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Metro Hotels Privacy Statement
Metro Hotels is committed to providing the highest level of service to our customers, including the protection of our customer's privacy. Metro Hotels does not sell or make available our customer's information to any marketing agencies or third parties not associated with Metro Hotels.
Metro Hotels complies with the National Privacy Principles contained in the Privacy Act 1988.
What kind of personal information do we hold?
The type of personal information collected and held by Metro Hotels from its customers depends on the type of transaction that has been undertaken with us. For example, when making a reservation, only the information required to effect and confirm the reservation will be collected.
How do we collect your personal information?
Metro Hotels collects personal information in a variety of ways including:
- When making a reservation direct to a Metro hotel, apartment or inn.
- When making a reservation through our Central Reservations Centre or our MetroHotels.com.au website.
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So how do we use your personal information?
Our customer's personal information may be used to:
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Who do we disclose our customer's personal information to?
- Properties within the Metro Hotels system
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When entering into an agreement with an outsourced services provider, Metro Hotels requires all such businesses to operate within the National Privacy Principles.
Secure Booking System – www.MetroHotels.com.au
We take securing your credit card details and personal details seriously, using industry standard SSL technology to protect your information. We don't transmit your credit card details over the Internet again once your booking is complete, and we don't share them with anyone else.
Our Internet Site – www.MetroHotels.com.au
This Web site does not collect personally identifiable information when you browse this Web site and request pages from our servers unless you voluntarily and knowingly provide it to us. This means that we will not know your name, your email address, or any other personally identifiable information just because you browse the Web site. When you request a page from our Web site, our servers log the information provided in the HTTP request header including the IP number, the time of the request, the URL of your request and other information that is provided in the HTTP header. We collect the HTTP request header information in order to make our Web site function correctly and provide you the functionality that you see on this Web site. We also use this information to better understand how visitors use our Web site and how we can better tune it, its contents, and functionality to meet your needs.
There will also be times where we may ask you to voluntarily provide information, such as conducting customer surveys, subscribing to our eMETRO newsletter or making a reservation. In these circumstances, Metro Hotels or a third party engaged by Metro Hotels will collect the information. This information will be used by Metro Hotels or the third party to provide you with the services and information you have requested. At any time, you will be able to opt out from receiving further information by notifying the relevant party.
MetroHotels.com.au Internet Privacy Statement Changes
In the future, we may need to change this Statement. All changes will be made here so that you will always know what information we gather, how we might use that information and whether we will disclose it to anyone. This statement was last updated on 24th November 2012.
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The Privacy Officer
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subset: commoncrawl


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Released: Aug 01st, 1996
Running Time: 83
Director: Horny Henry
Company: Hollywood Video
Dave Hardman, Dick Nasty, Kim Eternity, Lovette, Horny Henry, Stephanie DuValle
Critical Rating: AAA
Genre: Gonzo
Lovette loves it as Dick Nasty springs tongue-first into her snatch on a backyard trampoline; and the water looks inviting as Henry calls Stephanie DuValle over for a poolside "dip." Also, a flat-chested nude blonde pops up occasionally to point out her obvious mis-casting in this "big boob" video.
The highlight of HBBA is an unidentified black couple whose teasing and accusatory wordplay fuels their "angry sex" to two wet finishes on her smiling face and in her unshaven bush.


text:
From | David Kantor <email@example.com> |
To | firstname.lastname@example.com |
Subject | Re: st: cumulative average moving through time |
Date | Wed, 06 Oct 2004 16:33:51 -0400 |
At 03:59 PM 10/6/2004 -0400, Dan Egan wrote, among other things:
(I suppose you meant "bysort pid...".)by sort pid (ob):gen cave = sum(calc)/ob [...] 1) Where/When did -sum()- become an acceptable argument to -generate-!?!? I have only ever seen it in the context of -egen-. Looking at the help for -generate-, there are no arguments that are explicitly stated to be useable. It is only at the very bottom of the examples that one sees an function -uniform- and then -sum- used with gen. Are the others? I know that using many egen arguments with -gen- will return errors (e.g. count).
© Copyright 1996–2015 StataCorp LP | Terms of use | Privacy | Contact us | What's new | Site index |


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- Be the first to Review
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Expert Review of Agincourt Reef
Family Review of Agincourt Reef
FamilyExpert Tips & Helpful Hints
- Cruises depart from the Mirage Marina in Port Douglas. Coach transfers are available from hotels in Port Douglas, as well as from Cairns and the Northern Beaches.
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The journey to the outer reef aboard sleek catamarans, which simply glide through the waves, is enough to thrill even the most travel-savvy teenager. Then there is the spectacular Agincourt Reef itself. Quicksilver Cruises' two-story platform has
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Telephone Number: (61) 7 4087 2100
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
The details, dates, and prices mentioned here were accurate at the time of publication.
Review by Away Copyright © 2010 Away.com all rights reserved.
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#85608Mon, 13 Apr 201520 commentsWatch The Weeknd's set from CoachellaHere's an hour-long video of the Toronto artist closing out the festival in Southern California last night.Bobby.Z
#80063Fri, 29 Aug 20141 commentThe Weeknd releases video for 'King Of The Fall'Here's the official clip for the Toronto artist's recent one-track release of the same name.808heinz808
#66730Wed, 17 Jul 20134 commentsGeoff Barrow accuses The Weeknd of unauthorized samplingAccording to Barrow, the R&B artist used a beat from Portishead's "Machine Gun" in his new one, "Belong To The World," after being denied permission from the band. Watch the song's video below.samlouis
#52897Mon, 24 Sep 2012Post a commentThe Weeknd drops new track in ChicagoIn the lead-up to the release of his forthcoming three-part Trilogy mixtape, Abel Tesfaye has unveiled a new cut (captured here at Congress Theater on first leg of his current autumn tour).matt_unicomb
#38434Thu, 22 Dec 20115 commentsThe Weeknd drops Echoes of SilenceAbel Tesfaye releases his third album/mixtape this year as a free download. The LP follows up House of Balloons (number #16 in RA's end of year album poll) and Thursday.rchinn


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US 5032896 A Abstract A 3-D IC chip assembly is formed from stacked substrates in which each individual substrate has a plurality of different IC chips retained in respective recesses. Conductive feedthroughs extend through the substrate from the side where the chips are located to the opposite side, with the chips electrically connected to the feedthroughs. An electrical routing network on the opposite side of the substrate from the chips provides desired interconnections between the chips by connecting to the feedthroughs. The routing can be formed by standard photolithographic techniques.
Claims(12) 1. An integrated circuit (IC) assembly, comprising:
a plurality of stacked IC layers, each layer comprising; a substrate having a plurality of recesses extending in from one surface thereof, and a plurality if IC chips retained in respective recesses in said substrate, said substrate being formed from a material that is generally thermally matched with said IC chips, a plurality of conductive feedthroughs extending through the substrate between said one surface and an opposite substrate surface, and connector means electrically connecting said IC chips to said feedthroughs along said one surface of the substrate, said feedthroughs providing electrical paths between said chips and said opposite substrate surface; and means including micro-bridge connector springs on said surfaces of the substrate to enable the substrate to make electrical contact with the substrates immediately above and below. 2. The IC assembly of claim 1, wherein said IC chips are formed from silicon, and said substrate is formed from a material selected from the group consisting of silicon and aluminum nitride.
3. A 3-D integrated circuit (IC) assembly, comprising:
a plurality of stacked IC layers, each layer comprising: a substrate having first and second opposed surfaces, and a plurality of recesses extending into the substrate from the first surface, a plurality of IC chips retained in respective recesses in the substrate, a plurality of conductive feedthroughs extending through the substrate between said first and second surfaces, connector means electrically connecting said IC chips to said feedthroughs along the first surface side of the substrate, said feedthroughs providing electrical paths between said chips and the opposite side of the substrate, and a network of conductive connections interconnecting said feedthroughs adjacent said second substrate surface, means retaining said layers in a stack with their substrates mutually aligned and spaced apart from each other, and interlayer connector means electrically connecting selected locations on the IC chips with selected facing locations on the conductive interconnection network of the adjacent layer. 4. The 3-D assembly of claim 3, said interlayer connector means comprising bridge springs on the IC chip sides of the substrates bearing against opposed bridge springs on the facing conductive interconnection network of the adjacent layer.
5. The 3-D IC assembly of claim 3, the network for each IC layer comprising a series of alternating conductive and non-conductive network layers.
6. The 3-D IC assembly of claim 5, wherein said conductive network layers are photolithographically patterned to establish desired interconnections between said IC chips.
7. The 3-D IC assembly of claim 3, wherein said substrates are formed from a material that is generally thermally matched with their respective IC chips.
8. The 3-D IC assembly of claim 7, wherein said IC chips are formed from silicon, said substrates are formed from a material selected from the group consisting of silicon and aluminum nitride.
9. A 3-D integrated circuit (IC) assembly, comprising:
a plurality of stacked IC layers, each layer comprising: a substrate having first and second opposed surfaces, an IC network disposed generally along the first substrate surface, a plurality of electrically conductive feedthroughs extending through the substrate between said first and second surfaces, connector means electrically connecting selected locations in said IC network to said feedthroughs from the first surface side thereof, said feedthroughs providing electrical paths between said IC network and the opposite side of the substrate, and a network of conductive connectors between said feedthroughs adjacent said second substrate surface, means retaining said layers in a stack with their substrates mutually aligned and spaced apart from each other, and interlayer connector means electrically connecting selected locations on the IC chips with selected facing locations on the conductive interconnection network of the adjacent layer. 10. The 3-D assembly of claim 9, said interlayer connector means comprising bridge springs on the IC chip sides of the substrates bearing against bridge springs on the facing conductive interconnection network of the adjacent layer.
