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NHL Finals: New Jersey Devils at Los Angeles Kings
The Kings keep rolling and now have a 3-0 lead after blanking the Devils in Game 3. The Kings jumped to a 3-0 lead for their fourth straight playoff series, something no other team has ever done, and did so on stellar penalty kill play. Jonathan Quick stopped a total of six power plays, but the big one came in the first period. The Devils had a two man advantage and couldn't get a goal. This set the Staples Center on fire, and set the tone for the rest of the game. The Kings are one game away, will they take it at home, or will they have to travel back to New Jersey?
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GRA4 Social Network for phpBB phpBB Social Network MOD
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Fashion Week Exclusive: W is going g.L.A.M.B.
- Sara Clemence
Singer/designer Gwen Stefani, known for her love of red lipstick and teen style from Japan's trendy Harajuku neighborhood, will produce the uniforms for W Hotels bar staff in connection with L.A.M.B., one of her two fashion collections. W and L.A.M.B. are expected to announce the deal in a few days. The uniforms--short dresses made of washable black jersey--will debut in December or early next year.
The Stefani/W Hotel partnership grew out of the luxury hotelier's sponsorship of a Fashion Week lounge where celebs can escape from the hoi polloi and the flashbulbs.
"Gwen Stefani was in our lounge last season, and through that relationship she's doing uniforms for the [Rande] Gerber bars located in W Hotels," said Jenni Benzaquen, director of public relations for W Hotels, who declined to discuss terms of the deal.
This partnership is another way W gets a return on its sponsorship of Fashion Week and the backstage lounge, now in its tenth season. So far this week, J. Lo and Gossip Girls Blake Lively and Leighton Meester have stopped in, lending their wattage to the W brand.
W already outfits its employees in style, with Michael Kors' designed mix and match separates. And Gerber has his own elite fashion connections as husband of supermodel Cindy Crawford.
By Catherine Curan
Image: Andreea Angelescu/Corbis
More on Fashion Week from Portfolio.com:
Vera Wang Pre-Shop
S'Not Apple
Mac and Say Cheese at Doucette Duvall
Patrick Rises on a Green Tide
Fashion Week Exclusive: Bergdorf's May Get "Posh"
Slow Payments Pinching Small Designers
All Fur Naught
The Offstage Pass
Banking on Buys
Where's Fashion Going? GPS Knows.
Does Colette Bridge the Gap?
How to Freak People Out at Fashion Week
Bleak Chic
Cutting Corners
The Runway Race for Retail
Making Model Moms
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Klaus A. Miczek, Margaret Haney, Jennifer Tidey, Jeffrey Vivian, and Elise Weerts
Violence and aggression like all other behaviors are ultimately a function of brain activity. The evolution of brain mechanisms that mediate aggressive and violent behaviors may be traced from humans to other animal species, and most of the neurochemical and neuropharmacologic evidence stems from studies with non-human species. The relevant neurochemical systems start with genetic instructions, undergo critical maturation periods, and—as evidence during the past two decades demonstrates—environmental, social, nutritional, and experiential factors modulate these systems continuously.
Insight into the neurochemical mechanisms of violence in humans has been obtained only indirectly by correlating biochemical markers in peripheral fluids or in the spinal cord with past behavioral events. In the meantime, an explosion of neuroscience research continuously informs on highly discrete neuroanatomical processes, pools of synthetic and metabolic enzymes, exquisitely regulated neural receptor populations, and transducer systems. None of these newly developed research methods have been applied to the issues of violence as of yet.
Klaus Miczek, Margaret Haney, Jennifer Tidey, Jeffrey Vivian, and Elise Weerts are at the Department of Psychology, Tufts University.
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Understanding and Preventing Violence: Volume 2, Biobehavioral Influences
Neurochemistry and Pharmacotherapeutic Management of Aggression and Violence
Klaus A. Miczek, Margaret Haney, Jennifer Tidey, Jeffrey Vivian, and Elise Weerts
Violence and aggression like all other behaviors are ultimately a function of brain activity. The evolution of brain mechanisms that mediate aggressive and violent behaviors may be traced from humans to other animal species, and most of the neurochemical and neuropharmacologic evidence stems from studies with non-human species. The relevant neurochemical systems start with genetic instructions, undergo critical maturation periods, and—as evidence during the past two decades demonstrates—environmental, social, nutritional, and experiential factors modulate these systems continuously.
Insight into the neurochemical mechanisms of violence in humans has been obtained only indirectly by correlating biochemical markers in peripheral fluids or in the spinal cord with past behavioral events. In the meantime, an explosion of neuroscience research continuously informs on highly discrete neuroanatomical processes, pools of synthetic and metabolic enzymes, exquisitely regulated neural receptor populations, and transducer systems. None of these newly developed research methods have been applied to the issues of violence as of yet.
Klaus Miczek, Margaret Haney, Jennifer Tidey, Jeffrey Vivian, and Elise Weerts are at the Department of Psychology, Tufts University.
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Up to the 1960s, the canonical transmitter substances such as norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), and acetylcholine (ACh) were the major focus of neuroscience research. Accelerating since the 1970s has been the research on receptor subtypes for endogenous neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and for psychoactive drugs. The discovery of peptides and steroids in the brain, as well as their neural receptors, prompts the consideration of possible new mechanisms that may be relevant to aggressive and violent behavior. In the early zeal, neuroscience research attempted to discover the ''chemical code" of specific behavioral functions; noradrenergic feeding and cholinergic drinking were initial examples of normal homeostatic functions, the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia was advanced, and serotonin was sometimes referred to as a "civilizing neurohumor" keeping sex and aggression under control. However, by now, nearly every neurotransmitter has been implicated in the neural mechanisms for these complex physiologic and behavioral phenomena, and this applies also to aggressive and violent behavior. It is highly unlikely that the problem of violence can be reduced to a dysfunction in a single enzyme, receptor, or molecular component of a nerve cell. The present framework for studies on neurochemical mechanisms of violence distinguishes a neurochemical profile of individuals with an aggressive "trait" from those events that mediate the initiation, execution, and termination of aggressive and violent acts on a moment-to-moment "state" basis. The latter are significant in the development of rational therapeutic interventions. In general, clinical studies focus on biochemical markers of aggression, or violence as a trait, whereas experimental studies in animals provide mostly data on the proximal antecedents and consequences of aggressive behavior (state). Genetic studies of aggressive traits in animals have only rarely included concurrent assessments of their biochemical basis (see Carey, in this volume).
It has become a truism to point out that each type of violent and aggressive behavior is associated with distinctive neurochemical changes, and more selective logical interventions modulate these different behavior patterns in an increasingly specific manner. In order to appreciate the range of aggressive and violent behaviors at the animal and human level that have been studied for their neurochemical basis, it will be useful to briefly summarize the major animal models as well as clinical types of aggression and violence.
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In the psychiatric clinic, violent and aggressive behaviors are not very well defined, although these behavior patterns may be symptoms of many disorders (e.g., Eichelman, 1986). According to the terminology and criteria of the revised Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IIIR) (American Psychiatric Association, 1987), these may include conduct disorder in adolescents, isolated or intermittent explosive disorder in adults, parent-child problem in certain cases of child abuse, dementia, schizophrenia, alcohol and substance abuse, depression, mania, antisocial personality disorder, mental retardation, and attention-deficit disorder.
Several neurological diseases feature in their symptomatology violent or pathological aggressive behavior; most noteworthy are aggressive and violent outbursts in some patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, Down's syndrome, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, epilepsy, and limbic as well as hypothalamic tumors (see Mirsky and Siegel, in this volume).
Ethological, experimental-psychological, and neurophysiologic concepts and methods have contributed to the development of preclinical models of aggressive behavior that have been investigated for their neurochemical and neuropharmacologic bases (e.g., Miczek, 1987). Several schemes have been proposed to categorize the different types of animal aggression in terms of
the experimental manipulations, either pervasive (e.g., isolated housing) or discrete (e.g., exposure to pain stimuli, omission of scheduled reinforcement, brain stimulation, brain lesion);
the type of behavioral phenomena (e.g., affective defense, killing); or
the potential function (e.g., territorial defense, maternal aggression, dominance-related aggression).
Table 1* summarizes the major experimental models of animal aggression in laboratory research by differentiating those that are based on (A) aversive environmental manipulations, (B) brain manipulations, and (C) ethological situations. Killing (D) highlights
The tables appear at the end of this paper, beginning on page 349.
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the difficulties of these categorical schemes; since variants of this behavior have been referred to as a form of "predatory aggression" (ethological) or "irritable aggression" (aversive environmental manipulations), it may be produced by brain stimulation or brain lesions (brain manipulations) and it may be self-reinforcing as in the case of "excess'' killing. The attempt to assign biologic functions to animal models of aggression demonstrates the ambiguities associated with most of these models (last column in Table 1), and the difficulties in relating many types of animal aggression to the phenomena of human violence, as defined legally or clinically, are important for the present discussion.
Clinical and preclinical definitions of violent and aggressive behavior range across a variety of behavioral phenomena that differ in terms of distal and proximal antecedents, intensity and frequency of behavioral acts, and functions. During the past 15 years, animal aggression research, influenced by an ethological framework, has begun to focus on adaptive patterns of behavior in biologically meaningful contexts, while clinical research is concerned with aggressive and violent acts as "behavioral pathologies," viewing aggression alternatively as a trait or a state. In order to trace the evolutionary origins of aggressive behavior at the behavioral, physiologic, and neurobiologic levels, detailed functional and structural analyses at each level are needed; this need is particularly acute at the behavioral and diagnostic levels.
