengers were injured. Its two pilots received the Polaris Award from the International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations for their heroism and airmanship.[117]
- AETRA Best Airport Worldwide (2005)
- Air Cargo News Cargo Airport of the Year (2002–2003)
- Air Cargo World Air Cargo Excellence (2007)
- Air Transport Research Society Asia Pacific Airport Efficiency Excellence Award (2007)
- Asiaweek Asia's Best Airport (2000)
- British Constructional Steelwork Association, the Steel Construction Institute and British Steel Structural Steel Design Award (1999)
- Business Traveller Best Airport in China (2006–2007)
- Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation CAPA International Airport of the Year (2007)
- Conde Nast Traveller World's Best Airport (2007)
- Construction Industry Manufacturers Association CONEXPO-CON/AGG '99 Top 10 Construction Achievements of the 20th Century – Airport Core Programme (1999)
- Federation of Asia Pacific Aircargo Associations Most Friendly Airport for Cargo (2005)
- Hong Kong Institute of Architects Silver Medal for Architecture (1999)
- Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants Diamond – Best Corporate Governance Disclosure Awards (2004)
- International Air Transport Association (IATA) Eagle Award (2002)
- Raven Fox Award for Travel-Retail Excellence in Asia / Pacific (1999–2000)
- Skytrax World's Best Airport (2001–2005, 2007–2008, 2011)
- SmartTravelAsia.com Best Airport Worldwide (2006–2007)
- TravelWeekly Best International Airport (2007)
- TravelWeeklyChina Best Airport Facilities (2006)
- TTG Best Airport (2002, 2004–2008; Survey was not held in 2003 owing to SARS)
- WTA World Travel Awards Asia/ Pacific's Leading Airport (2000)
Year | Award | Category | Results | Ref |
2008 | Airport Service Quality Awards by Airports Council International |
Best Airport Worldwide | 3rd | [118] |
2009 | [119] | |||
Best Airport in Asia-Pacific | ||||
Best Airport by Size (over 40 million passenger) | Won | |||
2010 | Best Airport Worldwide | 3rd | [120] | |
2011 | 4th | [121] |
See also[edit]
- Airport Authority Hong Kong
- Airport Security Unit
- Government Flying Service (Hong Kong) – a search and rescue service that operates from HKIA
- Kai Tak Airport – former Hong Kong International Airport (closed in 1998)
- List of buildings, sites, and areas in Hong Kong
- Megaprojects and Risk: An Anatomy of Ambition
- Shek Kong Airfield – a military airport in Hong Kong
- Transport in Hong Kong
- World's busiest airports by cargo traffic
- World's busiest airports by passenger traffic
- ^ a b UPS Air Operations Facts – UPS Pressroom
- ^ a b "Hong Kong International airport – Economic and social impact". Ecquants. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
- ^ "2012 Passenger Traffic (Preliminary)" (PDF). 26 March 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
- ^ "About Hong Kong Airport". Retrieved 4 April 2015.
- ^ "About Hong Kong Airport". Retrieved 4 April 2015.
- ^ "Year to date Passenger Traffic". ACI. 2014-09-25. Retrieved 2014-09-25.
- ^ Denslow, Neil (26 January 2011). "Cathay Pacific, Hong Kong Airport Become Biggest for Freight". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on 17 April 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
- ^ Genzberger, Christine (1994). Hong Kong Business: The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with Hong Kong. World Trade Press. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-9631864-7-8.
- ^ Hong Kong Advisory Council on the Environment (July 1995). "Proposal to Optimise Kai Tak Capacity" (PDF). Retrieved 13 June 2006.
- ^ Dempsey, Paul (1999). Airport Planning and Development Handbook: A Global Survey. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-07-134316-9.
- ^ Port & Airport Development Strategy Study, Final Report, December 1989 by Study Consultants Mott MacDonald Hong Kong et al. for Lands and Works Branch of Hong Kong Government Secretariat
- ^ a b c "Building Hong Kong's Airport". Extreme Engineering. Season 1. Episode 7. 14 May 2003.
- ^ Rikkie Yeung (2008). Moving Millions: The Commercial Success and Political Controversies of Hong Kong's Railways. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-962-209-963-0.
- ^ Plant, G.W.; Covil, C.S; Hughes, R.A.; Airport Authority Hong Kong (1998). Site Preparation for the New Hong Kong International Airport. Thomas Telford. pp. 1, 3–4, 43, 556. ISBN 978-0-7277-2696-4.
- ^ CONEXPO-CON/AGG '99 (1999). Top 10 Construction Achievements of the 20th Century. ISBN 0-9530219-5-5. Retrieved 10 November 2005
- ^ Gordon, Alastair (September 2004). Naked Airport. Metropolitan Books. ISBN 0-8050-6518-0.
- ^ Landler, Mark (9 July 1998). "INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS; Problems Continue to Mount at New Hong Kong Airport". The New York Times.
- ^ "Calendar of Events". Hong Kong Yearbook. 1998. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
- ^ "The tale of a man with no country", The Standard, 10 July 2006, retrieved 28 May 2011
- ^ Hong Kong International Airport – About AA – SkyCity Brochure[dead link]
- ^ "Hong Kong International Airport – Interactive Map". Hongkongairport.com. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
- ^ "The 'dragon' unveiled: Beijing's T3 starts operations". The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
- ^ "Project Page: Hong Kong International Airport – East Hall Extension". Aedas.com.
- ^ "Press release of platform 3 opening" (PDF). Retrieved 7 May 2011.
- ^ "Project in Detail: Hong Kong International Airport: Terminal 2 / Sky Plaza". World Buildings Directory.
- ^ "Project Page: Hong Kong International Airport – Terminal 2 and Skyplaza". Aedas.com.
- ^ "Project Page: Hong Kong International Airport – Terminal 2 and Skyplaza". SOM.com.
- ^ "HKIA Opens New Passenger Concourse to Enhance Service". Hongkongairport.com. 15 December 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
- ^ "Project Page: Hong Kong International Airport – North Satellite Concourse". Aedas.com.
- ^ "Airport Authority Unveils Phase 1 Midfield Development". Airport Authority Hong Kong. 27 January 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
- ^ "Project Page: Hong Kong International Airport – Midfield Concourse". Aedas.com.