11. The 3-D IC assembly of claim 9, the network for each IC layer comprising a series of alternating conductive and non-conductive network layers.
12. The IC assembly of claim 11, wherein said conductive network layers are photolithographically patterned to establish desired interconnections between said IC chips.
Description 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to high density integrated circuit (IC) structures, and more particularly to a multilayer 3-D assembly employing a collection of discrete IC chips. 2. Description of the Related Art There is a continuing need for microelectronic systems employing high density circuits with many data lines. Such systems are conventionally constructed with prefabricated IC circuits sealed in packages, mounted on printed circuit boards and provided with interconnections between the circuit packages by means of connectors, backplanes and wiring harnesses. To reduce the size, weight and power consumption of such systems, multiple chips can be sealed inside a single package. This multiple packaging approach raises the level of integration at the lowest packaging level, and improves the system size, weight and power characteristics. A much higher level of integration at this lowest packaging level has been achieved with a new 3-D microelectronics technology which reorganizes the physical structure and approach to parallel computing. The 3-D computer employs a large number of parallel processors, typically 104 -106, in a cellular array configuration. A wide variety of computationally intensive applications can be performed by this processor with substantial system level advantages. To handle the very large number of data lines (typically 104 -106), a stacked wafer approach is taken, with electrical signals passing through each wafer by means of specially processed feedthroughs. The wafers are interconnected by means of micro-bridges. The 3-D computer is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,507,726 to Grinberg et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 4,707,859 to Nudd et al., both assigned to Hughes Aircraft Company, the assignee of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 1, a plurality of elemental array processors are provided which are composed of a vertical stack of modules. The modules are arranged as functional planes, 2, 4 and 6. Modules of a similar functional type are located on each plane. For example, comparator modules 8 might be located on plane 12, and memory modules 10 on plane 4. Plane 6 typically contains modules 12 that are used to perform particular image processing functions. Additional planes may be added below the plane 6 as needed to complete the processing functions. Each elemental processor is composed of a vertical stack of modules 8, 10 and 12. Each processor is designed to perform operations on a single data element. Signals are transferred between modules in each processor using data buses. For example, signals may be passed between a module 8 and a corresponding module 10 using a data bus 14. Similarly, signals are passed between a module 10 and a corresponding module 12 using a data bus 16. The overall processor is intended to be employed for two-dimensional image analysis. To process an image, the image is converted into suitable binary form for use by the elemental processors by an array 18 of photosensors 20. The photosensors 20 are arranged in a matrix such that there is one photosensor 20 for each of the elemental processors. The number of photosensors 20 (and hence the number of processes) corresponds to the number of picture elements (pixels) into which an image 22 to be analyzed is to be divided. Each photosensor 20 provides a sensor output signal on a data bus 24 to a corresponding comparator module 8, where it appears as a comparator input signal. The magnitude of the sensor output signal is proportional to the brightness of the corresponding pixel of the image 22. The various planes 2, 4, 6 are implemented as separate wafers, each wafer having a unitary IC distributed over its upper surface with monolithically integrated interconnections between circuit elements. Interconnections between adjacent wafers in the stack are formed by electrically conductive feedthroughs which extend through the wafers from the IC on the upper surface to the lower surface, and a collection of spring contacts on both the upper and lower sides of the wafers. The spring contacts on the upper sides of the wafers make electrical contact with selected locations on the IC, while the spring contacts on the bottom electrically connect to selected feedthroughs. The spring contacts are positioned so that the ones on top of a wafer bear against and electrically connect to corresponding spring contacts on the bottom of the next wafer above. The feedthroughs can be formed by a thermal migration of aluminum, while the spring contacts are implemented as micro-bridges. Both techniques are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,239,312 and 4,275,410, assigned to Hughes Aircraft Company. While the processor described above provides a very high density of circuitry, it is limited in the sense that a custom designed IC is fabricated on each wafer, and that wafer can serve no other purpose. Furthermore, each wafer is generally limited to a single class of circuitry CMOS, bipolar, I2 L, etc.). A different approach to high density circuit packaging which provides a greater degree of freedom in the flexibility of circuit design is disclosed in a paper by R. O. Carlson et al., "A High Density Copper/Polyimide Overlay Interconnection", Eighth International Electronics Packaging Conference, Nov. 7-10, 1988. With this approach, discrete pre-fabricated "off-the-shelf" IC chips can be integrated and interconnected into a single layer. Changes in circuit design can be accommodated by merely changing the discrete chips, with an accompanying change in the interconnections as necessary. The separate chips are set in openings cut through an alumina or silicon frame, and bonded in place with a thermoplastic resin such as duPont "Pyralin". The frame thickness is chosen to be a little less than most silicon chips, typically 20 mils. The frame is bonded to an alumina or silicon substrate, about 50 mils thick, which provides heat dissipation. The chips can be placed very close together; 5-10 mils are said to be typical chip spacings and spacings to the recess walls. A polyimide sheet is then laminated over the frame. A computer-controlled laser beam is next used to open vias through the polyimide sheet down to selected locations on the chips. Interconnect metallization between the chips is formed by sputtering over the entire surface a thin adhesive metal followed by a thin copper sputtering, a thick copper plating, and a final adhesive metal sputtering. The metals are patterned into the interconnecting network by exposing a negative resist with the computer controlled laser beam, and removing undesired metal with etches. The metallization extends down through the vias to contact the selected locations on the chips. Successive signal layers are built up by spraying or spinning on a polyimide dielectric, opening vias with the laser to the underlying metal layer, and depositing metals and patterning with a photo-resist/etching process. While the described approach provides a high packing density of bare chips, it is limited to a two-dimensional array and is not applicable to a three-dimensional stack. The use of a conductive heat dissipating substrate in fact prevents the use of the underside of the device for carrying electrically separated interconnects to another level below. The construction of the assembly also makes it difficult to efficiently test either the interconnect metallization (the "routing") or individual chips. If the routing is tested and found to be defective, the assembly will either be discarded or the routing repaired. If the assembly is discarded, the chips that have already been put in place prior to formation of the routing will be lost. If the routing is repaired by stripping it away and doing it over again, there is a risk of damaging the underlying chips. If, on the other hand, the routing is found to be correct but a chip found to be defective once the assembly has been completed, it is necessary to strip off the overlying routing to access and replace the defective chip, and then reform the entire routing network. The present invention provides an IC packaging structure which has the high density two-dimensional packing and discrete chip design flexibility of the Carlson et al. approach, and yet is capable of being used in a three-dimensional stack to provide an even greater circuit density. The invention also resolves the inefficiencies inherent in the correction of defective routing or chips with the Carlson et al. approach. In accordance with the invention, a plurality of discrete IC chips are retained in recesses which extend into one side of a substrate, while a plurality of conductive feedthroughs extend through the substrate. The IC chips are selectively electrically connected to the feedthroughs along one surface of the substrate, with the feedthroughs providing electrical paths between the selected chip pads and the opposite side of the substrate. Thin-film capacitors may also be located in the recess areas below the IC chips to serve as decoupling capacitors for the high speed circuit chips. In the preferred embodiment, the interconnect routing is located on the opposite side of the substrate from the IC chips, and establishes the desired chip-to-chip interconnects by interconnecting the chips with the feedthroughs and the feedthroughs with the routing network on the backside. The routing comprises a series of alternating conductive and non-conductive network layers which are photolithographically patterned to establish the intended chip interconnections. The substrate is formed from a material that is generally thermally matched with the IC chips; for silicon chips, the substrate is either silicon or aluminum nitride. A number of the assembled circuit packages can be provided as multiple layers of a 3-D stack with successive layers preferably interconnected by means of aligned microbridge springs. Locating the routing on the underside of the substrates facilitates this structure. Further features and advantages of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments, taken together with the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a fragmentary perspective view of a prior multi-level matrix of elemental processors implemented in a wafer stack and coupled to a photosensor array, described above; FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of a substrate with discrete IC chips lodged therein in accordance with the invention; FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a circuit assembly in accordance with the invention, showing feedthroughs and micro-bridges; FIG. 4 is a sectional view of a 3-D stack of circuit assemblies as in FIG. 3; FIG. 5 is an exploded perspective view of a 3-D stack of circuit assemblies; FIG. 6 is a sectional view of one circuit package showing the discrete chips, micro-bridge connectors and carrier; and FIG. 7 is a fragmentary sectional view of a portion of a circuit assembly showing feedthroughs and electrical routing on the opposite side of the substrate from the discrete IC chips. FIG. 2 illustrates the manner in which a high density microelectronic circuit is formed, with a capacity for 3-D circuit stacking. A wafer substrate 26 is provided with an array of recesses 28, either by machining or etching. The recesses 28 are sized to be slightly larger in area than corresponding discrete IC chips 30 which are placed into them. The recesses are also deeper than the chips, allowing for some compliance in the thickness of a thermoplastic glue used to retain the chips within the recesses, and thus enabling a substantially planar upper surface when the chips are positioned. Substrate 26 can be provided either as a unitary wafer, or in two layers with chip openings in the upper layer and a solid floor in the lower layer. The substrate can be formed either from a semiconductor such as silicon, or from a ceramic. For silicon chips, the ceramic aluminum nitride provides a high degree of thermal conductivity and a good thermal expansion match with the silicon chips. However, if a thermal migration of aluminum process is used to form the substrate feedthroughs (described below), silicon must be used for the substrate. An array of feedthroughs 32 extend through substrate 26 between its