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Bruce Lee
Bruce Lee | |||||||||
Lee in 1967
Chinese name | 李小龍 (traditional) | ||||||||
Chinese name | 李小龙 (simplified) | ||||||||
Pinyin | Lǐ Xiǎolóng (Mandarin) | ||||||||
Jyutping | Lei5 Siu2 Lung4 (Cantonese) | ||||||||
Birth name | Lee Jun-fan 李振藩 (Traditional) 李振藩 (Simplified) Lǐ Zhènfān (Mandarin) Lei5 Zan3 Faan4 (Cantonese) |
Ancestry | Shunde, Guangdong, China | ||||||||
Origin | Hong Kong | ||||||||
Born | Chinatown, San Francisco, California, U.S. |
November 27, 1940||||||||
Died | July 20, 1973 Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong[1] |
(aged 32)||||||||
Resting place | Lakeview Cemetery | ||||||||
Occupation | Martial artist, martial arts instructor, actor, film director, screenwriter, producer | ||||||||
Years active | 1941–73 | ||||||||
Spouse(s) | Linda Emery (1964–73) | ||||||||
Children | Brandon Lee (1965–93) Shannon Lee (born 1969) |
Parents | Lee Hoi-chuen (1901–65) Grace Ho (1907–96) |
Alma mater | University of Washington, Seattle | ||||||||
Official Website | Bruce Lee Foundation Bruce Lee official website |
Bruce Lee (Chinese: 李小龍; born Lee Jun-fan, Chinese: 李振藩; November 27, 1940 – July 20, 1973) was a Hong Kong American martial artist, Hong Kong action film actor, martial arts instructor, philosopher, filmmaker,[3] and the founder of Jeet Kune Do. Lee was the son of Cantonese opera star Lee Hoi-Chuen. He is widely considered by commentators, critics, media and other martial artists to be one of the most influential martial artists of all time,[4] and a pop culture icon of the 20th century.[5][6] He is often credited with helping to change the way Asians were presented in American films.[7]
Lee was born in Chinatown, San Francisco on November 27, 1940 to parents from Hong Kong and was raised in Kowloon with his family until his late teens. He was introduced to the film industry by his father and appeared in several films as a child actor. Lee moved to the United States at the age of 18 to receive his higher education, at the University of Washington, at Seattle[8] and it was during this time that he began teaching martial arts. His Hong Kong and Hollywood-produced films elevated the traditional Hong Kong martial arts film to a new level of popularity and acclaim, sparking a surge of interest in Chinese martial arts in the West in the 1970s. The direction and tone of his films changed and influenced martial arts and martial arts films in the United States, Hong Kong and the rest of the world.[9]
He is noted for his roles in five feature-length films: Lo Wei's The Big Boss (1971) and Fist of Fury (1972); Golden Harvest's Way of the Dragon (1972), directed and written by Lee; Golden Harvest and Warner Brothers' Enter the Dragon (1973) and The Game of Death (1978), both directed by Robert Clouse.[10] Lee became an iconic figure known throughout the world, particularly among the Chinese, as he portrayed Chinese nationalism in his films.[11] He trained in the art of Wing Chun and later combined his other influences from various sources, in the spirit of his personal martial arts philosophy, which he dubbed Jeet Kune Do (The Way of the Intercepting Fist). Lee held dual nationality of Hong Kong and the United States.[12] He died in Kowloon Tong on July 20, 1973 at the age of 32.
Early life
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Bruce Lee (李小龍 1940—1973) |
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Bruce Lee was born on November 27, 1940, at the Chinese Hospital, in San Francisco's Chinatown. According to the Chinese zodiac, Lee was born in both the hour and the year of the Dragon, which according to tradition is a strong and fortuitous omen.[13]
Bruce's father, Lee Hoi-chuen, (李海泉) was Han Chinese, and his mother, Grace Ho (何愛瑜), was half-Chinese and half-Caucasian.[14] Specifically, Grace Ho was purportedly a half-German Catholic.[15] Grace Ho was the daughter of Ho Kom-tong (Ho Gumtong, 何甘棠) and the niece of Sir Robert Ho-tung, both notable Hong Kong businessmen and philanthropists.[16] Bruce was the fourth child of five children: Phoebe Lee (李秋源), Agnes Lee (李秋鳳), Peter Lee (李忠琛), and Robert Lee (李振輝). Lee and his parents returned to Hong Kong when he was three months old.[17]
Lee's Cantonese birth name was Lee Jun-fan (李振藩).[18] The name homophonically means "return again", and was given to Lee by his mother, who felt he would return to the United States once he came of age.[15] Because of his mother's superstitious nature, she had originally named him Sai-fon (細鳳), which is a feminine name meaning "small phoenix".[19] The English name "Bruce" is thought to have been given by the hospital attending physician, Dr. Mary Glover.[20]
Lee had three other Chinese names: Li Yuanxin (李源鑫), a family/clan name; Li Yuanjian (李元鑒), which he used as a student name while he was attending La Salle College, and his Chinese screen name Li Xiaolong (李小龍; Xiaolong means "little dragon"). Lee's given name Jun-fan was originally written in Chinese as 震藩, however, the Jun (震) Chinese character was identical to part of his grandfather's name, Lee Jun-biu (李震彪). Hence, the Chinese character for Jun in Lee's name was changed to the homonym 振 instead, to avoid naming taboo in Chinese tradition.
Lee's father, Lee Hoi-chuen, was one of the leading Cantonese opera and film actors at the time, and was embarking on a year-long opera tour with his family on the eve of the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong. Lee Hoi-chuen had been touring the United States for many years and performing at numerous Chinese communities there.
Although many of his peers decided to stay in the United States, Lee Hoi-chuen returned to Hong Kong after Bruce's birth. Within months, Hong Kong was invaded and the Lees lived for three years and eight months under Japanese occupation. After the war ended, Lee Hoi-chuen resumed his acting career and became a more popular actor during Hong Kong's rebuilding years.
Lee's mother, Grace Ho, was from one of the wealthiest and most powerful clans in Hong Kong, the Ho-tungs. She was the niece of Sir Robert Ho-tung,[16][21] the Eurasian patriarch of the clan. As such, the young Bruce Lee grew up in an affluent and privileged environment. Despite the advantage of his family's status, the neighborhood in which Lee grew up became overcrowded, dangerous, and full of gang rivalries due to an influx of refugees fleeing communist China for Hong Kong, at that time a British Crown colony.[19]
After Lee was involved in several street fights, his parents decided that he needed to be trained in the martial arts. Lee's first introduction to martial arts was through his father, from whom he learned the fundamentals of Wu-style t'ai chi ch'uan.[22]
Wing Chun
The largest influence on Lee's martial arts development was his study of Wing Chun. Lee began training in Wing Chun when he was 16 years old under the Wing Chun teacher Yip Man in 1957, after losing several fights with rival gang members. Yip's regular classes generally consisted of the forms practice, chi sao (sticking hands) drills, wooden dummy techniques, and free-sparring.[23] There was no set pattern to the classes.[23] Yip tried to keep his students from fighting in the street gangs of Hong Kong by encouraging them to fight in organized competitions.[24]
After a year into his Wing Chun training, most of Yip Man's other students refused to train with Lee after they learned of his mixed ancestry, as the Chinese were generally against teaching their martial arts techniques to non-Asians.[25][26] Lee's sparring partner, Hawkins Cheung states, "Probably fewer than six people in the whole Wing Chun clan were personally taught, or even partly taught, by Yip Man".[27] However, Lee showed a keen interest in Wing Chun, and continued to train privately with Yip Man and Wong Shun Leung in 1955.[28] Wan Kam Leung, a student of Wong's, witnessed a sparring bout between Wong and Lee, and noted the speed and precision with which Lee was able to deliver his kicks. Lee continued to train with Wong Shun Leung after later returning to Hong Kong from America.
Leaving Hong Kong
After attending Tak Sun School (德信學校) (several blocks from his home at 218 Nathan Road, Kowloon), Lee entered the primary school division of La Salle College at the age of 12. In around 1956, due to poor academic performance (or possibly poor conduct as well), he was transferred to St. Francis Xavier's College (high school) where he would be mentored by Brother Edward, a teacher and coach of the school boxing team.
In the spring of 1959, Lee got into yet another street fight and the police were called.[29] Until his late teens, Lee's street fights became more frequent and included beating the son of a feared triad family.[citation needed] Eventually, Lee's father decided his son should leave Hong Kong to pursue a safer and healthier avenue in the United States. His parents confirmed the police's fear that this time Lee's opponent had an organised crime background, and there was the possibility that a contract was out for his life.
The police detective came and he says "Excuse me Mr. Lee, your son is really fighting bad in school. If he gets into just one more fight I might have to put him in jail".
In April 1959, Lee's parents decided to send him to the United States to stay with his older sister, Agnes Lee (李秋鳳), who was already living with family friends in San Francisco.
New life in America
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2013) |
At the age of 18, Lee returned to the United States with $100 in his pocket. After living in San Francisco for several months, he moved to Seattle in 1959, to continue his high school education, where he also worked for Ruby Chow as a live-in waiter at her restaurant.
Chow's husband was a co-worker and friend of Lee's father. Lee's elder brother Peter Lee (李忠琛) would also join him in Seattle for a short stay before moving on to Minnesota to attend college. In December 1960, Lee completed his high school education and received his diploma from Edison Technical School (now Seattle Central Community College, located on Capitol Hill in Seattle).
In March 1961, Lee enrolled at the University of Washington, majoring in drama according to a 1999 article in the university's alumni magazine,[30] not in philosophy as stated by Lee himself and many others. Lee also studied philosophy, psychology, and various other subjects.[31][32] It was at the University of Washington that he met his future wife Linda Emery, a fellow student studying to become a teacher, whom he married in August 1964.
Lee had two children with Linda Emery, Brandon Lee (1965–93) and Shannon Lee (born 1969).
Martial arts career
Jun Fan Gung Fu
Lee began teaching martial arts in the United States in 1959. He called what he taught Jun Fan Gung Fu (literally Bruce Lee's Kung Fu). It was basically his approach to Wing Chun.[33] Lee taught friends he met in Seattle, starting with Judo practitioner Jesse Glover, who continued to teach some of Lee's early techniques. Taky Kimura became Lee's first Assistant Instructor and continued to teach his art and philosophy after Lee's death.[34] Lee opened his first martial arts school, named the Lee Jun Fan Gung Fu Institute, in Seattle.