- ^ "Hong Kong." Cathay Pacific. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
- ^ "Hong Kong." Dragonair. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
- ^ "Directory: World Airlines." Flight International. 16–22 March 2004. 65. "AIR HONG KONG LD1 (AHK) 4F South Tower; Cathay Pacific City, 8 Scenic Road, Hong Kong International Airport, Lantau, Hong Kong (SAR), China"
- ^ "Contact Us." Civil Aviation Department. Retrieved on August 11, 2014. "Director-General of Civil Aviation, Civil Aviation Department Headquarters, 1 Tung Fai Road, Hong Kong International Airport, Lantau, Hong Kong " Traditional Chinese address: "來函民航處處長 香港大嶼山香港國際機場 東輝路1號 民航處總部辦公大樓", Simplified Chinese address: "来函民航处处长 香港大屿山香港国际机场 东辉路1号 民航处总部办公大楼"
- ^ "Contact Us – Hong Kong." Hong Kong Airlines. Retrieved 7 November 2011. "Headquarter Office Address: L2 CNAC House, 12 Tung Fai Road, Hong Kong International Airport, Lantau, Hong Kong"
- ^ "聯繫我們 > 香港辦事處." Hong Kong Airlines. Retrieved 7 November 2011. "地址: 香港大嶼山香港國際機場東輝路12號中航大廈2樓"
- ^ "Midfield Expansion Project of Airport Authority Hong Kong Purpose" (PDF). Legislative Council Panel on Economic Development.
- ^ "Airport Authority Hong Kong Unveils Development Options – Three-month Public Consultation Launched to Collect Feedback." (Press release). Hong Kong Airport Authority. 2 June 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
- ^ "LCQ7: Financial arrangement of the three-runway system project at Hong Kong International Airport". Legislative Council. 22 April 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
- ^ 三跑道系統 – 香港國際機場
- ^ ""Аврора" открывает рейс в Гонконг". http://flyaurora.ru/. Aurora Airlines. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
- ^ http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/business/04/21/15/airasia-offers-piso-fare-manila-hong-kong-flights
- ^ a b "Air Seychelles Hong Kong flights now on sale" (Press release). Air Seychelles. 19 December 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ^ http://airlineroute.net/2014/09/05/bg-hkg-sep14cxld/
- ^ http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2014/08/21/logan-adding-direct-flight-hong-kong/Sr2OSM0gxeAEQrUGJtEvVI/story.html
- ^ JL (24 February 2014). "Cathay Pacific Adds Hong Kong – Doha and Reciprocal Codeshare with QATAR Airways from late-March 2014". Airline Route. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
- ^ http://www.cathaypacific.com/cx/en_HK/hidden-pages/special-highlight/travel-information/dusseldorf-port/dusseldorf-route.html?DESTINATION=DUS&DEPARTUREDATE=20150901&ARRIVALDATE=20150907
- ^ "Cathay Pacific to cease Moscow operations from June 1". Air Transport World. 23 March 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
- ^ http://www.cathaypacific.com/cx/en_PH/about-us/press-room/press-release/2014/Cathay-Pacific-expands-European-network-with-new-service-to-Zurich.html
- ^ http://airlineroute.net/2014/08/28/mu-bhyhkg-sep14/
- ^ http://airlineroute.net/2014/09/24/mu-czxhkg-sep14/
- ^ "Dragonair to launch flights to Bali in April" (Press release). Dragonair. 5 March 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
- ^ "Dragonair to launch daily service to Tokyo Haneda from March 2015" (Press release). Dragonair. 22 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
- ^ http://www.etihad.com/en-us/about-us/news/archive/2014/etihad-airways-to-launch-flights-between-abu-dhabi-and-hong-kong/
- ^ "香港直航往返首爾只需$2,040起 – 埃塞俄比亞航空".
- ^ "Hong Kong Airlines' timetable" (PDF).
- ^ http://www.routesonline.com/news/29/breaking-news/241705/hong-kong-airlines-to-resume-maldives-service-from-july-2014/
- ^ "Hong Kong Airlines Adds Nanchang Service from late-April 2015". Airlineroute.net. 26 March 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
- ^ http://airlineroute.net/2014/09/01/hx-cts-dec14/
- ^ JL (12 May 2014). "HK Express to Start Busan Service from Aug 2014". Airlineroute.net. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
- ^ http://airlineroute.net/2015/01/23/uo-dad-s15/
- ^ "HK Express Adds Tunxi Operation in S15". Airlineroute.net. 3 April 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
- ^ "HK Express Adds Jeju Route from late-June 2015". Airline Route. 11 March 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
- ^ "HK Express Adds Lanzhou Service from June 2015". Airlineroute.net. 27 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
- ^ http://airlineroute.net/2014/06/13/uo-hkgngb-jul14/
- ^ "HK Express to Star Siem Reap Service from Oct 2015". Airline Route. 29 January 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "HK Express Adds Hong Kong – Wuxi Service from April 2015". AirlineRoute.net. 11 February 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
- ^ http://www.routesonline.com/news/29/breaking-news/248345/hk-express-to-start-yinchuan-route-from-may-2015/
- ^ http://airlineroute.net/2014/07/31/uo-cgo-sep14/
- ^ http://airlineroute.net/2014/12/03/gk-hkg-mar15/
- ^ "Jetstar Japan to Start Tokyo - Hong Kong Service from June 2015". Airlineroute.net. 7 April 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
- ^ "Jetstar Pacific to start Hanoi-Hong Kong service in Sept". The Saigon Times. 17 April 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
- ^ http://www.flypeach.com/Portals/0/PressReleases/2014/141125-Press-Release-EN.pdf
- ^ http://www.s7.ru/home/info/timetable.dot
- ^ http://airlineroute.net/2015/01/29/sk-hkg-sep15/
- ^ http://airlineroute.net/2014/09/18/zh-shehkg-sep14/
- ^ http://airlineroute.net/2014/10/21/o8-dmkhkg-oct14/
- ^ http://www.wcarn.com/news/43/43454.html
- ^ http://airlineroute.net/2014/09/11/jw-hkgkhh-w14/
- ^ Cargolux adds Hong Kong-Ohio service | Air Cargo World News
- ^ "2013 summer schedule". Aero Logic. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
- ^ Ethiopian Airlines Cargo Schedule
- ^ JL (29 October 2013). "ETIHAD Cargo Planned W13 Operations". Airline Route. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
- ^ EVA Air Cargo Schedule
- ^ Freighter Schedule, Hong Kong Airlines Cargo
- ^ British Airways axes B747-8(F) contract with Atlas Air. ch-aviation.com. Retrieved on 16 May 2014.
