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List of nuclear weapons tests
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Nuclear weapons |
Background |
Nuclear-armed states |
A nuclear weapons test is an attempt to cause one or more nuclear explosions in devices in a close proximity in space and time; the standard definition used in treaty language for the space/time requirement is:
In conformity with treaties between the United States and the Soviet Union, a salvo is defined, for multiple explosions for peaceful purposes, as two or more separate explosions where a period of time between successive individual explosions does not exceed 5 seconds and where the burial points of all explosive devices can be connected by segments of straight lines, each of them connecting two burial points, and the total length does not exceed 40 kilometers. For nuclear weapon tests, a salvo is defined as two or more underground nuclear explosions conducted at a test site within an area delineated by a circle having a diameter of two kilometers and conducted within a total period of time of 0.1 second.[1]
This definition is inclusive of zero-yield safety tests, whether there is a nuclear yield (the test is unsuccessful) or not. It does not include hydronuclear, cold or subcritical tests because no nuclear explosions are intended. In these sorts of tests there may be small amounts of chain reaction occurring, but they stop before materially adding to the chemical explosion that causes them. The line here is finely drawn, but, among other things, subcritical testing is not prohibited by the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, while safety tests are.[2][3]
Totals by country[edit]
The table in this section summarizes all worldwide nuclear testing (including the two bombs dropped in combat which were not tests). The country names are links to summary articles for each country, which may in turn be used to drill down to test series articles which contain details on every known nuclear explosion and test. The notes attached to various table cells detail how the numbers therein are arrived at. As of 1993, worldwide, 520 atmospheric nuclear explosions (including 8 underwater) have been conducted with a total yield of 545 Megaton (Mt): 217 Mt from fission and 328 Mt from fusion, while the estimated number of underground nuclear tests conducted in the period from 1957 to 1992 is 1,352 explosions with a total yield of 90 Mt.[4]
Country | Tests [Notes 1] | Devices fired [Notes 2] | Devices with unknown yields [Notes 3] | Peaceful use tests [Notes 4] | Non-PTBT tests [Notes 5] | Yield range (kilotons) | Total yield (kilotons) | Percentage by tests | Percentage by yield |
USA [1][5] | 1032 [Notes 6] | 1132 | 12 | 27 [Notes 7] (Operation Plowshare) |
231 | 0 to 15,000 | 196,514 [Notes 8] | 48.7% | 36.3% |
USSR [1][6] | 727 [Notes 9][7] | 981 | 248 | 156 [Notes 10] (Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy) |
229 | 0 to 50,000 | 296,837 | 34.4% | 54.9% |
United Kingdom [1] | 88 [Notes 11] | 88 | 31 | 0 | 64 | 0 to 3,000 | 9,282 | 4.15% | 1.72% |
France [1] | 217 [Notes 12][8] | 217 | 0 | 4 [Notes 13] | 57 | 0 to 2,600 | 13,567 | 10.2% | 2.51% |
China [1] | 47 [Notes 14][6] | 48 | 7 | 0 | 23 | 0 to 4,000 | 24,409 | 2.22% | 4.51% |
India [1] | 3 | 6 | 0 | 1 [Notes 15] | 0 | 0 to 43 | 68 | 0.141% | 0.0126% |
Pakistan [1] | 2 | 6 [Notes 16] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 to 32 | 51 | 0.107% | 0.0094% |
North Korea [1] | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 to 7 | 12 | 0.141% | 0.0022% |
Totals | 2119 | 2474 | 294 | 188 | 604 | 0 to 50,000 | 540,739 |
- ^ Including salvo tests counted as a single test.
- ^ Detonations include zero-yield detonations in safety tests and failed full yield tests, but not those in the accident category listed above.
- ^ The number of detonations for which the yield is unknown.
- ^ As declared so by the nation testing; some may have been dual use.
- ^ Tests which violate the PTBT - atmospheric, surface, barge, space, and underwater tests.
- ^ Including five tests in which the devices were destroyed before detonation by rocket failures, and the combat bombs dropped on Japan in World War II
- ^ Includes both application tests and research tests at NTS.
- ^ When a test yield reads "< number kt" (like "< 20 kt") this total scores the yield as half the stated maximum, i.e., 10 kt in this example.
- ^ Includes the test device left behind in Semipalatinsk and 11 apparent failures not in the official list, but included in list in reference following:
- ^ 124 applications tests and 32 research tests which helped design better PNE charges.
- ^ Includes the 43 Vixen tests, which were safety tests.
- ^ Including 5 Pollen plutonium dispersal tests near at Adrar Tikertine near In Ekker, and two possible safety tests in 1978, listed in reference following:
- ^ Four of the tests at In Ekker were the focus of attention at APEX (Application pacifique des expérimentations nucléaires). They gave the tests different names, causing some confusion.
- ^ Includes one test destroyed before detonation by a failed parachute, and two which are unlisted in most sources, but are listed in the reference following:
- ^ Indira Gandhi, in her capacity as India's Minister of Atomic Energy at the time, declared the Smiling Buddha test to have been a test for the peaceful uses of atomic power.
- ^ There is some uncertainty as to exactly how many bombs were exploded in each of Pakistan's tests. It could be as low as three altogether or as high as six.
Known tests[edit]
In the following subsections, a selection of significant tests (by no means exhaustive) are listed, representative of the testing effort in each nuclear country.
United States of America[edit]
The standard "official" list of tests for American devices is arguably the United States Department of Energy DoE-209 document.[5] The United States conducted around 1,054 nuclear tests (by official count) between 1945 and 1992, including 216 atmospheric, underwater, and space tests.[9] Some significant tests conducted by the United States include:[10]
- The Trinity test on 16 July 1945, was the first-ever test of a nuclear weapon (yield of around 20 kt).
- The Operation Crossroads series in July 1946, was the first postwar test series and one of the largest military operations in U.S. history.
- The Operation Greenhouse shots of May 1951 included the first boosted fission weapon test ("Item") and a scientific test which proved the feasibility of thermonuclear weapons (George).
- The Ivy Mike shot of 1 November 1952, was the first full test of a Teller-Ulam design "staged" hydrogen bomb, with a yield of 10 megatons. This was not a deployable weapon: With its full cryogenic equipment it weighed some 82 tons.
- The Castle Bravo shot of 1 March 1954, was the first test of a deployable (solid fuel) thermonuclear weapon, and also (accidentally) the largest weapon ever tested by the United States (15 megatons). It was also the single largest U.S. radiological accident in connection with nuclear testing. The unanticipated yield, and a change in the weather, resulted in nuclear fallout spreading eastward onto the inhabited Rongelap and Rongerik atolls, which were soon evacuated. Many of the Marshall Islands natives have since suffered from birth defects and have received some compensation from the federal government. A Japanese fishing boat, the Fifth Lucky Dragon, also came into contact with the fallout, which caused many of the crew to grow ill; one eventually died. The crew's exposure was referenced in the film Godzilla as a criticism of American nuclear tests in the Pacific.
- Shot Argus I of Operation Argus, on 27 August 1958, was the first detonation of a nuclear weapon in outer space when a 1.7-kiloton warhead was detonated at 200 kilometers' altitude during a series of high-altitude nuclear explosions.
- Shot Frigate Bird of Operation Dominic on 6 May 1962, was the only U.S. test of an operational ballistic missile with a live nuclear warhead (yield of 600 kilotons), at Kiritimati (formerly Christmas Island) in the Pacific. In general, missile systems were tested without live warheads and warheads were tested separately for safety concerns. In the early 1960s there were mounting questions about how the systems would behave under combat conditions (when they were "mated", in military parlance), and this test was meant to dispel these concerns. However, the warhead had to be somewhat modified before its use, and the missile was only a SLBM (and not an ICBM), so by itself it did not satisfy all concerns.[11]
- Shot Sedan of Operation Storax on 6 July 1962 (yield of 104 kilotons), was an attempt at showing the feasibility of using nuclear weapons for civilian, peaceful purposes as part of Operation Plowshare. In this instance, a 1280-feet-in-diameter and 320-feet-deep explosion crater, morphologically similar to an impact crater, was created at the Nevada Test Site.
Soviet Union[edit]
After the fall of the USSR, the American government (as a member of the International Consortium "International Science and Technology Center", http://www.istc.ru) hired a number of top scientists in Sarov (aka Arzamas-16, the Soviet equivalent of Los Alamos and thus sometimes called "Los Arzamas") to draft a number of documents about the history of the Soviet atomic program.[13] One of the documents was the definitive list of Soviet nuclear tests.[6] Most of the tests have no code names, unlike the American tests, so they are known by their test numbers from this document. Some list compilers have detected discrepancies in that list; one device was abandoned in its cove in a tunnel in Semipalatinsk when the Soviets abandoned Kazakhstan,[14] and one list[15] lists 13 other tests which apparently failed to provide any yield. The source for that was the well respected Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces[7] which confirms 11 of the 13; those 11 are in the Wikipedia lists.