Until the development during the last decade of microdissection and imaging techniques for neural tissue, as well as techniques for in vivo microdialysis and improved sensitivity of biochemical assay, the evidence for the involvement of ACh, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), NE, DA, and 5-HT in neural mechanisms of animal aggression was based entirely on single measures that summarized an experimental subject's entire brain activity at one time point. In humans, access to the central nervous system (CNS) is even more limited, so clinical researchers have relied on more readily collected indirect measures such as blood and urine; a somewhat more invasive technique is spinal
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punctures to obtain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Again, these indirect indices are single values, totally reflecting the activity of many anatomically differentiated, functionally opposing, and interacting systems that follow a daily rhythm and are greatly influenced by environmental and nutritional factors.
For present purposes, the most frequently and thoroughly investigated of the more than 50 identified neurotransmitter and neuromodulator substances are surveyed. The evidence that is examined links (1) direct neurochemical measures, as well as (2) neuropharmacologic manipulations of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and GABA to aggressive and violent behavior both in animals and in humans. (3) Major pharmacotherapeutic interventions are reviewed and evaluated for their effectiveness and selectivity in modulating aggressive and violent behavior. Key features of the cited empirical studies are summarized in tabular form.
Noradrenergic Correlates of Animal Aggression
Massive adrenergic activity in the sympathetic nervous system and in the adrenal gland accompanies intense emotional behavior, including aggressive and violent behavior (e.g., Lamprecht et al., 1972; Stoddard et al., 1986; Barrett et al., 1990). However, the focus here is less on the autonomic correlates and consequences, then on levels of brain norepinephrine, the noradrenergic neuronal pathways, the alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes, and their respective role in violent and aggressive behavior (Table 2, section A).
Divergent changes are reported for whole brain levels of NE, as well as indices of NE turnover and synthesis in animals, just before or after they have engaged in a range of aggressive behaviors. In lobsters, rainbow trout, and pheasants, octopamine (the invertebrate counterpart to NE) and NE are decreased in the more aggressive dominant member in comparison to the subordinate member (Kravitz et al., 1981; McIntyre et al., 1979; McIntyre and Chew, 1983). In mice, whole brain NE is elevated after isolated housing that renders many animals aggressive (Welch and Welch, 1965) or after they have just fought (Modigh, 1973). NE turnover is either increased or decreased in isolated, presumably aggressive mice (Valzelli, 1973; Rolinski, 1975) or immediately after a fight (Modigh, 1973). Either aggressive strains of mice do not differ
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from less aggressive ones in terms of their NE turnover (Karczmar et al., 1973; Goldberg et al., 1973) or turnover is increased in the more aggressive strains (Bernard, 1975). When rats are reacting defensively to electric shock, their diencephalic and mesencephalic NE turnover is increased (Stolk et al., 1974). Cats as well as rats that rage after acute brain stem transection or after septal lesions show elevated hindbrain NE turnover (Reis and Fuxe, 1964, 1968; Salama and Goldberg, 1973b), but "rage" due to amygdaloid stimulation lowers NE levels in their brain stem (Reis and Gunne, 1965). Hypothalamic and amygdaloid levels of the NE metabolite MHPG (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol) were also reduced in rats that engaged in stress-induced biting (Tsuda et al., 1988). When rats have just killed a mouse, their forebrain NE turnover is increased (Goldberg and Salama, 1969; Salama and Goldberg, 1973b; Tani et al., 1987).
Anatomically more discrete measurements of noradrenergic activity in aggressive animals often reveal opposite changes in different brain regions. Increased synaptosomal uptake of cortical NE was measured in mice after intense fighting (Hendley et al., 1973; Hadfield and Weber, 1975). Isolated mice of particularly aggressive strains show increased turnover of NE in three brain areas (frontal cortex, caudate, hypothalamus; Tizabi et al., 1979). After exhibiting fighting behavior they have less NE in olfactory tubercle and substantia nigra, but increased NE in the septal forebrain (Tizabi et al., 1980). Increased levels of NE were also found in the hypothalamus of rats that kill mice (Tani et al., 1987). However, many investigations fail to detect any changes in NE levels, turnover, or synthesis in brain regions of animals exhibiting aggressive behavior (e.g., Payne et al., 1984, 1985).
Brain norepinephrine undergoes large changes before, during, and after different kinds of aggressive and defensive behavior in animals; these changes are, however, localized in specific brain regions that even within the limbic system appear to exert opposing behavioral effects. At present, it is not yet possible on the basis of experimental evidence from animal models to map a "noradrenergic neurochemical profile" of different brain regions that are critically important just preceding or consequent to an aggressive act.
Dopaminergic Correlates of Animal Aggression
As detailed in Table 2, section B, levels of DA and measures of DA synthesis and turnover in the whole brain have been found
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to increase in aggressive strains of mice and in mice that have just engaged in aggressive behavior (e.g., Bernard et al., 1975; Modigh, 1973). With regard to specific brain regions, isolation-induced aggressive behavior in mice has been reported to increase DA levels in the striatum (Tizabi et al., 1979); DA uptake in the prefrontal cortex, but not striatum (Hadfield, 1981, 1983); and DA turnover in striatum (Hutchins et al., 1975), frontal cortex, and hypothalamus (Tizabi et al., 1979); hypothalamic DA levels were also elevated in attacking rats (Barr et al., 1979). In mice attacking for the first time, DA turnover in the nucleus accumbens is increased, but not after multiple aggressive experiences (Haney et al., 1990).
When mice or rats defend against attacks, several limbic forebrain structures show elevated metabolite levels of DA (Mos and van Valkenburg, 1979; Louilot et al., 1986; Puglisi-Allegra and Cabib, 1990). Defensive reactions to electric shock are also correlated with increased DA uptake in striatum (Hadfield and Rigby, 1976), and increased DA turnover in cortical and limbic areas (Dantzer et al., 1984).
Rats that kill mice do not significantly differ from so-called nonkillers in limbic DA but may differ slightly in hippocampal DA (Broderick et al., 1985; Barr et al., 1979); muricidal rats may also show increased DA metabolite levels (Tani et al., 1987).
The activity of brain dopamine undergoes large changes subsequent to either aggressive or defensive behavior. At present, different experimental preparations have implicated all three major forebrain dopamine systems (i.e., nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, and mesocortical). Brain dopamine systems appear to be particularly significant in (1) the reinforcing or rewarding aspects of violence and aggression, possibly via the mesolimbic and mesocortical DA systems, and/or (2) the neural mechanisms for initiation, execution, and termination of violent or aggressive behavior patterns, possibly via the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic DA systems. In order to assess these possibilities, it will be important to apply methodology with greater temporal, anatomically, and behaviorally differentiating resolution.
Catecholaminergic Correlates Of Human Aggression And Violence
The evidence from studies with humans on the role of NE in neural mechanisms responsible for violent and aggressive behavior is limited to measurements of noradrenergic activity in the
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CSF, blood, or urine (see Table 2, section C). In military personnel rated as highly aggressive in terms of nine categories of lifestyle, the MHPG level in CSF was positively correlated with average "aggression score" (Brown et al., 1979). However, NE turnover rates in the CSF of men convicted of violent crimes did not differ among those that were judged to be premeditated versus those considered to be impulsive (Linnoila et al., 1983). Similarly, DA levels and turnover in CSF of five XYY patients arrested for assaults did not differ from controls (Bioulac et al., 1980).
Several studies attempted to identify indices of catecholamine activity in blood or urine that may characterize aggressive or violent individuals. For example in one series of studies, higher urinary NE values, particularly in response to an upcoming experimental stressful event, appear to be more prevalent in violent incarcerated male patients in a maximum security hospital setting (Woodman et al., 1977; Woodman and Hinton, 1978a, b; Woodman, 1979) than in nonviolent controls. Violent male offenders also differ in their levels of free and conjugated plasma phenylacetic acid, although one study finds increases and another, decreases (Sandler et al., 1978; Boulton et al., 1983).
These correlative studies of indices of catecholamine activity in CSF, blood, or urine provide little support for brain NE as a specific "marker" for aggressive or violent behavior. A promising diagnostic strategy is to examine an individual's catecholamine response to an environmental or pharmacologic challenge rather than to rely on basal levels undergoing circadian rhythmic oscillations. NE, DA, and their metabolites are highly compartmentalized in the brain, and their concentrations are relatively low compared to those in other organs of the body. Conclusions about brain catecholamines and the propensity to aggressive and violent behavior on the basis of peripheral measures are to be considered very tenuous.
Neuropharmacologic Manipulations of Catecholamines
The pharmacologic evidence from animal and human studies suggests a permissive role for catecholamines in aggressive and violent behavior. One type of experimental strategy is to compromise catecholamine synthesis, storage, or release; these manipulations reliably reduce aggressive and defensive behavior in animals ranging from mice to monkeys (e.g., Eichelman, 1981; Torda, 1976). Of course, brain catecholamine (CA) systems are of critical significance in a large variety of basic physiologic and behavioral
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processes such as sleep/wakefulness rhythmicity, homeostatic and motor functions, and a range of active and reactive behavior patterns. The critical issue in these data is the relative lack of specificity with which these pharmacologic interventions reduce aggressive behavior. Pharmacologic inhibition of catecholamine synthesis, presynaptic storage, or release profoundly alters all active behavior, including aggressive acts. Consistent evidence during the past three decades repeatedly demonstrates that inhibition of the synthetic enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase or dopamine ß-oxidase, as well as depletion of storage sites, decrease many behavioral initiatives, including attacks and threats in mice, rats, cats, and monkeys (see Table 2, section D; e.g., Redmond et al., 1971a,b; Torda, 1976; Katz and Thomas, 1976; Diringer et al., 1982). This evidence emphasizes the necessity of intact catecholamine synthesis, storage, and release for aggressive behavior to occur, but does not establish a specific role for catecholamines in these types of behavior patterns.
