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Order of the Arrow | |||
Owner | Boy Scouts of America | ||
Country | United States | ||
Founded | 1915 | ||
Founders | |||
Membership | 170,000 (2009)[1] | ||
National Chief | John Rehm | ||
National Chairman | Ray Capp | ||
Team Leader | Clyde Mayer | ||
Website http://www.oa-bsa.org/ |
The Order of the Arrow (OA) is the national honor society of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). It uses American Indian-styled traditions and ceremonies to bestow recognition on scouts selected by their peers as best exemplifying the ideals of Scouting. The society was created by E. Urner Goodman, with the assistance of Carroll A. Edson, in 1915 as a means of reinforcing the Scout Oath and the Scout Law. The goal was to establish these as lifelong guidelines, and to encourage continued participation in Scouting and camping. Influenced in part by camp traditions, and Indian folklore, the OA uses "safeguarded" symbols, handshakes, and ceremonies to impart a sense of community.
Inducted members, known as Arrowmen or Brothers, are organized into local youth-led lodges that harbor fellowship, promote camping, and render service to Boy Scout councils and their communities. Members wear identifying insignia on their uniforms, most notably the OA sash, and are eligible for special OA awards. The OA program sponsors several events, awards, and training functions.
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In 1915, E. Urner Goodman, a newly hired field executive for the Philadelphia Council, was assigned to serve as director of the council's summer camp at Treasure Island Scout Reservation on the Delaware River. He believed that the summer camp experience should do more than just teach proficiency in Scoutcraft skills; rather, the principles embodied in the Scout Oath and Scout Law should become realities in the lives of Scouts. Along with his assistant camp director, Carroll A. Edson, he started an experimental program, Wimachtendienk ("Brotherhood" in the Lenape language), to recognize those Scouts best exemplifying those traits as an example to their peers.[2][3]
Goodman and Edson decided that a "camp fraternity" was the way to improve the summer camp experience and to keep the older boys coming back. In developing this program they borrowed from the traditions and practices of several other organizations. Edward Cave's Boy's Camp Book was consulted for the concept of a camp society that would perpetuate camp traditions. College fraternities were also influential for their concepts of brotherhood and rituals, and the idea of new members pledging themselves to the new organization.[4][5] Ernest Thompson Seton's Woodcraft Indians program was also consulted for its use of American Indian lore to make the organization interesting and appealing to youth.[6] Other influences include the Brotherhood of Andrew and Phillip, a Presbyterian church youth group with which Goodman had been involved as a young man, and Freemasonry. The traditions and rituals of the latter contributed more to the basic structure of the rituals than any other organization. In an interview with Edson during his later years, he recalled that the task of writing the first rituals of the society was assigned to an early member who was "a 32nd degree Mason." Familiar terms such as "lodge" and "obligation," were borrowed from Masonic practice, as were some ceremonial practices. Even the early national meeting was called a "Grand Lodge," thought to be a Masonic reference. Goodman became a Mason only after the OA was established.[4][5]
They ultimately devised a program where troops chose, at the summer camp's conclusion, those boys from among their number who best exemplified the ideals of Scouting. Those elected were acknowledged as having displayed, in the eyes of their fellow Scouts, a spirit of unselfish service and brotherhood. Edson helped Goodman research the traditions and language of the Lenni Lenape—also known as the Delaware—who had once inhabited Treasure Island.[7] The brotherhood of Scout honor campers with its American Indian overtones was a success and was repeated again the following summer at Treasure Island. Those Scouts honored at Treasure Island in 1915 and 1916 would eventually become members of the organization's Unami Lodge.[8]
By 1921, Goodman had spoken to Scout leaders in surrounding states about the honor society resulting in a number of lodges being established by Scout councils in the northeastern United States.[2] The name of the society was changed to Order of the Arrow, and in October 1921, Goodman convened the first national meeting of what was then called the "National Lodge of the Order of the Arrow" in Philadelphia—where Goodman was elected as Grand Chieftain.[9] Committees were organized to formulate a constitution, refine ceremonial rituals, devise insignia, and plan future development.
In the early 1920s, many Scout executives were skeptical of what they called "secret camp fraternities." By September 1922, opposition to the Order of the Arrow was such that a formal resolution opposing "camp fraternities" was proposed at a national meeting of Scout executives. Goodman argued against the motion: "Using the Scout ideals as our great objective", he said, a camp activity that will "further the advancement of those ideals" should not be suppressed.[10] The motion was narrowly defeated, and the fledgling Order continued as an experimental program throughout the 1920s and 1930s. In 1931, there were OA lodges in seven percent of BSA councils nationwide. By 1948, about two-thirds of the BSA councils had established OA lodges.[10] That year also marked the time when the OA was fully integrated as an official part of the Scouting program.[11][12]
"The Order of the Arrow is a 'thing of the spirit' rather than of mechanics. Organization, operational procedure, and paraphernalia are necessary in any large and growing movement, but they are not what count in the end. The things of the spirit count: Brotherhood, in a day when there is too much hatred at home and abroad; Cheerfulness, in a day when the pessimists have the floor; Service, in a day when millions are interested only in getting or grasping rather than giving."
Over the decades since the Order of the Arrow's founding, more than one million Scouts and Scouters have worn the OA sash on their uniforms, denoting membership in the Brotherhood. The four stated purposes of the Order of the Arrow are: "(1) Recognize those who best exemplify the Scout Oath and Law in their daily lives and through that recognition cause others to conduct themselves in a way that warrants similar recognition; (2) Promote camping, responsible outdoor adventure, and environmental stewardship as essential components of every Scout's experience, in the unit, year-round, and in summer camp; (3) Develop leaders with the willingness, character, spirit and ability to advance the activities of their units, our Brotherhood, Scouting, and ultimately our nation; and (4) Crystallize the Scout habit of helpfulness into a life purpose of leadership in cheerful service to others.[13]
In a new program of national service conducted from June through August 2008, the OA offered ArrowCorps5 to both youth and adult Arrowmen.[14] Described as "one of the largest conservation efforts in Scouting's history" by the Boy Scouts of America, approximately 3,500 Arrowmen converged on five national forests to work on various conservation projects such as building new trails and helping preserve nearly extinct species, as well as removing invasive species, in cooperation with the U.S. Forest Service.[15] The five national forests are: Mark Twain National Forest, Manti-La Sal National Forest, George Washington and Jefferson National Forests, Shasta-Trinity National Forest and Bridger-Teton National Forest.[16]
More than 180,000 youth and adults are members of the Order of the Arrow. This number is approximately one-seventh of the total number of those registered in the Boy Scout division.[17] Youth members are elected by their local unit. In contrast to Boy Scouting, where youth members are under 18 and adult members are those 18 and over, OA youth members include all persons under 21 years of age while those 21 and over are considered adult members.[18]
The OA is a program of the Boy Scouting division; youth members are elected only from Boy Scout troops and Varsity Scout teams. Youth and adults in Cub Scouting packs, Venturing crews and Sea Scouting ships may not conduct elections. To be eligible for election, a Scout must be at least First Class rank, have fulfilled specified camping requirements, have the approval of his Scoutmaster or Varsity Coach and must be elected by the youth members of the troop or team. Once elected, a youth must complete their Ordeal within the same year; failure to do so requires that the Scout be reelected in the following year. Most lodges or chapters support an election team to help hold the OA elections; it is charged to inform the unit of the service and duty required of Arrowmen. Adults who had not previously joined the Order as a youth member may become members by being nominated by the unit, district or council committee and then approved by the lodge adult selection committee. Adults must meet the same camping requirement as youth and, if under age 21, must also meet the rank requirement of First Class or higher.[18] In addition, at least one youth from the adult's troop or team must be elected to the OA in that year for an adult to be nominated.[2] Honorary membership was once bestowed in special circumstances, as with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Dwight D. Eisenhower, but this practice was officially discontinued in 1953.[19]
After being elected or nominated, candidates may participate in a call-out ceremony to recognize those Scouts and Scouters that were selected before they attend their Ordeal. The call-out ceremony may be performed at summer camp, a camporee, a call-out weekend or at a troop or team meeting. Candidates subsequently participate in an Ordeal induction, intended to emphasize service and self-sacrifice. Candidates maintain complete silence, sleep alone overnight, receive small amounts of food and perform camp work projects.[20] Candidates are then welcomed as Ordeal members in a formal induction ceremony.[21][22]
Ordeal members are entitled to all the same rights and privileges of membership in the Order as Brotherhood and Vigil Honor members—there are no ranks within the Order. However, moving on to Brotherhood membership offers an opportunity "to reaffirm [one's] belief in the high purposes of the Order. Before becoming a Brotherhood member, each Arrowman makes a special effort to serve his troop or team. Each Brotherhood member commits to even more service to Scouting through the Order." Arrowmen may "seal" their membership after ten months by demonstrating their knowledge of the traditions and obligations of the OA. They then participate in an induction ceremony and become Brotherhood members.[2]
While the Ordeal consists primarily of physical impressions, "the Brotherhood ceremony is one of deeper and quieter mental impressions."[2]
The Vigil Honor is a high mark of distinction and recognition "reserved for those Arrowmen who, by reason of exceptional service, personal effort, and unselfish interest, have made distinguished contributions beyond the immediate responsibilities of their position of office to one or more of the following: lodge, Order of the Arrow, Scouting community, Scout Camp."[18] The Vigil Honor may be conferred upon Arrowmen who have completed a minimum of two years as a Brotherhood member and have performed exceptional service above and beyond their immediate responsibilities through leadership, exemplary efforts, and dedication. However, under no circumstances should tenure in Scouting or the Order of the Arrow be considered as reason enough for a Vigil Honor recommendation.[18] Selection is annual and is limited to one person for every 50 members of the lodge,[18] and members of the Order can be inducted into the Vigil Honor only with the written approval of the national Order of the Arrow Committee.[18]
As a part of the Vigil Honor induction, each new Vigil Honor member is given a Vigil Honor name in the language of an American Indian tribe, on whom the traditions and ceremonies of the Order are based. An English translation of the Vigil Honor name is also provided, and the name often represents a characteristic of the individual.[23]
The Order of the Arrow places great emphasis on being a youth-led organization. Only youth under age 21 are voting members and are eligible to hold elective offices. Professional and volunteer adults are appointed in non-voting advisory positions at the chapter, lodge, and section levels.