The Soviet Union conducted 715 nuclear tests (by the official count)[16] between 1949 and 1990, including 219 atmospheric, underwater, and space tests. Most of them took place at the Semipalatinsk Test Site in Kazakhstan and the Northern Test Site at Novaya Zemlya. Additional industrial tests were conducted at various locations in Russia and Kazakhstan, while a small number of tests were conducted in Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan.
In addition, the large-scale military exercise was conducted by Soviet army to explore the possibility of defensive and offensive warfare operations on the nuclear battlefield. The exercise, under code name of "Snezhok" (Snowball), involved detonation of a nuclear bomb twice as powerful as the one used in Nagasaki and approximately 45,000 soldiers coming through the epicenter immediately after the blast[17] The exercise was conducted on September 14, 1954, under command of Marshal Georgy Zhukov to the north of Totskoye village in Orenburg Oblast, Russia.
Some significant Soviet tests include:
- Operation First Lightning/RDS-1 (known as Joe 1 in the West), August 29, 1949: first Soviet nuclear test.
- RDS-6s (known as Joe 4 in the West), August 12, 1953: first Soviet thermonuclear test using a sloika (layer cake) design. The design proved to be unscalable into megaton yields, but it was air-deployable.
- RDS-37, November 22, 1955: first Soviet multi-megaton, "true" hydrogen bomb test using Andrei Sakharov's "third idea", essentially a re-invention of the Teller-Ulam.
- Tsar Bomba, October 30, 1961: largest nuclear weapon ever detonated, with a design yield of 100 Mt, de-rated to 50 Mt for the test drop.
- Chagan, January 15, 1965: large cratering experiment as part of Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy program, which created an artificial lake.
The last Soviet test took place on October 24, 1990. After the dissolution of the USSR in 1992, Russia inherited the USSR's nuclear stockpile, while Kazakhstan inherited the Semipalatinsk nuclear test area, as well as the Baikonur Cosmodrome, the Sary Shagan missile/radar test area and three ballistic missile fields. Semipalatinsk included at least the one unexploded device, later blown up with conventional explosives by a combined USA/Kazakh team. No testing has occurred in the former territory of the USSR since its dissolution.
United Kingdom[edit]
The United Kingdom has conducted 45 tests (21 in Australian territory, including 9 in mainland South Australia at Maralinga and Emu Field, 3 at Malden Island and 6 at Kiritibati (Christmas Island) in the Line Islands of the central Pacific, and 24 in the U.S. as part of joint test series). Often excluded from British totals are the 31 safety tests of Operation Vixen in Maralinga. British test series include:
- Operation Hurricane, October 3, 1952 (first atomic bomb)
- Operation Totem, 1953
- Operation Mosaic, 1956
- Operation Buffalo, 1956
- Operation Antler, 1957
- Operation Grapple, 1957–1958 (Included the first hydrogen bomb, Grapple X/Round C)
Last test: Julin Bristol, November 26, 1991, vertical shaft.
Atmospheric tests involving nuclear material but conventional explosions:[18]
- Operation Kittens, 1953-1961 (initiator tests using conventional explosive)
- Operation Rats, 1956-1960 (conventional explosions to study dispersal of uranium)
- Operation Tims, 1955-1963 (conventional explosions for tamper, plutonium compression trials)
- Operation Vixen, 1959-1963 (effects of accidental fire or explosion on nuclear weapons)
France conducted 210 nuclear tests between February 13, 1960 and January 27, 1996.[19] 4 were tested at Reggane, Algeria, 13 at In Ekker, Algeria and the rest at Moruroa and Fangataufa Atolls in French Polynesia. Often skipped in lists are the 5 safety tests at Adar Tikertine in Algeria.
- Operation Gerboise bleue, February 13, 1960 (first atomic bomb) and three more: Reggane, Algeria; in the atmosphere; final test reputed to be more intended to prevent the weapon from falling into the hands of generals rebelling against French colonial rule than for testing purposes.[20]
- Operation Agathe, November 7, 1961 and 12 more: In Ekker, Algeria; underground
- Operation Aldébaran, July 2, 1966 and 45 more: Moruroa and Fangataufa; in the atmosphere;
- Canopus first hydrogen bomb: August 28, 1968 (Fangataufa)
- Operation Achille June 5, 1975 and 146 more: Moruroa and Fangataufa; underground
- Operation Xouthos last test: January 27, 1996 (Fangataufa)
The foremost list of Chinese tests compiled by the Federation of American Scientists[21] skips over two Chinese tests listed by others. The People's Republic of China conducted 45 tests (23 atmospheric and 22 underground, all conducted at Lop Nur Nuclear Weapons Test Base, in Malan, Xinjiang)
- 596 First test - October 16, 1964
- Test No. 6, First hydrogen bomb test - June 17, 1967
- CHIC-16, 200 kt-1 Mt atmospheric test - June 17, 1974[22]
- #29, Last atmospheric test - October 16, 1980. This would also be the last atmospheric nuclear test by any other country[23]
- #45, Last test - July 29, 1996, underground.[24]
India announced it had conducted a test of a single device in 1974 near Pakistan's eastern border under the codename Operation Smiling Buddha. After 24 years, India publicly announced five further nuclear tests on May 11 and May 13, 1998. The official number of Indian nuclear tests is six, conducted under two different code-names and at different times.
- May 18, 1974: Operation Smiling Buddha (type: implosion, plutonium and underground). One underground test in a horizontal shaft around 107 m long under the long-constructed Indian Army Pokhran Test Range (IA-PTR) in the Thar Desert, eastern border of Pakistan. The Indian Meteorological Department and the Atomic Energy Commission announced the yield of the weapon at 12 kt. Other Western sources claimed the yield to be around 2–12 kt. However, the claim was dismissed by the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and it was later reported to be 8 kt.[25]
- May 11, 1998: Operation Shakti (type: implosion, 3 uranium and 2 plutonium devices, all underground). The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) of India and the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) simultaneously conducted a test of three nuclear devices at the Indian Army Pokhran Test Range (IAPTR) on May 11, 1998. Two days later, on May 13, the AEC and DRDO carried out a test of two further nuclear devices, detonated simultaneously. During this operation, AEC India claimed to have tested a three-stage thermonuclear device (Teller-Ulam design), but the yield of the tests was significantly lower than that expected from thermonuclear devices. The yields remain questionable, at best, by Western and Indian scholars, estimated at 20kt-45kt.
Pakistan conducted 6 official tests, under 2 different code names, in the final week of May 1998. From 1983 to 1994, around 24 nuclear cold tests were carried out by Pakistan; these remained unannounced and classified until 2000. In May 1998, Pakistan responded publicly by testing 6 nuclear devices.[26]
- March 11, 1983: Kirana-I (type: implosion, non-fissioned (plutonium) and underground). The 24 underground cold tests of nuclear devices were performed near the Sargodha Air Force Base.[27]
- May 28, 1998: Chagai-I (type: implosion, HEU and underground). One underground horizontal-shaft tunnel test (inside a granite mountain) of boosted fission devices at Koh Kambaran in the Ras Koh Hills in Chagai District of Balochistan Province.[26][28] The announced yield of the five devices was a total of 40–45 kilotonnes with the largest having a yield of approximately 30–45 kilotonnes. An independent assessment however put the test yield at no more than 12 kt and the maximum yield of a single device at only 9 kt as opposed to 35 kt as claimed by Pakistani authorities.[29] According to The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, the maximum yield was only 2–10 kt as opposed to the claim of 35 kt and the total yield of all tests was no more than 8–15 kt.[30]
- May 30, 1998: Chagai-II (type: implosion, plutonium device and underground). One underground vertical-shaft tunnel test of a miniaturized fission device having an announced yield of approximately 18–20 kilotonnes, carried out in the Kharan Desert in Kharan District, Balochistan Province.[28] An independent assessment put the figure of this test at 4–6 kt only.[29] Some Western seismologists put the figure at a mere 2 kt.[30]
North Korea[edit]
On October 9, 2006, North Korea announced they had conducted a nuclear test in North Hamgyong Province on the northeast coast at 10:36 AM (11:30 AEST). There was a 3.58 magnitude earthquake reported in South Korea. There was a 4.2 magnitude tremor detected 240 miles north of P'yongyang. The low estimates on the yield of the test—potentially less than a kiloton in strength—have led to speculation as to whether it was a fizzle (unsuccessful test), or not a genuine nuclear test at all.
On May 25, 2009, North Korea announced having conducted a second nuclear test. A tremor, with magnitude reports ranging from 4.7 to 5.3, was detected at Mantapsan, 233 miles northeast of P'yongyang and within a few kilometers of the 2006 test location. While estimates as to yield are still uncertain, with reports ranging from 3 to 20 kilotons, the stronger tremor indicates a significantly larger yield than the 2006 test.