- ^ http://22.214.171.124/flightschedule/lhcargo_flightschedule.csv
- ^ Welcome to Qantas Freight
- ^ 顺丰开通厦门—香港—宁波—香港—厦门航线
- ^ 东海航空有限公司
- ^ Welcome to SIA Cargo – E timetables
- ^ Turkish Airlines Cargo Winter Schedule
- ^ a b "Facts and Figures". Hong Kong International Airport. Airport Authority Hong Kong. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
- ^ "Air Traffic Statistics". Hong Kong International Airport. Airport Authority Hong Kong. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
- ^ "Passenger traffic surges at Hong Kong International Airport in 2013". TheMoodieReport.com. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
- ^ "Introduction". Hong Kong International Airport. Airport Authority Hong Kong. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
- ^ Airport Authority Hong Kong. "Our Business – The Airport – Welcome to HKIA – Hong Kong International Airport".
- ^ "Vision and Missions". Hong Kong International Airport. Airport Authority Hong Kong. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
- ^ "Publications". Hong Kong International Airport. Airport Authority Hong Kong. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
- ^ http://flight-hub-reviews.com/hong-kong-international-flight-hub/
- ^ Transport to Guangdong[dead link]
- ^ "Our Business – The Airport – Welcome to HKIA – Hong Kong International Airport". Hongkongairport.com. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
- ^ Air Cargo – HKIA[dead link]
- ^ "SuperTerminal 1". Hactl.com. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
- ^ "Asia Airfreight Terminal – Our Terminal". Aat.com.hk. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
- ^ "Hong Kong Fact Sheets – Civil Aviation" (PDF). Retrieved 7 May 2011.
- ^ CASL Company Website
- ^ "Public Buses". Airport Authority Hong Kong. 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2009. Note that I have included Discovery Bay services as per the schedule at [1]
- ^ "S1 Bus". Chow Tai Fook Enterprises. 2009. Retrieved 7 November 2009.
- ^ "New Ferry Service between HKIA and Nansha Port Commences". Hongkongairport.com. 14 July 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
- ^ "Hong Kong Airport Transportation Information". Discoverhongkong.com. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
- ^ Hong Kong SkyCity Marriott Hotel. "Hong Kong Skycity Marriott Hotel". Marriott.com. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
- ^ "Novotel Hong Kong Citygate". Accorhotels.com. 2 May 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
- ^ "Regal Airport Hotel Hong Kong". regalhotel.com.
- ^ "World's Best Airport Hotels 2013".
- ^ "Pilots reveal death-defying ordeal as engines failed on approach to Chek Lap Kok". South China Morning Post. 20 April 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
- ^ "ASQ Award for winners for 2008" Airports Council International. Retrieved 13 April 2012
- ^ "ACI Airport Service Quality Awards 2009, Asia Pacific airports sweep top places in worldwide awards" Airports Council International. 16 February 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2012
- ^ "ASQ Award for winners for 2010" Airports Council International. Retrieved 13 April 2012
- ^ "World's best airports announced – Asia dominates" CNN Go. 15 February 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012
External links[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Hong Kong International Airport. |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hong Kong International Airport. |
- Official website
- Hong Kong International Airport Master Plan 2030
- World Aero Data – Hong Kong International Airport
- openNav: HKG / VHHH charts
- Asia Airfreight Terminal Company Limited, Hong Kong
- Air transport in Hong Kong – Trade Development Council
- Extreme Engineering: Hong Kong Airport on Discovery.com
- Aerial video


text:
There are three basic things that you need. One is a double boiler. The second is milk. The other is rennet (or another coagulant). I can see I lost you with that third thing. Well, you can find rennet online or at some homebrew stores. If you live in a real city, it should be easy to find. If you live in the country, the best thing to do is find someone who makes cheese and ask them for a teaspoon or so of their rennet.
I don't have a double boiler, so I rigged a pot and my canner (and hockey laces - they are strong and long). I am not using the laces to elevate the pot; there is a trivet in my canner. I am using the laces to lift the pot out of the canner.
Step 1: Sour the milk. Bring a gallon milk up to 90*F in the double boiler. Once it gets to 90*, add mesophilic powder (half a packet per gallon of milk). If you don't have mesophilic powder, buttermilk or yogurt will have the cultures necessary to sour the milk. Ask the internet. Hold your milk at 90* for half an hour.
Step 2: Coagulate the milk. Dilute a teaspoon rennet in a little bit of your purest water, then stir it into the milk for about five minutes to ensure even mixing. Once mixed, leave for 45 minutes (still at 90*) until you get a "clean break" - when you stick your finger in it, the white stuff breaks and whey fills the hole (if a milky colored substance fills the hole, you need to give it more time.)
Step 3: Cut it into curds. After you achieve the "clean break," use a knife to cut the curds. Make sure to cut all the way down to the bottom of the pot, slicing every 1/4 inch.
Let the curds set for 15 minutes to let them "heal" (still at 90*F).
Step 4: Heat it up to 100*F slowly over the course of 30 minutes, stirring every 5 minutes. Maintain 100* for 30 minutes, while continuing to stir.
Step 5: Drain the whey. Let the curds rest for about 5 minutes then drain in a colander. This step separates the curds from the whey. Don't throw away the whey! It is still useful for many things. Step 6: Put the curds back in the pot, and keep them at 100* for an hour. This will cause more whey to leach out. At this point, mine looked like little cauliflower heads. I'm not sure if I should have broken them up into smaller curds or not. Also I was supposed to add salt and I didn't do that. Whoops.
Step 7: Press the cheese. If you're making your first cheese and you don't want to put a lot of money into it yet, this is the step where you'll need to get creative.
Start by draining out the whey. Ideally you have cheesecloth that you can put the curds in, if not, this is your first cheese. Make it work, people. Maybe you have a sterile pillow case. I don't know.
To make cheddar, here are the times and weights you need:
15 lbs for 10 minutes (take cheese out and redress it)
30 lbs for 10 minutes (take cheese out and redress it)
40 lbs for 2 hours (take cheese out and redress it)
50 lbs for 24 hours (take cheese out)
I figure, worst case scenario, you can tie your clothed cheese into a little package and throw some books on top of it. I, on the other hand, got a homemade cheese press for my birthday (I consider this to be the better option).
