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hippy barthday
Happy Late Birthday, Lord Tyler C. Brown
Happy birthday!!
Haha nice
Taking care of business?
Hah! Nice.
So you can enjoy other games and because I'm generous, rather than leaving you with only one favorite game (Sometimes, I need to be nice even if I don't like you). Try American Gladiators, that's another baskeball game, and I like it!
Go on, feller! As a bonus, I'll give some details on the ROMs: ALEXKID.SMD (Alex Kidd in the Enchanted Castle) BT_DD.SMD (Battletoads & Double Dragon) SHAQ_FU.BIN (Shaq Fu, the infamous fighting game starring Shaquille O' Neil) darkcast.smd ([URL="http://darkcastle.wikia.com/wiki/Dark_Castle_SEGA"]Dark Castle[/URL], except this is the worst port of Dark Castle ever next to the CD-i port, first sign of EA's mistakes; Trying to port a Keyboard & mouse game to a controller) moonwalk.smd (Michael Jackson's Moonwalker, Revision 00 so Thriller is included) prince.smd (Prince of Persia on Megadrive, contains music unlike the Genesis port!) sonic3.smd (Sonic the Hedgehog 3 separate from Sonic & Knuckles, you can download Sonic 3 Complete seperately if you don't like this or SONIC_K.BIN or SONICNUC.SMD) I've got more games like Skitchin, which is considered to be Road Rash on rollerblades! Sorry, NBA Jam isn't included, but you can download it on sites like CoolROM if you like!
That's why you can download Kega Fusion and some ROMs of the Sega Genesis games, [URL="40d45e56019b713349dae48436ad87e4f0862cfe"]here[/URL] are a few Sega Megadrive games (Kega Fusion not included, download seperately!).


text: Mega Man 9 Gets DLC This Week - Proto Man! Mike FaheyProfileFollowUnfollow Mike FaheyFiled to: Mega Man 9 Dlc News Capcom Gallery 360 PS3 10/06/08 11:40amEditDelete InviteInvite manuallyPromoteXDismissXUndismissBlock for kotakuHideShare to KinjaShare to FacebookShare to PinterestShare to TwitterGo to permalink Not even a couple of weeks old and Capcom is already flooding Mega Man 9 players with downloadable content across all three consoles. This week sees the release of two different packs. Endless Attack is a stage that never ends...yes it goes on and on my friends....somebody started playing it not knowing what it was *slaps self*. Endless Attack is just that, endless. See how far you can get and how big a score you can rack up before your inevitable death. And the second pack? Playable Proto Man! Proto has charge shot, power slide, and a bullet-bouncing shield, but takes double damage and gets bumped twice as far when hit. The DLC packs are available today on the Wii, with the 360 getting it tomorrow and PlayStation 3 on Thursday, as per usual. While the other two consoles wait, here's a look at what Wii owners are doing right now. 110Reply 110Discuss

subset: commoncrawl


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fat |
A fat robin pulled another worm from the ground.
Our bodies store fat in fat cells.
The three little puppies in the box are fat.
blanket |
Aileen has a red blanket on her bed.
Julie keeps herself warm under a thick blanket.
Mom covered the baby with a soft pink blanket.
laugh |
Did you laugh when Bianca made a funny face?
His jokes were so funny that we all laughed.
I laugh every time I hear that story.
fabric |
Mom went to the fabric store to buy cloth for my new curtains.
The fabric of Rosa's dress was a soft pale pink with white daisies on it.
blank |
Jack left his test paper blank.
Steven has a lot of blank paper.
The walls in my bedroom are blank.
shadow |
His shadow follows him every place he goes.
If the groundhog sees his shadow on Groundhog Day, we will have six more weeks of winter.
My shadow is taller than I am!
gather |
Gather the 52 cards on the floor.
How many baseballs can you gather by 5 o'clock?
map |
Find Switzerland, Norway, and Sweden on the map.
Our group worked together to draw the map.
We will need a map to find that street.
sack |
He left a sack of oranges by the door.
There is a sack of marbles in the toy chest.
bat |
There is a family of bats living in the old barn.
Jose wore a bat costume to the Halloween party.
bag |
All my crayons are in a bag under my desk.
Isaac brought his lunch to school in a bright red bag.
Jake has a new book bag.
half |
Fold the paper this way and cut it in half.
May I have half of your apple?
cat |
A kitten becomes a cat when it is mature.
Bob's cat makes him sneeze.
David and Kathy have two dogs and four cats.
Lisa brought a new cat home from the shelter.


text: Big Time Meltdown Why is Cheney losing it? And it's quite clear that he is. For anyone who missed the interview with Gloria Borger, you really have to witness how agitated and nervous he is to appreciate how close to the edge he's walking these days. Overspun has the clip if you missed it (from the Daily Show --- a joy in itself.) He either just downed a quad espresso or there is something wrong with him. And, of course, there's the now famous "fuck yourself" to Pat Leahy just yesterday. So, what's going on with Big Time? Anybody have a guess? There are so many crimes and dirty tricks he could charged with at any moment, it's hard to narrow it down. Here are a couple of ideas. The first is the remote possibility that somebody's put a bug in Lil' Crusader Codpiece's ear saying that Big Time is the reason for all his troubles. (And I don't think it was Joe Biden.) Junior has a nasty temper. Another possibility is that the Plame investigation is scorching his backside. He was questioned back on June 6, but it had to make him frantic to think that Dim Son was left alone with a smart prosecutor for over an hour yesterday. You can see why he'd be nervous. Of course, he seemed awfully testy about Halliburton... And there's the torture and mayhem stuff... Outright lies about Iraq... A glimpse of Lynn from the back... Any of those things could have been the straw that broke the camel's back. Update: Attaturk has a most disturbing theory.... digby 6/25/2004 11:22:00 AM


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Fly Tying
Get news on sales & specials
This Daiichi fly fishing hook has a round bend, down eye, 4X long shank, 1X heavy wire, bronze; Uses: streamers, muddlers, woolly buggers, zonkers, bucktails; Sizes 4 - 14 in packs of 25 hooks, size 2 in packs of 20, or Multi-Pack of 10 hooks in each of 4 popular sizes in a re-usable 4-compartment hook box.
Average Customer Rating: (2 Reviews) Write Review
Good hooks, sharp
Reviewer: A viewer from FORT COLLINS, CO USA
Use these to tie up streamers and Pats rubber Legs. Long enough for a proportioned body with lead wraps and are sharp. I am trying to get cheaper, good quality hooks and these are good for the price.
1 of 1 people found this review helpful. Do you? yes no Certified buyer
1-2 of 2