On 12 February 2013, North Korean state media announced it had conducted an underground nuclear test, its third in seven years. A tremor that exhibited a nuclear bomb signature with an initial magnitude 4.9 (later revised to 5.1) was detected by both Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission (CTBTO)[31] and the United States Geological Survey (USGS).[32] The tremor occurred at 11:57 local time (02:57 UTC) and the USGS said the hypocenter of the event was only one kilometer deep. South Korea's defense ministry said the event reading indicated a blast of six to seven kilotons.[33][34][35][36] However, there are some experts who estimate the yield to be up to 15 kt, since the test site's geology is not well understood.[37] In comparison, the atomic (fission) bombs dropped by the Enola Gay on Hiroshima (Little Boy, a "gun-type" atomic bomb) and on Nagasaki by Bockscar (Fat Man, an "implosion-type" atomic bomb) had blast yields of the equivalents of 13 and 21 kilotons of TNT, respectively.
Alleged tests[edit]
There have been a number of significant alleged/disputed/unacknowledged accounts of countries testing nuclear explosives. Their status is either not certain or entirely disputed by most mainstream experts.
Vela incident[edit]
In what is known as the Vela Incident, some country may have detonated a nuclear device on September 22, 1979 in the Indian Ocean, according to satellite data. It is not certain whether there was actually a test, or, if it was, who would have been responsible for it, although France,[38] Israel or South Africa are sometimes named. The most widespread theory among those who believe that the flash was of nuclear origins was that it resulted from a joint South African and Israeli nuclear test.[39][40][41] The topic remains highly disputed today.
Because Pakistan's nuclear programme was conducted under extreme secrecy, it raised concerns in the Soviet Union and India, who suspected that since the 1974 test it was inevitable that Pakistan would further develop its programme. The pro-Soviet newspaper, The Patriot, reported that "Pakistan has exploded a nuclear device in the range of 20 to 50 kilotons" in 1983.[42] But it was widely dismissed by Western diplomats as it was pointed out that The Patriot had previously engaged in spreading disinformation on several occasions. In 1983, India and the Soviet Union both investigated secret tests but, due to lack of any scientific data, these statements were widely dismissed.[43]
In their book, The Nuclear Express, authors Thomas Reed and Danny Stillman also allege that the People's Republic of China allowed Pakistan to detonate a nuclear weapon at its Lop Nur test site in 1990, eight years before Pakistan held its first official weapons test.[44]
However, senior scientist Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan strongly rejected the claim in May 1998.[45] According to Khan, due to its sensitivity, no country allows another country to use their tests site to explode the devices.[45] Such an agreement only existed between the United States and the United Kingdom since the 1958 US–UK Mutual Defense Agreement which among other things allows Britain access to the American Nevada National Security Site for testing.[46] Dr. Samar Mubarakmand, another senior scientist, also confirmed Dr. Khan's statement and acknowledged that cold tests were carried out, under codename Kirana-I, in a test site which was built by the Corps of Engineers under the guidance of the PAEC.[47]
North Korea[edit]
On September 9, 2004, it was reported by South Korean media that there had been a large explosion at the Chinese/North Korean border. This explosion left a crater visible by satellite and precipitated a large (2 mile diameter) mushroom cloud. The United States and South Korea quickly downplayed this, explaining it away as a forest fire that had nothing to do with the DPRK's nuclear weapons program.
Hitlers Bombe, a book published in German by the historian Rainer Karlsch in 2005, has alleged that there is evidence that Nazi Germany performed some sort of test of a "nuclear device" (a hybrid fusion device unlike any modern nuclear weapons) in March 1945, though the evidence for this has not yet been confirmed, and has been doubted by many historians.
Tests of live warheads on rockets[edit]
Missiles and nuclear warheads have usually been tested separately, because testing them together is considered highly dangerous; they are certainly the most extreme type of live fire exercise. The only US live test of an operational missile was the following:
- Frigate Bird: on May 6, 1962, a UGM-27 Polaris A-2 missile with a live 600 kt W47 warhead was launched from the USS Ethan Allen; it flew 190 km (120 mi), re-entered the atmosphere, and detonated at an altitude of 3.4 km (2.1 mi) over the South Pacific. The test was part of Operation Dominic I. Because the weapon was substantially modified before the test and because it flew a low-trajectory, low-range profile, the test was not deemed to have been as effective at dispelling doubt about the readiness and effectiveness of rocket-powered nuclear missiles as it was hoped to be.
Other live tests with the nuclear explosive delivered by rocket by the USA include:
- On August 1, 1958, Redstone rocket launched nuclear test Teak that detonated at an altitude of 77.8 km (48.3 mi). On August 12, 1958, Redstone #CC51 launched nuclear test Orange to a detonation altitude of 43 km (27 mi). Both were part of Operation Hardtack I and had a yield of 3.75 Mt
- Operation Argus: three tests above the South Atlantic Ocean, August 27, August 30, and September 6, 1958
- On July 9, 1962, Thor missile launched a Mk4 reentry vehicle containing a W49 thermonuclear warhead to an altitude of 248 miles (400 km). The warhead detonated with a yield of 1.45 Mt. This was the Starfish Prime event of nuclear test operation Dominic-Fishbowl
- In the Dominic-Fishbowl series in 1962: Checkmate, Bluegill, Kingfish and Tightrope
- The 1957 test Plumbbob/John fired a small yield nuclear weapon on a Genie air-to-air rocket from a jet fighter.
The Soviet Union tested nuclear explosives on rockets as part of their development of a localised anti-ballistic missile system in the 1960s. Some of the Soviet nuclear tests with warheads delivered by rocket include:
- Baikal (USSR Test #25, February 2, 1956, at Aralsk) - one test, with a R-5M rocket launch from Kapustin Yar; fizzled.
- ZUR-215 (#34, January 19, 1957, at Kapustin Yar) - one test, with a rocket launch from Kapustin Yar.
- (#82 and 83, early November 1958) two tests, done after declared cease fire for test moratorium negotiations, from Kapustin Yar.
- Groza (#88, September 6, 1961, at Kapustin Yar) - one test, with a rocket launch from Kapustin Yar.
- Grom (#115, October 6, 1961, at Kapustin Yar) - one test, with a rocket launch from Kapustin Yar.
- Volga (#106 and 108, September 20–22, 1961, at Novaya Zemlya) - two tests, with R-11M rockets launch from Rogachevo.
- Roza (#94 and 99, September 12–16, 1961, at Novaya Zemlya) - two tests, with R-12 rockets launch from Vorkuta.
- Raduga (#121, October 20, 1961, at Novaya Zemlya) - one test, with a R-13 rocket launch.
- Tyulpan (#164, September 8, 1962, at Novaya Zemlya) - one test, with R-14 rockets launched from Chita.
- Operation K (1961 and 1962, at Sary-Shagan) - five tests, at high altitude, with rockets launched from Kapustin Yar.
The People's Republic of China conducted CHIC-4 with a Dongfeng-2 rocket launch in October 27, 1966. The warhead exploded with a yield of 12 kt.
Most powerful tests[edit]
The following list contains all known nuclear tests conducted with a yield of 10 Mt TNT equivalent and more.
Date (GMT) | Yield (megatons) | Deployment | Country | Test Site | Name or Number |
October 30, 1961 | 50 | parachute air drop | Soviet Union | Novaya Zemlya | Tsar Bomba, Test #130 |
December 24, 1962 | 24.2 | air drop | Soviet Union | Novaya Zemlya | Test #219 |
August 5, 1962 | 21.1 | air drop | Soviet Union | Novaya Zemlya | Test #147 |
September 27, 1962 | 20.0 | air drop | Soviet Union | Novaya Zemlya | Test #174 |
September 25, 1962 | 19.1 | air drop | Soviet Union | Novaya Zemlya | Test #173 |
February 28, 1954 | 15 | ground | USA | Bikini Atoll | Castle Bravo |
May 4, 1954 | 13.5 | barge | USA | Bikini Atoll | Castle Yankee |
October 23, 1961 | 12.5 | air drop | Soviet Union | Novaya Zemlya | Test #123 |
March 26, 1954 | 11.0 | barge | USA | Bikini Atoll | Castle Romeo |
October 31, 1952 | 10.4 | ground | USA | Eniwetok | Ivy Mike |
August 25, 1962 | 10.0 | air drop | Soviet Union | Novaya Zemlya | Test #158 |
September 19, 1962 | 10.0 | air drop | Soviet Union | Novaya Zemlya | Test #168 |
See also[edit]
- List of nuclear weapon test locations
- List of nuclear weapons tests of China
- Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents
- International Day against Nuclear Tests
- Douglas Mackiernan
- Soviet atomic bomb project
- Nuclear fallout
- Nuclear Test Ban
- Novaya Zemlya
- Andrei Sakharov
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Yang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl; Richards, Paul G. (August 2000), Worldwide Nuclear Explosions (PDF), retrieved 2013-12-31
- ^ Martin Kalinowski. "SubCritical Tests". Retrieved 2014-01-01.
- ^ Jeffrey Lewis. "Subcritical Experiments". Retrieved 2014-01-01.
- ^ Atmospheric Nuclear Tests NATO ASI Series Volume 35, 1998, pp 219-260 Radiological Consequences of Nuclear Testing for the Population of the Former USSR (Input Information, Models, Dose, and Risk Estimates)O. A. Pavlovski
- ^ a b "United States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 through September 1992 (Revision 15)" (PDF). Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office. December 2000. Retrieved 2013-10-26. Generally regarded as the "official" list of American tests.
