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Title: Allelopathic growth stimulation of plants and microorganisms
Author(s): Mallik MAB, Williams RD
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 175-198 OCT 2005
Abstract: Growth promotion of plants by other plants and microorganisms, as well as that of microorganisms by plants and other microorganisms, is discussed. Agrostemma githago in mixed culture with wheat enhances growth and yield of wheat. Allantoin, a purine derivative and the principal component of agrostemin released from A. githago, is the growth factor. Soil amended with shoots of Solanum nigrum, enhances the soybean growth and nodulation. Growth and yield of several legumes are enhanced by mixed culture with Heliotropium peruvianum. Triacontanol isolated from alfalfa, and brassinolide from rape and alder pollen, stimulates the growth and yield of several crops. Chromosaponin 1, isolated from etiolated pea seedlings, stimulates the growth of lettuce by 190 %. Petunioside M stimulates the growth of cucumber and suppresses the cucumber mosaic virus. Strigolactones, isolated from host or non-host plants, promote seed germination of angiospermous parasites. Unidentified allelochemicals from Chenopodium album and Setaria viridis enhances the growth of Bradyrhizobium japonicum in broth culture.Seed inoculation with selected strains of Pseudomonas capacia and P. putida enhances the growth and yield of wheat under field conditions. Inoculation of soybean seeds with a strain of Bacillus cereus enhances the growth and nodulation of soybean by indigenous nodulating bacterium. Several soil microbes, with appropriate precursors, produce plant growth regulators that enhance the plant growth. Tomatoes grown in soil amended with L-ethionine at the appropriate concentration produce more and larger fruits than the untreated soil. Pearl millet inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense and grown in solution culture amended with tryptophan produces more lateral roots with greater root hair density than the control. Microbial metabolites enhance the growth of several Rhizobiuim species and promote reproduction in certain fungi. These examples indicate that the allelochemicals from plants and microorganisms have potential to enhance the yield of agricultural products, while promoting sustainable agriculture.
Author Keywords: allantoin; auxins; cytokinins; ethylene; gibberellins; nitrogen fixation; petunioside; plant-microbe interaction; rhizosphere microorganisms; saponin; strygolactones
KeyWords Plus: BACILLUS-CEREUS UW85; SOIL-MICROORGANISMS; BRADYRHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM; AZOSPIRILLUM-BRASILENSE; AZOTOBACTER-CHROOCOCCUM; PHYTOPHTHORA-CINNAMOMI; GERMINATION STIMULANT; SEED-GERMINATION; LETTUCE ROOTS; ZEA-MAYS
Addresses: Williams RD (reprint author), Langston Univ, USDA ARS GRL, POB 1730,Agr Res & Extens, Langston, OK 73050 USA E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Soil sickness in forestry trees
Author(s): Caboun V
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 199-208 OCT 2005
Abstract: The auto toxicity of tree species secretions, regulates the stand structure. The negative effects of one plant species on soil, cultivated in one place for long time and the associated problems have been summarized (11, 12). The soil fatigue is a cyclic phenomena, caused by the unilateral development of soil microflora, allelopathy, accumulation of toxins in the soil, development of pathogenic microorganisms, other pests and weeds changes in soil pH and disturbed soil structure etc. In agriculture, soil fatigue is connected to allelopathy, however, in forestry little data are available. The monoculture of tree stand for long periods slowly intoxicates the soil, leading to the gradual changes in tree species composition. These accumulated toxic substances may be absorbed by other plants and microorganisms, bound to these plants and after some time the former composition of stand could be restored. Based on of current typology, the changes in tree species structure are not considered, as it may be due to site conditions. Therefore, autointoxication (besides other anthropogenic effects) contributes to the weakening of individual tree species, which gradually causes dieback in fir or attack of pests and diseases on elm, spruce and oak.
Author Keywords: Accacia; allelopathic; beech; elm; fir; forest trees; larch; oak; pine; regeneration problem; soil fatigue; soil sickness; spruce
KeyWords Plus: REGENERATION; ALLELOPATHY; GROWTH
Addresses: Caboun V (reprint author), Forestry Res Inst Zvolen, Masaryk St 25, Zvolen, Slovakia E-mail Addresses: email@example.com
Title: Allelopathic activity and identification of allelochemicals from Rumex japonicus Houtt.
