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USS VINCENNES was the third ship in the TICONDEROGA - class and the first cruiser in that class equipped with the three-legged main mast. Stricken from the Navy list on June 29, 2005, she was sold for scrapping to International Shipbreaking of Brownsville, Tx., on July 9, 2010. VINCENNES arrived under tow at Brownsville on November 21, 2010, and has since been broken up.
General Characteristics: | Awarded: August 28, 1981 |
Keel laid: October 19, 1982 | |
Launched: January 14, 1984 | |
Commissioned: July 6, 1985 | |
Decommissioned: June 29, 2005 | |
Builder: Ingalls Shipbuilding, West Bank, Pascagoula, Miss. | |
Propulsion system: four General Electric LM 2500 gas turbine engines | |
Propellers: two | |
Blades on each Propeller: five | |
Length: 567 feet (173 meters) | |
Beam: 55 feet (16.8 meters) | |
Draft: 34 feet (10.2 meters) | |
Displacement: approx. 9,600 tons full load | |
Speed: 30+ knots | |
Cost: about $1 billion | |
Aircraft: two SH-60 Sea Hawk (LAMPS 3) | |
Armament: two Mk 26 missile launchers for Standard missiles and ASROC, Mk 46 torpedoes, Harpoon missile launchers two Mk 45 5-inch/54 caliber lightweight guns, two Phalanx CIWS | |
Crew: 33 Officers, 27 Chief Petty Officers and approx. 340 Enlisted |
Crew List:
This section contains the names of sailors who served aboard USS VINCENNES. It is no official listing but contains the names of sailors who submitted their information.
Relating Books (in association with amazon.com):
Storm Center: The USS Vincennes and Iran Air Flight 655: A Personal Account of Tragedy and Terrorism. A book on the shootdown of the Iranian Airbus A300 by USS Vincennes during Operation Earnest Will. |
About the Ship's Coat of Arms:
The three divisions of the shield represent the three circumnavigations of the earth made by the first vessel to bear the name VINCENNES, and contain allusions to activities of these expeditions. The intended fess line represents the ice of the Antarctic continent which was discovered and named by LT Charles Wilkes of Vincennes in 1840. The Antarctic wastes and icebergs are alluded to by the white area in center base which bears a lead line weight of the early 19th Century period, referring to the new data in charts and cartography gathered by the surveys made during expeditions with VINCENNES as flagship. The silver fleur-de-lis in chief refers to the French origin of the name VINCENNES and the fort in Indiana after which the ships were named.
The eight gold stars on a light blue border represent the Battle Stars awarded to CA-44 and CL-64 during World War II and refer again to the State of Indiana, whose flag bears gold stars on a blue field. Then Navy is represented on the shield by dark blue and gold, colors usually associated with the Navy.
The embattled wall recalls the Fort Vincennes in Indiana. Its color, red, refers to battle, and the three battlements to the three earlier vessels named VINCENNES. The compass rose represents global navigation and exploration. The clover is a reference to the new ship's distinction as third of its class, and recalls the botanical surveys of the first VINCENNES. The guided missile and rifle represent new and old weaponry carried by the latest and the first VINCENNES. The blue disc is a reference to the Antarctic skies and the first Vincennes' explorations.
About the Cruiser�s Name:
USS VINCENNES is the fourth capital warship to bear this name and a city in Indiana, 55 miles south of Terra Haute. The city is the site of the old Fort Vincennes, captured during the American Revolution in 1779 by George Rogers Clark.
The first VINCENNES was one of ten Sloops-of-War to be authorized by Congress in 1825. For 41 years, she compiled an outstanding record of unprecedented achievements in polar exploration, global circumnavigation and distinguished service in the War Between the States. The second VINCENNES, designated (CA 44), was a heavy cruiser commissioned in 1937. She fought valiantly during General Jimmy Doolittle's raid on Tokyo, the Battle Midway, the landing at Guadalcanal, and finally, at the Battle of Savo Island. The third VINCENNES (CL 64) was commissioned in January 1944 and fought brilliantly throughout the Pacific in Battles of Guam, the Philippines, Okinawa, and Formosa. During the closing months of World War II, VINCENNES became legendary for her successes against Japanese aircraft.
Accidents aboard USS VINCENNES:
Date | Where | Events |
October 9, 2004 | Yokosuka, Japan | A Pacific typhoon causes the USS VINCENNES to snap away from the pier at Yokosuka, Japan and to collide with the USS CORONADO (AGF 11). There are no casualties or injuries reported as a result of the collision. |
History of USS VINCENNES:
The VINCENNES was the first of the United States Navy's AEGIS Cruisers of the TICONDEROGA Class to enter the Pacific Fleet. Upon commissioning in 1985, VINCENNES entered the Pacific Fleet via the Panama Canal and participated in the testing and development of the SM-2 Block II surface-to-air missile. In May 1986, VINCENNES participated in the multinational exercise RIMPAC 86, coordinating the AAW efforts of two aircraft carriers and over forty ships from five nations.
VINCENNES deployed in August 1986 to the Western Pacific and Indian Oceans. During the "first ever" Pacific Deployment of an Aegis cruiser, VINCENNES served as Anti-Air Warfare Commander with both USS CARL VINSON (CVN 70) and USS NEW JERSEY (BB 62) Battle Groups. She also operated jointly with the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force and the Royal Australian Navy. VINCENNES steamed over 46,000 miles in waters from the Bering Sea to the Indian Ocean.
On 20 April 1988, during Fleet Exercise 88-1, VINCENNES was given unexpected orders to proceed back to San Diego and make preparations to leave on a six month deployment. One month later, the ship entered the Persian Gulf, to become part of the Joint Task Force in the Persian Gulf. During the course of this assignment it made fourteen transits of the Straits of Hormuz in support of Operation Earnest Will.
On July 3, 1988, during Operation Earnest Will, VINCENNES was situated in the Persian Gulf when the cruiser shot down an Iranian commercial Airbus A300B2-202 (Iran Air Flight 655) after mistaking it for an Iranian F-14. The total of 290 dead civilian passengers, included 66 children.
On February 22, 1996, the US agreed to pay Iran $61.8 million in compensation ($300,000 per wage earning victim, $150,000 per non wage earner) for the 248 Iranians killed in the shootdown.
In February of 1990, VINCENNES deployed on her third six month tour of the Western Pacific and Indian Oceans, In addition to covering the fleet with the "Aegis Shield" and coordination all Battle Group air events, VINCENNES served as the Command and Control Flagship during Harpoon-Ex-90. VINCENNES spent more time at sea during deployment than any other ship in the Battle Group. In July 1990. VINCENNES returned home after steaming nearly 100,000 miles. She deployed with SH-60S LAMPS MK III Anti-Submarine helicopters from HSL-45 Det 13. The embarked LAMPS detachment was a tremendous asset and performed superbly in its Anti-Submarine Warfare and Anti-Submarine Underwater Warfare roles.
In August 1991, VINCENNES departed for her fourth Western Pacific Deployment. Transiting with the USS INDEPENDENCE (CV 62), VINCENNES performed duties as the Anti-Air Warfare Commander for Battle Group Delta until detaching to participate as the United States representative in MERCUBEX 91, a joint United States and Singaporean exercise. Over the next three months, VINCENNES participated in the bilateral exercise VALIANT BLITZ with the South Korean Navy, the bilateral exercise ANNUALEX 03G with the Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force, and ASWEX 92-1K with the South Korean Navy before reaching Hong Kong to act as the U.S. representative for the Navy Days ceremonies. VINCENNES returned from deployment on the 21st of December 1991.
In June 1994, VINCENNES departed on her fifth Western Pacific deployment Transiting with the USS KITTY HAWK (CV 63) Battle Group, VINCENNES performed duties as Anti-Air Warfare Commander for the Battle Group. During deployment, VINCENNES conducted an Anti-Submarine exercise, PASSEX 94-2, with the Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force, the bilateral exercise MERCUB 94-2, a joint U.S. and Singaporean Navy exercise of the Malaysian peninsula, he bilateral exercise KEEN EDGE, with the Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force, and TANDEM THRUST, a larger scale joint exercise which VINCENNES participated as the Area Air Defense Coordinator for the entire joint operating area. VINCENNES returned from deployment on the 22nd of December 1994.
USS VINCENNES changed homeport in August 1997 from San Diego to Yokosuka, Japan.
USS VINCENNES, forward deployed to Yokosuka, Japan, took part in Exercise Valiant Usher 98-1 with USS BELLEAU WOOD (LHA 3) amphibious ready group and the Royal Australian Navy destroyer HMAS PERTH (DDG 38). The combined exercise took place near Townsend Island, Australia.
VINCENNES also took part in the U.S. Seventh Fleet's Fleet Battle Experiment Delta (FBE-D) from October 24 to November 2, 1998, in conjunction with exercise Foal Eagle, a regularly scheduled exercise that simulates the defense of the Republic of Korea. Sponsored by the Navy Warfare Development Command, FBE-D is the fourth in a series of experiments that test newly emerging combat systems and procedures in an operational environment. Fleet Battle Experiments are designed as genuine experiments, not demonstrations or exercises. Each experiment has a hypothesis and specific, carefully considered measures of effectiveness. Unlike a demonstration, failure is acceptable; in fact, just as much can be learned from failure as from success. The results of FBE-D will have a direct influence on future naval force structure and capabilities.
USS VINCENNES completed Sharem 134, a bilateral exercise conducted with several Japanese ships and other U.S. participants, on August 12, 2000. The exercise included a week of undersea warfare training and data collection in the South China Sea. The ship�s submarine detection capabilities were tested during the five-day event, and new submarine prosecution procedures were developed. Events included sonar range testing, sonobuoy employment methods and submarine engagement tactics using VINCENNES' embarked LAMPs helo detachment, HSL 51 Det. 6. The final Sharem events included a freeplay, which allowed the cruiser to detect and prosecute other submarines within the operations area, combining many of the tactics and systems tested during Sharem.
In mid-November 2000, the vessel took part in MISSILEX 01-1 during which it test fired various missile batteries at remote controlled aerial drones provided by Fleet Activities Okinawa.
On March 23, 2001, USS VINCENNES, as part of the USS KITTY HAWK (CV 63) Battle Group, cruised into Changi Naval Base, marking the first time a U.S. carrier has moored pierside in Singapore. VINCENNES took part from August 23-27, 2001, in a military training exercise called Multi-Sail, featuring U.S. Navy ships and aircraft and Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force units. Multi-Sail is designed to provide U.S. and Japanese forces interoperability training in multiple warfare areas. The training exercises the units' skill in surface, air defense and undersea warfare required to jointly defend Japan against external aggression.
USS VINCENNES departed Yokosuka on September 17, 2001, to conduct operations in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and returned on December 18, 2001 after more than three months at sea.
In addition to performing duties as the Battle Group Anti-Air Warfare Commander during her Western Pacific Deployments, VINCENNES has been awarded the Navy Meritorious Unit Citation, the Battle "E" three times, the Combat Action Ribbon, the National Defense Medal, and the Sea Service Deployment Ribbon with four stars.
USS VINCENNES Patch Gallery:
USS VINCENNES Image Gallery:
The photos below were taken by William Chiu when USS VINCENNES visited Hong Kong. The first two photos were taken in 1992 and the last four ones were taken in December 1991.
The photo below was taken by Ian Johnson and shows the VINCENNES in Fremantle Harbor, Australia, on April 24, 2004. This was VINCENNES' third and final visit to Fremantle. At the time, VINCENNES operated with the KITTY HAWK (CV 63) strike group.
The photos below were taken by me and show the VINCENNES laid-up at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, Wash., on March 14, 2010.
The photos below were taken by Don Nathan and show the VINCENNES laid-up at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, Wash., on April 16, 2010.


