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Frogfish | |
Striated frogfish, Antennarius striatus | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Actinopterygii |
Order: | Lophiiformes |
Family: | Antennariidae T. N. Gill, 1863 |
Sub-families & Genera | |
Frogfishes, family Antennariidae, are a type of anglerfish in the order Lophiiformes. They are known as anglerfishes in Australia, where 'frogfish' refers to the Batrachoididae. Frogfishes are found in almost all tropical and subtropical oceans and seas around the world, the primary exception being the Mediterranean Sea.
Frogfishes are small, short and stocky, and sometimes covered in spinules and other appendages to aid in camouflage. The camouflage aids in protection from predators and to enables them to lure prey. Many species can change color; some are covered with other organisms such as algae or hydrozoa. In keeping with this camouflage, frogfishes typically move slowly, lying in wait for prey, and then striking extremely rapidly, in as little as 6 milliseconds.
There are few traces of frogfishes in the fossil record, though Antennarius monodi is known from the Miocene of Algeria.
Frogfishes live in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Atlantic and Pacific, as well as in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. Their habitat lies for the most part between the 20-degree isotherms, in areas where the surface level water usually has a temperature of 20 C (68 F) or more. They extend beyond the 20-degree isotherms in the area of the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands, along the Atlantic coast of the USA, on the south coast of Australia and the northern tip of New Zealand, coastal Japan, around Durban, South Africa, and at Baja California.[2][3] The greatest diversity of species is in the Indo-Pacific region, with the highest concentration around Indonesia. In the small Lembeh Strait, north-east of Sulawesi, divers have found nine different species. Frogfish live generally on the ocean floor around coral or rock reefs, at most up to 100 meters (330 ft) deep.
There are a few exceptions to these general limits. The Brackishwater Frogfish is at home in ocean waters as well as brackish and fresh water around river mouths.[4] The Sargassumfish lives in clumps of drifting sargassum, which often floats into the deeper ocean and have been known to take the sargassumfish as far north as Norway.[5]
Frogfishes have a stocky appearance, atypical of fish. Ranging from 2.5–38 cm (1-15 inches) long, their plump, high-backed, non-streamlined body is scaleless and bare, often covered with bumpy, bifurcated spinules.[6] Their short bodies have between 18 and 23 vertebrae and their mouths are upward pointed with palatal teeth. They are often brightly colored, white, yellow, red, green, or black or spotted in several colors in order to blend in with their coral surroundings.[2] Coloration can also vary within one species, making it difficult to differentiate between them.
Rather than typical dorsal fins, the front-most of the three fins is called the illicium or "rod" and is topped with the esca or "lure". The illicium often has striped markings, while the esca takes a different form in each species. Because of the variety of colors even within a single species, the esca and illicium is a useful tool to differentiate among different varieties.[7] Some of them resemble fish, some shrimp, some polychaetes, some tubeworms, and some simply a formless lump; one genus, Echinophryne has no esca at all. Despite very specific mimicry in the esca, examinations of stomach contents do not reveal any specialized predation patterns, for example, only worm-eating fish consumed by frogfishes with worm-mimicking esca. If lost, the esca can be regenerated. In many species the illicium and esca can be withdrawn into a depression between the second and third dorsal fins for protection when they are not needed.[8]
Frogfish have small, round gill openings behind their pectoral fins. With the exception of Butler's frogfish and the Rough Anglerfish, frogfish use a gas bladder to control their buoyancy.
Mimicry and camouflage[edit]
The unusual appearance of the frogfish is designed to conceal it from predators and sometimes to mimic a potential meal to its prey. In ethology, the study of animal behavior, this is known as aggressive mimicry. Their unusual shape, color, and skin textures disguise frogfish. Some resemble stones or coral, while others imitate sponges, or sea squirts with dark splotches instead of holes. In 2005, a species was discovered, the striated frogfish, that mimics a sea urchin while the sargassumfish is colored to blend in with the surrounding sargassum.[5] Some frogfish are covered with algae or hydrozoa. Their camouflage can be so perfect, that sea slugs have been known to crawl over the fish without recognizing them.
For the scaleless and unprotected frogfish, camouflage is an important defense against predators. Some species can also inflate themselves, like pufferfish, by sucking in water in a threat display.[9] In aquariums and in nature, frogfish have been observed, when flushed from their hiding spots and clearly visible, to be attacked by clownfish, damselfish, and wrasse, and in aquariums, to be killed.
Many frogfishes can change their color.[2] The light colors are generally yellows or yellow-browns while the darker are green, black, or dark red. They usually appear with the lighter color, but the change can last anywhere from a few days to several weeks. It is unknown what triggers the change.[2]
Frogfishes generally do not move very much, preferring to lie on the sea floor and wait for prey to approach. Once the prey is spotted, they can approach slowly using their pectoral and pelvic fins to walk along the floor.[8][10] They rarely swim, preferring to clamber over the sea bottom with their fins in one of two "gaits".[6] In the first they alternately move their pectoral fins forward, propelling themselves somewhat like a two-legged tetrapod, leaving the pelvic fins out. Alternately, they can move in something like a slow gallop, whereby they move their pectoral fins simultaneously forward and back, transferring their weight to the pelvic fins while moving the pectorals forward. With either gait, they can only cover short stretches.
In open water, frogfishes can swim with strokes of the tail fin. They also have a kind of jet propulsion that is often used by younger frogfish. It is achieved by rhythmically forcing their breath-water out through their gill openings, which lie behind their pelvic fins.[10]
The sargassum frogfish has adapted fins which can grab strands of sargassum, enabling it to "climb" through the seaweed.[2]
Frogfishes eat crustaceans, other fish, and even each other. When potential prey is first spotted, the frogfish follows it with its eyes. Then, when it approaches within roughly seven body-lengths, the frogfish begins to move its illicium in such a way that the esca mimics the motions of the animal it resembles. As the prey approaches, the frogfish slowly moves to prepare for its attack; sometimes this involves approaching the prey or "stalking" while sometimes it is simply adjusting its mouth angle. The catch itself is made by the sudden opening of the jaws, which enlarges the volume of the mouth cavity up to twelve-fold, pulling the prey into the mouth along with water.[8] The attack can be as fast as 6 milliseconds.[11] The water flows out through the gills, while the prey is swallowed and the esophagus closed with a special muscle to keep the victim from escaping. In addition to expanding their mouths, frogfish can also expand their stomachs to swallow animals up to twice their size.[8]
Slow-motion filming has shown that the frogfish sucks in its prey in just six milliseconds, so fast that other animals cannot see it happen.[8] This is less time than it takes a muscle to contract, so the source of the motion remains unknown.
The reproductive behavior of the normally solitary frogfish is still not fully researched. There are few observations in aquariums and even fewer from the wild. Most species are free-spawning, with females laying the eggs in the water and males coming in behind to fertilize them. Anywhere from eight hours to several days before the egg-laying, the abdomen of the female starts to swell as the eggs absorb water, sometimes as many as 180,000 eggs.[7] The male begins to approach the female around two days before the spawning. It is not known if the spawn is predetermined by some external factor, such as the phase of the moon, or if the male is attracted to a smell or signal released by the female. In all hitherto observed breeding pairs, one partner was noticeably, sometimes as much as ten times, larger than the other. When the gender could be determined, the larger partner was always the female.
During the free-spawning courtship ritual, the male swims beside and somewhat behind the female, nudges her with his mouth then remains near her cloaca. Just before the spawning, the female begins to swim above the ocean floor toward the surface. At the highest point of their swim they release the eggs and sperm before descending back. Sometimes the male pulls the eggs out of the female with his mouth. After mating the partners depart quickly as otherwise the smaller male would likely be eaten. A few species are substrate-spawners, notably the genera Lophiocharon, Phyllophryne, and Rhycherus, which lay their eggs on a solid surface, such as a plant or rock. Some species guard their eggs, a duty assigned to the male in almost all species, while most others do not.[7][8] Several species practice brood carrying, for example the three-spot frogfish, whose eggs are attached to the male, and those in the genus Histiophryne, whose brood are carried in the pectoral fins.
The eggs are 0.5-1mm (0.02-0.04in) large and cohere in a gelatinous mass or long ribbon, which in Sargassumfish are up to a meter (3.3 ft) long and 16 cm (6 in) wide. These egg masses can include up to 180,000 eggs.[7][13] For most species, the eggs drift on the surface. After two to five days, the fish hatch and the newly hatched alevin are between 0.8 and 1.6 mm long (0.03 and 0.07 in). For the first few days they live on the yolk sac while their digestive systems continue to develop. The young have long fin filaments and can resemble tiny, tentacled jellyfish. For one to two months they live planktonically. After this stage, at a length of between 15 and 28 mm (0.6-1.1 in), they have the form of adult frogfish and begin their lives on the sea floor. Young frogfish often mimic the coloration of poisonous sea slugs or flatworms.
Fossil record[edit]
Hardly any fossil remains of frogfishes have been found. In the north-Italian formation at Monte Bolca, formed from the sedimentation of the Tethys Ocean in the middle Eocene, a three centimeter (1.2 in) fossil named Histionotophorus bassani was initially described as a frogfish, but was later thought to belong to the closely related extant genus Brachionichthys or handfish. In 2005, a fossil from Miocene Algeria, Antennarius monodi, is the first proven fossil frogfish, believed to be most closely related to the extant senegalese frogfish.[14]
In aquariums[edit]
This section does not cite any references or sources. (February 2013) |
Many public aquariums around the world keep frogfishes. Though they are prized for their unique appearance, they are not easy to keep for a number of reasons. They often refuse food or become very fat when they do accept it. Furthermore, they must usually be kept alone as they will eat anything up to twice their size, including other frogfish, even potential mates. Also, as they can change their coloration, many lose the bright patterns they have initially, especially when kept in empty or more dull-colored tanks as opposed to the bright coral environments that they are used to.