Author(s): Elzaawely AA, Xuan TD, Tawata S
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 209-216 OCT 2005
Abstract: Unlike phenolics from other plant species, phenolics from Rumex japonicus have not been documented. The aims of this work were to analyze the phenolic compounds in the aerial parts and roots of Rumex japonicus and study their allelopathic activity. HPLC and GC-MS analyses showed the presence of protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, syringic and ferulic acids, vanillin and pyrocatechin in aerial parts. Besides these six compounds, caffeic acid was detected in roots. In bioassay, the extracts from aerial parts and roots significantly decreased the seedling growth of lettuce and barnyardgrass and the inhibition of roots was greater than shoots. The pyrocatechin was present in large amounts in the aerial parts and appeared to be responsible for the activity of the aerial parts, while the phytotoxicity of roots may be due to the presence of protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic and ferulic acids as well as pyrocatechin.
Author Keywords: allelopathy; germination; phenolics; phytotoxicity; Rumex japonicus; seedling growth
KeyWords Plus: MASS-SELECTIVE DETECTION; PHENOLIC-COMPOUNDS; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PLANT-EXTRACTS; PADDY RICE; SATIVA L.; WEEDS; ACIDS
Addresses: Tawata S (reprint author), Univ Ryukyus, Fac Agr, Dept Biosci & Biotechnol, Okinawa, 9030213 Japan E-mail Addresses: email@example.com
Title: Effects of sesame seed cake allelochemicals on the growth cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Jinchun 4)
Author(s): Ruan WB, Wang J, Pan H, Li HB, Wang JG, Zhang FS, Gao YB
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 217-225 OCT 2005
Abstract: Based on our previous study, the Fraction III (one of 4 fractions which separated from the 95% ethanol extracts of sesame seed cakes), was further separated into 23 portions by a gradient of CHCl3 - MeOH (9:0.5,V/V). The tenth portion consisted of palimitc acid, oleic acid and octadecanoic acid, identified by GC-MS. To evaluate the effect of palimitic acid and oleic acid on the cucumber plant growth and the mechanism of their action, a series of potted experiments were conducted in greenhouse. The results showed that application of palmitic and oleic acids to sick soil significantly increased the dry weight and chlorophyll content of cucumber. However, the cucumber shoot Na content was decreased, because lower amount of Na was transferred to the shoot. Furthermore, the antagonistic effects of oleic acid under salt stress, were confirmed in hydroponics culture. The analysis of the soil microbial populations at harvest indicated that the activity of fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes were markedly promoted, especially bacteria (P <= 0.001). The results suggested that the fatty acids probably have potential substance to improve the soil borne diseases occurring either in the greenhouses or orchards.
Author Keywords: cucumber; oleic acid; palmitic acid; sesame seed cake; soil sickness
KeyWords Plus: PLANT-PATHOGENIC FUNGI; FATTY-ACIDS; MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; SALT STRESS; LIPID-COMPOSITION; BARLEY SEEDLINGS; DAMPING-OFF; ROOT-ROT; SUPPRESSION; VESICLES
Addresses: Wang JG (reprint author), China Agr Univ, Dept Plant Nutr, Beijing, 100094 Peoples R China;Nankai Univ, Coll Life Sci, Tianjin, 300071 Peoples R China
E-mail Addresses: email@example.com
Title: Allelopathic activity of a testa-derived solution from Siberian maple (Acer ginnala Maxim.) seeds
Author(s): Cawly J, Newton S, Bolyard M
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 227-238 OCT 2005
Abstract: We have studied the endogenous secondary metabolites present in the testa layers of Siberian maple (Acer ginnala Maxim.) fruit. We examined physical and chemical properties (specific gravity, light absorbance) of the testa-derived solution 'osmoticate', media conditions (pH, phytagar concentration) and the testa structure before and after the rehydration using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We examined in vitro, the effects of osmoticate on the seed germination and seedling development of both monocots [fescue (Festuca rubra L.)], dicots [tomato (Lycopersicon esculentuni Mill.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)], In addition to the species examined here, other organisms were tested in preliminary bioassays, including single-celled alga (Oscillatoria and Oedogonium; Carolina Biological) by adding varying concentrations of osmoticate to algal cultures. Low concentrations of osmoticate showed a stimulatory effect, indicating that perhaps the osmoticate was providing additional nutrients or, not surprisingly, that the osmoticate contains low levels of plant growth hormones (19). The effects of higher concentrations of osmoticate have been inconclusive. All three test species showed impaired root development: root length was less in tomato; root orientation was abnormal in lettuce; while in fescue, secondary root development dominated the primary root length (near zero). Besides, we also examined the effect of the osmoticate on A. ginnala seed germination. Mostly seeds remained dormant in the presence of this soluction, osmoticate. These results strongly suggest that osmoticate may contain powerful, multi-functional allelochemical(s) that inhibit development of the competitors in the plant community and also simultaineously regulate the germination of Siberian maple.