upper and lower surfaces. The feedthroughs are conductive, and may be formed either by an aluminum thermo-migration process, or by electroplating a hole formed through the substrate by either etching or laser drilling. The aluminum thermo-migration process is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,239,312 and 4,275,410. The upper ends of feedthroughs 32 are connected to selected contact pads on the IC chips 30 by means of a photolithographically formed interconnect network, functionally illustrated as connector wires 34. The feedthroughs 32 thus provide electrical paths between selected points on the IC chips 30 and the underside of the substrate 26. FIG. 3 is a simplified view of a completed substrate 26 held in place in a support frame 36. The frame consists of upper and lower annular rings 38 and 40 having aligned openings 42 for connector bolts which hold a series of stacked frames together. The outside diameters of the two rings are equal, while the inside diameter of ring 38 is greater than that of ring 40, forming a step on the upper inner surface of ring 40. Substrate 26 is glued in place on this step. Ring 40 provides a spacer element below the substrate for a series of micro-bridge connectors 44 on the underside of the substrate. The micro-bridge connectors, described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,239,312 and 4,275,410, connect to selected feedthroughs 32 through a routing metallization (not shown) on the underside of the substrate. The feedthroughs in turn electrically connect to selected points on the IC circuitry recessed into the upper side of the substrate, as described above. Connections to this circuitry are also made by another set of micro-bridge connectors 46 on the upper substrate surface. Connectors 46 on the upper side of the substrate are rotated 90� with respect to connectors 44 on the underside of the substrate. This facilitates a good contact between each set of connectors and the connectors associated with adjacent substrates immediately above and below. The lower micro-bridge connectors 44 extend down more than half the thickness of lower ring 40 to establish a good contact with the connectors extending up from the substrate below. FIG. 4 illustrates in simplified form a stacked 3-D assembly of substrates 26. Each substrate makes electrical contact with the substrates immediately above and below via the micro-bridge connectors, thereby making possible the formation of continuous data buses running through each of the substrates. I/O connectors 48 and 50 located immediately above and below the stack are similarly connected to the substrate stack by their own micro-bridge connectors. The stack is held tightly together by assembly bolts 49 which extend through aligned openings in the frames 36 and in upper and lower cover plates 52 and 54. It can be seen that the outer substrate peripheries overlap the inner portions of the frames; this results in a continuous vertical mass of material which allows the substrates to be tightly packed together in a vibration resistant package. FIG. 5 is an exploded view of a slightly modified form of the invention. Here molybdenum top and bottom plates 56 and 58 are provided, with an aluminum plate 60 immediately below the upper molybdenum plate 56. Instead of continuous frames, the IC substrates 26 are carried by a pair of opposed steel tabs 62 in which holes are formed for the connector bolts. Successive substrates are separated by separate spacer members 64, which have central openings 66 aligned with the ICs and are similarly carried by opposed support tabs. A printed circuit board 68 at the lower end of the stack provides the I/O function. An alternate carrier for the substrates, as well as a closer view of the IC chips 30 set in the substrate 26, is shown in FIG. 6. The IC chips 30 are secured in their corresponding recesses 28 by a thermoplastic glue. The glue is first added to the recess, then the chip is put in place, and finally the assembly is heated to set the glue, which is thermally conductive to transfer heat from the chips to the substrate. To account for different chip thicknesses and still give the assembly a substantially planar upper surface, the chips are first lightly put in place over the glue in their respective recesses, and then all the chips are pushed down with a common flat surface until their upper surfaces match the upper substrate surface. The chips will thus extend down into their respective recesses by differing amounts, depending upon their respective thicknesses. FIG. 6 also shows the micro-bridge connector springs 44 and 46 in greater scale, with the interconnection routing discussed below in connection with FIG. 7 omitted. They are fabricated so the height of the open area under the micro-bridges is enough to compensate for distortion across the substrate, whereby complete interconnection of all the contacts can be reliably achieved. To fabricate the micro-bridges a spacer, preferably 50 microns or thicker, is first evaporated or electroplated onto the substrate. The spring contact is then evaporated on top of the spacer. Finally, the spacer is etched away, leaving a free-standing flexible micro-bridge. To secure a good contact between micro-bridges on opposed substrates, each micro-bridge is provided with an outer coating of indium tin solder which is vacuum deposited at the same time as the structural layer of the micro-bridge. Following the assembly of the 3-D stack, the substrates are heated to the melting point of the solder (about 150� C.) to fuse each mated pair of micro-bridges together, resulting in a permanent and very reliable connection. An alternate design for the substrate frame is illustrated in FIG. 6. It consists of a block 70 of copper or other material having a high thermoconductivity, glued to the outer edge of the substrate and acting as a peripheral heat sink. FIG. 7 shows a unique configuration of the interconnection routing employed in the preferred embodiment of the invention. Rather than forming the routing on the upper surface of the substrate where the IC chips are located, the routing is moved to the underside of the substrate, opposite to the chips. The only routing left on the upper chip surface electrically connects the chip to the feedthroughs 32, which feed the electrical signals to the routing on the bottom. With this novel routing configuration, the routing can be tested before the chips are inserted into the substrate. If defects in the routing are located, they can either be repaired without danger of damaging the chips, or the substrate can be discarded without losing the chips. Once the IC chips have been added to the substrate, the placement of the routing on the underside also makes it easier to repair defective chips. Only the single layer of routing used to connect the chips to the feedthroughs need be stripped off to access and replace or repair a defective chip. As a result, only a single replacement layer of routing needs to be fabricated after the new chip is in place. The routing on the upper side of the substrate consists of a single network of metallization 72 which is spaced from the substrate by a dielectric layer 74. The conductive signal lines 72 are preferably formed from any suitable metal such as aluminum, copper or gold, while the dielectric 74 may be formed either from an organic material such as polyimide or an inorganic material such as SiO2. The metallized pattern of conductive lines 72 are formed over the dielectric layer 74 by standard photolithographic techniques. Openings or "vias" 75 are formed through the dielectric layer 74 at desired locations to interconnect the metal lines with the feedthroughs 32 and the IC chips 30. Since there is some tolerance in the position of the IC chips within their respective recesses, the actual chip locations are identified and stored with a microscope or T.V. camera. The stored chip positions are used to control the application of the metallized layer 72, which is performed by a standard thin-film metallization process used in microelectronics fabrication. The vias 75 can be formed either by laser drilling through the dielectric layer 74 prior to metallization, or by performing the metallization while the via locations are capped by photoresist spots, dissolving away the resist spots, using an excimer laser or oxygen reactive plasma to remove the dielectric in the newly exposed areas, and metallizing the vias thus formed. The principal routing on the underside of the substrate consists of alternating layers of dielectric 76 and metallized interconnect lead network 78. The conductive lead lines extend into and out of the page as well as along the plane of the page as shown, and thus can interconnect a two-dimensional array of feedthroughs 32 which transmit signals from the IC chips on the other side of the substrate. The metallization network 78 closest to the substrate contacts the feedthroughs 32 through vias 80 in the dielectric layer 76 adjacent the substrate. Interconnections between successive layers of the metallization network are made through appropriate vias in the intervening dielectric layers. The routing on the underside of the substrate is formed by successive applications of a standard photolithographic technique. The micro-bridges 44 on the bottom of the underside routing are shown lengthwise for illustrative purposes, but actually would be rotated 90� so that they are orthogonal to the micro-bridges 46 on top. Thin film capacitors 82 may be deposited in the recessed areas below the IC chips. This avoids the need for attaching bulky capacitors above or below the substrate carrier, and permits IC chip decoupling to be efficiently accomplished in a very dense package. The undersides of the capacitors 82 are connected by feedthroughs 84 and the routing network to the positive power supply, while the upper sides of the capacitors connect to their respective chips, which are generally grounded. The capacitors supply transient current and thereby reduce cross-talk between chips and power supply ground ripple. The choice of substrate material depends upon a number of factors. In general, either silicon or aluminum nitride is used. Silicon has the advantages of being a good heat conductor, is thermally matched to silicon IC chips, and is compatible with the formation of feedthroughs by aluminum migration. Aluminum nitride, on the other hand, has a higher thermal dissipation rate, can support feedthroughs drilled with a laser, and is more insulative than silicon and therefore has a negligible parasitic capacitance to the chips and a consequently faster signal processing speed. In forming feedthroughs with an aluminum nitride substrate, the heat from the laser decomposes the substrate material, causing nitrogen to escape and leaving a conductive aluminum path in the feedthrough. The IC assembly described herein can be used to combine different types of chips, such as CMOS, bipolar, ECL, I2 L, etc., on the individual substrates. It thus offers a considerably higher degree of flexibility in circuit design than the previous 3-D wafer stack, and also offers a 3-D capability that was formerly unavailable with combinations of different type chips in a single substrate. While several illustrative embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, numerous variations and alternate embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, more than one discrete IC chip could be located in a particular substrate recess. Accordingly, it is intended that within the scope of the appended claims, the present invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described. Patent Citations
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Tony Da Silva - 'Little Picture' (2005)
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More Manchester street antics from the past for your Sunday morning, this time around from The Harmony pro Tony Da Silva and a camera wielding Dan Cintra! 2005 baby... www.sidewalkmag.com
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National Institutes of Health
- The primary NIH organization for research on Diabetes Type 1 is the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
Diabetes means your blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high. With type 1 diabetes, your pancreas does not make insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps glucose get into your cells to give them energy. Without insulin, too much glucose stays in your blood. Over time, high blood glucose can lead to serious problems with your heart, eyes, kidneys, nerves, and gums and teeth.
