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CeaseFire was developed in 1995 to reduce youth violence associated with firearms. The program takes a multifaceted approach to intervention that involves several different components. One of the major components of this program is street outreach workers, many former gang members, who go out into urban areas and develop relationships with at-risk youth. Outreach staff also act as "violence interruputers" who work around the clock to intervene at the site of conflicts and mediate potential violent encounters between individuals or gangs.

Dr. Gary Slutkin developed the CeaseFire program by applying public health lessons to gun violence in some of Chicago's most dangerous neighborhoods. An earlier rigorous evaluation of CeaseFire in Chicago, using a multiple interrupted time series design, found significant reductions in gun violence and retaliatory homicides associated with four of seven intervention neighborhoods studied. Furthermore, when budget cuts reduced program implementation in certain Chicago neighborhoods, shootings increased in these areas. These preliminary results encouraged the Baltimore City Health Department to replicate Chicago's CeaseFire program in four of Baltimore's most violent neighborhoods under the name Safe Streets with a grant from the U.S. Department of Justice.

This report presents the evaluation findings of Safe Streets, led by Daniel Webster, ScD, MPH, and Jennifer Whitehill, PhD, of Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health with a grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This rigorous multiple interrupted time series evaluation measures Safe Streets' effect on gun violence, attitudes about the acceptability of gun use and impact on the lives of participants after the implementation of the program.

Although the evaluation was not funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF), Chicago's CeaseFire model is being replicated in 15 more sites across the country with a $4.5 million RWJF grant. The findings from this evaluation will be used to identify the most effective elements of the CeaseFire model in reducing gun violence and will add to the body of evidence supporting replication efforts.

To measure the effect of the Safe Streets program in intervention neighborhoods, the evaluation: reviewed implementation data of the program; did multiple interrupted time series analysis of the effects of the program on homicide and nonfatal shootings; conducted a community survey of attitudes toward gun violence; and interviewed participants to determine their perceptions of the program's effect on their lives.

To learn more about multiple interrupted time series analysis, click here.

Key Findings

Safe Streets was associated with 5.4 fewer homicide incidents and 34.6 fewer nonfatal shooting incidents, on average, across all program sites during 112 months of observation after implementation of the program.

All four intervention neighborhoods showed statistically significant reductions in nonfatal shootings after program implementation, and two neighborhoods showed statistically significant reductions in homicides.

One intervention neighborhood, Madison-Eastend, experienced an outbreak of homicides during the intervention period due to an intense gang feud, which resulted in a homicide rate nearly three times higher than expected during the 18-month period.

Evaluators measured significant changes in attitudes toward gun violence in intervention neighborhoods. Youth in intervention neighborhoods were 4 times more likely to have little or no support for using violence than young men in control neighborhoods after program implementation. By building trusting relationships, diffusing sources of conflict, and changing social norms surrounding gun use, CeaseFire has shown a significant reduction in gun violence for program participants.

This evaluation suggests that effective program replication of the CeaseFire model is possible. However, some Safe Street sites were more effective in reducing gun violence than others. Future efforts should focus on understanding and improving implementation of the model and discovering the circumstances under which the program is most effective.
 Reports 72105 Web Migration full_text_available vulnerable_populations Reports Full Text Available 0 2012-01-11T00:00:00.000-05:00 1 grantee Webster DW Whitehill J Vernick JS Parker EM Effects on Attitudes, Participants' Experiences, and Gun Violence Evaluation of Baltimore's Safe Streets Program English 2012-05-25T23:16:04.000-04:00 2012-01-12T16:06:00.000-05:00 Published 0 english 2012-05-25T23:16:04.000-04:00 Web rwjf72105 Johns Hopkins Bloomburg School of Public Health material_single published 73802 Evaluation of Baltimore's Safe Streets Program 68156 73802.safestreetsevaluationfinal.pdf Single Digital Asset 2012-05-24T15:48:38.233-04:00 4a0bb4c5ee65eb59616dc471e87779d14a359ff4 Adobe Acrobat Pro 9.4.7 2012-01-10T09:01:22.000-05:00 2012-01-11T09:26:07.000-05:00 Adobe Acrobat Pro 9.4.7 2012-01-11T09:26:07.000-05:00 Adobe Acrobat Pro 9.4.7 Book 1 Book 1 Book 1 application/pdf 2012-06-10T02:53:14.650-04:00 uuid:b64cb5a7-245c-48d2-96be-72ae6b054d0a uuid:1e5eddd3-c2f8-47a3-b325-0a13ea147b15 endstream endobj 243 0 obj <> endobj 807 0 obj <> endobj 248 0 obj <> endobj 249 0 obj <> endobj 250 0 obj <> endobj 251 0 obj <> endobj 252 0 obj <> endobj 253 0 obj <>780 0 R]/P 254 0 R/Pg 149 0 R/S/Link>> endobj 254 0 obj <> endobj 149 0 obj <>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 816 0 R/Resources<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 44/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 150 0 obj <>stream x��[Yo�H~���Oia��&����8�Ɓ'qf1p�A�d�����3��[Uݼ��$�%�������.�.�


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Washington Sound Museum XIV
Fusion Virtuosi
Washington Sound Museum's 14th installment focuses it's attention on the dynamic instrumentalist that helps shape Christylez Bacon's Progressive Hip-Hop sound. The featured artists are Hindustani Classical violinist, Nistha Raj, Post-Classical cellist, Wytold, and Jazz saxophonist, John Kocur. These talented musicians are all masters in their own genres that push the envelope by incorporating worldly sounds, as Christylez Bacon does in this series.
September's Washington Sound Museum takes place on the 29th at Bloombars in Columbia Heights and is preempted by a traditional tea ceremony where patrons can enjoy a unique tea and learn about its history.


text: Are Ellen Pompeo and Renee Zellweger Related? Share Tweet Remind Me To Watch Reward Me Credit: Andrew H. Walker/Getty Images Photo: Tapping Her Third Eye or Quick Hair Fix? Are Ellen Pompeo (Meredith Grey) and Renee Zellweger related? Um, no. And don't ask Ellen this question to her face either. Despite being born in the same year (1969, but you didn't hear that from us), the Grey's Anatomy starlet and Renee Zellweger are not, in fact, twinsies. Their identical smiles have all of Hollywood mistaking the actresses, much to Ellen's dismay. "I get so sick of hearing it," she told W Magazine in 2003, about being compared to her celebrity look-alike. "The last journalist I had an interview with told me that everyone in the restaurant was staring because they thought I was her," she griped, rolling her eyes, "and I said, 'No. They're staring because you have that goddamn tape recorder on the table.'"Sheesh! Okay, we're sorry! We take it back. You just have similar coloring and bone structure... And will probably definitely play sisters in a movie at some point before you die. (Just saying.)Source: Ellen Pompeo News June 17, 2011 at 04:49PM EDT by Mariella Mosthof Related: Grey's Anatomy, Ellen Pompeo, Gossip, TV Stars