A further approach in assessing the role of brain catecholamines in animal aggression is to produce degenerations of catecholamine-containing neurons or, more specifically, those neurons that contain either dopamine or norepinephrine with selective cytotoxic agents and subsequently to measure alterations in aggressive behavior patterns. Rage-like reactions and heightened irritability may be produced by CA-depleting doses of the cytotoxic agent 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in laboratory rats, and the indiscriminate biting and defensive reactions can further be amplified by exposure to pain stimuli (e.g., Eichelman et al., 1972; Eichelman and Thoa, 1973; Nakamura and Thoenen, 1972; Geyer and Segal, 1974; Pucilowski and Valzelli, 1986; Beleslin et al., 1986; see Table 2, section D). In contrast to these observations are the suppressive effects of 6-OHDA on aggressive behavior in monkeys when confronting conspecifics (Redmond et al., 1973) or in cats preying on rats (Dubinsky et al., 1973). Of course, destruction of brain catecholamine-containing neurons renders an organism severely impaired in a wide range of important bodily functions, which in turn may be indirectly leading to a hyperreactive defensive mode of behavior.
Another strategy consists of modulating aggressive behavior by the administration of catecholamine precursors. During the 1960s and 1970s the "l-dopa-rage" phenomenon attracted attention, and it continues to serve as evidence for an important role of brain dopamine in aggressive behavior (e.g., Eichelman, 1981, 1987). In laboratory rats and mice, administration of very large doses of
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the CA precursor, l-dopa (l-dehydroxyphenylalanine) facilitates or induces indiscriminate biting and other defensive reactions. These reactions are further intensified if the animals are exposed to chronic cannabis, are withdrawn from opiates, have sustained CA neurotoxicity or depletion, or have inhibition of CA synthesis or of monoamine oxidase (see Table 2, section D; Everett, 1961; Vander Wende and Spoerlein, 1962; Randrup and Munkvad, 1966, 1969a,b; Ernst, 1967; Lammers and van Rossum, 1968; Zetler and Otten, 1969; Yen et al., 1970; Lal and Puri, 1971; Benkert et al., 1973; Rolinski, 1973). The relevance of the experimental l-dopa-rage phenomenon to aggressive behavior in animals or human violence is, however, tenuous because it occurs only after massive pharmacologic interventions and consists of behavioral fragments of uncertain significance (e.g., Krsiak, 1974b). L-Dopa actually suppresses fighting behavior in mice but increases defensive responses to painful stimuli (e.g., Karczmar and Scudder, 1969; Thoa et al., 1972a). The amino acid precursors l-tyrosine and l-phenylalanine, if added to the diet, may transiently increase aggressive behavior in mice (Thurmond et al., 1979, 1980). DA, when given directly into the cerebral ventricles, may also increase pain-induced defensive responses in rats (Geyer and Segal, 1974).
Most of the evidence on brain NE and DA derives from studies with increasingly selectively acting receptor agonists and antagonists. Initial evidence indicated that the nonselective DA receptor agonist, apomorphine, results in hyperdefensive responses similar to those seen after l-dopa in mice and rats, particularly under conditions in which brain dopamine receptors are unusually sensitive (see Table 2, section D; e.g., Senault, 1968; McKenzie, 1971; Thoa et al., 1972a,b; Lal and Puri, 1971; Torda, 1976; Baggio and Ferrari, 1980; Pucilowski et al., 1986, 1987). By contrast, in situations requiring coordinated pursuit, threat, and attack, apomorphine exerts suppressive effects on aggressive behavior in mice (e.g., Hodge and Butcher, 1975; Lassen, 1978; Baggio and Ferrari, 1980). These studies suggested a clear pharmacologic differentiation between offensive aggression and exaggerated defense. Recently developed selective agonists for the D1 and D2 receptor subtypes mimic the effects of apomorphine in terms of hyperdefensive and indiscriminate biting reactions in laboratory rodents (e.g., Puglisi-Allegra and Cabib, 1988, 1990; Cabib and Puglisi-Allegra, 1989). A large number of studies have consistently documented the inhibitory effects of catecholaminergic and particularly dopaminergic receptor agonists on killing behavior by omnivorous rats and carnivores (see Table 2, section D; e.g., Schmidt, 1979, 1983; Bandler,
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1970, 1971a; Rolinski, 1975; Berzsenyi et al., 1983; Molina et al., 1987; Isel and Mandel, 1989). Although the literature on human violence uses the term "predatory" in analogy to stalking and killing in carnivorous animal species, the relationship between the predatory behavior of certain animal species and human aggressive or violent behavior remains to be explored.
Dopamine receptor antagonists have been studied extensively for their antiaggressive effects; however, their selectivity as antiaggressive drugs remains unsatisfactory (e.g., Eichelman, 1986; Miczek, 1987; Miczek et al., 1994). Most of these substances have been developed as potential antipsychotic or neuroleptic drugs, and this literature is reviewed below (Table 7). Recently, selective antagonists for D1 and D2 receptors have been developed (e.g., McMillen et al., 1989; Redolat et al., 1991). Initial evidence indicates that blockade of either dopamine receptor subtype potently decreases aggressive behavior in mice and monkeys, albeit with limited behavioral specificity (Ellenbroek and Cools, 1990; Tidey and Miczek, 1992; Miczek et al., 1994). Future studies will have to identify the dopamine receptor populations that are most relevant in the initiation and execution of aggressive and defensive behavior patterns in animals in order to develop a rational basis for clinical trials in humans.
The successful use of beta-adrenergic receptor blockers in the management of violent patients identifies these substances as potential therapeutic options (e.g., Ratey et al., 1986, 1987). The clinical evidence on beta-blockers is reviewed below. When the prototypical beta-blocker, propranolol, was found to be beneficial in calming violent individuals who are unresponsive to other medications (e.g., Elliott, 1977), its therapeutic value was thought to derive from its blockade of noradrenergic beta-receptors. In the meantime, propranolol, pindolol, nadolol, and similar substances, which have been found to show high affinity for 5-HT1A, act as antagonists (Olivier et al., 1990), and it is this serotonergic mechanism of action that may be the basis for the antiaggressive effects of beta-blockers.
No other neurotransmitter has been more intimately implicated in the neurobiologic mechanisms of aggressive and violent behavior than 5-HT (e.g., Brown et al., 1979; Valzelli, 1981; van Praag et al., 1987; Roy and Linnoila, 1988; Coccaro, 1989; Miczek and Donat, 1989). A major theme in the biological psychiatry
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Salzman et al. 1969
40 male volunteers that had low anxiety and hostility ratings were administered placebo or chlordiazepoxide (10 mg 3x/day for 1–2 weeks). 1/2 of the subjects received instructions that the drug would produce a pleasant, friendly, more relaxed feeling. Subjects were evaluated with Buss-Durkee Hostility inventory
Both the placebo group that received instructions about the drug and the unaware chlordiazepoxide group showed increased hostility ratings.
Podobnikar 1971
36 patients with anxiety related symptoms and neurotic hyperaggressiveness were administered placebo or chlordiazepoxide (10 mg 2x/day)
11 of 22 patients showed no signs of aggressiveness compared to placebo after 2–4 weeks treatment.
Salzman et al. 1974
48 male volunteers assigned to 3 person groups were evaluated with Buss-Durkee hostility inventory and self-rated and group member-rated questionnaires. Subjects were administered placebo or chlordiazepoxide (30 mg/day) for 7 days
Chlordiazepoxide produced an increase in self-rated hostile affect, but not in behavior hostility. When a frustration stimulus was presented to the group, chlordiazepoxide increased interpersonal behavioral hostility; rage reaction was observed in 1 subject.
Rickels and Downing 1974
225 neurotic outpatients (majority were women) from 3 clinical settings administered placebo or chlordiazepoxide (40 mg/day for 4 weeks); patients were evaluated by physicians and by patient symptom checklist and grouped according to low, medium or high anxiety
All symptoms of hostility, irritability and anxiety were reduced by chlordiazepoxide treatment in all groups. No evidence for increased aggressiveness or "paradoxical rage" reactions.
Kochansky et al. 1975
33 paid volunteers, mean of 24.5 years old, responded to newspaper add that scored greater than 12 but less than 26 on TMAS (Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale) in discussion groups of 3 were and administered the BDHI (Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory) before and after group interaction; self administered 15 mg/kg oxazepam, 10 mg/kg chlordiazepoxide, or placebo 3x/day for 1 week tested again 8th day
Following "frustration" stimulus (telling subjects they had performed inadequately and would have to repeat task) chlordiazepoxide increased verbal hostility whereas oxazepam reduced verbal hostility compared to placebo.
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Methods and Procedures
Results and Conclusions
Kochansky et al. 1977
32 paid volunteers, 21–29 years old, responding to newspaper ads were classified as medium or highly anxious with TMS (Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale); discussed TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) cards in groups of 3 in predrug condition; subjects self administered 15 mg/kg oxazepam, 10 mg/kg chlordiazepoxide, or placebo 3x/day for 1 week
''Frustration" was induced by telling subjects they had performed inadequately and would have to repeat task; chlordiazepoxide reduced total verbal units initially, but following frustration stimulus, increased verbal hostility as measured by viewer-rated aggression scale. Oxazepam reduced verbal hostility even after frustration stimulus.
Zisook et al. 1978
51 outpatients with neurotic anxiety were administered placebo or halazepam (40 mg 2–4x/day) in a double blind study; patients were evaluated with Hamilton Anxiety Scale, MMPI and patient symptom check list
Of the 20 patients that completed the study, halazepam did not alter hostility or anger scores over a 6 week period.