Type 1 diabetes happens most often in children and young adults but can appear at any age. Symptoms may include
A blood test can show if you have diabetes. If you do, you will need to take insulin for the rest of your life.
NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
References and abstracts from MEDLINE/PubMed (National Library of Medicine)
MedlinePlus links to health information from the National Institutes of Health and other federal government agencies. MedlinePlus also links to health information from non-government Web sites. See our disclaimer about external links and our quality guidelines.


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Translation for the Twitter of Raja Karcis (the official seller of 2PM's concert tickets): Original: @rajakarcis #2PMJKT is on sale now! rajakarcis.com Translation: ~ -- Original: @rajakarcis #2PMJkt tike...
September 27, 2011 12:45 am 1 Nanda
Hi, everyone! I'm Nanda, 2PM's fanpage manager. I'm posting this to announce the staff searching! Our page needs more staff to do some managing here and there. These are the spot that's waiting to be fill...
September 08, 2011 2:50 am 21 Nanda
2PM featured on NEPA brand's pictorial; hiking track suit.
September 07, 2011 1:59 pm 13 Nanda
Previously, 2PM Nickhun's tweeted a photo of him with a line from the JYP's song "Afternoon Separation"'s lyrics. Here is the song's full lyrics that accidently could be used as the description of his "di...
September 07, 2011 1:51 pm 6 Nanda
The couple of 'We Got Married' variety show 2PM Nickhun and f(x) Victoria will have their last episode aired on September 17th, 2011. This news got many different responses from the fans; some fans feel h...
September 06, 2011 9:12 pm 6 Nanda
2PM featured on NEPA brand's pictorial; polo shirt.
September 06, 2011 11:14 am 5 Nanda
2PM Official Fansite on DAUM already released the schedule of "Hands Up" Asian Tour Concert. From the list, we can see these following countries: Taiwan (October 8th, 2011) Indonesia (November 11th, 2011)...
September 05, 2011 6:36 pm 6 Nanda
We all love our Lee Junho, right? Now I'm gonna share some of the best Junho's photos, taken by Hottest who's lucky enough to be at the concert and taking wonderful pictures! (credit as watermark on photo...
September 05, 2011 2:46 am 5 Nanda
2PM's Nickhun and Miss A were featured on the brand EDWIN's promotional pictorial.
September 05, 2011 2:27 am 6 Nanda
September 05, 2011 2:26 am 5 Nanda
Again and again, these six charming men from JYPE make our hearts beat faster. Now, they all came back as our ultra lover, still on the hottest time of the day… 02:00PM! ♥
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NATIONAL RADIO ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORY ARCHIVES Papers of Woodruff T. Sullivan III: Tapes Series
Rodney D. Davies, dates unknown. Interviewed 30 August 1976 at Grenoble, length of interview: 60 minutes.
Sullivan's brief summary of topics: Work with Christiansen ~1953-55 on sun; H I absorption work with Williams at Jodrell; H I emission projects on 30 foot and later observation projects (e.g. Cyg A) on 250 foot; galactic structure-optical versus radio astronomy; Zeeman H I experiment.
Sullivan's files include: Publications card, Transcription of 1971 Edge/Mulkay interview, transcription of Sullivan's interview, archival material, correspondence with Sullivan.


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Today is National Teacher Day and all this week is National Teacher Appreciation Week. Everybody has a favorite teacher. I know I do (my wife). Perhaps your favorite teacher inspired you into your current profession or first taught you how to read. Whoever this person is, this week is great opportunity to tell them thank you. Send them a card or drop a gift to say thank you for their hard work.
Or make an online donation in their honor to a good cause such as Adopt-A-Classroom, Curing Kids Cancer or any local school foundation like the one noted below.
One of our good causes, Montclair Fund for Educational Excellence (MFEE) , is doing their part to appreciate teachers in their community. They have just launched their annual Toast to the Teachers event. Montclair families, friends, and community groups host a lunch, dinner or other type of party to honor a cherished teacher, coach, principal or other member of the school-community. These events not only honor a teacher but also raise money for MFEE educational grants.
Teacher appreciation week resources
National Teacher Day resources


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New Car Seat Policy Keeps Kids in Booster Seats Much Longer
Filed under: Health & Safety: Babies, In The News, Health & Safety: Toddlers & Preschoolers, Health & Safety: Big Kids
If you think it's time to graduate your child out of her car or booster seat, you may want to take a look at a new policy released today by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) which significantly modifies the last guidelines, issued in 2002.
These guidelines are markedly different from the previous policy, which had infants and toddlers riding in rear-facing car seats only until the age of 12 months or 20 pounds at minimum. With this in mind, parents often turned the seat to face the front of the car around the child's first birthday.
"Parents often look forward to transitioning from one stage to the next, but these transitions should generally be delayed until they're necessary, when the child fully outgrows the limits for his or her current stage," Dr. Dennis Durbin, author of the policy statement and technical report, says in a news release.
Durbin says a rear-facing child safety seat better supports the neck, head and spine of infants and toddlers in the event of a crash, as it distributes the force of the collision throughout the entire body.
In support of this idea, the release cites a 2007 study from the journal Injury Prevention with found that children younger than 2 years old are 75 percent less likely to die or be severely injured in a car crash if they are rear-facing.
"The 'age 2' recommendation is not a deadline, but rather a guideline to help parents decide when to make the transition," Durbin says in the release. "Smaller children will benefit from remaining rear-facing longer, while other children may reach the maximum height or weight before 2 years of age."
For larger children, Durbin says a forward-facing seat with a harness is safer than a booster, while a belt-positioning booster seat affords greater protection than just a car seat belt alone, until the seat belt properly fits the child.
With regard to fit, the shoulder belt should lie across the middle of the chest, and not near the neck or face. The lap belt should fit low and snug on the hips and upper thighs, not across the belly, according to the guidelines.
The AAP recommendations also note that children should ride in the rear of the vehicle until they are 13 years old.
The AAP's air travel guidelines call for children younger than 2 to ride in an age- and size-appropriate restraint, even though the Federal Aviation Administration allows infants up to 2 to ride in an adult's lap on an airplane.
"Children should ride properly restrained on every trip in every type of transportation, on the road or in the air," Durbin says.
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ReaderComments (Page 1 of 2)
b1 said...well i guess their is a price increase also.Hey is there any information on how thess hybrid and elecric cars do in aserious wreck more than a dent (totaled)
jane said...The child in this picture is improperly restrained due to after market head positioning product!
Lisa said...Is that picture the best you could do for a child in a car seat? That baby is like 20 years old now! That seat is very very old and wouldn't be considered safe by today's standard.
mandy said...Seriously. this is only a way for the states and the car seat manufacturers to make more money. I thought our street were getting safer, safer cars everyone in seatbelts, more control over roads. I have several kids who were so happy they were abole to get out of car seats now I have to tell them sorry a few more years?
I have an older van and let me tell you those booster seats are more dangerous even though I have them strapped in tighly, everytime I turn a corner they still more, tip. Again this is only another money making new rule for manufactures and state. Leave me and my money ALONE.
KMS said...Wow, I can't believe everyone's responses. When crash tests show us data like this I listen. I leave my kids in the safest possible carseats as long as possible. I have an almost 10 year old in a booster seat and an almost 6 year old in a 5 point harness carseat. If you look at motor vehicle fatalities now and 10-20 years ago, kids are much safer now and that just keeps improving. So if I have to go spend $40 to buy my child a carseat I will!
j said...I like my kids to be nice and safe too. I don't happen to believe that having a child facing the rear for two years is really safe though. We do have their legs to consider. As for a 13 year old not allowed in the front seat, my 12 year old daughter is one inch shorter then I am so to put an age limit on that, in my opinion is a joke not to mention the fact that I can't imagine her in a booster seat still. Even at the age of 8 years old, you would have to get a rather tall booster seat in order to fit the child. Should we send it with them on the bus?
Jilbait said...My stayed rear facing for 2 plus years, 10 years ago. Would you rather they break a leg or their neck??
jmaltus said...What a bunch of crap. What do we need to do in order to get the f**ing government out of our lives?
David S. said...You can always move to another country. I hear Libya is nice this time of year....
James said...You know, it's strange, but I'm sixty and we didn't have car seats when I was a kid and we all made it through okay. What's with people today? We didn't go to school and shoot all our friends. We didn't have to take drugs for our lack of attention. A foot in the butt pretty much took care of that. We didn't have school nurses for our bo bo's, we didn't drop dead on the basketball court and we didn't sue the school when the kid got his butt whipped for acting up. Again, what is wrong with you people today?
john doe said...James
Your right in all respects but don't forget the cars we rode in back then were BUILT to withstand crashes.Not the cheap plastic junk that folds up like an accordian today with just a little bump.That's why they need to put 20 airbags in them now.