Though frogfish have been observed to spawn in captivity, captive breeding is difficult. It is currently not known how to sex most species without dissection so keeping an appropriate pair together raises problems. Furthermore even if they do spawn, raising fry through the planktonic phase is very difficult because the larval fish require extremely tiny live food and must be protected from other predatory fish.
Frogfishes belong to the order Lophiiformes, commonly known as anglerfish, which is a member of the superorder Paracanthopterygii with four other orders. They belong to the infraclass Teleostei, the bony fishes, in the class Actinopterygii.
Commerson's frogfish, Kona, Hawaii, Antennarius commerson
Ocellated frogfish, Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles, A. ocellatus
Red ocellated frogfish, St. Kitts, A. ocellatus
Longlure frogfish, Bonaire, A. multiocellatus
Painted frogfish, A. pictus
Warty frogfish, A. maculatus
- ^ Arnold, R.J., Harcourt, R. & Pietsch, T.W. (2014). "A New Genus and Species of the Frogfish Family Antennariidae (Teleostei: Lophiiformes: Antennarioidei) from New South Wales, Australia, with a Diagnosis and Key to the Genera of the Histiophryninae". Copeia, 2014 (3): 534–539.
- ^ a b c d e Antennariidae: Frogfishes Tree of Life Web Project
- ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Antennariidae" in FishBase. April 2006 version.
- ^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2009). "Antennarius biocellatus" in FishBase. Sep 2009 version.
- ^ a b Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2009). "Histrio histrio" in FishBase. Sep 2009 version.
- ^ a b Bray, Dianne. "Family ANTENNARIIDAE". Fishes of Australia. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
- ^ a b c d Diving with Frogfish Dive the World 2009
- ^ a b c d e f Frogfish Factsheet Shedd Aquarium Explore by Animal 2009
- ^ Lloyd, Robin Crawling fish accepted as new species MSNBC.com
- ^ a b Bertelsen, E. & Pietsch, T.W. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N., ed. Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 138–139. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
- ^ Striated Frogfish Florida Museum of Natural History
- ^ Pietsch TW and Grobecker DT (1987) Frogfishes of the world Stanford University Press,ISBN 9780804712637.
- ^ Frogfish spawn on Valentine's Day National Sea Life Center, Birmingham
- ^ G. Carnevale1 & T.W. Pietsch: Filling the gap: a fossil frogfish, genus Antennarius (Teleostei, Lophiiformes, Antennariidae), from the Miocene of Algeria Abstract
- Pietsch and Grobecker, 1987. Frogfishes of the World. Stanford University Press.
External links[edit]
Look up frogfish in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Wikispecies has information related to: Antennariidae |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Antennariidae. |


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BAKU, Azerbaijan (AP) -- A journalist in Azerbaijan will be held in custody for two months after being charged with illegal possession of a pistol, three weeks before the presidential election.
Parviz Qashimli's lawyer says his client denies the charges and connects his arrest to his work as a journalist in Azerbaijan, a Caspian Sea country under authoritarian rule.
Qashimli is director of the news website Moderator and he also works at the newspaper Bizim Yol.
The court ruled Wednesday that Qashimli should be held while the charges against him are investigated. His website reported that he was arrested late Tuesday and security agents searched his home and offices, confiscating computers and written materials.
Azerbaijan is holding a presidential election on Oct. 9, in which President Ilham Aliyev is running for a third term.
- Company Legal & Law Matters
- Crime & Justice
- Azerbaijan

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Umm Olsen twins are wrong
Umm Olsen twins are wrong
Disappointed in you BuzzFeed. I doubt another post like this one will follow about any other race, because you know the world isn't made up of only white and black people.
Iona, Scotland needs to be on here!!!
The WhatsUp App not WhatsApp 😆
In Bermuda our traditional breakfast is codfish and potatoes. The whole meal is salted codfish, boiled potatoes, hard boiled eggs, avacado and a tomato sauce.
Umm Glitter!!! No? Just me? Okay cool……


text:
School Office
Stevenson Hall 3004
707 664-3115/2132
Credentials Office
Stevenson Hall 3007, 707 664-2581
Teacher Recruitment and Information Center (TRIC)
Stevenson Hall 3011
707 664-2131
Departments and Programs
Detailed program information can be found in the departments which are listed in alphabetical order following this section.Curriculum Studies and Secondary Education Department
Single Subject Credential (EDSS courses)
Integrated Programs in English, Kinesiology, Music and Mathematics
Master of Arts in Education: Curriculum, Teaching, and Learning (EDCT courses)
Early Childhood and Elementary Education Department
Multiple Subject Credential, CLAD and Early Childhood (EDMS courses)
Master of Arts in Education: Early Childhood Education (EDEC courses)
Educational Leadership and Special Education Department
Specialist Credential (Special Education), Mild/Moderate; Moderate/Severe
Levels I and II, Intern (EDSP courses)
Administrative Services Credentials, Levels I and II, Intern (EDEL courses)
Master of Arts in Special Education (EDSP courses)
Reading, Language, and Culture Department
BCLAD (Bilingual Spanish) Multiple Subject Credential (EDMS -B courses)
Reading Certificate (EDRL courses)
Reading Specialist Credential (EDRL courses)
Master of Arts in Reading and Language (EDRL courses)
Master of Arts in Educational Leadership (EDEL courses)
Teaching Credential Subject Matter Preparation ? Elementary Programs
American Multicultural Studies
Environmental Studies
Liberal Studies (Hutchins)
Chicano and Latino Studies
Ukiah Liberal Studies
Teaching Credential Subject Matter Preparation? Secondary Programs
Physical EducationAdapted Physical Education
Social Sciences
Other subject areas through state approved tests.
The Undergraduate Integrated Degree and Credential Programs
The Integrated Degree and Credential Programs offer undergraduate students the opportunity to earn a four year baccalaureate degree and a teaching credential simultaneously. The Hutchins Liberal Studies/School of Education program is a blended program designed for entering freshmen. Students in this program must receive advising about course sequence prior to, or very early in, their freshman year; enroll in an average of 15-18 units per semester; and be willing to take courses in at least one summer session. These undergraduate integrated degree programs are currently available for majors in American Multicultural Studies (AMCS), Chicano and Latino Studies (CALS), and Hutchins Liberal Studies, leading to the Multiple Subject Credential. For Secondary Education, integrated programs are available for majors in English, Mathematics, Music, and Kinesiology leading to the Single Subject Credential. For more information contact the Integrated Credential Program advisor in the appropriate department and the Teacher Recruitment and Information Center in the School of Education.General Information
In all School of Education programs students are expected to meet and maintain high academic and performance standards, including all of the following (additional standards may be required by specific programs):- Maintenance of a 3.0 GPA in all professional education courses
- Successful completion of required field experiences
- Successful presentation of a program portfolio prior to advancement to the final phase of the program and/or completion of the final field experience.
The CLAD Credential authorizes the teaching of students at various stages of English language development and from a variety of cultural backgrounds. The CLAD Credential programs focus on the knowledge and skills needed to work successfully with all students in California's multicultural schools. CLAD is the acronym for Crosscultural, Language, and Academic Development.
Individuals interested in teaching at the elementary school level should choose one of the following program emphases: Multiple Subject Credential CLAD, Multiple Subject Credential CLAD Early Childhood Education, or Multiple Subject Credential BCLAD. All three of these program emphases lead to a credential that authorizes the holder to teach in a self-contained classroom, kindergarten through grade 12.
The Single Subject CLAD Credential authorizes the holder to teach a particular subject in a school organized by academic disciplines, kindergarten through grade 12. Since most elementary schools are not departmentalized, this credential, in general, is appropriate for the middle school and high school teacher candidate (art, music, and physical education candidates may actually teach K-12).
The Education Specialist (special education) Credentials, Level I and Level II are offered for Mild/Moderate and Moderate/Severe disabilities, and authorize the holder to provide services in K-12 special day classes (SDC) or resource specialist program classes (RSP).
Individuals possessing a basic teaching credential may enter programs leading to specialist or service credentials. These advanced credentials authorize the holder to perform specialized roles in public schools.
M.A. in education programs are designed with both full-time and part-time students in mind. Some master?s degree programs may be taken concurrently with advanced credential programs.
Note: Program requirements change periodically, and current information may not be available in this catalog. For more detailed information on credentials and other education programs, please see the University?s special bulletins and the School of Education?s current program brochures and policy statements, or visit the Education web site, www/sonoma.edu/education.
Special Resources
Teacher Recruitment and Information Center (TRIC)The Teacher Recruitment and Information Center is available to provide information and admissions applications for all School of Education programs.TRIC is open daily for student drop-in or telephone requests. For advising about programs, applications, and options, consult the TRIC office in Stevenson Hall, 3011, 707 664-2131.