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Ali, Hazem Abd El-Rahman Obiadalla: Understanding of Carbon Partitioning in Tomato Fruit |
The Arabidopsis model system has been contributed much to the remarkable advances in plant molecular biology during the last decade. The major reasons for the success of Arabidopsis are its small size, short life cycle, small genome (Leutwiler et al., 1984) and easy of transformation (Bechtold et al., 1993) These features facilitate the genetic dissection of any trait through the screening of large populations saturated in mutants for the various genes involved in the trait. Nevertheless, despite the considerable advantages of Arabidopsis, the knowledge acquired in this species cannot always be applied to other plant species. Having a silique type of fruit makes Arabidopsis a good model for species of the Brassicaceae but not for those with a fleshy fruit.
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) offers a good model for other crop species whose fruit is also a fleshy berry. It is one of the most important crops in the fresh vegetable market as well as in the food processing industry (Rick and Yoder, 1988; Hille et al., 1989). It is well characterised genetically; it has a relatively small diploid genome (n=12) and is readily transformable (McCormick et al., 1986). One disadvantage of tomato is that the plants have a large size and relatively long live cycle.
A new cultivar (Micro-Tom) has, however, recently been developed that overcomes these problems (Meissner et al., 1997). The plants of this variety grow to a similar size as Arabidopsis and have a considerably shorter life cycle than other tomato varieties, routinely producing seed within twelve weeks of being planted.
We wish to study tomato fruit carbohydrate metabolism in the Micro-Tom cultivar using genetic engineering techniques. As an initial study we decided to examine the activity of enzymes in untransformed fruit during development to see whether this new variety is equivalent to other varieties that have been studied previously, and as such to ascertain if it represent a useful model for fruit carbohydrate metabolism.
The development of fruit of the Micro-Tom cultivar are shown in Fig. 4. The fruits were small and green at 20 DAF and remained green until 45-50 DAF when they reached the breaker stage. By 60 DAF they were fully ripe.
Figure 4: Developmental series of tomato fruits from Micro-Tom cultivar.
DAF = Days after Flowering.
Starch and soluble sugar contents were determined in both the pericarp and placental tissues between 20-60 DAF Starch accumulated transiently in the fruits of the Micro-Tom variety in both the pericarp and placental tissues (Fig. 5A). In both these tissues the starch content was approximately 45µmol hexose (g FW)-1 at 20 DAF. In the pericarp the decrease was quickly to under 10µmol hexose (g FW)-1 at 30 DAF, before decreasing more slowly to barely detectable amounts at 45 DAF. In the placental tissue the decrease was slower and more linear, reaching barely detectable amounts at 60 DAF. There were no significant differences in starch concentrations between the pericarp and placental tissues between 25 and 35 DAF. After that the concentrations were significantly decreased in the pericarp in comparison with the placenta.
Sucrose levels remained relatively constant in the different tissues throughout fruit development, although they were generally greater in the placental tissue in comparison with the pericarp (Fig. 5B). There were no significant differences in sucrose concentrations between the pericarp and placenta, except for three time points. At 20, 25 and 30 DAF in the placental tissue there were significantly increased sucrose in comparison with the pericarp. In both tissues the concentration stayed below 7µmol hexose (g FW)-1 throughout development.
Figure 5: Starch and soluble sugar contents in pericarp and placental tissues of tomato cultivar Micro-Tom during development. (A) Starch. (B) Sucrose. (C) Fructose. (D) Glucose. Data represent the mean of five independent measurements + SE.
Changes in both fructose (Fig. 5C) and glucose (Fig. 5D) concentrations showed a similar pattern. In the pericarp they remained relatively constant between 20-50 DAF, before increasing at the end of development. Fructose levels also remained relatively constant in the placenta between 20-45 DAF whilst over this time period glucose levels decreased slightly. After 45 DAF the concentrations of both fructose and glucose increased. Both glucose and fructose levels were generally lower in the placenta than in the pericarp, but in both tissues their concentrations were an order of magnitude higher than the concentration of sucrose. Fructose concentrations were significantly increased in the pericarp in comparison with the placenta, but only at four time points (20, 35, 45 and 60 DAF). Glucose concentrations were also significantly increased in the pericarp in comparison with the placenta, but at six time points (30, 35, 40, 45, 55 and 60 DAF).
Sucrose synthase (SuSy) activity was initially about twice as high in the pericarp than in the placenta (Fig 6A). The Susy activity was significantly reduced in the placenta in comparison with the pericarp until 40 DAF, but at 60 DAF the activity was significantly increased in the placenta in comparison with the pericarp. The activity in both tissues decreased over time.
Acid-invertase activity was significantly greater in the placenta than in the pericarp at six time points (20, 25, 40, 45, 50 and 55 DAF), but at 60 DAF the activity was significantly increased in the pericarp in comparison with the placenta (Fig 6B). The activity in both tissues increased slightly between 20-55 DAF, before increasing quickly at 60 DAF.
UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) activity was very high in both tissues (Fig 6C). It increased initially in both tissues until 45 DAF, after which it decreased slightly. The activity was significantly reduced in the placenta in comparison with the pericarp but only at three time points (30, 35, and 50 DAF).
Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) activity was significantly greater in the pericarp at all time points than the placenta. The activity stayed approximately the same until 40-45 DAF, after which it decreased (Fig 6D).
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) activity was also significantly greater in the pericarp than in the placenta but only at three time points (20, 35 and 45 DAF). In the placental tissue it decreased from a high activity to a low one between 20 and 30 DAF, after which it stayed at the low activity throughout the rest of development. The activity in the pericarp, on the other hand, decreased over the entire developmental stage (Fig. 6E).
Hexokinase (HK) activity increased in a similar manner in both pericarp and placental tissues until 45 DAF, after which it decreased (Fig. 7A). The activity was significantly lower in the placenta than in the pericarp but only at two time points (30 and 35 DAF).
Fructokinase (FK) activity was initially significantly higher in the pericarp than in the placenta until 40 DAF, but after 50 DAF no differences could be detected. The activity decreased after 45 DAF in both tissues (Fig. 7B).
Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) activity increased in both pericarp and placental tissues until 45 DAF, wherafter it decreased (Fig. 7C). The activity was significantly lower in the placenta than in the pericarp at four time points (40, 45, 50 and 60 DAF), but at 25 DAF the activity was significantly increased in the placenta in comparison with the pericarp.
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate (FBPase) activity was significantly higher in the placenta than in the pericarp at all time points except at 20 DAF. The activity of this enzyme decreased over time (Fig. 7D).
Phosphofructokinase dependent pyruphosphate (PPi-PFK) activity decreased rapidly in both tissues from an initial relatively high activity to a basal activity at 35 DAF. Thereafter the activity remained relatively constant (Fig 7E). The activity was significantly increased in the placenta in comparison with the pericarp at three time points (20, 25 and 30 DAF).
Phosphofructokinase (PFK) activity was initially relatively high in both tissues and increased slightly until 45 DAF, after which it decreased (Fig. 7F). Its activity in the placenta was significantly lower than in the pericarp but only at two time points (30 and 35 DAF)
Triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) activity increased in both tissues until 40-45 DAF, after which it decreased (Fig 7G). The activity in the placenta was significantly lower than in the pericarp but only at three time points (30, 35 and 50 DAF).
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3P DH) activity was significantly greater in the placenta than in the pericarp at all time points except at 20 DAF. In the placenta it increased until 35 DAF, after which it decreased. In the pericarp it decreased from the first time point until 50 DAF after which it increased slightly (Fig. 7H).
Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) activity was significantly greater in the pericarp than in the placenta until 50 DAF. In both tissues it rose between 20-45 DAF, after which it decreased (Fig 7I).
Enolase activity was significantly lower in the placenta than in the pericarp at all time points except two time points (50 and 55 DAF). In the pericarp, however, the activity was greater and stayed relatively stable until 40 DAF after which it decreased (Fig. 7J).
Figure 6: Activities of enzymes involved in the conversion of sucrose to starch in the pericarp and placental tissues of fruit of the tomato cultivar Micro-Tom. (A) SuSy. (B) Acid invertase. (C) UDPase. (D) PGM. (E) AGPase. Data represent the mean of five independent measurements + SE.
Figure 7: Activities of some glycolytic and clavin cycle enzymes in pericarp and placental tissues of fruit from the tomato cultivar Micro-Tom during its development.(A) HK. (B) FK. (C) FGI. (D) FBPase. (E) PPi-PFK. (F) PFK. (G) TPI. (H) G3P DH. (I) PGK. (J) Enolase. (K) PK. (L) PEP phosphatase. Data represent the mean of five independent measurements+ SE.
Pyruvate kinase (PK) activity was significantly greater in the placenta than in the pericarp at all time points except one time point (at 60 DAF). It remained constant until 35 DAF. Between 35-40 DAF the activity increased, before decreasing afterwards (Fig 7K).Phosphoenolpyruvate phosphatase (PEP phosphatase) activity was also significantly greater in the placenta than in the pericarp at all time points except one time point (at 55 DAF). Generally, the alterations in activities of PEP phosphatase was similar to those of PK (Fig. 7L).
We wanted to examine how the accumulation of mRNA coding for of various plastidial transporters changed during development of the fruit. mRNA coding for the triose phosphate transporter (TPT) accumulated most in young, green, fruit. As the fruit developed the amount of mRNA decreased, but was still present throughout most of the developmental period (Fig. 8A and B).
Figure 8: RNA blot analysis of some plastidial transporters throughout fruit development in the tomato cultivar Micro-Tom. TPT in (A) pericarp and (B) placental tissues. Glc-6-P transporter in (C) pericarp and (D) placental tissues. ATP/ADP transporter in (E) pericarp and (F) placental tissues.
The accumulation of mRNA coding for the Glc-6-P transporter was greatest between 25-30 DAF. There appeared to be no expression after 40 DAF (Fig. 8C and D). The expression in the placental tissue was greater than in the pericarp.The ATP/ADP transporter was only expressed at low levels, but was present throughout development (Fig. 8E and F).
This study was initiated to examine carbohydrate metabolism in a new variety of tomato that is beginning to be used as a model system. Much of the data is, therefore, descriptive, but it also leads to some novel conclusions. The first of these is that the metabolism in the pericarp is different to that in the placenta. The placenta accumulates starch over a longer period than the pericarp, and has different concentrations of soluble sugars within it. This is presumably because the different tissues serve different roles. The placental tissue acts as a conduit for nutrients going to the developing seeds, while the pericarp protects the seeds within the fruit. The starch that accumulates over a longer period in the placenta may act as a nutrient reserve in case the flow of sucrose coming to it from the leaves becomes disrupted. The chloroplasts in the pericarp, on the other hand, differentiate to chromoplasts during ripening, and the starch is presumably degraded as a source of soluble sugars to make the fruit more palatable for the dispersal of seeds.
There were also differences in the activities of enzymes measured in the pericarp in comparison with the placental tissue. Although all of the enzyme activities shown were calculated on the basis of the amount of protein in the extract, it is also possible to do so based on the fresh weight. Although they showed minor differences with the data presented, these were not large enough to alter the conclusions. The pericarp consistently had increased activities of several enzymes in comparison with the placenta. These were SuSy, PGM, enolase, PGK and UGPase. With the exception of enolase all of these enzymes are closely associated with the degradation of sucrose. It is interesting to note that the pericarp had a lower concentration of sucrose in comparison with the placenta during development. It may be that the higher activities of these enzymes led to it being metabolised faster to its lower concentration.
The conversion of sucrose to starch has been relatively well studied in tomato fruits from varieties other than Micro-Tom (Robinson et al., 1988; Yelle et al., 1988; Schaffer and Petreikov, 1997a) and it is, thus, possible to compare the data from this study with that from
those. As in this study, it has often been found that sucrose concentrations are lower than both glucose and fructose (Damon et al., 1988; Klann et al., 1996; Schaffer and Petreikov, 1997a), although the wild tomato relative Lycopersicon chmielewskii accumulates higher levels of sucrose than the other soluble sugars (Yelle et al., 1988). The reason for this accumulation of sucrose in the wild relative is due to a reduction in the activity of acid invertase (Klann et al., 1996). The invertase activity in this study increased dramatically in the final stages of fruit development, especially in the pericarp. This again is similar to what has been found previously in wild-type tomato fruits (Klann et al., 1996) indicating that the Micro-Tom cultivar is not significantly altered in this respect.SuSy activity is often considered to be a major determinant of sink strength, although the evidence in tomato for this is contradictory. One study found repression of SuSy using genetic engineering techniques let to a decrease in a fruit set (D'Aoust et al., 1999), whilst a second found no effect (Chengappa et al., 1999). This might be because the first study used a constitutive promoter to reduce SuSy activity, whilst the second used a fruit specific promoter. In this study SuSy activity decreased during development in both the pericarp and placental tissues. Although there is variation between different studies as to what occurs to SuSy activity during fruit development, this type of pattern is not unusual (for example Robinson et al., 1988; Klann et al., 1996) and furthermore parallels the switch from symplastic to apoplastic unloading that occurs during development (Ruan and Patrick, 1995).
AGPase activity has often been correlated with starch accumulation in tomato fruits. In this study that was also the case, with AGPase activity being below detectable levels after 30 DAF in the placenta and decreasing in activity in the pericarp. At this time point there is net degradation of starch, and it might be expected, therefore, that enzymes involved directly in its synthesis would be down -regulated.