Lee dropped out of college in the spring of 1964 and moved to Oakland to live with James Yimm Lee (嚴鏡海). James Lee was twenty years senior to Bruce Lee and a well known Chinese martial artist in the area. Together, they founded the second Jun Fan martial art studio in Oakland. James Lee was also responsible for introducing Bruce Lee to Ed Parker, American martial artist, and organizer of the Long Beach International Karate Championships at which Bruce Lee was later "discovered" by Hollywood.
Long Beach International Karate Championships
At the invitation of Ed Parker, Lee appeared in the 1964 Long Beach International Karate Championships[35] and performed repetitions of two-finger push-ups (using the thumb and the index finger of one hand) with feet at approximately a shoulder-width apart. In the same Long Beach event he also performed the "One inch punch."[36] Lee stood upright, his right foot forward with knees bent slightly, in front of a standing, stationary partner. Lee's right arm was partly extended and his right fist approximately an inch away from the partner's chest. Without retracting his right arm, Lee then forcibly delivered the punch to his partner while largely maintaining his posture, sending the partner backwards and falling into a chair said to be placed behind the partner to prevent injury, though his partner's momentum soon caused him to fall to the floor. His volunteer was Bob Baker of Stockton, California. "I told Bruce not to do this type of demonstration again", Baker recalled. "When he punched me that last time, I had to stay home from work because the pain in my chest was unbearable".[37]
It was at the 1964 championships where Lee first met Taekwondo master Jhoon Goo Rhee. The two developed a friendship – a relationship from which they benefited as martial artists. Rhee taught Lee the side kick in detail, and Lee taught Rhee the "non-telegraphic" punch.[38]
Lee appeared at the 1967 Long Beach International Karate Championships and performed various demonstrations, including the famous "unstoppable punch" against USKA world Karate champion Vic Moore.[35] Lee told Moore that he was going to throw a straight punch to the face, and all he had to do was to try to block it. Lee took several steps back and asked if Moore was ready, when Moore nodded in affirmation, Lee glided towards him until he was within striking range. He then threw a straight punch directly at Moore's face, and stopped before impact. In eight attempts, Moore failed to block any of the punches.[39][40]
Fight with Wong Jack Man
In Oakland, California in 1964 at Chinatown, Lee had a controversial private match with Wong Jack Man, a direct student of Ma Kin Fung known for his mastery of Xingyiquan, Northern Shaolin, and T'ai chi ch'uan. According to Lee, the Chinese community issued an ultimatum to him to stop teaching non-Chinese. When he refused to comply, he was challenged to a combat match with Wong. The arrangement was that if Lee lost, he would have to shut down his school; while if he won, then Lee would be free to teach Caucasians or anyone else.[41] Wong denied this, stating that he requested to fight Lee after Lee issued an open challenge during one of Lee's demonstrations at a Chinatown theatre, and that Wong himself did not discriminate against Caucasians or other non-Chinese.[42] Lee commented, "That paper had all the names of the sifu from Chinatown, but they don't scare me".[43]
Individuals known to have witnessed the match included Cadwell, James Lee (Bruce Lee's associate, no relation), and William Chen, a teacher of T'ai chi ch'uan. Wong and witness William Chen stated that the fight lasted an unusually long 20–25 minutes.[42] According to Bruce Lee, Linda Lee Cadwell, and James Yimm Lee, the fight lasted 3 minutes with a decisive victory for Lee. "The fight ensued, it was a no-holds-barred fight, it took three minutes. Bruce got this guy down to the ground and said 'do you give up?' and the man said he gave up" – Linda Lee Cadwell.[41]
Wong Jack Man published his own account of the battle in the Chinese Pacific Weekly, a Chinese-language newspaper in San Francisco, which contained another challenge to Lee for a public rematch.[42] Lee had no reciprocation to Wong's article, nor were there any further public announcements by either, but Lee had continued to teach Caucasians.
Jeet Kune Do
Jeet Kune Do originated in 1967. After filming one season of The Green Hornet, Lee found himself out of work and opened The Jun Fan Institute of Gung Fu. The controversial match with Wong Jack Man influenced Lee's philosophy about martial arts. Lee concluded that the fight had lasted too long and that he had failed to live up to his potential using his Wing Chun techniques. He took the view that traditional martial arts techniques were too rigid and formalistic to be practical in scenarios of chaotic street fighting. Lee decided to develop a system with an emphasis on "practicality, flexibility, speed, and efficiency". He started to use different methods of training such as weight training for strength, running for endurance, stretching for flexibility, and many others which he constantly adapted, including fencing and basic boxing techniques.
Lee emphasised what he called "the style of no style". This consisted of getting rid of the formalised approach which Lee claimed was indicative of traditional styles. Lee felt the system he now called Jun Fan Gung Fu was even too restrictive, and eventually evolved into a philosophy and martial art he would come to call Jeet Kune Do or the Way of the Intercepting Fist. It is a term he would later regret, because Jeet Kune Do implied specific parameters that styles connote; whereas the idea of his martial art was to exist outside of parameters and limitations.[45]
Fitness and nutrition
At 173 cm (5 ft 8 in) and 64 kg (141 lb),[46] Lee was renowned for his physical fitness and vigor, achieved by using a dedicated fitness regimen to become as strong as possible. After his match with Wong Jack Man in 1965, Lee changed his approach toward martial arts training. Lee felt that many martial artists of his time did not spend enough time on physical conditioning. Lee included all elements of total fitness—muscular strength, muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, and flexibility. He used traditional bodybuilding techniques to build some muscle mass, not overdone that could decrease speed or flexibility. At the same time in balance, Lee was careful to admonish that mental and spiritual preparation are fundamental to the success of physical training in martial arts skills. In Tao of Jeet Kune Do he wrote,
Training is one of the most neglected phases of athletics. Too much time is given to the development of skill and too little to the development of the individual for participation. ... JKD, ultimately is not a matter of petty techniques but of highly developed spirituality and physique.[47]
According to Linda Lee Cadwell, soon after he moved to the United States, Lee started to take nutrition seriously and developed an interest in health foods, high-protein drinks and vitamin and mineral supplements. He later concluded that in order to achieve a high-performance body, one could not fuel it with a diet of junk food, and with "the wrong fuel" one's body would perform sluggishly or sloppily.[48] Lee also avoided baked goods and refined flour, describing them as providing calories which did nothing for his body.[49]
Acting career
Lee's father Lee Hoi-chuen was a famous Cantonese opera star. Because of this, Lee was introduced into films at a very young age and appeared in several films as a child. Lee had his first role as a baby who was carried onto the stage in the film Golden Gate Girl. By the time he was 18, he had appeared in twenty films.[13]
While in the United States from 1959 to 1964, Lee abandoned thoughts of a film career in favour of pursuing martial arts. However, a martial arts exhibition on Long Beach in 1964 eventually led to the invitation by William Dozier for an audition for a part in the pilot for "Number One Son". The show never aired, but Lee was invited for the role of Kato alongside Van Williams in the TV series The Green Hornet. The show lasted just one season, from 1966 to 1967. Lee also played Kato in three crossover episodes of Batman. This was followed by guest appearances in three television series: Ironside (1967), Here Come the Brides (1969), and Blondie (1969).
At the time, two of Lee's martial arts students were Hollywood script writer Stirling Silliphant and actor James Coburn. In 1969 the three worked on a script for a film called The Silent Flute, and went together on a location hunt to India. The project was not realised at the time; but the 1978 film Circle of Iron, starring David Carradine, was based on the same plot. In 2010, producer Paul Maslansky was reported to plan and receive fundings for a film based on the original script for The Silent Flute.[50] In 1969, Lee made a brief appearance in the Silliphant-penned film Marlowe where he played a henchman hired to intimidate private detective Philip Marlowe, (played by James Garner), by smashing up his office with leaping kicks and flashing punches, only to later accidentally jump off a tall building while trying to kick Marlowe off. The same year he also choreographed fight scenes for The Wrecking Crew starring Dean Martin, Sharon Tate, and featuring Chuck Norris in his first role. In 1970, he was responsible for fight choreography for A Walk in the Spring Rain starring Ingrid Bergman and Anthony Quinn, again written by Silliphant. In 1971, Lee appeared in four episodes of the television series Longstreet, written by Silliphant. Lee played the martial arts instructor of the title character Mike Longstreet (played by James Franciscus), and important aspects of his martial arts philosophy were written into the script.
According to statements made by Lee, and also by Linda Lee Cadwell after Lee's death, in 1971 Lee pitched a television series of his own tentatively titled The Warrior, discussions which were also confirmed by Warner Bros. In a December 9, 1971 television interview on The Pierre Berton Show, Lee stated that both Paramount and Warner Brothers wanted him "to be in a modernized type of a thing, and that they think the Western idea is out, whereas I want to do the Western".[51] According to Cadwell, however, Lee's concept was retooled and renamed Kung Fu, but Warner Bros. gave Lee no credit.[52] Warner Brothers states that they had for some time been developing an identical concept,[53] created by two writers and producers, Ed Spielman and Howard Friedlander. According to these sources, the reason Lee was not cast was in part because of his ethnicity, but more so because he had a thick accent.[54] The role of the Shaolin monk in the Wild West, was eventually awarded to then-non-martial-artist David Carradine. In The Pierre Berton Show interview, Lee stated he understood Warner Brothers' attitudes towards casting in the series: "They think that business wise it is a risk. I don't blame them. If the situation were reversed, and an American star were to come to Hong Kong, and I was the man with the money, I would have my own concerns as to whether the acceptance would be there".[55]
Producer Fred Weintraub had advised Lee to return to Hong Kong and make a feature film which he could showcase to executives in Hollywood.[56] Not happy with his supporting roles in the United States, Lee returned to Hong Kong. Unaware that The Green Hornet had been played to success in Hong Kong and was unofficially referred to as "The Kato Show", he was surprised to be recognised on the street as the star of the show. After negotiating with both Shaw Brothers Studio and Golden Harvest, Lee signed a film contract to star in two films produced by Golden Harvest. Lee played his first leading role in The Big Boss (1971) which proved to be an enormous box office success across Asia and catapulted him to stardom. He soon followed up with Fist of Fury (1972) which broke the box office records set previously by The Big Boss. Having finished his initial two-year contract, Lee negotiated a new deal with Golden Harvest. Lee later formed his own company, Concord Production Inc. (協和電影公司), with Chow. For his third film, Way of the Dragon (1972), he was given complete control of the film's production as the writer, director, star, and choreographer of the fight scenes.