The basic unit of the OA is the lodge, which is chartered to a local BSA council. The lodge chief is the elected youth leader, the lodge advisor is a BSA adult volunteer appointed by the Scout Executive, and the lodge staff advisor is the council Scout executive or his designated council professional Scouter. The lodge youth officers, consisting of the lodge chief, one or more vice chiefs, a secretary, and a treasurer are responsible for organizing and leading the various programs and activities of the lodge.[24] Many lodges have standing committees responsible for ceremonies, service projects, publications, unit elections, camp promotions, and dance teams composed of youth members. Lodges can also divide into chapters, usually corresponding to districts within the council. The chapter is led by the elected youth chapter chief, chapter vice chiefs, a volunteer adult is appointed as the adviser and the district executive is the professional (staff) adviser.
Although the Field Operations Guide is clear that only one lodge will be recognized per council,[25] there are two councils with multiple lodges. The Greater Saint Louis Area Council has two lodges as the result of mergers and the Greater New York Councils operate one lodge in each of its five boroughs. The Pony Express Council uses the Tribe of Mic-O-Say as its honor society and does not have an OA lodge.
Lodges are grouped into sections that are then grouped into regions. The section chief is the elected leader, a volunteer adult is appointed as the section adviser, and the area director (or his designate) is the professional (staff) adviser. In addition to the section chief, the section has two additional elected officers. The vice chief and secretary are elected immediately following the election of the section chief at the section's annual business meeting. All sections gather annually at a Section Conclave held in the late spring or early fall. The Section officers lead the planning of this weekend with the help of the Lodge Chiefs in the Section.[25]
The Order of the Arrow is organized into four regions. Central, Southern, North East and Western Region. Each region has an elected region chief, a volunteer adult is appointed as the region chairman to oversee its region committee, and an appointed professional (staff) adviser. Each region chief is elected at the National Planning Meeting after the election of the national chief and vice-chief by a caucus of the section chiefs from the given region. The members of the Region Committee consists of the region chief, the region chairman, all national committeemen from the region, and other appointed adult volunteers. Each Region annually has a gathering of all Section Officers and Advisers. As a region they are trained in topics relevant to their jobs. Each Region also provides opportunities for Order of the Arrow members to go through a National Leadership Seminar. This weekend course is highly rated and a lasting memory for many members.[25]
The national chief and the national vice-chief are selected by a caucus of the section chiefs during the Order of the Arrow's National Planning Meeting. At the National level, the OA is headed by the National Order of the Arrow Committee of which the national chief, national vice-chief, and the four region chiefs are voting members.[25]
Arrowmen are identified by a white sash bearing a red arrow that is worn over their right shoulder. An Ordeal member wears a sash with a lone arrow. The Brotherhood member wears a sash bearing an arrow with a red bar at each end of the arrow. A Brotherhood member who has been awarded the Vigil Honor wears a sash with the same bars of as the Brotherhood sash at each end of the arrow, and a Vigil Honor triangle on the center of the shaft. The triangle bears three small arrows arranged in a counterclockwise direction. Members wear the sash at Order of the Arrow functions and special Scouting activities when members need to be identified as Arrowmen rendering special services. The OA sash is not worn at the same time as the merit badge sash, nor worn folded in the belt.[26] The sash as a form of recognition dates to the founding of the Order and has a long history of changes in usage and design.[27]
The OA Universal Ribbon is worn suspended from the right uniform shirt pocket button. Vigil Honor recipients may add the Vigil Honor pin to the ribbon. Lodge affiliation is indicated by the wearing of the lodge emblem (commonly known as a lodge flap), an embroidered patch worn on the right pocket flap of the uniform shirt. Each lodge flap has a unique design, generally reflecting the name, geography or history of the lodge. Many lodges, against national policy, have flaps which distinguish different membership levels.[28] Special issues of flaps may be created to commemorate anniversaries and other events and are a popular item for those who engage in Scouting memorabilia collecting.[29]
Arrowmen also exchange a special handshake as a token of brotherhood, along with other signs and passwords. A signature acronym, WWW (Wimachtendienk, Wingolauchsik, Witahemui - The Brotherhood of Cheerful Service)[30][verification needed] (in the language of the Leni Lenape tribe) is often depicted in publications, regalia, etc. by official use of National Order of the Arrow.[31]
The Order of the Arrow utilizes three nationally standardized ceremonies for Ordeal, Brotherhood, and Vigil Honor memberships using themes, stories, and symbols centered on American Indian traditions as interpreted by the Order of the Arrow. There is an element of mystery in the ceremonies for the sake of its effect on the participants, and so the three membership ceremonies are not performed in public. The ceremonies were standardized almost from the beginning of the OA to avoid misunderstandings regarding the diversity of religious beliefs among BSA members. Ceremonies were once considered to be secret, and consequently the OA has been viewed by some as a secret society. With the introduction of Youth Protection program guidelines in 1980s, the BSA has made clear that any concerned parent, guardian, or religious leader may view a video of the ceremonies, attend meetings, or read ceremonial texts upon request to a council, district, lodge, or chapter official to assure themselves that there is nothing objectionable.[32][33]
Such persons are asked to safeguard the details relating to ceremonies for the sake of the participants. The intent of the provision for parents and religious leaders to be allowed access to ceremonies is to ensure that there is no religious conflict or violations of youth protection guidelines occurring. Parents have long been discouraged in many Lodges from seizing the opportunity to use the provision for photo opportunities with their sons. Hazing or demeaning initiation pranks are also prohibited by the OA and the BSA.[32][34]
"The Order of the Arrow Song" arranged by E. Urner Goodman for lodge closing ceremonies. - 1.3 mb
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The ceremonies utilize symbolic settings, rites, and principles to convey various Scouting ideals to participants.[35][36][37] As one author depicts a ceremony, "The values of the Order of the Arrow, 'a brotherhood of cheerful service,' were passed on during a night-time ceremony: an arrowhead outlined with stones on the ground, candles on the stones, a huge bonfire at the base of the arrowhead, and at the point of the arrow a lectern from which was read, and danced, the story of heroic sacrifice for others."[38] Ceremonies also utilize the OA song, commonly referred to by its first line of lyrics as Firm Bound in Brotherhood, and titled Order of the Arrow Official Song and The Order of the Arrow Song in the printed music score of official BSA OA publications.[26][39][40] It was written in 1921 by OA founder E. Urner Goodman to the Russian hymn tune God Save the Tsar!, composed by Alexei Lvov in the 19th century.[5][41]
OA ceremony teams are also occasionally asked to assist local Cub Scout and Boy Scout units with special ceremonies including Arrow of Light ceremonies for the Cub Scouts and Eagle Scout ceremonies for Boy Scouts.
The Order of the Arrow of has been criticized for cultural appropriation and marginalization for conducting mock American Indian ceremonies and for reinforcing stereotypes about American Indians.[42][43]Such occasional criticism does not reflect a consensus among Native American leadership but comes from a quick, superficial look at the group. In fact, the Order of the Arrow's structure and work is always reviewed by Native American leaders of the American Indian Scouting Association.[44] In many lodges, Native Americans serve as consultants, and the Order of the Arrow includes many Native American members.