Lion 1979
45 outpatients with histories of temper tantrums, assaultive behavior, and impulsiveness associated with irritability and hostility were administered placebo (4x/day), chlordiazepoxide (25–50 mg 4x/day) or oxazepam (30–60 mg 4x/day); patients were evaluated by physicians and with scored questionnaires using Buss-Durkee Hostility scale and Scheir-Cattell anxiety scale
Oxazepam significantly reduced irritability and hostility measures when compared to placebo or chlordiazepoxide.
Griffiths et al. 1983
12 men with histories of abusing barbiturates and benzodiazepines; 3 subjects also on methadone treatment. Subjects received placebo and two high doses of diazepam (50 and 100 mg/day for 5 days) in a double blind random block design. Subjects filled out questionnaires for drug effect, drug liking, ARCI (Addition Research Center Inventory) and POMS (Profile of Mood States)
Diazepam decreased social interactions and increased ratings of hostility by staff (but not by subject); carry over effects observed in 2 week washout period.
Gardner and Cowdry 1985
16 female outpatients with borderline personality disorder and histories of dyscontrol (suicide attempts, self-abuse, assaults) were administered alprazolam (1–6 mg) or placebo for 6 weeks in a double blind random crossover design
Alprazolam produced episodes of dyscontrol in 7 out of 12 patients (58%) compared to 1 out of 13 patients taking placebo; episodes were more severe, frequent and unpredictable than previous episodes prior to drug treatment.
OCR for page 245
Understanding and Preventing Violence: Volume 2, Biobehavioral Influences
Lipman et al. 1986
387 outpatients with depressive and anxiety disorders between 18 and 70 years old that answered newspaper add completed a double blind study of 5 medications including chlordiazepoxide (20–60 mg/day for 8 weeks). Subjects completed self-rating check lists, POMS (Profile of Mood State). Physicians evaluated patients progress with HAM-A, HAM-D (Hamilton Anxiety Scale and Depression Scale), anxiety depression check list, Covi Anxiety, and Raskin Depression Screen, and Global Improvement Scale
Patients that received chlordiazepoxide scored consistently higher on measures of anger and hostility than the placebo controls throughout treatment period.
Literature Reviews
Maletzky 1973
Review of case histories of 22 patients with episodic dyscontrol syndrome evaluated from interviews of patient, family and friends
Relatives and patients noted an increase in violent episodes by chlordiazepoxide and diazepam in 5 patients.
Salzman et al. 1975
Review of 28 references of clinical reports and research on oxazepam and aggression
No clinical observation of increased hostility from oxazepam administration. In laboratory, oxazepam reduced aggression or hostile mood even in presence of frustration. Oxazepam differs from chlordiazepoxide or diazepam in reference to increased aggression.
Greenblatt et al. 1975
Review of 88 references on clinical pharmacology of flurazepam
In animals, flurazepam produces taming effects in some cases and in other cases produces an increase in aggressive hostile behavior, possibly by releasing anxiety-bound aggression.
Azcarate 1975
Review of 43 references on treatment of aggression
Clinical trials of the efficacy of minor tranquilizers have revealed results similar to preclinical animal studies; some studies report increases in hostility and a paradoxical rage reactions; Variations in results may be attributed to dose, specific compound administered, acute vs. chronic administration, individual baseline levels of anxiety and/or hostility, and personality type.
OCR for page 245
Understanding and Preventing Violence: Volume 2, Biobehavioral Influences
Methods and Procedures
Results and Conclusions
Zisook and Devaul 1977
Review of case studies
Chlordiazepoxide and diazepam can produce rage attacks, whereas oxazepam does not; chlordiazepoxide can increase interpersonal hostility and frustration.
Bond and Lader 1979
Review of 49 references on benzodiazepines and hostility in normal and violent individuals
Evidence for rage attacks in patients administered benzodiazepines is based on uncontrolled clinical studies and few case histories. Generally, outbursts occur in patients who received doses in excess of 50 mg/day, perhaps due to drug toxicity. Increased hostility by benzodiazepines has been observed in normal subjects in controlled laboratory experiments; chlordiazepoxide increases hostility after 1 week administration, but oxazepam does not produce these results.
Valzelli 1979
Review of 129 references on the effects of sedatives and anxiolytics on aggression
Benzodiazepines reported to increase and decrease aggression in man and animals. Suggests drugs that are capable of lowering aggression are equally capable of enhancing it.
Gunn 1979
Review of 20 references on the use of drugs in the violence clinic
Increases in hostile aggressive tendencies, and in some cases, aggression and violence, have been observed in some individuals after acute chlordiazepoxide; oxazepam not implicated in paradoxical "rage" response.
Lion 1981
Review of 22 references on medical treatment of violent patients
Benzodiazepines have little antiaggressive activity except in paranoid patients where benzodiazepines reduce hypervigilance. BZD often produce a paradoxical "rage" response in alcoholic patients, possibly by disinhibitory action.
Atkinson 1982
Review of 18 references on managing violent hospital patients
Concern with increased aggression in some patients administered diazepam and chlordiazepoxide, suggests shorter acting benzodiazepines like oxazepam because of lack of active metabolites.
OCR for page 245
Understanding and Preventing Violence: Volume 2, Biobehavioral Influences
Sheard 1983
Review of 60 references on psychopharmacology of aggression
Violent states associated with personality disorders are controlled with diazepam (0.15 mg/kg/hour, i.v.); chlordiazepoxide or oxazepam (10 mg 3x/day) is especially useful in epileptic patients. Evidence for benzodiazepine-induced paradoxical "rage" reactions may be explained by toxic reactions, or benzodiazepine withdrawal. No reports of paradoxical "rage" with oxazepam.
Sharon 1984
Review of 42 references on the use of benzodiazepines in correctional facilities
The concern of paradoxical rage and increased aggression induced by benzodiazepines in the prison populations is unsubstantiated. Very few studies exist to warrant removal of a potentially helpful agent from an anxiogenic setting. Studies that report increases in aggression fail to consider individuals that are already very aggressive prior to benzodiazepine treatment, as well as predisposing conditions (borderline personality disorder). Suggests care in prescribing benzodiazepines in these individuals, but encourages use in individuals with disabling anxiety.
Sheard 1984
Review of 59 references on the clinical pharmacology of aggression
Increases in rage and aggressive outbursts are not strongly supported by clinical data. Reductions in hostility and anxiety in double blind studies in delinquent boys, veteran outpatients and anxious out patients. Increases in hostility and paradoxical rage reactions have been associated with chlordiazepoxide but not oxazepam. In addition to antipsychotic medications, benzodiazepines are useful in treating aggressive and combative behavior related to psychosis.
OCR for page 245
Understanding and Preventing Violence: Volume 2, Biobehavioral Influences
Methods and Procedures
Results and Conclusions
Tupin 1985
Review of 36 references on psychopharmacology and aggression in clinical settings
Anxiolytic substances are used to treat anxious, agitated patients, but have been shown to aggravate violence reactions in some patients, and in a few cases produce paradoxical rage reactions. Suggests importance of treating the basis for aggression, namely the underlying psychiatric and/or medical problem, instead of a symptom. Benzodiazepines are useful in treating outbursts associated with borderline personality disorders, but are not as effective in treating serious panic and combativeness associated with psychosis.
Yudofsky et al. 1987
Review of 30 references on pharmacologic treatment of aggression
Benzodiazepines' effect on aggressive behavior is inconsistent. Benzodiazepines can produce paradoxical "rage" in some patients; reductions in aggression occur at higher doses that can produce sedation. Benzodiazepines are helpful for acute management of violence, but chronic use not recommended.
Eichelman 1987
Review of 136 references on neurochemical and pharmacological aspects of aggressive behavior
Benzodiazepines (chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, oxazepam) are claimed to reduce aggressive behavior in psychotic patients, prisoners with schizophrenic and personality disorders, as well as patients with episodic dyscontrol and hostile outbursts. However, rage reaction and enhanced aggressive behavior have been reported in some patient populations in open clinical trials. Oxazepam less associated with increases in aggression than chlordiazepoxide, but notes need for blind clinical trials.
OCR for page 245
Understanding and Preventing Violence: Volume 2, Biobehavioral Influences
Brizer 1988
Review of 145 references on psychopharmacology and the management of violent patients
Evidence for the efficacy of benzodiazepines for controlling aggression is inconclusive. Although in open clinical trials, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and oxazepam have been shown to reduce measures of hostility and/or aggression in schizophrenics, epileptics, and patients with organic brain dysfunction and episodic behavioral outbursts, some anecdotal reports indicate an increase of paradoxical rage reaction may be associated with benzodiazepines. Notes the lack of adequate controls for concurrent medications, medication blood levels, and psychiatric and neurologic diagnosis.
Dietch and Jennings 1988
Review of case reports and experimental studies
Clinically used BZDs increase irritability, verbal aggression, assaultiveness and self mutilation; incidence of aggression is estimated at 1% of patients treated with BZDs, with differential effects with different BZD compounds. Clonazepam most likely to induce aggression, and oxazepam least likely.
B. 5-HT1A Receptor Agonists
Treatment of Inpatients
Ratey et al. 1989
Case reports in mentally retarded patients
Buspirone (5–15 mg 3x/day) reduced aggression, self-injurious behaviors and maladaptive behavior in 9 out of 14 patients.
Ratey and O'Driscoll 1989
Case reports in mentally retarded patients
Buspirone (5–15 mg/kg 3x/day) reduced agitation in 10 patients; however some showed an increase in hyperactivity and agitation at higher doses.
C. ß-Blockers
Treatment of Inpatients
Polakoff et al. 1986
Case study of an extremely violent 36 year old retarded man on mesoridazine (120 mg/d) + propranolol (120–200 mg/d) or nadolol (80 mg/d).