Author Keywords: Acer; allelochemicals; allelopathy; dormancy; embryo; metabolites; osmotic potential; radicle; testa
KeyWords Plus: DORMANCY
Addresses: Bolyard M (reprint author), So Illinois Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Edwardsville, IL 62026 USA E-mail Addresses: email@example.com
Title: Chlorogenic acid content in sweetpotato germplasm: Possible role in disease and pest resistance
Author(s): Peterson JK, Harrison HF, Snook ME, Jackson DM
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 239-249 OCT 2005
Abstract: Fourteen sweetpotato clones representing wide genetic diversity were field grown under low stress conditions. Chlorogenic acid contents were determined in periderm and cortex tissues of these clones. On dry weight basis, chlorogenic acid content in the periderm tissues ranged from 33 to 214 mu g g(-1) dry tissue and in the cortex from 1416 to 4213 mu g g(-1) dry tissue (181 to 1384 mu g g(-1) on fresh weight basis). In vitro bioassays were done to assess the bioactivity of chlorogenic acid on seed germination of proso millet (Panicum milliaceum L.), growth of four sweetpotato pathogenic fungi and growth and survival of diamondback moth larvae (Plutella xylostella). The highest levels of chlorogenic acid occurring in sweetpotato cortex tissue, exceeded the lowest concentrations that inhibited the growth and survival of diamondback moth larvae and the growth of three of four sweetpotato pathogenic fungi tested.
Author Keywords: allelopathy; bioassays; chlorogenic acid; concentration response; Fusarium oxysporum; Fusarium solani; Ipomoea batatas; Lasiodiplodia theobromae; Panicum milliaceum; Plutella xylostella; Rhizopus stolonifer; sweetpotato
KeyWords Plus: L LAM ROOTS; IPOMOEA-BATATAS; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; CAFFEIC ACID; TISSUE; LIVER; DISCOLORATION; BIOSYNTHESIS; MITOCHONDRIA
Addresses: Harrison HF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA E-mail Addresses: email@example.com
Title: Allelopathic effects of Poa pratensis on other grassland spp.
Author(s): Lipinska H, Wanda H
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 251-259 OCT 2005
Abstract: We estimated the allelopathic potential of water leachates from Poa pratensis leaves, sampled each month from May to September. The seeds of test species were irrigated daily with Poa pratensis leaf water leachates (1.25, 2.50, 5.00%). The distilled was used as control. The content of phenolic compounds was determined in the plant material. The effects of leaf water leachatcs of Poa pratensis on tested grass species, depended on the sampling dates of leaves. This implies that the accumulation and release of phytotoxins from plant tissues was affected by weather conditions as well as by plant developmental phase. The leaf leachates collected in July were most inhibitory to the growth of the studied species, because these leachates had the highest content of phenolic compounds. White clover proved the most and perennial ryegrass the least susceptible to allelopathic influence of P. pratensis.
Author Keywords: allelopathy; extracts; leachates; Lolium perenne; Phleum spp.; Poa pratensis; phenolic compounds; seasonal influences
KeyWords Plus: ALLELOCHEMICALS; GERMINATION
Addresses: Lipinska H (reprint author), Dept Grassland & Green Farming, 15 Akad Str, Lublin, PL-20950 Poland E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) and effective microorganisms (EM) on various plants under allelopathic stress
Author(s): Bajwa R
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 261-271 OCT 2005
Abstract: Field and pot trials were conducted to investigate the effects of allelopathy on development of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and the role of AM association in alleviating the allelopathic stress on crop growth. In field studies, the allelopathic grasses [Imperata cylindrica (L) Beauv and Dicanthium annulatum (Forssk) Stapf.] decreased the mycorrhizal colonization of associated weeds. In pot trial the allelopathic stress of Melia azedarach L. leaf mulch on growth of maize (Zea mays L.) was significantly reduced by introducing AM fungi, Consequently, the root and shoot growth of mycorrhizal plants was improved than non-mycorrhizal plants. In another pot trial, AM inoculation significantly decreased the negative effects of aqueous leaf extract of Syzygium cumuni (L.) Skeels on growth, yield and N-content of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) plants. The potential to provide relief against allelopathic stress by AM fungi was found to be further enhanced by EM (Effective microorganisms) application.