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If you examine the behavior of System.Collections.Queue and System.Collections.Generic.Queue<T>, you'll find that they both throw InvalidOperationException from the Dequeue method (which attempts to remove and return an item from the queue) if there are no items in the Queue (and, thus, there's nothing to be removed). For a producer/consumer scenario, that behavior is typically suboptimal. A producer creating results can store those results into a queue, and a consumer can retrieve those results from the queue in order to process them. But for a concurrent application, where the producer and consumer are executing on separate threads (and where there might be multiple instances of both the producers and consumers executing simultaneously), synchronization mechanisms are necessary on top of queue. More specifically, typically a design calls for a consumer to block until an item is available for it to consume. Rather than attempting to reimplement such blocking functionality every time we need it, we can wrap it up into a new type:
class BlockingQueue<T> : IDisposable { private Queue<T> _queue = new Queue<T>(); private Semaphore _semaphore = new Semaphore(0, int.MaxValue); public void Enqueue(T data) { if (data == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("data"); lock (_queue) _queue.Enqueue(data); _semaphore.Release(); } public T Dequeue() { _semaphore.WaitOne(); lock (_queue) return _queue.Dequeue(); } void IDisposable.Dispose() { if (_semaphore != null) { _semaphore.Close(); _semaphore = null; } } }
BlockingQueue<T> contains two private fields and exposes two public methods (plus an implementation of IDisposable to allow for timely cleanup). The public methods mimic those of Queue<T>: Enqueue, accepting the data of type T to be enqueued, and Dequeue, returning an item of type T. Enqueue has the same semantics as Queue<T>, except BlockingQueue<T>.Enqueue is thread-safe (Queue<T>.Enqueue is not). Dequeue, however, has very different semantics from both Queue.Dequeue and Queue<T>.Dequeue. In addition to being thread-safe (which the other Dequeue methods are not), it also blocks until it knows for sure it'll be able to dequeue an item from the queue.
The first of the two private methods is fairly self-explanatory. The _queue member of type Queue<T> is the actual queue that's storing the data. Any calls to BlockingQueue<T>.Enqueue or BlockingQueue<T>.Dequeue delegate to the corresponding methods on _queue. However, as you can see a few additional things are taking place. First, a monitor is used to synchronize access to the queue. But more importantly, a counting semaphore is used to keep track of the number of items that are available to be removed from the queue. The semaphore starts with a count of 0, which means that any calls to Dequeue will block. Every call to Enqueue increments the semaphore's counter, allowing another non-blocking call to Dequeue.
This, of course, isn't the only way to build a BlockingQueue, nor do we absolutely require the System.Threading.Semaphore class. For example, you can implement a semaphore in purely managed code with a simple class like the following:
public class ManagedSemaphore { private int _count; private object _lock; public ManagedSemaphore(int initialCount) { if (initialCount < 0) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("initialCount", "Initial count must be >= 0."); _count = initialCount; _lock = new object(); } public void WaitOne() { lock (_lock) { while (_count <= 0) Monitor.Wait(_lock); _count--; } } public void Release() { lock (_lock) { _count++; Monitor.Pulse(_lock); } } }
Like System.Threading.Semaphore, this ManagedSemaphore class exposes a WaitOne and a Release method. Internally, it has two member fields, an integer count and an object used for a monitor lock. The Release method aquires the lock, and while holding it, increments the internal count and then signals a single thread that might be waiting on the same lock that it should wake up and attempt to retrieve an item (if no thread is waiting, the next time one does call WaitOne, it'll see a positive count). The WaitOne method similarly takes the lock. While holding the lock, it checks the internal count. If the count is positive, it simply decrements the count and returns. However, if the count is 0, it uses the Monitor.Wait method to temporarily release the lock and wait for it to be signaled by another thread (which will happen when another thread calls Release).
We could substitute this ManagedSemaphore for Semaphore in our BlockingQueue<T>. However, given that this is all managed code, we could also incorporate the semaphore's implementation directly into BlockingQueue<T>:
class BlockingQueue<T> : IEnumerable<T> { private int _count = 0; private Queue<T> _queue = new Queue<T>(); public T Dequeue() { lock (_queue) { while (_count <= 0) Monitor.Wait(_queue); _count--; return _queue.Dequeue(); } } public void Enqueue(T data) { if (data == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("data"); lock (_queue) { _queue.Enqueue(data); _count++; Monitor.Pulse(_queue); } } }
While nothing official, in a few basic tests this does show some performance improvements over the original BlockingQueue<T> implemented using System.Threading.Semaphore, clocking in at around 3x the speed.
We can further extend BlockingQueue<T> to implement IEnumerable<T>, making it easy to consume all of the items "in" the queue from a foreach loop:
class BlockingQueue<T> : IEnumerable<T> { private int _count = 0; private Queue<T> _queue = new Queue<T>(); public T Dequeue() { lock (_queue) { while (_count <= 0) Monitor.Wait(_queue); _count--; return _queue.Dequeue(); } } public void Enqueue(T data) { if (data == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("data"); lock (_queue) { _queue.Enqueue(data); _count++; Monitor.Pulse(_queue); } } IEnumerator<T> IEnumerable<T>.GetEnumerator() { while (true) yield return Dequeue(); } IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() { return ((IEnumerable<T>)this).GetEnumerator(); } }
This allows code like the following:
BlockingQueue<int> _queue = new BlockingQueue<int>(); ... foreach(int item in _queue) { ... }
int count=0; foreach(int item in _queue) { ... if (5 == ++count) break; }