So here is where I am pushing the cheese into a 4" tube. It has a plunger to follow after the cheese. Then after that, a flat surface is put on top, and books are piled on top of that surface. There is just tin foil to aid with drainage, but we didn't really get any more whey draining off.
Every time I redressed the cheese I also flipped it. While you have your 2 hour / 40 lb press going, you can use the whey to make ricotta (look for this post early next week).
Step 8: Let the rind form. This part is so easy. Just let the cheese sit out on the counter for 2 - 5 days, and flip it once a day. I loosely draped cheesecloth over mine to keep out any dust.
Step 9: Wax it. I've posted about this before, so I'm not going into too many details. I now have a dedicated wax pot, and I put about 2-3 layers of wax on the cheese wheel. You really should use cheese wax, but if this is your first cheese, throw caution to the wind. Use paraffin. Or wrap it in plastic wrap.
Step 10: Whew! You still with me? I didn't say it was a fast process. I just said it wasn't as hard as you thought it was. Take your waxed wheel and keep it in a 55*F environment. Flip it once a day for a month, then after that you can get away with flipping it once a week.
Step 11: Age for 3-5 months. Then eat it. Tasty, tasty cheese.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
July 17, 2012, 08:29 PM | #1 |
Join Date: January 5, 2012
Posts: 88
New vs Old Ithaca 37?
I want to get an Ithaca 37 Featherlight 12 gauge, and I'm willing to spend the money for a new one.
But are the new ones as good as the old? If I remember correctly Ithaca stopped making m37's for a while, and recently started again. Are the ones made today as well made and reliable as the ones from yesteryear? |
July 18, 2012, 01:12 AM | #2 |
Senior Member
Join Date: December 14, 2009
Posts: 154
The new ones are built better than the old ones, but still are built to be interchangeable. The materials and machining used for the new ones are stronger and better than of old. However, as a result of tighter tolerances and not hand-fitted parts, they are not as smooth as the earliest guns (1937-50s), and never will be.
Remington 870|Benelli Nova|Brno ZP47|Savage Mk II FV|Marlin 30AS|Ruger M77|HVA 640 |
July 18, 2012, 08:22 AM | #3 | |
Join Date: January 5, 2012
Posts: 88
Really? That's interesting. How did you learn this? I'd like to find more info on this. |
July 18, 2012, 08:24 AM | #4 |
Senior Member
Join Date: September 9, 2005
Posts: 338
The new one I bought is just as smooth working as my old one. Everyone who has worked the action is amazed at how smooth the action is and these guys own or have owned the old ones.
July 18, 2012, 09:18 AM | #5 | |
Join Date: January 5, 2012
Posts: 88
I know the new ones are smooth, I'm just talking about overall quality, longevity, reliability and durability. I'm wondering if the new ones aren't as well made as the old ones in these regards, similar to how, in my experience, pre-lock and pre-mim smith and wessons seem to be of better quality that current models. |
July 18, 2012, 08:14 PM | #6 |
Senior Member
Join Date: June 16, 2005
Location: AZ
Posts: 2,323
As far as I understand, the new Ithacas don't have MIM or sintered parts.
I was under the impression that the parts are all milled steel, just by CNC machines instead of manually hand fit by craftsmen. It's part of the reason why it's so expensive. Pretty much all of the reviews I have seen have been very positive. |
Thread Tools | |


text:
Sam practises his stalking in this Splinter Cell Blacklist trailer
15 Apr 2013Watch out terrorists, Sam Fisher is up to his old stalking tricks again. If this Splinter Cell: Blacklist trailer is to be believed, he can do it silently too. You won't know he's there, in the bushes, outside your terrorist training camp, until it's too later.
Then he'll be there, pleading with you for one more chance to love him. Or, you know, kicking you in the kidneys. One of those things.
Splinter Cell: Blacklist is due in August. That's plenty of time to apply for a restraining order.
Related to this story Register an IncGamers account to post comments or use Disqus.
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text:
Thursday, May 29, 2008
28 days out of warranty
i must say it was magic what this thing could do with hellish ozarks soil. it would tear rocks from the ground that wouldn't fit in a five gallon bucket. i admit that i worked this thing beyond any realistic expectations. tearing roots and rocks from virgin ozarks soil is no easy task and this thing did it time and time again only asking for a little bit of petrol and a dry place to live.
when i took it back for an autopsy i plead with anyone that would listen. "we live from our garden." "we must have this tiller." "anything that can be done for it must be covered by warranty" it was twenty days too late, they would say. after spending a few hours there pleading my case over and over they finally let me talk to the manager of the repair department. i gave him my best plea ever. he said, "he'd do what he could do."
i thanked him and slinked from sight with tristan in tow. i'm sure his sad eyes shored my story. i called two days later and asked if they knew anything yet. mark said he'd call me. i felt chastised. that was two weeks ago.
today mark called, personally. he said that he got them to cover the entire repair under warranty.
we are so blessed.
husqvarna really came through for us. mark at race brothers is the man. i sing an ode to them both if i could sing. the best i can do is to recommend them both as highly as my status allows. they are of yesteryear stock. the disposable economy we currently live has so few companies of this stature that it is a pleasant surprise to do business with them.
20 comments:
- Sasha said...
That is awesome! We use ours so much so I knew when you posted that yours broke what a terrible blow it must have been.
~Sasha - 5:44 PM
- Lisa said...
Whoo hoo for sure! I worry about all my expensive "longterm" purchases failing me just as the warrantee wears out!!
that is awesome. It is nice to hear a happy ending when dealing with repair work and such. Customer service at the smaller stores can be one of their best qualities.
JOY! Good karma to that man! It is getting that kind of customer support even once that makes up for years of terrible, rude support, isn't it?
- Danielle said...
So pleased to hear it! It's folks like this who remind me to have faith in our world.
Not as significant, but when my Kitchen Aid went, I pleaded with the local repair guy to have it back as soon as he possibly could. Same reason: we live on our Kitchen Aid stand mixer! It's great when people get this. - 10:07 PM
- hillbilly2be said...
- This comment has been removed by the author.
You used Tristan to "sell" that guy, didn't you?
Seriously, though, three cheers for the integrity of small towns, small companies and small dealers! - 3:14 AM
- tansy said...
that is great. i'm glad the company was nice enough to honor the warranty. my opinion is, why by the big name brands if they're not going to make it right if something happens to it.
when will you get it back? - 7:49 AM
- Gina said...