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Salmon Macaroni Bake Recipe
"A neighbor brought us this creamy casserole the night after our newborn daughter came home from the hospital," recalls Carrie Mitchell of Raleigh, North Carolina. "It was so good, we couldn't resist heating up the leftovers the next morning."
- 1 package (14 ounces) deluxe macaroni and cheese dinner mix
- 1 can (10-3/4 ounces) condensed cream of mushroom soup, undiluted
- 1/2 cup 2% milk
- 1 pouch (6 ounces) boneless skinless pink salmon
- 1 tablespoon grated onion or 1/2 teaspoon onion powder
- 1/2 cup shredded cheddar cheese
- 1/2 cup dry bread crumbs
- 2 tablespoons butter, cubed
- 1. Prepare macaroni and cheese according to package directions. Stir in the soup, milk, salmon, onion and cheddar cheese.
- 2. Transfer to a greased 1-1/2-qt. baking dish. Sprinkle with bread crumbs; dot with butter. Bake, uncovered, at 375° for 30 minutes or until heated through. Yield: 4 servings.
Nutritional Facts
1 serving (1 each) equals 599 calories, 27 g fat (15 g saturated fat), 77 mg cholesterol, 1,748 mg sodium, 62 g carbohydrate, 2 g fiber, 28 g protein.
Wine Pairings
Full-Bodied White Wine
Enjoy this recipe with a full-bodied white wine such as Chardonnay or Viognier.
© 2015 RDA Enthusiast Brands, LLC


text:
Greenstein, Jesse L. (1959) Astrophysical Research in Space. Special Technical Report, 2. California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120208-112856931
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Use this Persistent URL to link to this item: http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120208-112856931
Astronomy will be one of many sciences to reap enormous gains from the possibility of carrying large payloads into space. That portion of astronomy concerned with the region where the earth's atmosphere merges into space, the region of upper air geophysics, has already provided enormous new insights. Balloon, rocket, satellite and space probes have till now been largely concerned with this intermediate zone. The present large, and proposed ultra-large payload vehicles make it possible to consider experiments of fundamental astronomical and physical significance in interplanetary space, where the earth is no longer the dominant body.
Item Type: | Report or Paper (Technical Report) | ||||
Additional Information: | Supported in part by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (ARDC) under Contract No. AF 49(638)-21. A special pre-print distribution is hereby being made. This address was an invited paper delivered at the Fourth Ballistic Missile and Space Technology Symposium, U.C.L.A., August 24, 1959. | ||||
Group: | Carnegie Institution of Washington, California Institute of Technology, Astrophysics Department | ||||
Funders: |
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Other Numbering System: |
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Record Number: | CaltechAUTHORS:20120208-112856931 | ||||
Persistent URL: | http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120208-112856931 | ||||
Usage Policy: | No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided. | ||||
ID Code: | 29200 | ||||
Collection: | CaltechAUTHORS | ||||
Deposited By: | Joy Painter | ||||
Deposited On: | 13 Apr 2012 22:43 | ||||
Last Modified: | 26 Dec 2012 14:48 |
Repository Staff Only: item control page


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LaCrosse® High - visibility Long - sleeved Crew T - shirt
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Driver C.P.C. Courses Saturdays at Newark Notts L.G.V. & P.C.V. £58.75 Fully Inclusive Price!!!
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Clinical Risk Assesment of CS-1 Decision Support System
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This is a single-center, open, non-controlled clinical investigation in 10 patients at the Medical University Graz including a treatment visit (V1)and a follow up visit(V2). In the treatment visit (V1) after admittance to the ICU arterial blood glucose values will be monitored and either the software-algorithm eMPC will be used to adjust the infusion rate of intravenously administered human soluble insulin to normalise arterial blood glucose. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the performance of the already developed and tested algorithm in combination with a newly developed bed-side, touch screen user interface (CS-1 decision support system) in patients at the medical ICU for a period of 72 hours. Follow up information(V2) will be acquired at hospital discharge or at the latest one week after visit 1.
Condition | Intervention |
Hyperglycemia Critically Ill Patients |
Device: CS-1 DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM |
Study Type: | Interventional |
Study Design: | Allocation: Non-Randomized Endpoint Classification: Safety/Efficacy Study Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment Masking: Open Label Primary Purpose: Treatment |
Official Title: | SINGLE-CENTER,OPEN,NON-CONTROLLED FEASIBILITY STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE CS-1 DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM WITH INCORPORATED SOFTWARE-ALGORITHM eMPC USED FOR BLOOD GLUCOSE CONTROL OVER 72 HOURS IN CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS AT THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT |
- Percentage of time within predefined glucose target range 80-110mg/dL [ Time Frame: Start: Start of treatment ; End: Last glucose measurement under treatment ]
- Hypoglycemias (<40mg/dl =2,2mM); Blood sampling frequency as adviced by device; Malfunctions of device Relevant-medication, nutrition; Insulin Infusion Rate; Blood glucose values; Handling/ usability of device; [ Time Frame: Start: Start of treatment, End: Last glucose measurement under treatment ]
Enrollment: | 10 |
Study Start Date: | April 2007 |
Study Completion Date: | June 2007 |
Before the beginning of any trial related activities, the relatives of each patient will be asked if the patient has ever mentioned in the past, that he/she does not want do participate in any kind of clinical study. If this was said by the patient in the past or if there are any signs which make it likely that the patient would not participate, he/she will be excluded from the trial. After testing of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, screening information will be obtained a the beginning of the trial. A screening number will be assigned to the patient in ascending order. The following data will be recorded in the case record form (CRF): Check for inclusion/exclusion criteria,demographic data, medical (including diabetes) history and relevant medication, body weight and heightand laboratory analyses from routine laboratory assessment. Patients fulfilling all the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria will be included into the trial and a subject number will be assigned in ascending order. Routine intensive care will be provided from department of internal medicine. Trial related activities will not interfere with regular patient care. Blood samples will be retrieved from an arterial line, available for routine diagnostic and monitoring procedures in all patients. At time 0, a blood glucose measurement will be taken, manually entered into the CS-1 decision support system and both a insulin infusion rate and the time to next glucose reading will be suggested by the computer-based system. Based on the suggestion of the system, an insulin infusion pump as routinely used in the ICU will be manually set to this suggested insulin infusion rate by specially trained ICU staff but only if the staff feels safe with this suggestion. Intravenous infusion of human soluble insulin will then be started. For safety reasons: In case that the suggested measurement interval of the decision support system exceeds a 90 minute interval, interim glucose measurements will be taken. All measurements will be documented in the CRF. Only in case that the blood glucose values are below 40 mg/dl the additional interim-glucose value will also be put into the CS-1 system. However, the nursing staff can at any time decide to take an additionlal blood glucose measurement and/or neglect the decision as suggested by the system.
The target range for blood glucose levels will be 80-110 mg/dl [4.4 – 6.1 mmol/l]. The current blood glucose level and insulin infusion rate will continuously be documented by the CS-1 decision support system and supervised by the investigator. Glucose values will be provided to the system by manual entry. In case of hypoglycaemia, intravenous insulin infusion will be stopped and glucose will be administered via intravenous bolus.
The treatment visit, including all trial related activities as described above, will last for 72 hours. Adverse events and relevant medication will be continuously monitored and documented The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Score (Apache II) will be documented for each patient at the beginning of the trial. There is no physical connection between the algorithm suggesting the insulin infusion rate and the insulin infusion pump such as that the algorithm would be capable to independently steer the insulin infusion. There is also no physical connection between the glucose measurement device and the algorithm such as that the algorihthm would be able to independently get a glucose measurement. For safety reasons, both the glucose measurement and the insulin infusion rate are parameters that need to be manually entered by a specially trained nurse. For glucose measurement, a certified device for ICU application is being used (Accuchek® Inform; Roche Diagnostics), for intravenous insulin infusion, a certified insulin infusion pump (Perfusor® Space, BBraun Melsungen) as it is used under routine conditions in the ICU is being used. Follow up information will be acquired at hospital discharge or at the latest one week after visit 1. .
Ages Eligible for Study: | 19 Years and older |
Genders Eligible for Study: | Both |
Accepts Healthy Volunteers: | No |
Inclusion Criteria:
- Age: > 18 years of age
- Stay in the ICU expected to be > 72 h
- Blood glucose > 110 mg/dl or patient on insulin treatment
Exclusion Criteria:
- Patients with hyperglycaemic crisis/ketoacidosis due to insulin deficiency.
- Known or suspected allergy to insulin
- Any disease or condition which the investigator or treating physician feels would interfere with the trial or the safety of the patient (i.e., liver failure, other fatal organ failures)
- Patients participating in another study
- Moribund patients likely to die within 24 hours
- Patients after organ transplantation within the last three months
- Patients under high dose cortisol treatment (cortisol > 1000 mg/day or equivalent dosis of hydrocortisol)
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00502645
Austria | |
Medical University Graz | |
Graz, Austria, 8036 |
Principal Investigator: | Thomas R. Pieber, MD | Medical University of Graz |
Additional Information:
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: | NCT00502645 History of Changes |
Other Study ID Numbers: | CM10_CS-1 |
Study First Received: | July 15, 2007 |
Last Updated: | July 15, 2007 |
Health Authority: | Austria: Ethikkommission |
Keywords provided by Medical University of Graz:
algorithm cs-1 decision support system insulin hyperglycemia |
tight glycemic control intensive care adults |
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Critical Illness Hyperglycemia Disease Attributes |
Glucose Metabolism Disorders Metabolic Diseases Pathologic Processes |
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on April 23, 2015


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Apparently not! When I inprocessed the morning after getting back to Colorado, the personnel office informed me that I'd be pinning on SrA on the 20th of this month! So much for waiting!
[Source] |
On a fun side note? I am now the same pay grade as my husband. :) I give him a hard time about having to work a lot harder than I did to get there, but that's partially because his unit's fault.