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Thread: Baking for the fire department
Baking for the fire department
Did anyone see the story where a lady in Conn bakes all kinds of food each month on the 11th and takes it to a different fire station in her area?
I read it on one of those news feeds that you get on the alpha-numeric pagers and lost it before I could get all the details. I think it is a very noble salute to our profession.
I am sure my counterpart from the north (NJFFS_A16) can get us the scoop. Let's see how long it takes him.09-11 .. 343 "All Gave Some..Some Gave ALL" God Bless..R.I.P.
IACOJ Minister of Southern Comfort
"Purple Hydrant" Recipient (3 Times)
BMI Investigator
The comments, opinions, and positions expressed here are mine. They are expressed respectfully, in the spirit of safety and progress. They do not reflect the opinions or positions of my employer or my department.
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Stuffed sweet dumpling made with milk and dry fruits
Cauliflower Eggplant Potato Curry ~ Dahiwale Aloo Baingan Gobi Sabzi or Potato Eggplant Cauliflower in Yogurt base gravy is delicious medley of vegetables goes well with rice.
Spicy Raita/Yoghurt {recipe}
Paneer in Tomato Mint Sauce: Easy Curry with refreshing aroma of Indian summer {recipe}
Indian Garlic Chutney-Very spicy chutney-for almost anything and everything. Have with nachos, crackers or spread on tacos or pitta pockets.
Cabbage Potato and Green Peas Stir Fry- Quick and healthy low calorie side dish (sabji) that is perfect for day to day cooking. Simple yet tasty. Serve with hot Roti/Chapati
Soft, healthy and gluten-free flat breads with sorghum flour.
Millets & Sweet Basil Seeds Pudding / Sabja Seeds Millets Kheer
Eggless Butter & Cumin Seeds Biscuits / Easy Butter Cookies Recipe
Indian Spiced Lentil Soup - Urad dal prepared as a light and subtly spiced & flavourful Soup. Have it with bread or rice, or on its own. Easy to digest, & Protein pack
A Recipe for Traditional Indian Kulfi on Food52.
Spicy chana masala roasted chickpeas make a healthy, vegan snack.
A simple yogurt based marinade for drumsticks that produces moist, incredibly flavorful chicken! Excellent with naan & feta cheese.
Prawns in coconut milk.
Plantain and yam with coconut - yogurt.
Potato Sukka/Potato Dry Roast It is simple and tasty to eat having a lot of flavors going into our mouth :) If you see, all the veggies i used are sliced and not chopped
Dried chickpeas flavored with lots of spices. Perfect with Indian breads.
Paneer and cauliflower curry - a delicious, simple, vegetarian curry you'll want to make over and over again!
Shredded Roti with Eggs, quick and easy indian food
A wholesome vegan dish that is made of cream of rice and pigeon peas. This dish is perfect for breakfast or brunch
Achaari Paneer Tikka (Pickled Cottage Cheese Tikka) - A unique tikka recipe with bold, robust and pungent flavors.
When we think of fried rice, we think Chinese food. This chicken & coriander fried rice, on the other hand, goes well with Indian curries {recipe}
Aloo Gobi – Indian Style Potatoes and Cauliflower richly flavored with a blend of authentic Indian spices.
Vegan Tomato Beans Rice - Perfect One pot meal, for those lazy evenings, easy and quick to make, with all the nutrition of a balanced meal. Indo-Mexican flavours !
Goan Potato Curry - A Perfect Side-dish for Indian Flat-Breads
Broad beans or avarakkai/semphalli sambar is tangy Southern Indian style sambar, goes perfectly with rice.
Mysore Masala Dosa is popular Udupi style brekfast dosa with spicy chutney/dip spread and spiced potato filling.
Sweet Tomato Chutney from the Bombay Café, made with your slow cooker. From The New Indian Slow Cooker Cookbook.
Bharwan Bhindi/ stuffed okra - Okra's are stuffed with a spicy delicious filling. In this dish, okra's are slit and stuffed with masala. When the okra gets cooked with the masala, it gives exotic flavours.
Quick Fresh Peach Chutney {recipe}
This healthier lamb chilli curry recipe will have your taste buds tingling in delight as you experience the tender lamb marinated in the rich chilli sauce!
Mixed Seafood Biriyani
Steamed Wheat Jaggery Dumplings - A traditional South Indian festival sweet dish!
Tandoori Chicken Thighs {recipe}


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Photo Friday: Three
The three most important people in my life or my bossy three year old teaching his little brother how to walk and telling all of us where to go!
Visit Photo Friday to see the other contributions for this week.
4 Responses to "Photo Friday: Three"
awww kinda like three generation :)
They are both so big. I can't believe it. Not long before two of them are telling us where to go!
I joined the camera critters. Hope you can find time to visit my very first entry to this meme. Thank you and God bless. Indeed a blessing to see you around.
http://www.ellentinytreasures.com -
What a wonderful photo..so many emotions..so many feelings. thanks for sharing.


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Counter-Strike: Source to get a big updateLong live the king. Counter-Strike: Source is set to receive a major update in the near future that will add Steam achievements, a new "cinematic" death camera, new statistical screens, and a fresh "domination and revenge system." Update Additions List
Comments not appearing? Anti-virus apps like Avast or some browser extensions can cause this. Easy fix: Add [*].disqus.com to your software's white list. Tada! Happy comments time again.
Did you know? You can now get daily or weekly email notifications when humans reply to your comments.


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U.S. Men's schedule
McBride nets three in 4-0 romp over El Salvador
in Gold Cup quarterfinals.
McBride's offensive display answers many questions about his World Cup worthiness.
McBride's penalty kick drops outclassed Cuba 1-0, earns berth in Gold Cup
Americans accomplished their Gold Cup quarterfinal destination, but their trip
was hardly stylish.
Beasley's strike in extra time drops South Korea 2-1 in Gold Cup opener.
Beasley gives U.S. a Gold Cup win in match it easily could have easily lost.
U.S. men Keller's sprawling stops in penalty-kicks tiebreaker defeats Canada after 0-0 draw, sets up Gold Cup championship date with Costa Rica.PASADENA, Calif. (Wednesday, January 30, 2002) -- The United States outshot Canada 36-10, but it took four-for-four accuracy, plus two saves by goalkeeper Kasey Keller in a penalty-kicks tiebreaker for the Americans to dispose of Canada in the CONCACAF Gold Cup semifinals tonight following 120 minutes of scoreless soccer before 7,241 at the Rose Bowl. The U.S. will take on Costa Rica Saturday at 3 p.m. (ET) Saturday in the championship match televised live on Spanish-language Univision. Costa Rica defeated South Korea 3-1, led by two goals by Paulo Wanchope, in tonight's first semifinal "I thought we played very well tonight," said U.S. coach Bruce Arena. "We were a little unlucky not to get a goal and we clearly deserved to win this game. I give Canada credit for fighting hard for 120 minutes, but in all honesty, I think the better team won. We created a number of quality chances in the attacking end of the field, and in the defending end of the field we were equally as good. I'm not sure our opponent had too many quality chances." "I didn't see much of (Costa Rica's) match tonight, but we obviously know them very well from (World Cup) qualifying. The reason they were the best team in qualifying is because they have great balance all over the field. A good front line led by Wanchope, good midfielders, a very good group of defenders and solid goalkeeping." Landon Donovan, Brian McBride, Jeff Agoos and Clint Mathis all nailed their penalty kicks in the tiebreaker past keeper Lars Hirschfeld who had made 15 saves in the run of play to keep Canada in the match. Keller sprawled to his left to turn away a low drive by Kevin McKenna, Canada's first kicker. After Paul Stalteri and Dwayne DeRosario converted, Keller dove to his right to dent Tam Nsaliwa, promting the obligatory charge of the American team from midfield to mob their keeper. U.S. reserve keeper "Tony [Meola] and I watched their penalties against Martinique. Basically, we didn't know who was going to take them, but we had a pretty good feeling that a majority of players were going to the left," Keller said. "It's always nice to have a bit of prior knowledge. Most people in pressure-packed situations go with what they are comfortable with and they were successful against Martinique, so we thought that's what they would go with." The U.S. had numerous chances to score in regulation and overtime, including an intense goal-mouth flurry in the second half that saw four well-taken U.S. shots somehow stay out of the net. In the 54th minute, midfielder Eddie Lewis sent a cross to the left edge of the penalty area for striker Josh Wolff who banged a 12-yard shot off the near post. Fellow forward Brian McBride quickly hit the rebound, but was stopped by a sliding Hirschfeld. The ball then popped into the air, and after an errant clearance from Canada's defense, Wolff had a second opportunity, hitting a bicycle kick that was cleared off the goal line by Canadian captain Jason de Vos. McBride then had a second rebound chance, but Hirschfeld came up with another save. "We were pretty confident throughout," U.S. midfielder Cobi Jones said. "If you look at the chances, we had many more of them. Canada had maybe one or two. We had a lot of the play in their end and a lot of good opportunities to score. Unfortunately, it didn't work out and we had to go to penalties. But we were confident from the beginning." The U.S. is 8-9-4 all-time against Costa Rica, but has defeated the Ticos all three times the nations have met in the Gold Cup. In the inaugural tournament in 1991, the Americans won 3-2 in the first round at the Los Angeles Coliseum. Two years later, the teams met in the semifinals with the U.S. prevailing 2-1 on a golden goal from defender Cle Kooiman at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas. In 1998, the U.S. triumphed 2-1 to win its preliminary group on a brilliant 25-yard strike from Preki Radosavljevic late in the match.
United States 0, Canada 0
Lineups: Canada - Lars Hirschfeld, Tony Menezes, Jason de Vos (captain), 6-Jason Bent (10-David Xausa 11, Dwayne DeRosario 75), Paul Stalteri, Nick Dasovic, Jim Brennan, Carl Fletcher, Daniel Imhof (Tam Nsaliwa 70), Richard Hastings, Kevin McKenna. United States - Kasey Keller, Frankie Hejduk, Pablo Mastroeni, Jeff Agoos (captain), Carlos Bocanegra, Cobi Jones (Brian West 106), Chris Armas, Eddie Lewis (DaMarcus Beasley, 65), Landon Donovan, Brian McBride, Josh Wolff (Clint Mathis 75).
Scoring: none.
Shots: Canada 10, United States 36.
Saves: Canada 15, United States 3.
Corner kicks: Canada 6, United States 13.
Fouls: Canada 24, United States 18.
Offside: Canada 2, United States 0.
Yellow card cautions: Canada - Stalteri 51, McKenna 52, Dasovic 95; United States 48.
Referee: Peter Prendergast (Jamaica).
Assistant referees: Michael Ragoonath (Trinidad & Tobago), Michael Mitchell (Jamaica).
Attendance: at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, Calif.
Weather: 56 degrees, clear, chilly.