Awards are separate and distinct from the membership levels of Ordeal and Brotherhood. Awards available through the Order of the Arrow include: Vigil Honor, Founder's Award, Distinguished Service Award, Lifetime Achievement Award, Red Arrow Award, E. Urner Goodman Camping Award, E. Urner Goodman, Scholarship Fund, National Service Award. Scholastic awards are also available to Arrowmen to aid in education expenses.[45]
Most lodges hold several annual events for achieving the purpose of the OA, such as one or two annual lodge fellowships, an annual lodge recognition dinner, and one or more Ordeal weekends which usually include Brotherhood ceremonies as well. Many larger lodges devolve responsibility for Ordeal weekends and other service projects upon the individual chapters.
The section conclave is an annual activity (prior to 1972 known as an Area OA Conference) involving three or more lodges in an established geographic area. Each conclave is led by section youth officers elected from among the member lodges at the previous year's conclave, and the event itself is prepared in cooperation with various other lodge officers, and with one lodge serving as the "host lodge".
The National OA Committee also sponsors various national service opportunities, the oldest of which is the National OA Service Corps at the national Scout jamborees, at which Arrowmen help with many functions including shows and the Outdoor Adventure Program exhibit.[46]
The National OA Committee also sponsors service groups to the three National High Adventure Bases, originally starting with the Order of the Arrow Trail Crew at the Philmont Scout Ranch working to build new trails and repair old ones. Later this expanded to the Northern Tier National High Adventure Bases with the OA Wilderness Voyage, repairing the portage trails in the Boundary Waters area. Most recently, the OA began the Ocean Adventure at the Florida National High Adventure Sea Base in the Florida Keys, which offers scuba diving certification and works to repair reefs in the Florida Keys. In the summer of 2009, the OA will pilot the OA Canadian Odyssey which will provide service to the Donald Rogert Canoe Base in Atikokan, Ontario.
The National Order of the Arrow Conference (NOAC) is a multi-day event which usually takes place on a university campus east of the Mississippi River, bringing together thousands of delegates from OA lodges around the nation for training and activities. NOACs are held every two years, with exceptions made to align the event with significant anniversaries. As a youth-led organization, these national conferences are organized and directed by the elected section and region youth officers, who serve on committees responsible for various conference aspects under the leadership of the conference vice-chief. Events include training for programs, leadership and American Indian culture; competitions in athletics, ceremonies, cooking and American Indian dances; and exhibits on OA history, outdoor activities and camping. There are also opportunities to talk with national leaders, perform service work and trade patches. Evening shows have different themes, including American Indian culture and recognition of dance competition winners, presentations of awards including the OA Distinguished Service Award and other entertainment.[46]
In addition to training courses available at a NOAC or section conclave, the OA offers specialized leadership training as weekend events for members: Lodge Leadership Development (LLD), National Leadership Seminars (NLS), and National Lodge Adviser Training Seminar (NLATS). LLD is a one-day or two-day event conducted by a lodge to train their officers and advisers, making use of an OA website to create a customized training syllabus based on survey data entered by lodge officers and advisers. NLS's are conducted by regions for lodge officers and advisers. Many lodges send key officers to receive training. Typically, each region schedules three or four NLS weekends annually, at geographically dispersed locations within the region. NLATS is a training event for adults, usually held in conjunction with an NLS and conducted by regions, on the role of advisers in the OA.[47]
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An agency shall promptly refer to Justice for litigation debts on which aggressive collection activity has been taken in accordance with this part, and that cannot be compromised by the agency or on which collection activity cannot be suspended or terminated in accordance with 31 CFR parts 902 and 903. Agencies shall follow the procedures set forth in 31 CFR part 904 in making such referrals.
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Terrific, easy to make, and covers all kinds of diet bases (GF, vegetarian, low carb, seasonal for summer)
This is a versatile recipe that can be altered to personal tastes. I ended up adding the juice from the olives instead of salt and some red pepper flakes. I also didn't add the feta until serving (with a slotted spoon since mine was extra saucy). We had this as a side with a marinated flank steak, but I am excited to have it for dinner tonight with an arugula/spinach mix and the leftover steak cut up and drizzled with the juices. Next time I might add diced red pepper as well.
Fantastic cucumber salad! We loved it and though I was skeptical about the mint, it did enhance the flavor. We both had seconds ;) I made a half-batch, more than enough for the two of us!
Everything comes together perfectly in this salad, and the mint really adds depth. This would actually work as a summertime meal for me with some warm crusty baguette and a glass of Albarino. The only thing I changed here was substituting a very small amount of finely chopped shallots for the scallions since that was what I had on hand. Delish!!


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National Running Day – June 3, 2015
Show your love of running on National Running Day, which is traditionally in early June every year. GO! St. Louis organizes an after-work informal group run in Forest Park to celebrate the day. Members of the Michelob ULTRA Running Team attend, and provide pacing for the runs.
It's a great opportunity to meet new friends, enjoy a post-run beer or water and support the sport of running.
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Mick Jagger was surrounded by close friends and family on Tuesday morning as he farewelled his late girlfriend L'Wren Scott.
The New York fashion designer and socialite was laid her to rest in an "intimate" ceremony at Hollywood Forever Cemetery after a private service at a Los Angeles funeral home, which was attended by about 60 guests amid tight security.
"It will be an intimate service for close family and friends to pay their respects to L'Wren," a source told the New York Daily News, before the occasion.
PHOTOS: L'Wren Scott's Funeral At The Hollywood Forever Cemetery — Under Tight Security
Scott, 49, committed suicide in Manhattan on March 17.
"The service with blessings and prayers led by Reverend Ed Bacon (All Saints Church in Pasadena, California) included memories and words of tribute from Mick Jagger, her brother Randy Bambrough, Justinian Kfoury, Ira M. Hammons-Glass and Adam Glassman," Scott's publicist revealed to Radar.
"Poems were shared by Jagger's daughter Karis, as well as Ellen Barkin. Mick's daughter, Jade, read Psalm 139, and his grandchildren, Mazie and Zak, read Psalm 23. Randy's daughter Hannah read Shakespeare Sonnet 18."
Jagger, 70, arrived in Los Angeles just days prior to the service having canceled the Rolling Stones' Australian tour upon learning of his long-time partner's shock death.
Watch video of Jagger arriving at the service, below.
PHOTOS: L'Wren Scott's Family Burial Site In Utah
Jagger and Scott's brother, Randall Bambrough, reportedly arranged the funeral in Los Angeles, much to the chagrin of her estranged sister, Jan Shane, who complained that she had been shut out of the arrangements.
She also said that her late parents wishes for their children to be buried in Utah were ignored.
Speaking from her home in Roy, Utah, Shane, 53, told Radar: "I have been frozen out of my own sister's funeral.
PHOTOS: L'Wren Scott's funeral At The Hollywood Forever Cemetery
"[My brother] Randy won't talk to me or call me about the arrangements, or my hopes that L'Wren be buried beside mom and dad. I am very angry about this and I cannot get answers from anybody — and now, I have given expecting up to hear from Mick or anyone."
Choking back tears, Shane added: "It is clear that I will not be able to attend the funeral or service in Los Angeles and it has left me heartbroken.
"How could this happen to my family when we were so close not so long ago?"
If you, or anyone you know, is struggling with thoughts of suicide, please immediately seek help — you can speak with a skilled, trained counselor at a national Suicide Prevention Lifeline crisis center in your area, anytime 24/7 — call 1-800-273-TALK (8255).


text:
Frame: | Polyurethane |
Lens: | Polycarbonate |
Helmet Compatible: | Helmet Compatible |
Eyeglass Compatible: | Non Eyeglass Compatible |
Ventilation: | yes |
Face Size: | Standard Frame |
Technology: | Standard |
Recommended Use: | Skiing |
Manufacturer Warranty: | 2 Year |
Description: Salomon Xtend Xpro10 Goggles
Developed from the ground up by Salomon the 2013 Salomon Xtend Xpro10 Goggles White/Green Lens are a high performance goggle that deliver crystal clear vision. The 24% larger view frame compared to the competition, anti fog lens coating and a great side ventilation system combine to make this one of the top goggles on the market. The Xtend Xpro10 Goggles also deliver a snug fit without causing too much pressure on your facial features and they also integrate perfectly with a Salomon helmet.