Although not so well studied in tomato as enzymes involved in sucrose to starch conversion, we also measured some enzymes involved in glycolysis or the Calvin cycle. Most glycolytic enzymes showed a peak of activity at about 40 DAF. Some of these, specifically HK, FK, PGI, PFK, TPI, G3P DH, and PGK, showed a gradual increase and decrease. Two others though, PK and PEP phosphatase showed a dramatic increase in activity between 35 and 40 DAF, which then declined very quickly to a lower level at 45 DAF. It is interesting that PK showed this sudden increase in activity as it is thought to exert significant control over flux through the glycolytic pathway (Plaxton, 1990). The peaking of activities of glycolytic
enzymes at 45 DAF is presumably due to climacteric respiration. It may be that the sudden up-regulation of PK just before this point indicates that this enzyme is important in increasing flux through glycolysis to generate ATP for climacteric respiration.It has been speculated that climacteric respiration in fleshy fruits, such as tomato, only occurs when they are detached from the plant. This idea was based on studying internal CO2 concentrations in both tomato and muskmelon, and not finding expected increases when the fruits were attached to the plant (Saltveit, 1993; Shellie and Saltveit, 1993). It has been argued, however, that the interpretation of these studies was incorrect as; they did not take into account the effect of photosynthesis on internal CO2 concentration (Knee, 1995). Our data are consistent with tomatoes acting as climacteric fruits when attached to the vine as they show an up-regulation of glycolysis just prior to the onset of ripening.
We also decided to study the expression of some transporters that are present in the plastidial membrane. Expression of the TPT has previously been studied in tomato fruits (Schünemann et al., 1996; Büker et al., 1998). In these studies it was shown that both mRNA coding for the TPT protein, and the protein itself, accumulated in both green and red fruits. Our data do not disagree with these findings, showing maximal accumulation of mRNA in green fruits, with less accumulation during development. The expression of the Glc-6-P transporter has not previously been studied in tomato fruits. In maize, mRNA coding for it has been demonstrated to be present only in tissues containing non-green chloroplasts (Kammerer et al., 1998). Our data indicate that in tomato fruits, the mRNA coding for the Glc-6-P transporter is expressed maximally in tissues containing green chloroplasts, with reduced amounts in red fruits. This is opposite to that found in maize, but indicates the difference of fruit of chloroplasts in comparison with those in leaves. The sole source of sugars in leaf chloroplasts comes directly from photosynthesis, while fruit chloroplasts can import Glc-6-P from the cytoplasm also (Büker et al., 1998). This Glc-6-P is the result of the catabolism of imported sucrose in the cytosol. The expression of the Glc-6-P transporter appears to correlate with accumulation of starch in the pericarp and placental tissues. It is tempting to speculate that the Glc-6-P transporter is expressed at times of maximal starch accumulation to supplement carbon being fixed through photosynthesis in the chloroplast. This is especially so as it is much more strongly expressed in the placental tissues, which are in the centre of the fruit and will, therefore, receive less light for photosynthesis. This tissue would have to rely more on sucrose to supply starch synthesis, than on any photosynthate it may be able to produce. This is of course true for all pathways that would utilise Glc-6-P in the plastide, but
starch constitutes the major sink for carbon in plastids and so would have the greatest influence. The ATP/ADP transporter was weakly expressed throughout development of the fruits. This transporter has been demonstrated to have a great influence on the rate of starch accumulation in potato tubers (Tjaden et al., 1998), but ATP is used in practically, all biosynthetic pathways, so maintaining a constant into the plastids would be expected.One aim of this study was to examine whether the Micro-Tom tomato cultivar was a suitable candidate to act as a model system for the study of carbohydrate metabolism in tomato fruit generally. It might be that the mutations leading to the dwarf phenotype lead to pleotropic effects on the metabolism of the fruit, which would make it an unsuitable candidate. All the data in this study indicate that the metabolism of the Micro-Tom cultivar is not greatly altered in comparison with reports of other cultivars, showing that suitable for such studies.
From the previous data presented in this investigation, it can be concluded that: (A) The metabolism in the pericarp is different to that in the placenta. (B) Starch was degraded more slowly in the placenta in comparison to the pericarp, while soluble sugars accumulated to a greater extent in the pericarp. (C) There were also differences in the activities in enzymes involved in conversion of sucrose to starch measured in the pericarp in comparison with the placental tissue. (D) The pericarp consistently had increased activities of several enzymes SuSy, PGM, enolase, PGK and UGPase. SuSy, PGM and UGPase in comparison with the placenta. (E) The activities of glycolytic enzymes tended to peak at 40 DAF. (F) Two of these, PEP phosphatase and PK, showed a dramatic increase in activity just before this peak possibly indicating a role in up-regulating glycolysis to generate ATP for climacteric respiration. (G) Both the TPT and Glc-6-P transporter were expressed greatest in green fruits, before declining. (H) The expression of the TPT was greater than that of the Glc-6-P transporter. (I) The ATP/ADP transporter was expressed to a low level throughout fruit development.
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A Skeptical Look at Chiropractic BioPhysics (CBP)
Stephen Barrett, M.D.
Chiropractic BioPhysics® (CBP®)—sometimes referred to as Clinical Biomechanics of Posture®—is a variation of straight (subluxation-based) chiropractic whose overall goal is to "correct posture." [1] It is taught primarily through seminars sponsored by its founder. Its official Web site describes it as "a more knowledgeable, comprehensive, systematic, scientific approach to chiropractic, that provides predictable results for patients and will contribute to building a more stable and successful chiropractic practice." [2]
CBP is based on the concept that spinal curvatures that deviate from a mathematically derived "ideal" value should be corrected. As noted by several of its leaders:
The overall goal of CBP technique is to restore normal there'd posture. . . . In CBP, the overall posture or global positioning of the spinal column is targeted for correction, as opposed to individual segments. In CBP, the optimum static position of the upright spine is established with the Harrison spinal model. A subluxation is considered to be any postural deviation from this mathematical norm [1].
To determine what curvature exists, practitioners draw many lines on the patient's x-ray films and measure the various angles at which they meet [1,3]. The treatment centers around the concept of "mirror image adjusting," which is accomplished by "passing the patient's abnormal posture through the normal position and stressing it into its mirror image or exact opposite posture." [4].
To qualify for treatment, patients undergo a postural examination and are screened for contraindications to manipulation and cervical extension traction [3]. Treatment for qualified patients begins with "relief care" consisting of 1-12 sessions of spinal adjustments, cold or hot packs, trigger point therapy for muscle spasms, and/or massage with a motorized table—all of which are commonly used by chiropractors who are not CBP practitioners. When "relief care" ends, CBP practitioners switch patients to "rehabilitative care," which consists of weekly mirror image adjustments, neck and low-back extension traction, and "mirror image" exercises intended to modify spinal curvature over a longer period of time [4]. Initial "rehabilitative" plans often last 6 to 12 months, after which patients are switched to monthly visits for life [5].
Background History
CBP was founded by Donald D. Harrison, a chiropractor who also has a PhD in applied mathematics and a master's degree in mechanical engineering. CBP's origins lie in another technique called Pettibon, which Harrison learned while attending the Western States Chiropractic College. In this system, chiropractors use side-view x-rays of the neck to gauge its alignment and then try to change that alignment using drop-table adjustments. The method differs from traditional chiropractic in that it focuses on alignment of groups of vertebrae rather than individual ones. But it resembles traditional chiropractic in that it considers any deviation from its alleged mathematical norms to be a "subluxation" that should be treated [5].
After graduating from chiropractic college, Harrison taught Pettibon technique until he had a falling out with Dr. Pettibon. As he described in Chiropractic BioPhysics Online:
What happened in 1980 to steer me away from Pettibon and towards the new technique CBP®? Two things: 1) I discovered Postural Mirror Image Adjusting and 2) Pettibon refused to pay me around $2,500 that he owed me for teaching half (one weekend out of two) of a seminar at Cleveland Chiropractic College LA.
In the summer of 1980, Pettibon asked me to teach the first weekend of his seminar at CCCLA in November for expenses plus half of the profits. I agreed to it because I was only 10 months in practice (just breaking even on overhead) and had no money to get some X-mas presents for my kids. In the first week of December 1980, he sent me a check for $45, which of course did not come close to reimbursing my airfare, motels, meals, and cab rides, not withstanding my supposed half of 65 people X $100 = $6500 income (minus some airfares, motels, meals).
When I called him on it, he said that was "how the numbers came out". I told him that if he didn't pay me for at least my expenses that I would not teach or write for him again. He told me that he never needed me anyway and hung up. With tears in my eyes (my guru just screwed me!), I told Deanne what Burl had said. She asked why I would waste energy over a person who valued a few dollars above my friendship, expert teaching, and writing. She was right and I quit following a guru and started concentrating on science.
A few days later (still Dec 1980), Deanne, Dan Murphy and I met to discuss beginning a new technique, which we all agreed to call CBP (CBP = Physics applied to Biological organisms and it will be Chiropractic). This new technique would be developed from the new posture adjusting that I was discovering [6].
In CBP, Harrison began considering patient posture in addition to x-ray measurements. He says this was necessary because he found that the chiropractic biomechanics of the time was incomplete and oversimplified. Traditional chiropractic analysis is based on the idea that a x-ray image of the spine is a valid method for documenting its position. Harrison concluded that this was not true because one x-ray image could be caused by three different postures and yield false-positive findings that lead chiropractors to treat nonexistent problems [7]. He then created and marketed a technique that he alleged would correct these errors and improve outcomes, changing chiropractic internally through research [8-12]. Harrison also publishes a quarterly newspaper called The American Journal of Clinical Chiropractic, which he uses to promote CBP.
CBP practitioners commonly suggest that any deviation from the Harrison Spinal Model ideal value will inevitably lead to a degenerative disease process that will adversely affect their health by impairing joint position sense, causing osteoarthritis, herniating spinal disks, and/or putting tension on the spinal cord and nerve roots [13-14]. CBP is said to aim not just for symptom relief but for structural (subluxation) correction [15]. CBP posters include one called "Neck Curve Decay," another called "Low Back Curve Delay," and another called "Posture Decay," which states: "To live a long active energetic life, few things matter more than good posture." CBP's minimum care program is 6 months.
CBP is advocated for children as well as for adults. The leading advocate is Jennifer Brandon Peet, DC, who practices "chiropractic pediatrics" in Vermont and is a "certified CBP instructor." Peet recommends frequent postural evaluations and "corrective adjustments" that begin at birth. Her book Pediatric Chiropractic Practice Management states that, "Over the years we have used various techniques, but none rival the results we have obtained with Chiropractic Biophysics." [16]. Her 1992 Chiropractic Pediatric and Prenatal Reference Manual devotes about 50 pages to postural analysis, x-ray analysis, and mirror image adjusting. She claims that "even at birth, the infant's vertebral position may be measured relative to a normal model and corrective care may begin by applying a controlled force to reposition the vertebra."[17]. The picture at the right shows how CBP's electrically powered mallet is used to deliver the force to a child's topmost neck bone. |
Not Well Accepted
The number of chiropractors who practice CBP is unknown, but existing data suggest that the percentage is small. About 68,000 chiropractors are licensed to practice in the United States. During a deposition in 2007, Harrison testified that over the years, a total of about 6,000 had attended his seminars, but not all of them practice CBP. (Presumably, some never used what they learned and others have returned by now.) The 2000-2001 Chiropractic Biophysics Practitioners Referral List booklet listed about 1,300 chiropractors worldwide who had attended a CBP seminar within the previous three years. The February 2009 CBP Online Referral Manual listed 953 who had attended during the previous two years. A pilot survey of chiropractors who graduated from Canadian Memorial College after 1980 found that 4 out of 83 respondents said they had attended CBP seminars and 2 out of 83 said they practiced it [18]. An April 2009 Google search of the Chiropractor Directory Web site (which has separate pages for each city) found that 438 out of about 9,520 cities had at least one CBP practitioner, but not everyone in the directory lists everything they do.
As far as I can tell, CBP is not discussed in any of the chiropractic textbooks that most chiropractic colleges require. It is taught as an elective at a few colleges and as a required 33-hour course at Life College West, which uses two of Harrison's self-published books as texts. The most comprehensive chiropractic text, Scott Haldeman's Chiropractic Principles and Practice, doesn't discuss CBP by name but criticized all of the chiropractic systems centered around x-ray marking:.
Chiropractic roentgenomics (the marking of radiographs for spinal malpositions, misalignments, or "subluxations") has always been controversial within the profession, particularly because the impact of natural and normal asymmetries within the body on these measurements is not known [19].
Serious Concerns
CBP analyses can accurately and reliably describe a patient's posture. However, its practitioners use this information to make questionable diagnoses of shortened ligaments and proprioceptive problems that require prolonged and expensive treatment.