- ^ a b c Andryushin, L. A.; Voloshin, N. P.; Ilkaev, R. I.; Matushchenko, A. M.; Ryabev, L. D.; Strukov, V. G.; Chernyshev, A. K.; Yudin, Yu. A. (1999). "Catalog of Worldwide Nuclear Testing". Sarov, Russia: RFNC-VNIIEF. Retrieved 2013-12-18.
- ^ a b Podvig, Pavel, ed. (2001), Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, retrieved 2014-01-09
- ^ "Le CEP in Polynesie Francaise - Archives sur le Centre d'Experimentation du Pacifique a Muroroa, Hao et Fangataufa: Chronologie des essais nucléaires en Polynésie Française effectués de 1966 à 1996". Retrieved 2014-01-24.
- ^ "Chronological Listing of Above Ground Nuclear Detonations". Wm. Robert Johnston. Retrieved 2001-02-06.
- ^ "Nuclear weapons and the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia". En.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
- ^ MacKenzie, Donald A. (1993). Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 343–344. ISBN 978-0-262-63147-1.
- ^ Togzhan Kassenova (28 September 2009). "The lasting toll of Semipalatinsk's nuclear testing". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.
- ^ Yury A Yudin, Project Manager. "Manuscript on the History of the Soviet Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Infrastructure" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-01-01.
- ^ Ellen Barry. "Old Soviet Nuclear Site in Asia Has Unlikely Sentinel: The U.S.".
- ^ Wm Robert Johnston, PhD. "Johnston Archive of Nuclear Weapons". Retrieved 2013-12-31.
- ^ "Soviet Nuclear Test Summary". Nuclearweaponarchive.org. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ Viktor Suvorov, Shadow of Victory (Тень победы), Donetsk, 2003, ISBN 966-696-022-2, pages 353-375.
- ^ "Australian participants in British nuclear tests in Australia — Vol 1: Dosimetry" (PDF). Australian Department of Veteran's Affairs. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
- ^ "Listing des essais nucléaires français". Capcomespace.net. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ Essais nucléaires : Gerboise verte, la bombe et le scoop qui font plouf... (actualisé), Jean-Dominique Merchet, Libération
- ^ "Chinese Nuclear tests". Retrieved 2013-12-31.
- ^ "China's Nuclear Tests". Nuclearthreatinitiative.org. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ China's Nuclear program in the 1980s nti.org
- ^ "Chinese Nuclear Tests Allegedly Cause 750,000 Deaths" Epoch Times. March 30, 2009. [1][neutrality is disputed]
- ^ "India's Nuclear Weapons Program - Smiling Buddha: 1974". Nuclear Weapon Archive.
- ^ a b Chidanand Rajghatta, TNN, Sep 21, 2009, 12.00am IST (2009-09-21). "AQ Khan nails Pakistan's nuke lies - Pakistan - World - The Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ Azam, Rai Muhammad Saleh Azam (June 2000). "Where Mountains Move: The Story of Chagai, §Kirana Hills, Sarghodha Air Force Base: Kirana-I: The Cold tests.". Rai Muhammad Saleh Azam. Article published in the Nation, Defence Journal. Retrieved 2011.
- ^ a b When Mountains Move: The Story of Chagai Rai Muhammad Saleh Azam, defencejournal.com
- ^ a b "Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program - 1998: The Year of Testing". Nuclearweaponarchive.org. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
- ^ a b Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists - Google Books. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
- ^ "Press Release: On the CTBTO's detection in North Korea". CTBTO. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ "M5.1 Nuclear Explosion - 24km ENE of Sungjibaegam, North Korea". Earthquake Hazards Program. United States Geological Survey. 12 February 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ Riviera, Gloria; Akiko, Fujita (12 February 2013). "North Korea Tremor Arouses Suspicion of Nuclear Test". ABC News. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ "M5.1 – 24km ENE of Sungjibaegam, North Korea". USGS. 12 February 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ Chance, David; Kim, Jack (12 February 2013). "China joins U.S., Japan in condemning North Korea nuclear test". Reuters. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ MacLeod, Calum (12 February 2013). "Obama calls North Korea nuclear test a threat to U.S.". USA Today. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ "North Korea nuclear test raises uranium concerns". 12 February 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ Jeffrey T. Richelson, Spying on the Bomb: American Nuclear Intelligence from Nazi Germany to Iran and North Korea (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006) page 296
- ^ Hersh 1991, p. 271.
- ^ Rhodes 2011, pp. 164-169.
- ^ Weiss 2011.
- ^ NTI: 1983 in Pakistan
- ^ —S.G. Roy, "India Investigates Reported Nuclear Test," United Press International, 25 June 1983, International; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 25 June 1983, http://web.lexis-nexis.com; "Pakistan Adamantly Rejects Accusation it Tested Bomb," Washington Post, 26 June 1983, First Section, World News, A24; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 25 June 1983, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.
- ^ William Broad, "Hidden Travels of the Atomic Bomb", New York Times (8 December 2008).
- ^ a b Khan, Kamran (May 30, 1998). "Interview with Abdul Qadeer Khan". Kamran Khan, director of the News Intelligence Unit of "The News International". Jang Media Group, Co. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
- ^ http://www.ford.utexas.edu/library/document/nsdmnssm/nsdm276a.htm
- ^ Mir, Hamid (May 3, 2004). "Interview of Dr. Samar Mubarak — Head of Pakistan Missile Program". Hamid Mir, director of the Political Intelligence Directorate of "The News International". Geo Television Network. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
External links[edit]
- United States Nuclear Tests July 1945 through September 1992
- Australian Government — Geoscience Australia — database of nuclear explosions since 1945
- Video archive of nuclear weapon testing
- Nuclear Proliferation Archive
- "The Nuclear Testing Tally". Arms Control Association. February 2013. Retrieved 2014-01-31.


text:
Looking for Good food in Albuquerque
- 5 Comments
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Will be in Albuquerque in one week. Looking for a great place to eat.
I do not want to have New Mexican or Mexican.
We have been told to try Pars, Zinc Wine Bar and Chama River Brewing Co. So I would love to hear anything you have to say about anyone of those.
These are all places I have eaten at and consider my favorites. I have not included any national chains. I hope you can use this info. I probably missed some;
$$ means expensive; type of food is indicated if title of restaurant isn't clear; general location given. All are in ABQ proper unless otherwise noted. {This list is from an old post of mine, so there are Mexican and New Mexican places on it. Are you dead set against New Mexican?? It is not Mexican nor is it like Mexican that you may have had elsewhere}Local chains with mulitple locations:
Garcia's Kitchen - New Mexican
Little Anita's - New Mexican
Flying Star - coffee, desserts, good food; eclectic
Dions - pizza [best chain]
Papa Johns - pizza
Garduno's - mexican [pretty run of the mill]
Weck's -breakfast
Souper Salad
[Don't bother with seafood, chinese as these just aren't worth it here]Abuelita's New Mexican Kitchen [about 25 minutes north of ABQ] on the way to Santa Fe
(505)867-9988Al's NYPD Pizza - downtown
(505) 766-6973
215 Central Ave NwAmbrozia Cafe $$ contemporart[Old town]
108 Rio Grande Blvd. NW,Artichoke Cafe $$- eclectic, contemporary American
(505) 243-0200
424 Central Ave SEBarelas Coffee House - New Mexican Food
(505) 843-7577
1502 4th St SWCasa de benavidez New Mexican - north valley [ 20 minutes ]
8032 4th St. NW,Cervantes - New Mexican Food
(505) 262-2253
5801 Gibson Blvd Se [near airport]Duran's Central Pharmacy New Mexican/SW
[old Town; don't let name fool you]
1815 Central Ave. NWEl Patio New Mexican/SW [Univ area]
142 Harvard St. NEEl Modelo Mexican Foods
(505) 242-1843
1715 2nd St SwEl Pinto New Mexican [20 minutes north of ABQ; on way to santa Fe]
(505) 898-1771
10500 4th St NWGraze $$ contemporary [Nob Hill]
3128 Central Ave. SEGold Street Cafe - american [downtown]
218 Gold Ave. SWFrontier - new mexican, across from Univ. of NM
(505) 266-0550
2400 Central Ave SEGreat American Land & Cattle $$ steak
1550 Tramway Blvd NEIl Vicino Wood Oven pizza - Nob hill/University area
[also various locations]
(505) 266-7855
3403 Central Ave NELa Crepe Michelle - french, in Old Town
(505) 242-1251
400 San Felipe St NwLos Cuates New Mexican
(505) 255-5079
4901 Lomas Blvd NEThe Melting Pot - fondue; in Old Town
(505) 843-6358
2011 Mountain Rd NwPars - mediterranean
(505) 345-5156
4320 25 Way NE [near movie complex at Jefferson & I 25]Powdrells BBQ
(505) 298-6766
11301 Central Ave Ne
(505) 345-8086
5209 4th St NwQuarters - BBQ [near Airport]
801 Yale Blvd. SERanchers Club $$
ABQ Hilton
1901 University Blvd. NERange Cafe - new mexican and american [good]
multiple locations
(505) 293-2633
4200 Wyoming Blvd Ne B2Robbs Ribbs BBQ
(505) 884-7422
3000 San Pdro Dr Ne Ste CRudy's BBQ
(505) 884-4000
2321 Carlisle Blvd NeSadies -New Mexican
(505) 345-5339
6230 4th St NWScalo - northern Italian $$ [Nob Hill]
3500 Central Ave. SESeasons Rotisserie & Grill $$ [Old Town]
2031 Mountain Rd. NW,Yanni's - mediterranean/greek [Nob Hill/Univ area]
(505) 268-9250
3109 Central Ave NeZinc Wine Bar $$ contemporary [Nob Hill]
3009 Central Ave. NERt. 66 Diner [not my favorite, but has it's fans] [west of Univ. area]
1405 Central Ave. NEEnjoy!
re: DebitNM
Sorry, I meant to take Graze off the list as I believe they have closed.