Credentials Office
The Credentials Office serves as the admissions and records center for all programs offered in the School of Education and is responsible for the recommendation of teaching and service credentials. Credentials analysts and staff are available for providing application information and credential information to prospective students, continuing students, out of state teachers/administrators, university constituents, and the university service area in general.Career Outlook
California faces the daunting task of replacing 300,000 teachers over the next ten years. Newly credentialed teachers are generally finding jobs rather rapidly today, with equally good prospects for the future. Currently there exist shortages of credentialed teachers in mathematics, science, special education, Spanish, and bilingual education. Due to recent 9th grade class size reductions, English teachers are beginning to be in short supply. In addition, graduates of the School of Education find positions in community agencies and in the private sector.Project PITA Preservice Inservice Training Alliance
Project PITA Preservice Inservice Training Alliance is a comprehensive support program for new or emergency credentialed teachers and for teachers seeking CLAD or BCLAD certification.The Project consists of two programs: The preservice program requires that a currently employed teacher (most likely with an emergency credential) be enrolled in a Sonoma State University teaching credential program. Project PITA Preservice Inservice Training Alliance will pay up to full tuition fees for teachers meeting this requirement. Additionally, the project will provide training for PITA Preservice Inservice Training Alliance teachers, cooperating teachers, school administrators and university supervisors. The project?s goal is to ensure its participants will receive excellent training and support. The inservice program requires that a currently employed teacher be interested in obtaining CLAD or BCLAD certification. The project offers assistance with fees for CLAD/BCLAD training, including materials and examination costs. Project PITA Preservice Inservice Training Alliance participants will have access to CLAD/BCLAD training offered by the Bilingual Teacher Training Program administered by the Sonoma County Office of Education. This is one of the most successful training programs in the state. PROJECT PITA PRESERVICE INSERVICE TRAINING ALLIANCE OFFERS:
- Scholarships
- Professional growth opportunities
- Funding for substitute teachers to facilitate release time for Project participants
- A community of fellow teachers, administrators and School of Education faculty
- Resources for test preparation and test taking
Project BECA Bilingual Educator Career Advancement
Project BECA Bilingual Educator Career Advancement is an extensive support program for bilingual teacher candidates. This project has been established through a U.S. Department of Education Title VII grant in order to help meet the demand for bilingual teachers in the North Coast. Spearheaded by the School of Education at Sonoma State University and the Sonoma County Office of Education, Project BECA Bilingual Educator Career Advancement proposes to increase the quality and quantity of bilingual teachers through a comprehensive support system.Project BECA?s main objective is to increase the quality and quantity of bilingual teachers. In order to ensure the success of BCLAD teacher candidates, Project BECA Bilingual Educator Career Advancement offers academic, financial and professional support.
- Foreign Transcript Evaluation
- Assistance with Course Work
- Tuition Assistance
- Stipends
- Child Care Stipends
- Test Preparation Assistance (BCLAD, CLAD, MSAT, CBEST)
- Spanish Language Development
Contact Information
Project BECA/PITA
Stevenson Hall 3021
(707) 664-4428
Basic Teaching Credential Programs
Basic teaching credentials include Multiple Subject CLAD (Cross- Cultural Language and Academic Development), BCLAD, and Early Childhood CLAD, Single Subject CLAD, and Education Specialist Level I Credentials. The basic authorization to teach in the California public schools requires all the following:- Possession of a bachelor?s degree.
- Verification of appropriate subject matter competency, either completion of an approved subject matter preparation program or passage of appropriate state-approved examination(s).
- Passing scores on the California Basic Education Skills Test for Teachers (CBEST).
- Completion of a college-level course or college-level examination that covers the U.S. Constitution. POLS 200 or 202 at SSU will meet the requirement.
- Completion of a state-approved program of professional teacher education.
- Filing of the application for a Certificate of Clearance, which includes fingerprinting.
Completion of the requirements listed above will allow an individual to obtain a preliminary basic teaching credential. A professional clear teaching credential will be recommended by the university upon completion of an approved fifth year of study (30 units beyond the bachelor?s degree) that includes requirements in health education/drug abuse, mainstreaming, computer education, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
Note: Students should consult with the TRIC office during their first semester on campus if they plan to pursue a teaching credential. Students admitted to a credential program should contact the Credentials Office for any changes in requirements.
California State University Requirements for Admission to Basic Teaching Credential Preparation Programs
All credential candidates must complete the following before admission to the professional preparation programs:- Admission to the University.
- Grade point average of 2.75 in upper division and/or graduate coursework or a 2.67 overall grade point average.
- Submission of scores for California Basic Educational Skills Test (CBEST).
- Two letters of recommendation.
- Successful completion of an admissions interview.
- Demonstration of aptitude, personality, and character traits that satisfy the standards of the teaching profession. Assessment of these qualities will be made by the School of Education through evaluation of interviews, letters of recommendation, and candidates? professional goals statements, and spontaneous writing sample.
- Evidence of 45 hours of experience working with school age children.
Some students may be admitted to basic teaching credential programs who have not met one or more of the above requirements when such students have compensating strengths in other required areas.
Note: Additional program-specific admission requirements are listed with each program description.
Procedures for Admission to Basic Teaching Credential Preparation Programs
The Teacher Recruitment and Information Center office provides information regarding admissions requirements and dates for application to programs in the School of Education.-
Obtain application packets and additional information from the TRIC office, Stevenson 3011, or on the website, www.sonoma.edu/education.
Submit to the Credentials office, Stevenson 3007 a complete application packet containing the following:
- One transcript to the School of Education in addition to the two official transcripts from each college/university attended for the Office of Admissions and Records, required for admission to the University.
- Two letters of recommendation
- Official CBEST results or evidence of having taken the exam
- Professional goals statement
Continuation in Basic Teaching Credential Preparation Programs
- During the first semester, all candidates must:
- Provide evidence from a physician of a clear chest x-ray or negative TB skin test; and
- Apply for a Certificate of Clearance. Application forms are available in the Credentials Office.
- All education students are required to meet each semester with an education advisor.
- Students must successfully complete all requirements for each program phase?including coursework, practica, and student teaching?before entering the subsequent phase.
- Students are expected to make continuous progress toward the credential while maintaining a grade point average of 3.00 in professional education courses after entry into the credential program. Incomplete grades (I) and grades of D or F in professional education courses must be removed and statutory requirements met prior to continuing enrollment in courses.
- Candidates who must delay progress in the professional education program may file a written request with the program coordinator for an extended program or for a leave of absence. A student returning from a program delay will be subject to the screening requirements in effect at the time of reentry and will be accommodated as space allows. Any student on academic probation is subject to automatic disqualification as a credential candidate.
Fifth-Year Programs
A fifth year of study is currently required to obtain a Professional Clear Teaching Credential. The fifth year is defined as 30 semester units after the bachelor?s degree in an approved program of study that includes approved courses in special education, health education, computer education, and CPR. Candidates must consult with the fifth-year advisor to plan a program most suited to their prior experience and individual professional goals.Prerequisites for Admission to Fifth-Year Programs
All candidates must complete the following before admission to a fifth- year program:- Admission to the University as a graduate student; and
- Submission to the Credentials office of two photocopies of a valid teaching credential, and two official transcripts from each college/university attended.
Program Guidelines
1. Thirty post baccalaureate semester units are required for a Professional Clear Teaching Credential.
2. Courses to be applied to the program must receive prior written approval from the fifth-year advisor.
3. Approved special education, health education, and computer education courses must be completed for a Professional Clear Credential; these units are included in the 30 postbaccalaureate-unit program when completed after award of the bachelor?s degree. The courses are:
EDUC 430 Special Education for Teachers (4)
NURS 473 Health Education and Drug Abuse (3)
EDUC 484 Introduction to Multimedia and Web Authoring (3) or
EDUC 404 Computer Uses in Education (2)
4. Certification in CPR is also required for the Professional Clear Credential. Appropriate avenues for meeting this requirement include the following:
- An approved health education course that includes CPR. Documentation required: copy of the course description.
- CPR training from the American Heart Association. Acceptable CPR training courses are Heartsaver and Healthcare Provider.
- CPR training from the American Red Cross. Acceptable training includes community training or adult and infant/child training. Note: Adult only or infant/child only is not acceptable; it must be both. Documentation required: photocopy of both sides of CPR card with valid date. CPR certificates of training must be current at the time of application and recommendation for the credential.
5. A maximum of 3 units of lower-division courses and 6 units of extension courses may be included.
6. A maximum of 9 semester units in courses taken at other institutions of higher education may be included.
7. Except for M.A. degree programs requiring a 3.00 GPA, a minimum grade point average of 2.50 must be maintained, and no grade below a C may be counted.
Acceptable Fifth-Year Program Alternatives
These may include:- The professional preparation for a basic credential.
- A master?s degree program.
- A specialist or service credential program.
- Additional courses in the applicant?s teaching major.
- A second approved teaching major.
- A second basic teaching credential.
- Courses taken at approved colleges and universities that lead toward professional growth and improvement in teaching effectiveness.
- Supplementary authorizations for subject area teaching.
Professional Growth Requirements
Teachers who need to fulfill 150 clock hours of professional growth requirements every five years in order to maintain their Professional Clear California Credential will find a variety of appropriate courses offered by the School of Education and throughout the University. Students should contact designated professional growth advisors in district and county offices of education.Master of Arts in Education
Director of Graduate Studies: John KornfeldDescription of M.A. in Education Programs
Sonoma State University?s School of Education offers five advanced credential programs and five areas of concentration within the Master of Arts in Education degree. In each of these programs students critically examine educational theories and research through a variety of cultural and theoretical lenses to develop an informed educational vision and innovative pedagogy in a variety of educational settings. Students have the opportunity to collaborate with faculty and colleagues to examine and influence current educational practice through research, project development, and advocacy. We expect graduates to emerge from their work at Sonoma State University as leaders in their field and agents of change.The five M.A. in Education areas of concentration offered at Sonoma State University are:
- Curriculum, Teaching, and Learning (see Department of Curriculum Studies and Secondary Education, p. 145)
- Early Childhood Education (see Department of Early Childhood and Elementary Education, p. 152)
- Educational Leadership (see Department of Educational Leadership and Special Education, p. 161)
- Reading and Language (see Department of Reading, Language, and Culture, p. 175)
- Special Education (see Department of Educational Leadership and Special Education, p. 161)
Throughout their years in an M.A. program, students are required each semester to meet with the graduate advisor in their area of concentration to plan collaboratively their progress in the M.A. program. Students may also confer with other graduate program faculty and the Director of Graduate Studies for advising and guidance in their coursework and professional development. Students must maintain a 3.00 grade point average in all coursework in the approved M.A. program as well as all coursework taken subsequent to admission in conditionally classified standing.