Chiropractic researcher Gary A. Knutson, DC, has criticized the CBP model as being anatomically and physiologically flawed. In comments in a chiropractic forum, he noted that CBP considers certain degrees of spinal curvature abnormal [20-22] even though other studies have concluded that they are normal [23,24]. He also challenged the CBP assumption [25] that decreased neck curvature is pathologic and requires correction whether or not the patient has symptoms. One study he cited was a 10-year follow-up of neck x-ray findings in patients who had no symptoms. The study found no relationship between the loss of neck curvature and the development of pain or degenerative changes [26,27]. Knutson astutely asked, "If loss of cervical lordosis does not result in any recognizable pain/pathology over a time frame of as long as ten years, by what criteria is such a loss—by itself—necessary to treat?" [28]
In 2003, the CBP Web sited listed more than 75 CBP "research" papers that were published in journals listed in the Index Medicus [29]. About two-thirds of these appeared in the Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, which is chiropractic's leading journal. Many of the studies concluded that CBP's diagnostic procedures can produce consistent results, and some reported that CBP treatment methods can influence spinal curvature. However, consistency is not the same thing as validity. None of the listed studies demonstrated that patients treated with CBP felt or functioned better as a result of anything unique to CBP treatment. Since 2003, more papers have been published, but they do not supply the missing information.
Mitchell Haas, DC, another prominent chiropractic researcher, agrees that changes in spinal structure do not necessarily cause symptoms. In a blistering review, he stated that CBP advocates have failed to (a) establish the biological plausibility of what they consider an ideal spine, (b) demonstrate that their diagnostic tests enable better patient management, (c) demonstrate meaningful outcomes such as decreased pain or disability, and (d) validate the routine use of spinal x-rays to measure "spinal displacement." Referring to a 1998 paper by Harrison and colleagues, Haas concluded:
The authors' failure to link spinal displacement with any clinical condition (defined in terms of a constellation of measurable and relevant signs and symptoms) makes spinal displacement analysis vulnerable to false-positive diagnoses. It may place patients at risk not only from unnecessary radiation exposure but also from the unnecessary treatment of benign segmental displacement and alternation of spinal curvature. . . .
Harrison et al base their promotion of radiographic displacement analysis on an ideal spine model that fails to account for the variability, adaptability, and functional capacity of the human musculoskeletal system. The authors do not conduct a formal review of the literature; they overinterpret the presented evidence and ignore a body of evidence that refutes claims made for the usefulness of displacement analysis. They also ignore serious risks and limitations of these procedures. Most importantly, the authors identify no clinical entities requiring clinical management associated with radiographic displacement analysis, and they fail to present any credible evidence for the validity, reliability, clinical utility, and appropriateness of these invasive and expensive radiographic procedures they advocate. . . . There is currently no justification for the routine use of radiographic spinal displacement analysis in clinical practice [30].
The most comprehensive textbook on chiropractic technique systems provides a detailed critique of CBP [31]. It's findings include:
- The goal of CBP research is to determine ideal posture, assess the patient's posture, and use chiropractic care to move patients toward that posture as much as possible.
- CBP assumes that even slight deviations from that posture will cause adverse mechanical tension and nerve interference.
- CBP x-ray analyses often conclude that patients with no symptoms still need treatment to modify their spinal curvature.
- Although CPB studies report modification of spinal curvature, it is not clear whether this is beneficial or even clinically significant.
- Although the case made by CBP practitioners for rehabilitation protocols seems reasonable enough, obviously the degree of treatment deemed necessary greatly depends on the goal of care. If that goal includes convergence on some spinal structure said to be normal, whereas in fact that goal has not been validated, then the degree of rehabilitation that is appropriate and clinically necessary may also be questioned.
The picture to the right shows one type of traction-extension device that CBP practitioners use in an attempt to "restore the curve" in people with a flat or reversed cervical curve. Forced hyperextension of this type may be dangerous as well as futile. Samuel Homola, DC, author of Inside Chiropractic, has reported seeing patients treated by such "traction" develop neck pain that was not previously present [32]. Other CBP equipment includes a Lumbar Traction Unit, a Standing Sagittal Traction Unit, and an electrically powered mallet used to apply force to the patient's spine. |
In 2002, the CBP Web home page announced that as of January 2002, there were no published clinical trials supporting 6-month or 1-year CBP programs of care and that "USA State Boards and Canadian Provincial Boards are beginning to bring DCs up on charges of over utilization for extended care programs and for the use of x-ray as a diagnostic tool for evaluating presence and amount of subluxation." The article also expressed hope that suitable studies can be done [2]. The 2002 report is still posted, but as far as I know, no randomized controlled clinical trials have evaluated whether long-term CBP programs have lead to improved health outcome.
In 2005, the Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association published two reports by Harrison and his colleagues. One summarized their view of the evidence supporting CBP protocols [33]. The other claimed that the x-ray studies used by CBP pose "essentially no scientifically demonstrable risk to the given patient." [34] In 2006, four professors who belong to the Association of Chiropractic Colleges' Chiropractic Technique Consortium tore these articles to shreds. In one article, they pointed out serious flaws in the design, conduct, and analysis of CBP-sponsored research [35]. In a separate article, they concluded:
The . . . commentary is little more than a biased, unscientific and self serving argument for promoting the routine use of radiography by chiropractors. Such promotion, with such inconclusive evidence may be viewed as professionally irresponsible by the scientific and academic community. To insinuate, in addition, that radiation exposure provides more good than harm adds further insult to injury [36].
Insurance Coverage
Insurance coverage for practices unique to CBP is limited. Insurance companies do not normally or knowingly pay for treatment considered "experimental and investigational." Whereas spinal manipulation for back pain is commonly covered, long-term programs that purport to correct spinal misalignments are not. Aetna's Clinical Policy Bulletins identify such methods and explain the basis for judging them. Regarding CBP, it said:
- The use of chiropractic to correct abnormal spinal curvature in people without symptoms is considered experimental and investigational.
- There is insufficient scientific evidence to support the use of CBP.
- The published peer reviewed literature focuses primarily on explaining the theoretical basis for the Chiropractic Biophysics Technique.
- There is a paucity of published peer reviewed literature evaluating the effectiveness of the Chiropractic Biophysics Technique in improving clinical outcomes (e.g., reductions in pain and disability, improvements in function). In a 10-year follow-up study of neck x-ray findings in asymptomatic patients, Gore (2001) found no relationship between the loss of neck curvature and the development of pain or degenerative changes.
- Haas and colleagues (1999) noted that changes in spinal structure do not necessarily cause symptoms. They stated that CBP advocates have failed to (i) establish the biological plausibility of what they consider an ideal spine, (ii) show that their diagnostic tests enable better patient management, (iii) demonstrate meaningful outcomes such as decreased pain or disability, and (iv) validate the routine use of spinal x-rays to measure spinal displacement [37].
In 2006, more than two years after the first version of this article was posted, Harrison issued an e-mail announcement that Aetna and some Blue Cross groups had denied claims because "CBP is experimental" and that two managed care programs (ACN Group and American Specialty Health Network) had denied acceptance of practitioners who utilized CBP Technique. Having concluded (incorrectly) that my article was responsible for this, he asked chiropractors to contribute money to pursue a libel suit [38]. In the Fall of 2006, he filed a suit, which he later described as "the first step in a future law suit against certain insurance providers, who have been using Barrett's Quackwatch claims to deny chiropractic claims and deny DCs from being in-network providers." [39] We responded to the suit with a "motion on the pleadings" which pointed out that the statements the suit complained about were my opinions of CBP and did not defame Harrison. The judge agreed, and the dismissal was upheld on appeal [40]. I plan to post a detailed article about the lawsuit.
The Bottom Line
Patients visiting CBP offices typically receive boilerplate examinations to determine whether their spinal curvature is "ideal." They are also advised to have x-ray examinations of their entire spine even if they have no symptoms justifying such tests. Patients may expend considerable time and money for treatment that has not been shown to be more effective than a few manipulations to the areas related to their symptoms. And some will wind up with unnecessary long-term care that includes excessive exposure to radiation.
- Harrison DD, Troyanovich S., Payne MR. Chiropractic Biophysics Technique. Chiropractic Biophysics Online, accessed Aug 6, 2003. [Removed after this article was first published.]
- Chiropractic BioPhysics Online home page, accessed April 4, 2009.
- Harrison DD. Chiropractic: The Physics of Spinal Correction, CBP Technique. Self-published manual, 1994, pp 11:6, 14:26.
- Mirror image adjusting basics. Chiropractic Biophysics Online, accessed Nov 24, 2003. [Removed after this article was first published.]
- Harrison DE, Harrison DD. The Lumbar Spine: Structural Assessment and Rehabilitation, The Chiropractic Biophysics (CBP) Approach. Self-published manual, 1998.
- Harrison DD. Protocol of care. Chiropractic Biophysics Online, accessed Oct 9, 2003.
- Harrison DD. Origins of CBP technique: Part I. Chiropractic Biophysics Online, accessed Oct 9, 2003.
- Harrison DD. Origins of CBP technique: Part II: My Discovery of Mirror Image Adjusting. Chiropractic Biophysics Online, accessed Oct 9, 2003.
- Harrison DD and others. Torque: An appraisal of misuse of terminology in chiropractic literature and technique. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 19:454-462., 1996.
- Harrison DE and others. The sacroiliac joint: A review of anatomy and biomechanics with clinical implications. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 20:607-617, 1997.
- Harrison DE and others. Three-dimensional spinal coupling mechanics: Part II. Implications for chiropractic theories and practice. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 21:177-186, 1998. Erratum in: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 21(4):inside back cover, 1998.
- Troyanovich SJ and others. Motion palpation: it's time to accept the evidence. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 21:568-571, 1998.
- Harrison DD and others. Torque misuse revisited. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 21:649-655, 1998.
- Harrison DE. A normal spinal position: It's time to accept the evidence. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 23:623-644, 2000.
- Questions and answers typically asked by DC's and fellow students. Chiropractic Biophysics Online, accessed Nov 21, 2003. [Removed after this article was first published.]
- Peet JB, Peet PM. Pediatric Chiropractic Practice Management. Burlington VT: The Baby Adjusters, Edition 3, 1993, p 31.
- Peet JB. Chiropractic Pediatric & Prenatal Reference Manual. South Burlington VT: The Baby Adjusters, Edition 2, 1992.
- Mykietiuk C and others. Technique Systems used by post-1980 graduates of the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College practicing in five Canadian provinces: a preliminary survey. Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association 53:32--39, 2009.
- Peterson C, Hsu W. Indications for and use of x-rays. In Haldeman S (editor). Principles and Practice of Chiropractic, 3rd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005, pp 661-681.
- Harrison, DE and others. Increasing the cervical lordosis with chiropractic biophysics seated combined extension-compression and transverse load cervical traction with cervical manipulation: Nonrandomized clinical control trial. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 26:139-151, 2003.
- Harrison DE and others. A new 3-point bending traction method for restoring cervical lordosis and cervical manipulation: a nonrandomized clinical controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 83:447-53, 2002.
- Harrison DD and others. Comparisons of lordotic cervical spine curvatures to a theoretical model of the static sagittal cervical spine. Spine 21:667-675, 1996.
- Gore DL and others. Roentgenographic findings of the cervical spine in asymptomatic people. Spine 6:521-54, 1986.
- Owens EF, Hoiriis K. Cervical curve assessment using digitized radiographic analysis. Chiropractic Research Journal 1(4):47-62, 1990.
- Troyanovich SJ and others. Structural rehabilitation of the spine and posture: rationale for treatment beyond the resolution of symptoms. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 21:37-50, 1998.
- Gore DR. Roentgenographic findings in the cervical spine in asymptomatic persons: A ten-year follow-up. Spine 26:2463-2466, 2001.
- Gore DR. Letter to the editor. Spine 27:1249-1250, 2002.
- Knutson GA. CBP Discussion. Chiroweb discussion forum, May 20, 2003.
- Harrison S. Chiropractic research projects go full time. Chiropractic Biophysics Online, accessed Nov 23, 2003.
- Haas M and others. The routine use of radiographic spinal displacement analysis: A dissent. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 22:254-259, 1999.
- Chiropractic Biophysics (CBP) Technique. In Cooperstein R, Gleberzon BJ. Technique Systems in Chiropractic. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2004, pp 109-121.
- Homola S. Inside Chiropractic: A Patient's Guide. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1999.
- Oakley PA and others. Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association 49:270-296, 2005.
- Oakley PA and others. Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association 49:264-269, 2005.
- Cooperstein R and others. Flawed trials, flawed analysis: why CBP should avoid rating itself. Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association 50:97-102, 2006.
- Bussières AE and others. Ionizing radiation exposure – more good than harm? The preponderance of evidence does not support abandoning current standards and regulations. Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association 50:103-106, 2006.
- Clinical Policy Bulletin: Chiropractic services. Aetna Web site, revised Oct 26, 2007.
- Harrison DD. E-mail to "CBP Practitioners & Chiropractic Friends." Distributed May 2006.
- Help us locate Allen Botnick: Quackwatch lawsuit update. Journal of Clinical Chiropractic, Jan 2007.
- Memorandum. Harrison v. Botnick et al. Superior Court of Pennsylvania, No. 1482 EDA 2008, filed March 5, 2009.
This article was revised on April 5, 2009.