Agree with Tansy on the brand name thing. Glad it worked out. I surely know how losing that valuable tool would have been, especially this time in the season and with economy as it is.
if I lived nearby, I'd give that guy my business! - 8:40 AM
- jayedee said...
seems like honor is in short supply these days.....nice to know there are folks out there that will go the extra mile!
- R. Sherman said...
I'm glad you got that resolved, although two years seems like a short time for a catastrophic failure. That's of some concern to me as we just bought a Husqvarna garden tractor which works great now, but like you, I justified the extra expense on the theory that I'd get a minimum of seven years out of it.
Cheers. - 9:18 AM
- Sean LaFianza said...
saw this today on lifehacker.com and thought of you guys: myfolia.com
btw, are you still brewing kombucha? how;s that going? - 12:54 PM
- Madeline said...
What a great faith restoring story. thanks for sharing it.
- karl said...
sasha, thanks it was a terrible blow.
lisa, making big purchases is such a risky thing. we worry about them everytime.
nathan, yeah no more purchases from home depot or lowes for me.
donna, thanks we can use all the good karma we can get.
danielle, it is amazing when things go right. buying from the right place getting from a reputable manufacturer. our kitchen aid might be similar blow if it were to break.
ron, i have their chainsaw too. they have all of my large tool purchases forever.
matt, thanks yeah we feel blessed buy the integrity in this area.
tansy, thanks, we'll get it back hopefully in time for okra planting?
gina, husqvara sells world wide, just get it from a good dealer. not lowes.
jaydee, it is sad to be surprised buy a company with honor. it used to be the exact opposite. maybe the tides are turning?
r sherman, yeah but i was really really hard on this tool. the ozarks are a true test of a machines metal.
sean, kombucha a-hoy. i'm fully addicted and brew six gallons at a time.
madeline, thanks yeah i will write a letter to husqvarna and forever pledge my tool purchases to them and race brothers. - 7:24 AM
- Woody said...
Karl...it is so nice to actually be able to plead a case with someone who CAN do something and not some bubblegum smacking kid that can't seem to keep his britches hitched up over his arse. Great to hear that they covered their product. I too have a husky chainsaw and a stihl. They are both fine products that are serviced by our local dealer.
The garden looks fantastic...
peace - 8:05 AM
- edifice rex said...
Very happy for you karl!
- Tim said...
For years things would break right before Christmas, stuff like the Central air unit, the dryer, the fridge. It got to a point that I was worried when the holidays would get close.
Love your blog. - 3:04 AM
- BeanMama said...
Oh, wow. What a huge relief. What was wrong with it?
- karl said...
woody, no kidding it is such a pleasant surprise.
annie, thanks we feel so lucky.
tim, yeah at least it's not christmas.
margo, it was the main drive system gears, transmission, and support frame. if it were a car it would be totaled. - 9:06 PM
- The Unusually Unusual Farmchick said...
Glad to read they had your back on it.LOL. I love my new old tiller and would be devastated if it were to stop working, especially so early in the season.
I hope the plants were all alive when you recieved them. They sat in the box for the long weekend and I almost opened it up to see if they were O>k. Then thought I best not- that would just delay their mailing out, knowing me.LOL. Wishing a bountiful garden for you all this year. - 5:49 AM


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JERUSALEM, Israel -- Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu warned Western countries they shouldn't be fooled by Iran's new president who many are calling a "moderate."
Iran's President-elect Hassan Rowhani won in a landslide. The 64-year-old successor to Mahmoud Ahmadinejad is promising a revolution in the country's economy, culture, and politics.
"Regarding the Iranian elections, we in Israel have no illusions," Netanyahu said Sunday, stressing that Rowhani has limited powers.
"While the elections no doubt expressed a dissatisfaction of the Iranian people with their regime, I don't see it producing the genuine change in Iran's nuclear policy," he said.
The ultimate power in Iran, including its nuclear program, rests with Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.
Before the election, Israeli Minister of Strategic Affairs Yuval Steinitz told foreign journalists Iran's nuclear program is not about producing a nuclear bomb or two, but rather a nuclear arsenal.
"We are not speaking about the Iranian bomb," Steinitz said. "We are not speaking about having a few bombs in the shelter like North Korea. Once they will be there, they will produce dozens and later on, it will take some time maybe, hundreds of nuclear bombs."
Steinitz warned if Iran gets a nuclear bomb, it would be the first time in history a fanatic religious government possessed nuclear weapons.
"If the Iranians will gain nuclear weapons, this is going to change the course of global history," he predicted.
Rowhani once served as Iran's chief nuclear negotiator. He hinted about his approach to Iran's nuclear program in 2004.
"While we were talking with the Europeans in Tehran, we were installing equipment in parts of the [nuclear conversion] facility in Isfahan," Rowhani said. "By creating a calm environment, we were able to complete the work there."
This method of gentle Iranian diplomacy on the surface while it races toward a nuclear arsenal behind the scenes is what alarms many Israelis.
Cliff May, with the Foundation of the Defense of Democracies, told CBN News Iran remains the number one enemy of the United States and Israel.
"Iran represents the most important strategic threat to the United States," May said. "That means Iran seeks to diminish the United States, to destroy its influence in the Middle East and its influence everywhere it can. But it's not a strategic threat but an existential threat to Israel."
Iran's Presidential Election Sparks Mixed Reactions
Israeli Minister: Iran Plans 'Nuclear Arsenal'
Expert: Window to Stop Iran Nuke Program Closing
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Golani commander: My soldiers' love for their country is amazingYoav Limor
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<< Back to Supreme Court Landmarks
Freedom of the press: libel and slander
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Decision Date: March 9, 1964
Background: In 1960, the New York Times ran a full-page advertisement paid for by civil right activists. The ad openly criticized the police department in the city of Montgomery, Alabama for its treatment of civil rights protestors. Most of the descriptions in the ad were accurate, but some of the statements were false. The police commissioner, L. B. Sullivan, took offense to the ad and sued the New York Times in an Alabama court. Sullivan argued that the ad had damaged his reputation, and he had been libeled. The Alabama court ruled in favor of Sullivan, finding that the newspaper ad falsely represented the police department and Sullivan. After losing an appeal in the Supreme Court of Alabama, the New York Times took its case to the United States Supreme Court arguing that the ad was not meant to hurt Sullivan's reputation and was protected under the First Amendment.