Prerequisites for the M.A. in Education Program
- A bachelor?s degree from an accredited institution.
- A cumulative upper-division and graduate grade point average of at least 3.00 and a grade point average of at least 3.00 for previous work in education.
- A valid basic teaching credential (except in Curriculum, Teaching, and Learning and Early Childhood Education program areas)
Procedures for Applying to the M.A. in Education Program
- Apply to the University as a graduate student.
- Apply to the School of Education.
- Submit the following:
- A professional goals statement.
- One set of official transcripts.
- One photocopy of a valid basic teaching credential (except in CTL and ECE Programs).
- Two letters of reference attesting to academic potential and professional promise (except where otherwise noted).
Pathways to Program Completion
The M.A. program of study requires 30-36 semester units of coursework, depending on the M.A. in Education pathway a student selects. There are three pathways to program completion, including the thesis/project, cognate, and individualized examination. We encourage students to become knowledgeable about each of the pathways in order to pursue a program of study that meets their professional goals within their preferred style of learning.In all three pathways, graduate students take 18 units in the program area of concentration and at least 6 units (EDUC 570 and 571) of M.A. core courses. All M.A. students work with a three-member committee, and most closely with the committee chair, to complete a culminating activity which is presented to the committee in a public forum. In addition to these points in common, there are distinct differences among the three pathways to program completion, as described below.
The thesis/project pathway is a 30-unit course of study, including 18 units in the students? program area of concentration and 12 units of core courses (EDUC 570, 571, 598, and 599). In order to prepare for the thesis/project, students must take Education 598 (Developing a Thesis/Project) and 599 (Supervised Study for the Thesis/Project) as their final two courses in the M.A. program.The thesis is a written product of a systematic study of a significant problem in education. The project is a written document describing a significant undertaking appropriate to education. The thesis/project option requires an extensive write-up, including an in-depth literature review. Students must also present their thesis/project to their three-member committee in a public forum. Examples of a thesis investigation include process/product research, correlational study, action research, ethnographic study, historical study, or theoretical study. Examples of a project include curriculum design, professional development for educators, program design, performance piece, or creative project.
The cognate pathway is a 36-unit course of study, including 18 units in the students? program area of concentration, 9 units of core courses (EDUC 570, 571, and 572), and a 9-unit cognate course of study. The cognate course of study is a group of courses which students choose in consultation with a faculty advisor and/or committee chair, and that allows students to examine areas of interest related to their M.A. concentration. In order to work with their three-member committee on the cognate project, students must take Education 572 (Supervised Study for the Cognate Project) as their final course in the M.A. program.The cognate project (e.g., portfolio, professional article, video, web site, field-based product) is a significant undertaking through which students connect their cognate course of study with the M.A. core courses, program concentration, and/or work in the field. The project may address, for example, implications of the cognate course of study for the classroom, reflections on new teaching practices, response to scholarly research, or educational theory. A written reflection must be included in the project. Students must present the completed project to their three-member committee in a public forum.
Individualized Examination
The individualized examination pathway is a 33-unit course of study, including 18 units in the students? program area of concentration, 9 units of core courses (EDUC 570, 571, and 573), and 6 units of elective courses. For the electives, students, in consultation with their faculty advisor and/or committee chair, choose courses which allow them to examine areas of interest related to the M.A. concentration and to focus on the examination area(s) of study that they have chosen. In order to work with their three-member committee as they prepare for the examination, students must take Education 573 (Supervised Study for the Individualized Examination) as their final course in the M.A. program.The individualized examination addresses areas of study identified by the student in consultation with the student?s examination committee. The exam is written by the student?s committee (a chair plus two other members) and consists of four questions related to the student?s area(s) of study, including one question submitted in advance to the committee by the student. When the student is ready to take the examination, he/she receives the questions from the chair and has 72 hours to complete the written examination and to return it to the chair. Within two weeks of completing the examination, the student must meet with the committee for an oral examination in which the committee asks follow-up questions for clarification and elaboration.
The Program Portfolio
In order to advance to candidacy, all students must complete a program portfolio and present it to their committee. In most cases, this presentation occurs at the same meeting where the student presents a proposal for the culminating activity. The program portfolio contains artifacts (papers, projects, etc.) produced by the student throughout the M.A. program which demonstrate the student?s proficiency and growth in the areas listed below. The portfolio should be reflective in nature and should show personal, professional, and intellectual growth. It should also demonstrate how the student?s M.A. program has prepared the student to undertake the culminating activity (thesis/project, cognate project, or individual examination).In the program portfolio, students are expected to demonstrate:
- Personal, intellectual, and professional growth over the course of the M.A. program
- Written language proficiency
- Breadth and depth of knowledge in educational research
- Breadth and depth of knowledge in the program area of concentration
- Evidence of planning toward the completion of the culminating activity (thesis/project, cognate project, or individualized examination)
Requirements for Advancement to Candidacy
- Completion of M.A. core courses EDUC 570 and 571, and of M.A. area of concentration courses
- Presentation and approval of program portfolio
- Presentation of culminating activity proposal
- Filing of Advancement to Candidacy form with School of Education Director of Graduate Studies
Requirements for the M.A. Degree in Education
M.A. students must complete all requirements as established by the School of Education, the SSU Graduate Studies Council and the University, to include:1. Completion of an approved program consisting of a minimum of 30 units of upper-division and 500-level courses, as follows:
a maximum of 12 units of upper division courses 500-level
not more than 9 semester units of transfer and/or extension credit
filing of an Advancement to Candidacy form that verifies approval of the program portfolio, verifies writing proficiency, and describes the culminating project.
2. Completion and final approval of culminating activity (thesis/project, cognate project, or individualized examination.
All requirements listed above must be completed within seven years (14 semesters) of the initiation of graduate study.
M.A. Core Courses
Two core courses are required for all M.A. in Education program areas of concentration:EDUC 570 The Reflective Educator (3)
EDUC 571 Research Paradigms in Education (3)
For students pursuing the thesis/project pathway, two other core courses are required:
EDUC 598 Developing a Thesis/Project (3) and
EDUC 599 Supervised Study for Thesis/Project (3)
For students pursuing the cognate pathway, one other core course is required:
EDUC 572 Supervised Study for the Cognate Project (3)
For students pursuing the individualized exam pathway, one other core course is required:
EDUC 573 Supervised Study for the Individualized Examination (3)
None of the M.A. core courses may be taken through Extended Education.
National Board Certification
Sonoma State University?s School of Education offers three courses which provide preparation and support for National Board certification candidates, helping them to develop the technical, analytical, research, and writing skills necessary for successfully obtaining certification.EDUC 574 Introduction to Classroom Research and National Board Certification (3) | Summer |
EDUC 575 Seminar in Action Research (3) | Fall |
EDUC 576 Research, Reflection, and Professional Practice (3) | Spring |
Combined Master of Arts and National Board Preparation
M.A. Core courses (570, 571, 572) | 9 |
Program concentration | 18 |
NB Preparation cognate (574, 575, 576) | 9 |
Cognate Project: National Board Certification portfolio and reflection |   |
Total units: | 36 |
Crosscultural Language and Academic Development Certificate Program (GRAD CLAD)
The Grad CLAD authorization program meets requirements of the California Commission on Teacher Credentialing. All 12 units may be applied to an M.A. in Education with an emphasis in either early childhood education or reading and language (each comprising 30 units). The courses approved are:
EDUC 521 Language Development in First and Second Languages (3)
EDUC 530 Teaching to Diversity (3)
And a choice between the following two courses:
EDUC 522 Curriculum and Assessment for First and Second Language Learners (3) (for elementary or secondary teachers) or
EDUC 534 First and Second Language Curriculum in Preschool and Primary (3) (for teachers who specialize in the early ages, 4-8 years old)
And a choice between the following two courses:
EDUC 529 Evaluation and Assessment in Reading and Language Programs (3) (for elementary or secondary teachers) or
EDUC 537 Authentic Assessment in Preschool and Primary Programs (3) (for teachers who specialize in the early ages, 4-8 years old)
In addition to these 12 units, students must provide evidence that they have experience learning a language other than English. The most common way to meet this requirement is to provide evidence of having taken six units of foreign language at the university level. There are many other ways to meet this requirement; check with the Graduate Studies Coordinator or the Credentials Office for more information.


text:
Created in this Craftsy class
Set your sewing machine and imagination free in this fun exploration of embroidery designs, decorative sewing machine stitches, couching and binding.
Other projects made as part of this class:
View all class projects »Offer some kudos...
Join the conversation...
Ask a question...
Add your comment...
Here are some details about my project: | |
Category | Quilting |
Type | Home Decor |
Style | Whimsical |
What materials did you use? Cotton quilting fabric, yarn, batting, embroidery thread, ric rac, ribbon
What are you most proud of? I'm really proud that I actually completed the project, mounted and ready to hang.
This is a stunning piece! I love everything about it, especially your hand stitches. You are certainly an accomplished fibre artist.
Your hand-stitching is marvelous! The overall design is so appealing. I hope you have it prominently displayed in your home. Great work!


