text:
C. M. Shayo
Zonal Research and Training Centre
Livestock Production Research Institute
Mpwapwa, Tanzania
HADO project-related opportunities and achievements
Re-introduction of livestock to the closed areas
Farmers' views towards this technology package
Bull services
Linkages with other departments and policy makers
Development of feeding strategies and management systems
Economic analysis
Recommendations for future milk market outlets
Potential of small ruminants and poultry in HADO areas
Farm draft power
The need for a sustainable livestock production system
Summary Dodoma is a region situated in the semi-arid zone of central Tanzania. The pressure of cultivation and grazing among other factors, resulted in severe land degradation in some areas such that there was a danger of desertification. In 1973, the Government launched a national soil conservation programme aimed at land reclamation and soil fertility restoration in the worst affected areas of Dodoma region under the Dodoma Soil Conservation Programme, locally known as Hifadhi Ardhi Dodoma (HADO). Among several of measures taken was the removal of all grazing livestock from the severely eroded areas. There have been some achievements in the eroded areas in the context of land reclamation. However, total eviction of grazing livestock is suspected to have resulted in incidences of malnutrition in the closed areas HADO areas) due to the subsequent shortage of milk and meat. A project on Development of Feeding and Management Systems for Stall-fed Improved Cows in the HADO Areas. was proposed to look into possibilities of re-introducting livestock into the closed areas without the attendant land degradation problems. This paper highlights the general problems and achievements related to the HADO programme and progress on the implementation of the project on stall-feeding and management systems of improved dairy cows in the HADO areas,. The technological package of stall-feeding and improved dairy cattle is widely accepted but its expansion is constrained by inadequate numbers of foundation stock. |
Tanzania has one of the largest ruminant livestock populations in Africa. According to the livestock census of 1984, mainland Tanzania had 12.51 million cattle, 3.08 million sheep and 6.44 million goats. Most of these animals are concentrated in the semi-arid areas (MALD, 1988) partly due to the absence of tsetse flies and the additional factor of the minimum competition for land for alternative uses such as crop production. The bulk of the cattle are indigenous zebu with the exception of 0.14 million improved dairy cattle.
Dodoma region is one of two regions in the semi-arid zone of central Tanzania and is characterised by long dry seasons of up to eight months (Jackson, 1977; Shayo, 1992). In 1984, the region had 1.00, 0.17 and 0.54 million cattle, sheep and goats, respectively, representing about 8% of the mainland's total ruminant livestock population (MALD, 1988).
Some areas of Dodoma region have been exposed to severe land degradation to the extent that soils have become extremely shallow and infertile making the possibility of desertification real. There are several factors which accentuated land degradation, including human activities (anthropogenic) and physical (natural) factors, but mainly the presence of grazing livestock.
In response to the situation, the Government of Tanzania initiated soil conservation programmes in the Dodoma region in 1973. These programmes aimed at land reclamation and soil fertility restoration in the worst affected areas under the Dodoma Soil Conservation Programme, locally known as Hifadhi Ardhi Dodoma (HADO). Measures taken to achieve the above mentioned objectives included afforestation, appropriate cultivation methods, control of run-off by contour band construction and planting vegetation in the river beds.
However, the presence of grazing livestock in the target areas affected the establishment of trees, contour bands and vegetative cover in the river beds. Therefore, these animals were translocated from the severely eroded areas of Kondoa District, Mvumi Division and some villages in Mpwapwa District (Berege and Chitemo). In Kondoa District an area covering 1256 km² was closed to a total of 46,370 cattle, 10,666 sheep and 28,840 goats in 1979. In 1985 a total of 30,991 cattle, 8352 sheep and 25,042 goats were removed from an area of 713 km² in Mvumi Division (Östberg, 1985; SUAC, 1987). Since traditionally livestock provide foods (mainly in the form of milk and meat), income, manure and a number of social functions, removal of the animals denied inhabitants access to milk and manure. An absence of milk and meat in the diet may have caused incidences of malnutrition in some sectors of the population, particularly for children, pregnant women and breast-feeding mothers.
Besides nutritional considerations the massive translocation of livestock from the target area created a number of problems for inhabitants which included the following:
farm operations and village transport were affected as oxen and donkeys were removed from the area· crop productivity was reduced due to lack of farm power, manure and the lack of animals for sale to generate funds for the purchase of inputs such as inorganic fertilisers
· poverty level of the villagers increased due to the high mortality rates of animals moved into new areas where East Coast fever and trypanosomiasis were endemic and supervision was difficult
· the traditional functions that made use of animals (e.g. rituals, bride price and circumcision ceremonies) were undermined
· separation of livestock from the farmers created social and psychological problems
· livestock density in the areas where the animals were shifted to increased, thus the soil degradation problems became evident in new areas.
Over a period of time the regeneration of vegetation cover took place and arrested ecological degradation in the affected areas. As vegetation increased and soil erosion was reduced the gullies were covered with vegetation. Additionally through the programme, agricultural activities have been diversified, e.g. introduction of intensively managed new crops such as tomatoes. The labour which was traditionally tied to herding cattle was freed and available for other activities. Similarly, land which was grazed communally was allocated to arable cropping. Probably the most important achievement remained the sensitisation of inhabitants to soil conservation. Furthermore, the planted trees provided wood and reduced the burden of wood collection by women.
In addressing the negative aspects associated with total eviction of livestock in the eroded areas, HADO officials saw the necessity of some form of livestock keeping (to provide protein-rich foods and a source of income) in the area after the land had regenerated. In 1988, the Livestock Production Research Institute (LPRI), Mpwapwa, was asked to look into the possibilities of re-introducing livestock in the closed areas and to initiate a sustainable production system that would not lead to land degradation, avoiding the traditional and indiscriminate grazing system.
As it is generally accepted that attempts to restrict herd size under traditional extensive grazing systems would not have been possible, some form of restricted grazing and/or stall-feeding (zero-grazing) was judged to be the only reasonable alternative.
Hence, a project on "Development of feeding and management systems for stall-fed improved dairy cows on smallholdings in the HADO areas" was proposed, with financial support from the Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries (SAREC). The main aim of this Project was to introduce and monitor growth and milk production of crossbreds and zebu cattle in a zero-grazing system in the proscribed areas. It was also intended to assess the availability of feeds; and to test, develop and recommend appropriate, simple and cheap methods of supplementary feeding to improve the utilisation of low quality roughages (hay and crop residues). The development of feeding packages for the wet and dry seasons was also to be considered.
There were several important benefits associated with the adoption of a zero-grazing system, as compared to extensive grazing (Ogle, 1990) both in the context of soil conservation and fertility and in relation to livestock productivity and efficiency of feed utilisation.
Considerable amounts of energy are expended by grazing animals in their search for food and water; this activity has the disadvantage of reducing efficiency in productivity. In extensive grazing systems the time available for grazing is always limited by herding hours, therefore feed intake is likely to be less than in a stall-feeding system. In a zero-grazing system it is possible to balance the various components of a diet so that feed is utilised with optimum efficiency. Animals kept in the shade throughout the day are protected from direct sunlight and therefore suffer less from heat stress. In addition, while animals are in confinement the exposure to parasites and disease vectors is reduced. Stall-feeding also expedites the collection of farmyard manure and therefore enhances the improvement of soil fertility and organic-matter content and ultimately improves crop production.
In order to ensure the success of the project a set of pre-conditions were developed to be fulfilled by farmers to enable them to qualify to keep livestock in closed areas. The prerequisites were based on previous experiences and on the adherence to the objectives of promoting water and soil conservation. The set package of conditions for re-introduction of cattle in the conservation areas included:
animals should be restricted within a 50-m radius of the household or shed· a permanent water source should be within a reasonable distance
· animal shelter should be constructed
· the participating farmer should establish pasture or fodder plots of not less than approximately 0.6 ha per animal
· the number of cattle household should not exceed three cows and one bull. Suckling calves, should be removed after attaining 18 months
· a farmer should buy basic equipment and drugs for animal disease control, such as acaricides and hand spray
· improved dairy cattle were the only breed types allowed in the HADO areas.
Foundation stock of improved animals
Tanzania mainland had only 143,410 dairy grade cattle in 1984 (MALD, 1988) in the hands of parastatals, smallholders and government farms. It was initially thought that the LPRI, Mpwapwa, could supply the improved animals (Mpwapwa breed) to farmers in the closed areas but this was not possible due to their limited numbers at the station. The Mpwapwa breed has approximately the following percentages of genotype make up: 32% Red Sindhi, 30% Sahiwal, 19% Boran, 11% Tanganyika Shorthorn Zebu (TSZ) and 8% Bos taurus (mostly Ayrshire) (Kiwuwa and Kyomo, 1971). As the breed is composed of predominantly tropical varieties, it was considered to be adaptable to the tropical environment. The targeted milk production level was 2300 kg per lactation, while the carcass weight of the steers was expected to be 230 kg in less than four years.
The small number of improved livestock in the country has made their prices prohibitive. Even in the government's livestock farms/ institutions the cost of one pregnant improved cow in 1989 was TSh 40,000 (about US$ 200), a price too high for most farmers. Bearing in mind this problem, two suggestions were put forward:
That the farmers interested in keeping the improved animals should pay half of the cost of purchasing the animals on condition that the first female calf would be returned to the project and sold to another farmer. The other half of the cost was covered by the project.· Farmers who could not afford to pay half the cost were permitted to use the best milkers from their local herds, but on condition that they would be mated to improved bulls.
The idea of obtaining some of the best milkers from the local herds, was regarded as the most cost effective and fastest means of disseminating technology in the area. Dependence on improved cows/heifers from either LPRI, Mpwapwa, or its sister institutions would be unrealistic. Furthermore, locally raised animals were more likely to be adapted to the environment.