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Bachelorette 2014 Spoilers: Nick Viall and Andi Dorfman's Bella Vita (PHOTOS)
What is Happening Here?!
In our version of a movie about our fantasy life, Andi Dorfman would play us, and Nick Viall would totally be the leading man. (You know, like, if Marquel Martin was busy that weekend...) So, when we caught wind of the beautiful date that lies ahead for them on Season 10 Episode 6 in Italy, our imaginations got imagining. On their Italian adventure this Monday, June 23, Andi meets Nick for a walk in the park, er, piazza. The pair picks out some sweet snacks, munches on gelato as they walk over over bridges, and set sail under the Bridge of Sighs. Oh yeah, and they also manage to steal some chalk from some poor street urchin. In our humble opinion, the date looks like the perfect city exploration. But are they making the city their own, or just letting the sites wash over them? Scroll through and enjoy Venice through their eyes, then hit the comments and tell us whether you'd want to be a third wheel on their outing.


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Baby Girl Laughing Hysterically at Dog Eating Popcorn
PriscillaNov 13 2013, 1,684 views
This Baby Girl Laugs Hysterically at her Dog Eating Popcorn. Sometimes babies laughs are so damn cute that even they can't help it! This baby girl thinks it is so hilarious when her father feeds the family dog popcorn she can't take it!
Press the button
if you liked the video! Thank you!


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Berries & Cream Patriotic Dipped Cupcakes, an easy 4th of July or summer cupcake recipe with red, white, and blue. I can't believe 4th of July is less than a week away! So many red, white, and blue treats out there and so little time to try them all!!! I've had a lot of requests lately for MORE dipped cupcakes. In case you missed the first two, there was the Chunky S'mores Dipped Cupcakes which had a graham cracker cake and a marshmallow frosting with chocolate chunks and dipped in chocolate. There was also the Green Velvet Dipped Cupcakes that had a green velvet cake, cream cheese frosting, and dipped in green colored chocolate. Now for 4th of July we have Berries & Cream Patriotic Dipped Cupcakes!
I think I'm obsessed with dipped cupcakes!!! I actually have quite a few more ideas of dipped cupcakes I want to try over the next few months so I'll apologize now for the never ending supply of dipped cupcake recipes! Let me start off by admitting, this was actually the SECOND time I tried making today's cupcakes. My first attempt was an absolute failure. FAILURE. Attempt two was better and although I'm happy with the results, they didn't quite turnout as good as I pictured in my head. But they're still really good, it's just my type A personality so don't mind me.
A few things I learned from my first attempt…
1) Do NOT make dipped cupcakes or frosting when your house is HOT. I had the a/c turned off (LONG STORY) and it was 80+ degrees in the house. I should have known better…
2) Do NOT attempt to make these late at night when you're tired and do not assume you can bring them to someone's house the next day (my apologies again Audrey & George!). I should have known better…
3). Do NOT add too much fruit to the frosting and make sure the fruit is VERY dry (I mean REALLY REALLY dry) or your frosting might get soupy (but on the bright side, your kids will be happy that they can eat all the soupy frosting that you were going to dump in the garbage). I should have known better…DARN!
To start off with, I used a cake mix for my cupcakes and for the most part followed the directions on the box. Instead of oil though I substituted melted butter, and I added some finely chopped white chocolate to the batter.
You can use your favorite cupcake recipe or omit the white chocolate. I just happened to have some on hand and thought I'd throw it in.
Fill the cupcake liners about 2/3 to 3/4 full and bake as directed on the package. Be sure to let them cool completely before frosting.
For easy cleanup, be sure to give all the dirty stuff to your favorite people.
While the cupcakes are baking or cooling, start preparing the frosting. I used strawberries (we're getting lots of good California strawberries lately!), but you can use blueberries, raspberries or any combination of berries BUT be sure the fruist is VERY dry.
Refrigerate the frosting as needed so that it stiffens, then pile on top of cupcakes. I used an ice cream scoop for the frosting then molded the frosting with my hands.
Put the cupcakes back in the fridge to let the frosting firm up a little again while you prepare your melted chocolate or candy melts. If you want to see more pics on how to dip the cupcakes check out my previous dipped cupcakes Chunky S'mores Dipped Cupcakes and Green Velvet Dipped Cupcakes. If you have leftover chocolate or candy melts when you're done, pour it on a piece of waxed paper, let it harden (refrigerate if necessary) then break it up and store in a plastic bag for next time.
I used red and white chocolate/candy melts and made the blue color by dying some of the white. I used a special candy food coloring to dye the white melts. If you want to dye chocolate make sure you use a dye that is FOR chocolate such as an oil based dye! Regular water based food dyes will seize the chocolate. You may have to go to a cake/candy supply shop to get oil based dyes or special colorings for chocolate.
There are lots of great 4th of July decorations that you can use to decorate the cupcakes. I stuck flag toothpicks into the top of some of the cupcakes. I also had my kids pick the white stars out of a multi-color assortment of sprinkles. This particular task kept them busy for a long time so might have to remember that trick!!
Since 4th of July is only once a year, I had to take a lot of pictures of these cupcakes…
and Berries & Cream Patriotic Dipped Cupcakes were born!!!
I should mention, If your cupcakes didn't turn out, don't fear…just mash them all up and make trifles out of everything! No one will know!!! I hope it doesn't come to that!
I'm just a poor blogger and all I ask for is a little love to keep me going. So please don't forget to ENTER my current giveaways for some great prizes! If you like this recipe, please follow me on FACEBOOK or TWITTER. You can also sign-up to receive my recipes and posts by EMAIL or RSS. Thanks for visiting Snappy Gourmet!
Berries & Cream Patriotic Dipped Cupcakes | | Print |
- 1 (18.25oz) package white cake mix (such as Pillsbury Moist Supreme Classic White)
- 1¼ cups water
- ⅓ cup melted butter
- 4 egg whites
- 1 cup finely chopped white chocolate
- 2 (8oz.) packages cream cheese, softened
- 1 cup (2 sticks) unsalted butter, softened
- 1 teaspoon vanilla
- 1 (32oz.) package powdered sugar
- 2 cups strawberries (and/or blueberries), finely chopped & dried very well
- Melted chocolate or candy melts (such as red, white, and/or blue)
- Decorations such as flags, sprinkles, etc.
- Preheat oven to 350 degrees F and line cupcake pans with 24 paper liners.
- Mix together cake mix, water, butter, and egg whites with electric mixer on medium speed or with whisk until combined. Stir in white chocolate.
- Spoon cake mix into prepared pans.
- Bake cupcakes for about 18-22 minutes or until golden brown and toothpick inserted comes out clean. Cool completely on wire racks.
- Meanwhile, prepare frosting by mixing together cream cheese and butter with electric mixer on medium speed until well combined. Mix in vanilla then powdered sugar. Gently fold in strawberries. Refrigerate frosting for about an hour or until firmer.
- Spoon frosting onto cupcakes (refrigerate or freeze as necessary to keep frosting firm). Dip in melted chocolate or candy melts and decorate as desired.
SNAPPY SUBSTITUTIONS: You can substitute your favorite white cake recipe for the cupcakes. You can omit the white chocolate if desired or substitute other varieties of chocolate if you wish.
[For more recipes visit Snappy Gourmet (http://www.snappygourmet.com); sign-up for posts via email or RSS; or follow on Facebook, Pinterest, or Twitter.]