Decision: The United States Supreme Court unanimously ruled in favor of the newspaper. The Court said the right to publish all statements is protected under the First Amendment. The Court also said in order to prove libel, a public official must show that what was said against them was made with actual malice – "that is, with knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard for the truth."
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Sun Goes Out on Development Limb with New Java Tools
New Java tool initiatives in open source, component-oriented development and high-end projects put Sun's credibility on the line.
Sun Microsystems Inc. finds itself lately in growing agreement with Microsoft Corp. on interoperability goals and with IBM on the significance of open-source offerings. Its good news for developers that Suns new sociability is taking tangible shape in its trio of new or updated Java tool sets. In a three-month span, beginning last month and ending in June, newly software-centric Sun will give developers substantial signs of its aspirations and its capabilities in supporting open-source platforms, empowering component-oriented developers and taming multitier complexity for high-end projects.Review: NetBeans 3.6
Review: Java Studio Creator Early Access Our tests show that NetBeans 3.6 adds productivity aids of the kind that used to distinguish premium-priced commercial tools. The NetBeans 3.6 foundation gets Java Studio Enterprise 6 off to a strong start, although Suns ambitions for point-and-click server configuration in that suite were not yet fully realized in the version we tested. Java Studio Creator demonstrates how far Java has come in the much-desired direction of drag-and-drop development. The shortfalls in capability and performance encountered during eWEEK Labs tests are significant but not alarming for a product still in beta. Sun is daring greatly by putting itself to so many tests from notoriously demanding developers. Its credibility as an enabler of the Java platform is on the line, but our tests suggest that it will survive the challenge. Technology Editor Peter Coffee can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com. Check out eWEEKs Developer & Web Services Center at http://developer.eweek.com for the latest news, reviews and analysis in programming environments and developer tools.
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Generally, "no people" or I wouldn't call it a landscape; but specifically, "it depends". I have the fortune, and the fortitude, to get to shoot mostly in the west where it is usually not too difficult to find vast panoramas that seem untouched by man.
Overall, I would just say that it can be a great composition, but becomes something besides a landscape with people as a significant compositional element.


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johnson & johnson (JNJ:New York)
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Sandra E. PetersonGroup Worldwide Chairman and Member of Executive Committee, Johnson & Johnson |
Age | Total Calculated Compensation | This person is connected to 8 board members in 1 different organizations across 7 different industries. See Board Relationships |
55 | $7,086,606 As of Fiscal Year 2014 |
Ms. Sandra E. Peterson, also known as Sandi, has been Group Worldwide Chairman of Johnson & Johnson since December 1, 2012. Ms. Peterson served as the President of Diabetes Care Division at Bayer HealthCare AG since May 10, 2005. She served as the President of Diabetes Care Division at Bayer Healthcare LLC. She served as the Chairwoman of Management Board and Chief Executive Officer at Bayer CropScience AG, a division of Bayer AG from October 1, 2010 to November 30, ...
Corporate Headquarters*One Johnson & Johnson Plaza Phone: 732-524-0400New Brunswick, New Jersey 08933 United States Fax: -- Board Members Memberships*2001-2005 Former Independent Director, Member of Compensation Committee and Member of Audit Committee 2002-Present Director, Chairman of Innovation & Technology Committee and Member of Compensation & Benefits Committee
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Summer 2011 (Vol. 28, No.2)
A Message from the President
Summer is a wonderful time to enjoy the outdoors, and children in particular make the most of the season's long, sunny days. However, the extensive sun exposure that many of them receive can be a health hazard, since the sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes sunburn and skin damage that can lead to premature skin aging and skin cancer.
As an everyday barrier between the sun and your skin, clothing can absorb or reflect much of the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. It is the simplest, and often the most effective, form of sun protection.Read More What do golf pros Fred "Butch" Baird, Tom Kite, Skin Cancer Foundation ambassador Brian Davis, Bob Murphy, Andy North, Rory Sabbatini and JC Snead have in common? Read More The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issue its long-awaited new rules for sunscreen labeling enabling consumers to more easily identify sunscreens that offer safe, effective protection from the sun's cancer-causing ultraviolet (UV) radiation.Read More I don't think I'm getting enough vitamin D. Can a tanning bed safely provide me with the vitamin D I need? Aren't tanning beds a lot safer than tanning outdoors, since they emit a controlled dose of UV radiation?Get the Answer Sun & Skin News Summer 2011 (Vol. 28, No.2)
Dress for Sun Success This Summer
Men, Golf, and Skin Cancer
FDA Issues New Sunscreen Labeling Rules
Ask the Expert:


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follow Dictionary.com
Why was clemency trending last week?
masc. proper name, also a surname (late 12c.), from Middle English todde "fox," a Northern English word of unknown origin.
Todd (tŏd), Sir Alexander Robertus. Born 1907. British chemist. He won a 1957 Nobel Prize for his study of nucleic acids and nucleotide structures.


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Mumbai/New Delhi: The list of hurdles doesn't seem to end for IPL season 2. Now Suresh Kalmadi, head of the Commonwealth Games Committee, has said that the league should be pushed till after elections.
Kalmadi warns that any untoward incident during the IPL could compromise the Commonwealth Games slated to be held in Delhi next year.
The IPL is determined to conduct the tournament in the given dates. But they are keen on addressing the demands of various states regarding the dates of the event.
ANOTHER HURDLE: Commonwealth Games Committee Head Kalmadi says IPL should be pushed till after elections.
A three-member BCCI team led by secretary N Srnivasan met the Home Ministry for close to two hours on Monday and while both parties addressed each others concerns, they failed to reach a solution.
The Home Ministry asked the BCCI to make further changes to the itinerary, keeping state security concerns in mind.
And soon enough, the BCCI replied with a straight bat, pulling out another reworked schedule on the table.
The nitty-gritties in the schedule still need some debate and it could be a tough ask. Jaipur, for instance, has asked for extra para-military presence
Andhra Pradesh for instance demands no matches till April 24, yet another 28 days after that to sort out their home games.
With new options like Ahemedabad, Cuttack and Dharamsala, the IPL organisers can also breathe easy.
The urgency is upon IPL, for a smooth Season 2 they need to release a schedule in coming two days.
The organisers will be keeping their fingers crossed this time hoping their latest schedule gets the nod for the carnival to take off.