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During ups and downs this month, favour the ups by 5 to 1. In particular, avoid the exhalation 'Weee-eeeeeee' in any up, and particularly down, slides, falls or slips.
Polar bears and penguins, yes we know they live on different continents, are both absolutely terribly starred. Avoid both at the risk of icy, watery, funny outtake grade, conclusions.
Neptune has a plan to put on a musical to raise money for the local youth group. Don't get involved - run away and don't come back until the fat lady with the heavy eyebrows has sung and it's been on the news or YouTube whichever happens first.
An eating or drinking competition may provide extreme toilet based excitement in an otherwise humdrum month.
This month your destiny has a 9% chance of pulling through.
This feature is brought to you by theVoiceofReason.com


text:
�And The Beat Goes On� For Jazz And R&B Lovers Alike
Southern California�s premiere music festival presenting the best in Jazz and Rhythm & Blues for the 21st year. The Long Beach Jazz Festival takes place the weekend of August 8, 9, and 10, 2008. Once again, the festival venue is the breath-taking seaside setting of Rainbow Lagoon Park on Shoreline Drive in Long Beach, California, where for two decades now thousands of faithful music fans have made the Long Beach Jazz Festival an annual family affair.
True to its reputation as the most soulful and well-rounded summer music festival in sunny Southern California, the 21st Annual Long Beach Jazz Festival for 2008 is loaded with an extraordinary and exciting array of musical talents for every taste. Not only is it a jazz festival celebrating straight ahead and contemporary jazz, but also this year�s weekend of magic includes top-flight star talent from worlds of classic R&B, Neo Soul and Blues � ideal for the more seasoned as well as the newer generations of listeners.
Festival founder, Al Williams and his band Al Williams Jazz Society, featuring incomparable vocalist Barbara Morrison will once again delight jazz lovers with its highly anticipated set on Sunday. �I am really pleased to have such a great variety of artists this year� says Williams, in anticipation of 2008�s star-studded festivities.
The smoothly soulful and classily jazzy singer Kem kicks off the 3-day festival Friday night, previewing material from his highly anticipated third project, Album III (his first in three years). Additionally, a special appearance by chef G. Garvin, the entertaining host of TV One�s popular cooking show, �Turn Up the Heat,� will share techniques and recipes from his new book "Dine in with G. Garvin" (slated for release the first week of October).
2008�s lineup also includes singer/composer Michael Franks - the master of poetically sensual and witty lyrics - tenor saxophone superstar Kirk Whalum and conga drum master Poncho Sanchez, a torchbearer of jazz and funk with tropical Latin flair. An amazing assemblage of soul-jazz legends will perform under the umbrella title �The Superstars of Jazz Fusion� starring vibraphonist Roy Ayers, keyboard wizard Lonnie Liston Smith, trumpeter Tom Browne, founding Jazz Crusaders trombonist Wayne Henderson and singer extraordinaire Miki Howard. �
Female musicians are thoroughly represented by the piano artistry of frequent LBJF participant Keiko Matsui, the versatile spice of saxophonist/singer Mindi Abair, and the sweet, fleet-fingered guitar style of Joyce Cooling.
Old school soul music lovers will swoon for the sounds of West Coast vocal legends The Whispers and the Grammy Award-winning Commodores, while neo soul fans can check out the rousing and righteous sounds of acclaimed singer/songwriter Chrisette Michele, funk-soul-jazz party starter�s Down to the Bone, and modern soul-jazz stars Nick Colionne on guitar and Euge Groove on sax.
This year, Linda Morgan from Rainbow Promotions, LLC is coordinating the Long Beach Jazz Talent Search, an event that encourages upcoming, jazz musicians. �Two winners will be selected to open the festival on Saturday and Sunday.
Tickets are available through Rainbow Promotions, LLC at (562) 424-0013, or online at Ticketmaster.com. �VIP tickets are $150 per seat for Friday and $175 per seat /per day on Saturday and Sunday � includes dinner, wine service and access to mingle with jazz artists.�Reserved box seat tickets are $60 per seat on Friday and $75 per seat/per day on Saturday and Sunday. �General admission/lawn seating is $45 (prior to July 30) and $50 at the gate. �For the Friday show, gates open at 5PM, with a show time of 7PM until 11:30PM. �For the Saturday and Sunday shows, gates open at 11:00AM with show times of 12 NOON until 10:30PM.
Cadillac, Budweiser and TV One are among the main sponsors of the 2008 Long Beach Jazz Festival. Media sponsors include KTWV-FM, KJAZZ-FM, KJLH-FM and Jazziz Magazine.
Rainbow Promotions, LLC is responsible for producing the Long Beach Jazz Festival each August, and various special events and mini-concerts presented year-round. �For 21 years, Rainbow Promotions, LLC. has produced the Long Beach Jazz Festival, a three-day city event averaging 24,000 in attendance. �For more information regarding the Long Beach Jazz Festival, go to: www.LongBeachJazzFestival.com, or www.RainbowPromotions.com