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Hero Honda Achiever 20062006 Hero Honda Achiever specifications, pictures, reviews and rating |
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General information | |
Model: | Hero Honda Achiever |
Year: | 2006 |
Category: | Sport |
Rating: | 58.8 out of 100. Show full rating and compare with other bikes |
Engine and transmission | |
Displacement: | 149.00 ccm (9.09 cubic inches) |
Engine type: | Single cylinder, four-stroke |
Power: | 10.00 HP (7.3 kW)) |
Top speed: | 101.0 km/h (62.8 mph) |
Fuel system: | Carburettor |
Cooling system: | Air |
Gearbox: | 5-speed |
Transmission type, final drive: | Chain |
Chassis, suspension, brakes and wheels | |
Frame type: | Diamond cradle |
Physical measures and capacities | |
Dry weight: | 134.0 kg (295.4 pounds) |
Power/weight ratio: | 0.0746 HP/kg |
Other specifications | |
Starter: | Kick |
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Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
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OCR for page 186
AIDS- and IV Drug Use
Intravenous (IV) drug users occupy a unique position in the trans-
mission chain of HIV: they pose risks not only for each other but also
for their sexual partners and offspring. Although it is not possible at
present to predict with certainty the future pattern of heterosexual
transmission of HIV in the United States, one aspect of that pattern
is gaining sharper focus: it is likely that if heterosexual transmission
of the virus becomes self-sustaining, IV drug users will have been
the initial source of infection for continued sexual transmission to
heterosexuals who c30 not inject drugs (Newmeyer, 1986; Des JarIais,
1987a; Des JarIais et al., 1987~.
The threat posed by IV drug use has focused attention on the
extent of existing HIV infection among IV drug users; on the current
state of knowledge concerning the drug-use and sexual behaviors of
this population, inclucling childbearing; and on the number of indi-
viduals at risk of acquiring infection through behaviors associated
directly or indirectly with IV drug use. Unfortunately, information
is scanty in many relevant areas. In the United States and Europe,
the majority of the cases of heterosexually transmitted AIDS has
occurred in IV drug users' sexual partners, who themselves may not
be using drugs (Harris et al., 1983; Des Jariais et al., 1985; Fried-
man et al., 1986; Newmeyer, 1986~. The majority of cases of AIDS
among children has occurred as a result of perinatal transmission
from HIV-infected mothers who acquired the infection through drug
use (Newmeyer, 1986; Ginzburg et al., 1987; Macks, 1988~.
In this chapter the committee reviews what is known about the
behaviors associated with HIV transmission among people who inject
OCR for page 186
illicit drugs; these include needle-sharing, sexual behavior, and child-
bearing. To highlight data gaps and the research needier] to fill them,
the chapter also examines the current state of research methodology
and the quality of existing data on risk-associated behaviors ant} on
the size of the IV drug-using population.
The AIDS epidemic and the role of {V drug use in the transmis-
sion of HIV have also focused the nation's attention on the prevention
of drug use and the efficacy of drug treatment programs. These issues
are of great concern to the Academy complex) and to the nation; yet
it is not possible to review the extensive literatures of these topics
here. The committee believes that primary prevention of drug use
is an important national goal, but questions remain as to whether
even substantial improvement in primary prevention would reduce
injection behavior. Because many people report smoking marijuana
and relatively few go on to inject heroin or other injectable drugs, the
efficiency of attempts to stop marijuana use as a way to prevent IV
drug use is questionable. Nevertheless, primary prevention of IV drug
use is critical in the light of HIV infection; such prevention requires
a better understanding of the complex behaviors and conditions that
surround the injection of illicit drugs.
Illicit cirug use has been a Tong-standing social problem in this
country, and public policies to deal with it have resulted in drug
treatment and law enforcement programs. Yet many of the policies
establisher! in the past are inadequate for the problems presented by
the AIDS epidemic today. For example, much of what is known about
{V drug use comes from studies that used samples recruited from
heroin treatment programs; little is known about individuals who
inject cocaine or amphetamines, about the more prevalent patterns
of multiple and concurrent drug use, or about those who have never
sought treatment.
To make rational decisions about the kinds and amounts of
resources to be directed toward drug-use problems, the government
needs quantitative information on the size of those problems. As
of November 14, 198S, 20,752 cases of AIDS hac! been diagnoses! in
indivicluals who reported {V drug use (CDC, 1988~. Although the
number of HIV-infecte<1 {V drug users is not known, seroprevaTence
data from local convenience samples show rapid growth in infection
rates once the virus is introduced into an {V drug-using community
1The Academy complex comprises the National Academy of Sciences, the National
Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. Studies of the efficacy of drug
treatment and the capability of existing programs to prevent primary drug use are cur-
rently under consideration at the Institute of Medicine.
OCR for page 186
(Angarano et al., 1985; D. M. Novick et al., 1986; Robertson et al.,
1986; Moss, 1987; L. F. Novick et al., 1988~. However, estimates of
the total number of individuals at risk of HIV infection from injecting
illicit drugs are subject to considerable error; this problem is treated
in detail in the last section of this chapter.
The quality of existing data is not adequate to answer the diffi-
cult questions AIDS poses because the current data collection system
is only designed to measure crude trends. In the past, law enforce-
ment and other governmental agencies have been more concerned
about trends in the number of drug users than about absolute lev-
els. For these agencies, increases in the numbers justified calling
for more public resources; decreases allowed policy makers to direct
resources elsewhere. Unfortunately, resources to meet drug program
needs have been persistently scarce. Treatment programs have been
so desperately starved for resources that they could not meet the
demand for their services. The total number of drug users was a
moot issue in many cities; whatever that number was, it exceeded
the number who coup be served.
Controlling the spread of the AIDS epidemic demands more
knowledge about the size of the IV drug-using population and the
dynamics of viral transmission in this group. Efforts to control the
spread of other viral infections have not produced information on
the dynamics of infection that would be helpful in preventing the
spread of HIV. The transmission of other blood-borne viral infections
among {V drug users, most notably, hepatitis B virus, occurrent
rapidly and pervasively (Kreek et al., 1987~; in some communities,
in fact, the hepatitis B virus saturated the {V drug-using population
before transmission studies could be initiated (Louria et al., 1967;
Hessol et al., 1987; Lettau et al., 1987~. Data are still needed on
the distribution and variation of behaviors that transmit HIV, the