Results from a survey showed that almost all the farmers, particularly those who previously possessed livestock, were interested in the scheme of keeping an improved animal. However, as agro-pastoralism was the dominant agricultural form and uncontrolled grazing was the main characteristic in these areas, most farmers were hesitant to assume the risk of adopting the newly introduced technologies of forage production, construction of a shed and stall-feeding. The new technology was developed and adopted almost exclusively in areas of high population density where farm holdings are too small to accommodate traditional grazing practices.
Kondoa District was chosen by HADO officials as a project site on the basis that it had a history of severe soil erosion. The Project started in 1989 with educational meetings, seminars and farm visits conducted by LPRI's research and technical teams. Initially, 20 farmers accepted the package and purchased the improved dairy cows and a few more opted to retrieve their best milkers from the translocated local herds.
A batch of 20 improved cows/heifers were purchased by the project from the Livestock Research Centre (LRC) at Tanga in the coastal belt of the country. Early in 1990, the heifers were sent to LPRI, Mpwapwa for mating before they were supplied to the farmers. By September 1990, the pregnant heifers/cows started to calve. The animals from LRC had about 75% exotic blood, mainly Ayrshire, Friesian and Jersey types. This high level of exotic blood was a source of concern as it was felt that it was too high for the semi-arid areas. However, animal performance in the closed areas has so far been satisfactory and preliminary analysis of milk production showed that the milk yield from the improved cows ranged from 5 to 20 (mean = 11) kg per animal per day, while milk production from the local cows ranged from 3 to 8 (mean = 5) kg per cow per day. This excludes the milk suckled by the calves.
Another group of 20 improved heifer crosses between Bos taurus and mostly Friesian and TSZ from LRC and West Kilimanjaro (in the northern part of the country) were transferred to LPRI, Mpwapwa, in late 1991 and are currently being mated before they are supplied to farmers. In the past two years the introduced cattle have performed well. The large quantity of milk produced has attracted the attention of a significant number of households in the closed areas, thus more families became interested in keeping improved dairy cows. This development led to a situation where demand out-stripped supply of the improved animals.
To date, there is a total of 55 animals in the zero-grazing scheme in five villages in Kondoa District. This includes 17 improved cows, two bulls, 11 female calves, seven male calves, 11 adult zebu cows, and 7 F1 cross calves.
As the Project also aimed at upgrading zebu cows and back-crossing the crossbred animals, it was necessary to have in place either artificial insemination (AI) or bull services. The AI service was not viewed as a practical proposition. Some alternative ideas were therefore reviewed by the team:
An individual or a group of individuals should buy a bull collectively to service their cows. Fees for servicing the cows of individuals would be decided by the bull owners. The money generated would help the farmer(s) maintain the bull.· The Project would purchase the bulls and supply them to selected farmers in the project area with the proviso that the farmer(s) would keep the bull for a certain period, for example three to four years after which he would be allowed to own it. During this period, the bull would provide services free of charge.
· Establish bull centres which would avail the bulls to the farmers when required. However, it was found that management of these centres could prove difficult.
· Conduct artificial insemination (AI) services. As most villages in the closed areas are situated in remote places where transport is problematic, AI was not considered a viable proposition.
The idea of individuals to share the cost of purchasing the bulls was considered to be the most appropriate approach. Initially, three groups of farmers shared the costs of purchasing three improved bulls from LPRI, Mpwapwa. The bull's breed mix was about 34% Bos taurus blood.
The research team agreed to assist one progressive farmer in the closed area who had a considerable amount of land and local zebu cows and was prepared to upgrade his herd. Furthermore, the farmer agreed to sell the offspring to interested farmers in the area. As an incentive to the farmer, the Project undertook to provide some technical and financial support. This was regarded as an effective means of propagating improved stock and zero-grazing technology in the closed areas.
Introduction of improved pastures
Two plots of improved pastures were established in two villages under the Project. In each location, different species of local and introduced pasture grasses, legumes and browses were planted in replications measuring 20 x 20 m and managed by LPRI staff. The plots were utilised for demonstration purposes to create an awareness to the existence of different types of pastures for animal production and their management. The Project also used the plots as sources of pasture seeds and fodder for farmers. Furthermore, the plots were used for screening forages for adaptability and production.
Advisory services
The Project implementers considered that as part of the process of the transfer of technology it was important for farmers to be exposed to innovations on-station and on-farm. Farmers were given opportunities to invite their fellow farmers from other areas of the district and exchange ideas and experiences. On other occasions, farmers from the closed areas were invited to participate in field days in other parts of the semi-arid zone. These field days have proved to be one of the most successful ways of increasing the confidence of farmers practicing zero-grazing technology in the HADO areas. Visits to the LPRI research station reinforced these ideas. In addition, LPRI staff have attempted to conduct frequent seminars, farm visits and meetings with farmers in the project area.
A staff house for LPRI staff has been constructed in one of the five villages to facilitate delivery of advisory service. In view of the nonexistence of delivery services for inputs, Project funds were used to purchase some of the veterinary drugs and equipment. Costs were recovered through the sale of the same to the farmers.
In order to ensure viability and wide acceptance of a project in a rural setting (with linkages to other ministries and other institutions), the project developed linkages between HADO project staff, policy makers, farmers and heads of departments within and outside the region. A public awareness campaign on the objectives, implementation and achievements of the project peaked around the field days. These relationships have hitherto evolved positively and public awareness on the project is good. On field days, policy makers from the ministries, regional and district heads of departments and members of parliament are invited. In addition, seminars involving the regional heads of departments are arranged by LPRI annually with similar aims.
The Kondoa District livestock extension office and HADO office in Kondoa offer assistance to LPRI staff in the form of transport, manpower, advice and equipment whenever required.
The climate in the study area is semi-arid and therefore water shortage is constraint to the improvement of livestock production. In the more humid areas of Kilimanjaro region in northern Tanzania where zero-grazing has been practiced for a long time, banana pseudo-stems are used as the main source of water to the stall-fed cattle, sheep and goats.
Incidentally, inedible water melons (Citrullus vulgaris) are widely planted by agropastoralists in the semi-arid areas of central Tanzania with one hectare producing 5-10 tonnes of water melon fruits (Kusekwa et al, 1990). The use of water melons as an alternative source of water for cattle has recently been studied (Shayo, 1992). Results showed that the water content in water melon fruits was 95% and the proportion of the dry seeds in the whole fruit was about 2%. Shayo (1992) did not find any significant differences in the daily water intake (P> 0.05) between the two groups of young bulls provided with either drinking water or water melons (Table 1). There was also no significant difference (P> 0.05) in daily hay intake between the two treatments. The animals in both treatments did not show any signs of disease throughout the one-month experimental period.
Table 1. Daily water and water melon intake, and their effect on mature hay intake by growing bulls.¹
Treatment |
Free water (kg) | Water melons (fresh) (kg) | Intake (kg/animal/day) |
Hay |
Acacia pods |
Total |
Water |
Water |
Water² |
Water | 14.64 |
- |
0.23 |
3.41 |
0.15 |
1.35 |
15.02 |
4.76 |
Water melons | - |
18.36 |
0.21 |
3.18 |
0.15 |
1.35 |
17.80 |
5.13 |
±2.79 |
+0.21 |
+2.79 |
0.20 |
1. None of the treatment differences were statistically significant (P< 0.05).
2. Includes water from the hay and from water melons and acacia pods.
3. DM from water melon seeds was not included.
Feed energy and crude protein availability have been identified as the most crucial nutrients in livestock production in the tropics especially in the dry seasons (Wilson and Minson, 1980; Adu and Adamu, 1982; Van Soest, 1982). The nutritive value of the natural pastures and cereal residues during the dry season is below optimum for supporting growth and milk production, therefore supplementation of energy and protein is necessary. However, villages in the Project areas are in remote places and transportation of commercial supplements is difficult and costly, furthermore, the villagers do not have sufficient income to purchase supplements. This raises the need for supplementation using locally available feed resources. While locally produced cereal byproducts and pulses are potential feeds for ruminants, they are fed to non-ruminants and are therefore not available to ruminants.
Legumes forage and browse are probably the best alternative supplement for ruminant livestock fed on low quality roughages in these circumstances. Apart from being a source of quality feed, leguminous trees and shrubs have many more qualities that give them a multipurpose value in farming systems; for example they are a good source of firewood and for fixing soil nitrogen. A survey in the study area revealed the existence of common natural trees and shrubs in the closed areas, which may be used as a source of feed and they include: Albizia harveyi; Albizia patensiana; Delonix elata; Acacia tortilis and other Acacia species, Dichrostachyus glomerata and Brachystegia species.
Acacia pods and water melon seed meal
Acacia tortilis trees are widely distributed in the target areas. Their importance in livestock production is in the value of the leaves and pods as feed for ruminant livestock (Gwynne, 1969; Coppock et al, 1987; Tanner et al, 1990). The project made investigations (Shayo, 1992) on acacia pods and water melon seed in reference to chemical composition, yield, digestibility, ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) production in the rumen and effects on milk yield and composition of Mpwapwa cows. Water melon seeds are a byproduct obtained after feeding the melon fruits to animals as a source of water. Estimates on the yield of Acacia tortilis pod revealed a range from 28 to 206 kg (mean = 93.4 ±44.2 SD) per tree per season where as water melon seed production ranged from 30 to 180 kg per ha depending on spacing and rainfall patterns. Chemical composition of different components of Acacia tortilis and Acacia albida pods and water melons as compared to sunflower seed cake and Cenchrus ciliaris hay is provided in Tables 2 and 3 and their in vitro digestibility and in sacco degradability are shown in Tables 4 and 5, respectively. The data indicates that based on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility, acacia pods and seeds and water melon seeds have a reasonable nutritive value. The phenolics contents in Acacia tortilis seeds and pods did not seem to influence degradability and overall in vitro digestibility.