Pick up a copy of a guidebook called "Culinary New Mexico" by Sally Moore. It's got all sorts of restaurant into, as well as other food resources. Mostly Albuquerque and Santa Fe (only an hour or north of ALB and worh a side trip).
0 -
You also might try Gil's Thrilling Web-site. It'll provide you with some insight into
ABQ and NM restaurants. http://www.nmgastronome.com/index.htm0-
re: high desert chow
Definitely go to Gil's site. He covers everything. And don't overlook his recommendations in the great little town of Corrales, just acrosss the Rio Grande.
Jerry Saywell

subset: commoncrawl


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Significant improvement of electrical and thermal properties of low dielectric constant plasma polymerized paraxylene thin films by postdeposition plasma treatment


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KOKATAT Men's Tropos Otter Jacket
The Kokatat Men's Tropos Otter Jacket is a fully seam-sealed quarter-zip paddling jacket made of waterproof/breathable Tropos material for lightweight, comfortable performance.
This product will be shipped directly from Kokatat and will leave their warehouse in 2-3 weeks. Eligible for UPS ground shipping only.Features/Benefits:
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- 1/4-zip front zipper
- Factory sealed seams
Country of Origin: USA
KOKATAT Men's Tropos Otter Jacket
Type Jacket


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Mixed Drink Recipe For: Parrot ScreamIngredients:Parrot Bay Rum, Absolut Vodka, Pineapple Juice, Cranberry Juice Directions: In a tall glass..1 oz. Parrot Bay, Splash with Absolut, Fill 3/4 full of Pineapple and top with Cranberry. Serve on the rocks. Contributed By: The Bomb |
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10 Ways to Stay on Track as an Effective Team
by Caug124
March 14th, 2011
Frequent, open communication – Most team dysfunction is rooted in communication breakdowns, such as poor listening, interrupting, rambling, inability to get to the point, and simply not communicating frequently enough to create team cohesion.
Take time to create team cohesion – Relationships cannot develop in a vacuum. Spending less time together will not create stronger team bonds. Building effective team cohesion involves taking the time to get to know working styles, personalities, and preferences.
Give honest, regular feedback – Everyone on the team needs to get feedback in order to feel connected to the team effort. Even if that feedback is critical, the team member knows that their contributions are being noticed and evaluated. For the team to stay on track and avoid retreating into dysfunction, everyone needs to be talking with each other about expectations, goals, performance, and processes.
Build cooperation – In a strong team, individuals rely on each other to make processes and interactions function as planned. Strong teams root out uncooperative members and either replace them with people who will move the team process forward or coach them to more cooperative behavior.
Function democratically – In a strong team, every team member's voice is heard. Each member of the team has a right to question the process, add input, and evaluate the progress of the team.
Assure team members are well trained – Any team is only as strong as its weakest member. Team members are expected to function in a specific role that has its own set of experience and knowledge requirements. Newer members of the team may bring less experience to the team effort. They can make up this gap through training, education, study, and dedication. Assure team members have access to training that can help them contribute at their highest level.
Recognize strengths – It can be hard to see the strengths in other team members. In a business climate where appreciation is often in short supply, many of us get out of the habit of looking for the strengths in others. It takes a change in mindset to start seeing individuals in terms of what we admire and appreciate in them. Take time to give honest and sincere appreciation to team members.
Celebrate diversity – If we stop and think about it, most of us would be bored if we had to work with a team whose members all had the same personalities. Team interaction is much more stimulating and interesting when the team has a variety of personal styles and characteristics. When we celebrate our differences, we acknowledge that all of us are enriched by our opportunity to work together.
Manage results, not tasks – Ultimately, what matters is each team member's contribution to the team's goals and mission. Strong teams, with diverse personalities, learn to focus on the results each team member achieves, rather than trying to make individuals achieve the results in a certain way. This allows the individuals to express their personalities through their work and still contribute significantly to the team effort.
Leverage competitive spirit to create cooperation – Friendly competition generates results. Keep the competition between the team and its own past results, not between individual team members. Make competition exciting. Review past successes and find ways to positively challenge the team to exceed those results.
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Get the Best Priced Porsche Boxster Power Steering Hose
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Porsche Boxster Replacement Power Steering Hose Information
Without a power steering system, you would find it very difficult to turn the wheel of your Porsche. The power steering system uses hydraulic fluid carried by the power steering hose to the system to increase the force from turning the wheel.
This makes your Porsche more responsive. If the hose cracks and leaks, you need to install a new power steering hose.
To get one that will fit in your steering system, look up the hose by the make: Porsche, model year of your vehicle and model: Boxster of your vehicle. This will show you which hoses are compatible with your Boxster. Selecting a Porsche was a good choice, and keeping it in top condition is a great choice!
They are available for the following Porsche Boxster years: 2002, 2001, 2000, 1999, 1998, 1997, 02, 01, 00, 99, 98, 97. This part is also sometimes called Porsche Boxster Steering Pump Hose. We stock power steering hose parts for most Porsche models including 928, 911 and 944.
We stock these Power Steering Hose brands for the Porsche Boxster: Genuine.
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08 2008 Porsche Boxster Steering Rack Maval - With Inner Tie Rods
04 2004 Porsche Boxster Tie Rod Outer TRW
You have the best prices and qulity parts for Jaguar cars I have found on the web. Also shipping was quick and easey. Thank you, I will be ordering more parts soon. Thanks again. Robert
Quick and efficient service, best price I was able to find local and online, received faster than the dealership was able to offer. Very impressed.


text:
Madan, M and Sujata, M and Bhaumik, SK (2011) Analysis of engine oil debris. Project Report. National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore, India.
Full text not available from this repository.Abstract
The debris accumulated around the magnetic plug of the oil scavenge filter housing was found to consist of inorganic material covered with greasy matter. Compositional analysis carried out using Energy Dispersive X-ray analyzer attached to the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) revealed that the inorganic compound in the greasy matter is predominantly Magnesium oxide with small amounts of aluminium oxide. The analysis results are presented in this report.
Item Type: | Proj.Doc/Technical Report (Project Report) |
Uncontrolled Keywords: | Engine oil debris;Magnesium oxide powder |
Subjects: | AERONAUTICS > Aeronautics (General) CHEMISTRY AND MATERIALS > Chemistry and Materials (General) |
Division/Department: | Materials Science Division, Materials Science Division, Materials Science Division |
Depositing User: | Ms. Alphones Mary |
Date Deposited: | 07 Jul 2011 14:51 |
Last Modified: | 07 Jul 2011 14:51 |
URI: | http://nal-ir.nal.res.in/id/eprint/9296 |
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Stochastic fluctuations in gene expression far from equilibrium: expansion and linear noise approximation


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Composer and pianist Rob Schwimmer has worked with the likes of Simon & Garfunkel, Stevie Wonder and Bette Milder. He's also written scores for Oscar-winning short films and is a master of the theremin.
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what is the best canon armor he has made
Tony Stark's Best Armor ?
Bleeding Edge was pretty strong, and all-around flexible.
Gotta love his extremis armor design though.
Power - Bleeding Edge
Concept - Original Modular Armor
Look - War Machine or Extremis
@sunhawk said:
The original mk1
very funny of you :)
I dunno... Most of them are great. But totaly not Classic ! Whatever but not that awfull suit !
bleeding edge is a awsome armor.
i grew up reading shell head in the 90s so im kinda fond of that armor.
the extremist aromor is really powerful to.
the new one is growing me.
I know it's not his but i always liked crimson dynamo !
Also extremis
is his current armor better than bleeding edge? btw i vote for bleeding edge. i wish Tony would have worn that armor for a couple more years before shelfing it.
Bleeding Edge. That design was sexy.
Is this armor Bleeding Edge? Reply to Team shadows vs Team Usa in Battles if you know because we need help determining if it is.
But yes Bleeding Edge is his best.
I have always liked the Extremis armor. The new armor is pretty sexy though. Never really cared for the Bleeding Edge.
bleeding edge comes out of his body I believe
The marvel now one comes out of a briefcase, and was pretty much a test idea to creating new armors. Tony prefers to build specific armors for specific tasks, instead of just one armor that does everything. I am not really sure why, but I am not complaining, I like seeing new suits, and I guess he can utilize the power better for a specific purpose, than dividing it up in one suit.