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(This article was first published on Statistics, R, Graphics and Fun » R Language, and kindly contributed to R-bloggers)
As every useR knows, the useR! 2010 conference is being held at NIST in Gaithersburg these days. I have just finished my talk on the R package animation this afternoon. Here are my slides and R code for those who are interested:
Download: Slides (1.6M), and R code (3.6K); Note you may need Acrobat Reader to watch the animations inside the slides.Have fun, even if you are a PhD!
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Caistor St Edmund
Caistor St Edmund | |
St Edmund's church, Caistor St Edmund |
Caistor St Edmund shown within Norfolk
Area | 6.55 km2 (2.53 sq mi) |
Population | 270 |
– density | 41/km2 (110/sq mi) |
OS grid reference | TG235039 |
District | South Norfolk |
Shire county | Norfolk |
Region | East |
Country | England |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
Post town | NORWICH |
Postcode district | NR14 |
Dialling code | 01508 |
Police | Norfolk |
Fire | Norfolk |
Ambulance | East of England |
EU Parliament | East of England |
Coordinates: 52°35′12″N 1°17′59″E / 52.586781°N 1.29982°E
Caistor St Edmund is a village on the River Tas, near Norwich, Norfolk, England. It covers an area of 6.55 square kilometres (2.53 sq mi) and had a population of 270 in 116 households at the 2001 census.[1][2]
The remains of a Roman market town and capital of the Iceni tribe, Venta Icenorum, are nearby (British National Grid ref TG230034). The ruins are in the care of the Norfolk Archaeological Trust and managed by South Norfolk Council. It is assumed that the Roman 'Stone Street' runs from Dunwich on the Suffolk coast to Caistor St Edmund near Norwich. The parish church of St Edmund's lies at the south-east corner of the old Roman town. Caistor St Edmund features on the Antonine Itinerary, a Roman "road map" of the routes around Britain.[3]
Caistor Old Hall was built in 1612 for Thomas Pettus. During the 19th century it was owned by John Spurrell (son of William Spurrell, of Thurgarton, Norfolk). The River Tas passes under Markshall bridge, just north of the Roman camp, and then flows on towards Arminghall and Trowse.
In Fiction[edit]
English comedic character Alan Partridge was married in the church.
- ^ "Caistor St Edmund parish information". 30 March 2009. Retrieved 20 June 2009.
- ^ "Census population and household counts for unparished urban areas and all parishes". Office for National Statistics & Norfolk County Council, 2001.
- ^ Thomas Coddington (1903). "Roman Roads in Britain". Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caistor St. Edmund. |
- Venta Icenorum at Roman-Britain.org
- Defra walk around the site
- Norfolk Archaeological Trust
- South Norfolk Council