ß-blocker in combination with neuroleptic treatment stopped assaultive behavior and allowed outpatient status after 26 years of institutionalization.
OCR for page 245
Understanding and Preventing Violence: Volume 2, Biobehavioral Influences
Methods and Procedures
Results and Conclusions
Luchins and Dojka 1989
Evaluation of mentally retarded with aggressive and self-injurious behaviors; patients received propranolol (90–410 mg/day) or lithium (600–1800 mg/day)
Aggression and self-abuse were controlled by either propranolol (83% reduction in both behaviors) or lithium (64% reduction for aggression, 82% reduction for self-abuse).
Elliott 1977
Case reports of 7 belligerent patients (2 exhibited explosive rage responses) with acute brain damage who received propranolol (60—320 mg/day).
Propranolol reduced irritation and anger, prevented aggressive outbursts and violent rage reaction. When propranolol was discontinued, symptoms reappeared in most cases.
Schreier 1979
Case report of 12 year old boy with postencephalitic psychosis administered 20 mg propranolol b.i.d. increased to 100 mg over 2 days with other medications; maintained on propranolol for 2 weeks
Propranolol reduced agitation and verbal aggression over the 2 week treatment period. The day after the last dose, he became increasingly aggressive and destructive (breaking pictures, wrecking room, tearing clothes); propranolol was reintroduced and symptoms disappeared.
Yudofsky et al. 1981
Case reports of 4 inpatients with Chronic Brain Syndrome and episodes of aggressive and violent outbursts; propranolol (320–520 mg/day) administered with other medications
Propranolol eliminated rage and violent outbursts and improved social ability with no adverse effects when carefully monitoring vital signs.
Williams et al. 1982
Case reports of 26 male and 4 female patients (9 were inpatients) ranging in age from 7 to 35 years with organic brain dysfunction; all had ongoing psychiatric and/or neurological disturbance since childhood or adolescence and prior pharmacological intervention. Patients received 10–20 mg propranolol 3–4x/day initially, and were titrated upwards to achieve a maximal dosage of 50–1600 mg/day
12 patients showed marked improvement and 12 patients showed moderate improvement in control of rage outbursts following propranolol treatment; side effects included hypertension, somnolence and lethargy. One patient showed bradycardia when taking dose twice (=320 mg).
Ratey et al. 1983
Case reports of 3 brain damaged or mentally retarded patients with episodes of provoked and unprovoked rage. Propranolol (90–300 mg/day) was administered with other medications.
All three patients that had been unresponsive to other medications, showed improvement in control of temper tantrums and rage outbursts following propranolol treatment. When propranolol dosage was reduced rage episodes returned. Symptoms subsided with reinstitution of propranolol. One patient showed bradycardia at 300 mg/day.
OCR for page 245
Understanding and Preventing Violence: Volume 2, Biobehavioral Influences
Greendyke et al. 1984
Case reports of 6 assaultive patient with organic brain disease administered propranolol (200–520 mg/day for 40–80 days); assault behavior recorded by shift nurses and observations were conducted 15 minutes every 2 hours 7 times a day
Results indicate a minimum of 1 month administration for effective treatment; propranolol decreased assaultive behaviors, pacing, agitation, and resistiveness.
Yudofsky et al. 1984
Case report of 40 year old male alcoholic with Korsakoff's psychosis; extremely violent, physical assaults included injury to nursing staff and self; required physical restraints (ankle and hand or camisole). 20 mg x 4/day increased to 150 mg x 4/day in addition to other medications (haloperidol, phenytonin, pentobarbitol)
Rage attacks were markedly reduced allowing removal of physical restraints; when propranolol dosage was reduced rage attacks returned, but disappeared with reinstitution of propranolol. No adverse effects were observed.
Ratey et al. 1986
19 institutionalized mentally retarded patients given propranolol (40–200 mg/d) along with current medications
16 of 19 showed less assaultive and self-injurious behaviors when on ß-blocker. Attribute effects to a lowered level of arousal.
Sorgi et al. 1986
Retrospective chart review of 7 assaultive chronic schizophrenics given ß-blocker, nadolol (40–160 mg/d) or propranolol (80 mg bid), in addition to their normal antipsychotic medication.
Six of the seven patients improved. Four had > 70% reduction in assaultive behavior. Average peak effect was seen after 12 weeks of ß-blocker.
Whitman et al. 1987
Three chronically aggressive psychotic patients treated with doses of propranolol up to 600 mg/d
Treatment with ß-blocker plus neuroleptics resulted in remission and prevented assaultive behavior in one of three patients. Site of action is uncertain.
Ratey et al. 1987
8 autistic adults given propranolol (120–420 mg/d) and/or nadolol (120 mg/d) and behavior evaluated over 2–19 months.
ß-blocker treatment resulted in reduction or cessation of self-abuse and assaultive behavior in all 8 patients. Emphasizes possible soothing effect of ß-blockers.
Experimental Studies on Aggression
Lindem et al. 1990
22 mentally retarded patients received pindolol or placebo in a double blind study for 16 wks. Destructive behaviors assessed with the Modified-Overt Aggression Scale.
Frequency of destructive acts decreased by 30% with ß-blocker, the patients' communication (47%) and socialization (149%) also improved markedly.
OCR for page 245
Understanding and Preventing Violence: Volume 2, Biobehavioral Influences
Methods and Procedures
Results and Conclusions
Ratey et al. 1990
Chronic psychiatric patients with histories of aggression received nadolol (n=20) or placebo (n=26) in a double-blind study.
Nadolol (beta-blocker) significantly reduced aggressive outbursts and decreased severity of illness. Effects required 1–2 weeks.
Literature Reviews
Sheard 1984
Review of 59 references on clinical pharmacology of aggressive behavior
Propranolol (60–320 mg/day) has been used successfully in treating irritability, temper outbursts, and explosive rage responses, particularly in patients with organic brain dysfunction. Notes return of symptoms when propranolol is withdrawn. Improvement does not include primary symptoms of disease (disorientation, memory impairment, or psychotic thinking). Side effects include low blood pressure, headaches, dizziness, fatigue, insomnia, and depression.
Mattes 1986
Review of 100 references on the pharmacological treatment of temper outbursts
Propranolol treatment has been successful in controlling temper outbursts in patients with severe organic brain disease, brain-damage, belligerence, Korsakoff's psychosis, schizophrenia, and in violent elderly individuals, yet no predictors of benefit are found. Mechanism of action in controlling outbursts in uncertain; may be related to membrane stabilizing effect, alteration of brain cetacholamines and/or indoles, elevation of seizure thresholds, or action on serotonergic systems.
Eichelman 1987
Review of 136 references on neurochemical and pharmacological aspects of aggressive behavior
Propranolol has been reported to effectively reduce aggressive behavior in patients with organic brain injury, Korsakoff's psychosis, schizophrenics, and children with organic impairment in open clinical trials.
OCR for page 245
Understanding and Preventing Violence: Volume 2, Biobehavioral Influences
Horn 1987
Review of 58 references on control of disruptive, aggressive behavior in brain-injured patients
Although FDA (Food and Drug Administration) has only approved the use of ß-blockers for cardiovascular disorders, they have been used with success in patients with anxiety disorders and for control of violent and disruptive behaviors; highlights lack of a specific symptom complex, EEG finding, injury location or temporal relationship to guide clinicians in treating patients as well as difficulty in determining length of treatment and control of side effects. Suggests treatment range starting at 60–129 mg/day divided in 2–3 dosages and gradual increases to a maximum of 800 mg/day.
Brizer 1988
Review of 145 references on psychopharmacology and the management of violent patients
Propranolol and other ß-blockers have been successful in controlling aggressive patients with organic brain syndromes, Korsakoff's psychosis, viral encephalitis, schizophrenia, autism, episodic dyscontrol and explosive disorders. Most patients were previously refractory in multiple medication trials, but treatment is particularly effective in patients with organic brain disease. Exact mechanism of action unclear as patients often receive ß-blockers with other medications (e.g. neurleptics). Side effects include hypertension, bradycardia, and depression, but are not frequent with careful monitoring at suggested doses (up to 800 mg/day).


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>Runner's World - My Event Ratings>
In short: Very very wet and muddy but excellent fun!In full: Some surprisingly deep puddles, and an awful lot of sliding in the mud due to much rain in the last week. Very friendly marshalls and a great atmostphere - would definitely do again, but would pray for a drier course!Date of review: November 26, 2006
In short: Good, challenging course - several long inclines, and quite muddy, but all part of the fun! Only my 3rd race but the best yet and would definitely do again.Date of review: April 8, 2006


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New to Typophile? Accounts are free, and easy to set up.
I have been dabbling with fontlab for sometime now and I want to revive Bodoni next. I want the original font specimens and the only thing I can find is http://www.amazon.com/Bodoni-Typography-Dr-Stephan-Fussel/dp/3836505533/
Can I get specimens of original bodoni else where or is this the only books that I have to use ?


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Tower of the Lonely GM
Where the Old and New School come together
Thursday, June 14, 2012
Thank you, Goodman Games!
These two are known here at home as "My preeeeciouuuuus!". Yeah, they're that good! Goodman Games created an original and beautifully illustrated tome of pure
and made it seem easy. Congratulations!
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For an hour and a half every weekday, our main goal is to help you buy, trade and sell your stuff. Biz-Baz is short for Bizarre Bazaar and has been a Florida Keys mainstay for many many years. It is sort of like browsing through the classifieds only on the radio. It's also like going to the flea market, but the flea market comes to you.