Author Keywords: allelopathy; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; chickpea; Dicanthium annulatum; EM; Imperata cylindrica; maize
KeyWords Plus: ROOTS; FUNGI; SOIL
Addresses: Bajwa R (reprint author), Univ Punjab, Dept Mycol & Plant Pathol, Lahore, Pakistan E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Weed suppression by winter cover crops
Author(s): Ercoli L, Masoni A, Pampana S
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 273-278 OCT 2005
Author Keywords: allelopathy; brown mustard; cover crops; hairy vetch; rye; weeds
KeyWords Plus: SEEDLING GROWTH; SECALE-CEREALE; MANAGEMENT; ALLELOPATHY; RESIDUE; SOIL
Addresses: Ercoli L (reprint author), Dipartimento Agron & Gest Agroecosistema, Via San Michele Scalzi 2, Pisa, I-56125 Italy E-mail Addresses: email@example.com
Title: Effect of aqueous extracts of root and stubble of oat (Avena sativa L.) on seedling growth and protein utilization in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.).
Author(s): Gupta K, Jain V, Solanki IS, Tulika
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 279-287 OCT 2005
Author Keywords: aqueous extract; dry weight; growth; mungbean; oat; plumule; protein; radicle; root; stubble
Addresses: Gupta K (reprint author), Haryana Agr Univ, Dept Biochem, Hisar, Haryana 125004 India E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Allelopathic effects of weeds on germination and seedling growth of tomato
Author(s): Sannigrahi AK, Chakrabortty S
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 289-293 OCT 2005
Author Keywords: Cynodon dactylon; Cyperus rotundus; Eupatorium odoratum; Imperata cylindrica; Ipomoea sepiaria; Mikania cordata; Parthenium hysterophorus; seed germination; seedling vigour; tomato
Addresses: Sannigrahi AK (reprint author), Minist Def, Proof & Expt Estab, Balasore, Orissa 756025 India E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Allelopathic effects of Prosopis chilensis (Molina) Stuntz. on germination and seedling growth of rice
Author(s): Punjani BL
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 295-299 OCT 2005
Author Keywords: allelopathy; fresh and dry matter; germination; Prosopis chilensis; root and shoot length; seedling growth
Addresses: Punjani BL (reprint author), Plot 200 ,AMBAR,Dist Shopping,Sector 21, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382021 India E-mail Addresses: email@example.com
Title: Effect of Ocimum americanum leachates on seed germination and seedling growth of Parthenium hysterophorus L.
Author(s): Thapar R, Singh NB
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 301-308 OCT 2005
Author Keywords: allelopathy; bioassay; chlorophyll; germination; Ocimum americanum; Parthenium hysterophorus
KeyWords Plus: CUCUMBER
Addresses: Singh NB (reprint author), Univ Allahabad, Dept Bot, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211002 India E-mail Addresses: email@example.com
Title: Effects of pollens of Datura alba L. on some crops
Author(s): Gaur S, Rana A, Chauhan SVS
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 309-315 OCT 2005
Author Keywords: Abelmoschus esculentus; Brassica juncea; Datura alba; Lycopersicon esculentum; pollen allelopathy; Solanum melongena L.
KeyWords Plus: PHLEUM-PRATENSE L; ALLELOPATHIC POLLEN; CORN POLLEN; SEED SET; IN-VITRO; POACEAE; GERMINATION; EXTRACT
Addresses: Gaur S (reprint author), Dr BR Ambedkar Univ, Sch Life Sci, Dept Bot, Khandari Campus, Agra, Uttar Pradesh 282002 India E-mail Addresses: email@example.com
Title: Impact of leaf extract of Populus deltoides Marsh on germination and seedling growth of greengram (Vigna radiata L.)
