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THE EFFECTS OF ORIGINAL SIN1. The Sacrament of Baptism is the most beautiful thing that happens in someone's life. Did you know that when someone is baptised, it means that God the Father, the Son, Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit, give the Christian many very special gifts? To be baptized in the Catholic Church means more then being sprinkled with water on one's head and receiving a Christian name. This short Bible course will teach you the true wonders of the Sacrament of Baptism.
2.The word 'Baptism' comes from a Greek word that means to 'plunge' or 'immerse'. To 'plunge' someone in water represents the person dying, being buried and resurrecting with Christ as a 'new creature.' (C.C.C. # 1214) Some call this Sacrament 'the washing of regeneration and renewal by the Holy Spirit' because Baptism results in a new birth of water and the Spirit. Without it, no one can enter the Kingdom of God. [Jn. 3:5] (C.C.C. # 1215)
[Note: All "C.C.C." references relate to the "Catechism of the Catholic Church."]
3.This 'bath' is called 'enlightenment'. That is because those who are preparing to receive this Church Sacrament will receive spiritual teachings from the Holy Bible and the Catechism of the Catholic Church. Enlightened by Jesus Who is the Light of the world [Jn. 1:9], the new Christians now have the potential of becoming 'children of light'. [1 Thess. 5:5; Heb. 10:32; Eph. 5:8] (C.C.C. # 1216, 1228)
GOD'S PROMISE4. When Adam sinned by disobeying God, he called upon himself and all his descendants a spiritual and physical death." This means that the complete creation of every human being, as defined in 1 Thessalonians 5:23, would experience physical death (body) and spiritual death (soul/spirit) All would be condemned to die, to be eternally deprived of God's Divine Presence, because the sin of disobedience contaminated them.
In the book of Genesis, it states, "The Lord God took the man and put him in the garden of Eden to till it, and keep it. And the Lord God commanded the man (Adam), 'You may freely eat of every tree of the garden; but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil you shall not eat, for in the day that you eat of it you shall die.'" [Gen. 2:15-7]
"Following St. Paul, the Church has always taught that the overwhelming misery which oppresses men and their inclination towards evil and death cannot be understood apart from their connection with Adam's sin and the fact that he has transmitted to us a sin with which we are all born afflicted, a sin which is the "death of the soul." Because of this certainty of faith, the Church baptizes for the remission of sins even tiny infants who have not committed personal sin." [Cf. Council of Trent: DS 1512] (Catechism of the Catholic Church # 403)
"If any one asserts, that the prevarication of Adam injured himself alone, and not his posterity; and that the holiness and justice, received of God, which he lost, he lost for himself alone, and not for us also, of that he, being defiled by the sin of disobedience, has only transfused death, and pains of the body, into the whole human race, but not sin also, which is "the death of the soul"; let him be anathema ("Anathema" means "excommunicated"): -- whereas he contradicts the apostle who says; By one man sin entered into the world, and by sin death, and so death passed upon all men, in whom all have sinned." [Council of Trent; The Fifth Session; Celebrated on the seventeenth day of the month of June, in the year 1546; Number 2.]5. Now, when people are born, they are born in the image of Adam. [Gen. 5:3] This means that they are born with a body, a soul/spirit that have been contaminated by the original sin. As Adam died, they are called to experience physical and spiritual death.
"When Adam had lived one hundred thirty years, he became the father of a son in his likeness, according to his image, and named him Seth." [Gen. 5:3]
6. The Sacrament of Baptism changes all that! It erases all traces of the original sin and personal sins that were committed by the person prior to receiving the Sacrament. (C.C.C. # 1263) This will be explained as the course continues. The Sacrament of Baptism gives the person a new life through Jesus. It brings the person back to God. But there is one thing that baptism does not change. That is the physical body of the person and its worldly inclinations towards sin! The body continues to be weak in nature, desiring to sin. Because of that, there is a constant spiritual and worldly battle within the person. (C.C.C. # 405)
THE BAPTISM OF JESUS7. Thousands of years ago, God was saddened because His chosen people would not obey His laws. The original sin within the people was continuously inclining their hearts, body and spirit towards wanting to sin. God decided to change all that. He promised to make a New Covenant. [Jer. 31:31] A New Covenant means that God was going to make a new agreement with the people.
"The days are surely coming, says the Lord, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and the house of Judah." [Jer. 31:31]
8.The new agreement, the beautiful promise, that God made to the people was that He would help them become good by writing His laws in their hearts. [Jer. 31:33] That way, the people would always know what is right and wrong, what makes God happy or sad. The laws of God would be written on the people's mind all the time because the Holy Spirit of God would live in the people. The people would become living Temples of the Holy Spirit. [Ezek. 36:27; 1 Cor. 3:16] God would once more live with His people. [Jer. 31:33]
"But this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, says the Lord; I will put my law within them, and I will write it on their hearts; and I will be their God, and they shall be my people." [Jer. 31:31]
"I will put my Spirit within you, and make you follow my statutes and be careful to observe my ordinances." [Ezek. 36:27]<
"Do you not know that you are God's Temple and that God's Spirit dwells in you?"9. Over and above blessing the people with a free new heart (a spiritual inclination), God would place a free new spirit in them. With the free new heart and a new spirit, [Ezek. 11:19; 18:31; 36:26] the people would become God's people and He would be their God. [Ezek. 11:20]
"I will give them one heart, and put a new spirit within them; I will remove the heart of stone from their flesh and give them a heart of flesh." [Ezek. 11:19; 36:26]
"Cast away from you all the transgressions that you have committed against me, and get yourselves a new heart and a new spirit! Why will you die, O house of Israel?" [Ezek. 18:31]10. These were God the Father's promises that are found in the Old Testament. He would bless His children with the indwelling Holy Spirit, give His children a new heart and a new human spirit, and write His laws on their hearts.
THE NEW CREATURE11. When John the Baptist baptised Jesus, a beautiful thing happened. God showed to everyone who were present that 'Jesus' was 'the One Who is anointed by God'. That means that Jesus was God the Father's Chosen One, the One Who God had promised to send to save the people He loved. When Jesus was anointed, He was anointed with the Holy Spirit and the power of God. This anointing proved that Jesus was God! [Mt. 3:16-7; Mk. 1:24; Jn. 6:69; Acts 3:14] (C.C.C. # 438)
12. The public life of Jesus began with His Baptism on the shore of the Jordan River. It ended with Jesus commanding the Apostles to "go and make disciples of all, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and the Son and the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that He had commanded them." [Mt. 28:19-20] (C.C.C. # 1223) These Words of Jesus from the Holy Bible teach the Christians the great importance of the Sacrament of Baptism.
BAPTISM, FAITH AND THE FORGIVENESS OF SIN13. The gifts received from God during the Sacrament of Baptism are the most wonderful gifts that a person can receive during his life. The person who is baptised receives a new heart and a new spirit (spiritual inclination). The old heart of stone and spirit die during the Sacrament of Baptism. Also, God places His Holy Spirit within the person to help the new heart and the new spirit to remain righteous, obeying His Holy ways. [Ezek. 36:26] This is the most beautiful thing that happens to a person during the Sacrament of Baptism, something that most Christians do not even realize.
14. This transformation is what it means to be reborn. God actually creates a new heart and a new spirit within the convert who is being baptized. [Jn. 3:3, 5, 7; 1 Jn. 4:7, 5:1, 4] The person is truly not the same anymore, part of his creation having been changed.
CRUCIFIED WITH CHRIST15. When Jesus commanded the Apostles to go into all the world and to preach the Gospel to the whole creation, that those who believe be baptised and saved, Jesus made faith an important part of the Sacrament of Baptism (C.C.C. # 1226) along with the forgiveness of sin. [Mk. 16:15-6] (C.C.C. # 985)
"And he said to them, 'Go into all the world and proclaim the good news to the whole creation. The one who believes and is baptized will be saved; but the one who does not believe will be condemned.'" [Mk. 16:15-5] (C.C.C. # 977)
16. A person cannot be baptised unless he sincerely repents of his sinful nature and has faith in Jesus Christ as Saviour, the Giver of the Holy Spirit and the new birth.
BURIED WITH CHRIST17. Before receiving the Sacrament of Baptism, the old self, the heart and human spirit, were stained by the original sin and all the other sins that the person had committed before being baptized. During the Sacrament of Baptism, all of this was crucified with Jesus so that the sinful body may be destroyed, the person no longer being a slave to sin. [Rom. 6:6]
"We know that our old self was crucified with him so that the body of sin might be destroyed, and we might no longer be enslaved to sin." [Rom. 6:6]
RESURRECTING WITH CHRIST18. When a person is baptised, the old inclination of his heart and spirit die and are buried with Christ. [Rom. 6:4; Col. 2:12]
"Therefore we have been buried with him by baptism into death, so that just as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father, so we too might walk in newness of life." [Rom. 6:4]
DEATH TO SIN19. And, just as Jesus was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father, within the one who is baptized, a new creation is raised from death to walk the new life that has received through Christ. [Rom. 6:4; Col. 2:12] (C.C.C. # 628)
"When you were buried with him in baptism, you were also raised with him through faith in the power of God, who raised him from the dead." [Col. 2:12]
20. Because the old heart and spirit were united in the crucifixion, death, burial and resurrection of Christ (C.C.C. 1227), they are dead to sin. A new heart and spirit were created within the convert who has now been reborn. This rebirth takes place so that the new Christian can now answer his call to live his faith in Christ.