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[ Music Index | Santa Cruz | MetroActive Central | Archives ]
Next Jazz Generation
The Kuumbwa Jazz Center celebrates 25 years of honoring jazz masters and educating tomorrow's players
By Heidi Johnston
THERE'S NO DOUBTING that the Kuumbwa Jazz Center has remained the heart and soul of the area's jazz scene since its opening in downtown Santa Cruz 25 years ago. But the nonprofit music society, which celebrates its 25th anniversary with a concert Monday at the Santa Cruz Civic Auditorium, has also spent the past two and a half decades bucking national trends.
"We've clearly come a long way, growing the organization from completely grass-roots beginnings with absolutely no money at all and no professionals to run anything," Tim Jackson, the center's executive director, explains.
The society that founded the jazz center began with a trio of resourceful individuals. KUSP programmer Rich Wills, singer Sheba Burney and surfer and jazzer Jackson started with a series of concerts at the Capitola Theater, later raising money to open a permanent venue on Cedar Street in Santa Cruz.
Kuumbwa has proven surprisingly successful, building audiences and expanding jazz programs even when the number of national outlets for jazz are declining. Willard Jenkins, former executive director for the National Jazz Service Organization and author of an astute analysis of the jazz presenters enigma, "Where's the Jazz Audience?" acknowledges that Jackson and company buoy the jazz circuit with phenomenal acumen. A big part of that savvy, say performers long connected with the Kuumbwa, is a genuine love of the music and a deep respect of the performers.
"When you have people at the helm that are artists and musicians themselves, the feeling is that you'll be taken care of," singer Gail Dobson says, noting that the center is one of the primary reasons she and her talented family of musicians have stayed in Santa Cruz since 1977. "A lot of times in your hometown you are overlooked, but the Kuumbwa Jazz Center cares about the people who live here. There's a lot of respect."
THE STRICT FOCUS on the music is easily witnessed at Kuumbwa concerts. Distractions are kept to a minimum--no cigarette smoke, none of the usual bar-scene cacophony. "We're not interested in setting up any kind of social scene or anything that doesn't revolve around the music," Jackson says. It's an attitude that has also made the center attractive to other presenters, people like Snazzy Productions' John Sandidge, who has rented the hall many times during the past 15 years for his own shows.
"I present music that is made to be listened to, not dance or party music. With this in mind, it is important that people be able to hear what's going on musically," Sandidge explains. Constant improvements to the sound system and to the layout of the house have kept pace with industry standards, he adds.
Such value on performance and attention to the needs of artists and audiences has won the Kuumbwa and its organizers many loyal fans among legendary artists. Grammy-winning jazz pianist Mose Allison returns to the Kuumbwa annually. "The stage is set up well," he says. "You have a full view of the audience, and they can all see you."
Jazz tenorman Joe Henderson (who played the jazz society's very first concert in 1975) agrees. "Playing at the Kuumbwa is like playing for connoisseurs," he says. "The audience is involved, and listeners respond to the notes and chords as though they were reading the climax of a great novel."
During the 25-year history of Kuumbwa, organizers and fans have seen the passing of many jazz greats, but Jackson says the forecast for jazz is bright and the talent pool deep. "In the music itself, there have certainly been some big changes," he says. "I think that jazz really is in a much healthier spot now that it was in 1975. There is much more public awareness, and the music is taking some interesting directions."
While the new generation comes up, longtime performers like Dobson and her family use Kuumbwa to educate. Dobson teaches for the center's Youth in Jazz program. Jazz-education programs also include a summer jazz camp and honor band. Adam Berg and Zack Mathews, both 18 and students at local high schools, were nominated for the honor band after competitive auditions against students from other area schools. Their extra-curricular enthusiasm has been fused into the formation of their own band, Monte Cruz.
"I think the program is awesome," Berg says. "They give us a chance to meet kids from other schools and the opportunity to play with musicians of higher-than-average skill."
Honor band leader Scott Nordgren explains that one reason he took the position was the influence the Kuumbwa Jazz Center had on him as a youth. "One of my first encounters as far as playing jazz was at Kuumbwa," he says.
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Posted Dec 01, 2012 06:50 am CST
Shortly after midnight on Dec. 3, 1984, a flat, eerie cloud began to settle over the Indian city of Bhopal. The cloud was a plume of deadly methyl isocyanate leaked from a chemical plant located in the heart of the city. An estimated 2,000 people were killed almost instantly, most from asphyxiation and pulmonary edema. By morning, thousands more—many of them blind and debilitated—had collapsed in their homes or were writhing in the streets. Years later, the official death toll was set at 3,823.
The plant, owned by Connecticut-based Union Carbide, had manufactured pesticides since the late 1970s and was operated by an Indian subsidiary whose investors included the Indian government. When Union Carbide CEO Warren Anderson arrived in India to assess the damage, he was placed under house arrest. But after posting bond, he was released and returned to the United States.
Efforts to reach any substantial payout for Bhopal's victims were delayed by litigation in both countries. In 1987, a U.S. appeals court affirmed a transfer of all Bhopal cases to India, ruling that Indian courts were better situated to distill what had become hundreds of thousands of claims. In 1989, Union Carbide reached a final settlement for $470 million. By 1993 there were more than 13,000 death claims and more than 630,000 demands for medical compensation—claims made even more complex by the medical complications of grinding poverty, political opportunism and the passage of time.
In 1992, the Bhopal district court asked for the extradition of Anderson to stand trial in India. Although Union Carbide maintained that a disgruntled employee had caused the accident, prosecutors also sought charges against executives of UC's defunct Indian subsidiary. In June 2010, eight former UC officials were convicted of negligence and sentenced to two years in prison. Each was fined 100,000 rupees, about $2,100.
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Book your room at Best Western Hotel Syrene
Classic Room, 1 Double or 2 Single Beds
Max Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)Standard Room, 1 Double or 2 Single Beds, Garden View
Max Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)Double or Twin Room, Sea View
Max Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)Economy Room
Max Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)4-star hotel with free breakfast and outdoor pool
Located in the heart of Capri, this hotel is within a 10-minute walk of Museum Ignazio Cerio, Charterhouse of St. Giacomo, and Piazzetta Capri. Gardens of Augustus and Via Krupp are also within 10 minutes.
Hotel Features
An outdoor pool, a bar/lounge, and a poolside bar are available at this hotel. Free continental breakfast, free WiFi in public areas, and free train station pick-up are also provided. Other amenities include a coffee shop/café, a rooftop terrace, and massage/treatment rooms.
Room Amenities
Rooms feature free WiFi, 24-hour room service, and satellite TV. Minibars, coffee makers, and free local calls are among the other amenities available to guests.
Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
The hotel offers a coffee shop/café. Guests can unwind with a drink at one of the hotel's bars, which include a poolside bar and a bar/lounge. A complimentary breakfast is offered. Public areas are equipped with complimentary high-speed wireless Internet access.
This Capri hotel also offers an outdoor pool, a rooftop terrace, and multilingual staff.
- Outdoor pool
- Poolside bar
- Spa treatment room(s)
- Conference space
- Multilingual staff
- Laundry facilities
- Elevator/lift
- 24-hour front desk
- Bar/lounge
- Coffee shop or café
- Free breakfast
- Airport transportation
- Rooftop terrace
- Luggage storage
- Airport transportation (surcharge)
- Free WiFi
- Free train station pickup
Family Friendly Amenities
- Outdoor pool
- Free Wi-Fi
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Laundry facilities
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Room Amenities
- Hair dryer
- Air conditioning
- Minibar
- Coffee/tea maker
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Free toiletries
- Iron/ironing board
- Free local calls
- Satellite TV service
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Cribs/infant beds available
- Free WiFi
- Room service (24 hours)
Where to Eat
Guests are offered a complimentary continental breakfast.
24-hour room service is available.
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Special check-in instructions:
Payment types
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- No onsite parking is available.
Optional extras
- Deposit: EUR 200 per stay
- Crib (infant bed) fee: EUR 50 per day
We should mention
Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 999.99, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation. Some facilities may have restricted access. Guests can contact the property for details using the contact information on the booking confirmation.


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by kovdev
Developer Notes
Wallpapers to spice up your device! Inspired by Droid Life!
Who doesn't love wallpapers?
These images are created for and influenced by the leading news site for Android related information, Droid Life. We've put together ten different backgrounds that are ready to be used on your...


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Architect: Primus architects, atelier + production
Location: Zealand, Denmark
Project team: David Bülow-Jacobsen (architect maa, partner), Per Appel (architect maa, partner), Caspar Wissing (student of architecture)
Client: Jakob Lundsteen og Susanne Mahler
All construction: Primus architects, atelier + production
Site Area: 1,200 sqm
Constructed Area: 75 sqm
Project year: 2009
Photographs: Tina Krogager
The project is situated by the coast of the north of Zealand, Denmark.
With 2 bedrooms it offers a total of 75 m2 of living space. The plot is a partitioning of a larger plot belonging to an old thatched house and is partly enclosed by trees. The two buildings, inhabited by two generations, share the garden, and in the layout of the site plan attention has been given to providing both separate and common spaces.
The main focus has been to add spatiality and experience of light to the relatively small program. The plan sets the bedrooms apart from the large living space and introduces an open hallway. Diagonal views stretch out through the whole building. In working with the section ceiling height is minimized and "sky-boxes" are added to provide space and air.
The large glazed openings incorporate the sky as a 5th façade. Large sliding doors lets the in- and outside melt together.
The balloon frame construction sits on the exposed concrete base. 30 x 30 mm oak lists wrap the building. The lists are treated with iron sulfate which darkens and enhances the structure of the wood . Floor boards are oak as well. Insulation is mineral wool, roof 300 mm, walls 150 mm.
Heating is provided by a heat pump integrated in the wall, reducing heating costs and CO2 emission. The "sky-boxes" ventilate the space trough natural chimney effect. A cast iron stove is for additional heating.


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Created in this Craftsy class
Craftsy Block of the Month 2013
taught by Laura Nownes
Learn new quilting techniques, make new friends and create a sampler quilt! Laura Nownes demonstrates 10 fabulous blocks and numerous techniques in this FREE class.
Other projects made as part of this class:
View all class projects »Offer some kudos...
Join the conversation...
Ask a question...
Add your comment...
Here are some details about my project: | |
Category | Quilting |
Type | Home Decor |
Style | Classic, Traditional |
My block is a little bit different from the original (C1+C2), but I like it more this way.
I really like your fabrics in this block! They really do influence the results. Too much contrast in (C1+C2) and the block goes into a spin. Mine was 2 values of red in that spot so it looked like subtle shading. So many ways to go!


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Dr. Boren, Dr. Smith and staff are pleased to welcome you to our office. We strive to provide exceptional eye care with state-of-the-art equipment. We would like to educate our patients about their eyes and eye health as thoroughly as possible. Our goal is to provide the highest level of care and service for each patient.
6360 Mae Anne Avenue, Suite 1
Reno, NV 89523
Phone: 775-787-9137
Fax: 775-323-3652
To find information on the Ray Ban promotion, please click here!


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If you no longer work for an employer but are owed wages, that employer is legally required to pay you all monies due. This includes all wages earned up until your separation date. However, your employer has rights, as well. The time frame for paying final wages often depends on your state of employment and the manner in which you were terminated.
Federal Law
The Fair Labor Standards Act is the federal law that governs minimum wage, child labor, record-keeping and overtime for most jobs in the United States. Federal law requires an employer to establish regular paydays and pay employees in a prompt manner, but it does not require your employer to pay final wages immediately upon separation.
State Law
Most states set a time frame for an employee's final wage distribution. Whereas regular paycheck distribution time frame normally depends on whether an employee is exempt or nonexempt, final wages often depend on how the employee was terminated. For example, in California, if an employee was fired or quits and gives at least 72 hours of notice, final wages are due immediately upon separation. If she quits without giving 72 hours of notice, final wages can be paid up to 72 hours after separation.
Pay Types
Final pay applies to regular and overtime wages earned up to the date of separation; however, other types of wages might apply as well. Some states require an employer to include accrued vacation time in an employee's final wages, regardless of how she was terminated; others leave it up to company policy. In the latter case, if your employer has a written and established policy, he must follow it. For example, under a company policy that requires you to give at least two weeks' notice to obtain unused vacation pay, if you were fired, this rule does not apply to you, but if you quit and gave the appropriate notice, it does. The state might have specific rules concerning bonus and commission payout, which often depends on the terms of the agreement. Also, if you signed an employment contract stipulating that you're eligible to receive severance pay, your employer must honor the agreement.
Wage Claim
If your employer does not pay you by the required time frame, mail or deliver a letter to him requesting payment. If he still fails to comply, contact your state's Department of Labor for its procedures on filing a wage claim. In many cases, you are required to fill out a form on which you state details of your termination, such as the separation date and the amount of money owed, with relevant attachments such as wage statements and employment contract. The department investigates your claim. If it agrees with you, it may order your employer to pay you wages due. Depending on your state and the situation, your employer might be required to pay you penalties as well. The state has a time frame by which claims must be filed.
Court Action
The state might require that you try other administrative remedies, such as filing a wage claim with the labor department, before filing a lawsuit in court. A lawsuit is particularly effective if your state labor department does not handle certain types of payment recovery, if it does not have the authority to order your employer to pay wages or if the time frame to file with the labor department has passed but the time frame to file with the court is still in effect. If your claim exceeds the amount allowed in small claims court, contact the state Superior Court for its procedures on filing a lawsuit; consider using an attorney in this case. If you and several employees were not paid final wages, you can all pool your claims as a class action and use an attorney to represent you as a group. The court can order your employer to pay your court and attorney fees.
Photo Credits
- Comstock/Comstock/Getty Images