KMS said...James - your statement about you didn't have carseats back then and you all survived it not a true statement. The number of infants and toddlers who were killed in car accidents has decreased with the use of carseats as well as the number of serious injuries. Carseats have saved thousands of children's lives. So I wonder what is wrong with people like you who don't listen to what the research is showing. I will say as a parent of 4 I will do all I can to protect my kids. Lots of things have changed and just ignoring what is going on today won't help matters at all!
AMT said...I think that we should all take a listen to this and pay attention. I know a grandmother who didn't have her grandchild in any carseat who was around five or six and the she was in an accident just a few miles from her house. The child was injured and is in a wheelchair today. The grandmother now has to live with this on a daily basis and so does the mother who said it was ok for her to do that because they were just going up the road. We as parents should do all that we can to protect our children.
jmaltus said...Maybe you should read "Superfreakeconomics.' Research indicates that there is no additional safety, and indeed risk, with all these new car seat requirements. People don't believe evidence, they believe what feels good. Just an example of the government trying to tell you how to live your life.
Rita said...This article is fine and dandy for infants, but what about older children - toddlers and school-age children? The only time they are mentioned is when it says they should stay in the back seat up to age 13. Oh, yeah. That works in the real world. When can they get out of the booster seats, etc.? Answer some questions your headline references next time!!
Angiebaby said...The government won't be happy until us adults are sitting in booster seats, sleeping in cribs and wearing safety helmets to walk to the mailbox..
KMS said...You know everyone has to make decisions for their children and what you think is safe, etc... I think it's crazy to just blow off this information.
And FYI the American Academy of Pediatrics is not the government. They are the leading researchers in children's safety and health so when they make changes to something like this I listen.
KMS said...I have tried posting this twice and I don't think it's going through....
The research actually shows that rear facing is safer even for their legs up till 2. Some countries leave their children rear facing until they are 3-4 years old because it's the safest. The research looked at how the legs were effected and it didn't show any significant damage unlike what forward facing does to the rest of their bodies.
I have a 12 1/2 year old and I don't let her ride in the front seat of the car and she is taller than me. It's not as safe as the back seat so I don't let her. Maybe I am not as safe but I thinking of my kids first.
And most kids between 8-12 will reach 4'9" which is what they are really saying is the requirement (if you go to the AAP site and read the full details). And I do have my almost 10 year old in a booster seat. Your comment about a seat being big enough, well if they are too big for a booster seat then that probably means they are over 4'9" tall and not all booster seats have back. The whole point of a booster is to raise them up so that the seat belt fits them in the right place so they are safer. And yes I do think buses should have more guidelines. I think small children on buses should have harnesses of some kind. And when my son goes to visit friends he has to take his booster seat with him. When his friends ask him why he says "because my mom wants me to live". All four of my kids know why they are riding the way they are and why they aren't allowed in the front seat.
I think when you personally know a child who was perfectly fine before an accident and is now a vegetable, it makes you think twice with what you do with your kids.
So my kids will be following the new recommendations because I want them as safe as possible when I am driving 70 mph on the interstate and have no clue the condition of the drivers around me. I hope most states adopt this as law.


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Larry Charles
Larry Charles | |
Larry Charles at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival
Born | Brooklyn, New York |
December 1, 1956
Other names | Rene Fonatine |
Occupation | Screenwriter, director |
Notable work | Seinfeld Borat Religulous Brüno The Dictator |
Larry Charles (born December 1, 1956) is an American writer, director, and producer.
Charles is best known as a staff writer for the American sitcom Seinfeld for its first five seasons, contributing some of the show's darkest and most absurd storylines. He has also directed the films Borat, Religulous, Brüno, and The Dictator.
Early life and career[edit]
Charles was born in Brooklyn to a Jewish family,[1] and performed stand-up comedy during the 1970s until he was hired to write for the short-lived sketch comedy show Fridays, where he worked with Larry David, who would later give him a job as a writer on Seinfeld and director on Curb Your Enthusiasm. This began Charles' career in television writing that included The Arsenio Hall Show and eventually Seinfeld.
Although series co-creators Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld wrote the bulk of the show's episodes during the first five seasons, Charles was their second in command during this period. Charles had met Seinfeld co-creator Larry David when he was part of the writing staff of the ABC sketch show Fridays, on which David and Michael Richards were also part of the show's ensemble cast.[2] Charles had been unable to write for the show's first season, as he had been writing for The Arsenio Hall Show during its production.[2][3]
Charles is noted for contributing some of the show's darker storylines and scenes. In the season two episode "The Baby Shower" Charles wrote a dream sequence in which the title character, Jerry Seinfeld, was killed. Charles' episodes also covered such controversial topics as Nazis (in "The Limo"), a psychotic stalker (in "The Opera") and a hospital patient committing suicide (in "The Bris"). A season two episode he wrote, "The Bet", concerning Elaine buying a handgun to protect herself, was never filmed because NBC, some of the cast and the show's director felt the gun content was too provocative.[4][5][6] Charles claimed that his writing on Seinfeld was heavily influenced by Dragnet, Superman and Abbott and Costello.[7]
Charles said he was instrumental in the development of Cosmo Kramer; he felt that "Jerry and George were so well-defined through Larry David and Jerry, that there was less room for me to, sort of, expand on those personas. But Kramer was very unformed at the beginning of the show and it gave me an area of creativity to, sort of, expand upon. So I spent a lot of time with Kramer because he was a character that I could have an impact on in the future of the show".[6] It was Charles who imbued in Kramer a distrust of authority (especially in his episodes "The Baby Shower" and "The Heart Attack"), and who created the character of Kramer's notorious unseen friend Bob Sacamano, after his real-life friend of the same name.[8]
Seinfeld Episodes[edit]
Season | Episode | Info |
2 | "The Baby Shower" | "I was extremely happy and proud with this show, and I loved the idea of doing that fantasy sequence, I loved the cinematic quality of the story where we kinda go from a plane to a fantasy sequence, and we have all these stories swirling around. I thought that it was a good template for later episodes." — Larry Charles[6] |
2 | "The Statue" | |
2 | "The Heart Attack" | According to the Seinfeld Notes, Charles' own tonsils grew back in real life, just as George's do in the episode. Bob Sacamano is mentioned for the first time in this episode. |
3 | "The Library" | The 'Inside Look' feature on the Seinfeld Season 3 DVD features Charles in an interview, talking about how he wanted to create a Jack Webb/Dragnet-style police monologue in a sitcom format, which was the inspiration for Lt. Bookman in this episode.[7] |
3 | "The Subway" | |
3 | "The Fix-Up" | Charles and Elaine Pope won the award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series at the 1992 Emmy Awards for this episode. |
3 | "The Limo" | |
3 | "The Keys" | |
4 | "The Trip Part 1" | |
4 | "The Trip Part 2" | Charles appears in a brief cameo alongside David on the far right of the screen next to the police when the authorities show up at Kramer's apartment in Los Angeles to arrest him for murder. |
4 | "The Opera" | |
4 | "The Airport" | Charles appears in a brief cameo as the passenger who vacates the plane's lavatory, leaving a foul stench that Elaine Benes must endure as she uses the lavatory while holding her breath. |
4 | "The Outing" | Charles was nominated for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Writing in a Comedy Series at the 1993 Emmys for this episode. |
4 | "The Old Man" | |
5 | "The Bris" | |
5 | "The Stall" | |
5 | "The Fire" |
Charles also has a cameo in the episode titled "The Parking Garage," which was written by David.
Mad About You[edit]
In 1995, Charles left the writing staff of Seinfeld to join that of another hugely successful mid-1990s sitcom: Paul Reiser's Mad About You.