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Conservatory Furniture and Portable Tv
Bell Isle £50.00- Posted
- 1191 days ago
Three piece conservatory suite with two seater sofa, one chair, matching table and portable Tv.
Has been very rarely used in very good condition blue colour would look nice in any conservatory.
First to see will buy.
Ad ID: 94941568


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A database is a system intended to organize, store, and retrieve large amounts of data easily. It consists of an organized collection of data for one or more uses, typically in digital form. One way of classifying databases involves the type of their contents, for example: bibliographic, document-text, statistical. Digital databases are managed using database management systems, which store database contents, allowing data creation and maintenance, and search and other access. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Database)
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Title | Article summary | Date |
10 Years of Zetoc |
Jane Ronson looks at how Zetoc has developed and what the future holds for the service. |
January 2011, issue66, feature article |
Book Review: Practical Open Source Software for Libraries |
Muhammad Rafiq takes a look at a work on the open source community and open source software. |
Characterising and Preserving Digital Repositories: File Format Profiles |
Steve Hitchcock and David Tarrant show how file format profiles, the starting point for preservation plans and actions, can also be used to reveal the fingerprints of emerging types of institutional repositories. |
January 2011, issue66, feature article |
Developments in Virtual 3D Imaging of Cultural Artefacts |
Richard Collmann describes how experience using a portable Virtual 3D Object Rig in cultural institutions has led to significant improvements in apparatus design and workflow. |
January 2011, issue66, feature article |
Editorial Introduction to Issue 66: Sanity Check |
Richard Waller introduces Ariadne issue 66. |
International Digital Curation Conference 2010 |
Alex Ball reports on the 6th International Digital Curation Conference, held on 7-8 December 2010 in Chicago. |
January 2011, issue66, event report |
RefShare: A Community of Practice to Enhance Research Collaboration |
Tertia Coetsee describes a community of practice for postgraduate students in phytomedicine using RefShare, to enhance collaborative research. |
January 2011, issue66, feature article |
Turning Off Tap Into Bath |
Ann Chapman describes the lifecycle of a demonstrator database and the development of a preservation policy for its content and software. |
January 2011, issue66, feature article |