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text: MKT-910Course NumberMKT-910 Course NameDirected Study in Marketing Course Credits3.00- 3.50 Description'A student proposes a directed study project, generally for three credit hours and completed during one semester. The student and faculty advisor must concur on a written proposal and final report, and the project must be approved by the Office of the Dean prior to registration.' |


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Sedona HotelsAn energized and vibrant city, Sedona sits amongst the red rock formations and evergreen vegetation of Arizona's sun kissed high desert. With its mild climate and scenic splendor, it lures in a mix of visitors all year round. Adventurous types come to play, spiritual folk flock to the vortex sites, whilst artists visit to immerse themselves within the city's famous arts scene and to capture Mother Nature's beauty. With a buzzing festival calendar, the city's biggest events include the Sedona International Film Festival and the Sedona Arts Festival.Things to seeSouth of Sedona lies Bell Rock, one of the Yavapai County's most popular natural landmarks. A vast rock formation resembling a red fortress, the structure stands at 4816 feet high. Cathedral Rock is an equally impressive display of nature's grandeur. Nestled in the Coconino National Forest, red sandstone towers soar up from the green flecked landscape, contrasting beautifully against Arizona's blue skies. Within the National Forest you'll also discover Oak Creek Canyon, a long gorge whose shade, birdsong, and babbling water makes for a peaceful hike. Hiking is a popular pastime all about the region, and outdoorsy types will be spoiled for choice with the trails on offer. A relatively easy one however is the Sugarloaf Mountain trail. Climbable within minutes, those who make the ascent are rewarded with awe inspiring views to some the area's most famous attractions. Among them you can see Coffee Pot Rock, Morning Glory Spire, and Chimney Rock – and mountains beyond.Hotels in
SedonaWhether you're here for rest and recreation or all out adventure, there's a great choice of hotels in Sedona to choose from, with something for every pocket and preference. Here you'll find everything from full service hotels and luxury villas, to rustic ranch style digs and self catering rental lodges. Much of the accommodation takes full advantage of the scenery, providing guests with stunning views. The larger hotels offer plenty of amenities, with swimming pools and fitness centers both common features, whilst in-room you'll have every creature comfort from WiFi to cable TV. For a cheaper stay, the campsites, chain motels, and budget hotels in Sedona have you covered.Where to stayWhilst the city is divided into West Sedona and Uptown Sedona it's easily walkable, though you may want to hire a car to reach most attractions and trail heads in the region. There's plenty of public transport in Sedona however, with tourist shuttles going back and forth between most major landmarks. When it comes to dining, Sedona is sure to delight most foodies with its world class offerings, whilst the shopping is equally alluring. Here you'll find Native American arts and crafts stores, almost 100 galleries, and New Age shops glittering with healing crystals. The city also plays base camp for numerous tour companies, making trips and adventures convenient to arrange.How to get to SedonaWhilst Sedona does have its very own airport, it's geared towards general aviation as opposed to scheduled flights. Consequently, Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport is the nearest major gateway. Serving most destinations throughout the U.S and Canada, it's easy to make connecting flights should you not be able to fly there directly. Once you've landed it's less than a 2 hour drive into Sedona, along Interstate 17. The area is also reachable via the Amtrak railway service. Trains call at the city of Flagstaff, about 30 miles away from Sedona.
Hotels in Sedona
Sedona at a glance
Popular with travelers from US
- Most booked
Sedona Rouge Hotel And Spa
Excellent 4.2 / 5 ( 470 reviews )
5 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"My family and I stayed here in the middle of March for 2 nights during our spring break. We loved the "boutique" style of the hotel. The hotel and room were very clean. The pool area was very nice as well. I appreciated the location of the hotel (next to Safeway and Starbucks...not Upto..."
A Traveller, Mar 2015, US
Best Western Plus Inn of Sedona
Excellent 4.2 / 5 ( 518 reviews )
Most recent review
"Staff was nice and gave us all necessary information about surroundings."
A Traveller, Apr 2015, US
Days Inn Kokopelli Sedona
Good 3.9 / 5 ( 565 reviews )
Most recent review
"We were greeted by Marcy at the front desk. She was so friendly and very helpful. She even made our jeep tour reservations for us. The beds were comfortable. They weren't hard, and the pillows were comfortable. There were four of us and we only had three towels and washcloths, but it was no p..."
A Traveller, Apr 2015, US
Amara Resort and Spa, a Kimpton Hotel
Excellent 4.4 / 5 ( 880 reviews )
Most recent review
"Great location, staff is awesome, and they provided an inviting atmosphere for both adults and kids. Only complaint is the walk up the hill to get to the city is longer than I would have liked...but this would not prevent me from staying there again."
A Traveller, Apr 2015, US
Arroyo Pinion Hotel, An Ascend Collection Member
Good 3.6 / 5 ( 220 reviews )
Most recent review
"Rooms were comfortable and nicely decorated. Basic lobby/breakfast but very adequate. Manager/reception staff were very friendly and helpful. Good location for getting around town and convenient to restaurants/shopping. Would recommend."
A Traveller, Apr 2015, US
Sky Ranch Lodge
Excellent 4.3 / 5 ( 1,172 reviews )
Most recent review
"Very cute property. It is an older place, but has a lot of character. Great views!"
A Traveller, Apr 2015, US
Days Inn Sedona
Excellent 4.0 / 5 ( 612 reviews )
Most recent review
"Thumbs up!! Only opportunity was to beef up the complementary breakfast. Everything else was great. Would stay there again and recommend it."
A Traveller, Apr 2015, US
The Views Inn Sedona
Excellent 4.3 / 5 ( 760 reviews )
Most recent review
"The staff was very friendly and the hotel was clean. Breakfast was good as well."
A Traveller, Apr 2015, US
Sedona Real Inn & Suites
Excellent 4.3 / 5 ( 788 reviews )
Most recent review
"We stayed in a suite with two queen beds and a queen sleeper sofa. Great for my husband and myself, our son and his two boys. Great location at the end of town and close to everything. Hope to go back soon."
A Traveller, Mar 2015, US
Hilton Sedona Resort & Spa
Excellent 4.1 / 5 ( 423 reviews )
Most recent review
"Nice hotel in a good location and good setup for families"
A Traveller, Apr 2015, US


text:
World Series Losers Hit Pedro For 6 Runs in 4 IP, Including 3 Home Runs Red Sox Ace Unconcerned, Says His Shoulder Feels Fine |
March 16, 2002
New York Yankees v. Boston Red Sox
City of Palms Park, Ft. Myers, Florida
Pedro's Line
ip | h | er | r | bb | k | bf | pit | ball | strk | fB | GB |
4 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 19 | 67 | 21 | 46 | 7 | 3 |
Box Score and play-by-play of Pedro's Innings
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | r | h | e | ||
New York | 0 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | -- | 8 | 12 | 1 |
Boston | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | -- | 7 | 14 | 0 |
fly, Yankees beat Red Sox split squad -- Martinez gives up three home runs
Mike Petraglia, mlb.com
Pedro Martinez said again Saturday he was not concerned about his progress with Opening Day two weeks away. "I'm not 100 percent yet, at least mechanically," said Martinez, who allowed six earned runs and six hits in four innings. "But my body feels really good. [The shoulder] feels fine. It feels normal. My mechanics and my pitches are not there. I actually felt better in the first outing than in the last two."
Martinez has surrendered nine hits and nine earned runs over his last two starts. "My performance was really bad. I gave up a lot of homers, a lot of runs. Everything else was just fine. My body is fine -- that's what matters."
an interesting outing at the park -- Martinez gives up six runs in four innings
vs. Yankees
Gordon Edes, Boston Globe
Yesterday, Martinez had an outing that caused no small amount of squirming, not only in the owners' suites but in the living rooms of New England, where TV images offered confirmation of what was taking place here: The Yankees banged Martinez for six runs in four innings on six hits, including three home runs, one by a 23-year-old Venezuelan outfielder, Juan Rivera, described by manager Joe Torre before the game as a ''baby.''
pounded, but he's OK
Sean McAdam, Providence Journal
Manager Grady Little took a similarly upbeat approach. "The condition of [his shoulder] is good. When you've been through what he's been through, the last thing that's going to come back is the command of his delivery and his pitches. The number-one concern is the condition of his arm. His command and delivery comes next." ...
Internally, the Red Sox have discussed the possibility of leaving Martinez behind here when they leave March 28, and delaying his regular-season debut a bit. But Martinez isn't interested in staying behind.
not panicking: Sox ace roughed up again but says shoulder is fine
Jeff Horrigan, Boston Herald
Pedro Martinez insists that there is no need for panic, but the undeniable key to the Red Sox' success appears to be heading in the wrong direction with only two more appearances scheduled before Opening Day.
"My performance was really bad, but I got my work in. I gave up a lot of homers and runs, but my body's fine. That's all that matters. ... I just couldn't control the ball all day. I kept missing locations and leaving the ball over the plate. ... There's no need to worry. If you're going to start panicking now, we're in trouble, deep trouble.''