text:
April 1970
In the name of progress one of New England's most historic and unusual urban areas is being carved into parking lots
"We have permanently safeguarded an irreplaceable primitive area," said President Truman as he dedicated Everglades National Park in 1947. Bit what is permanence, and what is "safeguarded"? Did he speak too soon?
When Ida Tarbell set out to probe the operations of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Trust, it seemed like David against Goliath all over again
A TRICENTENNIAL REPORT Having worked like a beaver to overcome three centuries of plunging thermometers, recalcitrant Indians, and fierce competitors from Quebec and the U.S.A., it remains today the continent's most durable trading enterprise
The notorious financier's properties included railroads, yachts, and newspapers, but none was more precious to him than Lyndhurst, the family castle on the Hudson. It would have distressed him to know that it now belongs to you and me
Wartime America's nerves were jumpy. One foggy night on a deserted Long Island beach a young coastguardsman heard the muffled engines of a submarine offshore, and suddenly eight shadowy figures loomed up out of the mist
American Heritage is proud to host the
National Portal to
Historic Collections
Recently added:
- American Revolution Center
- National Museum of Civil War Medicine
- National Museum of the U.S. Navy
- Manassas National Battlefield
- Maryland State House
In association with the
American Association for State and Local History
Why do we need a national nonprofit membership society for American history?
"Save America's Treasures" has been totally eliminated—the largest Federal program supporting preservation of such treasures as the original Star Spangled Banner and George Washington's tent.
65% of Americans don't know what happened at the Constitutional Convention, according to a recent survey by Newsweek.
The "Teaching American History" grants—the largest Federal program supporting history education—have been completely eliminated.
Visits to the Top 20 Civil War battlefields have dropped in half from 1970 to 2009 according to official National Park Service statistics.
40% of Americans can't identify whom we fought in World War II, according to a recent survey by Newsweek.
A quarter of Americans believe Congress shares power over U.S. foreign policy with the United Nations, according to a recent Annenberg survey.
"There is little that is more important for an American citizen to know than the history and traditions of his country," John F. Kennedy wrote in American Heritage.
The "We the People Program," which touched some 30 million students and 90,000 teachers over 25 years, has been completely eliminated.
Two-thirds of Americans could not correctly name Yorktown as the last major military action of the American Revolution, according to a recent national Gallup survey.
The National Heritage Areas and Scenic Byways program, the only major Federal program encouraging visits to historic places, has been completely eliminated in Congressional committee.


text:
Practice Management
Take Advantage of the Opportunity to Engage System Administration
STS News, Spring 2015 -- Practice management isn't what it used to be for most cardiothoracic surgeons. With a large number of cardiothoracic surgeons employed by hospitals or hospital systems, much of "practice" management has shifted to managing service lines within an institution. To be successful, surgeons have to recognize and even create opportunities within their institutions... Read more >
2015 Practice Management Summit to Focus on the Evolving Health Care Marketplace
STS News, Winter 2015 -- The passage of the Affordable Care Act and activation of the insurance coverage mandate have led to changes in the health care marketplace that affect cardiothoracic surgeons' practice patterns. Hospital-based employment continues to grow, and the focus is slowly but surely shifting toward outcomes-based performance measurement tied to compensation... Read more >
Start Planning Your Transition to Retirement
STS News, Fall 2014 -- In this edition of STS News, Dr. Robert Emery outlines some of the steps necessary for a smooth transition from full-time clinical practice. His advice is important whether you are fast approaching this life milestone or still decades away from it... Read more >
How to Become a More Successful Innovator
STS News, Summer 2014 -- People and organizations must innovate in a changing world. In fact, innovation is the best way organizations can achieve sustained growth. This applies to the entire discipline of cardiothoracic surgery... Read more >
5 Tips for Navigating a Group Merger/Acquisition
STS News, Spring 2014 -- The evolution that is occurring in how we finance and deliver health care is resulting in consolidation throughout the industry. This, in turn, has put pressure on independent, private practitioners in all specialties, including ours. More than two-thirds of cardiothoracic surgeons have at least some type of financial arrangement with a hospital, university, or health system... Read more >
2014 Practice Management Summit to Address Changes in CT Surgical Practice
STS News, Winter 2014 -- The current health care environment is in the midst of major changes that may herald a shift in the practice and delivery of cardiothoracic surgery. Broad activity in hospital acquisition of US physician practices over the last 12 months has spawned substantial increases in the numbers of newly employed cardiologists, general surgeons, primary care providers, hospitalists, and cardiothoracic surgeons ... Read more >
Are Physician-Owned Hospitals Dinosaurs from the Past or Models for Our Future?
STS News, Fall 2013 -- There are currently 240 physician-owned hospitals in the United States. In this issue of Practice Management Pearls, Dr. Goya Raikar provides us with his view on the value of physician-owned hospitals and the efficiency of health care delivery. ... Read more >
Coding Help Desk Addresses Common Questions, Scenarios
STS News, Summer 2013 -- Every cardiothoracic surgeon wants to maximize his/her reimbursement within the prescribed payer rules. And while the intricacies of coding may seem complicated, the best outcomes are often achieved when the surgeon is informed and works in tandem with the office billers. ... Read more >
Gain a Power Position in Negotiation
STS News, Spring 2013 -- Many practicing cardiothoracic surgeons have entered into or will be entering into some type of contractual employment model. Whether the arrangement is with a large academic medical center or a community health system, this represents a drastic change ... Read more >
Surgeon Productivity: Are RVUs the End All, Be All?
STS News, Summer 2012 -- Cardiothoracic surgeons are approaching the 50 percent threshold of hospital employment in the United States. The interactions of becoming and staying employed involve some form of valuation of productivity as part of every contract negotiation ... Read more >
2012 Practice Management Summit to Address Important Projections of Health Care Reform and Lessons in Hospital Employment Contracting
STS News, Winter 2012 -- Quality-based initiatives, data reporting, and reimbursement are linked more now than ever, and changes in health care policy and delivery are affecting physicians and hospitals alike. Incentives for health care alignment have resulted in ... Read more >
STS 47th Annual Meeting Practice Management Summit: Navigating Hospital Employment, Health Care Reform
STS News, Winter 2010 -- The health care environment is in the midst of substantial change—change that may herald a fundamental shift in the practice of cardiothoracic surgery. Our cardiology colleagues, once defiant supporters of entrepreneurial health care ... Read more >
STS Practice Management Pearls: Hospital Employment - The Final Chapter?
STS News, Summer 2010 -- This installment of Practice Management Pearls does not take a stand on hospital employment, but rather promotes preparation, starting with a full understanding of your market, and offers some thoughtful lessons learned to consider before choosing the best long-term practice mode for your situation ... Read more >
Physicians Largely Exempted from FTC 'Red Flags Rule' Compliance
Last year, the President signed the Red Flag Program Clarification Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-319) into law. The Clarification Act redefined the term "creditor" in a manner that substantially limits the application of the Federal Trade Commission's Red Flags Rule to physicians.... Read more >


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wheatgrass misunderstanding
wheatgrass misunderstanding
For a while now I have been throwing in blades of wheatgrass into my morning green smoothies. My vita mix blends it up great. I am now starting to grow my own and on one of the seed packages it says to never consume the grass itself only the juice and that the grass is indegestable to humans?!? Is that possible?
karrie I have been wondering about this as well because I don't have a juicer and I want to add wheatgrass into my diet.
I know I was totally baffled by the idea that it was indegstable for us. I have been using it for about 8 months with not a single issue.
I just looked that up after reading this, and apparently you do need to juice the wheatgrass for it to truly be beneficial! I never knew that either! I read on three different websites that it is indigestible by humans unless juiced!! Amazing. I never would have known.
We had this topic come up recently here. My suggestion was to blend it with water and strain it through a nutmilk bag. If the grass blends, it would seem to make it more digestible. Do you grow your own wheatgrass? I'm considering ordering some frozen juice because of the mold problem others have had with indoor grown wheatgrass. The weather where I live has not been good enough this year to grow it outside.
See… I always just rationalized that because it was a thicker grass…and cows eat grass but have four stomachs…somehow it would probably not be good digestivley. When I tried looking it up I came up with a lot of the benefits of wheatgrass but not much else.
123, where would you order the frozen wheatgrass juice from?
If you eat it with nuts or seeds, you will be able to digest it. I heard that on my David Wolfe CD. And in my Ann Wigmore books, they say you can chew the grass (adding the nuts or seeds will help the blades to disintegrate in your saliva) or juice it. Try it, chew on the grass for awhile, then add a little bit of seed into your mouth, it will digest…
It is like adding peanut butter to gum if it is stuck in your kids hair…it will fall apart, the blades of grass will fall apart/break down.
elizabeth – I know at my Whole Foods (St. Louis) they have the wheatgrass in the frozen section so I assume they would have it at all.
Chewing it doesn't mean swallowing it. You could chew on it and then spit out the fiber. I don't think that you would get a sufficient quantity of juice though.
I looked on the Internet and the best price that I've found and the easiest ordering is from dynamicgreens.com. There are a few other sources online. It's very expensive, but if it does what I read that it does, I would be willing to pay.
I wish there was a Whole Foods near me.
- i use the blending in water then straining method
- but i couldnt care less what supposed know it all scientist of earth have to say vs my common sense in this matter . #1 – the scientist havent proved to be all that bright in terms of leading the people of earth into a healthy state , look around at all the flabby / diseased people for all the evidence you need . im thinking for myself . #2 – so what if the grass doesnt break down and get absorbed into the blood stream , the fiber / roughage is a good intestinal broom . the only thing ide be cautious of is ingesting too much grass fiber which may some how form a dam / clog in the tract which might become difficult to break down / eliminate .