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- Upgraded Mirror Tri-Tech
Xtend XPRO10


text:
Career Development By Stephanie Morrison |
A successful career doesn't just happen: Career development as a non-training intervention is essential
toward achieving successful careers--both in the military services
and the corporate sector. Career development offers motivation to
individuals who are interested in achieving long-term career goals
and are looking toward the future. Through career development, an
individual is able to focus on the path he or she wishes to take.
While the corporate world may offer multiple ways to develop careers,
the military services provide concrete methods to plan an individual's
career through the promotion system, an individual's ability to
choose a specific career path, and mentoring. Career development spans an enormous scope, therefore, this paper
will focus on career development-specifically through the use of
mentoring--in the military services as a non-training intervention. What is mentoring? "Mentoring describes the process that is implemented to deliberately
pair two people who have unequal levels of a relevant set of skills
and experiences. The objective of this process is to transfer knowledge
and experience of these skills from the person who has more of them
to the person who has fewer" (Murray, p. 546). Mentoring is
extremely useful in any venue, but specifically to the military,
as pairing someone by rank, field of expertise, or experiences is
relatively easy to achieve. While many people confuse mentoring with job coaching, there is
a distinct difference in the military. Job coaching reflects assistance
at the task level. Unlike personal development or career sponsoring
(the other roles of a mentor), job coaching focuses on the task
at hand rather than long-term goals (Steinberg & Foley, 1999).
Mentoring focuses on the individual's career development through
a long-term approach. What does the literature say? According to research findings about mentoring in the Army: "The
greatest point of difference between the two communities [civilian
and military] is the support for the mentoring role of sponsor.
While it is clear mentor sponsoring does occur in the military,
the Army has not officially embraced the concept as a desirous activity
and has not included sponsoring as an aspect of leader development"
(Ritter, 1994, as cited by Steinberg & Foley, 1999). However,
in opposition to the Army's stance, the Coast Guard has taken a
very proactive role in regards to the mentoring program and officially
endorses it (U.S. Coast Guard, n.d.). Kopser quotes Army Lieutenant Colonel Gregg Martin in the break
down of mentoring into distinct categories (M1, M2, and M3) in a
military context (2002). M1 consists of the traditional teaching,
coaching and training that occur in most organizations. M2 is the
next level in which long-term personal and professional mentoring
takes place. This stage is marked by a two-way exchange of mutual
trust and respect and the relationship is at its strongest. In M3,
Martin suggests that the mentor begins to "grow and groom future
leaders." He feels that more networking takes place in this
stage then actual mentoring. A study conducted by Steinberg and Foley compiled data from 3,715
active Army senior non-commissioned officers and 4,876 active Army
commissioned officers who completed a survey asking about their
mentoring experiences in the army (1999). The survey results were
broken down and analyzed to show what constitutes mentoring, and
who mentors and who is mentored. The survey asked the respondent
to state whether his or her mentor provided 16 specific behaviors
including, "acts as a role model," "demonstrates
trust," "provides moral-ethical guidance." On average,
95% of the respondents indicated their mentor provided each of the
mentoring behaviors. Interesting results of the survey showed that there is no basis
for assuming that mentors demonstrate different behaviors based
on their gender or race. In addition, the research pointed out that
those in a command or leadership position did not have as great
interactive abilities as those in administrative positions, and
therefore, may not have acted as effective mentors. Finally, in addition to career development, positive outcomes from
mentoring were reported in productivity, development of skills,
cost savings, recruitment, retention, organizational image, and
strategic goals (Murray, 1999). How has career development through mentoring
evolved? Mentoring has always been an unofficial method of supporting career
development as a non-training intervention for members of the military.
According to GS-13 John Mauro, a retired U.S. Coast Guard Masterchief
(E-8), mentoring was a huge part of his career development and helped
him decide how he would spend his next 25 years in the Coast Guard
(J. Mauro, personal communication, February 2, 2004). He tells the
story: "I had three uncles in the Navy during World War II;
one was a cook, one was a Boatswain's mate, and one was a Quartermaster.
You can guess wish one took me under his wing and influenced my
career." His chuckles serve as a reminder that he spent a 25
year-career in the Coast Guard as a Quartermaster. Mauro also pointed out that mentoring fundamentally hasn't changed.
While the program was unofficial until 10 or 15 years ago, he feels
that had that program been around 30 years ago at the beginning
of his career, the same people would have stepped forward to serve
officially as mentors. In his words, "Mentoring works because you legitimately care
about the individual
and all aspects of his or her life."
Conclusion Career development through the use of mentoring works as a non-training
intervention-especially in the military--because it serves as a
way for individuals to look to the future and develop long-term
goals. Through its use, members of the service are able to see a
place for themselves in their organization with the assistance of
older, wiser, and/or more experienced role models. As a form of
motivation, career development instills a sense of confidence and
value to military members. References
Author Note |


text:
Cumberland County Women Plead Guilty to State Tax Charges
Date: 7/23/2004
RALEIGH – Two Cumberland County women recently pleaded guilty in Wake County District Court to tax charges filed by the North Carolina Department of Revenue.
Joslyn Renee Colvin, 23, of 2323 Ireland Drive and Lapresha Nicole McLean, 24, of 2562 Caedonia Circle, each pleaded guilty to one count of obtaining property by false pretenses. Both are Fayetteville residents.
A Wake County District Court Judge sentenced Colvin to a 6-month minimum, 8-month maximum prison term. The sentence was suspended and Colvin was placed on supervised probation for 36 months. She was further ordered to pay restitution of $487, perform 30 hours of community service and pay a $200 fine. McLean was sentenced to a 5-month minimum, 6-month maximum prison term. The sentence was suspended and she was placed on supervised probation for 24 months. She was also ordered to perform 50 hours of community service and pay a $100 fine.
An investigation by a special agent with the North Carolina Department of Revenue found that Colvin and McLean filed fraudulent North Carolina individual income tax returns claiming they were employed by local businesses during the year 2002 and had taxes withheld from their wages. State's evidence showed that Colvin and McLean were not employed by these businesses and did not have taxes withheld by these companies. The returns were intended to deceive the Department of Revenue and cause the state to issue income tax refunds greater than they were entitled to receive.
In a related scheme, Kimberly Joe Melvin, 27, of 2917 A Dwelle Drive, Fayetteville was indicted by a grand jury on six counts of aiding and assisting in the preparation of fraudulent income tax returns. She was arrested on July 12, 2004, appeared before a Cumberland County magistrate and was placed under a $30,000 secured bond. A court date has not been set.
The charges against Colvin, McLean and Melvin resulted from an investigation
by a special agent with the Department's Criminal Investigations
Division in Raleigh.
P.O. Box 25000, Raleigh, NC 27640-0001
An Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer
- Pay 2014 Taxes
- FAQs
- Taxpayer Self-Help
- Tax Information
- 2014 Individual Income Tax Law Changes
- 2015 Income Tax Estimator
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- Collections – Past Due Taxes
- Taxpayer Advocate
- Armed Forces
- Resolving Disputes
- Periodic Review of Existing Rules
- Property Auctions
- Reports and Statistics
- Tax Seminars
- Identity Theft


text:
US 7146391 B2 Abstract Provided is a system and method for a modem including one or more processing paths. Also included is a number of interconnected modules sequentially arrayed along the one or more paths. Each module is configured to (i) process signals passed along the paths in accordance with the sequence and (ii) implement predetermined functions to perform the processing. Further, each of the modules has a particular degree of functional programmability and the degrees of functional programmability monotonically vary in accordance with the sequence.
Claims(17) 1. A digital signal processor (DSP) including a number of single instruction multiple data (SIMD) path logic units, each logic unit including (i) a multiplier having two or more input ports, one of the input ports being configured to receive input symbol data, the multiplier being configured to produce a multiplier output, (ii) an adder configured to receive the output product and produce an adder output therefrom, and (iii) a scalar configured to scale, at least indirectly, the adder output, the DSP comprising:
a constants generator coupled to another one of the number of multiplier input ports and being configured to produce a fixed format signal based upon the input symbol data, the multiplier output being representative of a product of the received input symbol data and the fixed format signal;
wherein the adder is configured to (i) receive boundary constraints representative of a first component of predetermined symbol standards and (ii) compare the multiplier output with the boundary constraints, the adder output being representative of the comparison; and
a quantizer configured to (i) receive the adder output and (ii) associate the received adder output with a second component of the predetermined symbol standard, the quantizer producing a quantized output.
2. The DSP of
3. The DSP of
4. The DSP of
wherein the constellation grid is fonned of an infinite grid and a finite grid.
5. The DSP of
6. The DSP of
7. The DSP of
8. The DSP of
a second logic gate having third and fourth input ports and a second output port, one of the third and fourth input ports being coupled to the first input port and the other of the third and fourth input ports being coupled to the second input port, the second output port being coupled to the first output port.