THE NEW LIFE21. The Catholic Church has seven Sacraments. (C.C.C. # 1113) Of the seven Sacraments of the Church, three of them are Sacraments of initiation to introduce a new convert into the Catholic Church. These are the Sacraments of Baptism, Confirmation and the Holy Eucharist. (C.C.C. # 1212)
22. The Sacrament of Baptism gives birth to the Christian's life of faith. (C.C.C. # 1210) The Sacrament of Confirmation strengthens him. In the Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist, the faithful receives food for eternal life. (C.C.C. # 1212)
THE BODY OF CHRIST23. Having died in the old nature with Christ, the new Christian is now called to imitate the life of Jesus through the new heart and spirit that he received as a gift of God during the Sacrament of Baptism. [Rom. 6:8]
24. Because Jesus obeyed His Father, the Christian is made righteous during the Sacrament of Baptism. [Rom. 5:19] He was buried with Christ during the Sacrament of Baptism so that now he may be raised as a new creation, he too walking in the newness of life. [Rom. 6:4]
25. "The new creation is everything!" [Gal. 6:15] The new heart and spirit has the blessed hope of not experiencing the spiritual death of the unsaved. Through the Sacrament of Baptism in the name of the Blessed Trinity, the Christian has become a new creation. "So if anyone is in Christ, there is a new creation: everything old has passed away, see, everything has become new!" [2 Cor. 5:17] Because there is no more traces of the original sin or personal sin in the newness of the person, he is pure in the eyes of God. He has become suitable as a Temple of the Holy Spirit for God to dwell within him as a Christian.Through the Sacrament of Baptism is fulfilled the promise of Jesus to the woman of Samaria. Jesus said to her, "Believe me, the hour is coming when you will worship the Father neither on this mountain nor in Jerusalem..." "The hour is coming, and is now here, when the true worshippers will worship the Father in spirit and truth. For the Father seeks such as these to worship him. God is spirit, and those who worship him must worship in spirit and truth. [Jn. 4:21-4]
26. That is why those who are baptised are told to behave as new persons who have been created in the likeness of God, truly being good and holy. [Eph. 4:24] The new heart and spirit must make every effort to control the sinful inclinations of the physical body that is called to die.
BUILDING THE BODY OF CHRIST27. As soon as the new convert is baptised, he is received into the Body of Christ, being united to Jesus. (C.C.C. # 790) Through faith in Jesus, the newly baptised Christian receives his new heart and spirit of the seed of God, this qualifying him as a member the invisible family of the people of God. (C.C.C. # 804) He receives the same Holy Spirit as everyone else receives, no matter his gender, his age, his culture or his nationality. [1 Cor. 12:13] (C.C.C. # 1226, 1267)
28. Through the Sacraments of the Church, the believer begins his spiritual growth in holiness by the power of the Holy Spirit Who is drawing him towards God while purifying him. Most beautiful of all, the Christian is now allowed to receive the Sacrament of the Most Holy Eucharist, the Real Presence, the Body of the Lord Jesus.
RIGHTS AND DUTIES29. The Holy Spirit is responsible for the building up of the invisible Body of Christ that is made visible though the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church. The Sacrament of Baptism is the doorway into the Body of Christ. No one can belong to the Body of Christ as a true child of God [1 Jn. 3:1], nor enter the Kingdom of God [Jn. 3:5], unless he is baptised. (C.C.C. # 1257, 1277) These are the Words of our Lord Jesus Himself!
30. Once the new Christian has entered into the Body of Christ by the grace and love of the Heavenly Father, the Holy Spirit gives him gifts and virtues for the building up of the Church. This allows the new Christian to perform the spiritual works to which he has been called in the Church of Jesus. (C.C.C. # 798)
31. Now, the newly baptised Christian can say for sure that "Jesus is Lord". [1 Cor. 12:3] Because God sent the Spirit of Jesus in the heart of the baptised Christian, the Holy Spirit can now call out "Abba! Father!" on behalf of the newly born Christian. [Gal. 4:6](C.C.C. # 683, 1997) The new life and the indwelling Holy Spirit are the most beautiful and life saving spiritual gifts that make it possible for the person to know what is spiritual. [1 Cor. 2:13]
CHRISTIAN UNITY32. Once baptised and belonging to the Body of Christ, the new Christian belongs to Christ. He is subject to others and required to obey and serve the Church leadership in sincere submission for the successful growth of the Body of Christ. While the Christian has duties to perform towards the Church, he also enjoys the Church Sacraments. By the power of the Holy Spirit, the Sacraments help the Christian to grow in his spiritual life to become more like Christ. (C.C.C. # 1269)
SALVATION IS THROUGH THE CHURCH33. Having received these gifts from God, the believer also receives the name of 'Christian' to show that he belongs to the visible (the Church) and invisible (the family of God) Body of Christ (C.C.C. # 1271).
34. Having been baptized in Christ, the member of the Body of Christ is expected to become actively involved in the Church. (C.C.C. # 1269) Sadly, some people have become Christians by name only, they not shining in the holiness of Jesus as they were meant to. This fall away from the teachings of Jesus has even led to division in the Catholic Church, some groups breaking away from the direct descent of Peter. Because of this, it can be said that the believers in Jesus who have been properly baptised belong to an imperfect union in the Catholic Church. Therefore, they suffer from this imperfection until such time as the Body of Christ becomes one as Jesus intended it to become one. (C.C.C. # 838, 855)
35. To further explain the above, the physical Church is supposed to be a reflection of the spiritual Church of Christ. While all Catholics are equal and united as one invisible people of God by their new birth of the heart and spirit, they are divided in the visible Church. The purpose of the Divine Plan of God is to have the physical Church reflect the spiritual Church. All of God's people who have been reborn should be one people in one physical Church under one Head, Jesus Christ Himself.
BEING SET APART36. Based on what has been said, no one can obtain salvation from Christ unless they do so through the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church, the visible Body of Christ. (C.C.C. # 846) For it is through the Sacraments of the Holy Catholic Church that is found the fullness of the grace of God that is absolutely necessary for salvation. Through faith in Christ and the Sacrament of Baptism, the believer receives his new heart, his new spirit and the indwelling Holy Spirit, all these being necessary to manifest a living faith in Christ prior to partaking in the Sacraments of Confession and the Holy Eucharist.
It should be noted that although the fullness of the means of salvation is only found through the Holy Catholic Church, there are exceptions where non-Catholics can obtain their salvation. These include Baptism of desire, Baptism of Blood and the death of catechumens prior to their baptism. Also, infants of other Christian faiths who die after having been baptized, and who have not reached the age of reason (age 8), are considered to be saved. For further details, please see the course, "Salvation and the Catholic Church."
BAPTISM, CONFIRMATION AND HOLY ORDERS37. When a person is baptised, he is devoted to God. He has a responsibility to promote Christianity. Some people choose to become living sacrifices so they can enjoy a greater daily personal relationship with God. This is seen in those who consecrate their lives to God, the priests, the religious brothers and sisters and the missionaries. These Christians are required by their consecration to do missionary work according to the mandate of their religious Orders to which they belong. (C.C.C. # 931) Some preach the Gospel, others take care of the sick, some teach in the schools, etc...
THE BAPTISMAL PRIESTHOOD38. The Sacraments of Baptism, Confirmation and the Holy Orders can only be received once in the lifetime of the believers. (C.C.C. # 1246, 1272, 1280) This is because the Christian is sealed by the Holy Spirit in his new birth. This means that the new Christian heart and spirit now belongs to Jesus Christ. Therefore, the Christian belongs to Jesus forever, being open to God's grace to serve according to the Sacrament(s) that he has received. (C.C.C. 1121)
39. Because the Christian has been sealed by the Holy Spirit through Baptism, he is now allowed to participate in the religious services of the Church. The Christian is now obligated in love to serve God and practice the baptismal priesthood which he has received by living a holy life and practicing charity. (C.C.C. 1273)
40. The Christian who remains faithful until the end to the requirements of his Baptism will leave the world marked with the sign of faith, with his baptismal faith, in expectation of the blessed vision of God - the consummation of faith - and in the hope of resurrection. (C.C.C. 1274) This is the resurrection of those who have done good, they resurrecting like Jesus. [Rom. 6:5] They will be raised imperishable and will be changed. [1 Cor. 15:52] They will be like angels in Heaven. [Mt. 22:30]
41. Those who have received the new birth in Christ, they have become members of the common priesthood. (C.C.C. # 1268) That is because through the gift of a new heart and spirit, they belong to God. They have become spiritual priests in the invisible kingdom of God on earth. As a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, God's own people, [1 Pet. 2:9], they are called to participate in the religious services of the Church. Not only do they have a right to participate, but they are obligated in to do so in thanksgiving by their Baptism. (C.C.C. 1141)
THE RESURRECTION OF LIFE42. When a believer is baptised, all traces of original and personal sins are removed from his entire being. He receives a new heart and a new spirit that are free of sin. Because the new Christian still possesses the weakness of the human nature (the worldly desires) in his physical body, there remains a constant battle between his spiritual and worldly inclinations that oppose one another. (C.C.C. # 978) That is why Paul said that he could not understand his own actions. He was not doing what he wanted to do and he was doing what he hated to do. [Rom. 7:15]
43. In Romans 7:14 to 8:11, Paul explains that as long as a Christian lives his faith in Christ, the new heart and spirit within him cannot sin. [Rom. 7:20, 8:2] It is the inclination of the sinful physical body that is sinning. [Rom. 7:24] That physical body is condemned to die because it cannot submit itself to God. [Rom. 8:8] The new spiritual heart and spirit are kept sinless by the sprinkling of the Blood of Christ as long as the Christian walks his living faith in Christ through the Church Sacraments that the Holy Spirit uses to sanctify the faithful believer.