Table 4. In vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) of different components of acacia pods, water melons, Cenchrus ciliaris hay and sunflower seed cake.
Feed |
Acacia tortilis seeds | 86.4 |
Acacia albida seeds | 94.3 |
Water-melon seeds | 52.0 |
Sunflower seed cake | 56.1 |
Cenchrus ciliaris | 61.0 |
Acacia tortilis empty pods | 59.7 |
Acacia albida empty pods | 68.2 |
Table 5. In sacco degradability of different components of Acacia pods, water melon seeds, sunflower seed cake and Cenchrus ciliaris hay after different incubation times.
Feed |
In sacco degradability, % of DM |
Incubation time (hours) |
6 |
12 |
18 |
24 |
48 |
72 |
Acacia tortilis seeds | 25.1 |
38.0 |
50.2 |
58.5 |
75.4 |
80.9 |
Acacia albida seeds | 48.2 |
75.9 |
85.5 |
93.7 |
Water melon seeds | 39.2 |
41.5 |
44.1 |
44.9 |
44.5 |
45.3 |
Cenchrus ciliaris hay | 22.9 |
34.6 |
38.8 |
45.4 |
54.5 |
61.1 |
Sunflower seed cake | 37.6 |
44.7 |
44.6 |
47.2 |
47.6 |
47.9 |
A tortilis empty pods | 42.2 |
50.8 |
57.5 |
60.4 |
64.2 |
65.1 |
A. albida empty pods | 50.1 |
59.4 |
66.7 |
69.9 |
70.5 |
69.9 |
Daily NH3-N production in the rumen on supplementation with or without 1.5 kg each of Acacia tortilis ground pods or water melon seed meal is shown in Figure 1. The fistitulated steer was fed on Cenchrus ciliaris hay and was supplemented with test feeds at 0900 hours and 1700 hours for 18 days and data collection was done during the last three days commencing on day 15. The data indicated that the proteins in the test supplements were in the form of undegradable proteins which could be strategically used in that form.
Results on milk yield and composition of Mpwapwa cows fed on Cenchrus ciliaris based diet and 1 kg maize bran (control) supplemented with or without 1.5 kg each of Acacia tortilis ground pods, water melon seed meal or 1 kg of sunflower seed cake are shown in Table 6. Supplementation improved milk yields and supplementation with water melon seeds or Acacia tortilis pods yielded similar amounts of milk as with 1 kg of sunflower seed cake.
Table 6. Effect of supplementing Mpwapwa cows on a Cenchrus ciliaris based diet with Acacia tortilis pods, water me/on seed meal and sunflower seed cake on daily milk yield (kg) and composition. ¹
Treatment |
Milk yield (kg/day) |
Milk composition (%) |
Crude protein |
Total solids |
Ash |
Butter fat |
Control (hay + maize bran) | 4.59a |
2.98ab |
13.38b |
0.72a |
4.53a |
Control + water melon seeds | 5.34b |
2.80a |
12.86a |
0.75b |
4.20a |
Control + acacia pods | 5.24b |
3.00b |
13.29b |
0.71a |
4.34a |
Control + sunflower seed cake | 5.45b |
2.90ab |
13.27ab |
0.71a |
4.41a |
0.044 |
0.106 |
0.006 |
0.083 |
1 The means in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0.05).
Based on the report by Tanner et al (1990) who observed considerable amounts (46%) of intact (undigested) Acacia tortilis seeds in the faeces of sheep supplemented with unground pods, the project routinely ground the whole acacias pods.
Nutritive value of browse
Considerable information is available on the potential contribution of the introduced leguminous species such as Leucaena leucocephala (NAS, 1977; Jones, 1979) and Gliricidia septum (Smith and Houtert, 1987) as supplementary feeds. However, some of these species do not exhibit their full agronomic characteristic potential when established in specific areas owing to climatic conditions and edaphic factors. For instance, Sesbania speciosa has been noted to be less resistant to termite attack than Sesbania sesban, whereas Leucaena leucocephala has shown poor growth in the study areas of Kondoa highlands.
Studies on the potential role of local trees and shrubs in livestock production during the wet and dry season in central Tanzania have been carried out at the Livestock Production Research Institute, Mpwapwa (Olsson and Welin-Berger, 1989; Backlund and Bellskog, 1990). Based on nutritional merits, nine species of trees and shrubs (Table 7) were selected as being the most outstanding and were recommended for further studies including ease of establishment followed by feeding experiments. Selection of these species was based on nutrient composition, digestibility, palatability, relative abundance and leafiness during the dry season. Preliminary results in Table 7 show that the species are promising as browse plants. Agronomic studies are underway to assess their performance under management
Table 7. Chemical composition of the most promising browse species in central Tanzania (% of DM).
Species |
Ash |
lVOMD¹ |
Delonix elata | 7.0 |
25.0 |
32 |
13 |
5 |
21.0 |
79 |
Grewia similis | 10.0 |
17.0 |
37 |
19 |
7 |
14.0 |
77 |
Albizia harveyi | - |
23.0 |
- |
- |
- |
13.0 |
- |
Cadaba farinosa | 20.7 |
17.0 |
18 |
11 |
4 |
18.0 |
76 |
Combretum quenzii | 9.9 |
19.0 |
37 |
21 |
9 |
11.0 |
74 |
Jasminum species | 6.6 |
30.3 |
45 |
- |
- |
10.6 |
- |
Crotalaria species | 8.4 |
25.5 |
30 |
- |
- |
6.7 |
- |
Helinus species | 9.3 |
27.8 |
25 |
- |
- |
25.7 |
- |
Commiphora trothae | 6.8 |
19.0 |
36 |
19 |
11 |
24.0 |
76 |
1. IVOMD = In vitro organic-matter digestibility
Agricultural residues, local and introduced pasture species
One of the measures taken by the HADO programme to reduce the problem of soil erosion was to introduce some fibrous rooted grasses such as elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and makarikari grass (Panicum coloratum) in the river beds and along the contour bands, respectively. These are also important sources of feed to ruminant livestock in the HADO areas. Grasses such as Digitaria decumbens and the leguminous Neonotonia wightii are important natural pasture species in the locality. Other natural pasture species in the HADO areas include Cenchrus ciliaris; Bothriochloa insculpta; Panicum maximum; Chloris gayana; Heteropogon contortus; Aristida adescensionis; Brachiaria brizantha; Cynodon dactylon; Cynodon plectostachyus; and Eragrostis species.
The main crops grown in the closed areas are maize, sorghum, finger millet, bulrush millet, sweet potatoes, cassava, groundnuts, bambara nuts, pigeon peas and lablab. In the wetter areas sugar cane is planted. In almost all eases, intercropping of up to five crops is common. Quantitatively, the cereal crop residues and pulses are the most important and studies are underway to quantify production in villages.
Sweet potato vines, pigeon pea leaves and lablab are particularly important protein supplements during the dry season as they remain green almost throughout this season. Table 8 provides some data on the chemical composition of some of the agricultural residues and other locally available feed resources in Kondoa District.
Table 8. Chemical composition of some feeds in the HADO areas.
Feed |
DM composition (%) |
Ash |
Groundnut haulms | - |
- |
13.8 |
35.8 |
8.2 |
Sweet potato vines | - |
- |
8.1 |
87.3 |
10.7 |
Makarikari hay | - |
- |
6.6 |
74.2 |
8.2 |
Digitaria grass (fresh) | - |
- |
10.9 |
72.1 |
12.2 |
Digitaria grass (hay) | - |
- |
8.2 |
75.2 |
9.1 |
Maize stover | 91.9 |
7.9 |
2.4 |
73.3 |
- |
A diagnostic survey and analysis conducted by the researchers identified a number of problems existing in the farming system, including:
low income and poor productive based farming system· nutritional problems due to inadequate diet especially for children due to unavailability of milk and meat
· inefficient resource allocation and under-utilisation of resources like crop residues.
In order to improve the system and minimise some of the above problems, a socio-economic study was initiated with the specific objective of examining the effect of introducing zero-grazing technology in relation to income distribution, labour utilisation and the mobilisation of farmers towards this technology.
The hypotheses were:
Income of the cooperating farmers has increased in comparison with those farmers with no livestock;· Introduced zero-grazing technology is neutral to income distribution;
· Introduced zero-grazing technology is increasing or stimulating general awareness towards development opportunities; and
· Zero-grazing is changing the division of labour in households.
The results of this study, which will lead to a Master of Science degree, have not yet been published. However, preliminary results from interviews with the wives of the households with improved cattle under a zero-grazing system show that the work load has increased for women and children.
It is considered that zero-grazing technology has provided milk to families keeping the re-introduced animals and their neighbours. It is expected that malnutrition-related problems would have been reduced to a certain extent. A specific study is currently being conducted in the target areas in order to establish the impact of the zero-grazing technology on aspects of human nutrition.
Currently, there have not been any problems with the marketing of milk in the rural areas. As more farmers are becoming involved in keeping the improved dairy cows in the closed areas it is likely that in future milk will flood the market. The poor transportation system will limit disposal of this product to external markets. Studies on appropriate technologies of processing the milk to produce products of a longer shelf-life should be initiated.
While there is a great possibility of eliminating shortages of milk, the problem of the provision of meat is still unresolved. It is generally not expedient to slaughter dairy animals for meat and only unwanted bulls and cull cows should be slaughtered. A system of keeping the small ruminants (sheep and goats) tethered in the conservation areas as an alternative meat supply of could be considered.
Poultry could also be a useful source of meat and income in smallholdings. Chickens are particularly attractive as specialised housing need not be provided. If they were confined, their manure could be collected and used as a supplement for dairy cow rations and as a valuable source of non-protein nitrogen.