In 1964, at a demonstration in Long Beach, California, Lee had met Karate champion Chuck Norris. In Way of the Dragon Lee introduced Norris to movie-goers as his opponent in the final death fight at the Colosseum in Rome, today considered one of Lee's most legendary fight scenes and one of the most memorable fight scenes in martial arts film history.[57] The role was originally offered to American Karate champion Joe Lewis.[58]
In late 1972, Lee began work on his fourth Golden Harvest Film, Game of Death. He began filming some scenes including his fight sequence with 7′2″ American Basketball star Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, a former student. Production was stopped when Warner Brothers offered Lee the opportunity to star in Enter the Dragon, the first film to be produced jointly by Golden Harvest and Warner Bros. Filming commenced in Hong Kong in February 1973. One month into the filming, another production company, Starseas Motion Pictures, promoted Bruce Lee as a leading actor in Fist of Unicorn, although he had merely agreed to choreograph the fight sequences in the film as a favour to his long-time friend Unicorn Chan. Lee planned to sue the production company, but retained his friendship with Chan.[59] However, only a few months after the completion of Enter the Dragon, and six days before its July 26, 1973 release,[60] Lee died. Enter the Dragon would go on to become one of the year's highest grossing films and cement Lee as a martial arts legend. It was made for US$850,000 in 1973 (equivalent to $4 million adjusted for inflation as of 2007).[61] To date, Enter the Dragon has grossed over $200 million worldwide.[62] The film sparked a brief fad in martial arts, epitomised in songs such as "Kung Fu Fighting" and TV shows like Kung Fu.
Robert Clouse, the director of Enter the Dragon and Golden Harvest revived Lee's unfinished film Game of Death. Lee had shot over 100 minutes of footage, including out-takes, for Game of Death before shooting was stopped to allow him to work on Enter the Dragon. In addition to Abdul-Jabbar, George Lazenby, Hapkido master Ji Han-Jae and another of Lee's students, Dan Inosanto, were also to appear in the film, which was to culminate in Lee's character, Hai Tien (clad in the now-famous yellow track suit) taking on a series of different challengers on each floor as they make their way through a five-level pagoda. In a controversial move, Robert Clouse finished the film using a look-alike and archive footage of Lee from his other films with a new storyline and cast, which was released in 1978. However, the cobbled-together film contained only fifteen minutes of actual footage of Lee (he had printed many unsuccessful takes)[63] while the rest had a Lee look-alike, Kim Tai Chung, and Yuen Biao as stunt double. The unused footage Lee had filmed was recovered 22 years later and included in the documentary Bruce Lee: A Warrior's Journey.[64]
Apart from Game of Death, other future film projects were planned to feature Lee at the time. In 1972, after the success of The Big Boss and Fist of Fury, a third film was planned by Raymond Chow at Golden Harvest to be directed by Lo Wei, titled Yellow-Faced Tiger. However, at the time, Lee decided to direct and produce his own script for Way of the Dragon instead. Although Lee had formed a production company with Raymond Chow, a period film was also planned from September–November 1973 with the competing Shaw Brothers Studio, to be directed by either Chor Yuen or Cheng Kang, and written by Yi Kang and Chang Cheh, titled The Seven Sons of the Jade Dragon.[65] Lee had also worked on several scripts himself. A tape containing a recording of Lee narrating the basic storyline to a film tentatively titled Southern Fist/Northern Leg exists, showing some similarities with the canned script for The Silent Flute (Circle of Iron).[66] Another script had the title Green Bamboo Warrior, set in San Francisco, planned to co-star Bolo Yeung and to be produced by Andrew Vajna who later went on to produce First Blood.[59] Photo shoot costume tests were also organized for some of these planned film projects.
Lee is best known as a martial artist, but he also studied drama and philosophy while a student at the University of Washington. He was well-read and had an extensive library. His own books on martial arts and fighting philosophy are known for their philosophical assertions, both inside and outside of martial arts circles. His eclectic philosophy often mirrored his fighting beliefs, though he was quick to claim that his martial arts were solely a metaphor for such teachings. He believed that any knowledge ultimately led to self-knowledge, and said that his chosen method of self-expression was martial arts.[67] His influences include Taoism, Jiddu Krishnamurti, and Buddhism.[68] On the other hand, Lee's philosophy was very much in opposition to the conservative worldview advocated by Confucianism.[69] John Little states that Lee was an atheist. When asked in 1972 about his religious affiliation, he replied, "none whatsoever".[70] In 1972, he was asked if he believed in God, and responded, "To be perfectly frank, I really do not".[67]
Aside from martial arts and philosophy which focus on the physical aspect and self-consciousness for truths and principles,[71] Lee also wrote poetry that reflected his emotion and a stage in his life collectively.[72] Many forms of art remain concordant with the artist creating them. Lee's principal of self-expression was applied to his poetry as well. His daughter Shannon Lee said "He did write poetry, he was really the consummate artist".[73] His poetic works originally handwritten on paper, later on edited and published. John Little being the major author (editor), for Bruce Lee's works. Linda Lee Cadwell (Bruce Lee's wife) shared her husbands notes, poems and experiences with followers. She mentioned "Lee's poems are, by American standards, rather dark-reflecting the deeper, less exposed recesses of the human psyche".[74] Most of Bruce Lee's poems are categorized as anti-poetry or fall into a paradox. The mood in his poems show the side of the man that can be compared with other poets such as Robert Frost, one of many well-known poets expressing himself with dark poetic works. The paradox taken from the Yin and Yang symbol in martial arts, also integrated in his poetry. His martial arts, and philosophy contribute a great part to his poetry. The free verse form of Lee's poetry reflect his famous quote "Be formless ... shapeless, like water."[75]
On May 10, 1973, Lee collapsed during an ADR session for Enter the Dragon at Golden Harvest in Hong Kong. Suffering from seizures and headaches, he was immediately rushed to Hong Kong Baptist Hospital where doctors diagnosed cerebral edema. They were able to reduce the swelling through the administration of mannitol. The headache and cerebral edema that occurred in his first collapse were later repeated on the day of his death.[76]
On July 20, 1973, Lee was in Hong Kong, to have dinner with James Bond star George Lazenby, with whom he intended to make a film. According to Lee's wife Linda, Lee met producer Raymond Chow at 2 p.m. at home to discuss the making of the film Game of Death. They worked until 4 p.m. and then drove together to the home of Lee's colleague Betty Ting Pei, a Taiwanese actress. The three went over the script at Ting's home, and then Chow left to attend a dinner meeting.[77][78]
Later Lee complained of a headache, and Ting gave him an analgesic (painkiller), Equagesic, which contained both aspirin and the tranquilizer meprobamate. Around 7:30 p.m., he went to lie down for a nap. When Lee did not turn up for dinner, producer Raymond Chow came to the apartment, but was unable to wake Lee up. A doctor was summoned, who spent ten minutes attempting to revive Lee before sending him by ambulance to Queen Elizabeth Hospital. By the time he reached the hospital, Lee died at the age of 32.
There was no visible external injury; however, according to autopsy reports, Lee's brain had swollen considerably, from 1,400 to 1,575 grams (a 13% increase). The autopsy found Equagesic in his system. On October 15, 2005, Chow stated in an interview that Lee died from an allergic reaction to the tranquilizer meprobamate, the main ingredient in Equagesic, which Chow described as an ingredient commonly used in painkillers. When the doctors announced Lee's death officially, it was ruled a "death by misadventure".[79][80]
Lee's wife Linda returned to her hometown of Seattle, and had him buried at lot 276 of Lakeview Cemetery.[81] Pallbearers at his funeral on July 31, 1973 included Taky Kimura, Steve McQueen, James Coburn, Chuck Norris, George Lazenby, Dan Inosanto, Peter Chin, and Lee's brother Robert.
Controversy surrounding Lee's death
Around the time of Lee's death, numerous rumors appeared in the media.[82] Lee's iconic status and untimely demise fed many wild rumors and theories. These included murder involving the Triads and a supposed curse on him and his family.[83] There is also a theory that Bruce Lee used electrical muscle stimulation and that may have exacerbated or resulted in his condition.[citation needed]
Donald Teare, a forensic scientist recommended by Scotland Yard who had overseen over 1,000 autopsies, was assigned to the Lee case. His conclusion was "death by misadventure" caused by an acute cerebral edema due to a reaction to compounds present in the combination medication Equagesic.[84]
Dr. Donald Langford, a Baptist missionary and Lee's doctor in Hong Kong, has said, "Nobody dies from one tablet of Equagesic. No analgesic killed Bruce."[82] He added: "[P]eople weren't about to step up and say Bruce Lee had died from eating cannabis [which was found in his stomach, and which he had consumed regularly for some time due to the stress of his fame] or some related product. At the beginning of the inquest proceedings, Dr. Wu and a couple of other doctors and I were pulled to the side and asked to play down the role of cannabis in Bruce's death."[82]
The preliminary opinion of Dr. Peter Wu, the neurosurgeon who treated Lee during his first seizure in May 1973, was that the cause of death should have been attributed to either a reaction to cannabis or Equagesic. He has stated that "We removed quite a lot of hashish from his stomach [in May]. In Nepal there have been all kinds of neurological problems associated with hashish, especially cerebral edema."[82] However, Wu officially backed off from his position, officially stating that:
Professor Teare was a forensic scientist recommended by Scotland Yard; he was brought in as an expert on cannabis and we can't contradict his testimony. The dosage of cannabis is neither precise nor predictable, but I've never known of anyone dying simply from taking it.[85]
At the 1975 San Diego Comic-Con convention, Bruce Lee's friend Chuck Norris attributed his death to a reaction between the muscle-relaxant medication he had been taking since 1968 for a ruptured disk in his back, and an "antibiotic" he was given for his headache on the night of his death.[86]
The book The Death of Bruce Lee: A Clinical Investigation presents the belief that Bruce Lee was already "sensitized" to the use of Equagesic by the time of his first "acute hypersensitivity reaction" on May 10, 1973. Lee refrained from using the drug again until that fateful evening of July 20, 1973, when he took Equagesic and later died of cerebral edema.[87]
Certified instructors
Bruce Lee personally certified only three instructors: Taky Kimura, James Yimm Lee, and Dan Inosanto. Inosanto holds the 3rd rank (Instructor) directly from Bruce Lee in Jeet Kune Do, Jun Fan Gung Fu, and Bruce Lee's Tao of Chinese Gung Fu. Taky Kimura holds a 5th rank in Jun Fan Gung Fu. James Yimm Lee held a 3rd rank in Jun Fan Gung Fu. Ted Wong holds 2nd rank in Jeet Kune Do certified directly by Bruce Lee and was later promoted to Instructor under Dan Inosanto, who felt that Bruce would have wanted to promote him. Other Jeet Kune Do instructors since Lee's death have been certified directly by Dan Inosanto, some with remaining Bruce Lee signed certificates.