44. Numerous Bible passages teach that man has two inclinations, a physical one and a new spiritual heart that draws towards God, both disagreeing with each other. James makes reference to both when he speaks about the unstable double-minded person. [Jas. 1:8, 4:8] Some Biblical passages only speak of the new inclination while other passages only speak of the carnal (worldly) inclination. When combining these passages, it becomes obvious that two opposing inclinations are at work in the Christians.
45. In the First Letter to the Corinthians, it is said, "What human being knows what is truly human except the human spirit that is within?" [1 Cor. 2:11] Ask yourself, "Can the new heart and spirit know anything unless it has a spiritual inclination that enables it to be able to witness for or against your behaviour?" To answer this question, Paul said, "It is that very Spirit bearing witness with our spirit that we are children of God." [Rom. 8:16] Your new heart and spirit bear witness with the Holy Spirit that you have a new inclination towards what is holy.
46. Your person experiences an ongoing battle between good and evil. During that process, your new heart and spirit responds to your new spiritual inclination. It is obedient to God. It desires eternal life. It longs for Divine love, goodness and all what is spiritual. [Acts 17:6, 11; Rom. 8:2] At the same time, your worldly inclination responds to the nature of the physical body. It desires the natural worldly pleasures, wealth, fame, the ways of comfort, procreation, security and all what is necessary to survive in a physical world. [Rom. 7:14, 8:8] The worldly heart does not rely on God. It is self-centered. The natural and spiritual laws of the two opposing inclinations constantly oppose one another. [Rom. 8:6-7]
47. The Christian knows in his heart that he is a child of God. Through the grace of God, he is constantly being drawn towards his Creator and spiritual things. "Do you suppose it is for nothing that the Scripture says, 'God yearns jealously for the spirit that He has made to dwell in us.'" [Jas. 4:5]
48. Through the Sacrament of Baptism, the Christian's new spiritual inclination that is holy, seeks to live by the new spirit with the help of the Spirit of God Who dwells in him. [Rom 8:9] Because of the new heart received during the Sacrament of Baptism, there is an ongoing inner conflict within the Christian. Both, his spiritual inclination and his worldly inclination battle to take control of the person.
49. Some people call this battle the little voices that speak in their hearts, the voices of good and evil. These voices, if we call them that, really are the two different inclinations that oppose each other within man.
50. The fact that the Christian is aware of his inner voice that reveals itself through the spiritual inclination of his new heart and spirit received at baptism, this is a form of proof that the self-consciousness will never die. When physical death comes upon the Christian who has lived his faith in Christ through the Sacraments, it will be the physical body that will die along with its evil ways. The person will live on with the new heart and spirit that will finally be freed from the physical body to rise towards God to inherit the Heavenly Kingdom.
51. Therefore, as long as a person lives in the body, he will continue to struggle against sin. (C.C.C. # 1264) Through his new heart and spirit, he must always strive to gain control of the inclinations of the physical body. This can only be achieved by disciplining one's body and appetites, [Rom. 8:13; Col. 3:5] fasting and prayer in a daily relationship with the Lord Jesus Christ. By the power of the Holy Spirit, Jesus provides the individual with the necessary graces to gain control over his physical body, the Christian becoming more like Jesus Himself. (C.C.C. # 2340, 2520)
THE FIRST INSTALMENT52. When a person experiences death, his soul departs from the physical body. The physical body begins the decaying process while the spirit returns to God. The same happened to Jesus when He experienced physical death. When He died on the cross, He commended His Spirit to God. [Lk. 23:46] At that time, the life that Jesus had in Himself [Jn. 5:26], came to an end.
53. At physical death, the spirit of the Christians who lived their faith in Christ go to the resurrection of life. Those who have done evil, rejecting the gifts of the Holy Spirit, go to the resurrection of condemnation. [Jn. 5:29] (C.C.C. # 998)
54. Through the Sacrament of Baptism, God establishes His children in Christ and anoints them, by putting His seal on them and giving them His Spirit in their hearts as a first instalment. [2 Cor. 1:22, 5:5]
55. To obtain the final instalment, salvation in Christ, those who have been baptized are required to live their faith in Christ. They live their faith in Christ by allowing the Holy Spirit to sanctify them and move through them for the glory of God. The soul is sanctified through its active participation in the Sacraments of the Catholic Church, these being an endless source of Divine graces.
CHRISTIAN PARENTS56. Because of the greatness of the eternal gift that is received during the Sacrament of Baptism, the Church does not desire to see anyone die without receiving this Sacrament. (C.C.C. # 1250) The Church also realizes that the Sacrament of Baptism requires a Profession of faith, something that infants and younger children cannot profess.
57. In its spiritual wisdom, the Catholic Church made use of a gift that Jesus gave to the Church. Jesus said to Simon Peter, "I will give you the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven, and whatever you bind on earth will be bound in Heaven." [Mt. 16:19] This means that whatever the Church approved on earth by the grace of Jesus and the inspirations of the Holy Spirit for the glory of the Heavenly Father, Heaven will recognize it.
58. Knowing that it had this power, the Catholic Church determined in its spiritual wisdom to baptise infants as soon as they were born. This would ensure that infants would also receive their new heart and spirit to guide them in life. This would be their guarantee of salvation as children of God should they die before reaching the age of reason.(Remember # 4 above. The Council of Trent, genuinely concerned for unbaptized infants who could experience "the death of the soul" because of the original sin due to the disobedience of Adam, it determined that even tiny infants, while they have not committed personal sin, they should be baptized for the remission of sins.)
59. Because of this decision, the Church also realized that infants must be educated later on after their Baptism, this being a parental role. This is where the catechism serves a great purpose in the Church. (C.C.C. # 1231)
60. The history of infant Baptism has been traced to the second century and could have also existed during the days of apostolic preaching when entire 'households' were baptised. (C.C.C. # 1252, 1282)
THE IMPORTANCE OF GODPARENTS61. When infants are baptised, the Christian parents who have given birth to this newborn soul, a gift of God, have an obligation to nurture its new life in the light of God. (C.C.C. # 1251)
THE BAPTISM OF ADULTS62.Because Baptism is the Sacrament of faith, when godparents speak on behalf of infants, they are asked what do they ask of God's Church? To this question, they answer, "Faith". (C.C.C. # 1253)
63. After Baptism, faith must grow within the child. For this reason, the renewal of baptismal promises are made each year at the Easter Vigil. (C.C.C. # 1254)
64. The parents and godparents of newly baptised infants bear the main responsibility for their spiritual growth and the safeguarding of the grace that the infants receive during the Sacrament of Baptism. (C.C.C. # 1255)
BAPTISM OF DESIRE65. In new areas where the Gospel is being preached, the Baptism of adults is very common. In such cases, the catechism serves the purpose of preparing the adult into the Christian faith and life to receive the Sacraments of Baptism, Confirmation and the Holy Eucharist. (C.C.C. # 1247-9)
BAPTISM OF BLOOD66. Some people die while being ignorant of the Gospel of Christ and His Church. In such cases, it can be presumed that they have received the Baptism of desire and were saved if they truly searched for the truth and lived righteous lives by the will of God in accordance with their understanding. "It may be supposed that such persons would have desired Baptism explicitly if they had known its necessity." (C.C.C. # 1260, 1281)
UNBAPTISED INFANTS67. In a situation where someone endures death for the sake of his faith without having received the Sacrament of Baptism, he is baptised by death for and with Christ. The Church recognizes that in such a case, he has received the Baptism of blood, this being like a baptism of desire. Although not a Sacrament, the Baptism of blood reflects the fruit of the Holy Spirit which shines forth. (C.C.C. # 1258)
IN EMERGENCY68. In situations where infants die without being baptised, the Church can only rely on the mercy of God to invite them in His Kingdom. The Church is fully aware that Jesus wanted the children to come to Him while He lived on earth. [Mk. 10:14]
THE SACRAMENT OF FORGIVENESS69. In the case of an emergency, anyone can baptise another person as long as he has the intention of doing so and says the proper words. He is only required to pour water over the person's head and say the words, "I baptise you in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit." (C.C.C. # 1284)
MARRIAGE BETWEEN CHRISTIANS70. As previously said, the Christian who has been baptised has received by the grace of God the indwelling Holy Spirit, a new heart and a new spirit. He is now equipped with the necessary spiritual tools that qualifies him to enter into the Kingdom of God. At the same time, because the new spiritual inclination does not have full control over the worldly ways of the body, the Christian will always battle against evil and sin.
71. To spiritually grow in the likeness of Christ, the Christian must confess his weaknesses of the body. Otherwise, he will not be in harmony with the new heart and spirit that he has received during the Sacrament of Baptism through faith in Christ. consequently his soul will not be pleasing to the Lord. God is jealous of His creations in which His Spirit lives. [Jas. 4:5] He desires that they grow spiritually by loving Him first and then others. God expects the Christians to forgive one another when the spiritual law demands an act of forgiveness. He also expects His children to ask for His forgiveness when they neglect self-control over their bodies through self-abuses and other worldly pleasures that displease Him.