number of IV drug users, and the proportion of users infected with
the virus. Such data are critical to planning for future health care
needs, targeting prevention programs, counseling the infected, and
protecting the uninfected.
Yet despite the gaps in the current state of knowledge about {V
drug use, enough is now known to slow the spread of infection in this
population. As discussed later in this chapter, increasing the capacity
to treat IV drug use, expanding innovative programs to provide for
safer injection, and creating a system to monitor the efficacy of
AIDS prevention efforts shouIcl be undertaken now. The severity of
the AIDS epidemic does not permit a "business-as-usual" approach
to the problems associated with IV drug use. These problems call
OCR for page 186
for innovative solutions that take into account the relevant risk-
associated behaviors and the complex social networks in which they
Because the material inclucled in this chapter is presenter! in some
detail, the committee highlights below some major points about IV
drug use and HIV infection:
. The IV drug-using population is heterogeneous with re-
spect to drug use, life-style, and risk-associatec! beliav-
. Although the lay press has expressed some skepticism
about {V drug users' capacity and motivation for behav-
ioral change, existing data indicate that, indeed, much
change has already occurred in some groups.
Targeting prevention programs to specific at-risk popu-
lations will increase the probability of successfully halt-
ing the spread of infection while conserving scarce re-
. A clearer understanding of the dynamics of viral trans-
mission and the prevalence of HIV infection and risk-
associated behaviors is needed.
HIV seroprevaTence data show tremendous geographical
variation. Therefore, considerable opportunities remain
to halt the spread of HIV infection in many parts of
the country and even in uninfected groups that reside in
areas with high rates of infection.
The committee has divided its discussion of these issues into four
major sections: (1) drug-use behaviors that transmit HIV, (2) risk
reduction among IV drug users, (3) conducting research on IV drug
use, and (4) measuring the scope of the problem.
Two types of behavior are important in examining the problem of
AIDS among IV drug users: (1) sharing contaminates! injection
equipment and (2) sexual behaviors that are known to transmit HIV.
Sharing Drug Injection Equipment
The use of nonsterile injection equipment may account for a range
of infections in IV drug users, including bacterial enclocar(litis, hem
atitis, malaria, and celluTitis or soft tissue infections (Louria et al.,
1967~. As the number of people with whom injection equipment is
OCR for page 186
shared increases, so does the risk of HIV infection (Chaisson et al.,
1987b). As with other blood-borne infections to which TV drug users
are prone, HIV spreads from the infected to the uninfected! user pri-
mariTy by the sharing of bloo~l-contaminatecl injection equipment,
which serves as the vector of the virus.
IV drug users share injection equipment for a variety of reasons:
pragmatically, clean "works" (the collective term for injection para-
phernalia) are scarce; legally, the possession of injection equipment is
a criminal offense in many states; socially, sharing represents a form
of social bonding among {V drug users (Ffiedman et al., 1986~. Be-
fore describing the injection behaviors associates! with transmission,
we discuss the setting in which drug use occurs.
Social Context of Needle-Sharing
Sharing injection equipment is common among {V drug users (Black
et al., 1986; Brown et al., 1987~. Indeed, some studies have shown
that essentially all {V drug users report needle-sharing during some
period of their drug-use careers (Black et al., 1986~. People are not
born injectors; they learn this behavior in the presence of others
who have already been initiated (Powell, 1973; Harding and Zinberg,
19773. As discussed below, a lack of equipment and injection skills,
together with certain social and physiological factors that surround
IV cirug use, affect the likelihood of needle-sharing.
Initiation into Drug Use. Much like the first sexual experience, the
first injection experience may be anticipated or expected but not
planned for (Des JarIais et al., 1986c). Curiosity about {V drug use,
whether sudden or Tong-standing, and association with people who
inject drugs often lead to a moment when the uninitiated is present
while drugs are being injected. The desire to join in can result in
sharing both drugs and injection equipment. Few people have hypo-
dermic injection equipment "around the house," and few are inclined
to pierce their own skin with a needle. Therefore, newcomers to the
{V cirug-use world are likely to arrive without the proper equipment
and to require help in executing the first injection. These circum-
stances make it highly probable that a novice will begin injecting in
the presence of others and will share the equipment of those teaching
the "art" of injection. The sharing of drugs and equipment that
occurs during initial and subsequent drug-use episodes leads to the
notion that communal or joint use is as natural as sharing alcohol,
ice, and glasses at a cocktail party.
OCR for page 186
Contrary to popular myth, the first injection of heroin does not
necessarily lead to addiction, and not all heroin users are addicts
(Powell, 1973; Robins et al., 1975; Gerstein, 1976~. Some individuals
experiment with it for a period of time and then quit; others are
intermittent users, injecting only on weekends (so-called "weekend!
warriors" ~ or on isolated occasions "hippies" ~ (Zinberg et al., 1977~.
Indeed, initial IV drug-use experiences are not necessarily pleasur-
able. Heroin use involves a combination of pleasure and discomfort.
Continued use over time involves both an acquired sense of pleasure
and a differential tolerance for heroin's various effects.
Popular Tore about heroin users holds that, once they are
"hooked," their appetite for the drug is so great that they will
run any risk to obtain it. In contrast, research has shown that users
adjust their consumption to such external factors as price and avail-
ability (Waldorf, 1970; Hanson et al., 1985~. This ability to adapt to
various social and market forces also sustains the belief among many
users that they are not addicts but merely visitors to the heroin scene
who are still in control of their lives (Fields and Walters, 1985~.
Adolescent IV Drug Use. To understand more clearly the process
of initiation into heroin use,2 it is helpful to consider the factors
that are associated with adolescent drug use. Although studies of
drug use among adolescents have not focused on {V use specifically,
there are some data indicating that {V drug use among teens is
rare. In 1982, adolescents made up only 12 percent of those entering
treatment programs, most of which focus on heroin addiction; opiate
use accounted for less than 2 percent of adolescents seeking admission
to treatment (Polich et al., 1984~. Nevertheless, more information
is needed on how this behavior is distributed within the adolescent
Early initiation into drug use and higher levels of use have been
associated with problems in the family environment, inclucling struc-
tural factors (e.g., separation, divorce, and single-parent households)
and functional factors (e.g., poor communication and the absence of
harmony and warmth in the home) (Anhalt and Klein, 1976; Brook