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Levi's Stadium
The Field of Jeans[1] | |
Levi's Stadium on August 2, 2014, hosting its first soccer match featuring the San Jose Earthquakes and Seattle Sounders FC.
Location | 4900 Marie P DeBartolo Way, Santa Clara, California, United States[2] |
Coordinates | 37°24′11″N 121°58′12″W / 37.403°N 121.970°WCoordinates: 37°24′11″N 121°58′12″W / 37.403°N 121.970°W |
Public transit | Great America Santa Clara – Great America |
Owner | Santa Clara Stadium Authority |
Operator | Santa Clara Stadium Authority |
Executive suites | 176 |
Capacity | 68,500[3] |
Record attendance | WrestleMania 31: 76,976 (March 29, 2015) |
Surface | Tifway[4][5] |
Construction | |
Broke ground | April 19, 2012[6] |
Opened | July 17, 2014[6] |
Construction cost | $1.3 billion (est)[6] |
Architect | HNTB |
Project manager | Hatheway Consulting LLC.[7] |
Structural engineer | Magnusson Klemencic Associates[8] |
Services engineer |
Electrical- Cupertino Electric Inc. Mechanical- M–E Engineers[9] |
General contractor | Turner Construction/Devcon JV[10][11] |
Tenants | |
San Francisco 49ers (NFL) (2014–present) Foster Farms Bowl (NCAA) (2014–present) San Jose Earthquakes (MLS) (2014-2015) |
Website | |
levisstadium |
Levi's Stadium is a football stadium in Santa Clara, California which serves as the current home of the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League.
In 2006, the 49ers initially proposed constructing a new stadium at Candlestick Point in San Francisco, the site of their former home, Candlestick Park. The project, which included plans for retail space and housing improvements, was considered to have been of great potential benefit to the nearby historically blighted neighborhood of Hunters Point. After negotiations with the city of San Francisco fell through, the 49ers focused their attention on a site adjacent to their administrative offices and training facility in Santa Clara, a South Bay city adjacent to San Jose.
In June 2010, Santa Clara voters approved a measure authorizing the city government to lease land to the 49ers Stadium Authority to construct a new football stadium. The necessary funds were secured in December 2011, allowing construction to start in April 2012.[6] Levi's Stadium opened on July 17, 2014.[6]
Levi's Stadium is scheduled to host Super Bowl 50 on February 7, 2016,[12][13] the 2015 NHL Stadium Series featuring the Los Angeles Kings and the San Jose Sharks on February 21, 2015, and WrestleMania 31 on March 29, 2015,[14] the almost final concerts of the Grateful Dead (featuring Davey Gans' favorite loser guitarist, Trey Anastasio), and will be the new permanent home of college football's annual Foster Farms Bowl.[15] Levi's Stadium will also serve as the site of the Pacific-12 Football Championship Game for at least three years, beginning in 2014. Previously the game was played at the home stadium of the division winner with the better record entering the game.[16][17]
Stadium design[edit]
The stadium was designed by HNTB, an internationally renowned architectural firm, with a focus on creating a multi-purpose venue and with the fan experience and green technology as top priorities. Civil engineering work was performed by Winzler & Kelly, which was acquired by GHD Group in 2011. Commissioning services were provided by Glumac.
Basic stadium features[edit]
Levi's Stadium is designed as an open stadium with a natural grass field. It has a seating capacity of 68,500, expandable to approximately 75,000 to host major events like the Super Bowl and the FIFA World Cup. However, on March 29, 2015, WrestleMania 31 made history by extending the stadium to 76,976 in attendance. The seating design of the stadium places approximately two‐thirds of the fans in the lower bowl, which is one of the largest of its kind in the entire NFL. The design features significantly improved accessibility and seating options for fans with special needs and disabilities when compared to Candlestick Park. The configuration is similar to Ford Field, home of the NFL's Detroit Lions, with the majority of the luxury suites on one side of the field, which puts the fans in the upper deck closer to the action.
As a multi-use facility, the stadium can be configured for special touring events including concerts, motocross events, and other community events. The stadium is also designed to meet the FIFA field geometry requirements for international soccer, which will allow it to host international friendly matches and major tournaments such as the FIFA World Cup. The stadium will also feature over 109,000 square feet (10,100 m2) of flexible premium meeting space in the club areas.[18]
Environmental sustainability[edit]
Stadium proponents and those who expect to profit from the construction of the stadium claim that the stadium is currently one of the largest buildings registered with the U.S. Green Building Council. It is also believed to be the first stadium that will have both a green roof and solar panels. The 49ers are exploring collaborative opportunities with the Environmental Protection Agency to explore environmentally friendly components including:[18]
- Use of an outside commissioning agent to verify that energy‐related systems are installed, calibrated and performing in compliance with the project requirements;
- Utilization of public transit nearby including VTA, ACE, Amtrak, with connection to a proposed future BART extension;
- Construction of a green roof (27,000± sf), and photovoltaic panels (20,000± sf);
- Use of paving materials, and roofing materials with a high solar reflectance index;
- Use of recycled water for landscape irrigation, toilets and urinals along with water‐conserving fixtures;
- No use of CFC‐based refrigerants in the HVAC systems. Systems will instead use refrigerants that minimize compounds that contribute to ozone depletion;
- Installation of permanent monitoring systems that provide feedback on ventilation system performance;
- Diversion, recycling and/or salvaging 75% of non‐hazardous construction waste; and
- Use of controllable and programmable lighting control systems and thermal comfort control systems.
Public transit[edit]
Stadium patrons have the option of riding VTA Light Rail to the stadium. The closest light rail station is the Great America station, which is located just west of the stadium in the median of Tasman Drive.
To the east, other transit options include the VTA Lick Mill station (also in the Tasman median) as well as the Amtrak and ACE station near California's Great America.
Nearby transit stations[edit]
Station name | Agency name |
Great America | VTA Light Rail |
Santa Clara - Great America | ACE |
Santa Clara - Great America | Amtrak |
Walking and bicycling[edit]
Levi's Stadium was constructed immediately east of the San Tomas Aquino Trail, a paved multi-use path installed by the City of Santa Clara in 2004[19] that connects to a continuous 100-mile network of off-street paths including the regional San Francisco Bay Trail. The city announced in March 2013 that the San Tomas Aquino Trail would be "temporarily detoured between Agnew Road and Tasman Drive for approximately 1 year starting April 15 and ending when the Stadium is open,[20]" but this one-mile section of the trail remained closed to the public before and during stadium events since they began in August 2014, requiring the continued use of the two-mile on-street detour.
The stadium project's Final Environmental Impact Report (EIR) disclosed no such ongoing temporary closures of the trail, but stated instead that "While there will likely be a sizeable increase in pedestrians on the San Tomas Aquino Creek trail before and after NFL events, the creek trail is open to both pedestrians and cyclists and there are no restrictions on use. Anyone at anytime can access and use the trail."[21]
Vehicular access[edit]
The stadium's official mailing address is on Marie P DeBartolo Way (formerly Centennial Boulevard), which is actually a cul-de-sac on the east side of the stadium. The primary access route to the stadium is Tasman Drive, which runs along its northern side. Tasman is a major east-west arterial road which connects to Interstate 880 several miles to the east. Both west and east of the stadium, Tasman intersects with various north-south arterial roads which connect to several important freeways, such as U.S. Route 101, California State Route 237, and Interstate 280. The closest and most important of those north-south roads is Great America Parkway to the west of the stadium, which is named after the theme park to the south.
Naming rights[edit]
On May 8, 2013, the 49ers announced that San Francisco-based Levi Strauss & Co. purchased the naming rights to the new stadium. The deal calls for Levi's to pay $220.3 million to the city of Santa Clara and the 49ers over 20 years, with an option to extend the deal for another five years for around $75 million.[22]
Levi's Stadium has been praised for its excellent sightlines, beautiful architecture, plentiful amenities, technological advancements, convenient public transportation access, and environmental sustenance.[23] However, the stadium has been heavily criticized for its highly corporate atmosphere and lack of a football atmosphere that Candlestick Park had. With the stadium having the most expensive tickets prices in the league during its inaugural season, many long-tenured and loyal fans that have contributed to the football atmosphere at Candlestick Park are priced out. Also, with the several distractions inside the stadium that includes several bars and lounges, fans would often hang out in those places while the game is going on rather than watching the game from their seats.[24]
Levi's Stadium has also received heavy criticism for fan comfort on hot days during early-season afternoon games. The majority of fans are seated on the east side of the stadium and during these afternoon games, they are exposed to the sun as there is no shade provided due to the lack of overhangs. With the climate of Santa Clara being much warmer than San Francisco that it makes watching games on hot days uncomfortable for fans that are less accustomed to the heat than other stadiums in hot-weather climates. Several fans suffered heat exhaustion during preseason and early season afternoon games. This has led to the eastern stands being largely empty on hot days.[25]
Previous plans[edit]
The San Francisco 49ers played at Candlestick Park from 1971-2013. The stadium was a sentimental fan favorite and housed all 5 Super Bowl Championship teams. It was, however, the oldest unrenovated stadium in the NFL and was beginning to show its age.
The 49ers pursued a new stadium since 1997, when a plan for a stadium and a mall at Candlestick Point passed a public vote. When the plans failed to move forward, the San Francisco 49ers presented an alternative plan on July 18, 2006, to construct a new 68,500-seat, open air stadium as part of a mixed use development featuring housing, commercial and retail space. In November 2006 the team announced that plans for a new stadium at Candlestick Point was not feasible, "citing extensive costs for infrastructure, parking accommodations and other changes that would cost more than the stadium itself".[26] The 49ers turned their focus to making Santa Clara the home to their new stadium.
The 1997 plan[edit]
San Francisco voters in 1997 approved $100 million in city spending to build a new stadium and an attached shopping mall at Candlestick Point. However, even after voter approval to grant economic help for the project, the stadium was not constructed. This was because owner Eddie DeBartolo, Jr. was facing legal troubles, which led him to surrender ownership of the team to his sister Denise DeBartolo York and brother-in-law John York. Mills Corporation, the company chosen by the 49ers, was unable to put together a plan to successfully construct a new stadium for the team.[27] NFL owners had gone as far as awarding the new stadium the rights to host Super Bowl XXXVII. When stadium plans stalled, the game went to Qualcomm Stadium instead.
For years, the city and team ownership were embattled over attempts to gain funding and a green-light for construction of a new stadium. None of these attempts proved to be successful.[citation needed]
The 2006 plan[edit]
The city of San Francisco received a new incentive to get a new stadium built. Mayor Gavin Newsom wanted to bring the 2016 Summer Olympics to the city, and a new stadium would sweeten the city's proposal for selection by the United States Olympic Committee as the official US submission to the IOC. The announcement came in November 2006, with the new 49ers stadium as the centerpiece of an Olympics bid, and the construction of the Olympic village would be converted into low-income housing after the games were over.[28]
The new 68,500-seat stadium was to be built at Candlestick Point on land just southeast of Candlestick Park. The cost of the stadium would be $916 million. Lennar Corporation would build housing, retail, and office space around the stadium area.[27] Originally, part of the area surrounding Candlestick Park was to be zoned for retail space and housing; the new 49ers stadium was to be combined with such elements, bringing much-needed attractions to the historically blighted neighborhood of Hunters Point.[29]
The stadium would be stocked with 150 luxury suites, 7,500 premium club seats, and an increased amount of seats lower and closer to the field, called "bowl seating," potentially raising the 49ers franchise value up as much as $250 million and offering at least $300 million in advertising and concession deals, the majority of which from paid corporate naming.[30] The architectural design would be reminiscent of San Francisco buildings.
The project planning did not get off to a good start, however, with contention between the 49ers and the city of San Francisco over viable locations for the new stadium. Initially, the idea was to build a stadium in the parking lot of Candlestick Park and later demolish the aging stadium. Team ownership feared that construction of the village and the stadium would severely limit the amount of land available in Candlestick Point, creating a parking problem for fans and increasing traffic along the roads that link the stadium to the freeway. Moreover, with residents in the low-income housing by 2016, traffic would be permanently increased, further damaging the already-limited methods of transportation to the park.[31]