72. Through the Sacrament of Confession, the Christian regains the state of grace that he previously enjoyed when he received the Sacrament of Baptism but which he loss in the eyes of God because of sin. (C.C.C. # 1446) His soul once more becomes stainless, having been sprinkled by the Blood of Christ. [Heb. 9:13-4]
CHRISTIAN NAMES73.Marriage between Christians is a true Sacrament of the New Covenant. It is God's people marrying God's people so they will raise holy children. This way, God's people are kept pure through the Church and the Sacrament of marriage that the Church performs. (C.C.C. # 1617)
BAPTISM BY LAY PERSONS74.When a child is baptised, the parents, godparents (sponsors) and pastor should work together to ensure that the child receives a Christian name that expresses a Christian mystery or virtue. Names that express Christian mysteries can be the name of a saint who lived a great spiritual life and who enjoyed a very special relationship with the Lord Jesus. (C.C.C. # 2156, 2165)
75.When the Catholic Church finds it necessary to do so because of a shortage of ministers, it can appoint properly trained lay persons to assist the priests in the ministering of the religious Sacraments of Baptism and the distribution of Holy Communion. (C.C.C. # 903)
76. When John the Baptist baptised on the banks of the Jordan River, he was preaching the Baptism of water which is a Baptism of repentance. [Mt. 3:6] In that case, the Baptism was an outward sign, a profession of faith, on the part of the believer that he was repenting of his sins, giving his life to God. (C.C.C. # 720)
77. John preached that the Baptism of Jesus would be a Baptism of the Holy Spirit and fire. [Mt. 3:11] The Baptism of Jesus that includes water, the Holy Spirit and fire, represent four things that happen in the following order:
78. First of all, the Sacrament of Baptism by water reflects the believer's sincere repentance, his turning away from sin and giving his life to God. It is the public profession of faith that one now belongs to Jesus. (C.C.C. # 1427)
79. Secondly, through faith in Jesus Christ and the Sacrament of Baptism, the believer receives his new heart and spirit in the Name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. This happens at the moment when the Priest baptizes the new convert by saying the baptismal words and sprinkling the water. At this moment, a supernatural event takes place within the person, the old heart and human spirit being replaced by the new creation. [Gal. 6:15] This is the most beautiful gift that a person can receive during his life!
80. Thirdly, the Baptism of the Holy Spirit means that the Holy Spirit has descended on the Christian to dwell within his physical body, coexisting with the new heart and spirit. Now the believer begins to feel a growing burning desire for Jesus, being drawn towards God by the power of the Holy Spirit.
81. Finally, through the Baptism by fire, the new Christian accepts the purification of the Holy Spirit. (C.C.C. # 1227) This process of being purified provides the new creation with the necessary additional strength to gain control of the physical body. During this process of sanctification, the Christian shines in the fruit of the Holy Spirit through Jesus, displaying love towards God and others.
82. Following the receiving of the Sacrament of Baptism, many things happen such as the believer receiving the fruit of the Spirit, one or more spiritual gifts, being justified, receiving moral virtues and theological virtues to know God (C.C.C. # 1266), all of these being received from the Holy Spirit.
THE RITE OF BAPTISM83. This section briefly explains the symbolic meaning of what happens during the ceremonial administration of the Sacrament of Baptism.
THE RECEPTION OF THE CHILD84. Through the Sacrament of Baptism, the believer is born as a Christian, as another "Christ." Through this privilege, he enters a new and Divine life - sharing in the life of God. Becoming a member of the spiritual Body of Christ, he now has the mind of Christ in his thoughts, words and actions.
THE SYMBOL OF WATER85. Because of the importance of the Sacrament of Baptism, whenever possible, this event takes place on a Sunday in the presence of the faithful. This Sacrament involves the relatives, friends and neighbours.
THE PRAYERS OF EXORCISM86. Water is used during the Sacrament of Baptism because it is a symbol of the Holy Spirit. It shows the actions of the Holy Spirit during the rebirth of Baptism in God. (C.C.C. # 1213) From the believer's heart will flow rivers of living water. [Jn. 4:10; 7:38-9]
87. From the Holy Spirit flows all the blessings [Rev. 21:6] of Jesus Who was crucified. The Sacrament of Baptism allows the new Christian to drink of the Holy Spirit, (C.C.C. # 694) to be sanctified so he may inherit the Kingdom of God.
88. During the ceremony of Baptism, the priest says a prayer of blessing, asking that the water within the baptismal basin be filled with the power of the Holy Spirit. Touching the water with his right hand, he asks the Heavenly Father to send the Holy Spirit upon the water that will be used for the baptism of the child (or adult).
THE OIL OF CATECHUMENS89. During the Sacrament of Baptism, the Priest says two prayers of Exorcism.
90. The first one is said after the reading of the Gospel. During that prayer, the Priest commands any impure spirits who might be present to depart from the person to be baptised. This process is to purify the physical body of the believer. The spiritual body does not need purification because a new creation will be born when the sinful one dies.
91. The second prayer of Exorcism is called "Ephpheta." (Ephpheta means 'Be opened') After the prayer, the Priest touches the ears and mouth of the child with his thumb. He then says, "The Lord Jesus made the deaf hear and the dumb speak. May He soon touch your ears to receive His Word, and your mouth to proclaim His faith, to the praise and glory of God the Father."
THE OIL OF CHRISM92. Before anointing the child with the oil of catechumens, the priest proceeds to invoke God to set the child free of original sin, to become a Temple of His glory in which will dwell the Holy Spirit.
THE WHITE GARMENT93. The Sacred Chrism is a perfumed oil that has been consecrated by the Bishop. (C.C.C. # 1241) When the Priest anoints the one to be baptised, he asks God to bless the believer with all the necessary graces to achieve a Christian life. The Word 'Christian' comes from the name of 'Christ' which means 'Anointed One'. The baptised person is admitted into the common priesthood of which Jesus is the High Priest.
THE CANDLE94. The white garment represents putting on Christ. Announcing that the believer has become a new creature, having been clothed with Christ, the Priest places the white garment on the new Christian. He then proclaims that this garment is the outward sign of the believer's Christian dignity. In the case of infants, with the help of the parents, godparents and friend, by their words and examples, it is proclaimed that the newly baptised child be allowed to bring that dignity unstained into the Heavenly eternal life.
95. Taking the Easter candle, the priest says, "Receive the light of Christ."Then, when an infant is involved, the father or the godfather lights the child's candle from the Easter candle. The priest tells the parents and godparents that they have been entrusted with this light so it will be kept burning brightly. Having been enlightened by Christ, the child is to always walk as a child of the light. The flame of faith which is in his heart is to be kept alive at all time so when the Lord comes, he will go out to meet Him with all the saints of the Heavenly Kingdom.
This ends the course "The Sacrament of Baptism." Now that you understand the purpose of the Sacrament of Baptism, it is hoped that you will guide all those you know to this precious Sacrament so they may become members of the Body of Christ. Then, by your living example, you will have the opportunity to guide them in their living faith in Jesus so they may share with you eternal life in the Kingdom of God.
The Catholic Doors Ministry congratulates you for your ongoing efforts to grow in the grace and knowledge of the Lord. You are encouraged to continue to do so by registering in other courses for the enrichment of your soul. A wide variety of Christian topics are offered, each one having the potential to enrich your spiritual life by the grace of God. May the Holy Spirit inspire you to do what is necessary to guide you towards your sanctification.
To COMPLETE the Exam for this course, please click on EXAM


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About the Aberdeen Dad Vail Regatta
The Aberdeen Dad Vail Regatta is the largest collegiate regatta in the United States, with over 100 colleges and Universities from the U.S. and Canada. Thousands of student athletes gather to compete during the weekend of the second Saturday of May.
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Dehn's Garden ~
Welcome To Dehn's Garden ~
About Dehn's Garden ~
Contact Dehn's Garden Herbs ~ Herb Guide ~ Vegetables ~ Farmers Market ~ Recipes |
Farmer's MarketThe last weekend in April marks an exciting thyme of the year for Dehn's Garden. The market season is ready to begin. We've been an anchor at the Minneapolis Farmers Market since 1979. We are located in the "middle of the middle" (stalls 325, 327, 329). Our hours at the Minneapolis Farmers Market are from 6 am to 1 pm Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. Dehn's Garden also sets up Thursdays for the Nicollet Mall Market. This Market is a great place to pick up herbs and produce for the upcoming weekend. Come and visit us outside City Center (between 6th and 7th streets) on Thursdays from 6 am to 3 pm. As spring and summer progress, we continue to grow and produce fresh herbs and vegetables. Many people rave about Dehn's Garden Baby Lettuce Mix and our super sweet carrots. Whether it's for your next tasty summer picnic or a mouth-watering, savory fall meal, come visit us for our large selection of fresh herbs and wide variety of vegetables. We hope to see you soon! {Herbs} {Herb Guide} {Vegetables} {Farmers Market} {Recipes} |
Thursdays: Outside City Center on the Nicollet Mall in Mpls (between 6th and 7th streets) 6 am to 3 pm |
Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays: MPLS Farmers Market (stalls 325,327,329) Mpls Farmers Market, 312 East Lyndale Ave N, Mpls, MN 55405 6 am to 1pm |


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Company Overview of Saudi Arabian Airlines Corporation
Executive Profile
Khalid Abdullah Abdulaziz bin Abdullah Al-MulhemDirector General, Saudi Arabian Airlines Corporation |
Age | Total Calculated Compensation | This person is connected to 4 Board Members in 4 different organizations across 7 different industries. See Board Relationships |
-- | -- |
Engineer Khalid Abdullah Abdulaziz bin Abdullah Al-Molhem serves as Director General at Saudi Airlines Real Estate Development Company and Saudia Private Aviation Company Limited. Engineer bin Abdullah Al-Molhem has been the Director General at Saudi Arabian Airlines Corporation since 2006 and has presided over the airlines' on-going modernization and privatization program. He has around 30 years of professional experience in the banking, telecoms and airline industries. ...