Under special concession the HADO authorities authorised the re-introduction of oxen and donkeys for ploughing during the period of land preparations and harvesting. However, creates a problem of introducing diseases such as East Coast Fever to the stall-fed improved cattle.
Stall-feeding draft animals is relatively uneconomical as they also eat the available feeds intended for the stall-fed dairy animals. The possibility of using the improved female cows for draft purposes in the conservation areas should be investigated. Well-fed healthy cows, particularly the large bodied types, should be quite capable of meeting the draft power requirements of smallholdings, especially if mulch and manure have been applied (Ogle, 1990).
The high number of grazing livestock in the HADO area was regarded as one of the causal agents for soil degradation. These animals were translocated to neighbouring villages where the extent of overgrazing and land degradation was not severe. However, land degradation caused by overgrazing is expected to take place in these areas in the near future. To circumvent this possibility it is recommended that a national strategy be drawn to analyse the issue of integrating livestock with crops and keeping livestock numbers only at the optimum carrying capacity of the land. This will ensure the sustainability of the whole farming system. The lack of a defined land tenure system in these areas is considered to be crucial and deserves a great deal of attention, One of the problems facing women in the conservation areas is the time spent and energy expended in search of fuelwood. As collection of manure is relatively easy in the zero-grazing system, biogas production from manure could reduce the burden of fuelwood collection.
Adu I F and Adamu A M. 1982. The nutritive value and utilization of three grass hays by sheep. Tropical Grasslands 16:29-33.
Backlund M and Bellskog J. 1990. The role of trees and shrubs in livestock production in Central Tanzania: A survey of their nutritive value during the dry season. Working Paper 175. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development Centre, Uppsala, Sweden.
Blaxter K L and Wilson R S. 1963. The assessment of crop husbandry techniques in terms of animal production. Animal Production 5:27-42.
Coppock D, Swift D M, Elis J E and Waweru S K 1987. Seasonal nutritional characteristics of livestock forage in southern Turkana. East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal 52: 162-175.
Gwynne M D. 1969. The nutritive values of Acacia pods in relation to Acacia seed distribution by ungulates. East African Wildlife Journal 7:176-178.
Jackson I J. 1977. Climate, water and agriculture in the tropics. Longman, London and New York.
Jones R J. 1979. The value of Leucaena leucocephala as feed for ruminants in the tropics. Wild Animal Review. 31: 13-23.
Kiwuwa G H and Kyomo M L. 1971. Milk composition and yield characteristics of Mpwapwa cattle. East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal 36:290-295.
Kusekwa M L, Msafiri D N. Kitalyi A J. Msechu J K K and Ulotu H A. 1990. Water melon (Citrullus vulgaris), an important non-conventional livestock feed in the semi-arid central Tanzania. Proceedings of 17th Tanzania Society of Animal Production, Arusha, Tanzania 25-27t September 1990.
MALD (Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development). 1988. The 1984 national livestock count. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Milford R and Minson D J. 1966. Intake of tropical pasture species. Proceedings of 9th International Grassland Congress. Sao Paulo, Brazil, pp 815-822.
Minson D J and Milford R. 1967. The voluntary intake and digestibility of diets containing different proportions of legume and mature Pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens). Australian Journal of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 7 :546-551.
NAS (National Academy of Sciences). 1977. Leucaena promising forage and tree crop for the tropics. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.
Ogle B. 1990. Suggestions for intensive livestock-based smallholder systems in the semi-arid areas of Tanzania. Livestock Research for Rural Development 2:(1)51-59. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
Olsson A and Welin-Berger S. 1989. The potential of local shrubs as feed for livestock and mineral content of some soil licks in Central Tanzania. Working Paper 125. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development Centre, Uppsala, Sweden.
Östberg W. 1985. The Kondoa transformation. Coming to grips with soil erosion in Central Tanzania. Research Report 76. Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala, Sweden.
Shayo C M. 1992. Evaluation of water melons as a source of water, and water melon seeds and Acacia pods as a protein supplement for dairy cows in central Tanzania. MSc thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
Smith O B and Van Hotert M F J. 1987. The feeding value of Gliricidia septum. A review. World Animal Review 62:57-68.
SUAC (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences). 1987. Livestock integration in soil conservation programmes. 2. Report from a mission to Dodoma region, Tanzania. SUAC, Uppsala, Sweden.
Tanner J C, Reed J D and Owen E. 1990. The nutritive value of fruits (pods with seeds) from four Acacia spp. compared with extracted noug (Guizotia abyssinica) meal as supplements to maize stover for Ethiopian highland sheep. Animal Production 51:127-133.
Wilson J R and Minson D J. 1980. Prospects for improving digestibility and intake of tropical grasslands. Tropical Grasslands 14:253-259.
Van Soest P J. 1982. The nutritional ecology of the ruminant. Durham and Downey Ltd, Portland.


text: -----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- __________________________________________________________ The U.S. Department of Energy Computer Incident Advisory Capability ___ __ __ _ ___ / | /_\ / \___ __|__ / \ \___ __________________________________________________________ INFORMATION BULLETIN Cisco CRM Temporary File Vulnerability August 19, 1998 15:00 GMT Number I-086 ______________________________________________________________________________ PROBLEM: A vulnerability has been identified in the Cisco Resource Manager (CRM). The temporary files and log files created on the management station contain potentially sensitive information. PLATFORM: Cisco Management Workstations running CRM versions 1.0 and 1.1. This affects both Solaris and Windows NT systems. DAMAGE: The information exposed includes the usernames, passwords, and SNMP community strings used by CRM to gain access to the devices being managed. SOLUTION: Apply patches or workarounds. ______________________________________________________________________________ VULNERABILITY Cisco has no reports of malicious exploitation of the ASSESSMENT: vulnerabilities listed in this advisory. ______________________________________________________________________________ [ Start Cisco Systems, Inc. Advisory ] Field Notice: CRM Temporary File Vulnerability ================================ For release 09:00 AM US/Pacific, Thursday, August 13, 1998 Contents ======== * Summary * Who is Affected * Impact * Details o Remote Access Logs (CSCdk13298) + Workarounds for CSCdk13298 o Database Update Logs (CSCdk13579) + Workaround for CSCdk13579 o Import Temporary Files (CSCdk14992, CSCdk14993) + Workaround for CSCdk14992/CSCdk14993 o Planned Software Fixes o Exploitation and Public Announcements * Status of This Notice o Distribution o Revision History * Cisco Security Procedures Summary ======= Versions 1.0 and 1.1 of the Cisco Resource Manager (CRM) create log files and temporary files on the management station which contain potentially sensitive information. These files are not protected using operating system mechanisms, and are therefore readable by all users of the system on which CRM is installed. The information exposed includes the usernames, passwords, and SNMP community strings used by CRM to gain access to the devices being managed. Users who have access to the computer on which CRM is installed may gain access to information which gives them unauthorized access to the managed routers and switches. This affects both Solaris and Windows NT systems. There are workarounds for this problem, and a patch is available for CRM 1.1. There is no patch for CRM 1.0. Other than to install the patch, the most effective solution for most installations is simply to deny untrusted users any access to the computer on which CRM is installed or to its file systems. Who is Affected =============== All customers who run Cisco Resource Manager 1.1 or 1.0, and who allow untrusted users access to the computer on which CRM is run or to its file systems, are affected by these vulnerabilities. Impact ====== Users who have direct access to the machine on which CRM is installed, or who have network access to the files specified in the "Details" section of this document, may gain unauthorized access to the managed devices. The unauthorized access gained may include administrative access and the ability to modify device configurations. Details ======= Several different unprotected files may contain sensitive information. Applicable Cisco bug IDs include CSCdk13298, CSCdk14992, CSCdk14993, and CSCdk13579. Remote Access Logs (CSCdk13298) - ------------------------------- Cisco Resource Manager is capable of logging a great deal of detailed information for debugging purposes. Debugging is ordinarily under control of the administrator. However, a software error in CRM 1.0 and 1.1 causes debugging to be enabled at all times. The debugging information collected may include usernames and passwords used to log into managed devices, SNMP community strings, and enable passwords. The files containing this information are readable by any user of the computer on which CRM is run. The log files containing the offending data are: * /var/adm/CSCOpx/files/schedule/job-id/swim_swd.log (Solaris) C:\Program Files\CSCOpx\files\schedule\job-id\swim_swd.log (Windows NT) These files are created by software distribution jobs scheduled with "Distribute Images". Each job has its own subdirectory (designated by "job-id" above) and its own log file. * /tmp/swim_debug.log (Solaris) C:\Program Files\CSCOpx\temp\swim_debug.log (Windows NT) This file is used for logging debugging information from Software Image Manager functions, such as "Import image from File System/Device", Job administration and History administration. Workarounds for CSCdk13298 - ------ The simplest and most effective workaround for this vulnerability is to prevent untrusted users from having access to the computer on which CRM is being run or to the file systems on which the log files are stored. The file systems in question should not be shared over a network of any kind. If the computer on which CRM is being run must be shared, then the files in question must be protected from access by untrusted users. This may be done by issuing the following Solaris commands while running as "root" or "bin": chmod 700 /var/adm/CSCOpx/files/schedule chmod 700 /tmp/swim_debug.log Note: Each time your system is rebooted, you will need to change the permissions on /tmp/swim_debug.log. There is no analogous workaround for Windows NT systems. Database Update Logs (CSCdk13579) - --------------------------------- The "Local/Remote Import", "Import from File", "Add Devices", and "Change Device Attributes" functions all record debugging information in files readable to any user of the computer on which CRM is run. This information may include usernames, login passwords, SNMP community strings, and/or enable passwords. The offending information is recorded in a log file named "dbi_debug.log", which is located in /tmp on Solaris systems and in C:\Program Files\CSCOpx\temp on Windows NT systems. Workaround for CSCdk13579 - ------ The simplest and most effective workaround for this vulnerability is to prevent untrusted