Author(s): Mandal MP, Das DK, Singh AK
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 317-322 OCT 2005
Author Keywords: aqueous extracts; germination; greengrann; Populus deltoides; seedling growth
Addresses: Das DK (reprint author), Rajendra Agr Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Physiol, Samistipur, Bihar 848125 India E-mail Addresses: email@example.com
Title: Allelopathic studies of chillies (Capsicum annuum L.)
Author(s): Sindhu G, Kumar S, Sindhu A, Abdulla MK, Ali H
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 323-328 OCT 2005
Author Keywords: Amaranthus viridis; Capsicum annuum; inhibition; leachates; plumule; radicle; Trianthema portulacastrum
Addresses: Kumar S (reprint author), Kisan Post Grad Coll, Dept Bot, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 245207 India E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Effect of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leachates on germination and seedling growth of weeds
Author(s): Sindhu A, Kumar S, Sindhu G, Ali H, Abdulla MK
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 329-334 OCT 2005
Author Keywords: allelopathy; Amaranthus viridis; Azadirachta indica; growth inhibition; leachates; Parthenium hysterophorus; stimulation
Title: Allelopathic interactions of tree spp. with mustard crop
Author(s): Abdulla MK, Kumar S, Ali H, Sindhu A, Sindhu G
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 335-340 OCT 2005
Author Keywords: allelopathy; Albizzia lebbek; bark and leaf leachate; Brassica juncea; germination; Mangifera indica; Melia azedarach; Morus alba; seedling growth; Tectona grandis
Title: Allelopathic effect of Amaranthus viridis (L.) and Parthenium hysterophorus (L.) on wheat, maize and rice
Author(s): Ali H, Kumar S, Abdulla MK, Sindhu G, Sindhu A
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 341-346 OCT 2005
Author Keywords: allelopathy; allelochemicals; Amaranthus viridis; extracts; germination; maize; Parthenium hysterophorus; rice; wheat
KeyWords Plus: GERMINATION; PLANTS
Title: Feasibility of bio-control of Parthenium hysterophorus L. with foliar extracts of selected plants
Author(s): Saxena A, Bartariya G, Srivastava JN, Satsangi GP
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 347-352 OCT 2005
Author Keywords: Acacia nilotica; allelopathy; Artemisia annua; bioassay; Calotropis procera; Cassia fistula; Eucalyptus lanceolatus; germination; leaf leachates; Parthenium hysterophorus; Polyathia longifolia; Populus deltoides; Ricinus communis; seedling growth; Tagetes patula
KeyWords Plus: GROWTH; WEED
Addresses: Saxena A (reprint author), Dayalbagh Educ Inst, Fac Sci, Dept Bot, Agra, Uttar Pradesh 282005 India E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Allelopathic potential of Cyperus rotundus (L) on germination and seedling growth of Oryza sativa (L)
Author(s): Bartariya G, Saxena A, Srivastava JN, Satsangi GP
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 353-358 OCT 2005
Author Keywords: allelopathy; bioassay; Cyperus rotundus; germination; Oryza sativa; seedling growth; weeds
Addresses: Bartariya G (reprint author), Dayalbagh Educ Inst, Fac Sci, Dept Bot, Agra, Uttar Pradesh 282005 India E-mail Addresses: email@example.com
Title: Allelopathic plants. XVIL. Cistus ladanifer L.
Author(s): Dias AS, Costa CT, Dias LS
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (1): 1-30 JUL 2005
Abstract: Cistus ladanifer is a Mediterranean aromatic shrub with wide array of anatomical, phenological and physiological characteristics that explains its success as a pioneer species in and environments. Also, it is very well fitted to cyclic and strong disturbances as those resulting from frequent fires., Therefore, in addition to a general characterization of the species, we address the fire ecology of C ladanifer and the role that allelopathy might play in it. Ladane is singled out, considering not only its production and protective role but also presenting a comprehensive review of its chemical composition. Finally, allelopathic research involving microbes, crops and search for natural herbicides, and natural ecosystems is presented, reanalyzed and discussed emphasizing interactions of effects and their significance on the ecological role of secondary products of C ladanifer.