9. The DSP of
wherein the second logic gate is an AND gate.
10. The DSP of
11. The DPS of
12. A method of slicing a receive data symbol in a digital signal processor including a number of single instruction multiple data path logic units, each logic unit including (i) a multiplier having two or more input ports, one of the input ports being configured to receive input symbol data, the multiplier being configured to produce a multiplier output, and (ii) an adder configured to receive the output product and produce an adder output therefrom, the method comprising:
producing a fixed format signal based upon the input symbol data, the fixed format signal being multiplied by the input symbol data to produce the multiplier output;
comparing the boundary constraints with the multiplier output, a result of the comparing being representative of the adder output; and
associating the adder output with predetermined symbol standards.
13. The method of
14. The method of
15. The method of
16. The method of
17. The method of
Description This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/350,253, filed Jan. 24, 2002, entitled �Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Modem Apparatus and Methods Therefor,� which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 1. Field of the Invention The present invention generally relates to communications, and more specifically to a highly integrated asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) circuit chip for communications. 2. Background Art An ADSL is used for data communications between a central office (CO) and customer premise equipment (CPE). At the CPE, an ADSL transceiver transmits and receives ADSL data to and from the central office. Conventional ADSL transceivers include an analog front end (AFE), a discrete multi-tone module (DMT), a forward error correction (FEC) module, a multiplexer/framer module, a protocol module, and a direct memory access (DMA) module. Consistent with the principles of the present invention as embodied and broadly described herein, an embodiment of the present invention includes a modem comprising one or more processing paths. Also included is a number of interconnected modules sequentially arrayed along one or more of the paths. Each module is configured to (i) process signals passed along the paths in accordance with the sequence and (ii) implement predetermined functions to perform the processing. Further, each of the modules has a particular degree of functional programmability and the degrees of functional programmability monotonically vary in accordance with the sequence. Another embodiment of the invention includes a modem comprising a receive re-sampler associated with a receive timing scheme and a transmit re-sampler associated with a transmit timing scheme. Only one timing mechanism is provided. The timing mechanism is (i) electrically coupled to the receive re-sampler and the transmit re-sampler and (ii) configured to synchronize the receive and transmit timing schemes. A further embodiment of the invention includes a method for de-interleaving a data stream stored in a buffer having a plurality of memory locations, each location having a memory width of (W) bytes, the data stream being formed of a number of data words each including (N) number of data bytes, wherein (N) is a non-integer multiple of the width (W). The method comprises storing the data words into respective memory locations. The method also includes appending each of the copied data words with a number (X) of dummy bytes, a sum of (N)+(X) being an integer multiple of the width (W) and storing the appended dummy bytes into the respective memory locations. Still another embodiment of the present invention includes a circuit comprising a fast fourier transform (FFT) address generator configured to produce a complex FFT (computation) address sequence, the complex FFT address sequence includes fixed offsets. Also included is a conversion mechanism configured to (i) receive the complex FFT address sequence and (ii) convert the received sequence into an address sequence having varying offsets. A further embodiment of the present invention includes a method for implementing a SLICE operation in a programmable digital signal processor (DSP) as a primitive instruction in one or more data paths of a single instruction multiple data scheme (SIMD). Yet another embodiment of the present inventions includes a method for sharing one or more memories between one or more processors, each memory being associated with a respective ownership flag. The method comprises associating each of the processors with a particular value of the flag and assigning use of the memories to a corresponding one of the processors when the respective ownership flag is set to the particular value. Further features and advantages of the present invention, as well as the structure and operation of various embodiments of the present invention, are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the general description given above and detailed description of the embodiments given below, serve to explain the principles of the present invention. The following detailed description of the accompanying drawings illustrates exemplary embodiments consistent with the present invention. Other embodiments are possible, and modifications may be made to the embodiments within the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, the following detailed description is not meant to limit the invention. Rather, the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims. It would be apparent to one of skill in the art that the present invention, as described below, may be implemented in many different embodiments of hardware, software, firmware and/or the entities illustrated in the figures. Any actual software code with the specialized control hardware to implement the present invention, is not limiting of the present invention. Thus, the operation and behavior of the present invention will be described with the understanding that modifications and variations of the embodiments are possible, given the level of detail presented herein. I. Functional Programmability. The modem 100 also includes a control module 110 including a plurality of control modules that perform modem control, receive signal timing recovery and tracking, equalizer (TEQ and FEQ) initialization and filter initialization. The control module 110 provides control signals 111 a, 111 b, and 111 c (collectively, signals 111) to components within the first portion 102, described below, as well as to components with the second portion 104. In a receive direction, the modem 100 receives a digitized receive signal 112 having a fixed sample rate of 4 MHz from an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) (not shown). In a transmit direction, the modem 100 provides a digitized transmit signal 114 having a fixed sample rate of 2 MHz to a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) (not shown). The fixed portion 102 includes a receive re-sampler 116, a receive integer decimator 117, a time domain equalizer (TEQ) 118, a digital echo canceler 120, an integer interpolation module 119 and a transmit re-sampler 122. In the receive direction, the receive re-sampler 116 re-samples/retimes signal 112 to produce a re-sampled/retimed signal 320 having a sample rate of twice the ADSL sample rate of 2.208 MHz. The receive integer decimator 117 is a finite impulse response (FIR) filter that downsamples the signal 320 to produce the signal 124. In other words, the receive re-sampler 116 in conjunction with the receive integer decimator 117 converts the fixed 4 MHz sample rate of the received signal 112 to the ADSL sample rate of 2.208 MHz. A digital echo canceler 120 cancels undesired echo from the signal 124. The canceler 120 provides an echo canceling signal 126 to a subtractor 128. The subtractor 128 subtracts the echo canceling signal 126 from the signal 124, to produce a signal 130. The signal 130 is applied to the canceler 120 as an error signal, and also to the TEQ 118. The TEQ 118 is a finite impulse response (FIR) filter having programmable filter coefficients. The TEQ 118 has a filter response/transfer function that reduces inter-symbol interference in the receive signal 112, caused by the receive channel from which the signal 112 was received. The TEQ 118 provides an equalized signal 132 to the portion 104 of the modem 100. In a transmit direction, the portion 104 provides a transmit signal 134 to the module 119 and the digital echo canceler 120. The module 119 consists of a series cascade of finite impulse response (FIR) filters and interpolates the signal 134 by an integer factor to produce the signal 360. The transmit re-sampler 122 re-samples/re-times signal 360 to produce the re-sampled/retimed transmit signal 114. The transmit re-sampler 122 up-samples the signal 360 to produce the signal 114. In other words, the transmit re-sampler 122 converts the 2.208 MHz sample rate of the received signal 360 to the DAC sample rate of 2.0 MHz. It would be apparent to one skilled in the art that the receive re-sampler 116 output sample rate and the transmit re-sampler 122 input sample rate will be slightly different than 4.416 MHz and 2.208 MHz respectively if there is any clock error in the system. The receive re-sampler 116, the TEQ 118, and the transmit re-sampler 122, each receive control information, such as filter coefficients, as well as other control signals, from the control modules of the control module 110. The receive re-sampler 116, the receive integer decimator 117, the TEQ 118, the integer interpolation module 119, the echo canceler 120, and the transmit re-sampler 122 are implemented as hardware modules using �fixed gates.