Season | Episode | Info |
4 | "Fertility" | |
4 | "The Procedure" | |
4 | "The Weed" | Co-written with Billy Grundfest |
4 | "The Award" | Co-written with Seth Kurland and Ron Darian |
4 | "The Finale (1)" | Co-written with Billy Grundfest and Victor Levin |
4 | "The Finale (2)" | Co-written with Billy Grundfest, Victor Levin, and Paul Reiser |
4 | "The Finale (3)" | Co-written with Billy Grundfest, Victor Levin, and Paul Reiser |
5 | "Dr. Wonderful" | Co-written with Victor Levin |
5 | "The Grant" | Co-written with Richard Day, Victor Levin and Jenji Kohan |
5 | "Burt's Building" | Co-written with Victor Levin and Ron Darian |
5 | "The Gym" | Co-written with Richard Day and Victor Levin |
5 | "Chicken Man" | Co-written with Ron Darian and Jonathan Leigh Solomon |
5 | "Astrology" | Co-written with Jenji Kohan |
5 | "The Penis" | Co-written with Richard Day and Maria Semple |
5 | "On The Road" | Co-written with Richard Day and Paul Reiser |
5 | "The Dry Run" | Co-written with David Guarascio and Moses Port |
5 | "The Birth (1)" | |
5 | "The Birth (2)" |
The Tick and Dilbert[edit]
Charles served as executive producer on two short-lived programs, The Tick (for which he wrote two episodes), and the Dilbert animated series, which he co-developed with Scott Adams and co-wrote the following episodes:
Season | Title | Info |
1 | The Name | Dilbert is made head of the project to find a name for a product that hasn't even been made yet, and as a result begins to fall victim to the legend of the "Chicken Man". Co-written with Scott Adams |
1 | The Takeover | Dilbert and Wally invest in their company's stock after Dogbert manipulates the price. Co-written with Scott Adams and Ned Goldreyer |
1 | Little People | Dilbert discovers that his dry-erase markers are missing, which leads to the discovery of little "downsized" people addicted to the markers' fumes. Co-written with David Silverman, Stephen Sustarsic, and Scott Adams |
1 | The Knack | Dilbert loses "the knack" for technology when he drinks from the boss's cup by mistake and gets management DNA. His following goof-ups send the world back to the Dark Ages. Co-written with Ned Goldreyer and Scott Adams |
1 | Y2k | Dogbert and Ratbert try to decide where they are going to celebrate the new millennium, and Dilbert is put in charge of the company's Y2K problem. Co-written with Andrew Borakove, Rachel Powell, and Scott Adams |
1 | Charity | Dilbert is forced to be a charity coordinator for the "Associated Way" charity drive. Co-written with Stephen Sustarsic, David Silverman, and Scott Adams |
1 | Holiday | Dilbert is annoyed at the amount of holidays because he believes it to be a waste of time. Dogbert concurrently convinces the United States Congress to abandon all holidays in favor of a National Dogbert Day. Co-written with Ned Goldreyer, Stephen Sustarsic, David Silverman, and Scott Adams |
1 | The Infomercial | The Gruntmaster 6000 is sent to be tested by a Texan family. Co-written with Ned Goldreyer and Scott Adams |
2 | Art | Dilbert is assigned to create a work of art. Co-written with Ned Goldreyer and Scott Adams |
2 | The Dupey | Dilbert has to design a toy called a "Dupey" but has problems doing so successfully. Co-written with Scott Adams |
2 | The Merger | The Boss decides that the company needs to merge with another. Co-written with Scott Adams |
2 | Hunger | Dilbert makes a new food product to end world hunger but is rejected because of its taste. Co-written with Scott Adams |
2 | The Assistant | Dilbert is unwillingly promoted to management and given an assistant. Co-written with Mark Steen, Ron Nelson, and Scott Adams |
2 | The Return | Dilbert tries to buy a greatly advanced computer online but has problems when he gets the wrong model. Charles's ex-boss Jerry Seinfeld guest stars as Comp-U-Comp. Co-written with Ned Goldreyer and Scott Adams |
2 | The Virtual Employee |
Dilbert, Alice and Wally hear about an empty cube to hide their junk. Co-written with Ned Goldreyer and Scott Adams |
2 | Pregnancy | Ratbert accidentally sets off Dilbert's model rocket into space, to collect DNA but comes back and impregnates Dilbert. Co-written with Scott Adams |
2 | The Delivery | Dilbert fights over the rights to keep his baby. Co-written with Scott Adams |
2 | The Fact | Dogbert posts false information on the Internet and releases a book about a made up disease called "Chronic Cubicle Syndrome." Co-written with Ron Nelson, Mark Steen, and Scott Adams |
2 | Ethics | The show's finale. The company employees are forced to take ethical training classes, but then Dilbert is made project lead for an unethical contract. Co-written with Scott Adams |
Curb Your Enthusiasm[edit]
In 2000, Charles began his first job as a director, on Seinfeld creator Larry David's follow-up series, Curb Your Enthusiasm. He directed 17 episodes of the hit HBO show.
Season | Episode | Info |
1 | "The Wire" | To bury a telephone wire, Larry must befriend his next door neighbors, the Weinstocks (Wayne Federman, Lucy Webb), who ask to meet Julia Louis-Dreyfus. |
2 | "Trick Or Treat" | Larry refuses to give candy to uncostumed teenagers on Halloween. Larry and Cheryl attend a handicapped friend's movie premiere. |
3 | "The Benadryl Brownie" | Larry's first cell phone call leads to an allergic reaction involving Richard Lewis' Christian Scientist girlfriend. |
3 | "The Nanny From Hell" | Charles was nominated in the 'Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy Series' categories at both the Directors Guild of America and Emmy Award ceremonies for this episode. |
4 | "Mel's Offer" | Larry is offered the lead role in Mel Brooks' musical, The Producers. Larry reminds Cheryl of an anniversary gift she had promised him 10 years earlier. |
4 | "The Blind Date" | Larry sets up Michael on a blind date with a veiled Muslim woman; Jeff admits to Larry he fantasized about Cheryl. |
4 | "The Surrogate" | Larry befriends a surrogate mother; Larry confronts his doctor about the waiting room's magazine selection. |
4 | "The Survivor" | Charles received his second Emmy nomination in the category of 'Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy Series' for this episode. |
5 | "The Bowtie" | Larry hires a private investigator to find out if he is adopted. After Larry adopts a dog, Wanda deems it to be racist after she visits and finds it barking at her. |
5 | "The Ski Lift" | Larry and Jeff befriend the head of a kidney transplant consortium in an attempt to get Richard Lewis on the top of the hospital waiting list; Jeff and Susie invite Larry and Cheryl to spend the weekend at their ski lodge; Larry learns something about Jeff's penis. |
5 | "The End" | Charles received his second Directors Guild of America nomination for 'Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy Series' for this episode. |
6 | "Meet the Blacks" | Charles directed the season premiere of season six. |
6 | "The Bat Mitzvah" | Charles directed the season finale of season six. |
7 | "Funkhouser's Crazy Sister" | Charles directed the season premiere of season seven. |
7 | "The Bare Midriff" | Charles directed episode 66, the sixth installment to season seven, where Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld further discuss possibilities for the role of George's wife in a Seinfeld reunion show and confront a secretary about her work attire. |
8 | "Mister Softee" | An ice cream truck triggers a painful childhood memory for Larry. |
Charles served as an executive producer and writer on the HBO show Entourage for the first two seasons. The episodes that he wrote were:
Season | Episode | Info |
1 | "Talk Show" | |
1 | "Busey and the Beach" | co-written with Doug Ellin |
1 | "New York" | co-written with Doug Ellin |
2 | "Chinatown" | co-written with Brian Burns |
Charles's feature debut was Masked and Anonymous (2003) which he directed, and co-wrote with Bob Dylan (under the pseudonyms Rene Fontaine and Sergei Petrov, respectively). The film received a mixed reaction from audiences and critics alike. Charles maintains it takes many viewings to get true enjoyment from the film: "I want the movie to be like a great Bob Dylan song that is listened to over and over and for people to [go] back and see it again and get a lot more things, or totally different things."[9]
His second feature film as director, Borat, was more successful. In an interview, Charles discussed how, because of the nature of the mockumentary process, he had to act as well, even if none of his performance made it to the screen: "We all, especially me, had to play a character as well. I wasn't Larry Charles when we were on the road. We all had to be in character, and we had to balance that with our aesthetic and logistical needs to produce the movie properly [...] The director also had to act."[10] The film was nominated for Best Motion Picture — Musical or Comedy at the Golden Globes.
Charles's third film was Religulous — a documentary about Bill Maher's take on the state of contemporary religion[11] — which was released in October 2008.
Filmography (director)[edit]
- Masked and Anonymous (2003)
- Borat (2006)
- Religulous (2008)
- Brüno (2009)
- The Dictator (2012)
- Army of One (2015)[12]
Live performances[edit]
Charles rarely performs live, but has appeared at Un-Cabaret and can be heard on several of its podcasts.[13]
Further reading[edit]
- Parker, Robin (31 July 2008). "Larry Charles: Anarchy in the USA", Broadcast Now, EMAP. Retrieved on 7 August 2008.
- ^ Sharp, Rob (2008-07-21). "Larry Charles is turning his razor-sharp wit on world religion - and no one will be spared". Independent.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-05-10.
- ^ a b Seinfeld Seasons 1 & 2: Notes about Nothing - "The Baby Shower" (DVD). Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. November 3, 2004.
- ^ Donlon, Brian (October 2, 1991). "Seinfeld hits stride // Stand-up sitcom finds its following". USA Today. p. 1D.
- ^ Alexander, Jason. Seinfeld Seasons 1 & 2: Inside Looks - "The Bet" (DVD). Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.
- ^ Cherones, Tom. Seinfeld Seasons 1 & 2: Inside Looks - "The Bet" (DVD). Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.
- ^ a b c Charles, Larry. Seinfeld Seasons 1 & 2: Audio Commentary - "The Baby Shower" (DVD). Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.
- ^ a b "Seinfeld - Season 3 DVD Review". Sitcoms Online. Retrieved 2014-05-10.
- ^ Marisa LaScala (2014-01-21). "11 Famous Television Characters We Never Actually Saw". Mental Floss. Retrieved 2014-12-26.
- ^ "Interview with Larry Charles". Reelmoviecritic.com. Retrieved 2014-05-10.[dead link]
- ^ ROTTEN TOMATOES: RT Interview: High Five![dead link]
- ^ "Bill Maher Talks Religion Documentary at WorstPreviews". Worstpreviews.com. Retrieved 2014-05-10.
- ^ "Nicolas Cage Shooting a Movie in Morocco". Morocco World News (28 March 2015). Retrieved 12 April 2015.
- ^ "uncabaret Audiobooks". Audible.com. 2008-10-03. Retrieved 2012-07-24.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Larry Charles. |
- Larry Charles at the Internet Movie Database
- Larry Charles on National Public Radio in 2008
- Larry Charles judged The Film of the Month competition in July 2009 on the independent filmmakers networking site Shooting People.


text:
Note: To protect the privacy of our members, e-mail addresses have been removed from the archived messages. As a result, some links may be broken.