James Yimm Lee, a close friend of Lee, certified a few students including Gary Dill who studied Jeet Kune Do under James and received permission via a personal letter from him in 1972 to pass on his learning of Jun Fan Gung Fu to others. Taky Kimura, to date, has certified only one person in Jun Fan Gung Fu: his son Andy Kimura. Dan Inosanto continued to teach and certify select students in Jeet Kune Do for over 30 years, making it possible for thousands of martial arts practitioners to trace their training lineage back to Bruce Lee. Prior to his death, Lee told his then only two living instructors Kimura and Inosanto (James Yimm Lee had died in 1972) to dismantle his schools.
Both Taky Kimura and Dan Inosanto were allowed to teach small classes thereafter, under the guideline "keep the numbers low, but the quality high". Bruce also instructed several World Karate Champions including Chuck Norris, Joe Lewis, and Mike Stone. Among the three of them, during their training with Bruce they won every karate championship in the United States.[88]
In Japan, Junichi Okada is a certified Japanese instructor in Jeet Kune Do.[89]
Hong Kong legacy
There are a number of stories (perhaps apocryphal) surrounding Lee that are still repeated in Hong Kong culture. One is that his early 1970s interview on the TVB show Enjoy Yourself Tonight cleared the busy streets of Hong Kong as everyone was watching the interview at home.
On January 6, 2009, it was announced that Bruce's Hong Kong home (41 Cumberland Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong) will be preserved and transformed into a tourist site by philanthropist Yu Pang-lin.[90][91]
Awards and honours
Bruce Lee was named by Time Magazine as one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century.[7]
In April 2013, he was posthumously awarded the prestigious Founders Award at The Asian Awards.[92]
A Bruce Lee statue was unveiled in Los Angeles' Chinatown on June 15, 2013. It stands at 7-foot tall and was made in Guangzhou, China.[93]
In April 2014, it was announced that Lee would be a featured character in the video game EA Sports UFC, and will be playable in multiple weight classes.[94]
Bruce Lee was voted as the Greatest Movie Fighter Ever in 2014 by the Houston Boxing Hall Of Fame. The HBHOF is a combat sports voting body composed exclusively of current and former fighters and Martial Artists.
Martial arts lineage
Lee was trained in Wu Tai Chi Chuan (also known as Ng-ga) and Jing Mo Tam Tui for the twelve sets. Lee was trained in the martial arts Choy Li Fut, Western Boxing, Épée fencing, Judo, Praying Mantis kung fu, Hsing-I, and Jujitsu.
When Bruce arrived in the US he (already) had training in Wu Style Tai Chi, sometimes in Hong Kong called Ng-ga. And he had of course training in western boxing. He had training in fencing from his brother, that's Epee, that goes from toe to head. He had training obviously in Wing Chun. And the other area was the training he had received in Buk Pie, or Tam Toi, he was twelve sets in Tam Toi. And I believe he had traded with a Choy Li Fut man.
—Danny Inosanto[95]
Lineage in Wing Chun |
Ng Mui |
Yim Wing Chun |
Leung Bok-chau |
Leung Lan-kwai |
Wong Wah-bo |
Leung Yee-tai |
Leung Jan |
Chan Wah-shun |
Yip Man (葉問) |
Bruce Lee |
Bruce Lee (李小龍) Founder of Jeet Kune Do |
Certified by Bruce Lee as instructors of Jeet Kune Do |
Taky Kimura James Yimm Lee Dan Inosanto |
Notable students of Jun Fan/Gung Fu/Jeet Kune Do |
Brandon Lee Jesse Glover Dan Inosanto Yorinaga Nakamura Taky Kimura Richard Bustillo Jerry Poteet Ted Wong James Yimm Lee Rusty Stevens Chuck Norris[96] Kareem Abdul-Jabbar James Coburn Joe Lewis Roman Polanski Lee Marvin Stirling Silliphant Mike Stone |
Year | Title | Role | Notes |
1969 | Marlowe | Winslow Wong | |
1971 | The Big Boss | Cheng Chao-an | Also known as Fists of Fury |
1972 | Fist of Fury | Chen Zhen | Also known as The Chinese Connection |
1972 | Way of the Dragon | Tang Lung | Also known as Return of the Dragon |
1973 | Enter the Dragon | Lee | Posthumous release |
1979 | The Real Bruce Lee | Bruce Lee before his death | A post death film about him |
2010 | Bruce Lee, My Brother | Young to adult age Bruce Lee | A semi biographical film about him |
2015 | Ip Man 3 | Himself | Bruce Lee will be recreated using CGI |
Year | Title | Role | Notes |
1966–1967 | The Green Hornet | Kato | 26 episodes |
1966–1967 | Batman | Kato | 3 episodes |
1967 | Ironside | Leon Soo | Episode: "Tagged for Murder" |
1969 | Blondie | Karate Instructor | Episode: "Pick on Someone Your Own Size" |
1969 | Here Come the Brides | Lin | Episode: "Marriage Chinese Style" |
1970–1972 | Enjoy Yourself Tonight | Himself | 2 episodes |
1971 | Longstreet | Li Tsung | 4 episodes |
1971 | The Pierre Berton Show | Himself |
- Chinese Gung-Fu: The Philosophical Art of Self Defense (Bruce Lee's first book) – 1963
- Tao of Jeet Kune Do (Published posthumously) – 1973
- Bruce Lee's Fighting Method (Published posthumously) – 1978
See also
- Bruce Lee Library
- Bruceploitation
- List of unsolved deaths
- Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story the semi-biographic motion picture played by Jason Scott Lee
- Mostar Bruce Lee statue
- ^ Chu, Karen (June 26, 2011). "Proposed Bruce Lee Museum Shelved in Hong Kong". The Hollywood Reporter.
- ^ a b "Awards, Honors, Achievements, and Activities". Los Angeles: Bruce Lee Foundation. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
- ^ "Jun Fan Jeet Kune Do". Bruce Lee Foundation.
- ^ "Bruce Lee Lives Documentary".
- ^ "From Icon to Lifestyle, the Marketing of Bruce Lee". The New York Times. December 11, 2009. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
- ^ "Bruce Lee's 70th birth anniversary celebrated". The Hindu (India). November 30, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
- ^ a b Stein, Joel (June 14, 1999). "Bruce Lee: With nothing but his hands, feet and a lot of attitude, he turned the little guy into a tough guy". The Time 100. New York. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
- ^ Lee 1989, p. 41
- ^ "Bruce Lee inspired Dev for martial arts". The Times of India. July 1, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2011.[dead link]
- ^ "How Bruce Lee changed the world-Series". The Hindu (India). May 29, 2011. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
- ^ Dennis 1974
- ^ Bruce Lee at Hong Kong Cinemagic. (look under the 'nationality' section)
- ^ a b "Biography". Bruce Lee Foundation. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
- ^ Description of the parent's racial makeup as described by Robert Lee at minute mark 3:35 in the cable television documentary, First Families: Bruce Lee, which premiered on Fox Family on October 26, 1999.
- ^ a b Lee 1989, p. 20
- ^ a b "Kom Tong Hall at 7 Castle Road, Mid-levels, Hong Kong" (PDF). People's Republic of China. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
- ^ "Bruce Lee: Biography". Bruce-lee.ws. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
- ^ 振藩; Mandarin Pinyin: Zhènfán)Lee 1989
- ^ a b c Bruce Lee: the immortal Dragon, January 29, 2002, A&E Television Networks
- ^ Lee, Grace (1980). Bruce Lee The Untold Story. United States: CFW Enterprise.
- ^ "Kom Tong Hall and the Dr Sun Yat-sen Museum". People's Republic of China. January 10, 2005. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
- ^ Thomas 1994, p. 14
- ^ a b Black Belt: Bruce Lee Collector's Edition Summer 1993
- ^ Black Belt: Bruce Lee Collector's Edition Summer 1993, p. 18
- ^ Thomas 1994, p. 26
- ^ Sharif 2009, p. 56
- ^ Black Belt: Bruce Lee Collector's Edition Summer 1993 p. 19
- ^ Campbell 2006, p. 172
- ^ Burrows, Alyssa (2002). "Bruce Lee". HistoryLink. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
- ^ "U. of Washington alumni records". Washington.edu. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
- ^ Little 2001, p. 32
- ^ Thomas 1994, p. 42
- ^ "WING CHUN GUNG FU". Hardcore JKD. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
- ^ "Bruce Lee Biography". Bruce Lee Foundation. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
- ^ a b "2007 Long Beach International Karate Championship". Long Beach International Karate Championship. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
- ^ "Two Finger Pushup". Maniac World. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
- ^ Vaughn 1986, p. 21
- ^ Nilsson, Thomas (May 1996). "With Bruce Lee: Taekwondo Pioneer Jhoon Rhee Recounts His 10-Year Friendship With the "Dragon"". Black Belt Magazine 34 (5): 39–43. Retrieved November 19, 2009.