Author Keywords: Allelopathy; antagonism; Cistus ladanifer; fire ecology; flavonoids; germination; interaction of effects; ladane; natural herbicides; phenolic acids; seeds; steroids; synergy; terpenoids; trichomes; UV protection
KeyWords Plus: PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; GENUS-CISTUS; L CISTACEAE; CUTICULAR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OIL; GUM LABDANUM; SEED-GERMINATION; SAPONIFICATION PRODUCTS; FLAVONOID AGLYCONES; EPICUTICULAR WAXES
Addresses: Dias LS (reprint author), Univ Evora, Ctr Quim, Dept Quim, Evora, P-7002554 Portugal E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Allelochemicals as fluorescent markers, dyes and probes
Author(s): Roshchina VV
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (1): 31-46 JUL 2005
Abstract: Some allelochemicals, viz., alkaloids and terpenoids, can fluoresce by excitation from ultra-violet or violet light. The fluorescence occurred both in intact secretory plant cells rich in alkaloids and terpenoids and in excretions from the cells of various organs of Achillea millefolium L., Berberis vulgaris L., Chelidonium majus L., Gaillardia pulchella Foug., Abies sibirica L., Ruta graveolens L.; Mentha piperita L., Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Among the allelopatically active species studied, bright orange light emission was peculiar to root idioblasts of Ruta graveolens, which contain acridone alkaloids, especially rutacridone and to laticifers of Chelidonium. majus, including alkaloids sanguinarine and chelerythrine, where blue fluorescence was seen due to sesquiterpene lactones located in secretory cells of leaves and flowers of genera Achillea, Artemisia and Gaillardia.. The fluorescence may serve as a marker for the cytodiagnostics of the secretory structures in luminescent microscope. In our experiments, alkaloids viz., berberine, glaucine, casuarine fluoresced in violet-blue (410-470 nm) and green-yellow region with maximum 520 nm; the alkaloids rutacridone, sanguinarine, chelerythrine in orange spectral region (585-600 nm) and sesquiterpene lactones viz., artemisinine, tauremisine, gaillardine in violet-blue (410 470 nm). When the pure fluorescent substances (10(-6)-10(-5)M) were added to the acceptor cell (vegetative. microspores of Equisetum arvense or pollen of Hippeastrum hybridum) that served for the modelling of allelopathic interactions, the changes in their fluorescence were seen. Alkaloids, which also have the anti cholinesterase activity, such as berberine and sanguinarine concentrated and fluoresced with yellow-orange colour on the surface of the cell. Pollen germination in artificial nutrient medium decreased after the addition of berberine and sanguinarine. As for alkaloid rutacridone and sesquiterpene lactones (artemisinine, azulene and gaillardine) which passed through plasmalemma into the cell, they stained intracellular structures. As a result, nuclei and chloroplasts became green- lightening (the staining with rutacridone) or blue- lightening (the staining with sesquiterpene lactones). The compounds may be used to study the mechanisms of allelochemical action and in laboratory practice as fluorescent dyes and probes.
Author Keywords: Alkaloids; allelochemicals; artemisinine; chemosignalling; Equisetum arvense; fluorescence; gaillardine; Hippeastrum; hybridum; microspores; pollen; sensory systems; sesquiterpene lactones; tauremizine
KeyWords Plus: MECHANISMS; POLLEN
Addresses: Roshchina VV (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Cell Biophys, Pushchino, 142290 Russia E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Pot cultures : simple tool and complex problem
Author(s): Politycka B, Lipinska H
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (1): 47-62 JUL 2005
Abstract: The pot studies are very important part of allelopathy research. There are different methods of pot cultures for allelopathy investigations. Several methodological problems and conditioning are outlined, which must be met to obtain credible evidences, confirming the allelopathy phenomena in the ecosystem. Attention has been called to the aspects which should be considered in planning and conduct of experiments. The obtained results should be interpreted with extreme caution.
Author Keywords: allelopathy; allelochemicals; methodological problems; pot-cultures
KeyWords Plus: SEEDLING GROWTH; PHYTOTOXIC SUBSTANCES; CUCUMBER SEEDLINGS; FERULIC ACID; PHENOLIC-COMPOUNDS; LEAF EXPANSION; BIDENS-PILOSA; GRAIN-SORGHUM; ION UPTAKE; ALLELOPATHY
Addresses: Politycka B (reprint author), Agr Univ Lublin, Dept Grassland & Green Farming, Akad 15, Lublin, PL-20950 Poland E-mail Addresses: email@example.com
Title: Understanding plant strategies: Broader view for allelopathy scientists
Author(s): Aliotta G, Cafiero G, Pollio A
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (1): 63-76 JUL 2005
Abstract: Agriculture is the complex process of scientific knowledge, methods and practices to obtain useful materials from crops. Weeds comprise the "other set" of plant species found in agroecosystems. Although they are not intentionally sown, but are well adapted to crop environments and have always been associated with crops. Concerns over environmental and human health impacts of pesticides, herbicide resistance in weeds have led farmers and scientists in many countries to seek strategies that take greater advantage of ecological and biotechnological processes. Seed dispersal and seed germination are critical phases in the life-cicle of the plant, during these phases the forces of natural selection have a maximum opportunity to exert their influence. These clues have been evaluated for three annual weeds: purslane, lambsquarter and redroot pigweed to use allelopathy for weed control.