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Gilberto Roman Gonzalez
Appeal No.(s) | FIFRA 08-01C |
Docket No. | |
Statute(s) | Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act |
Type | Penalty |
File Date | 06/16/2008 |
Decision Date | 07/01/2008 |
Citation | Unpublished Final Order |
Result | Final Order (346 KB, 10 pages) |
No other significant decisions for this case. |
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The holiday season is full of merriment: lots of entertaining, a busy and prolific kitchen, gatherings with family and friends, nurturing new traditions within our little family, decorating, preparing, celebrating. Full of merriment, but full.
Among all of the excitement and enchantment of the season, I am trying to cultivate calm in my home. At this time of year, kids--and grown-ups--can get so easily over-stimulated and over-scheduled. I am working on finding the right balance between welcoming so much goodness, welcoming so many opportunities to gather together with family and friends, and helping us not get so over-booked that we miss those calm, peaceful moments to reflect on the magic of the season as a family.
Cultivating these calm moments over the coming weeks will take some effort and vigilance on my part. It will take being selective about our holiday happenings, balancing active and quiet times each day, setting limits and altering plans if necessary.
The holidays can become overwhelming for both children and parents. As I embrace the joy of the season, I am watching my little ones, noticing if the rhythm of our days becomes too strained, and cultivating moments of calm amidst the merriment.
Cultivating Calm During the Holidays
Tuesday, November 22, 2011
4 comments:
- VictoriaNovember 23, 2011 at 8:17 AM
So true. I am also feeling a bit overwhelmed by the holidays and need to remember to make room for those calm moments. Thanks....
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PITTSBURGH, Sept. 22, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Mylan Inc. (Nasdaq: MYL) today applauded a new study released by the Generic Pharmaceutical Association (GPhA) as further evidence of the savings and access that high quality, cost effective generic prescription drugs can bring to American consumers.
According to the independent analysis of data conducted by IMS Health, the world's leading provider of market intelligence to the pharmaceutical and health care industries, the use of generic prescription drugs in place of brand name counterparts saved consumers, patients and health care providers more than $931 billion within the past decade (2001-2010). In addition, the report found that in 2010 alone, generic drug use generated nearly $158 billion in savings, an average of $3 billion every week.
Mylan President Heather Bresch said: "Expanded use of generic drugs is one of the most effective ways to reduce health care costs. It's also one of the only universally agreed upon solutions to concerns related to health care expenditures. With one in every 11 prescriptions dispensed in the U.S. being a Mylan product, we are proud to do our part in helping to reduce costs for consumers, payers and the U.S. health care system. While generic drugs now account for more than 75% of prescriptions dispensed in this country, there is still room to increase utilization, expand access and further increase savings.
"The substantial savings generated by generic drugs can be credited in large part to the successful implementation and evolution of the 1984 law, which Congress intended to encourage increased access to generic prescription drugs. We now have an opportunity to achieve far greater savings through increasing access to biogeneric medicines in the U.S.
"Effective biogeneric competition within the biologics market will provide consumers with enhanced access to li
SOURCE Mylan Inc. Copyright©2010 PR Newswire. All rights reserved |