Problems? -- Little Expresses Opening Day Doubts
David Heuschkel, Hartford Courant
Red Sox manager Grady Little expressed some doubts whether Martinez will be ready by Opening Day. "If Pedro's ready to go April 1st he will," Little said. "If not, we'll wait a couple days. His body will tell us what he can do." Martinez, who said he is on track to pitch the season opener, is scheduled to make two more starts in spring training. He will then throw a side session March 30 in Houston when the Red Sox play their final exhibition game. Little will make a decision then. "What Pedro Martinez is going through is something he's never gone through in his life," Little said. ...
Because he has been on the job just a few days, pitching coach Tony Cloninger knows little about Martinez and the rest of the staff. "I don't know him at all," Martinez said. "I'm just going to try to get to know him first and then we're going to try to work along. He seems to be a man that has a lot of experience and worked with a lot of good pitchers. So I just hope that I can use some of that experience to my advantage."
food for thought at baseball picnic
Dan Shaughnessy, Boston Globe
They were lining up for standing-room tickets outside City of Palms Park at 4:30 a.m. Can you have playoff atmosphere at a spring training game? Can you have a Red Sox-Yankees brawl in an exhibition game? Almost.
vs. Yankees
Jeff Horrigan, Boston Herald
Pedro Martinez is scheduled to throw 65 pitches or five innings, whichever comes first, in his third start of the spring this afternoon, against the New York Yankees at City of Palms Park. Ex-manager and pitching coach Joe Kerrigan routinely gave the three-time Cy Young Award winner an extra day of rest when the schedule permitted over the past few seasons, but Kerrigan's replacement said that his policy will be determined on a case-by-case basis. "We're going to let Pedro's body decide that," Little said.
Sox watch
Ian Browne, mlb.com
Pedro Martinez will make his third spring start Saturday against the Yankees at City of Palms. "Pedro will pitch four or five innings, maybe 60 or 65 pitches," Manager Grady Little said. "We'll see what his body tells us."
Damon A 1-2 Punch
David Heuschkel, Hartford Courant
Pedro Martinez is scheduled to throw about 65 pitches today when he makes his third spring start in a split-squad game against a Yankees team that will include Derek Jeter, Bernie Williams and Jason Giambi.


text:
Treatment of Multiple Adjacent Gingival Recessions with the Tunnel Subepithelial Connective Tissue Graft: A Clinical Report
Ion Zabalegui, MD, DDS/Alberto Sicilia, MD, DDS, Dr Med/Jordi Cambra, MD, DDS/Jaime Gil, MD, DDS, Dr Med/Mariano Sanz, MD, DDS, Dr Med
DOI: 10.11607/prd.00.0314
This article describes a surgical periodontal plastic procedure for the coverage of multiple adjacent gingival recessions. This surgical technique is based on the construction of a tunnel under the gingival tissue by means of a sulcular incision beyond the mucogingival line without raising the papillae. A large connective tissue graft obtained from the palatal mucosa is introduced through this tunnel, covering the adjacent gingival recessions. A suturing technique to allow this graft to slip through the tunnel under the gingival tissues and to secure and stabilize the graft covering the recessions is described. Twelve-month postoperative results are presented from 21 teeth that were treated with this technique: 100% root coverage was achieved in 66.7% of the recessions treated, with a mean root surface coverage of 91.6%. This study suggests that the use of this surgical procedure allows the treatment of multiple adjacent recessions in a single procedure with adequate early healing and highly predictable root coverage results.
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20th August 2012, 03:55 AM | #1 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Jul 2009
HF loss in line arrays
This may have been debated before BUT...
Do line arrays really lose HF output because of comb filtering in nearfield situations or is it because of inherent beaming in drivers above a certain frequency that youre actually only listening to the full HF extension of those drivers you are at ear level to? I understand you will obviously have cancellation etc at certain measurable points, but at any given point it will be frequency dependant, it doesnt mean ALL HF frequencies are cancelled at all points over a broad range of frequencies. I'm building 2.2m tall arrays at the moment with 36 x 2" drivers each(and bass) and I'll only be sitting around 3-4m from them SO I'll be significantly off axis to the top and bottom drivers therefore not hearing their full hf extension. This is also why I believe curved arrays suffer less from this because you are on axis to all drivers. a 2" driver may be 6db down at 10khz at 30 deg off axis but more ore less full output 30deg off axis at 2khz. So automatically you're 3-6db down purely from that perspective. So at 2khz you hear full spl from all 36 drivers per side, but only full on axis output from the centre drivers. I'll be hiding a single tweeter to one side of the array behind the grille for the woofers with an l-pad for tweaking anyway Last edited by Lunchietey; 20th August 2012 at 03:58 AM. |
20th August 2012, 10:05 AM | #2 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Mar 2005
Location: UK
Yes, line sources made from wideband drivers do suffer from HF loss, or to put it another way, array gain is concentrated on the low end & the response rolls off ~1st order above x frequency (depending on driver size & response) until it hits the inherent sensitivity of a single unit, or a little below, whereupon it usually tends to level off. Therefore, they need some form of Eq, active or passive, take your pick. The former is preferable insofar as you can take advantage of the extra efficiency on the bottom end, where it's most useful, but passive works fine if you're willing to accept a system sensitivity ~that of a single example of the drive unit you're using.
The 1-wavelength, or preferably 1/2 wavelength (of the highest frequency to be reproduced) centre-to-centre spacing ROT between drive units is the ideal. However, it is a little over-simplified since it doesn't account for the rising on-axis response of many wideband drivers, which can go a little way to countering HF losses. Nor does it take into consideration the narrowing power-response many wideband drivers exhibit with rising frequency, which again can help a little, particularly since human hearing is less effective in the vertical axis. |
20th August 2012, 10:32 AM | #3 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Nov 2003
Location: iowa
flat array of 32 x 2" drivers.
Parts Express: Project Showcase There are some flat arrays using a driver's rising response to combat losing high end. The audience lsa4. Audiogon Shows: RMAF 2007 here was a driver they used. http://www.parts-express.com/pdf/296-220s.pdf +5db 2.5khz-7khz, a peak, then a bit more above that. More drivers and you'd lose more highend. I am one who carries the focused array torch, but it has more drawbacks than most would tolerate. http://speakers.sub-optimal.net/disp...album=16&pos=6 Norman Last edited by norman bates; 20th August 2012 at 10:35 AM. |
20th August 2012, 10:55 AM | #4 | |
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Join Date: May 2009
Location: New Zealand
20th August 2012, 11:08 AM | #5 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Nov 2003
Location: iowa
no idea, not my speakers.
Norman |
20th August 2012, 11:36 AM | #6 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Mar 2005
Location: UK
I have a suspicion that the drawbacks of focused arrays can be overstated; since the radius of the curve ideally wants to be = to the listening distance, the horizontal sweet spot is unlikely to be as severely restricted at longer distances as it is if you go for a closer position & more extreme curve. FWIW.
20th August 2012, 01:38 PM | #7 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Jun 2003
Location: Tennessee
Line arrays which curve in a concave manner severely limit the listening area in my opinion. Conversely, convex curved arrays (like Don Keele's CBT work) have much better dispersion and would also cover near or far listening distances much better than concave arrays. My choice would be a convex array per Keele's work.
20th August 2012, 02:43 PM | #8 | |
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Join Date: Nov 2004
Location: Maryland
20th August 2012, 03:23 PM | #9 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Apr 2005
Location: Sitting behind the 'puter screen, in Illinois, USA, planet earth
It isnt that there is hf loss with a line array but rather that the sources never combine into a single radiation, they radiate as independent sources. As independent sources, they sum together per Huygens construction also producing an interference pattern depending on the phase angle from each sources which is then dependent on the distance to each source at the listening position.. To acoustically add into a single source, the sources cannot be more than about ¼ wavelength part which is difficult to achieve and very rarely done in the concert style arrays. The Yorkville execution of the Paraline being one of the exceptions to that generalization. Also a down side to the concert line array approach is that because the distance to the individual sources changes with your position in the audience, one finds the frequency response changes continuously with your position as well, the only places you can actually measure the true response of a line array is at zero distance and at acoustic infinity. Another down side so far as signal fidelity is that each hf source etc has an individual time of arrival and so a single impulsive input arrives stretched out in time per the variation in distance. A big upside for the mfrs of such systems is that with a system that depends on self cancellation to work as advertised, it requires a lot more drivers, amplifier channels and DSP that if one could make a powerful enough point source. When you can make such a point source that has constant directivity, then you are free from a changing response with position and can aim the speaker such that the SPL and frequency response is very nearly constant over a very large area and if the wind blows, there is no audible effect unlike with an interference pattern based system. Don Keeles CBT and the whole J array shape are ways of making a line array act more like a point source, reducing the line array effect. In these cases the idea is to make a system with vertical pattern control and aim it at the back row so that the spl changes more slowly than on axis, just like with the point source. Best, Tom Danley
Bring back mst3k and futurama |
20th August 2012, 03:24 PM | #10 |
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Join Date: Sep 2009
Location: Gulfport fl.