From: Diane Davis (dianemdavis_at_TeacherArtExchange) Date: Sun May 17 2009 - 06:27:14 PDT
Can't get to this page. I wonder if there is another way. at home page for hs, there is a principal letter, and no links. Would love to see your handouts. diane On Apr 29, 2009, at 9:47 AM, donnalyn shuster wrote:
> > Good Morning, > > I have posted my handouts and information about "A Line Or Two About > Van Gogh" at my school website as follows: > > www.frankfort-schuyler.org >High School ( Links on left side > menu)>Shuster > > Scroll down left to see NAEA 2009 link. > > Despite following the directions sent to me by the folks at Wikki > spaces - I still cannot get my page to show up. Many of us have had > issues - and I do not have time to keep fooling around with it. > > Thanks to all who attended - hope you enjoyed the presentation and > if you have seed packets - get them planted now!!:) > > Donnalyn in NY > > > > > --- > To unsubscribe go to > http://www.getty.edu/education/teacherartexchange/unsubscribe.html
--- To unsubscribe go to http://www.getty.edu/education/teacherartexchange/unsubscribe.html


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This annual observance offers Christians an opportunity not only to mourn the unfathomable loss of dignity and human life but also to reflect on the Holocaust — which is certainly a Jewish tragedy — as a Christian tragedy. To call the Holocaust a Jewish tragedy requires little explanation, as Jews were the primary target of Nazi persecution and millions were executed. But to call the Holocaust a Christian tragedy requires honesty and openness.
The rest of this article is only available to subscribers.
© 2015 Augsburg Fortress, Publishers


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Sunday was to be the grand finale of the electronic dance music festival, but the show organizers said on their Web site the show would not go on.
"Because there is nothing more important to us than our patrons, we have decided in consultation with the New York City Parks Department that there will be no show today," the notice said.
A 20-year-0old Rhode Island woman and a 23-year-old man from Rochester died at New York hospitals Saturday in separate overdose incidents. Four other patrons were also brought in for treatment of overdose symptoms.
City officials believes the victims had taken MMDA, a drug similar to ecstasy that is known on the streets as "molly," the New York Daily News said.
The New York Police Department issued a written statement crediting the promoters for working to reduce "health risks" at the festival, "but in view of these occurrences, the safest course is to cancel the remaining day of the event."


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Effective Coaching
The Art, Science, and Practice of Personal and Professional Development
Vadim Kotelnikov
Founder, Ten3 Business e-Coach – Inspiration, Achievement, Innovation and Happiness unlimited!
View more slides
e-Coaching vs. e-Learning
Your People Skills 360
Same Reality, Different Perceptions
Yin-Yang of Influencing People
Yin and Yang of Communication
Turning Problems Into Opportunities: 6 Tips
People Skills: 8 Humorous Quotes
"You cannot teach a person anything; you can only help him find it within himself."
The Tao of Coaching
YIN (passive, accepting side). Removing Barriers: listening, reducing interference such as fear and doubt, removing barriers to learning, and focusing attention of the player.
YANG (active, aggressive side). Challenging: asking coaching questions, inspiring and energizing others the player, helping him to create or think something through for himself.
NLP Technology of Achievement
Coaching Yourself
Consider these points:
What do you want to achieve? What are your goals?
What is the path towards achieving your goal? What are the specific steps on this pathway?... More
COCA Principle of Achievement
12 Effective Leadership Roles
Bring out best in your men; have common touch with them; coach and provide feedback... More
5 Strategies for Creating a Culture of Questioning
Educate: Train people to ask effective open-ended searching questions; promote coaching by questioning... More
Inspirational Leadership
10 Roles
Coach and train your people to greatness... More
Three Keys to Effective Coaching
Coaching at Work: The Twin Concept4
to help players (or coachees) to grow, and to enhance their performance and learning ability
to increase the coach's effectiveness as a leader
Art, Science, and Practice of Coaching
The Art – asking effective questions
The Science – learning people skills, achievement management effective motivation, and performance measurement
The Practice – listening, providing feedback, and organizing coaching sessions
Five Myths of Coaching4
We coach primarily to help others.
There are many tangible, selfish and acceptable reasons, such as more time for yourself, better customer relations skills, stronger organization, more fun at work, and stronger following, for one to be a great coach.
Focus on the player.
Know yourself – knowing how to overcome own psychological blocks.
Coaching equals feedback.
There are many other important coaching tools and habits such as the art of effective questioning and motivation techniques.
Coaching requires lots of time.
The best coaching comes in small doses.
Coaching is about work.
Good coaching will spread to other areas of life. Coaching is a life skill that makes coaches better able to help their friends and family.
What the Coach Does
acts as an external expert observer making sure that the player's aim is true and their actions are congruent
helps players identify and define their specific goals, and then organize themselves to attain these goals
provides help in motivating and keeping the players motivated to reach their goals
Basic Components of Coaching
dealing essentially with the development of skills through practice
analyzing the components of particular skills, techniques and the environment in order to assist the learners
setting increasingly challenging exercises
seeking to identify problems or weaknesses to be remedied
spotting potential, building on strengths and taking advantage of talent and opportunity.
Basic Tools of Coaching
asking effective questions
listening actively
providing clear - constructive or positive – feedback
organizing coaching sessions
Coaching versus Formal Training
One-time event
Day-to-day application of skills
Test practicing
Real-time control and feedback
No application feedback
Coaching versus Mentoring
Building an individual's personal cross-disciplinary skills
More job-specific person-to-person teaching
Helping clients to apply themselves personally in new ways
Helping clients to learn functions they've never done before
Give and take approach to learning, requires a lot of listening
Passing along of one person's knowledge to another
Dealing with Cultural Differences4
Implication for the coach
Directness (get to the point versus imply the messages)
Tailor coaching sessions and style of feedback appropriately
Hierarchy (follow orders versus engage in debate)
Position coaching relationships carefully vis à vis organizational reporting relationship
Consensus (dissent is accepted versus unanimity is needed)
Select appropriate style from the ask/tell repertoire: tell what and how; give advice; demonstrate; make suggestions; ask questions and paraphrase
Individualism (individual winners versus team effectiveness)
Focus on personal achievement and/or on teamwork accordingly
Building a Team Culture
10 Action Areas
Provide coaching... More
Your People Skills
Coaching Quotes
The Tao of Communication
Confucius about Communication
Effective Listening
12 Rules of Effective Listening
10-Step Yoga Guideline for Resolving Inner and Outer Conflict
Bad Feedback vs. Good Feedback
Constructive Feedback
Discover Yourself
Be the Best Possible
Vince Lombardi Quotes
Illusion or Reality? Question Your Assumption
Creating Joy: 8-Step Emotional Transformation Recipe
Setting Personal Goals
Categories of Personal Goals
Smart Corporate Leader
10 Roles of An Inspirational Leader
12 Breakthrough Ideas for the New Economy
Success Secrets
50 Success Advices
The Law of Belief
Don't Quit
The 4 Most Deadly Words
The Golden Hour
How To Make Better Decisions
Combine Life Vision and Life Strategy
Act from a Sense of Urgency
3 Rules for Developing Courage
10 Secrets of Creativity
Entrepreneurial Creativity
Get Away from Old Ideas
Coaching Defined
The goal of a coach is to bring out the possibilities in a player.
Coaching is a question-based enlightening, inspirational and energizing process by a coach to orient a player to the realities of a situation and to help the player remove barriers to optimum performance and achieve desired goals.
Myles Downey7defines coaching as the art and practice of inspiring, energizing, and facilitating the performance, learning and development of the player.
Each word in this definition is a key word:
art – though there is science to coaching, coaching is an art in the sense that "when practiced with excellence, there is no attention on the technique: the coach is fully engaged with the player and the process of coaching becomes a dance between two people, conversationally moving in complete harmony and partnership. At this point the intelligence, intuition and imagination of the coach become a valuable contribution - rather than being interference for the player."7
inspiring – coaching is about helping the player to unlock his or her true potential through raising awareness, inspiring new ideas and encouraging creativity
energizing – coaching is about energizing the player through effective communication, soliciting suggestions, and building a can-do attitude
facilitating – implies that the player has the capacity to have an insight or creative idea and to think something through for himself
performance – anything a coach says or does should be driven by the intention to improve performance, i.e. to achieve greater effectiveness or efficiency of the player
learning – refers to a broader domain, how to approach a task or master a new technology; looking beyond immediate objectives, the future performance of the organization depends on learning
development – refers to personal growth and greater self-awareness.7
The Goal of Coaching
The goal of coaching is to guide vision, urge excellence, and empower the one being coached – the player – through establishing a firmer connection with his or her inner authority.
Facilitating Individual Performance
Performance of an individual = potential + attitude - interference.
Interference creates a huge gap between the potential and performance. It is usually based in fear, uncertainty and doubt (FUD).9 Interference crops up in many forms, but nothing gets in the way of peak performance more than doubt.7 You can reduce interference by focusing attention of the player. When the player's attention is focused, he enters a mental state – the state of relaxed concentration – in which he can learn and perform at his best.8... More
Zen Proverbs, Sayings, and Quotes
Great Faith. Great Doubt. Great Effort. – The three qualities necessary for training... More
Bad Feedback: Demotivates, focuses on blame; creates defensiveness and confrontation
Food Feedback: Encourages, focuses on improvements – achieved or possible; creates trust and cooperation... More
Growing Role of Non-directive Coaching
During 1990s, coaching became one of the "hot" areas of personal, professional, and business development. There is in-build limitation in training and consulting, as well as directive coaching that involves directing, telling and instructing, which is the person giving advise or instruction has to know the answer already, or has to be able to work it out. Given the complex structure in most organizations as well as constantly and rapidly changing business environment in today's knowledge-driven economy, that is an unrealistic proposition.