et al., 1982; Evans and Raines, 1982; Rachal et al., 1986; Zarek et
al., 1987~. In most studies, however, the influence of peers, espe-
cially older siblings ant! early sexual partners, was found to be even
more powerful than family influences in predicting adolescent (lrug
use, although the effects of each kind of influence were nevertheless
2There has been much less research on initiation into the injection of other illicit drugs
(e.g., cocaine or amphetamines) than on initiation into heroin use.
OCR for page 186
significant and independent (Kandel et al., 1978; Brook et al., 1982,
1986~. The impact of peers was also found to be related to the type
of drug used and was more closely tied to behavior than to attitudes
(Huba and gentler, 1980; Krosnick and Judd, 1982; Kandel et al.,
1986; R. E. Johnson et al., 1987~. An ethnographic study (Lourie,
1986, 1988) of mate and female working-cIass adolescents in Lowell'
Massachusetts, reported that drugs, sex, and violence were sources
of physical stimulation and escape for those teenagers, and became
central themes of the peer group-associated life-styTe. The respon-
dents in this study perceived society as offering them no access to
legitimate work and pleasure.
Friendship N~7~:7l1nrt.~ n.nd In f:q~n.n.IP R~l~t,~n chin ~
_ ~ VVV~ ~ TV _ ~~VWVV~ ~ Van VV~V -
Once initiated.
the iv drug user may continue to inject with those who provided an
entree into the drug scene. Needle-sharing is reportedly an integral
part of injection and can provide a social bond within the group (Des
JarIais, 1988~. Over time, the ties that bind group members may
loosen, and individuals may move on to inject with other groups or
with another individual in the context of a personal relationship (that
may also involve sex); other injection patterns include drug use in
more anonymous situations (e.g., "shooting galleries," the communal
injection sites often found in large cities) or alone. Pragmatic issues
, v
. . . .. . .. .
foster injection groups: individuals can pool scarce resources, such as
money, drugs, and injection equipment, and the group provides some
protection against the violence associated with illicit drug use and
the threat of discovery by law enforcement officials. Prior to AIDS,
sharing was reported to provide "a sense of successful cooperation
within a hostile environment" (Des Jarlais. 19881.
The proportion of {V drug users who have an intimate sexual
relationship with another drug user is not known. However, Des
JarIais and colleagues (1986c) suggest that male and female "running
buddies" are likely to share injection equipment and have sexual
relations. Sharing injection equipment among friends and injecting
each other appear to have strong sexual connotations. Male "running
buddies" may share needles and the same women in serial sexual
Shooting Galleries.
have to secure both drugs and injection equipment.
sanctions against the possession of either, many users may be inclined
to "shoot up" shortly after a drug purchase. Those who are addicted
and suffering drug hunger or withdrawal symptoms may also want
Once they have been initiated, regular users
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Because of legal
OCR for page 186
to inject promptly. Even if they are not addicted, some users, out of
a classical type of conditioning, will fee! the urge to inject the drug
immediately after purchasing it (Wikler, 1973; Des JarIais et al.,
1985~. All of these conditions can increase the likelihood of injection
with used equipment.
In large cities, "shooting galleries" have flourished as communal
injection sites, often in apartments or abandoned builclings. The
operators of the shooting galleries charge a small fee for use of the
site, injection water, and rental of injection equipment. Often, the
equipment has been used by other addicts and inadequately sterilized
or cleaned to remove contaminating blooc! and infectious pathogens,
including HIV (Des Jariais et al., 1986a).
In cities with relatively few IV drug users, the equivalent of a
shooting gallery may be the clearer's apartment, a rented room, or
a hotel room in which the deafer makes "house works" available to
inject drugs at the time of purchase. The house works are borrowed,
used to inject the drugs, and returned to the dealer for the next user�
again, often without adequate cleaning or sterilization. Renting or
borrowing works reduces the risk of arrest for possession of (lrug-
related paraphernalia. The use of injection equipment provided in
shooting galleries and of house works provided by drug dealers results
in syringe- and needle-sharing that involve unknown numbers of
afflicts. The blood exchanged in these situations is likely to cut
across existing friendship groups.
Mechanics of Drug Use and Sources of Contamination
Although "needle-sharing" is a convenient shorthand for the practice
under discussion, there are at least five elements of the IV drug
user's paraphernalia that carry the potential for contamination: the
syringe, needle, "cooker," cotton, and rinse water. Collectively, these
are known as the "works" (Newmeyer, 1988~.
The Syringe. One possible mode of contamination is through
infected blood that remains in the syringe between uses. This con-
clition frequently occurs when users "boot," that is, when they draw
blood back and forth into a syringe multiple times while it is inserted
into a vein to ensure that all traces of the drug are removed from the
syringe. (Booting does not occur when users practice intramuscular
or subcutaneous injection, also referred to as "skin popping.")
Decontamination by bleach, alcohol, liquid dish detergent, or
OCR for page 186
194 ~
hydrogen peroxide is more likely to be effective if the syringe is
flushed to at least the highest level reached by the infected user's
injection. Bleach, alcohol, and hydrogen peroxide have been shown
to inactivate the virus in vitro (Resnick et al., 1986; Flynn et al.,
l98Sb). However, the sterilization of injection equipment is not
without problems, as some disinfectants may dissolve the silicone
lubricant of the syringe plunger, thus making its operation quite
The Needle. Contamination can also occur when a droplet of
infected blood remains inside or outside the needle. Decontamination
is likely to be effective if the disinfectant is flushed through the needle
and the needle is dipped into the disinfectant.
The Cooker. A cooker is the small container (e.g., a spoon,
a bottle cap) that is used to dissolve the injectable drug, which is
usually a powder. Infected blood can be pushed out of the needle
or syringe and into the cooker in the process of drawing up a new
shot of the drug. Effective sterilization of the needle and syringe
would obviate the possibility of contaminating the cooker. Heating
the cooker between shots could also kill the virus, but this is not the
usual procedure among heroin users; even if the cooker is heated, the
temperature may not be high enough to sterilize it and its contents.
There is some anecdotal evidence that, in the post-AIDS era, passing
the cooker over the flame a few more times may now be more common.
(However, amphetamine users generally dissolve their drug in cold
water, often simply using the small bag that originally contained the
drug and saving this "washbag" for an extra shot.)
The Cotton. A small piece of cotton is sometimes used to strain
out undissolved impurities from the solution in the cooker as it is
drawn up into the syringe. Instead of disposing of the cotton after
each use, an {V drug user will often "beat the cotton" with a small