users from having access to the computer on which CRM is being run or to the file systems on which the log files are stored. The file systems in question should not be shared over a network of any kind. If the computer on which CRM is run must be shared, the file "/tmp/dbi_debug.log" or "C:\Program Files\CSCOpx\temp\dbi_debug.log" should be deleted after any change to device attributes. Note that a window of vulnerability will exist between the time at which the database update is performed and the time at which the file is deleted. It may be desirable to deny access to untrusted users during this window, even though they may be given access to the system at other times. Import Temporary Files (CSCdk14992, CSCdk14993) - ----------------------------------------------- The "Local/Remote Import" functions, which are used to load data into the CRM database from databases maintained by other network management tools, create temporary files containing usernames, login passwords, community strings, and enable passwords. The files are readable to any user of the computer on which CRM is run. The files exist only for a short time during the information gathering phase of an import operation, and are automatically deleted upon successful completion of the operation. However, should the information gathering phase of the operation fail because of some system error, the files would not be deleted. The offending files have names beginning with "DPR_", and are stored in "/tmp" on Solaris systems and in "C:\Program Files\CSCOpx\temp" on Windows NT systems. Workaround for CSCdk14992/CSCdk14993 - ------ The only effective workaround for CSCdk14992 and CSCdk14993 is to deny untrusted users access to the system on which CRM is run during any import operation. Cisco believes that such operations are sufficiently uncommon to make this a viable option. Planned Software Fixes - ---------------------- Cisco has modified the CRM software to eliminate all of the vulnerabilities described in this notice. The first regular release containing the modifications will be CRM version 2.0, which is tentatively scheduled for release in early October, 1998. This schedule is subject to change. Customers who do not wish to wait for CRM version 2.0 may install the CRM SWIM package version 1.1.1. The CRM SWIM package version 1.1.1 is a patched version, identical to the SWIM package in CRM version 1.1, but containing a fix for bug ID CSCdk13298, which Cisco believes to be the vulnerability most disruptive to day-to-day system operation. The other vulnerabilities listed in this notice are not addressed by the CRM SWIM package 1.1.1. Customers with service contracts may obtain updates through their usual channels; those who are registered users of CCO (Cisco's Worldwide Web site) may download the CRM SWIM package version 1.1.1 update from CCO site at http://www.cisco.com/pcgi-bin/tablebuild.pl/crm-packages. Customers without service contracts should contact the Cisco TAC for assistance. The CRM SWIM package 1.1.1 patch (but not the CRM 2.0 upgrade) will be made available free of charge to all CRM customers, regardless of service contract status. Please reference the URL of this notice as evidence of your entitlement to the patch. There will be no patched version of CRM 1.0. CRM 1.0 customers are eligible for free upgrades to CRM 1.1 and the CRM SWIM package version 1.1.1. Customers who wish to continue to use CRM 1.0 are strongly encouraged to prevent all access by untrusted users to the computers on which they run CRM or to those computers' file systems. Exploitation and Public Announcements ===================================== Cisco has had no reports of malicious exploitation of the vulnerabilities listed in this notice. Cisco knows of no public announcements of these vulnerabilities before the date of this notice. Status of This Notice ===================== This is a final field notice. Although Cisco cannot guarantee the accuracy of all statements in this notice, all the facts have been checked to the best of our ability. Cisco does not anticipate issuing updated versions of this notice unless there is some material change in the facts. Should there be a significant change in the facts, Cisco may update this notice. Distribution - ------------ This notice will be posted on Cisco's Worldwide Web site at http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/770/crmtmp-pub.shtml. In addition to Worldwide Web posting, the initial version of this notice is being sent to the following e-mail recipients: * email@example.com * Various internal Cisco mailing lists Future updates to this notice, if any, will be placed on Cisco's Worldwide Web server, but may or may not be actively announced on mailing lists or newsgroups. Users concerned about this problem are encouraged to check the URL given above for any updates. Revision History Revision 1.1, Initial released version 11:50 AM US/Pacific, 11-AUG-1998 Cisco Security Procedures ========================= Please report security issues with Cisco products, and/or sensitive security intrusion emergencies involving Cisco products, to firstname.lastname@example.com. Reports may be encrypted using PGP; public RSA and DSS keys for "firstname.lastname@example.com" are on the public PGP keyservers. The alias "firstname.lastname@example.com" is used only for reports incoming to Cisco. Mail sent to the list goes only to a very small group of users within Cisco. Neither outside users nor unauthorized Cisco employees may subscribe to "email@example.com". Please do not use "firstname.lastname@example.com" for configuration questions, for security intrusions that you do not consider to be sensitive emergencies, or for general, non-security-related support requests. We do not have the capacity to handle such requests through this channel, and will refer them to the TAC, delaying response to your questions. We advise contacting the TAC directly with these requests. TAC contact information is as follows: * Voice telephone: +1 800 553 2447 (toll-free from within North America) * Voice telephone: +1 408 526 7209 (toll call from anywhere in the world) * Electronic mail: firstname.lastname@example.com All formal public security notices generated by Cisco are sent to the public mailing list "firstname.lastname@example.com". For information on subscribing to this mailing list, send a message containing the single line "info cust-security-announce" to "firstname.lastname@example.com". An analogous list, "firstname.lastname@example.com" is available for public discussion of the notices and of other Cisco security issues. ====================================================================== This notice is copyright 1998 by Cisco Systems, Inc. This notice may be redistributed freely after the release date given at the top of the notice, provided that redistributed copies are complete and unmodified, including all date and version information. [ End Cisco Systems, Inc. Advisory ] ______________________________________________________________________________ CIAC wishes to acknowledge the contributions of Cisco Systems, Inc. for the information contained in this bulletin. ______________________________________________________________________________ CIAC, the Computer Incident Advisory Capability, is the computer security incident response team for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the emergency backup response team for the National Institutes of Health (NIH). CIAC is located at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California. CIAC is also a founding member of FIRST, the Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams, a global organization established to foster cooperation and coordination among computer security teams worldwide. CIAC services are available to DOE, DOE contractors, and the NIH. CIAC can be contacted at: Voice: +1 925-422-8193 FAX: +1 925-423-8002 STU-III: +1 925-423-2604 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com For emergencies and off-hour assistance, DOE, DOE contractor sites, and the NIH may contact CIAC 24-hours a day. During off hours (5PM - 8AM PST), call the CIAC voice number 925-422-8193 and leave a message, or call 800-759-7243 (800-SKY-PAGE) to send a Sky Page. CIAC has two Sky Page PIN numbers, the primary PIN number, 8550070, is for the CIAC duty person, and the secondary PIN number, 8550074 is for the CIAC Project Leader. Previous CIAC notices, anti-virus software, and other information are available from the CIAC Computer Security Archive. World Wide Web: http://www.ciac.org/ (or http://ciac.llnl.gov -- they're the same machine) Anonymous FTP: ftp.ciac.org (or ciac.llnl.gov -- they're the same machine) Modem access: +1 (925) 423-4753 (28.8K baud) +1 (925) 423-3331 (28.8K baud) CIAC has several self-subscribing mailing lists for electronic publications: 1. CIAC-BULLETIN for Advisories, highest priority - time critical information and Bulletins, important computer security information; 2. SPI-ANNOUNCE for official news about Security Profile Inspector (SPI) software updates, new features, distribution and availability; 3. SPI-NOTES, for discussion of problems and solutions regarding the use of SPI products. Our mailing lists are managed by a public domain software package called Majordomo, which ignores E-mail header subject lines. To subscribe (add yourself) to one of our mailing lists, send the following request as the E-mail message body, substituting ciac-bulletin, spi-announce OR spi-notes for list-name: E-mail to firstname.lastname@example.com or email@example.com: subscribe list-name e.g., subscribe ciac-bulletin You will receive an acknowledgment email immediately with a confirmation that you will need to mail back to the addresses above, as per the instructions in the email. This is a partial protection to make sure you are really the one who asked to be signed up for the list in question. If you include the word 'help' in the body of an email to the above address, it will also send back an information file on how to subscribe/unsubscribe, get past issues of CIAC bulletins via email, etc. PLEASE NOTE: Many users outside of the DOE, ESnet, and NIH computing communities receive CIAC bulletins. If you are not part of these communities, please contact your agency's response team to report incidents. Your agency's team will coordinate with CIAC. The Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST) is a world-wide organization. A list of FIRST member organizations and their constituencies can be obtained via WWW at http://www.first.org/. This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor the University of California nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the United States Government or the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or the University of California, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. LAST 10 CIAC BULLETINS ISSUED (Previous bulletins available from CIAC) I-076: SGI IRIX ioconfig(1M) and disk_bandwidth(1M) Vulnerability I-077: Mime Name Vulnerability in Outlook and Messenger I-078: HP-UX ftp Security Vulnerability I-079: IBM AIX "sdrd" daemon Vulnerability I-080: Microsoft Exchange Denial of Service Attacks I-081: HP-UX & MPEix Predictive Vulnerability I-082: HP-UX Netscape Servers Vulnerability I-083: Eudora Pro E-Mail Attachment Vulnerability I-084: Cisco IOS Remote Router Crash I-085: Microsoft IE Upgrade Trojan Horse Program -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: 4.0 Business Edition iQCVAwUBNdsZ3rnzJzdsy3QZAQH5QQP9FnUMWyWKLkUk4FRSRWaNtr/KeCjpaoJt U6bazXmNfn/WNghowq1uLE/9B0ys2K8qVB4KSKszk38j/noyWyo5KhajgRtina0Y kxNujMXIYPm1PQA4D8KCHRNgNR50gPZajP6jK4vIYR0euFAsNQ8uk2AaraxFYCms gmGqIQdgFfY= =EKpw -----END PGP SIGNATURE-----

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Fracking for Geothermal Heat Instead of Gas
AltaRock has figured out how to use fracking to get more heat out of a geothermal well, but work remains before the energy source can dent carbon emissions.