Corporate HeadquartersP.O. Box 620 Phone: 966 12 686 0000Jeddah, -- 21231 Saudi Arabia Fax: 966 12 686 4587 Board Members MembershipsMember of the Board of Governors Independent Director Chairman Former Chairman of The Board of Directors 1996-Present Independent Director, Chairman of Risk Committee, Member of Executive Committee and Member of Nomination & Remuneration Committee
EducationBS 1980 University Of Evansville
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Homemade caramel sauce […]
Homemade caramel sauce […] Forgive me for being so quite on twitter and here. I've been enjoying all the comments on the brownie post, thank you for taking the time to respond. On Tuesday I leave for DC for a week, for Leigh's final graduation ceremony and a Marine Corps Birthday Ball in Richmond, and I've managed to […] |
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West Allis - Like other schools in the state, the West Allis-West Milwaukee schools saw a precipitous slide in the proportion of students deemed proficient in reading and math, based on the Wisconsin Knowledge and Concepts Exam.
West Allis's composite score was only 33 percent of students at least proficient in reading this year, compared with 79 percent last year. Math showed a smaller dip, to 50 percent, compared to 67 percent last year.
The drop wasn't the result of poor student performance on the exams; it was simply that what might be called a "passing grade" was much higher this year. The result was similar among all Wisconsin schools this year.
"Even a student who was 'advanced' in 2011-12, it's possible that the same student would be 'basic' with the same score," said Johnna Noll, West Allis-West Milwaukee director of curriculum instruction.
Test particulars
Students in grades three through eight and in 10th grade take the WKCE each fall.
School officials want all the students' scores to be in the proficient or advanced categories in each of the five subjects tested - reading, math, language arts, science and social studies. Students who aren't working at grade level fall into the basic or minimal achievement categories.
The new "passing grades" are based on performance on the National Assessment of Educational Progress, a national test of student performance. Often called the "Nation's Report Card," it is the largest continuing assessment of what students nationwide know and can do in core subjects.
More rocky test scores could be coming as the state drops the WKCE entirely and moves to the national testing based on the new Common Core Standards that Wisconsin and many other states have adopted.
That national testing, called the Smarter Balanced Assessment, will start in spring 2015 and emphasize a more rigorous college and career readiness scoring standards that match those in other high performing states.
Hidden improvements
Just because fewer West Allis students are deemed proficient in reading and math doesn't mean they will have trouble getting into college or trouble reading textbooks when they get there.
"Absolutely not," Noll said, noting that nothing has changed except the test target is higher now and that Wisconsin, as a whole, is perennially in the top three highest-scoring states on the ACT college entrance exam.
Even though a lower proportion of students is considered proficient under the new scoring, the students actually did better on the WKCE compared to last year, Noll said. And that progress was across the board with no group of students such as economically disadvantaged or disabled, left behind.
In math, for example, every grade did better than last year, except for 10th grade, Noll said.
The push toward personalized learning in the lower grades could have played a role in that, she said.
Deeper thoughts
The district has pushed toward deeper thinking, multiple-step problem solving to align with the new Common Core Standards, and that recent effort is showing up in the test results, she said.
"The data definitely shows what we want," Noll said.
The shift in math to deeper thinking reaches down even to kindergarten, where students collect information in real-world situations to solve math problems, Noll said. In the upper grades, the emphasis is on word problems - and they are likely more difficult than students' parents saw in their formative classroom years, she added.
Overall, West Allis-West Milwaukee seems to have an odd relationship with math. Students start out way above the state average but finish significantly below it.
Reading has been another emphasis in the shift toward the Common Core Standards and again the theme is the deeper learning that students will need to do well on the new Smarter Balanced Assessment, Noll said.
"We're really working on the inquiry process and getting to be deeper thinkers," Noll said. This is being accomplished by teaching how to draw comparisons and use reasoning in every subject area, she said. The deep learning emphasis has been more systematic this year for the intermediate and high schools and builds on the foundations laid in the elementary schools, she said.
Unwanted gaps
Fifty-nine percent of this year's third-graders were proficient or advanced compared with only 48 percent for the state as a whole. But by 10th grade, only 33 percent were math-proficient which is below the 44 percent state average. Students beat the state averages every year until the slippage started in seventh grade.
"We would like to see that gap less," Noll acknowledged.
Also, the gap between the two high schools in the proportions of students who are proficient is stunning. In reading, 39 percent of Nathan Hale High School students are deemed at least proficient while it's only 23 percent at West Allis Central. The gap is even wider in math: 42 percent at Hale and 24 percent at Central.
For years, the district has doggedly tried to close this achievement gap.
Seeking to apply the most expertise to the situation, the district has teachers of both high schools meet to talk about approaches and problems with classes or even individual students.
"Every student counts in both schools," Noll said., noting that the combined teachers concentrate on what to do to help each one.
Noll did see a little bright spot in reading, noting that a higher percentage of Central students were advanced in reading than at Hale. Central had 4.5 percent advanced and Hale had 3.1 percent. And there was more growth in reading scores at Central, Noll said.
"So there are opportunities for growth at Central," she said.
West Allis-West Milwaukee | 33 | 50 |
Greenfield | 34 | 46 |
Whitnall | 40 | 62 |
Kohler* | 63 | 71 |
State | 36 | 48 |
* The Kohler School District is included because it is normally one of the highest-performing districts in the state.
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Key things you need to know aboutDr. Kross:
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The key to a successful appointment is communication. To get the most out of your visit, prepare ahead of time so you can lead the conversation with your doctor. These 7 tips will get you ready


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Paddling on After 50 By Tamia Nelson July 8, 2008
You've seen the ads, I'm sure. A pod of athletic-looking fifty-something kayakers are paddling across an ocean bay ringed by snow-capped peaks, apparently in hot pursuit of a humpback whale who breaches just ahead of them. (There's obviously no Marine Mammal Protection Act in AdLand, nor is there much concern over the consequences of an unplanned swim in what is probably mighty cold water.) Or how about the mini-peloton of gray-haired cyclists, spread out across the full width of a lane, spinning along at an effortless 100 rpm on a twisting coastal highway, with nary a car in sight? (In your dreams!) You get the picture. It's cool to be fit, fifty, and financially secure. And so it is.
OK. These ads are more than a little over the top. Still, the market researchers have done their homework. The latest incarnation of the Over the Hill Gang isn't content to slump into the La-Z-Boy® and doze fitfully through thirty years of daytime television. We like to travel under our own power and do things, not watch other folks doing them. We've worked hard to get fit, and we plan to stay that way. In short, while we may have one foot in the grave, we don't intend to jump in. We are NOT going to go gentle into that good night.
But there's a catch. (Isn't there always?) And it's pretty obvious:
Nothing Lasts Forever
That includes all the bits and pieces that make up the human frame. No matter how strong our determination to hold the line, age inevitably takes its toll. Our knees creak and pop when we descend steep slopes. Our necks and shoulders ache after a long day swinging a paddle (or straddling a saddle). Our gear mysteriously gains weight from one season to the next. The canoe that we once carried effortlessly for mile after mile now gets unbearably heavy after only a hundred yards. We bounce back more slowly after illness or injury, too, and we have to work harder to regain lost ground. Our maximal heart rate—an important measure of our potential horsepower—declines with every passing year. And that's only the beginning. Aging isn't for sissies.
Is this good news? Of course not. But it doesn't mean we're condemned to spend the rest of our days sprawled out in front of the Unblinking Eye, either. Modern medicine can help us cope with our aches and pains, and regular, moderate exercise can do wonders to preserve—or even improve—our fitness. It isn't easy, and it isn't for everyone (ask your doc if it's for you), but it works. And modern boats are a plus, too. They're often lighter, more comfortable, and easier to get into (and out of) than their traditional counterparts.
So how about it? Were you thinking about getting back into paddling—or even taking it up for the first time—only to abandon the idea when you saw a video of young athletes running waterfalls in kayaks no bigger than a coffee table, with decks so low they needed bumps in them to make room for the paddlers' feet? Well, if that's the case, you might want to rethink your decision. What's your excuse, exactly? Gimpy knees? Bad back? Not as strong as you used to be? Or have you eaten much too well for far too long? If so, you're not alone. And while you could be right in concluding that a canoe or hard-shell kayak isn't the boat for you, there's now a Third Way to get out on the water. You might find that you're…
Sitting Pretty in a SOT
Sit-on-Tops (aka SOTs) break the mold. Most of them are beamy, with a high degree of what the paddling press calls "primary stability." This means they don't feel tippy. (The narrow SOTs known as surf skis are the exception here, but they're specialist craft. "Tippy" can be good.) Even nervous newbies with capsize anxiety quickly feel at home in one. And SOTs are SOTs. You sit on them, not in them. No matter how many beers have found their way to your belly and settled down, you won't feel the squeeze in a SOT. You could say SOTs have no barriers to entry. And, yes, the name doesn't lie: you SIT on a SOT. No kneeling required. Your knees will thank you. Drawbacks? There are a few. Some SOTs can be heavy, but that's what carts, trailers, or partners are for. And very few SOTs are fast on their feet. The broad beam that makes them stable also makes them slow. But who's in a hurry to go someplace when he (or she) is having fun? Not me.