I think the Whole Foods near me is worthless (except for produce)... I'm in Houston and it's shocking how unhealthy this city really is, even a WFM. I didn't believe it when I came here but after living here for a few months, it's awful.
But if they have it in St Louis, I suppose there is hope.
I think that after reading more about wheatgrass, I will grow my own.
I'm in Texas too, but nowhere near a city the size of Houston. I used to go there when I visited my cousins and the city would spray the streets with mosquito spray. I remember following the truck on bicycles! Yuk!!!
if your in texas i bet wheat would grow near all year outdoors , it is a VERY vital plant that grows fast and is hearty . ive been gardening 15 years and experimenting with all kinds of greens , vegis , herbs , etc – and thee most vital/ strong seed ive ever planted is wheat . SUPER EASY !!!!!!!!!! just lightly cover with quarter inch of soil and water lightly every day . some people dont even cover with soil but rather just press into soil , it still grows because its such a strong seed . seeds dirt cheap too .
I just ordered 10 pounds of organic red wheat seed for $18.00 with shipping. I'm about to move back to NM for an indefinite time, so I'm going to start some there. Both places have been extremely windy and cold this winter, but I'm going to drink wheatgrass juice come hell or high wind! How deep should the dirt be in a container or does it matter? I hope that I can keep the cats out of it! We have so many ferrel cats in my town in NM, I may have to put a cage over the plants.
i grow wheat in the cheap plastic dish pans with about 5 inches of soil . youll be amazed at how the roots , after about a week , coarse thru all the soil in pan . and if you grow outdoors , cover the area with black plastic to hold heat in soil , and keep wind from cooling soil . then when grass sprouts remove plastic . you could use a plastic garbage bag . if in dish pan outdoors could just wrap the bag around entire pan to keep heat in til sprouting . its like a mini greenhouse .
Yes, in order to get the full benefits of wheatgrass it should be juiced ... if you don't want to go through the hassle of growing your own and juicing it, add wheatgrass juice powder to beverages. I use www.SweetWheat.com and my family loves it :)
Yes, DO NOT eat the grass, you can chew it yes but then you spit it out. Even cats and dogs will throw it back up.
There is frozen juice but it is not as good and you will not get the same results as juicing it yourself. The nutrients you need evaporate very quickly after juicing and needs to be consumed right away like within 15 minutes.
I Love growing my own!
Blue_Eyes is right. If you buy fresh wheatgrass or grow your own, don't eat it- you have to consume the wheatgrass juice for all the benefits you can read about online. If you don't have a juicer or it's just too much of a hassle, try freeze-dried wheatgrass juice powder. You can mix it with water or toss it in a smoothie or drink. It also comes in capsules you can swallow. Those are good if you don't like the taste. Here is an example of powder http://www.sweetwheat.com/store/wheatgrass-juice/sweet-wheat-lar... and here is an example of the capsules http://www.sweetwheat.com/store/wheatgrass-juice/sweet-wheat-lar...
Good luck. :)


text:
Credit card company Visa has found and shut down a number of "spoofed websites" it says aim to compromise cardholders' personal information.
Visa said it had also been alerted to a series of email scams.
"Unfortunately criminals will always look for new ways to deceive consumers into sharing personal, financial information," Visa's general manager for Australia and New Zealand, Bruce Mansfield, said.
"Criminal efforts to replicate or spoof legitimate websites and collect personal, financial data from unsuspecting consumers do occur from time to time.
"Visa is not immune from this illegal practice but it does take numerous steps to ensure card security."
Mr Mansfield said the company had safeguards and detection systems to protect its customers, "but prompt action by alert cardholders remains a very important method of stopping deceitful activities."
He said Visa's security department investigated the activity, determined if it was fraudulent, worked with law enforcement bodies to identify the criminals.
It also took "appropriate action" with the websites and emails.
Visa said it never contacted consumers by email or phone asking for personal or confidential information.
"Such requests should be treated as fraudulent and immediately brought to the attention of Visa or their financial instruction for action," it said.
Cardholders who received suspicious phone calls or emails asking for account or personal information, were asked to contact their bank or Visa at email@example.com or (02) 9253 8800.
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Creamy Cheese Bread
"French bread topped with a creamy Swiss cheese spread tastes great as a party appetizer! These may be served without broiling."
mayonnaise, swiss cheese, +sour cream
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Cheese Dip in Hawaiian Bread
When my SIL told me about this recipe I was very skeptical - I'm not a big mayonnaise fan and the thought of hot mayonnaise just wanted to make me "retch"...
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Poppy Seed Cheese Bread
"In her Walkersville, Maryland kitchen, Marianne Kmiecik easily dresses up Italian bread with cheese, Dijon mustard and a hint of lemon juice. 'Try it...
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Mama Yev's Bread dip
"An ooey gooey Swiss and cream cheese bread dip that pleases every time. This is a favorite of mine since I was young."
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Bread and Crab Salad
Here's something really different; crab salad made with bread! Everyone in my family loves this stuff. It's very rich, so for health reasons I don't make...
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Bread Machine Caraway Cheese Bread Recipe
A delicious bread to serve with soup or make a great sandwich with. Prep:10m
swiss cheese, +yeast, +bread flour, +powdered milk, +caraway seed, +mustard powder, +salt, +lemon juice, +sugar, +water
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Sausage Bread Recipe
This is a cross between bread and a casserole. It's very good for supper with a nice cold beer. Prep:20m
mayonnaise, swiss cheese, +bisquick, +eggs, +milk, +onions, +parmesan cheese, +sausage, +parsley, +salt, +hot sauce
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Hawaiian Bread Sandwich
mayonnaise, swiss cheese, +american cheese, +honey mustard, +turkey, +beef, +bacon, +hawaiian bread, +salt, +butter
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Sausage Bread
mayonnaise, swiss cheese, +hot sauce, +parsley, +milk, +bisquick, +eggs, +sausage, +onions, +parmesan cheese
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Titan (mythology)
This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2012) |
Greek deities series |
Titans |
In Classical Greek mythology, the Titans (Greek: Τιτάν Tītán; plural: Τιτᾶνες Tītânes) and Titanesses (Greek: Τιτάνης Tītánis; plural: Τιτᾶνίδες Titânídes) were members of the second order of divine beings, descending from the primordial deities and preceding the Olympian deities. Based on Mount Othrys, the Titans most famously included the first twelve children of the primordial Gaia (Mother Earth) and Uranus (Father Heaven). They were giant deities of incredible strength, who ruled during the legendary Golden Age, and also composed the first pantheon of Greek deities.
Among the first generation of twelve Titans, the females were Mnemosyne, Tethys, Theia, Phoebe, Rhea, and Themis and the males were Oceanus, Hyperion, Coeus, Cronus, Crius, and Iapetus.
The second generation of Titans consisted of Hyperion's children Helios, Selene, and Eos; Coeus' children Lelantos, Leto, and Asteria; Iapetus' sons Atlas, Prometheus, Epimetheus, and Menoetius; Oceanus' daughter Metis; and Crius' sons Astraeus, Pallas, and Perses.
As they had overthrown the primordial deities, the Titans were overthrown by younger gods, including many of their own children - the Olympians - in the Titanomachy (or "War of the Titans"). The Greeks may have borrowed this mytheme from the Ancient Near East.[1]
Greeks of the classical age knew of several poems about the war between the Olympians and Titans. The dominant one, and the only one that has survived, was in the Theogony attributed to Hesiod. A lost epic, Titanomachia - attributed to the legendary blind Thracian bard Thamyris - was mentioned in passing in an essay On Music that was once attributed to Plutarch. The Titans also played a prominent role in the poems attributed to Orpheus. Although only scraps of the Orphic narratives survive, they show interesting differences with the Hesiodic tradition.
The classical Greek myths of the Titanomachy fall into a class of similar myths throughout Europe and the Near East concerning a war in heaven, where one generation or group of gods largely opposes the dominant one. Sometimes the elders are supplanted, and sometimes the rebels lose and are either cast out of power entirely or incorporated into the pantheon. Other examples might include the wars of the Æsir with the Vanir in Scandinavian mythology, the Babylonian epic Enuma Elish, the Hittite "Kingship in Heaven" narrative, the obscure generational conflict in Ugaritic fragments, Virabhadra's conquest of the early Vedic Gods, and the rebellion of Lucifer in Christianity. The Titanomachy lasted for ten years.
In Orphic sources[edit]
Hesiod doesn't have the last word on the Titans. Surviving fragments of poetry ascribed to Orpheus preserve some variations on the myth. In such text, Zeus does not simply set upon his father violently. Instead, Rhea spreads out a banquet for Cronus so that he becomes drunk upon fermented honey. Rather than being consigned to Tartarus, Cronus is dragged—still drunk—to the cave of Nyx (Night), where he continues to dream throughout eternity.
Another myth concerning the Titans that is not in Hesiod revolves around Dionysus. At some point in his reign, Zeus decides to give up the throne in favor of the infant Dionysus, who like the infant Zeus, is guarded by the Kouretes. The Titans decide to slay the child and claim the throne for themselves; they paint their faces white with gypsum, distract Dionysus with toys, then dismember him and boil and roast his limbs. Zeus, enraged, slays the Titans with his thunderbolt; Athena preserves the heart in a gypsum doll, out of which a new Dionysus is made. This story is told by the poets Callimachus and Nonnus, who call this Dionysus "Zagreus", and in a number of Orphic texts, which do not.