The use of hydraulic fracturing has unlocked vast new reserves of natural gas. Now Alta Rock, a startup based in Seattle, is developing technology that might do the same for geothermal resources, turning a marginal power source into a major source of carbon-free electricity and heat in the United States.
Earlier this year near the Newberry Volcano in Oregon, Alta Rock demonstrated a key part of that technology, a process akin to fracking. Just as fracking involves pumping high-pressure liquid into underground shale formations to unlock natural gas and oil that's been trapped there, the new technology could unlock heat trapped deep underground. Unlike solar and wind power, that heat would be available around the clock and in all sorts of weather.
Geothermal power plants now provide a tiny fraction of the world's energy needs—in the U.S., one of the world's biggest producers of geothermal energy, the total geothermal capacity is about 1 percent of the country's coal power capacity.
The main problem is that conventional geothermal plants rely on a rare combination of geological features. Hot rock has to be accompanied by large amounts of hot water or steam that can easily be pumped to the surface, where it would drive steam turbines to generate electricity. The rock formation needs to be porous enough that the water can be continuously recirculated and reheated to keep a power plant running. (Geothermal pumps are sometimes used to heat and cool homes, but these are inadequate for generating electricity because they work at much lower temperatures.)
Although such formations are rare, the amount of heat underground is actually huge (see "Abundant Power from Universal Geothermal Energy"). There's enough heat trapped under the United States within drilling distance (as deep as 10 kilometers) to supply its energy needs for thousands of years. AltaRock is one of several companies trying to figure out how to access more of that heat (see "Cracking Rock to Get More from Geothermal Fields" and "Using CO2 to Extract Geothermal Energy").
The basic idea is to modify the rock to allow water to flow through it (researchers call the resulting reservoirs enhanced geothermal systems, or EGS). This involves pumping cold water into rock in just the right way to trigger existing fractures in the rock to expand and allow water to flow through. It's been tried many times in the past—with efforts stretching back for decades. But it's been hard to get enough hot water flowing to justify the expense of drilling a well and building a power plant.
AltaRock's solution borrows a play from the natural gas industry. One of the key advances that allowed companies to produce economic amounts of natural gas from shale rock is the ability to fracture rock at several points along a single well, which reduces the number of wells that need to be drilled. They do this by temporarily plugging up part of a well so that they can apply hydraulic pressure to one section, and then move on to another part.
It's long been known that doing the same thing could increase hot water production from a geothermal well. But it's not possible to use the same techniques used in fracking to plug the well. Geothermal wells are typically hotter, and they need to be engineered for higher amounts of water flow.
AltaRock has essentially invented a new plug. At a well near the Newberry Volcano, it has demonstrated that it's possible to temporarily plug a geothermal well with a special polymer. The material degrades after it's been down in the hot rock for a certain amount of time, allowing the company to move on to another part of the well. The company fractured three separate areas of one well using the technique. In a future commercial project, it might do seven or more per well, which "could dramatically lower the cost," says Susan Petty, the president and chief technology officer at AltaRock. She says the technology could be key to making EGS competitive with coal.
But while the AltaRock technology is a key advance, it's still early days for geothermal power. "AltaRock's technology is important, but it's only one part of the puzzle," says Jefferson Tester, professor of Sustainable Energy Systems at Cornell University. He says there are several remaining engineering challenges, and solving them will require sustained funding, not just for the project AltaRock is working on, but for several others as well. He says what's needed is a critical mass of demonstrations to prove to businesses that geothermal power plants are a sound investment. He estimates that it will take decades for geothermal to account for even 10 percent of the total power in the United States.
Petty says that the Newberry site could be producing power by as early as 2016, but much work remains. The next step for AltaRock is to drill another well nearby that will intersect with the porous rock it created with its fracturing technique. Engineers will pump water down the first well, which will circulate through the rock and heat up. Then it will be pumped out of the second well and used to produce steam at a power plant.
In past EGS projects, several problems have arisen at this stage. Sometimes the water flows too quickly from one well to the other, and so it doesn't get hot enough. At other times water disappears down unknown crevices in the rock, never to be seen again. To address these issues, AltaRock is developing new technologies for monitoring where water is flowing.
AltaRock is also working with GE on an improved process for using hot water to generate electricity. It involves improving heat transfer from the hot water to a working fluid that drives a turbine. The approach could increase power output from a geothermal site still more.


text:
Saturday in town was a special occasion
Leopard Street was alive. It had to be a Saturday. The scene was so familiar to me it was like looking at something from my own childhood, something coming from the past, like the light of old dying stars.
The photo was from 1935, years before my time, but it took me back, oh, 50 years or more, to the 1950s, and to a different place. I grew up in cotton country - in Alabama, then Missouri - and mine was a cotton family. Some of my earliest memories are of cotton fields, pickers strung out with their long white sacks, and cotton wagons with their weigh scales.
Back then, going to town on Saturday was a ritual, something you looked forward to all week. When you worked in the fields, from early morning until dusk, you can't imagine the pleasure of that one day in town. The entire family went. At least my family and the other families we knew did. The men would dress for Saturday, in white shirts and khaki pants, women in cotton dresses, and the kids in their good schoolclothes.
In town, we separated. Kids went to the movies to watch Saturday matinees and after the movies go to the drugstore to read Superman. The men would gather in some dusty lot and sit on their heels - as only working men do when at leisure - and talk about crops and the weather and cotton prices. Wives would gather and talk about babies and marriages and family affairs. (Yes, it sounds sexist today, but that's the way it was.)
At the end of the day, with the sun setting, we'd gather at the car for a quiet ride home. We had another week stretching before us, like looking at a long row of cotton at first light of a morning. Something you had to do, but you'd rather not.
Anyway, that's what the photo brought back to me, even though it was 20 years earlier than my time. The similarity is that this was a scene from a cotton town, and cotton towns were alike in many ways. Corpus Christi, before it was an oil town or a Navy town or a tourist destination, was a cotton town. And all the country around here was cotton country.
At the time of that photo, in 1935, Nueces County was the top cotton-producing county in the nation. Migrant pickers came here from all over, especially from the Valley. Wages were high, before the introduction of mechanical pickers.
Bales of compressed cotton represented the major cargo leaving the new port of Corpus Christi, which was not quite a decade old.
On Leopard Street, after a week of back-breaking labor in the cotton fields, Saturdays must have been a holiday at the end of the week. Leopard Street was the center of action then, before there were malls and super stores on the edge of town.
When downtown (and uptown) recaptures a little of that excitement, it will thrive again. Looking at that photo also triggered the thought that Corpus Christi doesn't celebrate that part of its past. A town that loses its own sense of history - which sets it apart and makes it special - loses its pride and unique character.
Gen. William Tecumseh "War Is Hell" Sherman came to Corpus Christi in 1883. Corpus Christi's legendary newsman, Eli Merriman, once wrote about the event; that's where I got the information.
Sherman was asked to come here to promote the new railroad from Corpus Christi to Laredo, the Tex-Mex. The Civil War general was in Texas visiting military posts.
Merriman, editor of the new newspaper in town, the Caller, was notified of the general's visit, and it fell to him to get up a welcoming committee to meet the train from Laredo. Merriman didn't think it would be a problem. The town's mayor was John Baptist Murphy, a radical Republican. But Murphy, though a diehard Unionist, wouldn't attend a welcoming ceremony for Sherman. "I will not go down there," Murphy said. "His march through Georgia to the sea was a disgrace to the North."
Merriman turned to Perry Doddridge, the banker. Although Doddridge was an Alabama native and former Confederate, he agreed to meet the general and drive him around the city.
When the train arrived, Merriman and Doddridge, two ex-Confederates not exactly thrilled with the assignment, were at the depot to greet the famous Union general.
Before they could get him into a carriage, though, a black man named Will Leonard, the town's barber, jumped atop a baggage handcar. He was dressed up for the occasion, wearing a fancy plum-colored top hat, and, in a deep voice, he gave three rousing cheers for Gen. Sherman, whose victories not only helped win the war but to end slavery.
What we now call an unscripted moment was more heartfelt than any official welcome that Gen. Sherman could have received.
Murphy Givens is Viewpoints Editor of the Caller-Times. Phone: 886-4315; e-mail: HYPERLINK mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com email@example.com. His radio commentary airs on KEDT (90.7 FM) and KVRT-Victoria (90.3 FM) at 7:35 a.m. and 5:30 p.m. on Fridays.
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text:
City 68': Season 1, Episode 7Who Pays? (19 Jan. 1968)
(awaiting 5 votes)
Reviews: write review After a scout troupe is tragically mowed down by a truck, responsibility passes around the driver,the poorly sited roadworks and the scout master for allowing his charges on the main road. Director:Michael AptedWriter:Martin Worth |
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text:
Find a Mother's Day gift she'll love. See details.
Exclusive finds with a new theme each month.
Shop: Pop-In
Our director of creative projects shares what she's into.
Read More
Stay updated with a steady stream of new info.
Cool tones define a play-ready sneaker crafted with a cushioned insole so little feet stay comfortable all day long.
Watch the video: Kids' Shoes Fit Fundamentals


text:
Two million passwords hacked: Tips on how to protect your accounts
Video by kgun9.com
TUCSON (KGUN9-TV) - Two million people's passwords are at risk after someone hacked into some social media giants. Experts say in this case, most of the users all had the same passwords.