With San Francisco slow to come up with better locations for the stadium or ways to circumvent the problems posed by a construction at Candlestick Point, team owners Denise DeBartolo York and John York announced on November 9, 2006, that the 49ers were shifting their efforts to create a new stadium to the city of Santa Clara, home to the team offices and training facility since 1987, approximately 40 miles (64 km) south of San Francisco.
The sudden removal of the planned stadium forced the San Francisco Olympics bid group to cancel its proposal,[32] which engendered great anger not only from Mayor Newsom, but also from such 49ers legends as Joe Montana and Ronnie Lott, who were part of the effort to bring the Olympics to the Bay Area. In addition, many fans were outraged at the suggestion to move the 49ers out of the city that it had shared history with for decades. The Yorks insisted that the legacy of the franchise would be respected in the sense that the 49ers would not be renamed nor moved out of the Bay Area. This was met with much opposition from Mayor Newsom and Senator Dianne Feinstein (who was mayor of San Francisco between 1978 and 1988); the senator stated that the team should be unable to use the San Francisco name if its operations were not based in the city.[33] On January 3, 2007, California State Senator Carole Migden introduced a bill, entitled SB49, that would bar the 49ers from building a new stadium within a 100-mile (160 km) radius of San Francisco, if they were to leave the city. The 49ers organization announced its strong opposition to the legislation and retorted that passing such a bill would only encourage the team to move out of the Bay Area altogether.[34] The bill died without being acted upon.[35]
Santa Clara city council negotiations[edit]
The Santa Clara stadium project has been in the works since 2007, with negotiations beginning in 2008. Two years have produced the following documents that were key to understanding the stadium deal that went before the voters of Santa Clara on June 8, 2010. All documents cited below are publicly available on the City of Santa Clara's website.
- Term Sheet: Detailed agreement between the city of Santa Clara and the San Francisco 49ers about the financing, construction, operation, and eventual demolition of the stadium. Key points include: no new or increased city taxes or costs to residents; 49ers responsible for construction and operation cost overruns; and the city will continue to own the land and receive rent payments back to its general fund from the stadium.[36]
- 49ers Stadium Proposal: A PowerPoint presentation given to the City of Santa Clara April 24, 2007.[37]
- Study: Economic and Fiscal Impacts of a New State-of-the-Art Stadium in Santa Clara: This is a study conducted by Conventions Sports and Leisure (CSL). It highlights estimates of a new stadium's economic and fiscal impact on the City of Santa Clara and the region including the creation of new jobs and new economic activity.[38]
- Environmental Impact Report: This document is part of the state-mandated California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) process. It researches in depth all possible environmental impacts the stadium may have.[39]
Most city council members in Santa Clara were extremely receptive to the possibility of a new stadium being constructed there for the 49ers. In 2009, the Santa Clara City Council, led by Mayor Patricia Mahan, along with city employees began negotiating in earnest with the team, who presented the city with stadium plans. On June 2, 2009, by a 5 to 2 vote, the Santa Clara city council agreed to preliminary terms (as detailed in a term sheet[40]). The official term sheet states that the team's name will not change; the team will continue to be called the San Francisco 49ers even when the move to Santa Clara is complete.[41][42]
The campaign[edit]
Santa Clara stadium campaign[edit]
The Santa Clara stadium was constructed on a city-owned parking lot on Tasman Drive, located adjacent to the north of California's Great America theme park and leased to Great America for overflow parking. As with Candlestick Park, there are relatively few amenities in the stadium's immediate vicinity for sports fans, besides the 49ers headquarters and training facility. The Santa Clara Convention Center is northwest of the stadium site and there are two hotels on Tasman Drive next to the convention center, but the closest significant concentration of hotels and restaurants is on the Mission College Boulevard corridor almost a mile to the south, on the other side of Great America.
In December 2009, the owner of the theme park filed a lawsuit to stop the project from proceeding.[43] However, the lawsuit was dismissed in court.
On December 15, 2009, the Santa Clara City Council voted 5 to 2 to withdraw their city-sponsored ballot measure on the stadium issue in favor of a ballot initiative, Measure J.[44] The ballot initiative was voted on on June 8, 2010 and passed by 58% of Santa Clara voters.[45][46] Santa Clara City Council members William Kennedy and Jamie McLeod had opposed the stadium project and worked (unsuccessfully) to get Measure J defeated.[47]
Measure J: June 8, 2010[edit]
Measure J is a binding, voter-initiated measure that was approved by voters in the City of Santa Clara. All documents cited below are publicly available on the City of Santa Clara's official website.
- Ballot Question: This is the question that was presented to voters:[48]
- Shall the City of Santa Clara adopt Ordinance 17.20 leasing City property for a professional football stadium and other events; no use of City General or Enterprise funds for construction; no new taxes for residents for stadium; Redevelopment Agency funds capped for construction; private party pays all construction cost overruns; no City/Agency obligation for stadium operating/maintenance; private party payment of projected fair market rent; and additional funds for senior/youth/library/recreation to City's General Fund?
- Voter Ordinance: This city ordinance becomes law if Santa Clara voters approve Measure J.[49]
Election results[edit]
Measure J (June 8, 2010)[50] | ||
Choice | Votes | % |
Yes | 14,782 | 58.2 |
No | 10,505 | 41.8 |
Total votes | 25,133 | 100.00 |
Oakland Raiders as possible co-tenants[edit]
There was a possibility that the Oakland Raiders might share the stadium, allowing its costs to be split between the two teams.[51] The 49ers[51] and Raiders[52] have publicly said it would be an option if possible, while NFL commissioner Roger Goodell is strongly in favor of the two sharing a stadium.[53] Fans of both teams reacted negatively to the idea. Along with the New York metropolitan area (where the New York Giants and New York Jets shared Giants Stadium from 1984–2009 and currently share its successor, MetLife Stadium, which both teams financed), the Bay Area is one of two NFL markets with two teams.
The 49ers and Raiders sharing a stadium would not be unprecedented, as the two shared Kezar Stadium for part of 1960.[54] It would also fulfill the late Raiders owner Al Davis' elusive goal of a new stadium, something he had strongly desired since moving the team from Los Angeles back to Oakland in 1995.[55] The Raiders, as it stands, play at O.co Coliseum and are the only NFL team still sharing its home field with a Major League Baseball team; the Raiders' lease on the Coliseum expires after the 2014 season.[56]
In the wake of Davis' death, the possibility of the 49ers and Raiders sharing the stadium became a stronger possibility, as the Raiders would be more receptive to the idea. However, by October 2011, the 49ers were far enough along on the stadium to have reportedly already sold over a quarter of the luxury suites, meaning the Raiders would be forced to be secondary tenants.[57] In October 2012, Oakland Raiders owner Mark Davis told reporters he had no plans to share the Santa Clara stadium with the 49ers. According to the report, discussions have remained open, although Davis wants to keep the team in Oakland, or a nearby site in Dublin, California.[58]
When the stadium had its grand opening on July 17, 2014, Goodell mentioned to the live crowd that it would make a great home for the Raiders and that it is up for the team to decide whether or not it wants to play there or build a stadium on the site of the O.co Coliseum. While the 49ers remain open to sharing the stadium with the Raiders, the Raiders have said that their personal preference would be the Coliseum site.[59]
On February 20, 2015, the Raiders announced that they would be seeking a joint stadium in Carson, California with the San Diego Chargers should they not receive public funding to replace O.co Coliseum, presumably ending the possibility of the Raiders sharing Levi's Stadium.[60]
Financing and construction[edit]
In December 2011, the Santa Clara City Council voted for an agreement that calls for the city's Stadium Authority to borrow $850,000,000 from Goldman Sachs, Bank of America and U.S. Bank. This will cover most of the construction costs, with the remainder to be made up via funding from the NFL, a hotel tax and city redevelopment funds. Interest, fees and terms for this loan have not been disclosed.[61][62] The $850,000,000 building loan, plus interest and fees will be assumed by the City's Stadium Authority, where additional interest and fees will be applied. On February 2, 2012, NFL owners approved a loan to the 49ers of $200,000,000, for use in constructing the new stadium, and to be taken from a new G-4 stadium loan fund.[63] Terms of the loan were not specified, but under the previous G-3 plan, money was repaid directly into the league's account from the borrowing team's share of gate receipts from road games.
Construction began soon after funding for the stadium had been confirmed. The official groundbreaking took place on April 19, 2012.[6] On July 30, 2012, the first steel beams for the stadium were laid down.[64] The first seats in Levi's Stadium were installed on October 1, 2013.
Construction was halted on June 11, 2013, after a mechanic working on an elevator was struck by a counterweight and then fell down the shaft to his death.[65] Work resumed two days later after officials from the California Occupational Safety and Health Administration (Cal/OSHA) declared the site safe, but as of October 2013, the accident remained under investigation.[66][67]
The stadium opened on July 17, 2014.[68] It was originally scheduled to open on July 11, but was pushed back due to construction delays. The first game played at the new stadium was a Major League Soccer match on August 2, 2014, where the San Jose Earthquakes defeated Seattle Sounders FC 1–0 before a crowd of 48,765. The inaugural goal was scored in the 42nd minute by Yannick Djaló.[69]
On August 17, 2014, the 49ers lost their first preseason game, 34–0, against the Denver Broncos at Levi's Stadium. One fan at the game collapsed due to the heat and had to be rushed to a local hospital, where he died.[70]
The first 49ers' regular-season game at the stadium was held during Week 2 on September 14, 2014, when the team hosted the Chicago Bears on Sunday Night Football.[71] The Bears won the game 28–20[72] in front of a 49ers home record attendance of 70,799.[73]
Weekdays and parking[edit]
In November 2013, stadium and 49ers' officials initially requested the NFL to not schedule any Monday or Thursday night home games during Levi's Stadium's inaugural season due to parking issues in the area surrounding the stadium during weekdays.[74] Two months later, in January 2014, the Santa Clara city government was able to secure more than the 21,000 necessary parking spots by approving use of the fairways at the city-owned Santa Clara Golf and Tennis Club (which is located to the north of the stadium across Tasman Drive). This arrangement is similar to and was modeled upon a longstanding arrangement between the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California and the adjacent Brookside Golf Course, where the golf course was modified to allow for vehicular access to the fairways; they are used for parking only when dry to minimize damage, and any damage that does occur is repaired afterward.
With access to the golf course fairways, Levi's Stadium now had 31,600 potential parking spaces, meaning that tailgating and weeknight games were now a possibility. However, the NFL decided not to schedule any weeknight home games at Levi's Stadium in 2014 until traffic flow within the area is figured out, with the exception of a Thanksgiving game between the 49ers and the Seattle Seahawks on November 27, 2014. Parking prices, which averaged $30 in the 49ers' final season at Candlestick Park, will increase to $40 at Levi's Stadium.[75]
Anticipating significant traffic from Levi's Stadium visitors, the nearby city of Mountain View instituted a three-hour parking limit on downtown streets during game days. While residents received exemptions via permit tags, stadium-goers must park in paid lots or far from Mountain View's Caltrain/VTA light rail station. This station is the closest VTA light rail station to San Francisco and receives transferring passengers heading south to San Jose via light rail (including people using the light rail to go directly to the Levi's Stadium station).[76]
Other events[edit]
Super Bowl 50[edit]
On October 16, 2012, it was announced that Levi's Stadium was one of two finalists to host Super Bowl 50 on February 7, 2016 (the other stadium finalist being Sun Life Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida).[77][78] On May 21, 2013, it was announced that the San Francisco Bay Area had defeated South Florida in a vote of NFL owners in its bid to host Super Bowl 50.[79]
WrestleMania 31[edit]
Levi's Stadium hosted WWE's WrestleMania 31 on March 29, 2015. This was the first time WrestleMania was hosted in Northern California and the sixth WrestleMania to be held in California. The area also hosted various activities in the week-long celebration leading up to WrestleMania itself.[80]
The show set an attendance record for the stadium, with 76,976. It drew a $12.6 million gate.[81]
Ice Hockey[edit]
Levi's Stadium hosted the 2015 NHL Stadium Series' February 21 game between the Los Angeles Kings and San Jose Sharks.[82] The Kings defeated the Sharks 2-1, in front of a crowd of 70,205.[83]