- ^ Uyehara 1993, p. 27
- ^ "Bruce Lee Victor Moore unblockable closing Long Beach International Tournament 60s". YouTube. June 11, 2009. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
- ^ a b Bruce Lee: The Immortal Dragon, January 29, 2002, A&E Television Networks
- ^ a b c Dorgan 1980
- ^ Black Belt: Bruce Lee Collector's Edition, Summer 1993 Rainbow Publications Inc, p. 117
- ^ Bishop 2004, p. 23
- ^ Thomas 1994, p. 81
- ^ "Bruce Lee". china.org.cn. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
- ^ "Martial Art Disciplines at Hybrid Martial Arts Academy". Hybrid Martial Art. Retrieved May 30, 2008.[dead link]
- ^ Little 1998, p. 162
- ^ Little 1998, p. 163
- ^ McNary, Dave (April 15, 2010). "Bruce Lee's 'Flute' heads to bigscreen – Entertainment News, Film News, Media". Variety. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
- ^ From The Pierre Berton Show on YouTube December 9, 1971 (comments at 7:10 of part 2)
- ^ Lee 1975a
- ^ Bleecker, Tom (1996). Unsettled Matters. The Life & Death of Bruce Lee. Gilderoy Publications
- ^ "From Grasshopper to Caine" on YouTube
- ^ From The Pierre Berton Show on YouTube December 9, 1971 (comments near end of part 2 & early in part 3)
- ^ Tale of the Dragon (Channel 4), directed by Jess Search
- ^ Lee 1989
- ^ Thomas, B. (1994) Bruce Lee Fighting Spirit. Berkeley: Frog Ltd.
- ^ a b Thomas, B. (2003) Bruce Lee Fighting Words. Berkeley: Frog Ltd.
- ^ Enter the Dragon at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ "Inflation Calculator". Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
- ^ Stein, Joel (June 14, 1999). "The Gladiator BRUCE LEE". TIME. p. 3. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ Bruce Lee, the Legend, 1977, Paragon Films, Ltd., 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment
- ^ Bruce Lee: A Warrior's Journey at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ "Shaw Brothers Film Project". Retrieved January 6, 2011.
- ^ Bruce Lee The Man & The Legend (Documentary, Golden Harvest, 1973)
- ^ a b Little 1996, p. 122
- ^ Bruce Lee: A Warrior's Journey at 31m45s
- ^ Bolelli 2008, p. 161
- ^ Little 1996, p. 128
- ^ Lee, Bruce (1996). John Little, ed. The Warrior Within. Martial arts-Philosophy: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-8092-3194-8.
- ^ Lee, Bruce; Linda Lee Cadwell (1999). John Little, ed. Bruce Lee Artist of Life (Book). Tuttle. pp. 93–116. ISBN 978-0-8048-3263-2.
- ^ Lee, Shannon. "Bruce Lee's Poetry: Shannon Lee reads one of her father's handwritten poems". Poetry. Retrieved April 17, 2012.
- ^ Lee, Bruce; Linda Lee Cadwell (1999). "Part 4 Poetry". In John Little. Bruce Lee Artist of Life (Book). Martial Arts: Tuttle. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-8048-3263-2.
- ^ John Little (1996). "Five: The Running Water". In John Little. The Warrior Within (Book). Martial arts-Philosophy: McGraw-Hill. p. 43. ISBN 0-8092-3194-8.
- ^ Thomas 1994
- ^ Campbell 2006, p. 205
- ^ Lee 1989, pp. 156–157
- ^ Campbell 2006, p. 206
- ^ "Bruce Lee died of seizure?". The Hindu (India). February 26, 2006. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
- ^ Lakeview Cemetery website. Search for Lee. Only use last name.
- ^ a b c d SHIH, LEE HAN. "The Life of the Dragon" (*Special to asia!). Lee Han Shih is the founder, publisher and editor of asia! Magazine. asia! Magazine. Retrieved Jun 1, 2009.
- ^ Bishop 2004, p. 157
- ^ Thomas 1994, p. 209
- ^ Thomas 1994, p. 228
- ^ Chuck Norris Explains What Really Killed Bruce Lee At The 1975 San Diego Comic-Con Convention
- ^ McKenzie R.N., Duncan Alexander (2012). The Death of Bruce Lee: A Clinical Investigation. Lulu.com. pp. 42–45; 100–105. ISBN 9781300108863.
- ^ Little 2001, p. 211
- ^ "V6 Okada Junichi now a martial arts instructor". Tokyo Hive. September 10, 2010. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
- ^ "Bruce Lee's home to become a museum". The Hollywood Reporter. January 6, 2009. Retrieved August 28, 2010.[dead link]
- ^ "Bruce Lee 35th anniversary". The Hindu (India). July 19, 2008. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
- ^ Winners at the Asian Awards
- ^ Bruce Lee statue unveiled in L.A.'s Chinatown, Los Angeles Times, June 16, 2013
- ^ Jason Nawara (April 6, 2014). "Bruce Lee revealed as the hidden EA UFC character, release date confirmed". mmanuts.com. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
- ^ Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune Do, 1995 Legacy Productions, New Zealand.
- ^ Lee 1989, p. 83
- Bishop, James (2004). Bruce Lee: Dynamic Becoming. Dallas: Promethean Press. ISBN 0-9734054-0-6.
- Bolelli, Daniele (2008). On the Warrior's Path. Blue Snake Books. ISBN 1-58394-219-X.
- Campbell, Sid (2003). The Dragon and the Tiger: The Birth of Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune Do 1 (illustrated ed.). Frog Books. ISBN 1-58394-089-8.
- Campbell, Sid (2006). Remembering the master (illustrated ed.). Blue Snake Books. ISBN 1-58394-148-7.
- Clouse, Robert (1988). Bruce Lee: The Biography (illustrated ed.). Unique Publications. ISBN 0-86568-133-3.
- Dennis, Felix (1974). Bruce Lee, King of Kung-Fu (illustrated ed.). Wildwood House. ISBN 0-7045-0121-X.
- Dorgan, Michael (1980). Bruce Lee's Toughest Fight. EBM Kung Fu Academy. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- Glover, Jesse R. (1976). Bruce Lee Between Win Chun and Jeet Kune Do. Unspecified vendor. ISBN 0-9602328-0-X.
- Lee, Bruce (1975). Tao of Jeet Kune Do (reprint ed.). Ohara Publications. ISBN 0-89750-048-2.
- Lee, Bruce (2008). M. Uyehara, ed. Bruce Lee's Fighting Method: The Complete Edition (illustrated ed.). Black Belt Communications. ISBN 0-89750-170-5.
- Lee, Linda (1975a). Bruce Lee: the man only I knew. Warner Paperback Library. ISBN 0-446-78774-4.
- Lee, Linda (1989). The Bruce Lee Story. United States: Ohara Publications. ISBN 0-89750-121-7.
- Little, John (2001). Bruce Lee: Artist of Life. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3263-3.
- Little, John (1996). The Warrior Within – The philosophies of Bruce Lee to better understand the world around you and achieve a rewarding life (illustrated ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-8092-3194-8.
- Little, John (1997). Words of the Dragon: Interviews 1958–1973 (Bruce Lee). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3133-5.
- Little, John (1997a). Jeet Kune Do: Bruce Lee's Commentaries on the Martial Way (illustrated ed.). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3132-7.
- Little, John (1997b). The tao of gung fu: a study in the way of Chinese martial art. Bruce Lee Library 2 (illustrated ed.). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3110-6.
- Little, John (1998). Bruce Lee: The Art of Expressing the Human Body. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8048-3129-1.
- Little, John (2002). Striking Thoughts: Bruce Lee's Wisdom for Daily Living (illustrated ed.). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3471-7.
- Sharif, Sulaiman (2009). 50 Martial Arts Myths. new media entertainment ltd. ISBN 0-9677546-2-3.
- Thomas, Bruce (1994). Bruce Lee: Fighting Spirit: a Biography. Berkeley, California: Frog, Ltd. ISBN 1-883319-25-0.
- Thomas, Bruce (2006). Immortal Combat: Portrait of a True Warrior (illustrated ed.). Blue Snake Books. ISBN 1-58394-173-8.
- Uyehara, Mitoshi (1993). Bruce Lee: the incomparable fighter (illustrated ed.). Black Belt Communications. ISBN 0-89750-120-9.
- Vaughn, Jack (1986). The Legendary Bruce Lee. Black Belt Communications. ISBN 0-89750-106-3.
- Yılmaz, Yüksel (2000). Dövüş Sanatlarının Temel İlkeleri, İstanbul, Turkey: Beyaz Yayınları, ISBN 975-8261-87-8.