One iteration of this story, of the Late Antique Neoplatonist philosopher Olympiodorus, recounted in his commentary of Plato's Phaedrus,[2] affirms that humanity sprang up out of the fatty smoke of the burning Titan corpses. Pindar, Plato, and Oppian refer offhandedly to the "Titanic nature" of humans. According to them, the body is the titanic part, while soul is the divine part of humans. Other early writers imply that humanity was born out of the malevolent blood shed by the Titans in their war against Zeus. Some scholars consider that Olympiodorus' report, the only surviving explicit expression of this mythic connection, embodied a tradition that dated to the Bronze Age, while Radcliffe Edmonds has suggested an element of innovative allegorized improvisation to suit Olympiodorus' purpose.[3]
Modern interpretations[edit]
Some 19th- and 20th-century scholars, including Jane Ellen Harrison, have argued that an initiatory or shamanic ritual underlies the myth of the dismemberment and cannibalism of Dionysus by the Titans.[where?] She also asserts that the word "Titan" comes from the Greek τίτανος, signifying white "earth, clay or gypsum," and that the Titans were "white clay men", or men covered by white clay or gypsum dust in their rituals.[where?] Martin Litchfield West also asserts this in relation to shamanistic initiatory rites of early Greek religious practices.[4]
According to Paul Faure, the name "Titan" can be found on Linear A written as "Tan" or "Ttan", which represents a single deity rather than a group.[5] Other scholars believe the word is related to the Greek verb τείνω (to stretch), through an epic variation τιταίνω, and τίσις (retribution, vengeance), a view Hesiod appears to share when he narrates: "But their father, great Ouranos, called them Titans by surname, rebuking his sons, whom he had begotten himself; for he said they had strained (τιταίνοντας) in their wickedness to perform a mighty deed, and at some later time there would be vengeance (τίσιν) for this."[6]
In popular culture[edit]
Out of conflation with the Gigantes,[citation needed] various large things have been named after the Titans for their "titanic" size, for example the RMS Titanic or the giant predatory bird Titanis walleri. The familiar name and large size of the Titans have made them dramatic figures suited to market-oriented popular culture.[clarification needed] Something titanic is usually considered bigger than something gigantic.[citation needed]
The element titanium is named after the Titans, and many of Saturn's moons are named after various Titans.
Many professional and amateur sports teams use a titan as their mascot. One of the National Football League's teams is the Tennessee Titans, the New York Jets were originally known as the New York Titans, California State University, Fullerton and Ohio State University, Newark Campus's athletic teams are known as the Titans, and the Australian professional rugby league team Gold Coast is also known as the Titans.
The Titans have appeared as antagonists in Disney's Hercules and Percy Jackson & the Olympians series.
They have also appeared as both protagonists and antagonists in the God of War video game series and Clash of the Titans movies. While the 1981 original and 2010 remake of the latter do not actually feature any Titans, Cronus was the main antagonist of the 2012 sequel.
- ^ Burkert, pp. 94f, 125–27.
- ^ Olympiodorus, In Plat. Phaededr. I.3–6.
- ^ West; Albert Bernabé, "La toile de Pénélope: a-t-il existé un mythe orphique sur Dionysos et les Titans?", Revue de l'histoire des religions (2002:401–33), noted by Radcliffe G. Edmonds III, "A Curious concoction: tradition and innovation in Olympiodorus' creation of mankind".
- ^ West.
- ^ "The Minoan Deities Named: An Archaeologist Gleans Goddesses and Gods from Linear A". Retrieved January 8, 2012.
- ^ Hesiod, Theogony, 207–210.
- Burket, Walter, The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age, Harvard University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-674-64364-2.
- Harrison, Jane Ellen, Themis: A Study of the Social Origins of Greek Religion, 1913.
- Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, 1870, Ancientlibrary.com, article on "Titan"
- West, Martin Litchfield, The Orphic Poems, Clarendon Press, 1983. ISBN 978-0-19-814854-8.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Titans. |
Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- Theoi Project, Titans references to Titans in classical literature, in translation
- Greek Mythology Link, Titans summary of the Titans myth


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Stone Mountain Park
U.S. Highway 78 East, Exit 8, Stone Mountain, GA 30087 tel: 770.498.5690
Stone Mountain Park is Georgia's most popular attraction and one of the top historical attractions in the U.S. Home to the world's largest freestanding piece of exposed granite, Stone Mountain Park also features a historical Memorial Carving which is the world's largest relief sculpture. The 3,200-acre park includes more than a dozen attractions, historical and natural sights, two Marriott hotels, Georgia's largest campground, two championship golf courses, and expansive natural woodlands with hiking trails.
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Post Recipes Here!!!
Yummy BBQ Ribs:
½ cup ketchup
2 Tbsp soy sauce
2 Tbsp honey
1 rack spareribs (about 2 lb)
White Chili with Chicken Recipe
White Chili with Chicken Recipe photo by Taste of HomeRead reviews (3)
Folks who enjoy a change from traditional tomato-based chilies will enjoy this version from Christy Campos of Richmond, Virginia. The flavorful blend has tender chunks of chicken, white beans and just enough zip.
This recipe is:
White Chili with Chicken Recipe
- Prep/Total Time: 30 min.
- Yield: 6 Servings
- 1 medium onion, chopped
- 1 jalapeno pepper, seeded and chopped, optional
- 1 tablespoon canola oil
- 2 garlic cloves, minced
- 4 cups chicken broth
- 2 cans (15-1/2 ounces each) great northern beans, rinsed and drained
- 2 tablespoons minced fresh parsley
- 1 tablespoon lime juice
- 1 to 1-1/4 teaspoons ground cumin
- 2 tablespoons cornstarch
- 1/4 cup cold water
- 2 cups cubed cooked chicken
- In a large saucepan, cook onion and jalapeno if desired in oil until tender. Add garlic; cook 1 minute longer. Stir in the broth, beans, parsley, lime juice and cumin; bring to a boil. Reduce heat; cover and simmer for 10 minutes, stirring occasionally.
- Combine cornstarch and water until smooth; gradually stir into chili. Add chicken. Bring to a boil; cook and stir for 2 minutes or until thickened. Yield: 6 servings.
Catalina Cranberry Chicken from Kraftrecipes.com
What You Need
HEAT oven to 350°F. PLACE chicken in 2 (13x9-inch) baking dishes. MIX remaining ingredients; pour over chicken. BAKE 50 min. or until chicken is done (165°F).
Cream Cheese Dreams (from themodelcouponer.com)
1 can Pillsbury Grands! refrigerator biscuits
1/2 cup sugar
1 tsp cinnamon
1 tub Philadelphia Cream Cheese Whipped
3 TBS butter
Preheat oven to 400*. In a small bowl, combine sugar and cinnamon.
Open biscuits and place all biscuits on a plate, so that you can create an assembly line.
Flatten the biscuit, place 2 tablespoons cinnamon sugar mixture in center of biscuit followed by 2 tablespoons of whipped cream cheese.
Then bring one side over the other and seal, pinching the sides together.
Place on a greased cookie sheet, about 2-3 inches apart. REPEAT process.
Once they are all rolled up, sprinkle a little more cinnamon sugar on the tops. Cut butter into small pats, and place a pat on top of each roll. (You'll have some leftover cinnamon sugar)
Bake at 400* for 10-12 minutes, or until golden brown. Serve warm, or at room temperature.
Layered Black Bean Dip (from kraftrecipes.com)
What You Need
SPREAD cream cheese onto bottom of shallow dish. TOP with remaining ingredients.
Grape Jelly Meatballs (from cooks.com)
what you need:
2 12oz jars heinz chili sauce
1 32oz jar grape jelly
1 bag of meatballs (about 80)
Put chili sauce and jelly in a large pot, heat until jelly is melted and sauce is smooth, stirring often. Add frozen meatballs. Heat until meatballs are thawed and then simmer for up to 3hours.
6 ounces semisweet chocolate, chopped
3 ounces white chocolate, chopped
1 pound strawberries with stems (about 20), washed and dried very well
Put the semisweet and white chocolates into 2 separate heatproof
medium bowls. Fill 2 medium saucepans with a couple inches of water and
bring to a simmer over medium heat. Turn off the heat; set the bowls of
chocolate over the water to melt. Stir until smooth. (Alternatively,
melt the chocolates in a microwave at half power, for 1 minute, stir and
then heat for another minute or until melted.)
Once the chocolates are melted and smooth, remove from the heat.
Line a sheet pan with parchment or waxed paper. Holding the strawberry
by the stem, dip the fruit into the dark chocolate, lift and twist
slightly, letting any excess chocolate fall back into the bowl. Set
strawberries on the parchment paper. Repeat with the rest of the
strawberries. Dip a fork in the white chocolate and drizzle the white
chocolate over the dipped strawberries.
Set the strawberries aside until the chocolate sets, about 30 minutes.


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steven tyler - Page 5
Steven Tyler: Dude Looks Single
Tyler Says He Turned Down Led Zeppelin
Steven Tyler has given the most in-depth account of his weeklong stint jamming with Led Zeppelin. Following the success of the band's 2007 London reunion show -- now available as Celebration Day -- Jimmy Page, John Paul Jones, and Jason Bonham kept rehearsing in hopes that Robert Plant would soon join them, but when Plant showed no interest, the trio sought out outside singers for a possible new project.
Steven Tyler Criticizes 'Rude' Former Manager
Steven Tyler's former manager is suing his current one, and trying to pin Tyler between a legal rock and a hard place in the process -- but the ever-feisty Aerosmith frontman is fighting back with a legal declaration that minces no words when it comes to why he swapped representation.
Steven Tyler Apologizes to Nicki Minaj
The drama between Steven Tyler and rapper Nicki Minaj may cool off after the Aerosmith singer issued an apology during a press event today. Then again, judging from the tone of Tyler's comments, things may not simmer. 'American Idol' producers must be loving the free media attention, two months before the new season is set to air on Fox.