Author Keywords: agriculture; allelopathy; Amaranthus retroflexus; Chenopodium album; lambsquarter; Portulaca oleracea; purslane; redroot pigweed; seeds; weeds
KeyWords Plus: PORTULACA-OLERACEA L; WEED MANAGEMENT; GROWTH
Addresses: Aliotta G (reprint author), Univ Naples Federico II, Ctr Interdipartimentale Serv Microscopia Elett, Via Foria 223, Naples, I-80139 Italy
Title: Soil sickness and allelopathy
Author(s): Politycka B
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (1): 77-84 JUL 2005
Abstract: Simple crop rotations and the use of excessive agrochemicals in agriculture has lead to the changes in physico-chemical and biological properties of soil, adversely influencing the plant development and decreased the crops yield. This phenomenon is known an soil sickness. This review describes the factors responsible for the soil. sickness.
Author Keywords: allelopathy; monocultures; soil sickness
KeyWords Plus: DISEASE; MONOCULTURE; MECHANISMS; PESTICIDES; BIOMASS; PLANTS
Addresses: Politycka B (reprint author), August Cieszkowski Agricultural Univ, Dept Plant Physiol, Wolynska 35, Poznan, PL-60637 Poland E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Saponins of Medicago sativa as the natural inductor of laccase from Trametes versicolor
Author(s): Jarosz-Wilkolazka A, Malarczyk E, Bialy Z, Jurzysta M
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (1): 85-93 JUL 2005
Abstract: The influence of aqueous extracts of alfalfa (Medicago saliva) tops, roots, seeds and isolated total saponins (SAP) from alfalfa roots on the growth and biological activity of Trametes versicolor was examined. Results indicate that saponins from roots of a Medicago saliva strain are very good inductors of extracellular laccase (LAC). This strain was cultivated on liquid, mineral medium for 30 days. A 10-fold increase in the LAC activity was observed after the addition of saponins. Both crude saponin extracts and highly refined saponins were examined. The kinetic data were calculated for crude LAC prepared from the liquid growth medium of T versicolor. These data were obtained with three different substrates: 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (DMP) and o-methoxyphenol (o-MP) in the presence of SAP. Using ABTS as substrate, the quantity of SAP did not make any difference for the Km and Vmax. The same results were obtained using DMP as substrate in the presence of 0.1 and 1 mg of SAP and the lowest results were obtained with o-MP as substrate. The results of the present study suggest that saponins may be used as natural inductors of fungal LAC and this would obviate the need to use toxic xenobiotics.
Author Keywords: alfalfa; laccase; Medicago saliva; saponins; Trametes versicolor
KeyWords Plus: WHITE-ROT FUNGI; YUCCA-SCHIDIGERA EXTRACT; LIGNIN DEGRADATION; ENZYMES; PURIFICATION; TEMPERATURE; CULTURES; FORMS; ACID
Addresses: Jarosz-Wilkolazka A (reprint author), Inst Soil Sci & Plant Cultivat, Dept Biochem, Czartoryskich 8, Pulawy, PL-24100 Poland E-mail Addresses: email@example.com
Title: Oxygen electrode for seedling metabolism measurements in allelopathy
Author(s): Martinez-Otero A, Gonzalez L, Reigosa MJ
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (1): 95-103 JUL 2005
Abstract: Measurements of photosynthetic and respiration rates are essential to quantify the primary effects of an allelochemical on plant metabolism. Oxygen electrode had been used to test the physiological effects on photosynthetic and respiratory metabolism in adult plant parts and cell organelles. So, we have resolved to set up and improve these measurements on seedlings to obtain more accurate data in experiments, where natural chemical compounds are involved and interact with plant metabolism. The oxygen variation in course time was used to measure the photosynthesis and respiration rates of seedlings and plants parts of Lactuca sativa L., incubated in 2-benzoxazolinone (BOA), at 30 degrees C. This method has two advantages: (i) it needs small quantity of media volume and (ii) a very small quantity of plant material, that allows studies in the first stage of the plant development. Currently, this method can not be used in allelopathy, due to difficulty to standardise the experimental procedure and the use of whole seedling. So, we set it up, to determine the accurate respiration and photosynthetic rates on seedlings of L. sativa and for its simplicity to operate in allelopathic studies.