On July 31, 2014, the San Jose Earthquakes agreed to play one match per year for five years at Levi's Stadium.[84] Their next scheduled game at Levi's is currently May 24, 2015, hosting Orlando City SC.[85] On September 6, 2014, an international friendly between Mexico and Chile was held.[86]
- On October 23, 2014, it was announced that international pop act One Direction would bring their 2015 On The Road Again Tour to Levi's Stadium on July 11, 2015.[87]
- On October 30, 2014 Kenny Chesney announced that he would bring his The Big Revival Tour to Levi's Stadium on May 2, 2015 with Jason Aldean co headling with Chesney. Jake Owen and Cole Swindell agreed to open for the duo. It would be the first concert announced at the new home of the 49ers, which opened to the public in August.
- Taylor Swift has show dates to perform at the stadium on her fourth upcoming tour, The 1989 World Tour, on August 14 and 15, 2015.[88]
- Luke Bryan announced that he will be bringing his third headlining tour, Kick the Dust Up Tour, on August 29, 2015 with Florida Georgia Line, Randy Houser, Dustin Lynch, Thomas Rhett and DJ Rock as the opening acts.[89]
See also[edit]
- ^ "Levi's Applies for 'Field of Jeans' Trademark on Stadium". National Football League. June 2, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
- ^ Rosenberg, Mike (March 12, 2013). "49ers Stadium's New Street Address in Santa Clara Named After Team Luminaries". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
- ^ Coté, John (August 14, 2014). "Levi's Stadium: 49ers Happy, Santa Clara May Be on Hook". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
- ^ Matt Barrows (Sep 12, 2014). "Stadium grass, take two: 49ers to test reconfigured field". The Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 2014-09-13.
- ^ Mike Rosenberg (09/05/2014). "49ers switch Levi's Stadium field to Candlestick-style grass ahead of test Saturday". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved 2014-09-13. Check date values in:
(help) - ^ a b c d e f Rosenberg, Mike (April 19, 2012). "49ers' Kick Off Move to Santa Clara With Far-From-Traditional Groundbreaking". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
- ^ Fernandez, Lisa (February 15, 2012). "Santa Clara Approves $878 Million Construction Contract for Niners Stadium". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
- ^ "Sports". Magnusson Klemencic Associates. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
- ^ Miazga, Mike (July 1, 2013). "The Value Of Green". PMEngineer. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
- ^ Young, Eric (October 7, 2011). "Niners' New Stadium Construction to Begin Spring 2012". San Francisco Business Times. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
- ^ "Local Plant Laying Strong Foundation For 49ers' New Stadium". Sacramento. July 24, 2012. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
- ^ Rosenthal, Gregg (May 21, 2013). "San Francisco Awarded Super Bowl L; Houston Lands LI". National Football League. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
- ^ Naranjo, Candice. "The Super Bowl is Coming to Levi's Stadium in 2016". KRON 4. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
- ^ Bobby Melok (December 10, 2013). "WrestleMania XXXI to take place at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, Calif. on March 29, 2015". WWE.com. Retrieved 2014-05-15.
- ^ Bonagura, Kyle. "Kraft Fight Hunger Bowl Will Move to New 49ers Stadium". CBS Sports. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
- ^ Bryan Fischer (May 14, 2014). "Pac-12 to move football championship game to Levi's Stadium". NFL.com. Retrieved 2014-05-15.
- ^ "Pac-12 announces deal to host Football Championship Game at Levi's Stadium". Pac-12.Com (Pacific-12 Conference). May 15, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
- ^ a b "Stadium Design" (PDF). Santa Clara Stadium. April 20, 2010. Retrieved April 20, 2010.[dead link]
- ^ "San Tomas Aquino/Saratoga Creek Trail Connector". San Francisco Bay Trail. Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG). Retrieved 13 April 2015.
- ^ "San Tomas Aquino Creek Trail Temporary Detour". City of Santa Clara. March 21, 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
- ^ "49ers Santa Clara Stadium Project Final Environmental Impact Report". City of Santa Clara. p. 158. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
- ^ Rosenberg, Mike (May 8, 2013). "Levi's Stadium: 49ers' New Santa Clara Home Gets a Name in $220 Million Deal". San Jose Mercury News. Archived from the original on 2014-07-22. Retrieved 2014-07-22.
- ^ http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/place/article/Levi-s-Stadium-both-structurally-and-5752211.php
- ^ http://www.mercurynews.com/tim-kawakami/ci_27019868/kawakami-49ers-not-getting-homefield-advantage-from-new?source=most_viewed
- ^ http://www.mercurynews.com/49ers/ci_26669386/heat-takes-toll-49ers-fans-at-levis-stadium
- ^ "49ers to Leave Candlestick, Turn Focus to Santa Clara". ESPN. April 20, 2010. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
- ^ a b Selna, Robert (July 18, 2006). "First Look at 49ers' Stadium Plan". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved January 1, 2007.
- ^ Matier, Phillip (July 11, 2006). "Newsom's Olympic Vision Sees New 49ers Stadium". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved January 1, 2007.
- ^ Selna, Robert; Knight, Heather (November 10, 2006). "SAN FRANCISCO / New neighborhood in Hunters Point is Near Ready to Build / First 1,500 Homes at Old Shipyard Called 'Hilltop Community'". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
- ^ Swift, Mike (November 24, 2006). "Deluxe Stadium May Enrich 49ers". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
- ^ "Letter to 49ers Faithful". San Francisco 49ers. Retrieved January 1, 2007.[dead link]
- ^ Crumpacker, John (November 14, 2006). "'Shocked' S.F. Group Drops Bid for 2016 Olympics". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
- ^ "Sen. Feinstein May Write 49ers Stadium Bill". KPIX. San Francisco. November 14, 2006. Archived from the original on November 14, 2006. Retrieved January 1, 2007.[dead link]
- ^ "Letter to 49ers Faithful - 49ers, Senator Alquist Announce Opposition to SB 49". San Francisco 49ers. Retrieved January 6, 2007.[dead link]
- ^ "SB 49 Senate Bill - History". California State Legislature. Retrieved December 25, 2014.
- ^ "49ers Santa Clara Stadium Term Sheet" (PDF). City of Santa Clara. June 1, 2009. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
- ^ "49ers Stadium Proposal" (PDF). City of Santa Clara. April 24, 2007. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
- ^ "Economic and Fiscal Impacts of a New State-of-the-Art Stadium in Santa Clara" (PDF). City of Santa Clara. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
- ^ "Environmental Impact Report" (PDF). City of Santa Clara. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
- ^ 49ers term sheet
- ^ "Niners Show Santa Clara Officials Plans for New $937 Million Stadium". National Football League. July 15, 2009. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
- ^ "000webhost.com - free web hosting provider". Supportourniners.com. Retrieved February 1, 2013.[dead link]
- ^ Coté, John (December 9, 2009). "Lawsuit Could Stall 49ers' Santa Clara Stadium". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved February 11, 2014.[dead link]
- ^ "Santa Clara Backs 49ers-Sponsored Stadium Ballot Initiative". SportsBusiness Daily. December 14, 2009. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
- ^ "Measure J: Lease of City Land - Santa Clara County, CA". Smartvoter.org. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
- ^ Mintz, Howard (March 19, 2010). "Santa Clara: 49er Stadium Proposal Named Measure J". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved April 1, 2010.
- ^ Mintz, Howard (April 1, 2010). "49ers Stadium Campaign is David vs. Goliath Affair". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved April 1, 2010.
- ^ "Measure J Ballot Question" (PDF). City of Santa Clara. February 9, 2010. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
- ^ "Measure J Voter Ordinance" (PDF). City of Santa Clara. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
- ^ Elections Results from Santa Clara County, California retrieved 22 June 2014
- ^ a b Kukura, Joe (September 29, 2010). "NFL May Bribe Raiders, 49ers Into Shotgun Wedding". KNTV (San Francisco). Retrieved February 11, 2014.
- ^ Farooq, Sajid (January 18, 2011). "Davis Doesn't Deny That Raiders Could Share Stadium With 49ers". KNTV (San Francisco). Retrieved February 11, 2014.
- ^ "Roger Goodell Talks of Stadium Issues". ESPN. October 10, 2010. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
- ^ "1960 Oakland Raiders Statistics & Players". Pro-Football-Reference. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
- ^ Smith, Timothy W. (June 24, 1995). "PRO FOOTBALL; Raiders Run a Reverse Play Back to Oakland". The New York Times. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
- ^ Campbell, Dave; Krawczynski, John (May 7, 2012). "Vikings in Limbo and Expansion Not on NFL's Radar". Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
- ^ Silver, Michael (October 10, 2011). "Raiders' Relocation Scenarios Take on New Dynamic". Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
- ^ "Oakland Raiders Have No Plans to Share Stadium with 49ers". National Football League. October 16, 2012. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
- ^ Goodell: Levi's might fit Raiders ESPN.com (07/18/2014)
- ^ http://www.latimes.com/sports/la-sp-nfl-stadium-20150220-story.html#page=1
- ^ "49ers, Santa Clara Secure Funding for New Stadium". Omaha World-Herald. December 3, 2011. Retrieved December 3, 2011.[dead link]
- ^ Kegley, Scott (December 3, 2011). "New Santa Clara Stadium Update". San Francisco 49ers. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
- ^ Mintz, Howard (February 3, 2012). "NFL Owners Approve $200 Million Loan for 49ers Stadium". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
- ^ Rosenburg, Mike (April 19, 2012). "San Francisco 49ers Stadium Beams Rise from the Dirt in Santa Clara". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
- ^ Salonga, Robert; Gomez, Mike; Rosenburg, Mike (June 11, 2013). "Work Halted at New Levi's Stadium After Elevator Mechanic Killed". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
- ^ "Construction Workers Return to Levi's Stadium". KNTV (San Francisco). June 13, 2013. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
- ^ "Cal OSHA Reopens Investigation Into Elevator Worker's Death At Levi's Stadium". KOVR (Sacramento: Associated Press). October 23, 2013. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
- ^ Rosenberg, Mike (July 17, 2014). "49ers open Levi's Stadium with showstopping NFL ceremony". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
- ^ "EARTHQUAKES UPSET SOUNDERS TO OPEN LEVI'S STADIUM", Soccer By Ives, August 3, 2014.
- ^ Associated Press (18 August 2014). "Man who collapsed during San Francisco 49ers preseason game at Levi's Stadium dies". ESPN. Retrieved 2014-08-18.
- ^ David Fucillo (Apr 23, 2014). "San Francisco 49ers 2014 schedule: Dates, game times, strength of schedule and more". Niners Nation. Retrieved 2014-04-24.
- ^ Associated Press (September 14, 2014). "BRANDON MARSHALL MAKES 3 TDS VIA JAY CUTLER TO BEAT 49ERS". WLS-TV. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
- ^ National Football League (2014-09-17). "Bears-49ers Gamebook" (PDF). nfl.com. Retrieved 2014-09-22.
- ^ Matier, Phil (December 9, 2013). "Lack Of Parking Means No Monday Night Football At Levi's Stadium". KPIX (San Francisco). Retrieved December 31, 2013.
- ^ Keller, Matt (January 15, 2014). "49ers Surpass Goal for Parking Spots at New Levi's Stadium". KGO (San Francisco). Retrieved January 17, 2014.
- ^ Green, Jason (July 2, 2014). "Mountain View: Council approves pilot parking program to address impacts from Levi's Stadium". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
- ^ Davis, Craig (October 17, 2012). "South Florida a Finalist with S.F. for 50th Super Bowl". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
- ^ Coté, John (October 17, 2012). "San Francisco a Finalist to Host 2016 or 2017 Super Bowl". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
- ^ Rosenthal, Gregg (May 21, 2013). "San Francisco awarded Super Bowl L; Houston lands LI". National Football League. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
- ^ "Bay Area to Host WrestleMania XXXI". WWE. December 9, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2013.
- ^ "WWE WrestleMania record setting again", WWE press release, via The Miami Herald.
- ^ "Sharks, Kings to play in 2015 NHL Stadium Series". Sports Illustrated. August 6, 2014. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
- ^ Pollak, David (2015-02-21). "Kings edge Sharks at Levi's Stadium". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
- ^ "Earthquakes have 5-year deal with 49ers to play at Levi's". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
- ^ http://www.orlandosentinel.com/sports/orlando-city-lions/on-the-pitch/os-orlando-city-2015-major-league-soccer-schedule-20150107-post.html
- ^ "Announced: Mexico vs. Chile on Sept. 6 at Levi's® Stadium". SJEarthquakes.com. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
- ^ "On the Road Again Tour". On the Road Again Tour. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
- ^ http://taylorswift.com/events
- ^ http://www.lukebryan.com/news-details.html?n_id=2680
External links[edit]
- Official website
- Levi's Stadium Seating Chart
- Stadiums of Pro Football - 49ers Stadium - San Francisco 49ers
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Levi's Stadium. |
Events and tenants | ||
Preceded by Candlestick Park 1971 – 2013 |
Home of the San Francisco 49ers 2014 – present |
Succeeded by None |
Preceded by University of Phoenix Stadium |
Host of Super Bowl 50 2016 |
Succeeded by NRG Stadium |
Preceded by AT&T Park |
Home of the Foster Farms Bowl 2014– future |
Succeeded by none |
- Visitor attractions in Silicon Valley
- American football venues in California
- National Football League venues
- NCAA bowl game venues
- Outdoor ice hockey venues in the United States
- San Francisco 49ers stadiums
- Sports in Santa Clara, California
- Sports venues in Santa Clara County, California
- Sports venues completed in 2014
- Visitor attractions in Santa Clara, California
- Soccer venues in California