Nicki Minaj Tells Steven Tyler to 'Go F— Yourself'
The new season of 'American Idol' hasn't even started yet, but outgoing judge Steven Tyler is already unimpressed by his replacements -- and it sounds like at least one of them is just as scornful of Tyler.
Springsteen, Nicks + More: Items at Grammy Auction
Rock Report: Steven Tyler Drops F-Bomb on 'Today'
Steven Tyler and Aerosmith might not get invited back to the set of 'Today' after swearing and calling the show 'Good Morning America' during an appearance this morning. Neither incident happened during the band's "official" appearance, in fact it's obvious Tyler didn't think his microphone was on when he dropped the f-bomb.
Rock Report: Aerosmith Hitting TV To Promote New Album
It seems like we've been talking about Aerosmith's Music From Another Dimension all year and it's not too far from the truth as the release date was pushed back a couple of times. The new Aerosmith CD is finally due next week (November 6) so the band is going to be on TV a few times to help promote the release.
Rock Report: Steven Tyler Denies Calling Off Engagement
Contrary to reports that surfaced yesterday (Oct. 30), Steven Tyler has not split from his fiance Erin Brady. A spokesman for the band, via statement, called the rumors "absolutely false and misleading."


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John West on Radio Castle .... and beyond ...
A splendid time is guaranteed for all.
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Saturday, 9 February 2013
A Revolver Valentines Special
I'll be celebrating Valentines Day a little bit early this year. Tomorrow, I'll be devoting my radio show to two hours of songs about love and romance. Why not join me on Radio Castle from 9am this Sunday morning?
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Tort Law and the Inherent Limitations of Monetary Exchange: Property Rules, Liability Rules, and the Negligence RuleMark GeistfeldNew York University School of Law July 12, 2011 Journal of Tort Law, 2011 NYU School of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 11-50 NYU Law and Economics Research Paper No. 11-23 Abstract: Legal scholars have extensively analyzed legal entitlements in terms of more fundamental component parts, most notably with the remedial structures entailed by property and liability rules. Contrary to the claim made by some scholars, I argue that the negligence entitlement is not fully constituted by property rules, liability rules, or any combination thereof. The entitlement that generates the negligence rule, though partially constituted by both property and liability rules, is best described as a behavioral rule that obligates duty-holders to exercise reasonable care. The breach of this primary duty creates a second-order duty to pay compensation for the proximately caused physical harms, but the payment of compensatory damages does not fully exhaust or satisfy the underlying entitlement. This component of the entitlement explains why duty-holders are subject to punitive damages and perhaps even criminal negligence liability if they choose to act unreasonably in exchange for the payment of compensatory damages. The entitlement takes this form due to the inherent inadequacy of the compensatory damages remedy, an inadequacy that is most pronounced in cases of wrongful death but applies more generally to many instances of physical harm. The article concludes by identifying the distinctive features of the negligence entitlement that must be accounted for by any normative theory seeking to adequately explain tort liability, a condition that is not satisfied by prominent interpretations of tort law, including leading accounts based on the fault principle, pluralism, allocative efficiency, and corrective justice. The underlying rationale for tort liability cannot be derived from a structural (non-normative) analysis of entitlements, but the entitlement structure of the negligence rule still has important implications for the normative theory of tort law. Number of Pages in PDF File: 31 Date posted: July 14, 2011Suggested CitationContact Information
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Lamson Litespeed Series IV Spare Spool
Most notably, the spool/stripping arm geometry that was introduced on the very
earliest Litespeeds has been changed to make it consistent with our newer reels,
which do a better job of preventing snags and line damage. Still a close second to a
Force SL in trout sizes, the Litespeed is the reliable thoroughbred of the Lamson
**Series IV spools are not compatible with previous model Litespeeds.
**Actual color may vary from image above
Format: Large Arbor
Materials: Machined Aluminum,stainless steel
Finish: Hard Alox
**Series IV spools are not compatible with previous model Litespeeds.
**Actual color may vary from image above
Format: Large Arbor
Materials: Machined Aluminum,stainless steel
Finish: Hard Alox
2014 is Litespeed re-loaded. For years an iconic ultra-large arbor reel, Litespeed has now been refined for even higher retrieve rate, improved ergonomics, easier line management and less mass. Everything that was achieved in Gen 3 LS has been pushed farther. Narrower drag geometry has translated into a flatter spool surface for less knuckle dragging. A more aggressive drag knob has been made ... well, more aggressive. Structural refinements such as the curved arbor have made a light reel even lighter, and this curved arbor (which we introduced in 1998) stores backing into a "diameter well" and keeps "working line" at a maximum radius to optimize everything we love about large arbor reels.
Please note: backing can add 3-5 days to the shipping estimate.Ship Days in 3-5 days Reel Drag N/A Retrieve N/A Base Image /l/a/lamson-litespeed-series-4-iv-reel-1_10.jpg Model Diameter Weight Arbor Size Drag Type Capacity Line Weight Color Price Litespeed 1.5 3.25" 3.38 oz Large Conical 100 yds 20# 3, 4, 5 Grey $145.00 Litespeed 2 3.50" 3.74 oz Large Conical 100 yds 20# 4, 5, 6 Grey $150.00 Litespeed 3 3.75" 4.63 oz Large Conical 225 yds 20# 6, 7, 8 Grey $165.00 Litespeed 3.5 4.00" 5.10 oz Large Conical 250 yds 20# 8, 9 Grey $175.00 Litespeed 4 4.50" 7.95 oz Large Conical 250 yds 30# 10, 11 Grey $195.00 Reviews


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Thunder and Rain: A Novel (Google eBook)Third generation Texas Ranger Tyler Steele is the last of a dying breed-- a modern day cowboy hero living in a world that doesn't quite understand his powerful sense of right and wrong and instinct to defend those who can't defend themselves. Despite his strong moral compass, Ty has trouble seeing his greatest weakness. His hard outer shell, the one essential to his work, made him incapable of forging the emotional connection his wife Andie so desperately needed. Now retired, rasing their son Brodie on his own, and at risk of losing his ranch, Ty does not know how to rebuild from the rubble of his life. The answer comes in the form of Samantha and her daughter Hope, on the run from a seemingly inescapable situation. They are in danger, desperate, and alone. Though they are strangers, Ty knows he can help-- protecting the innocent is what he does best. As his relationship with Sam and Hope unfolds, Ty realizes he must confront his true weaknesses if he wants to become the man he needs to be. |
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User Review - John - GoodreadsMy first CM book. LOVED it. Great character development. Rich story line. Believable hero. Which one of CM's books should I read next? Read full review
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ain't ain�t Andie arms asked barn Billy boots breath Brodie cause CHAPTER chest climbed corner Cowboy didn�t don�t know door drive drove Dumps eyes face feet fingers Frank Hamer front Georgia girl going grabbed hair hand he�s heard hole Hope horse hurt inside it�s John Wayne kissed knew laughed Les Baer loaded magazines looked Marleena Momma mouth never night nodded okay paused pretty pulled pushed Ranger real quiet remember river rolled screaming She�s shook her head shook my head shoot shoulder sleep slid smiled spoke spotting scope stared started stepped stood stop stuff sure talk Taylor Swift tell Texas Texas Ranger that�s thing thought thumb drive Tinker Bell told took town truck truck stop Turbo turned Tyler Steele walked wasn�t watched whispered window woman Yeah you�re


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Arbor Solstice Short - Women's
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Now review from the App.
give them a day or two
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
- Fit: True to size
They may start off not fitting as you want, but I had the lady wear these around the house a couple of days before going on vacation to break them in and she hasn't taken them off since.
Tight Lines
Great style and comfy. TTS. Pockets are fairly deep and functional. I'm 5'5'', 120 lbs and the small fit perfectly


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AVWEB'S PICTURE OF THE WEEK... We received over 90 pictures last week. Congratulations to this week's winner, Christopher Bright, of Washougal, WA. His photo, titled "Mt. Jefferson up close", gives up a beautiful view of Mt. Jefferson in Washington state. This unique vantage point is only possible by flying near the majestic peak. Great picture Christopher! Your AVweb hat is on the way.
To check out the winning picture, or to enter next week's contest, go to http://www.avweb.com/potw/.
AVWEB'S QUESTION OF THE WEEK... We received over 500 responses to our question last week on air shows. The majority of those responding (65 percent) found these events to be fun and very educational. Only 5 percent had no interest in air shows whatsoever. Speaking of air shows, be sure to read AVweb's in-depth coverage of Sun-N-Fun in Lakeland, Fla. To check out the complete results, please go to http://www.avweb.com/qotw/. This week, we would like to know your thoughts on the Meigs airport closure. Please go to http://www.avweb.com/qotw/ to respond.
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Notorious GGG
Join Date: May 2010
Location: Australia
Posts: 1,294
Rep Power: 8
Even if kimbo had the best trainer in the history of boxing he still wouldnt be able to be a real boxer, its way too late. |
Undisputed Champion
Join Date: Apr 2012
Posts: 1,331
Rep Power: 6
People hating Kimbo, and claiming his lack of competition, is pathetic. This is a almost 40 year old man, and you expect him to fight contenders in less than 10 pro fights, with no amateur back round what so ever. A bunch of hypocrites.
Rigo hasnt faught enough to have a title and get a big fight in 10 pro fights, yet you want Kimbo slice to fight contenders in less than 10. Wow. Shows how much knowledge of how boxing works here on NSB. Conditioning, Footwork, Head Work, and a better grasp on defense; Kimbo could be a much more fun boxer to watch. |
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