Non-directive coaching that involves inspiring, asking effective questions, summarizing, paraphrasing, reflecting, and listening can help you and the player you are coaching achieve amazing results. If you adopt non-directive approach, people learn in minutes things that would take you, operating from a more conventional directive model, hours to teach.
Benefits of Coaching
"Coaching brings more humanity into the workplace," says Myles Downey7. "Effective coaching in the workplace delivers achievement, fulfillment and joy from which both the individual and organization benefit:"
Achievement means "the delivery extraordinary results, organizational and individual goals achieved, strategies, project and plans executed. It suggests effectiveness, creativity, and innovation. Effective coaching delivers achievement, which is sustainable. Because of the emphasis on learning and because the confidence of the player (the coachee) is enhanced ('I worked it out for myself!') the increase in performance is typically sustained for a longer period and will impact on areas that were not directly the subject of coaching."7
Fulfillment includes learning and development. "To achieve the business result is one thing, to achieve it in a way in which a player learns and develops as part of the process has a greater value - to the player, the coach (the line-manager) and the organization, for it is the capacity to learn that ensures an organization's survival."7 Fulfillment also includes the notion that individuals through coaching begin to identify goals that are intrinsically rewarding. "With fulfillment comes an increase in motivation. That the coach respects the player his ideas and opinions, that the player is doing his work in his own way, that he is pursuing his own goals and is responsible - all this makes for a player who is inspired and committed. In this way more of the energy, intelligence and imagination of each individual is brought to the service of the organization."7
Joy. Enjoyment ensues when people are achieving their meaningful stretch goals and when learning and developing is part of the process.
These three components – achievement, fulfillment, and joy – are synergistically interlinked and the absence of any one will impact and erode the others. "Learning without achievement quickly exhausts one's energy. Achievement without learning soon becomes boring. The absence of joy and fun erodes the human spirit."7
Focusing on the Person, Not the Subject
Coaching is the key to unlocking the potential of your people, your organization, and yourself. It is based on the concept that individuals learn most from the everyday application of skills and by trying things out in practice.
"Not only is there no established body of knowledge called coaching, but the coach often has less expertise that the one being coached. The coach does not need to impart knowledge, advice, or even wisdom. What he or she must do is speak and act, in such a way that others learn and perform at their best."7
The coaching is all about helping others to identify and define their specific goals, and then organize themselves to attain these goals. Coaching deals with building an individual's personal skills, from setting the goals, to communication, management style, decision making and problem solving.
Problem Solving Strategies: 4 Levels
Coaches draw upon a client's inner knowledge, resources and creativity to help him or her be more effective. It is about bringing the same structure and creativity to your interaction with colleagues as you bring to solving business problems.
Two-Way Benefits of Coaching
Coaching is a long-term strategy, but the benefits of managerial coaching are two-way:
For employees: improved performance, greater enthusiasm, and greater job satisfaction.
For managers: improved communication, motivation, delegation, employee empowerment, planning, and monitoring skills
Increasing Role of Coaching at Work
The new breed of leaders recognizes that in today's complex business environment autocracy no longer works, yet the empowerment alone is not enough.
Inspirational Leader: 10 Roles
In the new economy driven by knowledge, new emphasis on people development and employee empowerment is driven by several powerful forces4:
Delayering – a trend toward reducing the number of management levels in organizations' hierarchies. Growing importance of cross-functional teams. Jobs and roles are no longer prescribed and static, so no longer can bosses just go on telling subordinates exactly what to do. Successful companies are now those in which people communicate freely, cross-pollinate their ideas, and learn new skills and habits from each other, and in which managers are also coaches.
Changes in the labor market - people are more mobile, and the most successful companies are focusing more on bringing out their employees' potential in order to retain their best performers.
Rapidly changing business conditions, markets and technologies - company can no longer rely on providing employees with regular off-the-job training courses. Training now had to be continuous, on-the job, and just-in-time – i.e. by coaching.
Balanced Organization: 5 Basic Elements
Corporate Leadership (Fire):
Leaders inspire and energize people, provide coaching... More
The Tao of Leadership
Coaching versus Micromanaging
Micromanagement won't work when teamwork and continuous innovation is a priority. Although micromanagement can build discipline, it keeps employees locked within a limited range of action. When micromanagers relax their grip and switch to a coaching approach, the organizations reporting to them often flourish because the staff has the opportunity to utilize and demonstrate its full potential.3 Instead of to do what they have to do to please their boss, team members are encouraged to see how hard and smart they can work to help achieve organizational mission.
Beware however of moving too far toward coaching. Finding the right balance between management, leadership, and coaching styles is the true sign of an inspired and effective manager... More
Leadership vs. Management
Modern Management: 12 Breakthrough Ideas
Source: Harvard Economic Review Executive summary by Anastasia Bibikova.
The best ideas related to the practice of management. If you know somebody has used them, don't try to repeat. Simply consider them, debate them and let them inspire your own thinking!...
8. The Use of Giving Alms: There is no use giving alms to those who need assistance. Why should you be too much compassionate to people who are just looking for 2-3 "coaching" words to find their own way/ solution?... More
Executive Leadership Coaching
Today, corporate leaders must be coached on a regular basis. Constant, rapid and unpredictable change require high flexibility in leadership.
The pressure on managers and employees is increasing. In these turbulent times, coaches help managers refine their goals and strategies, reassess their assumptions, and develop their leadership style. Goal and competence orientation are keys to successful coaching.
Coaching is not consulting and it is not supposed to enter into that established domain of professional activity. Coaching executive leaders involves doing each of the following four steps with professional competence and consistency:
Learning specifically what will it take to help your clients to be winners in their own right
Developing yourself to be who you need to be to assist your clients in achieving theirs goals
Assisting your clients to identify and define their specific goals and organize themselves to achieve these goals
Communicating what you do in such a way that it builds the confidence and trust so that your clients allow you to work with them on behalf of their own success.
Coaching and Self-Coaching with the GROW Model
The GROW (Goal, Reality, Options, Wrap-up) model is one of the most common coaching tools. The framework provides a simple four-step structure for a coaching session.
To improve your performance and develop a roadmap to your personal success, you can also use the GROW model on yourself: identify specific goals you wish to achieve; assess the current situation; list your options and make choices; and, finally, make steps towards your goal specific and define timing... More
12 Active Listening Tips
Managing Cultural Differences
When coaching someone from a different culture, use cross-cultural differences management techniques and skills, in particular4:
Remember that cultural difference arise from different origins: birthplace; nationality; ethnicity; family status; gender; age; language; education; physical condition; sexual orientation; religion; profession; place of work and the corporate culture of the previous employer.
Cultural differences can result in higher or lower levels of perceived performance, and in more or less need - and acceptance of feedback.
Be explicit with yourself and with your multinational team members about the implications of the cultural differences.
Commit to building shared values and shared expectations – in terms of management style, need for creativity, adherence to deadlines, frequency of progress checks, etc... More
Selling by Coaching
To be a great salesperson, you must treat your prospective customer as a player who wants to achieve extraordinary results. You are to help the player win.... More
Business e-Coaching
To build sustainable competitive advantage for the new knowledge-driven economy and compete successfully in the rapidly changing marketplace, companies need continuous coaching and learning support to be provided to all their key employees in a continuous and timely way. Responding to these needs, the first-ever online Business e-Coach was developed and launched by 1000ventures.com in 2001... More
Discover much more in the FULL VERSION of e-Coach
FULL VERSION of e-Coach
Coaching Involves...
Coaching Toolkit...
Coaching in the Team Context...
Foundation of Successful Coaching...
NLP Solutions: Coaching Yourself...
NLP Solutions: Coaching Others...
Providing Effective Feedback: the AID Model...
Observing - the Key to Coaching...
Dramatic Difference that Coaching Adds to Training...
The Right Combination of Training and Coaching Follow-ups...
Coaching Spectrum: The Ask/Tell Repertoire..,
Coaching by Questions...
Bad Feedback vs. Good Feedback: Helpful Hints...
Selecting an Appropriate Coaching Style: the Skill / Will Matrix...
Instant Payoff Coaching...
Coaching Organization...
Effective Managers Need to Coach...
Case in Point GE...
"Winning as an Executive Leadership Coach," Joseph Riggio
"One on One," Bridget McCrea
"Extreme Management," Mark Stevens
The Tao of Coaching, Max Landsberg
The NLP Coach, Ian McDermott and Wendy Jago
Jack Welch and the GE Way, Robert Slater
Effective Coaching, Myles Downey
"The Inner Game of Work," Timothy Gallwey
Regis McKenna, Silicon Valley marketing expert
"7 Key Elements For Managers To Learn Coaching Skills" by Wendy Hearn
"Why Coaching Is Important," Syntopic Intelligence, October 2005
The Center for Executive Coaching
"Effective Managers Need To Coach," Wendy Hearn
Find a Qualified Life Coach Australia Are you looking to get your life in order? Aussie Life Coach works with individuals to improve their life once and for all.
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