� This means that each of the modules 116�122 performs a sequence of operations in a predetermined order that cannot be changed. Each of the modules 116�122 may be selectively enabled and disabled. However, the order of processing steps implemented by each hardware module, alone, and together with the other modules within the portion 102, will always remain the same. The programmable portion 104 includes a DMT module 136 and an FEC module 138. Together, the DMT/FEC modules 136/138 are referred to as a DMT/FEC accelerator. To process signals flowing in the receive direction, the DMT module 136 includes, in series, a fast Fourier transform (FFT) module to perform FFTs, a frequency domain equalizer (FEQ) to perform frequency domain equalization, and a symbols-to-bits mapper to map symbols-to-bits. Symbol-to-bit mapping optionally includes trellis decoding. To process signals flowing in the transmit direction, the DMT module 136 includes a bits-to-symbols mapper, a gain scaler, and an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) module to perform IFFTs. Bit-to-symbol mapping optionally includes trellis encoding. To process signals flowing in the receive direction, FEC module 138 includes a Reed-Solomon decoder. To process signals flowing in the transmit direction, the FEC 138 includes a Reed-Solomon encoder. The DMT/FEC accelerator (the portion 104 of the modem 100) is programmable, and thus more flexible than the portion 102 of the modem 100. In other words, the DMT/FEC accelerator 104 has a higher degree of functional programmability than the portion 104. For example, the various functions performed by the modules within the DMT/FEC accelerator 104 may be changed and permuted over time. A control processor (not shown in For example, as the modem 100 traverses various stages of ADSL signal training, the sequence of operations performed by the DMT/FEC accelerator 104 changes correspondingly. This may be referred to as �modality flexibility� within the DMT/FEC accelerator. In the instant embodiment, the DMT/FEC accelerator 104 is implemented as a combination of hardware and software. An implementation of both hardware and software facilitates the modality flexibility. The DMT/FEC accelerator 104 is programmed to accommodate signal training, and to implement a relatively complicated ADSL handshake that occurs, between the ADSL modem 100 and the central office modem. Next, the portion 106 of the modem 100 includes a multiplexer/framer 142 and a protocol engine 144. In the receive direction, the multiplexer/framer 142 receives a bit stream from the FEC module 138, and demultiplexes the bit stream into two separate asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) receive channels 146 a and 146 b. The multiplexer/framer 142 provides the ATM channels 146 a and 146 b to the protocol engine 144. In the transmit direction, the protocol engine 144 provides two ATM transmit channels 148 a and 148 b to the multiplexer/framer 142. The multiplexer/framer 142 multiplexes the transmit ATM channels 148 a and 148 b into a transmit bit-stream 150 for the FEC 138. The protocol engine 144 operates in accordance with an ATM standard I.432. ATM standard I.432 governs the manner in which ATM cells are constructed and Cyclic Redundancy Codes (CRCs) are computed. Thus, the protocol engine 144 verifies/validates received ATM cells, and generates transmit ATM cell information, such as CRCs, among other things. A data transfer portion 108 is coupled between the protocol engine 144 and an internal system bus (ISB) 149. The data transfer portion 108 transfers ATM cells or bytes in and out of the modem 100. The data transfer portion 108 includes a plurality of DMA engines 150 for transferring data between the ISB 149 and the protocol engine 144, and other portions of the modem 100. The portion 106 is completely in software. Thus, the portion 106 has a higher degree of functional programmability than the DMT/FEC accelerator 104, the fixed portion 102, and the data transfer portion 108. The functions associated with the portion 106 are programmable and flexible. For example, protocol engine 144 may operate in accordance with I.432 or any other suitable protocol. Alternatively, as the standard for ADSL evolves, the multiplexer/framer module may be rewritten to accommodate new framing specifications. As described above, the modem portions 102, 104, and 106 are implemented using progressively (monotonically) increasing degrees of programmable functionality and flexibility. The ADSL modem environment is very cost sensitive, so cost reduction is critical. The design of the modem 100 achieves cost optimization where possible, and retains flexibility where necessary. This includes reducing cost where little flexibility is needed. Less flexibility is required in the portion 102 compared to the portions 104 and 106. Thus, the portion 102 is implemented as cheaply as possible, using fixed hardware functions that have virtually zero functional programmability. The portion 104 is more flexible and functionally programmable than the portion 102 because it is implemented as a combination of hardware and software. And, the portion 106 is even more flexible and more functionally programmable than the portion 104 because it is implemented almost entirely in software. Further aspects of the present invention, in particular the modem 100, will be described in additional detail below. II. Common Phase Accumulator. An ADC converts a continuous time signal into a sequence of digital samples. The sampling rate is determined by the physical ADC sample clock. Conversely, a DAC converts a sequence of digital samples into a continuous time signal. The sampling rate of the digital samples is determined by the physical DAC sample clock. The underlying sampling rate of the incoming digital samples at a typical receiver (e.g., the signal 112 in Digital re-samplers, such as the re-samplers 116 and 122 in In the receive direction, the combination of the ADC and the receive re-sampler 116 can effectively be viewed as an equivalent ADC whose sample rate is equal to the receive re-sampler output sample rate. Similarly, in the transmit direction, the combination of the transmit re-sampler 122 and the DAC can be viewed as an equivalent DAC whose input sample rate is equal to the transmit re-sampler input sample rate. In an ADSL system, the ADSL transceiver unit remote terminal (ATUR) modem, derives an estimate of the ADSL transceiver unit-central office (ATUC) modem's symbol clock frequency and phase from the received signal. In the present invention, the modem 100 is the ATUR modem. The symbol clock derived by the ATUR is then used for both detection of the received signal as well as transmission of the upstream signal to the ATUC. The ATUC modem uses the same clock for both transmission and reception. This process is known as loop timing. Since the ATUR transmitter timing is derived from the ATUR receiver, there must be a mechanism in place to ensure that the timing of the ATUR transmitter and receiver remains locked. It is extremely desirable that the timing between the transmitter and the receiver does not drift or skew. In conventional implementations, which use two re-samplers (one in the receive path and a second in the transmit path) to produce digital samples at the desired rate, it is difficult to ensure that timing will remain locked since each re-sampler uses its own independent phase accumulator (and phase increment). The use of a single phase accumulator will ensure that the timing of the re-samplers 116 and 122 remains locked. The single phase accumulator approach is implemented in the modem 100, as is described below in connection with Based upon inputs from the single phase accumulator 309, the re-sampler controller 306 produces re-sampler control signals 312. In response to the re-sampler control signals 312, the coefficient generator 308 provides a set of receive re-sampler coefficients 314 to the re-sampler 302. More specifically, the controller 306 uses the contents of the phase accumulator 309 to produce the correct coefficients 314 to be used for the computation of the current output sample of the interpolated signal 320. The transmit re-sampler 122 includes a non-integer transmit re-sampler 326. In a manner similar to that described above, the re-sampler control signals 312, derived from the phase accumulator 309, prompt the coefficient generator 308 to produce updated transmit re-sampler coefficients 330 and to provide the coefficients 330 to the non-integer transmit re-sampler 326. In response, the transmit re-sampler 326 computes an output sample of the interpolated signal, i.e., the digitized transmit signal 114. The controller 306 performs a fixed mapping of the contents of the phase accumulator 309, prompting the coefficient generator 308 to produce the transmit coefficients 330. Thus, the single phase accumulator 309 ensures that the timing of the re-samplers 116 and 122 remains locked. An FFT block 340, incorporated within the DMT 136, is also depicted in In more specific terms, the timing tracking portion of the module 110 provides a phase increment signal 350, a phase tweak signal 352, and an out_bank_coeff_factor signal 354 to the re-sampler controller 306. These signals alter and/or act in accordance with the phase accumulator 309 and, therefore, ultimately control the phase values associated with the coefficients 314 and 330, produced by the coefficient generator 308. Thus, the single phase accumulator 309 provides mapping between the receive re-sampler 302 and the transmit re-sampler 326. This mapping provides perfect synchronized timing between the receive signal 112 and the transmit signal 114. The modem 100 includes a receive signal timing recovery/tracking loop including the modules 302, 117, 128, 118, 310, 110, 306, 308, and 309 described above. The timing recovery loop recovers receive timing in the receive direction, and adjusts all or some of the signals 350, 352 and 354 to match the receive timing. Integral to the this operation is the use of the common phase accumulator 309 for both receive and transmit re-sampling timing control. The present invention, therefore, provides a type of one-to-one mapping between the receive re-sampler 116 and the transmit re-sampler 122 in order to update the common phase accumulator 309 within the timing recovery loop to achieve timing synchronization. The operation of the phase accumulator 309, in connection with control signals 111, and with reference to The following terms are defined in relation to the exemplary embodiments of
The receive re-sampler 116 computes bit29[n] for every value of phaseAcc. A wrap mod 229 has occurred if the XOR of bit29[n] and bit29[n−1] is 1. This wrap signifies that a new input sample must be shifted into the re-sampler 302 delay line before the current output sample can be computed. The receive re-sampler 116 computes an output sample for every value of phaseAcc. The coefficients used to compute the output sample are obtained via linear interpolation as:
The transmit re-sampler 122 operates in a similar fashion. The transmit re-sampler 122 computes bit30[n] for every other value of phaseAcc. A wrap mod 230 has occurred if the XOR of bit30[n] and bit30[n−1] is 1. This signifies that a new output sample must be computed. The coefficients used to compute the output sample are obtained via linear interpolation as: The ATUR receiver continuously extracts timing information from the received signal and updates the control signals 350 352 and 354 in order to track any clock drift that may occur in the system. There are several different ways to update the timing of the re-samplers: 1) through use of a phase tweak (periodically adjust the phase accumulator), 2) through update of the phase increment, or 3) using a combination of 1) and 2). In the former case, the phase tweak is applied in conjunction with the phase increment when incrementing the phase accumulator 309. If Δ represents the adjustment to be applied to the phase accumulator 309, it is performed by using a phase tweak given by In a communication system employing convolutional interleaving (such as an ADSL), it is necessary for the receiver to de-interleave the decoded data stream. A data buffer is used to implement the de-interleaving process. For each codeword-sized interleaved data block decoded and written into the data buffer, a single de-interleaved codeword is read from the data buffer. Because the data buffer requires substantial storage capacity, up to 16 KB for an ADSL system, it is desirable to share a single physical memory between the de-interleaving data buffer, other receiver system I/O buffers, and program and data storage. This type of shared memory architecture is known as a unified memory architecture (UMA). The problem, however, with using traditional UMAs is that the codeword-sized blocks written to the de-interleaving data buffer are not an integer multiple of the width of the shared physical memory. This complicates the write interface to the shared memory by requiring it to perform alignment of the codeword-sized block and partial word writes in order to append the block to the existing data buffer contents. The second stride is also adjusted to account for a dummy byte added at the input to the interleaver (to make the interleaved block size relatively prime to the interleave depth) but not transmitted, as in systems like ADSL. The write interface is further complicated by the need to re-insert a dummy byte added at the input to the interleaver (to make, the interleaved block size relatively prime to the interleave depth) but not transmitted. As a solution, the present invention uses a DMA scheme with two separate strides to copy codewords from the de-interleaving data buffer. The DMA storage area 406 includes an exemplary de-interleaving data buffer 408, along with other DMA related storage locations. The DMA scheme is implemented using a DMA engine 404 to execute the overall DMA operations associated with the control processor 205. Thus, the DMA engine 404 receives data, via the control processor 205, based upon a received signal, such as the digitized signal 112. The received data is then placed into the data buffer 408 for de-interleaving. The data is read from the data buffer 408, or de-interleaved, in accordance with the DMA engine 404, selected DMA parameters (discussed in greater detail below), and a modulo counting scheme. The modulo counting scheme is accomplished using an exemplary modulo counter 410. In the present invention, the use of two separate strides, for placing the data into the data buffer 408 allows the codeword-sized blocks, written to the buffer, to be appended with dummy bytes. This padding enables the codeword sized blocks to be translated to a size, or format, that is an integer multiple of the shared physical memory width. The size conversion simplifies the write interface by eliminating the need for data alignment and partial word writes into the shared memory. The first stride specifies the increment between codeword elements necessary to perform the basic de-interleaving operation. The second stride allows the DMA engine 404 to skip over the dummy padding every codeword-size bytes. The wrapping of a modulo-n counter indicates when the second stride should be used to perform the skip. In the example of In A common requirement on many different types of memories is that data must be written to the memory in integer multiples of the memory width (W). Although exceptions to this requirement are possible, the exceptions provide inefficient, overly complex schemes that sacrifice speed and power and erode other valuable system resources. Therefore, in the present invention, the DMA engine 404 will copy the five bytes of the data block A, and all of the other five byte codeword-size blocks B�G, into the buffer 408 in multiples of four bytes at a time. Since the data blocks A�E are five bytes in width, and thus not a multiple of the memory width (W) of four bytes, the data blocks A�G must be appended, or padded, with three dummy padding bytes 610�618 respectively. This padding artificially converts the length of each of the blocks A�E to eight bytes, a multiple of the memory width (W) four. With all of the exemplary data blocks A�E, including the appended padding bytes 610�618, now having been stored in the respective memory locations 600�608, the DMA engine 404 must now perform the de-interleaving. The STRIDE is the first of the DMA parameters listed in In the example of The following is an exemplary approach to initializing the DMA parameters shown in N is interleave length (i.e. including any pre-interleave padding) PADSIZE is number of padding bytes per codeword (including any pre-interleave padding not transmitted which is negative) The DMA computes each address to copy from as follows:
In step 2 of In any particular read cycle, the DMA engine 404 will use STRIDE or STRIDE2, but not both at the same time. Thus, the DMA engine 404 must know apriorily whether to use STRIDE or STRIDE2. The values of the OFFSET column of The offset of Thus, in accordance with the present invention, the DMA engine 404 uses two strides to facilitate an efficient implementation of a UMA memory technique. This technique ensures that codeword-size data blocks can be written into memories in cases where the originally transmitted data blocks are not an integer multiple of the width (W) of the input buffer memory. In so doing, this process eliminates the need to perform alignment and partial word writes of the data blocks, which provides significant savings of system resources. IV. Conditional One's-complement of Partial Address to Map Butterfly Address Generation to FFT/IFFT Post/Preprocessing Pass Address Generation. Processors, such as the control processor 205 of One way of generating the butterfly input and output address pairs is to use a pointer and a fixed offset to access the operands at addresses �pointer� and �pointer+offset�, incrementing the pointer through each recursion in the FFT/IFFT stage. A preferred approach would be to support optimized implementations of the FFT/IFFT for real-valued FFT inputs and IFFT outputs using standard post and pre-processing steps. Using standard post and pre-processing steps, however, the inputs to the butterfly operations of the post- and pre-processing steps are not separated by a fixed offset, and thus cannot use the normal operand addressing logic. As a solution, the present invention uses an exemplary circuit implementation to conditionally invert the n−1 least-significant bits (LSBs) of the butterfly operand addresses provided for an N-point FFT/IFFT, where N=2^n. The n−1 LSBs are inverted when the n'th operand address bit (address[n−1] where the LSB is address[0]) is 1, otherwise the LSBs are unchanged. This effectively reverses the last N/2 inputs to the real-valued FFT post-processing pass or IFFT pre-processing pass, yielding un-unfixed offset between the inputs to the butterfly operations of the pass. In In the illustration of In The circuit 1200 is coupled to an output of a conventional FFT address generator 1201. The address generator 1201 is included as part of an FFT intermediate processing FFT algorithm, such as the operation 904, and produces FFT complex values, such as those that would be provided to the post-processing operation 906. At a high level, the circuit 1200 is configured to perform a conditional one's complement of the address output from the address generator 1201. The circuit 1200 includes a mask generator 1204 and a logic gate 1206 configured to perform a complementing operation. In the embodiment of The mask generator 1204 allows the circuit 1200 to function with FFTs of different sizes. The mask generator 1204 also determines how many of the bits, output from the address generator 1201, should be complemented. A pre/post processing enabling signal 1208 is provided as input to the mask generator 1204. The signal 1208 enables the circuit 1200 when an FFT computation reaches the post-processing stage 906. The function of the circuit 1200 is explained in greater detail below, in relation to An (N) value of 16 corresponds to the third and fourth rows of the addresses 1300 and masks 1302. In the example where (N) is 8, there is only one bit of the FFT generator 1201 that will control one of two output values of its corresponding mask within the mask values 1302. When the signal 1208 indicates that the FFT post-processing is occurring, the mask generator 1204 is enabled. The output of the mask generator 1204 is then exclusively OR'd with the addresses having fixed offsets, output from the address generator 1201. The output of the circuit 1200 is a conditionally inverted address sequence having decreasing outputs, as discussed above. In The present invention, therefore, provides significant economies by enabling the calculation of the post-processing FFT address sequence directly from the output of the FFT address generator 1201. This calculation is achieved through the use of simple logic circuit that performs a one's complement of the fixed offset addresses and a mask of the address. Thus, the techniques of the present invention facilitate savings of significant hardware resources that would ordinarily be dedicated to performing FFT post processing address. V. Definition and Implementation of SLICE Instructions on a Programmable SIMD Processor Data Path. An important function in digital communication receivers is the �slicing� of a received data symbol to determine the nearest point (or phase state) on a constellation grid. That is, the digital communication receivers must be able to closet grid point, from a standpoint of distance, that a particular received symbol value is associated with when it was transmitted. Put more simply, the receiver use slicing to determine precisely what was originally transmitted. One commonly used approach to perform slicing in a DSP is through execution of a sequence of conventional instructions. The slicing function can also be implemented in dedicated logic, but this approach is inflexible and requires additional hardware resources. Dedicated logic, however, is unnecessary in systems where data paths of a SIMD based programmable DSP, such as the controller 205 of The instant invention provides an approach for slicing operations to be more efficiently and supported directly on a programmable DSP. This more efficient approach is facilitated through extensions to the instruction set, modifications to internal data paths, and use of control logic. The slicing operations are implemented using the data path logic that is provided for other basic operations. DSPs typically provide functional units for multiplication, addition (accumulation) and result scaling. Many DSPs provide multiple sets of such units, controlled with a SIMD scheme to enhance performance. Slicing can be efficiently implemented using pairs of such units processing the in-phase and quadrature phase (I and Q) components of a received symbol. A more detailed discussion of preferred embodiments of the present invention is provided below in relation to a description of In the conventional functional data module 1500 illustrated in Next, the product of the multiplier 1507 is provided to the input of the adder 1509 in accordance