It's on Mon-Fri from 9am to 10:30am with Leigha Fox and Tiny. Not only can you buy, sell and trade, you can also tell us about your non profit event or benefit. No business advertisements unless you talk to our sales department first and sorry... we can't do guns, weapons, or real estate/rent estate of any kind. Call 305.872.2699....or download your item (s) right here on US1 radio. To add an item to our Bizarre Bazzar. Click Here *once you post your items to here you will NOT be able to edit them or take them down.
Till next time, Have a biz-baz tic day!!!
Bazaar Items for August 15, 2013
2001 Mercury 225 HP OptiMax |
couch |
Furniture |
Garage / Yard Sale at 470 Les Rohde Dr, Ramrod Key |
Brass Lamps |
White Metal Cafe Table and Chairs |
Twin Daybed with Trundle |
White Wicker Outdoor Furniture |
Pergola type gazebo |
sunesta deck boat |
Furniture |
household items |


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I must confess, however, to a horrified disinterest in two of Semolina's more silly-sounding Louisiana hybrids. Muffaletta Pasta with salami, ham, olive salad, olive oil and cheese? No thanks. Pasta Gumbo with a misbegotten supra-gumbo of shrimp and sausage and chicken? No thanks again. And the biggest no thanks of all to Semolina's Curry Chicken Linguini, a stickily sauced dish whose raisins and chutney make it taste unpleasantly candied, more like dessert than dinner.
Speaking of dessert -- don't. Semolina's apple "tort" (as the menu lists it, in the year's best Freudian slip) is stodgy and gruesomely sweet. The tiramisu is a ghastly sugar nightmare. Both entail the sort of "painted" plates that run amok through the modern food landscape: a messy storm of cocoa embellished the tiramisu; muddy little cocoa cat footprints decorated the "tort." Spare me.
Actually, all of Semolina's non-pasta dishes -- desserts, salads, appetizers -- have a perfunctory air. The plain romaine salad in a decent parmesan dressing is perfectly safe, and it's probably all you'll want, considering the gargantuan size of Semolina's pasta dishes (most could feed one-and-a-half to two normal humans).
Marinated side salads involving various pastas, beans, vegetables and cheese are okay but redundant, given that they repeat many of the pasta ingredients. A red pepper rolled around whipped feta to resemble black-peppered sushi tasted bitter and faintly moribund. Feta cheese baked in a marinara pool and served with garlic toast recalls a similarly goopy Carrabba's goat-cheese appetizer -- but the marinara here is lighter and fresher tasting. The bread is another matter; Semolina might just as well be serving foam rubber.
It seems curious that such a high-profile New Orleans restaurant would open with such a whimper here. So far Semolina is mostly empty at night, which gives you your pick of the abstract hand-painted tables and glittery bronze-vinyl booths set off by glass-block partitions. Want to eat at the counter? No competition.
Service? That's a dicier matter. Resign yourself to having a relationship with your waitperson, an experience that can be tolerable (one charming fellow decorated our Chinese-style takeout cartons with quirky cartoon faces) or not-so-tolerable (a certain Ms. Personality sat down with us to take our order, told us we had so much food we looked like pigs, and grilled us about our marital status). You may find yourself begging repeatedly for water or greeted at the front by an oblivious young person taking a personal phone call.
The question is whether New Orleans' bang-up success translates to a much different market -- especially one where there's already a surfeit of contemporary trattorias. Eventually Semolina's low prices and irreverent food and decor (giant papier-mache vegetables, colander sconces, industrial ceiling and hanging grids) may catch the fancy of the young white-collar neighborhood folks who are the obvious demographic targets. Until it does, I can eat my pad Thai in peace.
Semolina, 6100 Westheimer, Suite 154, 783-6198.


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For the dressing:
1. |
Place all of the ingredients in a small blender and blitz until the oregano is finely chopped.
For the tzatziki:
1. |
Blend all of the ingredients until you have a creamy consistency. Season with salt if needed.
For the lamb:
1. |
Slice the lamb into thin strips, and toss in the spices, seasoning and a little olive oil. Heat a frying pan until it is really hot, add a trickle of oil and then fry the lamb for just a minute or so. Add the tomato, onion and olives, and toss around until heated through. Spoon in some of the dressing.
2. |
Heat the flat bread either by holding with a pair of tongs over the hob gas flame, or in the oven/microwave.
3. |
Spread some of the feta tzatziki on the bread and then a portion of the lamb followed by a scattering of flat leaf parsley. Wrap or fold to secure, slice in half and serve drizzled with some additional dressing.
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Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Shiraz are the best wines to pair with Greek lamb salad souvlaki.
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P.S. 163 Bath Beach
Jessica Riccio, I.A. PRINCIPAL
109 BAY 14TH STREET, BROOKLYN, NY 11214Phone: 718-236-9003
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Welcome to PS/IS 163
in Bath Beach, Brooklyn
Ms. Jessica Riccio, Principal,IA
Mr. John Scott Buchanan, Assistant Principal
PS/IS 163's primary mission is to educate, motivate, and nurture students in a collaborative learning environment. A strong home-school partnership ensures success and encourages a love of learning, so that each child flourishes and develops the skills necessary to become a life long learner and a productive citizen.
Click Below For the 2014-2015 School Calendar:


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You are hereVeterans
Children of War
My senses are soaked still with last weekend's red, white, and blue after having attended a party at the home of a lovely couple intro'd to me recently by a friend. Their fireworks display, colors bursting in the night sky, was as impressive as any I've seen produced and directed by local government via taxpayer dollars. I'm sure the hosts' guest list covered the political spectrum. I'm also sure that my politics are the most radical of anyone who watched the bombs bursting in air. I sat there, thinking about bombs bursting in air, exploding the lives of people in the growing number of countries where we've exported U.S. imperialism.
More sensory overload is the story that's captured the attention of Americans: Casey Anthony's murder trial. I didn't follow, but when I opened Google News, it usually was the lead. After Anthony's acquittal, I scanned the article titles and saw: "See all 6,083 sources."
Our Afghan War: Immoral, Illegal, Ineffective...and It Costs Too Much
The Afghanistan War. War itself is inherently immoral, but especially so when the fight is not between two state-sponsored militaries, but rather between a military superpower and a third-world country with 70% of its populace living in rural areas without electricity or running water and whose citizens do not even know why they are being attacked. It has been illegal from the outset in that it was waged against a sovereign country which was no threat to us, ignoring international law, and without adequate Congressional approval. And by the DoD's own admission, it has not been effective. In fact, many experts believe that it has been counterproductive; that by killing thousands of people and destroying property and infrastructure we are creating enemies. We are propping up a government which is as corrupt as a crime syndicate, and labeling anyone who opposes us an "insurgent," and therefore justifying their deaths.
Young Navy Vet Sits in Jail on 4th of July
July 1, 2011 - A U.S. military veteran of Iraq and Guantánamo on Friday spurned a government offer of pre-trial probation and instead faced the prospect of the Fourth of July in a Miami lockup while awaiting a federal passport fraud trial later this month.
Navy Reserves Petty Officer 2nd Class Elisha Leo Dawkins, 26, has been confined to the downtown federal detention center since soon after he returned from the Guantánamo detention center earlier this year.
There he served as a Navy photographer, chronicling the lives of war-on-terror captives, apparently unaware that the U.S. immigration service had targeted him for deportation to his mother's native Bahamas when he was 8 years old.
The Gaza Flotilla: Fear of Unscripted Non-Violent Action
By John Grant
Israel and its international operatives are working overtime to stop the 10-ship Gaza flotilla from leaving Athens. The Audacity Of Hope, with 40 Americans on board, tried to leave the harbor Friday only to be chased down and threatened by an armed Greek Coast Guard boat and forced to return to a dock. Trumped-up charges may be brought against the captain of the boat. Greece is now prohibiting all boats from leaving. Another boat had a propeller shaft cut and a third was equally disabled by some kind of sabotage. Others have suddenly been plagued with questions about their insurance or their seaworthiness. Israel has openly threatened to bar news organizations with reporters onboard a flotilla boat from entering Israel for ten years. The US government has made vague threats that it might charge US citizens in the flotilla with something.
Israel and the Roots of Disaster
By John Grant
Two veteran friends of mine will be on one of the ships planning to leave Athens next week to challenge the Israeli sea blockade of Gaza. The Israeli government, after attacking a previous flotilla in May 2010 and killing nine people, has said it will use violence if necessary to prevent the ships from entering what any reasonable person by now should agree are Palestinian waters.
This confrontation should not be necessary. The Israeli military occupation over Palestinian life should have been eased and sovereign rights established for Palestinians long ago. The crisis of Palestinian status has reached the level of a disaster, and like the creation of Israel itself it is more than a Jewish problem: It is a world problem.
Journalism with a Smerc: Gullibility and Fiction at the Philadelphia Inquirer
By Dave Lindorff
Let me state from the outset: I have no problem with soldiers who inflate their war stories, any more than I am bothered by anybody who likes to spice up the tale of a youthful exploit.
It's different though, when exaggerations are exploited for personal gain, like what Connecticut Senator Richard Blumenthal did with campaigned on the outrageous claim that he was a Vietnam War combat veteran when he really wasn't.
My grandfather, William Lindorff, earned a Silver Star in World War I, where he was an ambulance driver on the front lines in France. My father, a Marine in World War II, says that his dad never once talked about that medal. Now, I'd say that's a real hero.
Dozens of Father's days; Decades of Grief
by Walter Brasch
Christopher Kenneth Frison is seven months old.
He's too young to understand Father's Day.
And he's certainly far too young to be able to get an allowance or a job to buy a card and a nice gift.
He isn't too young to be able to hug his father.
But he won't ever be able to do that again. Not today. Not next year. Not ever.
His father, 1st Lt. Demetrius M. Frison, a parachutist and infantry officer, was killed in Khost province, Afghanistan, May 10. He was 26 years old.