Here we go again
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[ Dining Index | Metro Santa Cruz | MetroActive Central | Archives ]
Smart Mouth
Are You Being Served? Part I
By Christina Waters
IN ORVIETO, ITALY, this autumn while watching a waiter dance his way through the aisles of a restaurant, I discovered some secrets of great table waiting. Jauntily dressed in a tuxedo, he took obvious delight in making our meal perfect. Unmistakable joy infused his every gesture, from pouring wine to approving the dessert choices. His every move, his almost telepathic sense of timing and his unfailing courtesy all made him a paradigm of his profession, throwing into bold contrast the specific varieties of failure afflicting many of his colleagues. In his dazzling success, his passionate engagement with his work, the lapses of many other serving encounters were underscored.
Why do waitresses, like some dentists, wait until your mouth is full to swoop by and suddenly ask whether "everything's all right"? Nobody feels especially happy about having to smile and nod and respond, all while sitting across from someone he or she hopes to charm and impress, with a mouth full of gooey pasta or dripping with a froth of crème brûlée. Making a patron feel awkward undermines future tips.
The best waitpersons are sensitive to the expectations of the diners. If a couple is finishing up a kiss or deeply involved in an animated discussion, it is not a good time to belly up to the table and demand that they order. Try to gauge the mood, the rhythm of the dinner-in-progress. Your patrons will thank you when it's tip time.
"Still working on that?" many a well-meaning waiter has asked about a half-full plate. Working on that. Let's consider the phrase for a moment. The not-so-hidden implication is that dining is drudgery. Finishing the meal at hand is a chore to be undergone, a cross to bear. As if we were all Tennessee Ernie Ford (I'll take a big chance here and assume that at least two of you out there are old enough to remember who the hell Tennessee Ernie Ford was), loading 16 tons of fettucine carbonara and simply another day older and deeper in you-know-what.
"Still working on that?" The phrase suggests that the chef has presented me with such an uphill challenge that I could expect an Olympic medal just for cleaning my plate--the culinary equivalent of crossing that finish line. Surely there's something less confrontational or casually familiar or just plain crude that waiters could use to gauge the progress of the dining experience. "How's it goin'?" is much too personal, more in keeping with something like a fraternity pie-eating contest. Or an oil change.
"You gonna stick with water?" one waiter asked my companion, who had failed to order a glass of wine.
"Alllllllrighty," chirped another server when told that we were ready to order.
"Here you go" was the comment accompanying the presentation of our expensive main courses.
"How are we doing over here?"
What about something as straightforward, yet polite, as "May I remove your plate?" in which there is a request for information--are you finished or not--but not the presumption of familiarity or a suggestion that the meal has been an ordeal on a par with root canal surgery.
Why not "I hope you enjoy this," when bringing a dish. Or "I hope you like it."
Complete sentences never hurt.
In Europe, waitering is a career--an honorable craft for which one trains. There are no student waiters, no actors moonlighting by waiting tables until they land that big part. Young waiters are actually apprentices, learning the ropes, the techniques, from veterans. They are allowed to play small roles, bringing wine glasses, carrying fresh fish to the kitchen, bringing parmesan to grate. They never say, "Are you still working on that?" but ask with lilting, quizzical style, "Finito?"
Hand gestures are graceful, walks are purposeful, banter is poised. They are all Ginger Rogers preparing to meet Fred Astaire. If waiting tables were a destination career in this country, more servers would be likely to have respect for their jobs, not to mention a respectable paycheck.
TED BURKE, longtime owner of Capitola's landmark Shadowbrook Restaurant, admits that successful table waiting is an art. "To keep an eye on each table yet not seem to be hovering--that takes skill," he notes.
"Good service is informed service," adds Burke, who himself started on the road to restaurant ownership as a part-time waiter. "We spend a lot of money on training and education."
Just what is jicama? What wines are available by the glass? Burke believes that a good waiter should be able to answer questions. "Our waiters are trained that the meal unfolds not at their pace but at the pace the guest wants--and that means that good waiters have to be quick in sizing up situations, like whether it's a long romantic dinner for two or a quick business-meeting meal."
In the end, and I agree with Burke here, the best waiters disappear during the main course--but show up, as if by magic, when you drop a napkin or want to order dessert.
A quick word about waiter stature: A tall waiter is not a pretty thing. They are forced to bow obsequiously toward the patron when taking orders. Or worse, they refuse to lower their heads, which has the effect of making them appear to be imperious, detached, above the action taking place at table level.
In a perfect world, the waiters are short, with legs under 3 feet long, allowing them that crucial low center of gravity. Ideally, their heads are exactly at the same level as the seated patrons'. Short waiters allow a certain conspiratorial mood to evolve between themselves and the diners. We all see eye to eye about having a good meal.
The small waiter can easily glide among the tables, unobtrusively removing dishes and placing new ones with ease.
Part of the charm of it all is that for a short guy to be a waiter is to be the tallest man in the room.
Even the finest food can be ruined if it's brought too quickly--I've had entrees arrive within moments of the appetizers--or raise unanswered questions if there's a long wait. Never abandon your diners--many waiters feel that once they've brought the entree, they can drop you and move on to the next potential tip. Training is crucial, but good waiters also have an inborn ability to suffer fools, react quickly and keep smiling. Dignity, sincerity, style and exactly the right degree of detachment--these are the hallmarks of the best. To all of you out there who do it so well, I raise my hat. And to dining patrons, a reminder. If you've enjoyed good service, repay it with nothing less than a 20 percent tip.
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Chicago prog/power metallers ION VEIN will be supporting METAL CHURCH at the Chicago stop of their U.S. tour on Monday, November 15 at the House of Blues. Also appearing on the bill will be 3 INCHES OF BLOOD. You can also catch ION VEIN doing a full headlining show at JJ Kelley's in Lansing, IL on Saturday, November 6. Check www.ionvein.com for full details on both shows.
ION VEIN recently announced the return of the group's original bassist, Brian Gordon, to the fold after a four-year hiatus. The group's most recent album, "Reigning Memories", was issued throughout Europe and Asia in September via England's Now and Then Records.ION VEIN To Support METAL CHURCH In Chicago
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Charles La Croix de Marseille art links
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Original works by Charles La Croix de Marseille available for purchase at art galleries worldwide
Dallas Museum of Art, Texas Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas (Zoomify viewer requires Java in order to view images) Le Musée Ingres, Montauban, France (in French) Click on the artist name, then on the artwork title to view the work National Art Databases and Museum Inventories:UK National Inventory of Continental European Paintings (NICE)
Sotheby's Sold Lot Archive NEW!(database goes as far back as 1998; images where permitted by copyright go about as far back as 2001)
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The Age of Enlightenment in the Paintings of France's National MuseumsStorm over Rome (Seascape)
Union List of Artist Names (Getty Museum) Reference sheet with basic information about the artist and pointers to other references.
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Grand Opening – March 3 (2–4 pm)
Not just another hair salon, Higher Image Salon brings a refreshing mix of services to relax, rejuvenate, and refresh. Going beyond the typical salon setting, clients can choose from a wide variety of services including Hair, Color, Spa Nail, Waxing; and Massage services ranging from Full Body Massages, to the new Champissage (Head & Upper Body Massage) and Kansa Vatki (Foot Massage). And to augment these services, packages named after their pursuit (Mini Retreat, Serene, Leisure Time, Harmony, or Tranquil) are offered. Special bridal packages have also been developed to include pre-bridal pictures.
Master Stylist Tawnia Gaskill is very excited about bringing her 23 years of cosmetology and wellness experience to the Southwest Fort Wayne and Waynedale area. Her vision is to bring a peaceful and edifying experience to every guest of Higher Image Salon. By offering the opportunity for clients to mix and match services, Higher Image Salon strives to meet the styling and relaxation needs of each client.
To add to the ambiance of Higher Image Salon, special decorative and artistic home décor pieces are displayed throughout the Salon. With an appreciation for the arts, the décor serves as an opportunity for clients to browse and purchase intriguing and stylish items.
Higher Image Salon invites you to their Grand Opening scheduled from 2-4 pm on March 3rd. Higher Image Salon is located at 3008 Lower Huntington Road. For more information or to schedule an appointment call (260) 410-6745. We look forward to serving YOU!


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SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS [LIKE 'pattern
' | WHEREexpr
This statement is a MySQL extension. It returns characteristics
of a stored procedure, such as the database, name, type,
creator, creation and modification dates, and character set
information. A similar statement, SHOW
, displays information about stored
functions (see Section 188.8.131.52, "SHOW FUNCTION STATUS Syntax").
The LIKE
clause, if present,
indicates which procedure or function names to match. The
clause can be given to select rows
using more general conditions, as discussed in
Section 19.18, "Extensions to SHOW Statements".
mysql> SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS LIKE 'sp1'\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Db: test
Name: sp1
Type: PROCEDURE
Definer: testuser@localhost
Modified: 2004-08-03 15:29:37
Created: 2004-08-03 15:29:37
Security_type: DEFINER
You can also get information about stored routines from the
table in
. See
Section 19.8, "The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ROUTINES Table".