Anything else? Well, I suppose you could say that SOTs are fair-weather friends. That may be overstating the case a bit, but it is true that they lack the womb-like security of decked boats. Conclusion? If you're aiming to circumnavigate Greenland, a SOT probably wouldn't be your first choice. For many less ambitious trips, however, they'll do just fine.
Not prepared to take my word for it? Good. A healthy skepticism is the independent paddler's best friend. But if you do a little digging, you'll find I'm not alone in praising these versatile boats. Read the write-ups in Paddling.net's own Reviews. The plaudits of so many happy owners are hard to discount. Or listen to Barney Ward. Barney almost gave up on paddling. Almost. But he found he couldn't let go. After all, he liked to spend time on the water and he liked to fish. Still, his old hard-shell kayak just wasn't comfortable anymore. So he got himself a SOT, instead. And he couldn't be happier with his decision.
But why should I put words in Barney's mouth? It's his story, and nobody can tell it as well as he can:
The SOT kayak is a boat I should have gone to years ago. It is so easy to get in and out that it feels ridiculous that I spent so many years fighting the sit-inside kayaks. The only drawback is you pretty well have to get your feet wet to board or exit the boat. However, all you do is act like you are about to sit in a low chair, and sit. To get out, just swing your legs over the side just like you are in a chair and stand up. It is so easy that even the old fat man can do it without groans. After some getting-acquainted time, I took the boat out toward the larger part of the lake. The peninsula sticking into the lake across from the boat ramp was my first beaching attempt. WOW, tooooo easy to believe. In fact I backed off a couple of times to be certain it was really that easy.
And that's just a sample. You can get the rest of the story on Barney's blog. It's a good read, a real celebration of "people-powered fun."
Power to the people! Who could argue with that? Now here's a picture of Barney's new SOT, just to whet your appetite:
One Foot in the Grave? No Way!
The SOT-Need Factor
New Boat in Town, Lake Amistad, Texas
Photo courtesy of Barney Ward.
Which brings up another point worth making. As I've already noted, SOTs can be heavy. That's not a good thing. But small SOTs like Barney's Mini-X are a lot easier on bad backs than their larger cousins—something you'll appreciate whenever the time comes to lift your boat. Surprise! Small can be beautiful. Check out the reviews of the Mini-X for proof. And if the Mini-X isn't to your taste, don't worry. There are plenty of other small SOTs.
Small and beautiful: Barney's brand new Malibou Mini-X
(The roof rack isn't a permanent fixture. It's destined for Barney's truck.)
Photo courtesy of Barney Ward.
Still undecided? Maybe you like the idea of a SOT, but you figure you could use a little more information. No problem. Check out "Sit-on-Tops Are Here to Stay" (the case for SOTs) and "Making Your Own Beginners' Luck" (advice for those about to buy). And while you're at it, you might want to read "Finding Your Comfort Zone," too. This one isn't about SOTs. It's my take on the Gospel of Smoothing It. But I'll bet you can see the connection.
Are aches and pains making canoeing and kayaking a chore, rather than a delight? Have you decided that your paddling days are over? Well, I've got some good news for you: it ain't necessarily so. You might want to reevaluate your options. Messing about in small boats isn't just for kids anymore. Even if your knees are saying No, or your deck's gotten too low for comfort, don't surrender without a fight. Give the Third Way to the water a try, instead. Take a sit-on-top out for a spin. Who knows? It could be the start of a beautiful relationship.
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Sturdy mobile cart, compact but large enough to be useful, very easy to assemble & looks great.
Very study little cart and suits my needs in my studio where i have a ton of things to store.
This little cart was very easy to put together; no tools needed, as promised. It's small, but that's just what we needed to fit in a tight space. It's nice that all 4 wheels swivel. Removable plastic "sheets" lie on top of metal supports for the shelves - that was hard to see in the pictures. Makes for easy cleaning.
The cart was smaller than I thought it would be but seems quite sturdy. I was impressed by how easy it was to assemble, needing no tools.
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In StockUsually dispatched within 24 hrs. Free delivery to UK for orders £25 and over.
Cordee Code: CNC111Author: Joe ParkinNo of Pages: 208Page Size: 150 x 230 mmISBN 10: 1934030546ISBN 13: 9781934030547Publisher: Velo PressPublished Date: May 2010Binding: PaperbackIllustrations: colour platesWeight: 340g
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Stop and Listen!
Filed under: Just for You, Expert Advice: Just For You, Expert Advice: Health
A friend of mine forwarded me the story below, which I found amazing. It reminded me of a time when Phil and I stopped in our tracks to listen to a street musician who was completely immersed in his music, and whose sound was so beautiful and pure he practically brought tears to my eyes. To this day the memory of it can make me smile – and I wish some of the hurried Metro passengers in this story had only stopped to listen. Read the story below (and read the original report from the Washington Post for more), then let's talk about it. Have we really become so rushed in our daily lives that we can't experience a moment of beauty?
The Story
On a cold January morning in 2007, a man with a violin played six Bach pieces for about 45 minutes in a Washington, DC, Metro station. During that time, approximately 2,000 people went through the station, most of them on their way to work. After about three minutes, a middle-aged man noticed that there was a musician playing. He slowed his pace and stopped for a few seconds, and then he hurried on to meet his schedule.
About four minutes later, the violinist received his first dollar when a woman threw money in the hat and, without stopping, continued to walk.
At six minutes, a young man leaned against the wall to listen to him, then looked at his watch and started to walk again.
At 10 minutes, a small boy stopped to listen, but his mother tugged him along hurriedly. The kid stopped to look at the violinist again, but the mother pushed hard and the child continued to walk, turning his head the whole time. This action was repeated by several other children, but every parent – without exception – forced their children to move on quickly.
By 45 minutes, with the musician playing continuously, only six people had stopped and listened for a short while. About 20 gave money but continued to walk at their normal pace. The man collected a total of $32. When he finished playing, silence took over. No one noticed, and no one applauded. There was no recognition at all.
No one knew it, but the violinist was Joshua Bell, one of the greatest musicians in the world. He had played one of the most intricate pieces ever written, using a violin worth $3.5 million dollars. Two days earlier, he had played the same music in a sold-out theater in Boston, where the seats averaged $200 each. This day, though, he was playing incognito in the Metro as part of a social experiment organized by the Washington Post about perception, taste, and priorities.
This experiment raised several questions:
• In a commonplace environment, at an inappropriate hour, do we perceive beauty?
• If so, do we stop to appreciate it?
• Do we recognize talent in an unexpected context?
One possible conclusion reached from this experiment could be this:
If we do not have a moment to stop and listen to one of the best musicians in the world, playing some of the finest music ever written, with one of the most beautiful instruments ever made, how many other things are we missing as we rush through life?
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i started thinking what would it take to get the aguilas to load in a pistol propperly?...or heck...is there anything i can do for the CB Longs that would make them eject out of the pistol like a standard bullet? like bang...then the shell ejects...and so on, like your regular gun?...isn't there anyhting i could file down to achieve this?... heres the deal i am thinking of running CB Longs in my buckmark, with the 14inch barrel...and want it to shoot like a regular gun...ya'll catchin' on?
but Won't work man. You just won't get the spring to shoot back. If you're looking for a bit quieter try subsonic rounds. Remingtons will cycle in something that's got an easy-going slide on it. Inbetween regular and CB's, but closer to regular in sound level. CB's are great though aren't they? Unless you're hunting with em, in which case it's a headshot or nothin. _z
Ok I am lost ,what is a CB ? I have shot many aguilas sub sonics thru my buckmark and they cycle fine. Very potent coon medicine.
not really CB's (CB long and CB short are idenctical powder charge and round, just different size case), and Aguila colibri rounds are primer only, with maybe a little powder in there. It's all glued to the bottom. Open a shell up and you'll see it's mostly empty. They're quiet because there's no powder to make a "bang." Or at least barely any. Subsonics are just a lighter (slower burning) powder, or just not filled as much, so that you don't get quite the bang because you don't get the sonic boom, but they're still much louder than the CB's. From slowest to fastest in FPS, there's the Aguila Colibri, Aguila Super Colibri, and CCI CB (long or short). But CB's are still about as loud as, as someone put it some time ago, a bug's fart. Hope this helps. I personally wish they made CB's in a HP round, because as it stands they're quieter than most BB guns, so you can get the critters in your back yard. Just don't plan in killing anything without either 3+ rounds or a headshot (hard to do unless you're sighted in with this round, which is a bear when you go ahead and sight BACK in for your regular rounds). Not even squirrels, I've watched chipmunk after munk scurry off after 1 or 2 rounds in em. Happy huntin, hope this helps _z
so even if i cut down the spring for the slide the pressure will not let up any? ...hrmm subs would be fine i guess... but i wanted something without any sounds really..for the yard...killin stuff yanoe without wakin everyone in the house...and the few acres away...catch my drift?...just sucks with the aguilas they dont load in the pistol from the magazine. without all the extra effort...hell i guess i could shoot my pellet gun all day instead...eh...that reeks.
bingo Hold your pistol sideways, with a CB or Colibri in the chamber and fire it using your thumb on the trigger so you can see the slide from a profile view. You'll notice that it won't slide back at all, or maybe 1/8" or so if it's REALLY slippery. Your hopes of getting your gun to cycle rely on you changing the spring to that of a retractable pen (or something even less powerful). Sorry buddy, I know the feeling of needing to re-chamber in a hurry to get the critter on the run. That's why I got bolt action! Semis work well too cycling manually. BB guns suck until you spend more than a .22 on a nice Beeman or something. Happy huntin, _z EDIT: And yeah BBs and CBs are all you really got for backyard work, which is of course where ALL our 4-legged friends camp out.