His widow, Mikki, told the Lancaster New Era that she and Demetrius first met in Middle School in Philadelphia, attended different high schools, and then went to Millersville University in 2003. Both graduated with degrees in psychology. They married in March 2009, a month before he joined the Army. Christopher was born November 17, 2010. At that time, Frison, who had trained at Fort Benning, Ga., was stationed at Fort Knox, Ky.
On Fathers Day 'Think!' of the 'Gold Star Children'
And yes I do realize there are 'Gold Star Children' who have lost Mothers, especially in these two long conflicts, not minimizing the fact that many of the women soldiers killed were possibly Mothers as they all were Daughters, Sisters or Nieces and Aunts, the greater numbers killed still in war are male.
CBS sought out a message with meaning for Fathers Day, that aired June 17 2011, and I totally agree with the one they found which among many messages it should send ties our long war of choice, Vietnam where this Country said it would remember the lessons of, to both current wars of choice, Afghanistan and Iraq, lessons forgotten five minutes after Vietnam and so many DeJa-Vu's of then repeated with many enhanced and coming on faster.
Just Some of 'Lessons of War' Not Learned!!
And now we're over a decade of oh so many lessons not learned and in not one but two theaters of with a third front being bombed and invaded right next door to one of the two and joined with NATO in bombing another that the previous administration had brought the leader of back into the fold after years of calling him a terrorists supporter and supporting terrorists criminal acts!
As we were coming out of Vietnam, especially in the end of, the Country with almost one voice said they'd "never forget the lessons of!" that lasted oh probably five minutes or, even without cable then, a couple of news cycles as we've seen during this whole past decade. The War Hawk Neo-Cons thought they had the lessons, not the real lessons of wars of choice, needed to occupy and control an invaded country, well a decade plus later DeJa-Vu all over again.
"Veterans Unplugged" WIMS Radio AM 1420
From a VVAW, Vietnam Veterans Against the War, mailing we get the announcement of a new radio show by and for veterans, and everyone else, that everyone out of the listening area can stream online live or listen to in the archives. This is the send out received:
Three former Marines--Vince Emanuele, Jason Lewis and Mark Strudas, each Iraq war veterans--have now established a weekly two-hour radio show called "Veterans Unplugged" on radio station WIMS, AM-1420 in Michigan City, Indiana, on the south shore of Lake Michigan. The show can be heard live on Tuesday nights between 6-8 pm, Central time. The web site is WIMS Radio.
This is a show that can be heard live-streamed over the internet, plus they archive each show in the station's "audio vault," which can be listened to at your leisure--and is organized by date.
Paying For War: The Results From
Notice how the congressional tepublicans, and especially their cult like followers, never mention the Wars after rubber stamping everything but Veterans Care and even Military Care related to while talking about the growing budget problems they created when they controlled it all. Even now gaining back the House and a few more in the Senate, to continue obstruction, they have sought to cut area's of the Veterans Admin budget!
June 3, 2011 - Even as the wars wind down in Iraq and Afghanistan the financial cost of taking care of veterans continues to mount and could reach a trillion dollars in coming decades
Lila Garrett: So You Think God Loves Wars? Dream Up A Better God!
By Lila Garrett
I long to wake up on Memorial Day to find our country at peace with the world. Instead of mourning the young men and women who think they died fighting to protect their country, let us mourn the truth. Let us mourn the fact that most of the time our beautiful youth died to keep our permanent war economy alive. They died for what Eisenhower referred to as the military-industrial complex. They died for the power and profit of strangers.
Had they thought of the expression "die for your country" as a public relations con job would they have risked their lives in such massive numbers? Of course not. But profiteers & presidents are so good at selling war -- and most of us are so bad at knowing when we're being manipulated, it hurts us to recognize that practically since its inception our country has been in a state of perpetual war. This is a cause, not for celebration but for shame.
Revisionist History Day, 2011
By Free Association
Today is Revisionist History Day, what others call Memorial Day. Americans are supposed to remember the country's war dead while being thankful that they protected our freedom and served our country. However, reading revisionist history (see a sampling below) or alternative news sites (start with Antiwar.com and don't forget to listen to Antiwar Radio with Scott Horton) teaches that the fallen were doing no such thing. Rather they were and are today serving cynical politicians and the "private" component of the military-industrial complex in the service of the American Empire.
In that spirit, I again quote a passage from the great antiwar movie The Americanization of Emily. You'll find a video of the scene below. This AP photo is a perfect illustration of what "Charlie Madison" is talking about.
I don't trust people who make bitter reflections about war, Mrs. Barham. It's always the generals with the bloodiest records who are the first to shout what a Hell it is. And it's always the widows who lead the Memorial Day parades . . . we shall never end wars, Mrs. Barham, by blaming it on ministers and generals or warmongering imperialists or all the other banal bogies. It's the rest of us who build statues to those generals and name boulevards after those ministers; the rest of us who make heroes of our dead and shrines of our battlefields. We wear our widows' weeds like nuns and perpetuate war by exalting its sacrifices....
My brother died at Anzio – an everyday soldier's death, no special heroism involved. They buried what pieces they found of him. But my mother insists he died a brave death and pretends to be very proud. . . . [N]ow my other brother can't wait to reach enlistment age. That'll be in September. May be ministers and generals who blunder us into wars, but the least the rest of us can do is to resist honoring the institution. What has my mother got for pretending bravery was admirable? She's under constant sedation and terrified she may wake up one morning and find her last son has run off to be brave. [Emphasis added.]
Enjoy the day. I'll spend some of it reading revisionist history -- Ussama Makdisi's Faith Misplaced: U.S.-Arab Relations, 1820-2001, and watching Emily.
Here's an all-too-incomplete list of books in no particular order:
- Why American History Is Not What They Say: An Introduction to Revisionism, by Jeff Riggenbach
- War Is a Lie, by David Swanson
- War Is a Racket, by Smedley D. Butler
- Wartime: Understanding and Behavior in the Second World War, by Paul Fussell
- Emancipating Slaves, Enslaving Free Men: A History of the American Civil War, by Jeffrey Rogers Hummel
- The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, by William Appleman Williams
- The Civilian and the Military: A History of the American Antimilitarist Tradition, by Arthur Ekirch
- The Politics of War: The Story of Two Wars which Altered Forever the Political Life of the American Republic, 1890-1920, by Walter Karp
- The Costs of War, edited by John Denson
- Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq, by Stephen Kinzer
- All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror, by Stephen Kinzer
- Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire, by Chalmers Johnson
- The Sorrows of Empire: Militarism, Secrecy, and the End of the Republic, by Chalmers Johnson
- War Is a Force that Gives Us Meaning, by Chris Hedges
- A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East, by David Fromkin
- The Gun and the Olive Branch: The Roots of Violence in the Middle East, by David Hirst
- Faith Misplaced: The Broken Promise of U.S.-Arab Relations, 1820-2001, by Ussama Makdisi
Memorial Day 2011: 6,000 As A Visual Reminder
6,000 tombstones serve as visual reminder
The annual display will remain on Eighth Ave. until dusk on Monday
Philip Morris, a veteran of the Army National Guard, looks at the tombstones of his friend, DeForest Talbert along the Memorial Mile along 8th Avenue on Saturday, May 28, 2011 in Gainesville, Fla. Matt Stamey/Staff photographer
May 28, 2011 - More than 6,000 tombstones with names of those who have died in the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq now line the sides of Northwest Eighth Avenue — and they'll remain in place until dusk on Monday.
Memorial Day 2011: Two Names That Matter
by Walter Brasch
Unless you were in a coma the past few years, you probably know who Charlie Sheen, Lindsay Lohan, and Paris Hilton are.
You heard about them on radio, saw them on television.
You read about them in newspapers and magazines, on Facebook, Twitter, and every social medium known to mankind.
Because of extensive media coverage, you also know who dozens of singers and professional athletes are.
Here are two names you probably never heard of. Sergeant First Class Clifford E. Beattie and Private First Class Ramon Mora Jr.
They didn't get into drug and alcohol scandals. They didn't become pop singers or make their careers from hitting baseballs or throwing footballs. They were soldiers.
Both died together last week from roadside bombs near Baghdad.
Veterans Courts Hit the Beach in Philadelphia
By John Grant
John Fleming is a 58-year-old African American born and raised in Philadelphia who served in the Army from 1969 to 1972 maintaining nuclear weapons in silos in Germany.
It was 10:45 AM on Friday outside Courtroom 1006 in Philadelphia's Criminal Justice Center. Fleming had been "caught with an illegal substance" and he was there for Veterans Court. Instead of taking his chances in the regular court system in Philadelphia, he had volunteered to participate in Philadelphia's Veterans Court.
He was pacing in the hall. He had been told to be there at 10 AM for court that would not begin until 11 AM. Earlier there had been some kind of misunderstanding and he had to come back. He was impatient.
Study of US troops in wartime: Morale droops and 'acute stress' rises
More than 1,200 soldiers and Marines in Iraq and Afghanistan completed surveys between July and August of last year. The US military released the results Thursday.
By Anna Mulrine, The Christian Science Monitor
Morale among American troops underwent a "significant decline" between 2005 and 2009, according to a study by the US military released Thursday.
Soldiers also experienced "significantly higher" instances of "acute stress," including depression or anxiety, during the same time period.
Nearly half of combat troops surveyed say that they had killed an enemy fighter.
The findings come after more than 1,200 soldiers and Marines in Iraq and Afghanistan completed surveys between July and August of last year. Now, the study is being released as America's longest war – in Afghanistan – is about to enter its second decade.