The most common passwords?
1-2-3-4-5-6, "password," "admin, " I love you," or a straight row of keys on your keyboard like "qwerty".
Tech experts say to keep your accounts secure, pick a password that has a combination of upper and lower case letters, numbers and special characters.
And change it every few weeks.
Now the good news, those sites that were hacked are contacting users to alert them.
I'm Stella Inger. I hope you'll join Guy Atchley and me tonight at 5 ... 6.. and 10. You can always join the conversation at kgun9.com, Facebook and Twitter.
Have a great day!
- Latest


text:
DEF LEPPARD tour manager and longtime friend Malvin Mortimer has penned the following tribute to singer Joe Elliott's father, who passed away this past week:
"Joe Elliott's father (Joe Senior to all that knew him well) suffered a significant heart attack in April this year. Whilst in ICU, he suffered two more attacks. He was very low for a week or so. "I was not surprised to hear from Joe a few days later that his dad was making a remarkable recovery. Not surprised because I knew him to be made of old-style bricks and mortar, upright, forthright and as tough as nails. He was a gadget maker; he showed Joe how he devised home made radios, model aeroplanes and air rifles amongst other projects, in his spare time. "At the hospital Joe discussed the upcoming tour with his recovering father. Joe Senior insisted that his son go ahead and do the thing that had always made him proud. Joe packed his case and departed to start the 2011 tour. "When Joe recently heard that his dad's condition had deteriorated severely, he had to think seriously about his next move. We had already arrived at the next show when the news arrived. Joe decided to go home to support his father and mother but he insisted on doing the show that night in honor of his father: a tribute to the person who, had he not supported and financed his son and his friends, then DEF LEPPARD, as we know them, might never have been and we might never have had the pleasure of listening to the music that spans more than 30 years from a group that has survived amidst great challenges and against all odds. "That night Joe appeared to be tearful coming off the stage for a change of shirt, at the end of 'Love Bites', I checked to see that he was OK He explained that it was his dad's favorite tune. The next day, I took Joe to the airport and he flew to his father's bedside. "A few days ago, his condition worsening, Joe Senior finally succumbed to his increasing illness and passed away quietly in hospital. Joe and his mother were together at the hospital. "At the age of 18 Joe had an opportunity to join a band. The band met regularly in Joe's bedroom in the family home in Sheffield, U.K. with the full support of his parents. "That band came to be known as DEF LEPPARD. "In 1978 Joe asked his dad for some help to finance the recording and release of the first few songs written by the young and up and coming musicians. Joe Senior put up 150 U.K. pounds (at that time, about $500). They recorded at Fairview studios in Hull, East Yorkshire, it cost 148.50 and with the loose change they shared fish and chips on the way home. (Joe's mother Cindy played guitar and taught Joe his first few chords. Joe Sr. actually recorded, on a primitive cassette device, Joe's first ever song. Joe was eight years old. The song was entitled 'Goin' Forever'). "Joe Senior will be missed by Cindy, Joe and all of us that knew him."DEF LEPPARD's Tour Manager Pays Tribute To JOE ELLIOTT's Father
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Released: Jun 01st, 2001
Running Time: 74
Director: Henri Pachard
Company: Alan Sands Productions
John Strong, Kelly Sparks, Mark Wood, Zarina, Steve Taylor, Bridgette Kerkove, Lizzy Liques, Eve Palindrone, Daejha Milan, Alec Metro, Aurora Snow
Critical Rating: AAA
Genre: All-Sex
Bridgette's status as AVN's Best New Starlet last year is touted on the box cover, which should help rentals.
Bridgette has made the cheerleading squad, whose motto is "Anyone, Anytime." Bridgette is so excited, she calls her boyfriend, who just happens to be shtupping the head cheerleader. When Bridgette heads home and sees them together, she throws caution to the wind and throws herself, body and soul, into cheering up the team. When her boyfriend arrives on the scene, she shows him that anything he can do, she can do better. Giving it the old college try, she proceeds to take on two brawny ballplayers at once. Her d.p. is the one high point of the tape, which also includes much frolicking in the locker room with the rest of the squad. The rest of the sex is okay, if not very scorching.


text:
Right now all Americans are joining together to cheer for out Team USA in the Summer Olympics. I LOVE the summer Olympics. There are always contestants that capture my heart. I love the participants who share their story of dreaming and hard work that got them where they are today! I am sad that this […]
Win Gift Cards Today With Swagbucks!
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I have been talking about ThredUp alot lately. It is a great online swap site. I joined it and LOVE it! I just got an email about a new thredUp for books program. You can get a $5 credit. Here are the details:


text:
Wild Mushroom Risotto
\"Once a week, I go to the farmers' market in Santa Monica and purchase fresh produce, including a variety of wild mushrooms,\" say Vilma Rozansky of Los...
rice, wild mushroom, butter, olive oil, vegetable broth, parmesan cheese, sherry, +shallot
www.epicurious.com - Similiar recipes
Mushroom risotto
olive oil, wild mushroom, rice, vegetable broth, butter, parmesan cheese, +onions, +garlic, +white wine
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wild mushroom, vegetable broth, olive oil, butter, rice, parmesan cheese, +garlic, +salt, +yellow onions, +marsala wine, +white wine, +parsley
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Wild mushroom risotto with truffle oil
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Mushroom Risotto
"Delicious mushroom risotto made with vegetable broth, cream, and a variety of fresh vegetables. Serve as a side dish or filling main course."
butter, olive oil, parmesan cheese, rice, vegetable broth, +celery, +garlic, +heavy cream, +whole milk, +onions, +salt
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Subject: Federal (U.S.) Government , Judicial Process , Supreme Court
Description: This online journal from April 2005 presents "a collection of essays ... that explain how the Court functions ... [with] contributions by a number of the nation's premier legal scholars." Topics include a "historical perspective on the nomination, confirmation, and appointment of justices" and summaries of landmark decisions. Also includes a bibliography and links to related sites. From the U.S. Department of State. Note: opens directly into a PDF file.
Publisher: U.S. Department of State
Language: English
Source: http://www.america.gov/media/pdf/ejs/0405.pdf


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My favourite way to use up leftover roast chicken.
1. |
Preheat the oven to 190C.
2. |
Roughly chop the leftover roast chicken meat (including skin, if desired). You can make it as fine or chunky as you like.
3. |
Heat a frypan over medium heat, and saute the leeks and garlic in a bit of butter and olive oil until cooked down and tender, but not browned.
4. |
Add the flour, and stir for 1 minute until it coats the leeks.
5. |
Add in all the stock, and stir until well combined with the leek and the sauce starts to thicken a little.
6. |
Add in the chopped chicken and the thyme, and simmer until the gravy has thickened. The mixture should just hang on to a spoon before falling off.
7. |
Fit the shortcrust pastry sheets to your desired pie dish, making sure there are no holes. You may need to join several bits of pastry together.
8. |
Blind bake the pie crust by placing a sheet of baking paper over the raw pastry and filling it with pastry weights or uncooked rice. Bake for 15-20 minutes or until golden and cooked through.
9. |
Remove the baking paper and weights and add the filling. Place the puff pastry over the top and cut a cross in the centre to allow steam to escape. Ensure the edges are sealed to the pie base. Brush with milk or lightly beaten egg.
10. |
Bake for 30 minutes at 190C or until puff pastry is golden and cooked through.
Depending on how flavoursome your roast chicken meat is, you may want to add garlic and more fresh herbs to the mix. You could also add peas, corn kernals or any other vegies to the filling.
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text:
Corolle Bottle And Bib Set
Dolls need to eat too! The Corolle Bottle and Bib Set features a magic feeding bottle, a sweet flowered bib and a pacifier so that kids can take care of their dolls properly! As the bottle is tipped, the liquid inside disappears as if the doll were drinking it, and the bib is there for any imaginary "spills!" This must=have Corolle accessory set helps make imagination a little more real!
From Corolle Dolls |
Item # R7289 CE
- Price:
- $10.95
- Customer Reviews:
- Currently 0/5 Stars.
- Recommended Age:
- 3 years and up
- Usually Ships:
- within 24 hours
- Baby doll accessory set that includes magic feeding bottle, bib and pacifier


text:
Home › Shop by brand › Clinique › Acne Solutions
Clinique CollectionsAcne Solutions
Meet the Acne Solutions team. Clinically proven on active blemishes.
read more
Founded in 1968 with the philosophy that Great Skin Can Be Created, Clinique pioneered the dermatologist-created cosmetics brand. Clinique believes that every skin—your skin—can be great skin. That's why everything is custom-fit to your Skin Type and concerns. And why every beautifully crafted Clinique skin care and makeup product is Allergy Tested and 100% Fragrance Free.
read more


text:
"To refuse awards is another way of accepting them with more noise than is normal.
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Welcome! You are browsing as a guest
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© Mary Keenan
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Luxury Lid
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available for free.
I designed this in three colours because I couldn't decide between them, which does make for a rather expensive hat. But this fiber combo is so warm and soft it was totally worth it!
For more information, see:


text:
Kids, Caves and Palm Wine
Trip Start
Sep 30, 2005
Trip End
Sep 01, 2006
How are you? How's life? How's everything?
After Shihanoukville Danny and I headed East to the sleepy little town of Kampot. According to the ticket guy you can normally fit 8 people in a normal 5 seater car which we are still contemplating the logistics of. We decided however to pay the extra for the back seat to ourselves with bags. A bit of a cop out I know but it sure beats the bus! On the way there two people were in the from seat next to the driver and did they look squashed. The drive was comfy and beautiful but as usual a white knuckle ride due to the speed. Once there the driver takes us to his friends guesthouse, which we were kind of expecting so we stayed there one night and moved to a much nicer place for the same price the next day.