- Yılmaz, Yüksel (2008). Jeet Kune Do'nun Felsefesi, İstanbul, Turkey: Yalın Yayıncılık, ISBN 978-9944-313-67-4.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bruce Lee. |
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Bruce Lee |
- Bruce Lee Foundation
- Bruce Lee at the Internet Movie Database
- Bruce Lee at the Hong Kong Movie DataBase
- Bruce Lee at AllMovie
- Bruce Lee at Rotten Tomatoes
- Article on Bruce Lee and bodybuilding
- Bruce Lee
- 1940 births
- 1973 deaths
- 20th-century American male actors
- American male film actors
- American martial artists
- American people of Chinese descent
- American people of European descent
- American male television actors
- Cantonese people
- Hong Kong philosophers
- Green Hornet
- Hong Kong male film actors
- Hong Kong male television actors
- Hong Kong film directors
- Hong Kong film producers
- Hong Kong kung fu practitioners
- Hong Kong people of European descent
- Hong Kong screenwriters
- Hong Kong wushu practitioners
- Hong Kong stunt performers
- Martial arts school founders
- Male actors from San Francisco, California
- University of Washington alumni
- Unsolved deaths
- Wing Chun practitioners from Hong Kong


text:
Vilas - Unregistered March 04, 2013 3:18 PM I like this bike FTR chassi is very good and also the Kawasaki engine.. Hope for better performance for this guys, I dont whant to wach other year with Aprilia bike on Top come on guys put that bike on Top.. 2 agree 0 disagree
fan of motogp - Unregistered March 04, 2013 5:17 PM as much as I like the Kawasaki combination, I dont get why they dint go with the ART, its clearly best crt with less headaches, an are top crt... and Edwards has good history with Aprillla. never the less, might be moot point with the new production prototypes coming out from honda in 2014, maybe they'll put an end to all this crt bs an get back to prototype racing like befor.but for now, I hope Colin n team get it to work, n get back to mixing it up, and haveing fun, cuz top 20 has gota suck... 2 agree 0 disagree
Ron - Unregistered March 04, 2013 9:10 PM By good history do you mean calling ther bike born bad? That was his only year at world level racing for Aprillia 0 agree 0 disagree
CRT - Unregistered March 04, 2013 9:54 PM By good history, do mean mean lighting him on fire? 2 agree 0 disagree
lolol - Unregistered March 04, 2013 11:07 PM Good days Apriliayoutube.com/watch?v=N340IXBBlI8eheheh 0 agree 0 disagree
fan of motogp - Unregistered March 04, 2013 11:08 PM yes saw that live, Colin still makes funny jokes bout it lol,all the same, ART seems to have the best package, n look at the #'s from sbk's opener Philip island. 1 agree 0 disagree

subset: commoncrawl


text:
How it happened
It all started when I was 7. I acted in a play in Vidhyodaya School. My family and teachers understood my interest in theatre and extended their support. I learnt Carnatic music from Seerkazhi Subramaniya Iyer. Though I'm not a good singer, I'm grateful to him for making me understand the beauty of classical music. I learnt western music initially from Mrs. Lazarus and then from the late Handel Manuel and Victor Phillip. I met Suhasini when she was directing her serial "Penn" and did a small role in it. My interest shifted from theatre to cinema, from acting to directing at that point. She advised me to join the Film Institute and took me on as her assistant in Indira. She recommended me to Mani Ratnam following which I worked on Iruvar and Dil Se.
My first independent break came from Seventh Channel and Telephoto films. I am grateful to Narayanan, Mala Manian, Suresh Menon and Revathi who helped me strike out on my own. I did "Anbulla Snegidhiye" for Madras Talkies. I also wrote "Mitr – My Friend". After this Mani Ratnam called me to work on Yuva and Ayitha Ezuthu, helping me to get back into the film scene. Kanda Naal Mudhal happened after a long struggle. Since my attempts at making a film failed, I decided to get married. Exactly 10 days after I got engaged, I got a call from writer E. Ramdass to meet Venkat who in turn put me on to Prakash Raj. After listening to the story, Prakash said he would produce it. "This film has to be made. I don't know how, when… but move into the office tomorrow with your team," he said. I can never forget that day in my life.
How it felt
The first thing I asked Prakash was if I could tell Mani Ratnam about this. He smiled and asked if he should call him himself. I said 'no' and rushed to tell him. I then met cameraman P.C. Sreeram, who agreed to work on it. Editor Sreekar Prasad, Lakshmi Narayanan, Yuvan Shankar Raja, Thamarai, Thotta Tharani, E. Ramdass, Kalyan and Gafar, all stood by me through my first journey. Showing the finished product to my mentor Mani Ratnam and Suhasini was indeed a proud moment for me. He said 'good' in his inimitable, precise way and Suhasini also liked it. My family and in-laws loved it too and that made me very happy.
How life changed
My personal life is the same. My family does not give me special treatment just because I am in the film industry. I don't go out too much, but love to relax at home. I am learning to cook. I enjoy watching movies and meeting family and friends (We have just 200 friends and 300 relatives). I do get recognised sometimes, and people are always encouraging. It makes me feel good. I am writing my next script and it's turning out well.


text:
paddymelon 1
Line breaks: paddy|melonPronunciation: /ˈpadɪˌmɛlən/
Australian A plant of the gourd family, especially a trailing or climbing annual that has become naturalized in inland Australia.
- Several species in the family Cucurbitaceae, in particular Cucumis myriocarpus, which has bristly melon-like fruits and is native to Africa
Example sentences
- Paddymelons, which look like small round watermelons, are often found beside outback roads.
- Paddy melon or bitter apple [Cucumis myriocarpus Naudin] is also a summer annual, but differs from dudaim melon by having deeply lobed leaves and round fruits 2-3 cm wide covered with weak prickles.
Late 19th century: probably by erroneous association with paddymelon2.
Definition of paddymelon in:
- US English dictionary
Pronunciation: /ˈpadɪˌmɛlən/
Variant spelling of pademelon.
Definition of paddymelon in:
- US English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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text:
I now bake enough for and army every year. I give a lot of it away, and eat more than I should. Hey, It's just once a year!
Now, my Waffle Cookie Recipe. These are so yummy! Don't ask how many calories we are looking at here, because I don't want to know. I really have no clue. This recipe make a gazillion cookies! Seriously! That is a number…a gazillion. It is huge! You can cut it in half! They also freeze really well! Great for putting in a gallon ziploc in the back of the Freezer and finding them in February! What a nice surprise.
Shhh…..don't tell anybody, but you can also dip them in melted chocolate….dark or white! So good! These are great with a cup of coffee or cocoa, or just by themselves. Oh, and you need a waffle iron to make them. You guys will have to tell me what you think of my Grandma's Waffle Cookies!
Grandma's Waffle Cookies
Printable Version Here
- 8 eggs
- 1 lb Butter or Margarine
- 1 Cup Packed Brown Sugar
- 2 Cups Granulated Sugar
- 1 tsp Vanilla
- 1/4 tsp salt
- 1 tsp Baking Soda
- about 9 Cups of flour
Melt Butter. Mix with the sugars until well blended.
Add eggs and vanilla, mix on medium speed for 2 minutes.
Add salt, baking soda, and enough flour to make dough stiff (about 9 cups give or take.)
It all depends on where you live and the humidity. I used 9 1/4 cups today in Florida!
Roll into walnut size balls and place in waffle iron about 2 minutes or until done. I used my handy cookie scoop! Much faster.
This is a great job for an older child! Because….It is time consuming.
For Dairy Free just use Dairy Free Margarine or Crisco instead of butter.


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4 oz | Styler, FinisherProduct UPC: 856836000680
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Ingredient Attributes: anti-humectant
There are not currently any videos found for this product.


text:
Chief Warrior
Jason is the Chief Consultant at Digital-Warriors Internet Marketing http://www.digital-warriors.com which is a boutique style service provider for Web Design/Dev, Social Media Marketing & Search Engine Optimization services. Our mission is to provide high quality solutions for small business web presence and promotion. Whether you need help getting your online strategy in order or already have a web presence we can offer value to further your campaigns and grow your technical assets. We achieve these results with a talented and customer focused staff who will help solve your business problems. Please visit us at http://www.digital-warriors.com
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Obtaining a customer insight is crucial to business marketers and the majority of big enterprises are using big data for their business in today's online marketing industry.
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Use big data to understand your customers' demands, needs and preferences. By leveraging over the social media likes and shares about your products, you can generate big data analytics in understanding which among your products and services seem to satisfy your customers.


text:
The Trentonian (
Trenton, Philadelphia firefighters set for charity hockey game
Thursday, April 25, 2013
By MARK PRATICO II
For The Trentonian
There is nothing more rewarding than putting your passion and talents toward the betterment of others.
Trenton Firefighter Mike Burzachiello and some of his coworkers love to play hockey. The group decided to resurrect an old tradition from the 1980's and 1990's when the department had a team that would play against teams from other departments.
However, this particular group of heroes wanted to take their love for the game one step further.
Last year, the Trenton Fire Department played against the Hamilton Fire Department in a charity hockey game that raised approximately $5,000 for the Sunshine Foundation to go towards Operation Dreamlift, an annual event that sends chronically ill children to Walt Disney World in Orlando Florida for a day of magic and memories.
"Our fire department has had such a long tradition of helping out the Sunshine Foundation. We've had softball tournaments and other events in the past, but we all love to play hockey, so we figured it would be a great way to raise money," Burzachiello said.
Because of the tremendous success of last year's event, Burzachiello and his team reached out to long time rival, the Philadelphia Fire Department, to see if they would be interested in playing in this year's charity game.
"Last year was such as success that we decided to try and get a rivalry game this year," Burzachiello said, "We contacted the firefighters in Philly and their support was huge. They've helped us sell a lot of tickets and everyone from over there was real into the idea, which says a lot about their department."
This year's game will take place this Saturday April 27th at Iceland in Hamilton. Game time will be 1:00pm. Tickets are $10 each and all proceeds will go directly to the Sunshine Foundation. Tickets will be available at the door.
"Our goal for this year is to raise $6,000," Burzachiello said, "With the price of airfare being he way it is, we'll be able to hopefully fill a lot of seats on the plane. It's so rewarding to see the kids go on this trip. For years the fire departments in Mercer County have been there to help the kids get on the plane in the morning and to light the runway with our trucks when they return home. Some of my co-workers have actually had the privilege of going on the trip and assisting."
"We've been so blessed at Sunshine to have such great support from our local fire departments, medics and law enforcement officers and have certainly enjoyed working with them over the years. I consider us all one big family," said Cathy DiCostanzo, President of the Sunshine Foundation's Mercer County Chapter, "Last year the firefighters did this charity without really telling us and when they called us to tell us how much money they raised, we were shocked. They are so humble and just wanted to raise funds for the trip. They make a difference for us in their lines of duty and in the lives of our children."
This year's 27th Annual Operation Dreamlift will take place on Tuesday May 7, at 6:30 AM at the New Jersey National Guard Hanger in Ewing.
A child who will be attending Dreamlift will be the guest of honor Saturday and help drop the opening puck for the game.
"Its great that we are going to have one of the children there with us," Burzachiello said, "It will be great for the people in attendance to see who their money is going to benefit."
"Everyone is a winner in this game," DiCostanzo said.
Following the game, Killarney's Publick House in Hamilton will be offering food and drink specials for everyone who attended the game. Happy Hour prices will be available until 6:00 pm.


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Cafe Provence signs lease for new Prairie Village shop
After nearly three months of negotiations, the owners of Cafe Provence signed a lease this week for their new Prairie Village shop.
The French Market by Cafe Provence is scheduled to open in early November at 6947 Tomahawk Road, in the former Tulip boutique spot. Tulip relocated to the Country Club Plaza.