text:
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany on March 14, 1879. He had a speech problem and often paused to think about what to say next. Einstein wrote about two events he thought were important in his childhood. He remembered how he marveled at the invisible forces that turned the needle of a compass when he was five and a geometry book that he found when he was twelve. He read the book over and over. He enjoyed classical music and played the violin.
Einstein renounced his German citizenship to avoid military service and enrolled at the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zürich, Switzerland. Because he liked to study on his own, he cut classes which made some of his professors angry. Heinrich Weber, wrote a letter of "recommendation" that led to Einstein being turned down for every teaching job he applied for after graduation. In 1902, the father of a friend recommended him for a job as a clerk in the Swiss patent office in Bern, Switzerland.
In 1905, Einstein obtained his Doctorate degree and published four papers describing his research, including the Special Theory of Relativity. This theory has his famous equation e = mc2 which means that when matter is converted to energy, the amount of energy is equal to the mass of an object times the square of the speed of light in a vacuum. It also means that the speed of light is fixed and independent of the observer's motion. In 1921, he won the Nobel Prize for physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect.
Einstein moved to Princeton, New Jersey in 1933 to become a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study. In 1939, World War II broke out. Einstein was afraid that Germany was working on atomic bombs and wrote to President Franklin D. Roosevelt to explain his position. Although Einstein never actually worked on an American atomic bomb, his theories helped to make its construction possible. After the war, Einstein worked with others who wanted to see nuclear weapons abolished. From 1901 to 1954 Albert Einstein published more than 300 scientific works. In later years, he worked on a new theory, the unified field theory. Scientists recently discovered a new particle using the Large Hadron Collider which may help prove his theory.
Here are two Einstein quotes:
"If I were not a physicist, I would probably be a musician. I often think in music. I live my daydreams in music. I see my life in terms of music…. I do know that I get most joy in life out of my violin."
"I am enough of an artist to draw freely upon my imagination. Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world."
Einstein's intellect was accompanied by a strong passion for social justice and dedication to pacifism. Einstein strongly opposed injustices based on race or religion. He supported the American civil rights movement and efforts to preserve the Jewish faith. Einstein is generally considered the most influential physicist of the 20th century. TIME magazine named him "Person of the Century" in 1999. He died on April 18, 1955, in Princeton, New Jersey.


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Harm Poelman
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