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RCR Wireless News is hitting the road next week for Dallas. As with every stop on our global tour, conference series and news desk, our team will engage the mobile community at the local level to better understand the impacts of mobile broadband on the economy, innovation and society as a whole.
Dallas is the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country, the greater Dallas region is experiencing steady expansion due to our wealth of resources, reasonable cost of living, and stable economy, according to the Dallas Area Chamber of Commerce. The chamber said the area "commands nearly half of all technology activity in Texas."
As wireless industry players know, Dallas is home to some of the nation's largest original equipment manufacturers, including L.M. Ericsson, Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd., Nokia Siemens Networks, and more. The nation's second-largest wireless operator, AT&T Inc., also calls Dallas home. Further, one of the world's most talked about Distributed Antenna System (DAS) is housed at Cowboys Stadium, home of the Dallas Cowboys.
RCR Wireless News also plans to use the TIA 2011: Inside the Network conference to produce its news desk to interview industry executives, show product demonstrations and report from the show floor. To request an interview, contact Editors Tracy Ford or Matt Kapko [email protected] or [email protected] To schedule an interview for the tour stop, email Tracy Ford at [email protected]
RCR Wireless News will also host the TIA Theatre during the show. Steve Sifferman, VP of Advanced Radio Technology, Powerwave, is scheduled to speak at 3:10 p.m. Thursday on Active Array and Pico Technology. Dr. Mohamed Madkour, Senior Director, Wireless Marketing and Product Management, Huawei Technologies (North America), is set to speak at 3:50 p.m. Thursday on Investing in Mobile Broadband.


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Fuerza Chile
Trip Start
Jan 20, 2010
Trip End
Aug 08, 2010
Where I stayed
Las Palmas
It was on Friday when it finally hit me. I was flipped up onto my shoulders during yoga staring at my dirty feet criss-crossed with tan lines against the flapping strands of a blue tarp ceiling and blanket of a starry night. Dogs barked and cars whizzed by, but all I could sense was the absolute serenity of the balmy night. Here I was, listening to a tiny Chilean yogi lead me through sun salutations... completely in Spanish... in Chile. I'm in Chile!!
It's been two weeks since I first arrived and I could write for hours, but I'll refrain myself to a few good stories. To start off with the unfortunate, the southern end of Chile was hit by one of the strongest earthquakes ever recorded four days after my arrival. I awoke that morning to pass a TV with GRAN TERREMOTO EN EL SUR scrolling across the bottom. My ignorance allowed me as deep of a thought as "Oh terremoto, I remember that word. I thought it was so cute in high school." I was so, so, so self-centered. An 8.8 on the Richter scale, there has been some discussion that the earthquake (due to its latitudinal position and strength) has actually changed the tilt of the earth's axis to such a degree that its shortened the length of a day. There's more than this quantitative jargon though. Entire cities were destroyed by the earthquake and the emotional devastation is immeasurable. The quake took place on the day I moved in with my host family and we spent much of that first week watching tearfully on the news shots of people rummaging through ruins. Every breakfast was served by mi abuelita who would watch the screen shaking her head of tears and wringing her hands. For almost two days, my family was unable to contact all their extended family and friends in the south. They put on smiles for me, but their sorrowful anxiety was apparent and rightfully so. The most I could give them those first few days were hugs and poorly constructed generic Spanish phrases lacking the true expression of my sentiments. Luckily, all their family has been okay. After the initial trauma of the earthquake, looting extended the terror as neighbors armed themselves against their friends with shovels, guns, and whatever they could find. The border city where I am, Arica, has a strong military presence. That presence was decimated soon after the quake when many of the soldiers headed to the south to control the situation with water and gas.
The situation has taken on a much brighter perspective within only a week. The strength and solidarity of Chile is awe inspiring. Maybe I was too isolated in Alaska to feel the US unite together to rebuild New Orleans, but I have never seen such synchronized unity to help out those in need. Every store, every dance club, every business, and every neighborhood encouraged citizens of Arica to donate water, food, clothing, shampoo, soap, anything to their Chilean brothers in the South. When I walk home from school, I look up the dunes of sand and see speckles of the red, blue, and white Chilean flags waving in the wind. Chile organized a 27 hour telethon with a goal of 15 million pesos (about 30 million USD) and more than doubled that goal. Que impresionante, no?
To move on to some cheerier topics, there's been little in Chile that's not to my liking. My host family, whom I will live with for 8 weeks, is the most affectionate, adoring, and caring (I don't care if those are all synonyms...they are just that sweet) family I have ever been with. My family consists of my two younger siblings, Nicolas (11) and Michelle (6), mi mama (an obstetrician who stays home to take care of the house and looks like a Victorias Secret Model. She's drop dead gorgeous.), mi papa (an engineer who works with trucks, selling cars, and fruit. I'm not sure what type of an engineer this is, but tonight I found 12 lbs of grapes for me to eat!!), and mi abuelita (who can't understand me and I have a hard time understanding her, but we're getting better). Oh and we also have a chihuahua named Negrita who just started a russling of all the neighborhood dogs several seconds ago. She spends her time whining at me when I'm studying outside and trying to clean the undersides of my fingernails with her teeth....I'm not sure how I feel about her. I don't think she's improving my impression of small dogs. I have yet to really determine my role in the family. I seem to bounce
someplace between toddler, nanny, dog, toy, and friend. I'll be
swinging my little sister around at the beach only to be reprimanded for
leaving my purse by my younger brother.
Living with them has been a blast so far. Some things are very American...my siblings have maybe 7 songs on their computers that blast on either side of my bedroom. Who would have thought that the 1980s weren't really over in South America? My first day with my family was spent wandering through a huge market teaching them the lyrics to Bon Jovi, Guns and Roses, and Cyndi Lauper. That's right, I sang "It's My Life" while walking with one hand holding my new Chilean little sister and the other hand unintentionally grabbing "atun" (a spikey prickley fruit that will teach you to never grab it again).
My parents surprise me every day. My dad and I have uncovered some pretty heavy talks ranging from social class stratification to his disdain for the upcoming (as in this week) president Sebast�an Pi�era to his intimate story of living in fearful exile from Pinochet in Sweden for fifteen years. My mom and I spend most of our time together cooking or playing with Michelle. I had been really nervous for entering a culture rooted in such a machismo attitude. Especially after my programs orientation, I pictured this dark cloud moving over the father in the family who stormed around the house ordering the women to cook meals and silencing the kids. I was so very wrong once again. The machismo attitude exists, but I feel like you have to dig for it. My father is endlessly endearing to his children and when on my second day my mom had to go to the hospital, I watched him sprint there. All the families I have met seem almost more connected and more affectionate than many of the American families I've been around. In fact, the first time I went out with my friends, my parents not only encouraged me, but drove me to my friends house. Then they not only drove me, but walked in with me and stayed for an hour chatting with my friend's parents. My parents are also more liberal than I expected for conservative Chile. Sometimes we pass our onces (the...well unfortunate...equivalent of dinner that I'll talk about sometime later) teaching one another swear words in english and spanish or I think a couple nights ago they started bedroom talking one another in front of me.
All right, at another time I'll talk about giving up vegetarianism, washing my face with a sandwich on accident, unintentionally asking this girl on the beach the meaning of a Chilean modismo for masturbation which was complete with misinterpreted demonstrations, meeting my new friend Patricio with his two broken canes, and possibly starting to teach english to my taxi driver.


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Hostel Manuela
Welcome to Hostel Manuela!
Young and cool english and german speaking couple will be happy to welcome you and make your stay as pleasant as possible! Our Hostel is situated a min walk from all the atractions in Split, as the bus, train and ferry termnals
We can offer you everything to ensure you a comfortable stay in Split. Upon arrival I will welcome you and provide a map. I can also give you further information about the city and its surroundings. This includes transport information (cheapest and fastest ferries, buses, trains and flights), local attractions, nightlife (famous bars, clubs and discos), along with the best places to eat.
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This is not a fancy hostel, but is definitely cozy and it will hopefully soon feel like a second home!
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P.S. Please white the exact time of arrival or mail me about it,so WE (me or my husband) can be there when U come, becouse we dont live in the hostel, but across the street! thanks! SMS me at least if its cheaper!
This year we have increased our capacity with few fully equipped apartments and rooms just few meters from our main Hostel building.
( 7 Bed Mixed Dorm is located 20 meters away from the main hostel dorms, as some private rooms too!)
**48 hours cancellation policy!!!**


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Hi sweetie, I wanted to see if you would like to join our 40's & up group? This group is for anyone that is interested in making new friends. We want to offer a place where you can come in and just be ourselves and make some new friendships and share stories about our families and if you have grandkids. We also offer discussions and more. I'm sending you an email, just click on the tag with our group name and it will take you there. Huggies..Linda
Just wanted to stop by and welcome you to Older Moms 40 Plus. http://www.cafemom.com/group/52643
Hi! Welcome to CafeMom! Feel free to join the CafeMom Newcomers Club. To find us, click the 'groups' tab above then click 'active groups'. It is a great place to get started and make friends. I hope to see you there!