The French Market will sell its own dressings, chutneys, aioli, quiche, pates, sauces, soups and stews, as well as some French imported products including linens and table wear.
"I think a lot of times people are hesitant and intimidated by French food — they think of it as heavy, a lot of butter, expensive," said Patrick Quillec, general manager of Cafe Provence. "They always think high-handed restaurants. So this will give them a better understanding of what French food is all about and it can be easy on the pocketbook."
In June, Quillec said he was considering several locations in the Prairie Village area for the new shop, but still hoped to open in The Village shopping center, near the restaurant.
Cafe Provence, which opened a dozen years ago in the Village, at 3936 W. 69th Terrace, has turned into a real family business.
Quillec's wife Joanne Quillec is the owner. Their son, Philip Quillec, is executive chef and will be in charge of the food at the new market. Their daughter, Natalie Quillec, is in charge of the wine program at the restaurant and also is a server. Another daughter, Sophia Quillec, is now a senior at Shawnee Mission East High School and a table busser at the restaurant. Their two other children live in other states.
Patrick's brother, Daniel Quillec, is a chef at Cafe Provence and his sister-in-law, Daniele Quillec, is general manager.
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how can i fine my motherboard number to install sound drive
Model number? It's probably stamped on the motherboard somewhere. Or it may show at the top of the posting screen when you first turn it on--if the diagnostic screen is enabled. Or you can download and install something like Everest: http://majorgeeks.com/downloadget.p...
or Belarc:
You can download a software to solve your problem, for example "AD32". __________________
AprilFree chat software for you


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Tactical Ripstop Pant - Dickies Dickies Tactical Ripstop pant, engineered to work as hard as the officers who...
Los Angeles County sheriff's deputies shot and killed three armed suspects in separate incidents over the weekend, bringing the total number of fatal deputy-involved shootings so far this year to 13.A deputy was injured during a gun battle in one of the three shootings, and suspects' firearms were recovered after each incident, said Steve Whitmore, a department spokesman.There were five fatal shootings by sheriff's deputies in 2008, Whitmore said.The recent spate of shootings comes less than a week after Sheriff Lee Baca called for an expedited investigation into a deputy's fatal shooting of an unarmed man in Athens on Sept. 14. Baca said later that he would convene a panel of experts to examine deputy- involved shootings.
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What People Are Saying About "The Blue Sweater"
"The Blue Sweater is a book of hope written by a practical idealist who won't take 'no' for an answer." Former Senator BILL BRADLEY
"This is a wonderful book by a remarkable woman." FAREED ZAKARIA, author of The Post-American World and editor of Newsweek International
"Jacqueline's book and her work represent an entirely new way to look at things." Author SETH GODIN
"A terrific and sober-minded look at the complexities of doing good." NICHOLAS KRISTOF, Author and New York Times Columnist
Guide for Teachers
Teach the Blue Sweater in your classroom using this guide.
Teaching Guide -
Read with Your Book Club
Use this discussion guide to organize a book club reading of the Blue Sweater.
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Learn about Acumen
Learn more about the organization Jacqueline founded that's changing the way the world tackles poverty.
Acumen Home Get Involved
The Blue Sweater
Bridging the gap between the rich and poor in an interconnected world.
by Jacqueline Novogratz
Jacqueline will donate her paperback royalties to Acumen Fund and other organizations tackling social change.
Order NowOrder Your Copy of The Blue Sweater Now
Read the first few pages of The Blue Sweater
About The Blue Sweater
The Blue Sweater is the inspiring personal memoir of a woman who has spent her life on a quest to understand global poverty and to find powerful new ways of tackling it. From her first stumbling efforts as a young idealist venturing forth in Africa to the creation of the trailblazing organization she runs today, Jacqueline Novogratz brings us a series of insightful stories and unforgettable characters — from women dancing in a Nairobi slum, to unwed mothers starting a bakery, to courageous survivors of the Rwandan genocide, to entrepreneurs building services for the poor against impossible odds.
She shows, in ways both hilarious and heartbreaking, how traditional charity often fails, but how a new form of philanthropic investing called "patient capital" can help make people self-sufficient and change millions of lives. More than just an auto-biography or a how-to guide to tackling poverty, this book challenges us to grant dignity to the poor and to rethink our engagement with the world.


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Palmer, Alaska, United States - Sunrise, sunset, dawn and dusk times, graphPalmer, Alaska, United States - Sun path diagram
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Bank of America (NYSE: BAC ) had a pretty decent week, relatively speaking. It was boosted earlier in the week when news of a settlement with MBIA reached the markets, and even some threatened legal action by the state of New York didn't affect it all that much. Even Friday morning, with Citigroup and JPMorgan Chase relatively flat, Bank of America remains slightly higher.
Meeting resistance
It was a little less than two weeks ago that my colleague John Grgurich wondered if Bank of America would remain closer to $10 than not. Obviously, it seems to have pushed past this threshold, but it seems to be meeting resistance around $13 a share. Granted, it is only in the past couple of days that the stock has traded above this level, but there has been numerous times over the past few months where it has approached, but not exceeded, this price:
What does it mean?
In general, we at the Fool believe that daily stock price movements are unimportant unless there is some news surrounding the move. With a stock that gets as much coverage as Bank of America, however, sometimes it's important to see if there are any reasons why it's not moving and where it could ultimately end up.
As anyone that follows Bank of America knows, it is currently trading at a steep discount to book value, and a slight discount to tangible book value. Among the Big Four banks, Bank of America "wins" the price/book value battle, while Citigroup barely beats B of A in the price/tangible book value fight:
Company |
Book Value per Share |
Tangible Book Value per Share |
Price/Book Value |
Price/Tangible Book Value |
Bank of America |
$20.30 |
$13.46 |
0.64 |
0.97 |
Wells Fargo |
$28.27 |
$23.30 |
1.36 |
1.65 |
JPMorgan Chase |
$52.02 |
$39.54 |
0.96 |
1.26 |
Citigroup |
$62.51 |
$52.35 |
0.78 |
0.94 |
Based on its book value alone, there seems to be plenty of room for Bank of America to grow. However, the consensus analyst estimate is currently $12.87, meaning it is trading just north of what the "experts" seem to think. Personally, I think the true value of the bank lies somewhere between its book value and tangible book value, so it's only a matter of time before it manages to leave $13 solidly in its rearview mirror as it heads toward these heights.
Bank of America's stock doubled in 2012. Is there more yet to come? With significant challenges still ahead, it's critical to have a solid understanding of this megabank before adding it to your portfolio. In The Motley Fool's premium research report on B of A, analysts Anand Chokkavelu, CFA, and Matt Koppenheffer, Financials bureau chief, lift the veil on the bank's operations, including detailing three reasons to buy and three reasons to sell. Click here now to claim your copy.


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"As the rivers flowing east and west merge in the sea and become one with it, forgetting they were ever separate rivers, so do all creatures lose their separateness when they merge at last into pure Being."
~ Chandogya Upanishad
Download the meditation »
This recording is designed to make you journey smoothly on an inner pilgrimage across the rich landscape of your spirit, mind and body. The guidance is evoked through words and sounds, with instruments that are tuned to the frequency of 432hz, which is that of the natural resonance of the Universe, promoting health, connection and harmony within ourselves and our surroundings.
Find a quiet space and install yourself into Savasana (the corpse pose). Lay your back upon the Earth, add support such as pillows under knees and head if necessary and cover yourself with a blanket. Align your legs a little wider then your hips, extend your arms to the sides of your body palms facing up. Position your head evenly between the shoulders while being mindful to respect the natural curves of the spine. Make yourself comfortable and sink your whole body onto the ground. Note that if you are not comfortable resting on the floor, you can do this relaxation in your bed or on a chair with your feet lifted up on a bolster so that your knees are a little higher then your hips. Relax. Don't make any particular efforts to listen to what I say, trust that what you need to hear at any given moment is perfect for you. You have nothing to do or achieve, let go and enter the state of conscious sleep.
The recording does not provide guidance as to bring you out of the relaxation because it is meant to be alternatively used as a calming tool to help you enter the realm of deep sleep. If you use this relaxation after your Yoga practice, once the guidance is over, bathe in silence for a while; then gently turn to one side in fetal position. Savor each step of the journey. Once ready to sit, move slowly and mindfully. Use your upper hand to press yourself up. Keep your eyes closed and your head heavy. Once in cross-legged position, gently align your head between the shoulders, chin parallel to the floor. Sit in meditation for as long as you wish. RIP.
From my heart to your heart, may you find repose into the still point within.
Much love and gratitude...
Download the audio » (MP3 | 6.3 MB)
Loka Samasta Sukhino Bhavantu
May Eternal Peace & Goodwill Prevail in the Whole world.
Loka Samasta Sukhino Bhavantu
May all beings be free from suffering.
Loka Samasta Sukhino Bhavantu
May all beings tap into their highest enlightened qualities
for the benefit of all sentient beings.
Aum Shanti, Shanti, Shanti
Peace, peace, peace.
The music in this visual journey has been tuned to the natural frequencies of 432hz with the intention to create harmony within and around us. The music was composed and performed by Maryz. The visual elements were weaved with love by Julie Hopkins.
Recorded at the Spaces Between Sound Studio: www.spacesbetween.ca


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SpectraPure® LiterMeter 3 Remote Pump Module (LM3-RPM)
SpectraPure® LiterMeter 3 Remote Pump Module (LM3-RPM)
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SpectraPure® LiterMeter 3 Remote Pump Module (LM3-RPM)
The new SpectraPure® LiterMeter III is an automatic precision dosing system for the aquarium and horticulture industry. Three independent programs control one built-in pump and up to two external pumps. Perform 2-way water changes, in addition to eliminating the manual drudgery of dosing Kalkwasser, trace elements, or topping off evaporated water. Quiet operation, auto-calibration, and virtually maintenance-free.