Oh, I guess civilians could be affected too
Occupational Lung Diseases in Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans
ScienceDaily (May 18, 2011) — A session presented May 18 explored the inhalational exposures and respiratory outcomes of military deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan. Presenters reviewed current knowledge on complex inhalational exposures, epidemiologic studies, animal toxicology studies, and clinical lung findings in U.S. military men and women who are returning from Southwest Asia.
The Dude Abides For You and Me
By John Grant
I know when night has gone
That a new world's born at dawn.
I'll keep rolling along
Deep in my heart is a song
Here on the range I belong
Drifting along with the tumbling tumbleweeds.
"Tumbling Tumbleweeds"
-- Sons Of The Pioneers
We live in frustrating times for anyone politically opposed to the relentless militarization and financialization of virtually every facet of life in America.
The idealism of the Sixties and Seventies was overwhelmed first by Reaganism, then by the tsunami of post-911 fear and, finally, by the momentum of two, now three, on-going foreign wars. We live in an enforced condition of permanent war and unfettered piracy.
Is this Bradley Manning's future?
Nuclear whistleblower asks to renounce citizenship
By BEN HARTMAN, 07/05/2011
Mordechai Vanunu tells 'Post' no country has offered him asylum but that if he is allowed to leave "I will get on first flight anywhere out of here."
Nuclear whistle-blower Mordechai Vanunu on Saturday demanded that Israel rescind his citizenship in keeping with a new law that strips Israelis convicted of treason of their citizenship.
In a letter written to Interior Minister Eli Yishai and released to the media on Saturday Vanunu, a Beersheba native, says "I have no interest in Israeli citizenship, I don't want to go on living here." Rest of the article at the Jerusalem Post
May 5TH 2011
MK Mr. Eli Yishai
Minister of Interior
The State of Israel
Re: Revoking my Israeli Citizenship
I am Mordechai Vanunu that was kidnapped from Rome on September 30, 1986 by The Israeli Secret Services.
I was tried by The Jerusalem District Court and convicted of Aggravated Espionage, High Treason and Assisting the Enemy and I was sentenced to 18 years imprisonment. This followed an interview I gave to The London Sunday Times regarding the secret production of nuclear weapons materials in Israel.
I fulfilled the democratic principal of the right of the public to know.
I have served 18 years in Ashkelon Prison, mostly in solitary confinement.
I was released on 21 April 2004 with severe restrictions imposed by the Israeli Government.
Seven years past and the restrictions had been renewed again and again relying on The Emergency Laws from 1945.
Since my release I have lived 6 years in East Jerusalem and since September 2010 I live in Tel Aviv.
A Soldier's Mother's Day
Below are just a few related articles and links.
Now, long forgotten, 'Mission Accomplished'?
On May 1st, An Infuriating Anniversary, the day of the Mission Accomplished' Speech and Banner as to Iraq eight years prior, the War of Choice, that turned the Afghan Operation into same, nothing to do with 9/11 al Qaeda nor bin Laden, the Afghan 'Mission is Finally Accomplished', bin Laden dead, after creating possibly thousands of bin Ladens seeking blowback!
Tens of thousands dead, millions turned into refugee's, lives and countries destroyed, and still no 'Sacrifice' as to the results for the Veterans of nor Accountability for the lies of those who ordered the destructive decade plus, Still Ongoing!!
Tell me lies
Title above comes from a post by a brother Vietnam Vet BOHICA.
How the 'donald' Avoided Serving the Country
Does one need to serve, no, but that one had better choose his or her words very carefully, especially those 'his', when spinning what they think is wrong with a Country they avoided like a plague to do that service in their younger years!! Oh ya and Especially if one likes to brag about their vast wealth, some probably left to them other gained by investing in defense industry corporations, and Doesn't Demand they 'Sacrifice' for the Veterans, and Families of, sent into the wars of choice which reap those huge defense profits!!
Deferments Helped Trump Dodge Vietnam
How the presidential aspirant avoided fighting for his country
When A Vet Is Left Homeless
Dishonored Americans: That's All of Us When A Vet Is Left Homeless
April 20, 2011 - L. Tammy Duckworth came to Hartford on Monday and told a sad story.
Duckworth was a Black Hawk helicopter pilot in 2004 when she lost both legs and the partial use of one arm in combat. Now, she's assistant secretary of veterans affairs in D.C., and recently, she was in Vermont talking to a man who was staying with his family at a homeless shelter.
That's sad enough, but the man was excited. A member of the Vermont National Guard, he was getting ready to deploy, and his family had received permission to stay in the shelter for the duration of his tour overseas.
Imagine. Excitement that your family could stay in a homeless shelter.
The Battle Over PTSD
By John Grant
The battle over the meaning of a traumatic experience is fought in the arena of political discourse, popular culture and scholarly debate. The outcome of this battle shapes the rhetoric of the dominant culture and influences future political action.
--Kali Tal, Worlds Of Hurt: Reading the Literature of Trauma
There's a major struggle for meaning going on in America now that centers on war trauma among returning soldiers and veterans of our wars in Iraq, Afghanistan and, now, Libya.


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Icewind Dale: Heart of Winter
Publisher: Interplay
Developer: Black Isle Studios
Platforms: PC
Continuing its winning strategy of releasing expansion packs for its RPGs, Black Isle Studios followed up Icewind Dale with the Heart of Winter. Unfortunately, while the game was mostly up to the level of quality that gamers expected from a Black Isle title, it fell down thanks to its brevity. Heart of Winter concerned a mystical call for adventurers from the Ten Towns that an ancient evil was awakening and had to be fought. Once players answered the call, they ended up traveling through five extremely linear areas with very few side-quests that could be blown through in a few days. So strong was the backlash that Black Isle ended up releasing a free add-on pack called Trials of the Luremaster just to smooth over ruffled fans. Several years down the line, however, when the entire Icewind Dale saga is available at bargain prices, this expansion marks a fun portion of the entire game.
Baldur's Gate II: Throne of Bhaal
Publisher: Interplay
Developer: BioWare
Platforms: PC
Wow, BioWare certainly knows how to go out with a bang! From the extraordinarily weak character you played in the first game, you enter the Baldur's Gate II expansion pack with abilities that literally shake the Earth. This expansion pack brings the Bhaalspawn saga to an end and offers all kinds of enhancements to the game, including a planar fortress you enter at any time to heal and relearn spells. It also allows you to add to your party any of the companions you've met during your journey -- including Sarevok, the big bad guy from the first game! There was also an entire side dungeon that didn't have to be completed to finish the game, but if you could manage it, you ended up facing one of the coolest D&D villains ever, one who's death would be the kind of thing an RPG player would crow about for years.
The greatest thing about the game's release, though, is that it finally made the entire Baldur's Gate saga complete. Unlike SSI, who had faced serious problems balancing its games when it allowed the player to port their party over, the Baldur's Gate games did this to perfection, allowing you take a group of characters on an incredible journey from first-level newbies to veritable living gods. Once you finished the game, in fact, you actually found out what happened to all the companions who had come with you on your long journey. A brilliant end to a brilliant gaming saga.
Pool of Radiance: Ruins of Myth Drannor
Publisher: Ubisoft
Developer: Stormfront
Platforms: PC
In what can only be termed a fall from grace, D&D fans who had become spoiled by two years of exceptional adventures from BioWare and Black Isle Studios can be forgiven for assuming that that legacy would continue when Ubisoft announced that it would be revisiting one of the greatest D&D adventures ever -- the classic Gold Box game Pool of Radiance. Even better, the game would be the first to have a true implementation of the new Dungeons & Dragons 3.0 rules set. What ended up coming out was an atrocity on several levels. First, the game shipped with a number of nasty bugs -- including one that might erase your hard drive. Even when that was resolved, though, players were still left with poor graphics, bad animation, a lousy combat system, and an annoyingly bad storyline. Sometime the past should just stay the past. If you see this game, walk away
really fast!
Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance
Publisher: Interplay
Developer: Snowblind
Platforms: PS2, Xbox, GCN
Who knew that the company famous for its hardcore RPGs could pull of an action game so well? Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance attempts to capitalize on the famous name, but beyond being set in the same city, it doesn't really have much in common with its PC cousins. You couldn't create your own characters, and the actual story and gameplay was quite linear. In fact, the game plays like nothing so much as an updated version of Gauntlet. That shouldn't dissuade gamers, however, because Dark Alliance was a very fun monster killing romp that also sported an insanely addictive co-op mode. This was a Dungeons & Dragons game that both RPG fans or action gamers alike could get behind.


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Title: | Effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on the treatment of severe cases of periodontitis. |
Author: | Nogueira-Filho, GR; Rosa, BT; David-Neto, JR |
Abstract: | OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO2) as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of severe cases of chronic periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 20 patients diagnosed with severe generalized chronic periodontitis (pockets greater than 7mm) with bleeding on probing, SRP was rendered in all pockets. Additionally, five consecutive hyperbaric sessions were administered in 10 patients after random allocation (SRP + HBO2). Clinical parameters were assessed at baseline up to six months: plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth, clinical attachment level and benzoyl-DL-arginine-naphthylamide (BANA) test. RESULTS: SRP + HBO2 resulted in greater probing reduction and attachment gain than SRP alone three months after treatment (p less than 0.001). The BANA test was negative after one week only for sites in the SRP + HBO2 group (p less than 0.05). However, SRP + HBO2 failed to show a significant difference from SRP group after 3 months, where all BANA sites became negative (p greater than 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that hyperbaric oxygen therapy had a short-term beneficial effect on pocket reduction and bacterial elimination, and may be considered a potential adjunct therapeutic option to improve the clinical outcomes of scaling in severe cases of chronic periodontitis. |
Description: | Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine : Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. |
URI: | http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/9512 |
Date: | 2010 |
Files | Size | Format | View |
20462143.pdf | 818.7Kb |
View/ |


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