amount of water to extract one more bit of the cirug. The cotton
thus can become contaminated with the blood of infected users. If
the needle and syringe have been sterilized, however, the cotton is
less likely to be a source of infection.
The Rinse Water. Water is used to rinse out syringes and nee-
dles before they are reused not necessarily to decontaminate the
equipment but to prevent clotting and therefore unusable works. If
there is no effective decontamination step (e.g., multiple rinses with
OCR for page 186
a bleach solution), the use or reuse of a common rinse water supply
can be a source of contamination.
The details of injection practices related to sharing, booting,
rinsing, and heating the cooker vary greatly; in addition, these be-
haviors are constantly evolving in light of the awareness of the risk
of HIV transmission. It is difficult to assess the impact of these
behavioral changes on stemming the spread of HIV. An interesting
variation in injection behavior described recently in Baltimore hi.
Newmeyer, Haight-Ashbury Fiee Medical Clinic, San Ffancisco, per-
sonal communication, May 25, 1988) enables users to share drugs
without sharing the needle or syringe. To ensure that a drug is
split equally between users, half of the contents of a single syringe
is injected into a second syringe. In fact, there might still be an
HIV transmission risk if either syringe were contaminated before the
drug-sharing procedure, but the likelihood of contamination is much
less because the drug rather than the needle is shared.
Frequency of Injection
Another factor associated with HIV infection is the frequency of
injection: those who inject drugs frequently are more likely to be
seropositive than those who inject less often (Blattner et al., 1985;
Des JarIais, 1987b). Some IV drug users are har~l-core addicts who
inject drugs many times every day; some are otherwise successful
micicIle-ciass users who inject less frequently. Still other {V drug
users inject many times a (lay for a few months and then stop; some
others inject only a few times a year.3
The sharing of injection equipment appears to be common be-
havior in both IV drug users who inject frequently and in those who
inject less often (~iediand et al., 1985~. However, more frequent
injections are likely to mean more episodes with shared equipment,
thus increasing the likelihood of HIV infection. In addition, for IV
drug users who are addicted, the symptoms of drug withdrawal can
heighten the sense of urgency or desire for the drug and decrease the
likelihood that safer injection practices will be used. Finally, whether
an IV drug user did most of his or her injecting prior to 1975 or later
will greatly affect his or her risk of HIV infection. Other important
3Data from the Client-Oriented Data Acquisition Process (CODAP; see also footnote 8
in this chapter) indicate a wide range of variability in the frequency of drug use prior
to admission to drug treatment (NIDA, 1981~. The range is from no use in the past
month to three or more times daily in the past month. Gerstein (1976) also distinguishes
between different types of IV drug users, ranging from the hard-core "strung-out" users
who inject frequently to situational users who inject only occasionally.
OCR for page 186
196 ~
variables in determining the risk of HIV infection include the preva-
lence of infection in the local population, the number of people who
practice needIe-sharing, the number and frequency of injections, and
the injection route (intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous).
Polydrug Use
One consistent finding with significant implications for treatment and
prevention efforts is that of multiple drug use among those who inject
drugs. Studies of treatment populations (B. D. Johnson et al., 1985;
Ball et al., 1986) suggest that a majority (60-90 percent) of TV heroin
users report regular use of at least one other nonopiate. (A survey
of approximately 100 former heroin users enrolled in methadone
maintenance clinics in the New York City area found that 91 percent
also reported {V cocaine use [Brown and Primm, 1988~.) The choice
of drugs for injection varies among different drug subcultures and
over time. Heroin was the dominant injectec3 drug a few years ago,
but today, {V drug users may also inject cocaine, heroin and cocaine
in combination, or a variety of other drugs, including amphetamines
(Black et al., 1986~.
Cocaine has been linked to HIV infection in New York City and
San Fiancisco (Chaisson et al., 1988; Ffieciman et al., 1988~. Among
673 IV drug users surveyed in San Francisco, IV cocaine use signif-
icantly increased the risk of HIV infection (Chaisson et al., 1988~.
Unfortunately, to (late, some forms of drug treatment, including
methadone, have not been effective for cocaine dependency. Indeed,
Chaisson and colleagues (1988) found that 26 percent of cocaine users
who were aIreacly in Tong-term methadone treatment began injecting
cocaine after they entered treatment. Injection practices also appear
to vary for different drugs. With cocaine's shorter-lived "high," {V
drug users who shoot cocaine may inject themselves repeatedly until
their supply is exhausted thus injecting themselves more frequently
than if they were using heroin alone.4
Cocaine is associated with HIV infection in several ways. When
cocaine is injected! with nonsterile injection equipment, it poses the
risk of blood-borne HIV infection. When it is smoked (as "crack"),
it can be associated with high-risk sexual activity because crack
frequently heightens perceptions of sexual arousal (Ffiedman et al.,
1988~. Like heroin, it can be used at or near the site of purchase
4 Gold and coworkers (1986) report that cocaine's desired subjective effects are so rapid
and short-lived that administration must be repeated every 2~30 minutes to maintain
the high. Siegel (1984) describes individuals who use cocaine 3-20 times per day.
OCR for page 186
Flavin, D. K., and Frances, R. J. (1987) Risk taking behavior, substance abuse
disorders, and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Advances in Alcohol
and Substance Abuse 6:23-31.
Flynn, N. M., Jain, S., Harper, S., Bailey, V., Anderson, R., Acuna, G., et al. (1987)
Sharing of Paraphernalia in Intravenous Drug Users (IVDU): Knowledge of AIDS
Is Incomplete and Doesn't Affect Behavior. Presented at the Third International
AIDS Conference, Washington, D.C., June 1-5.
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text:
We recently returned to our old stomping grounds in Idaho to visit family. And while there we received a lovely invitation to enjoy a good old fashioned winter party at a farm in Squirrel. The Harshbarger family hosts it for their family and friends every year.
We were all loaded onto a sleigh and pulled out to a huge sledding hill where there was a campfire, food and lots of fun waiting for us.
It was heart warming to see kids of all ages having a good time together. It was the stuff of a Norman Rockwell painting.
It made me wonder how many sleighs are actually in use anymore. I have a soft spot for old things and traditions of any kind. Think I can talk the boss into getting a couple draft horses and a sleigh of our own? I think we'll have to stick with our cross-country skis.
I felt very lucky that my kids were able to have this experience. Thank you Harshbarger family!
campfire, sledding, sleigh ride, snow, Idaho, Squirrel, Tetons, kids, horses, farm, Norman Rockwell


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