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Fashion»Pencil Skirt Lookbook (Jennifer Hudson)
Jennifer Hudson Pencil Skirt
Jennifer Hudson wasn't afraid to mix prints at the premiere of 'Call Me Crazy: A Five Film,' where she sported this polka dot skirt with a leopard print top.
Brand: Emanuel Ungaro
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Jennifer Hudson Print Blouse
Jennifer Hudson showed off her hourglass figure with a leopard print top and polka dot skirt.
Brand: Emanuel Ungaro
Brand: Emanuel Ungaro
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New to Typophile? Accounts are free, and easy to set up.
I am looking for sans-serif typefaces with large x-height and low stroke contrast. Also, something which you think might be legible on a low-resolution device such as Television. I have read a couple of similar threads on "Fonts for the Television" but I want something new.
Any recommendations?
Hi Satya
Well we all want something new... but all I can think of is er, Avant Garde Gothic?
Vectoras x-height should be large enough for anybody, and there's no contrast to write home about either. I have no idea about its on-screen behaviour, though.
The Zeitgeist is currently against high x-h, so there is not a lot of new material out there — maybe you should look into the lesserknown oldies around. Eg Century Gothic.
. . .
Bert Vanderveen BNO
I'm working on something. It still needs some tweaks but might be along the lines of what you're looking for, if you can wait a few weeks-months.
See what I mean? Typedesigners are already hopping on the train: high x-h is becoming the next hot thing soon.
. . .
Bert Vanderveen BNO
I'm a bit confused about the large x-height criterion. Something like Fedra Sans has a larger x-height, it seems on first glance, than Avant Garde Gothic or Kabel. But lots of contemporary sans serif designs have comparable x-heights, and even old standbys like Helvetica don't differ that much on x-height. Cuttlefish's Californian Grotesque, I'm sorry to say, has a tiny x-height relative to all the designs mentioned.
So does Fedra Sans fit the bill? Or should we look for even larger x-heights?
FF Clan maybe. Or more subtle, FF Milo.
Well, the plain weight x-height of CaliGrot is pretty average but the extra bold is getting up there, though it's kind of disguised by having tall ascenders too.
OK, maybe it's not what we're looking for over here
The x-height will always be relative to the ascenders/descenders length (and cap height).
"The x-height will always be relative to the ascenders/descenders length "
That's an extreme example, Michael. Would you say it has a large or small x-height?
The other way to define x-height would be something like: measure the letters width vs height. In other words, a condensed typeface would have a really large x-height.
You said always... I just responded to that : )
Edit: Scriptina and Zapfino, although I hate to use those in the same sentence.
As to the x-height of Koch's face , it is pretty normal! Less than the 1:5 ratio but still normal.
Well, I still think my observation applies.
Sorry Satya, did not mean to hijack the thread... just reacting to Frode's comment.
Just because a face is narrow does not mean it has a large x-height, it just means it is narrow. Koch's face is not extreme, it just has high ascenders.
"In other words, a condensed typeface would have a really large x-height."
I am trying to relate this calligraphically. If I were to cut the height of a normal ascender in any given lettered face then the x-height would go up... right? Condensing a style and keeping the as/descenders the same has no effect on the xh! To me a lot has to do with the height to weight ratio and the height of the as/descenders. You are testing my understanding so thank you Frode! I am wondering about the standard definitions now.
We need to question the dictionary on a regular basis.
I always understood the x-height concept as a proportion of the type size or "slug" of the typeface. In other words not only related to the cap size or ascender but a whole line:
I don't think a narrow typeface has high x-height, I just used it as an example of how it could be understood if we didn't have the common understanding of x-height as the proportion of the whole "slug" (slug minus ascenders and descenders).
I first stated that "x-height will always be relative to the ascenders/descenders length (and cap height)".
Whoa, this thread is messing with my mind. I suddenly start envisioning a Multiple Masters kind of program, except that instead of just providing different weights, it would be able to control the x-height (by changing ascender and descender heights). Simple programming for largely vertical characters, but a lot of challenges for sloped strokes like on the y and g.
Why don't you use Devanagari fonts? They always have large x-height. Look at the word "satya" written in Devanagari, and you'll see what I mean. If I were an Indian, I would use Devanagari instead of Latin.
Both Fedra and Lexicon (and probably many other) have versions with different x-height, Don. No automated workflow, though:)
I am looking for Latin typefaces – what do you mean by using Devanagari fonts instead?
We are working on a custom Devanagari typeface for a local Hindi news channel. They have asked us to first select a Latin typeface which could be used as companion with Devanagari. We did submitted a proposal for a custom Latin typeface as well, but they said they don't have enough budget for both the scripts.
I wonder how Antique Olive will work on screen. Crazy, perhaps, but still...
Just digging through some MyFonts tags:
Sorry Frode
I was working waaaaaay too many hours straight and my mind turned to mush. Stare at a simple problem long enough, with glazed over eyes, and it gets complex.
I was trying to say what Jan showed above and now realize that you were saying the same thing.
With apologies... Thread rerailed : )
"I am trying to relate this calligraphically"
1. If a given script is 15 pens high from ascender to decender and the xheight is 5 pens high;
2. If a given script is 15 pens high from ascender to decender and the xheight is 10 pens high;
Which script has the large xheight?
Comsider the xheight as a ratio to cap height or body height.
Ronnia has a large x-height and is about as new as they come.
Exactly what I was trying to say above Chris but lack o' sleep got in the way. I threw the Koch face in because I consider it an anomaly.
Satya: I'm probably out of what you're asking for and of course it's a "selfpromotion" of my first ever typeface but I think you could consider Migration Sans to fit your needs. I draw it with that kind of feature your looking for. And it's new (last february). Apologies if I make something wrong with this selfpromotion.
Flama? Maybe not exactly a large x-height, but prominent? I don't know. I just love Flama.


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Breastfeed and Say Bye Bye to Baby Weight: Does Breastfeeding Really Speed Weight Loss?
Dr. Polly
Posted Fri 13 Nov 2009 10:01pm
Yet another benefit of breastfeeding - losing those pregnancy pounds. Maybe you remember last year's study of 36,000 Danish moms. Those who breastfed lost the most post-baby weight, those who did it the longest, the more weight loss. Sounds right. It takes a lot of calories to make that nutrient-rich milk. Around 500 calori ...