Near kampot is Bokor Nationl Park, very beautiful with an eery deserted hill top station (another place ruined by the Khmer Rouge) at the top. The road to get there is un-doubtably the worst road I have ever been on (I know we say this every time). Driving along it felt like being in a washing machine without the softener and to make it worse I had the broken seat! By the time we got to the top every muscle hurt and there wasn't even a view as the place was covered in fog! There was according to our guide along with the un-seen amazing view loads of Gibbons as well. He made us (there were 7 of us in the mini bus) all put our hands behind our ears to listen to them. Although it really did work I'm sure he was only saying it to laugh at how stupid we all looked. Back into the minibus again and after sneakily swapping seats with Danny for the next bit we drive (or tumble)for an hour more. We then hike to the old casino. This is equally eery especially when our guide says lots of people jumped off the top after too much blackjack debt, really didn't like the basement. We had a quick dip in the 'rapids' which were not quite but so refreshing followed by an 'Apocalypse Now' style boat trip down the Mekong - stunning.
To see the rest of Kampot and Kep (tiny town near by)we went with two guides on bikes. I say guides but the guide shope was a tiny shack with a list of what you could do drawn on the wall. After signing up we were not even sure if they were going to turn up. As it turned out the guides were great and even came to say goodbye to us the next day (and keep kissing Danny on the cheak). On the tour we saw two caves where people kept pointing out elephants and crocodiles made out of stone (at a stretch) and also a pepper, mango and durian plantation. In the farm we kept being given the different coloured seeds to try but there is only so much raw pepper you can eat! The second cave was right next to a school so we stopped for a drink and watched the kids playing. The girls were doing amazing gymnastics with a piece of string and the boys were gambling for 100r on the 'kick-the-flip-flop' game. Not sure what this says for the next generation?! It was really great to watch and they were really facinated by us, not as much as by the ipod and digital camera though.
The guides also took us to try some of the local Palm wine where huge jugs of this warm cloudy almost milky (very tasty once you get used to it) wine is sold from people's homes. While drinking the wine the guides kept singing and trying to get us to sing back (not happening) and putting business proposals to us for setting up a bar or restaurant!
We also agreed to visit the Kampot school at the end of the day to help with the English class there for half an hour. The thought of standing up in front of loads of kids terrified me but after the first 5 mins it was fantastic. Danny and I arrived, met the teacher and the 15 or so kids aged around 10. After we are introduced to the class the teacher hands us a booklet and says you teach the class! Danny and I look at each other bemused thinking why did we agree to this! The kids were great though and after a while we were writing on the board and getting them to stand up and answer the questions! (One thing I hated at school!). We went through countries and asking questions with Danny trying to corrupt young minds telling them how England was the best! Then went onto animals. They were struggling with cat so I drew a picture which worked except Danny kept writing hard animals so I would have to draw them! After an hour the class finishes and I breath a sigh of relief, the teacher then says he has another class if we want to come. Great! This class was much older and after 5 minutes another teacher asks for one of us to help with another class. Danny goes and I'm all alone! This time the teacher gets them to come to the front of the class to ask me questions to practice, again lots of fun after a few minutes. Danny and I both got asked if we were married and for our telephone numbers and he got asked to sing again! He also got asked his religion and had to explain Atheist to the class!
Four months into travelling and there are definitely a few changes;
Our feet are exceptionally brown with dust and only show their true colour for 10 minutes a day after a shower.
We stopped using toilet roll as squrty thing is much better.
A five hour bus trip is a short journey.
We are able to laugh at the first rip-off price offered and walk away.
We never shake hands or exchange money with the left hand even when we can.
We can get stuff out of the bottom of the backpack without moving anything else.
Pack in 5 minutes.
Our English is getting worst and worst.
Now we can convert money between five countries (Kate almost)
And finally we are both content to be sweaty, smelly and filthy all the time!


text:
Search result for David Strick category / 8 results / Reset Filter
David Strick's 'Hollywood Backlot' premiers in the Los Angeles Times Sunday Magazine
April 5th, 2010 at 12:57 pm by Redux | David Strick
David Strick photographed hedge fund manager Michael Tennenbaum for the February 2010 issue of Bloomberg Markets.
David Strick's photographs from the set of New Moon were featured in Tentation.
David Strick in People Magazine's "New Moon" Special Edition
November 4th, 2009 at 02:50 pm by Redux | David Strick
David Strick delivered an intimate, behind the scenes look at the upcoming blockbuster, "New Moon," for the November 2009 Special Edition of People Magazine.
David Strick's ongoing feature of behind-the-scenes images from Hollywood are featured in a frequently updated web portfolio on the Los Angeles Times site.
View the entire portfolio here.
David Strick in Entertainment Weekly
March 18th, 2009 at 04:49 pm by Redux | , , , David Strick
David Strick photographed a behind-the-scenes look at the television show ER.
Redux Photogs Garner 5 NPPA BOP Awards
March 23rd, 2006 at 11:56 am by Redux | David Strick, David Butow, Christopher LaMarca, Roger Lemoyne, Q. Sakamaki, Awards
NPPA has started announcing its Best of Photography contest winners. We're happy to congratulate David Butow (1st place, Environmental Disaster Picture Story), Roger Lemoyne (3rd place, Natural Disaster Single), Chris LaMarca (2nd place, Environmental Picture Story), Q. Sakamaki (Honorable Mention, Domestic News) and David Strick (Honorable Mention, The Art of Entertainment) for their winning entries.
"In Search of the Real Google" by David Strick and Eros Hoagland in Time Magazine
February 15th, 2006 at 03:32 pm by Redux | Eros Hoagland, David Strick
David Strick photographs the Google triumvirate of Larry Page, Sergey Brin and Eric Schmidt and Eros Hoagland goes behind the scenes at the Googleplex campus to illustrate Time Magazine's cover story on the Silicon Valley giant.
View the Complete Story in the Redux Archive
- Category
- Archives
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text:
Summer Book Club – Beautiful Creatures (Summer Reading Program) | |
Event Type: Teen Library Programs Date: 7/3/2013 Start Time: 1:00 PM End Time: 3:00 PM Description: July 3rd and July 17th. For the first meeting read to page 245, and we will finish the book for the second meeting. Join us on Monday, July 29th at 6:30 to watch the movie! Popcorn!
Library: Penrose Library - 20 North CascadeLocation: Penrose Adult Room Contact: Sandy Hancock |


text:
George Washington on attending church, 1762
View this item in the Collection.
In 1762, Virginia planter and future president George Washington, just thirty years old, had reason for optimism. He had inherited Mount Vernon a decade earlier, and it had prospered under his management; plus he had married Martha Dandridge Custis, widely regarded as the wealthiest marriageable woman in Virginia, some three years earlier.
This August 1762 letter from Washington to his brother-in-law Burwell Bassett (who had married Martha's youngest sister, Betty Dandridge) reveals the young Washington as a lively and convivial correspondent—remarkable for a man who would come to be known as extremely remote and unbendingly formal, evincing little lightheartedness even with close associates. In his letter, Washington facetiously chastises Bassett for writing when he "ought to have been at Church, praying as becomes every good Christian Man who has as much to answer for as you have." Washington also alludes to his own church attendance—which we know to have been infrequent: "could you but behold with what religious zeal I hye me to Church on every Lord's day, it wo[ul]d do your heart good, and fill it I hope with e[qual] fervency."
Burwell Bassett, the recipient of this letter, was one of Washington's closest friends—one of very few. Perhaps the intimate friendship between Bassett and Washington helps explain the future president's light, jocular tone in this letter. Washington and Bassett's other extant correspondence conveys a sense of easy familiarity rarely encountered in Washington's letters, but the bantering levity of this August 1762 letter is completely unparalleled. Though Washington would be remembered for his gravity and his accomplishments, this letters offers us a glimpse of another side of the man who would become president.
A full transcript is available.
I was favoured with your Epistle wrote on a certain 25th. of July when you ought to have been at Church, praying as becomes every good Christian Man who has as much to answer for as you have – strange it is that you will be so blind to truth that the enlightening sounds of the Gospel cannot reach your Ear, nor no Examples awaken you to a sense of Goodness – could you but behold with what religious zeal I hye me to church on every Lords day, it [text loss] do your heart good, and fill it I hope with [text loss] fervency.
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text:
Top 10 cloud computing providers of 2011
Which cloud computing provider leads the pack? This top 10 list takes all the big names and ranks their impact on the cloud world.
Top 10 cloud computing providers of 2011 Continue Reading This ArticleEnjoy this article as well as all of our content, including E-Guides, news, tips and more.
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Spring is here (in San Francisco, at least), and that means it's time to blow the cobwebs off our list of the top 10 cloud computing service providers. Much has happened since last year's top 10, and we're proud to introduce the best of the best for 2011. Our rankings are based on customer traction, solid technical innovation and management track record. For a video version of the list, watch Jo Maitland and Carl Brooks run down the top 10 on their new weekly TV show at CloudCoverTV.com.
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text:
That's it.
On Tuesday in Genoa City, Chelsea is frantic about the missing Dylan and Connor, but suddenly realizes why he took him. Watch the sneak peek below.
Read about this episode before it airs through Y&R Recap: Not In His Right Mind. Vote on which hopeless soap opera relationship deserves a chance.
Follow Soaps.com on Twitter@soapoperafan and 'like' Soaps.com on Facebook to dish with us about "The Young and the Restless," all the other soap operas, "Dallas," "Glee," "Grey's Anatomy," "Pretty Little Liars," "Revenge," "Vampire Diaries," and "Venice The Series."
Header photo: CBS
- Candace Young