The new pump is made out of precision-machined aluminum fabricated to exacting aerospace tolerances. For example, such critical tolerances as the rollers are machined to +/-0.0005". The outer surface is polished to a mirror finish. Internal surfaces are held to a 63 micro inch finish and hard anodized to provide a durable and low-friction raceway. The pump`s planetary direct drive is at an 11:1 ratio, thus providing enough torque to generate over 40 pounds of pressure. This incredible lift enables the LiterMeter III™ to pump over 60 feet above itself at a flow rate of over 250 ml/min. It can also draw up from 25 feet below. The motor in the LiterMeter III™ is custom-designed by the premiere U.S. manufacturer of precision high reliability motors made to our specifications as a peristaltic drive motor. For example, many of the cars in NASCAR® use five or more motors of this design for cooling purposes; a major ink-jet printer manufacturer also uses them.
Calcium maintenance and alkalinity control are essential for a healthy reef tank. SpectraPure®'s LiterMeter III eliminates the manual drudgery of dosing Kalkwasser, trace elements, or topping off evaporated water. Kalkwasser replenishment, to be most effective, should be added to your aquarium slowly and consistently to avoid precipitation of calcium carbonate. The LiterMeter III automatically and reliably performs this task for you.
The LiterMeter III offers features found only on expensive laboratory pumps. Built-in calibration features eliminate the guesswork of uncalibrated competitive units. Unlike noisy industrial metering pumps sold to the aquarium trades, SpectraPure®'s LiterMeter III was specially designed for critical aquarium dosing and is so quiet you can use it in your living room. Superior three-roller direct-motor drive eliminates noisy gears and improves flow accuracy and tubing life. It can be run dry without damage, and pumps either from a draw height of 12 feet or to a delivery height of 16 feet.
Three independent programs control the internal pump, as well as two optional external pumps. The SpectraPure® Remote Pump Module is a LiterMeter III pump mounted in a small plastic box. The SpectraPure® Top-Off Control Module is an optional level sensor that interrupts power to the LiterMeter III when a high water level is detected. The SpectraPure® Water Exchange Module combines a Remote Pump Module and an Top-Off Control module in one package, interrupting power only to that pump.
New and Improved Pump. Highest quality and accuracy
Fully automatic operation - Set it and forget it
All metal pump housing
Pump can generate at least 30 psi in pressure OR vacuum.
Auto-Calibration feature
Virtually maintenance free
No check valves to clog or seals to leak
Self-priming and anti-siphoning
Higher delivery pressure
Compact size and cool operation
Kalkwasser safe
No damage to the unit if run dry
Quiet operation and low power consumption
Complete system consumes less than 6 Watts when pump is on
Extended 2-year warranty
Manufacturer Info
SpectraPure Aquarium Supplies
SpectraPure was established in 1985 and is located in Tempe, Arizona, home of Arizona State University. SpectraPure is dedicated to excellence in the design and manufacture of water filtration and purification systems for household, commercial, laboratory and light industrial applications. Their product lines includes a full range of systems and equipment, including drinking water systems, water softeners, filtration systems, reverse osmosis units, RO/DI and deionization systems and many other technological innovations and water purification accessories. SpectraPure provides innovative, state-of-the-art solutions to water purity problems and applications.
1 year manufacturer warranty
SpectraPure® LiterMeter 3 Remote Pump Module (LM3-RPM)
(3 reviews)
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Great Product
8/15/2010 from Millstone Township, NJ UNITED
Experience Level:
Another great Spectrapure product. Just plug it into the Litermeter III, calibrate the pump, set the flow rate and tell the Litermeter III to put the extra pump in run mode and you are all set. My Litermeter III is about 4 years old, I did notice this new external pump is much quieter than the original pump in the Litermeter III base unit.
Did you find this review helpful?
Very Nice
Jim MacDonald
1/19/2010 from BRADFORD, NY
Experience Level:
I have been running my remote pump for about a week now with no problems. In my system I have it drawing water from the basement (+- 8 feet) to a resevoir near the tank. Calibration was simple, although I would recommend recalibrating after a few days use. I would recommend this product for many applications. I plan on setting up a water exchange system using 2 pumps.
Did you find this review helpful?
Great product so far
reefing Buddha
Great product so far... bought 2 at the same time I got the main unit and had all three pumps running within an hour... Seems just as efficient and quite as the main pump... Great product
3 of 5 People found this review helpful, did you?
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Todays new boat copmarable to C&C Landfall 38 or CS36?
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Maine Sail
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It's hard to know what you mean when you say "looked back on". I'll try answer it from a purely fit and finish and construction level.
Morris, Hinckley, Lyman Morse, Hood/Little Harbor, Halberg Rassy, Shannon & Alden are in their own league and it's a league well beyond a Tartan, C&C, CS or Sabre ever will be.
My CS 36 is, and was, a very well built boat but I can assure you she's no Morris or Hinckley level boat. One can always be delusional, and argue that a CS or C&C is equally built to a Morris or Hinckley, but I'd ask for a hit of what that person was smoking cause it must be good stuff.
I'd say of today's crop of boats Sabre, J Boats and Tartan/C&C would be the closest to the older CS and C&C boats. I'd put Pasport somewhere in between the Morris/Hinckley level and the Sabre /Tartan/ J Boat level..
-Maine Sail / CS-36T
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A boy of jewish heritage.
The jaboy was caught stealing candy from a baby.
by BIG_DEE
June 28, 2011
1 more definition
Top Definition
First person singular ("I") slang for "your boy". Pronounced like ju in junk and boy.
David: You really for an intense game of tennis, Oliver?
Oliver: Jaboy was born ready.
Oliver: Jaboy was born ready.
by Oliver Guzman
April 09, 2013


text:
"Persuasive communication involves enthusiasm, animation, audience participation, authenticity and spontaneity."
— John Maxwell
(via this collection of leadership quotes)
"Persuasive communication involves enthusiasm, animation, audience participation, authenticity and spontaneity."
— John Maxwell
(via this collection of leadership quotes)
"A human being should be able to change a diaper, plan an invasion, butcher a hog, conn a ship, design a building, write a sonnet, balance accounts, build a wall, set a bone, comfort the dying, take orders, give orders, cooperate, act alone, solve equations, analyze a new problem, pitch manure, program a computer, cook a tasty meal, fight efficiently, die gallantly. Specialization is for insects."
— Robert Heinlein
He who angers you conquers you.
– Elizabeth Kenny
"We will either find a way or make one."
– Hannibal
"The three C's of leadership are consideration, caring, and courtesy. Be polite to everyone."
— Brian Tracy
(via this collection of leadership quotes)
"The challenge of leadership is to be strong, but not rude; be kind, but not weak; be bold, but not bully; be thoughtful, but not lazy; be humble, but not timid; be proud, but not arrogant; have humor, but without folly."
— Jim Rohn
(via this collection of leadership quotes)
"One of the first items sold on AuctionWeb (eBay) was a broken laser pointer for $14.83. Astonished, Pierre Omidyar contacted the winning bidder to ask if he understood that the laser pointer was broken. In his responding email, the buyer explained: "I'm a collector of broken laser pointers."
from the eBay Wikipedia Page
"To have the sense of creative activity is the great happiness and the great proof of being alive."
– Matthew Arnold
"Don't allow your mind to tell your heart what to do. The mind gives up easily"
― Paulo Coelho
"No one has yet realized the wealth of sympathy, the kindness and generosity hidden in the soul of a child. The effort of every true education should be to unlock that treasure."
– Emma Goldman
"The successful people we spoke with — in business, entertainment, sports and the arts — all had similar responses when faced with obstacles: they subjected themselves to fairly merciless self-examination that prompted reinvention of their goals and the methods by which they endeavored to achieve them."
Secret Ingredient for Success, by Camille Sweeney
(via Joe)
"… Every time you use waffle words, back off from a clear statement of values and priorities and most of all, think about what's likely instead of what's possible, you are selling yourself out. Not just selling yourself out, but doing it too cheaply. Own your dreams. There is no better way to make them happen."
– Seth Godin, On Owning It
"When I think about my own future, my dream is always the same. I'm living in a small beautiful farmhouse in a small beautiful town among a small community that values me. I'm living with a wife and kids I love deeply, and I spend each day making art and watching nature. My mind is clear and calm, I'm in control of my time, and I'm kind."
– Jonathan Harris
Navigating Stuckness, by Jonathan Harris. Very touching post.
"The only way we will avoid being crushed by the weight of the hundreds or thousands of emails we receive every day is to free ourselves from the need to treat each one like it matters and like it merits a response. The only way we will avoid being emotionally crushed by having other people not respond to our emails is to stop expecting a response. If we can adapt our expectations to fit the realities of this new paradigm, we will all crawl out from under the weight of the curse of email. Email will prove a blessing."
Taken from this blog post: The Curse of Email by Tim Challies
"Don't ask what the world needs. Ask what makes you come alive. Because what the world needs is people who have come alive."
– Howard Thurman
"There are intangible qualities of companies that you pour your heart into that are impossible to purchase. And it's really special when you create a company that provides that. Nothing tops the feeling of being a part of that."
– Zach Klein
"Everybody is a genius. But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid."
– Albert Einstein
"To avoid criticism say nothing, do nothing, be nothing."
– Aristotle
"Humour does not degrade anything. Show me a company that has fun and I guarantee good work comes out of it."
– Steve Edge, DO Wales 2010
"If you took one-tenth the energy you put into complaining and applied it to solving the problem, you'd be surprised by how well things can work out… Complaining does not work as a strategy. We all have finite time and energy. Any time we spend whining is unlikely to help us achieve our goals. And it won't make us happier."
― Randy Pausch, The Last Lecture
1. Find a subject you care about.
2. Do not ramble, though.
3. Keep it simple.
4. Have the guts to cut.
5. Sound like yourself.
6. Say what you mean to say.
7. Pity the readers.
– Kurt Vonnegut
Exchange 'Pity the readers' with 'Pity the audience' and this makes for really solid advice when preparing for a talk.
"You are
What you do
When it counts"
– Armor
(via John Maeda)
"The professional loves her work. She is invested in it wholeheartedly. But she does not forget that the work is not her."
― Steven Pressfield


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A car accident during a holiday in the Middle East lands Faraday in a hospital packed with the maimed from Gaza, where he embarks on a wild scheme to adopt a horribly burned Palestinian girl. Back in England crimelord Bazza McKenzie is watching his empire fall apart under the pressures of the biggest recession in 70 years. Desperate times call fordesperate measures and soon ex-cop Winter is in the thick of it as Bazza runs out of options.
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