with, for example, instructions stored in one of the registers 1512. In the module 1500, the second data path 1504 is configured to receive symbol data associated with the symbol's �Q� component, as discussed above. Further, while the first stage 1506 process the input from the current timing cycle, the stage 1508 is simultaneously processing an input from a previous timing cycle and the stage 1510 is simultaneously processing an input from an even earlier timing cycle. A rounding value, provided as an input to a mutiplexer 1514, is added to the first product of the multiplier 1507 during the noted timing cycle. For subsequent products output from the multiplier 1507, the multiplexer 1514 selects its lower path such that the products are added with previous sums. A rounding value is provided so that when scaling is performed in the third stage 1510, the scaling will be performed on a sum having a fixed number of data bits. Next, the result from the adder 1509 is scaled in the third stage 1510 by a scalar 1511. The scalar 1511 multiplies the result, output from the adder 1509, times 2^(-k), where (k) is specified by the DSP instructions. The output of the scalar 1511, labeled as RSLTn, is then provided as an overall output of the data module 1500. As previously noted, In general terms, More specifically, A constants generator 1606 is provided to scale the bit stream associated with OP1 (the I or Q component) into a format that has its binary point in a fixed position. The scaling directly supports the slicing function and scales each of the I and Q components to a fixed format by multiplying OP1 by 2^(k−b), where k is a constant chosen based on the data path precision and b, an instruction parameter or operand, indicates the number of fractional bits in, for example, the 16 bit data stream of the I or Q component. When control logic of the DSP detects that the data module 1600 is executing a slicing instruction instead of standard DSP instructions, the multiplexer 1604 selects its operand path 1602 (lower path). When the path 1602 is selected, OP1 is received and is multiplied by the expression 2^(k−b) and is thus scaled into the fixed binary point format. The use of a fixed format simplifies subsequent processing. Next, OP1n and the fixed format value (output from the constants generator 1606) are multiplied together in the multiplier 1507. The product of the multiplier 1507 is provided as an input to another multiplexer 1608. Also provided as an input to the multiplexer, are boundary constraints 1610 which are output from a slice decoder 1700, illustrated in Although the constellation grid of Therefore, the DSP, using instructions within the data module 1600, must slice the received symbol data to determine which of the coordinates on the grid that the points �A� and �B� were originally transmitted on. With reference to Referring back to The output of the adder 1509 is provided as an input to a quantizer circuit 1612. The quantizer circuit 1612 essentially forces the points A and B to the nearest point on the infinite grid. Subsequent cycles use the adders to implement boundary clamping via per-quadrant min/max operations that conditionally load the result registers (accumulators) based on comparisons performed by the adders (with possible auxiliary comparisons). The constants can be read from a table indexed by an instruction operand or directly specified by the operand. Additional details of the circuit 1612 are provided in the discussion concerning In The quantizer 1612 essentially forces the LSBs of the receive symbol data, -to zero. The k−1 bits go through the AND gate 1902 and the next bits are received by the OR gate 1900. The most significant bits, which are left over, simply pass through the quantizer 1612 and remain unchanged. When the quantizer 1612 is in use, the adder 1509 can be used to implement symmetric rounding (about the point origin) and/or offset adjustment for constellations that aren't centered about the point origin. Finally, an output from the results register 1614 is provided to the scalar 1511. The results scalar 1511 is used to divide each component by 2^(k-b) to return the components to the input format. The output of the scalar 1511 is a determination of the nearest grid points to the points A and B, within the constellation grid 1800. An exemplary slicing sequence implemented by the data module 1600 will be described in relation to a description of The grid 1800 illustrates that the nearest grid point in infinite grid of the I and Q coordinates, for point A, are −1 and −1. In cycle 2, the quantization has already been accomplished so the quantization signal is not set. Thus, the next comparison of the input symbol data is against the limits. Here, the I limit is −3 and a condition of �less than.� The conditions of �less than� or �greater than� are a function of the quadrant that the point appeared in. Similarly, for Q, the limit is −3, with a condition of �less than.� Since in this case, the nearest point on infinite grid was within the actual 4�4 grid, the second cycle did not make any changes. Therefore, the result of the symbol slicing in this case was −1 and −1 for both the I and Q components, which correspond with a point on the grid 1800. The results for the point B, however, are slightly different. The table 2000 illustrates that for the cycle 1, the quantize control signal is set. Therefore, the first step will be to quantize the symbol data associated with B onto the infinite grid. In this case, the output coordinates for I and Q are 1 and −5 respectively. The first arrow pointing away from point B on the grid 1800, points to the coordinates 1 and −5 for I and Q respectively. During cycle 2, the point B is compared against the limit of the finite grid. This comparison illustrates that the data point B is outside of this limit. Here, therefore, the result of cycle 2 is 1 and −3 for the I and Q limits, respectively. Thus, both points A and point B have now been associated with their nearest points in infinite grid, and consequently, associated with their original constellation grid coordinates. The present invention, therefore, provides an approach for slicing operations to be more efficiently supported directly on a programmable DSP. The approach of the invention is facilitated through extensions to the instruction set, modifications to internal data paths, and use of control logic. The slicing operations are implemented using the data path logic that is provided for other basic operations. This approach facilitates performing the slice instruction as a primitive instruction. An advantage of the approach of the present invention is a reduction in the input cycles required to execute a slice instruction. The present invention reduces the required cycles from 20 to 2 or 3 cycles. VI. Program Synchronization of A Processor and DMA Using Ownership Flags. A processor DSP is often paired with a DMA engine and two working memories so that processor execution on data in one memory can overlap DMA transfers to and from the other memory. Higher performance processors require more bandwidth than can be provided by a single working memory; additional bandwidth can be supplied by additional working memories. A synchronization mechanism is required to ensure than a given working memory is only in use by either the processor or the DMA at any given time, and to provide flow control of data passed between the processor and DMA engine. Finally, Systems with two or more working memories, such as the memories A�D, typically have the DMA engine 2102 and processor 2102 wait for each other upon completion of the tasks 2200 and 2202, shown in The ownership flags 2106 are provided to indicate, for each of the memories A�D, whether its use is controlled by the DMA engine 2102 or processor 2104. Specific instruction sets are provided for both the DMA engine 2102 and the processor 2104 for testing and setting the flags 2106. One instruction, from within the instruction set 2102, waits for the specified set of ownership flags to indicate ownership by the DMA engine 2102 or the processor 2104 executing the instruction. The other instruction sets the specified set of ownership flags 2106 to indicate ownership by the DMA engine 2102 or the processor 2104 not executing the instruction. The memory sharing scheme 2100, along with software convention, allows programs running on the DMA engine 2102 and the processor 2104. The scheme 2100 avoids simultaneous use of the exemplary working memories A�D by transferring ownership of the memories, when finished with the memory, and waiting for ownership before accessing the memory. Similarly flow control is implemented by waiting for ownership of the memory containing the data being transferred before operating on it. The present invention has been described above with the aid of functional building blocks illustrating the performance of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined herein for the convenience of the description. Alternate boundaries can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships thereof are appropriately performed. Any such alternate boundaries are thus within the scope and spirit of the claimed invention. One skilled in the art will recognize that these functional building blocks can be implemented by analog and/or digital circuits, discrete components, application specific integrated circuits, firmware, processors executing appropriate software and the like or any combination thereof. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents. Patent Citations
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It's October and Halloween draws near - sooooooooooo I'm just saying BOO TO YOU a bit early.
Have a safe and HAPPY EASTER.
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Craig -
Stropping by to wish you and yours a very Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year.
Hello! Just stopping by to say "HELLO". Haven't been here for a while. Hope you're doing well. Today it's snowing at the moment and I think we'll get a few inches. Have a great Sunday!
Happy Veteran's Day. I would like to thank all of those who have served our country.
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dropping by to say hello. Hope all is well. Have a great week and stay safe.
Craig -
almost 2 years ago
Have a good one!Be careful and stay safe!
Just stopping by to wish you a good weekend. Hope you're doing well. Haven't been here for a while as I'd been very busy the last weeks. Winter saison is over soon and most of the tourists are leaving already our area. So I'm looking forward to some calm shifts. Take care and stay safe!
Stopping by to say Hi and have a safe and great week!
Hope the holiday was good to you. If I didn't get the chance to say it yet, I hope you have a happy, healthy, safe and prosperous New Year. It's already Wednesday/Hump Day and the rest of the week is on the downhill slide. The weekend will be here before you know it. Be safe and have a great rest of the week. Carl