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Other projects made by webloreArt:
See All Projects by webloreArt »Offer some kudos...
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Here are some details about my project: | |
Category | Knitting |
Type | Accessory |
Sizing | Women |
Style | Funky, Geeky, Victorian / Steampunk, Hipster, Romantic, Cute, Mod |
What was your source for this knitting project?
Online Photo or Website
Name of website or photo
What are you most proud of? I was able to use yarn my mother had given me that she had in the 1970s.
This looks elegent, is there a pattern that I can buy for this project ?


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Appetizers Fried Maine Clams 9.99
Seafood Sampler 10.50 Hand-battered Maine shrimp, scallops, clams and haddock
Spicy Chicken Wings 7.25 With blue cheese dressing
Deep Fried Mozzarella Sticks 6.29
Potato Skins 7.50 Topped with bacon bits and cheddar cheese, sour cream on the side
Garlic Bread 2.79 With melted cheese 3.79
Onion Rings or Sweet Potato Fries 3.99
French Fries 3.79
Homemade Chowder & Soup Chowder Cup: 4.50 ~ 16 oz. Bowl: 5.79 New England Clam, Spicy Shrimp Corn or Lobster and Corn
Soup Cup: 4.50 ~ 16 oz. Bowl: 5.79
Bowl of Chowder or Soup With garlic bread or dinner rolls 6.79
Salads Whale Salad Large: 7.50 ~ Small: 5.50 Mixed greens with red peppers, black olives, onion, and feta cheese served with balsamic vinaigrette
Caesar Salad
Large: 7.50 ~ Small: 5.50
Garden Salad Large: 6.99 ~ Small: 5.25 Mixed greens with carrots, cucumbers, celery, tomato and onion
Dressing choices: blue cheese, balsamic vinaigrette, ranch, honey-mustard, thousand island or house-made sweet cream and scallion
Add one of the following to any salad: Blackened or Grilled Chicken 3.50 Blackened Fried or Fried Fish 3.50 Blackened or Grilled Salmon 3.99
Seafood Selections Fish-n-Chips 7.99 Blackened 8.25 Hand-battered, served blackened or plain fried
All selections below are hand-battered and served with your choice of one of the following: french fries, cole slaw or our Whale salad.
Substitute a cup of chowder, add 3.50.
Fresh Haddock Fried 14.99 ~ Blackened 15.25
Fried Maine Shrimp 14.99
Fried Maine Clams 15.79
Fisherman's Plate 17.50 A fried assortment of haddock, scallops, shrimp and clams
Barnyard Surf 7.99 chicken fingers and fish nuggets
Sandwiches All sandwiches come on a grilled bakery fresh roll and are served with your choice of one of the following: french fries, cole slaw, Caesar salad or our Whale salad.
Substitute cup of chowder, add 3.50.
Top your sandwich or burger with mushrooms, onions or tomatoes, add .25 each Cheese, add .50 ~ Bacon, add .75
Lobster Roll 12.75 Fresh Maine lobster meat touched with mayonnaise
Lobster Roll with Cup of Chowder 15.75
Our Famous Fried Haddock Sandwich 8.79 Mild white fish hand battered and fried to perfection
Blackened Haddock Sandwich 8.99 Same as above only hot and spicy!
Fish Club Sandwich 9.50 Bacon, lettuce and tomato top our fried fish sandwich
Grilled or Blackened Salmon Sandwich 8.99 Served with dill mayonnaise
Chicken Sandwich 7.79 An 8 oz. chicken breast, grilled plump and juicy Blackened, BBQ or Teriyaki 7.50
Chicken, Cheddar and Bacon Sandwich 8.99
Not-So-Traditional Buffalo Chicken Sandwich 9.29 8 oz. chicken breast hand battered, fried and covered in a spicy BBQ sauce with a side of blue cheese
Shaved Steak Sandwich 8.79 Shaved steak with cheese, roasted onions and peppers (veggies are pre-mixed and come all or nothing…sorry)
Burgers from the Grill All burgers are served with your choice of one of the following: french fries, cole slaw, Caesar salad or our Whale salad.
Hamburger 8.50 One half pound of lean beef, lettuce, tomato and onion on a grilled bakery fresh roll, char-grilled or blackened
Pub Burger 8.99 Hand-pattied half pound of beef, char-grilled or blackened, with a choice of American, cheddar, Swiss or provolone and lettuce tomato and onion on a grilled bakery roll
Blackened Blue Cheese Burger 9.29
Garden Burger 7.99 Organic vegetarian burger on a bakery roll with onion, tomato, lettuce and our house dressing
The Old Standbys All selections are served with your choice of one of the following: french fries, cole slaw, Caesar salad or our Whale salad.
Bread choices: white, wheat or rye
Top your sandwich with mushrooms, onions or tomatoes, add .25 each ~ Bacon, add .75
Ham and Cheese (grilled or cold) 6.99
Turkey and Cheese (grilled or cold) 6.99
Tuna Salad Sandwich (grilled or cold) 6.99
Grilled Cheese Sandwich 6.50
Bacon, Lettuce and Tomato (BLT) 6.99 Yes, it comes toasted!
Reuben 8.50 Melted Swiss cheese over sauerkraut and corned beef with thousand island dressing on grilled rye bread, served as is…sorry
Specials Fried Haddock Sandwich 9.75 With a cup of chowder
Blackened Blue Cheese Burger 9.29 Served with your choice of cole slaw, fries or our Whale salad
Southwest Burger
1/2 pound burger with with cheddar, bacon and jalapenos, served with chipotle mayonaise
Buffalo Chicken Tenders 6.99
Fried Pickles 6.25 With ranch dressing
Lobster Roll with Chowder 15.75
All selections below are served with your choice of one of the following: french fries, cole slaw, Caesar salad or our Whale salad
Lobster Roll 12.75
Fish Taco Wrap 8.99 fried haddock with cheese and a cilantro, cabbage and lime relish, served with ranch salsa
Chicken Pesto Sandwich 8.99 grilled chicken breast topped with lettuce, tomato, and swiss cheese
Chicken Fingers 6.50
Beverages Pepsi, Diet Pepsi, Mountain Dew, Sierra Mist, Ginger Ale, Dr. Pepper, Orange, Root Beer, Lemonade, Iced Tea 2.25
Old Soaker Root Beer 2.75 From Atlantic Brewing, Bar Harbor, Maine
Old Soaker Blueberry Soda 2.75 From Atlantic Brewing, Bar Harbor, Maine
Red Bull 2.75
Ginger Beer 2.99
Grapefruit, Pineapple, Cranberry, Orange or Tomato Juice 2.50
Bottled Water 1.99
Coffee 1.99 French roast, organic and Fair Trade
Hot Chocolate 1.99
Hot Tea 1.99


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Shang Palace serves authentic Cantonese, Hunan and local dishes using traditional spices and fresh seafood. Enveloped in a relaxing and elegant atmosphere with a view of the Gulf of Beibu, diners can relish expertly prepared food and gracious service that make any occasion special.
Chinese Executive Chef Hans Lin specializes in Cantonese and Chao Zhou cuisines.
Signature dishes from our experienced chef, crafted with meticulous attention to every detail and presented to your table.
(86 779) 206 2288 ext. 52
Level 2
Dim Sum Breakfast 8am - 11am Lunch 11am - 2pm Dinner 5.30pm - 10pm
Smart Casual
Shang Palace accommodates non-smoking guests only.


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Costume Information
General | |
Cost : | £50-60 |
Time Taken : | Two Months |
Description | |
After looking at various screenshots of Rufus in Advent Children I decided to buy various bits of clothings and combine them together to create this costume. |
Awesome! You look so much like him. XD Even the hair lol
Phwoar, true likeness!
Hehe thanks guys ^^
This was at Amecon 2008 :O I totally missed it :(
It looks so awesome though, you look just like him :D
this sure was a fun con ^.^ and this outfit is awesome!!!
Awh I remember seeing this at Ame. You make an Awesome Rufus!
So cool!!
Such a perfect Rufus. I can't believe I didn't see this. You have such a fab likeness.
This looks so good :D
To-Do List
Make shotgun | Low | Planned |


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Home :: Accounting & Finance :: Money & Finance :: Taxes :: Online U.S. Tax Forms |
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Source: PA
Gilks in line for scotland call
Scotland boss Craig Levein has confirmed that Blackpool goalkeeper Matt Gilks is under consideration for the Euro 2012 qualifying games against Lithuania and Liechtenstein next month.
Rochdale-born Gilks, 28, qualifies through his Scottish grandmother and has been on the radar of Levein and Scotland goalkeeping coach Jim Stewart since last season.
Gilks is understood to be desperate to pledge allegiance to Scotland.
"He is one we became aware of a while ago and have kept track of his progress," Levein told www.scottishfa.co.uk.
"Obviously he was a key figure in Blackpool's promotion to the Barclays Premier League and while I will not name my squad until Monday, he is one I think we need to take a closer look at.
"He comes highly recommended, is playing regularly for his club and the next logical step is for our goalkeeping coach to work closely with him."