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Baby Weight & Breastfeeding
Posted Tue 21 Feb 2012 10:05am
Last weekend I decided to attempt to fit into a pair of jeans that caused a major postpartum meltdown a few months after Ella was born. These said jeans were not even my "pre-pregnancy" jeans. Michael surprised me with these for Valentine's Day many years ago. I was in the midst of losing some weight and didn't get a ton of use o ...
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Jenna's right, breastfeeding may not make the baby weight come right off
Kim C.
Posted Tue 31 Jan 2012 5:02pm
Photo Credit: Jon Kopaloff/FilmMagic - at Screen Actor's Guild awards In US Magazine , Jenna Fischer of The Office says losing the weight she gained while pregnant has not been the breeze she had heard it would be, but that's OK "I think I'm just going to be a little bit bigger for a little bit longer," Fischer said, "and that's fine with m ...
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Post Baby Body: 12 Months
Madeline G.
Posted Wed 10 Oct 2012 7:50pm
**Have you entered my Chobani giveaway yet? If not, you can do so HERE . IT'S HERE!!! My LAST post baby body update! I am so flipping excited I am super excited to share my progress from the beginning. While this is my last official update I still have a few post baby body posts in store for you guys including how I did it, what ...
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Better Than Pajama Jeans
Sondra ..
Posted Tue 11 Jan 2011 4:58pm
Our baby is just over 2 weeks old already. The last few weeks have gone by so quickly, having to adjust to less sleep and a new routine of not really having a routine just yet. It made sense to continue to wear my maternity clothes after the baby was born since I still looked pregnant but it soon became evident that I would have to start wear ...
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Does Breast Feeding Help You Lose Weight?
Charlotte H.
Posted Wed 27 Jan 2010 6:57pm
Salma Hayek has an amazing rack - and I'm not talking about her ability to fill a sweater, er, movie role. They're amazing because of their ability to feed a baby. It's the real secret in Victoria's Secret - breasts are not just fun bags. They also squirt milk. Which I suppose could also be considered fun in some circles. Hey, I don't know ...
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Guest Post: Breastfeeding and Your Baby's Metabolism
BreastFeedingMums ..
Posted Fri 06 May 2011 12:00am
While experts have already proven that breastfeeding can help mothers lose excess baby weight and regulate their metabolism (you naturally burn calories to make breast milk every time you nurse) a new study suggests that breast feeding can even ultimately help regulate your child's metabolism — for life. This phenomenon, ...
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The real, exposed story on: How Celebrities Lose The Baby Weight- and make women everywhere crazy!
Ray Salomone
Posted Tue 23 Jun 2009 6:55pm
Jump to Comments The real, exposed story on:How Celebrities Lose The Baby Weight- and make women everywhere crazy! Ray Salomone-The Wellness Crusader A combination of many emails and my brewing disgust at the celebrity magazines and their coverage of "How I Lost The baby Weight" have compelled me to finally expose the sham behi ...
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Lose The Baby Weight-Post Pregnancy Exercise
Ray Salomone
Posted Wed 15 Jul 2009 8:06pm
NEWMOMMY FITNESS NINE MONTHS TO GAIN IT, NINE MONTHS TO LOSE IT We've worked with many new mommies over the years and it's frustrating to see how much pressure is put on them to quickly lose the weight they gained during pregnancy. The norm was until recently several months, but with the help of the relentless crush of celebrities maga ...
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Is Breastfeeding Responsible for Post-Pregnancy Weight Loss?
BreastFeedingMums ..
Posted Tue 23 Feb 2010 12:00am
When I first began breastfeeding I was amazed at just how quickly I lost all my baby weight and had no hesitation in crediting this loss to all the breastfeeding I was doing. I ended up weighing a lot less than before pregnancy and that was within about 8 weeks of my baby's birth. However,in hindsight I sometimes wonder ...
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Reviews Summary |
An impressive album from an MC whose time has come. - Vibe / Labtekwon is the revitalization of Brand Nubian, KRS-One, and A Tribe Called Quest all in one. - Ghetto Blaster / The most unjustly slept-on rapper in underground hip-hop - CMJ / This is a great collection - Mixer / Raises the rhyme bar with brain-expanding efficiency - Pulse |
Reviews | |
Labtekwon is a Baltimore emcee who has made a mark in the underground scene recently. Much of Labtek's production and rhyme delivery remind me of what I consider hip-hop's golden age, the early 90s. Song of the Sovereign maintains very grimy, basement beats (reminding me of Rza's early, but classic sound). - 50 Megs |


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On Tuesday I reviewed the Olympus E-510 digital SLR, a £600 high-spec semi-pro DSLR with body-integral image stabilisation, SSWF anti-dust system and monitor live view, and I was more than a little impressed with it. Today I'm taking a look at the E-510's little brother, the E-410.
Last year I also reviewed the E-400 and E-500. At that time the model numbers were a little confusing, since the E-500 was the entry-level model, while the more expensive E-400 had the higher specification. This time around however the tables are turned. The E-410 has a lower specification than the E-510, although not by much. It is also around £100 cheaper, costing around £499 with the high-quality 14-42mm f/3.5-5.6 Zuiko kit lens, or £599 as a two-lens kit with the addition of a 40-150mm f4-5.6 telephoto zoom. Compare this with the Canon EOS 400D (£479 with an EF-S 18-55mm f/3.5-5.6 lens), the Nikon D40x (£450 with the rather lovely AF-S DX 18-55mm f/3.5-5.6G ED II lens), the Pentax K10D (£499 with an SMC DA 18-55mm) or the Sony Alpha A100 (£449 with an 18-70mm lens), and bear in mind that these last two also have built-in image stabilisation.
When I say that the E-410 has a lower specification than the E-510, in fact the only major feature that it lacks is the image stabilisation system. It has everything else, including the SSWF anti-dust system, live view on a 2.5-in 230Kp LCD monitor, and the ability to use both xD-Picture and CompactFlash cards. Like its larger sibling E-410 has an extremely complete menu system, with lots of user settings such as fully customisable white balance and colour modes, adjustable noise filtering and an anti-shock mirror-up mode, but a few of the more advanced features such as white-balance or flash bracketing, ISO limiter and the ability to alter the size and compression ratios of HQ and SQ image modes have been trimmed off. Like all of Olympus' other DSLRs it also has a good on-screen quick menu system for most common adjustments, although it does lack several of the one-touch shortcut buttons of the E-510, making the control system a lot less daunting.
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** PLEASE READ ** Olympus EVOLT E-410 10.0 MP Digital SLR Camera - (Body Only)