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Monday, March 23, 2009
My World: Whitewater State Park
20 comments:
- Louise said...
Great bird photos! I think I need a platform feeder!
- March 23, 2009 at 2:05 PM
- kjpweb said...
Sweet Bird shots!
All about birds today! :)
Cheers, Klaus - March 23, 2009 at 2:06 PM
- ewok1993 said...
Oh my goodness, what lovely birds with glorious colors. Thanks for showing us this.
- March 23, 2009 at 2:06 PM
- Sylvia K said...
What fabulous shots of these beautiful birds! Oh, they are so lovely! and beautiful colors! Thanks so much for sharing!!
- March 23, 2009 at 2:08 PM
- Your EG Tour Guide said...
I guess I shouldn't be surprised but we have the same birds her north of Toronto. The pine siskins were in HUGE numbers this year and VERY greedy.
- March 23, 2009 at 2:09 PM
- Tranquility said...
Those are beautiful! The Goldfinch has such an interesting beak - it looks metalic!
- March 23, 2009 at 2:11 PM
- Carver said...
Great shots of the birds and squirrel. Also looks like a very interesting place to visit. I enjoyed this post.
- March 23, 2009 at 2:12 PM
- Denise said...
Sounds like a birder's paradise. Great photos and I always enjoy your posts. Thank you.
- March 23, 2009 at 2:39 PM
- SandyCarlson said...
Signs of a healthy world, I hope! These birds are gorgeous.
- March 23, 2009 at 3:51 PM
- Barb said...
What a bonanza of birds. Thanks for sharing - great pictures.
- March 23, 2009 at 4:36 PM
- madcobug said...
Great shots of some beautiful birds, Helen
- March 23, 2009 at 5:14 PM
- Now and Then said...
Beautiful snaps of those birds.
Mary Elizabeth - March 23, 2009 at 6:03 PM
- Babooshka said...
Yout goldfinches are very different to ours. ID of birds can be a nightmare, especially when it comes to birds like warblers. Cardinals and bluejays to you are so common to be exotic.
- March 23, 2009 at 6:10 PM
- Janie said...
Thanks for the tour. You captured so many beautiful birds in your photos, giving information about them at the same time. Nice job.
- March 23, 2009 at 8:10 PM
- Lawstude said...
Lovely bird shots. They seem to pose for you. How did you do that? It takes patience really to have those shots. Great job.
- March 23, 2009 at 10:26 PM
- allhorsestuff said...
What a great place to be !I absolutely love the Goldfinches...the way they hang to eat and the songs they sing!
Nice post! - March 24, 2009 at 12:52 AM
- Erin said...
as always...love your post and photos always just so nice.
have a wonderful week. - March 24, 2009 at 8:14 AM
- Jenn said...
Lovely bird shots and that squirrel is the cutest!
- March 24, 2009 at 10:41 PM
- 2sweetnsaxy said...
Your photos are amazing. The assortment of birds and their colors is beautiful. I can see why you go here.
- March 25, 2009 at 3:24 AM
- Diana said...
I would be in HEAVEN there!!! I have always been a Bird watcher, thanks to my Dad teaching me about them when I was a child..I just love your blog!!
- March 26, 2009 at 4:58 AM


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Genre/Form: | Science fiction Audiobooks Downloadable audio books Fiction |
Additional Physical Format: | Source record: Niven, Larry. Betrayer of worlds. [Ashland, Or.] : Blackstone Audio, Inc. ; [Boulder, Colo. : Made available electronically by] NetLibrary, 2010 (OCoLC)666377836 |
Material Type: | Fiction, Audio book, etc., Sound recording, Internet resource |
Document Type: | Internet Resource, Computer File, Sound Recording |
All Authors / Contributors: |
Larry Niven; Edward M Lerner; Tom Weiner; Blackstone Audio, Inc. |
OCLC Number: | 739696380 |
Notes: | Downloadable audio file. Title from: Title details screen. Unabridged. Duration: 09:36:17. Audio file. |
Performer(s): | Read by Tom Weiner. |
Description: | 1 sound file : digital. |
Details: | Requires OverDrive Media Console (WMA file size: 138011 KB; MP3 file size: 270194 KB).; Mode of access: World Wide Web. |
Contents: | Interstellar setting -- Dramatis personae -- Wunderland -- Neverland -- No man's land -- Promised land -- Cold war -- Civil War -- Preemptive war -- The fog of war -- An end to war -- Epilogue. |
Responsibility: | Larry Niven and Edward M. Lerner. |
Since fleeing the supernova chain reaction at the galactic core, the cowardly Puppeteers of the Fleet of Worlds have?just barely?survived one crisis after another: the rebellion of their human slaves, the relentless questing of the species of Known Space, the spectacular rise of the starfish-like Gw'oth, the onslaught of the genocidal Pak.Now fresh disaster looms, as though past crises have returned and converged. Who can possibly save the Fleet this time?
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The analysis also revealed a non-significant trend towards an overall survival benefit with five years of Femara therapy following surgery (13% reduced risk of death, P=0.08) versus tamoxifen for five years following surgery. This occurred even though approximately 25% of patients in the tamoxifen arm selectively crossed over to Femara therapy after the tamoxifen arm was unblinded in 2005 due to the superiority of Femara over tamoxifen[1]. This crossover confounds the evaluation of the true differences between letrozole and tamoxifen. The study group therefore, conducted a retrospective censored analysis that was not protocol-defined and in which observation times were censored at the date of crossover. Time and events beyond the crossover were ignored in patients who selectively crossed over to Femara. In this censored analysis, there was an improved survival benefit for patients receiving five years of Femara versus tamoxifen (19%; HR 0.81; 95% CI: 0.68, 0.96). According to the authors, these censored results may be an overestimate of the Femara benefit since women who had recurrent disease were not candidates for the crossover. It is likely that the most accurate assessment of the survival benefit with Femara is between these two analyses - 13-19% reduction in the relative risk of death compared with tamoxifen[2].
BIG 1-98 is the only clinical trial designed to explore both a head-to-head comparison of an aromatase inhibitor versus tamoxifen monotherapy, as well as sequencing of an aromatase inhibitor and tamoxifen therapy in the first five years following breast cancer surgery, in order to determine the most effective way to minimize breast cancer recurrence. In the initial adjuvant setting, Femara is the only aromatase inhibitor to have consistently demonstrated a
SOURCE Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation Copyright©2009 PR Newswire. All rights reserved |


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Love the colour combo!
This is beautiful!!
Beautiful nail art!!Thanks for you're sweet comment.I'm now you're new follower.Would you follow me to?xx Iris
ahh...Glass Slipper!!
Gorgeous...makes me think of the song from my high school days!! LOL
Oh wow, gorgeous! I love the colour combination :-)
Eel Skin and Glass Slipper together is such a lovely combination. The stamp just adds that extra something. Great mani. And in other news, will be keeping my eyes out for Glass Slipper.
This is so gorgeous, I need Glass Slipper so badly now. :)
The gray and purple combination is amazing!
I like this! Very cute!
You used your XL plate - yaaaay!
Thanks ladies :)Jackie: I know what song you are talking about lol! :)ABOP: Yes, finally :)
OooOOOO,this looks so purdy on you! I must steal the idea of stamping purple on top of gray, it looks great and I don't think I've done it before.
I really like the stamping that you have done!
Thanks for commenting! Please NO spamming links, If you do I will delete. If you want me to view your blog email me. I am always happy to hear from you. (✿◠‿◠)
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Finally: A Book that Explains Women
Ab WorkThis might change your thinking on abdominal exercise.
Vitamin D and Athletic PerformanceWe've already noted here that Vitamin D is a possible performance enhancer for athletes. Here's a recent study that adds credance to that view. Austrian scientists "...examined the blood of 2300 men with an average age of just over sixty. Only eleven percent of them had sufficient vitamin D in their blood. And indeed: more vitamin D in their blood had the men, the higher their testosterone and unbound testosterone concentration."
Time to Wake Up the FDA about Vitamin DThis from an editorial on the Life Extention website. "There are 920,000 heart attacks suffered in the United States every year.4 According to the American Heart Association, the annual cost of health care services, medications, and lost productivity related to these heart attacks is over $156 billion.4 The annual retail cost of all 300 million Americans (including children) supplementing with 1,000 IU of vitamin D per day is $6.6 billion.
Featured Tabata WorkoutRun/walk BackwardsFind yourself a field or track or empty parking lot. Set your course before you start. Walking or running backwards is not a good time to explore. I like to find a big circle, but back and forth will do. Walk or run (you pick your speed) backwards. Glance over your shoulder from time to time to make sure you chose a good course. Keep our knees slightly bent for extra conditionaing in the knees.
Olive oil for whiskersA few months ago, I traveled with one of my sons. He showed me a tiny, black plastic vial that he said contained shaving oil. "You should try it," he said. I did and loved it. Soft whiskers and my razor slid like a sled. I headed for the drug store and bought my own black vial. It was nearly $5.00 for 1/2 ounce. Wow. Someone's making money. That's $80.00 per cup.
How much sunshine?Some good folks in Norway have devised a calculator to figure how much sunshine produces how much Vitamin D. It takes into account latitude, altitude, race, and local reflectivity.
How to Be 100 Years Old
Three yoga goals