Author Keywords: allelopathy; development; hypocotiles; method; oxygen electrode; photosynthesis; physiological effects; respiration; seedlings
KeyWords Plus: RESPIRATION; GRAMINEAE; CHLOROPLASTS; FLUORESCENCE; TEMPERATURE; INHIBITION; HERBICIDES; ATPASE; PLANTS; LIGHT
Addresses: Gonzalez L (reprint author), Univ Vigo, Dept Biol Vexetal & Ciencia Solo, Edificio Ciencias Expt, Vigo, 36310 Spain E-mail Addresses: email@example.com
Title: Antifungal activity of saponins from Medicago arabica L. shoots against some pathogens
Author(s): Saniewska A, Jarecka A, Bialy Z, Jurzysta M
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (1): 105-111 JUL 2005
Author Keywords: antifungal activity; fungal spp.; Medicago arabica; saponins
KeyWords Plus: AERIAL PARTS; SATIVA L; ALFALFA; ROOT
Addresses: Jurzysta M (reprint author), Inst Soil Sci & Plant Cultivat, Dept Biochem & Plant Qual, Czartoryskich 8, Pulawy, PL-24100 Poland E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Effect of rye mulch on growth of weeds under no-tillage cultivation
Author(s): Jelonkiewicz M, Borowy A
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (1): 113-120 JUL 2005
Author Keywords: Amaranthus retroflexus; cabbage; Capsella bursa-pastoris; carrot; celeriac; Chenopodium album; cover crop; cucumber; Echinochloa crus-galli; G. quadriradiata; Galinsoga parviflora; leek; Polygonum persicaria; red beet; rye mulch; snap bean; tomato; turnip; Urtica urens; weeds; weed density
KeyWords Plus: WINTER COVER CROPS; SECALE-CEREALE L; HAIRY VETCH; CROPPING SYSTEM; SOIL-MOISTURE; MANAGEMENT; RESIDUE; VEGETABLES; IMPACT; YIELDS
Addresses: Borowy A (reprint author), Univ Agr, Dept Vegetable Crops & Med Plants, 58 St Leszczynskiego St, Lublin, PL-20068 Poland E-mail Addresses: email@example.com
Title: Biological activity of phenolic compounds present in buckwheat plants
Author(s): Kalinova J, Triska J, Vrchotova N
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (1): 123-129 JUL 2005
Author Keywords: biological activity; extract; Fagopyrum esculenthum; inhibition; lettuce; phenolic compounds
Addresses: Kalinova J (reprint author), Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Landscape Ecol, Analyt Chem Lab, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice, CR-37005 Czech Republic E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Allelopathic role of phenolic compounds extruded by Medicago sativa L. leaves in response to bacterial or viral infections
Author(s): Zobel AM, Bialonska D, Silva C, Nighswander JE
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (1): 131-136 JUL 2005
Author Keywords: infection; leaf surface; Medicago sativa; scoparone; scopoletin
KeyWords Plus: LEAF SURFACE; FURANOCOUMARINS; PLANTS; RADIATION
Addresses: Bialonska D (reprint author), Inst Environm Sci, 7 Gronostajowa, Krakow, PL-30387 Poland E-mail Addresses: email@example.com
Title: Seed hydration-dehydration in an allelochemical (coumarin) alters germination and seedling growth
Author(s): Williams RD, Peal LK, Bartholomew PW, Williams SJ
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (2): 183-195 APR 2005
Abstract: Generally, when individual allelochemical compounds are tested at concentrations commonly found in the soil, using seed germination or seedling growth bioassays, germination is only delayed and seedling growth is inhibited slightly. However, seeds in the soil may pass through several hydration-dehydration cycles prior to germination. We examined the effect of imbibition of an allelochemical on subsequent seed germination and seedling growth, by exposing radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seeds to coumarin during hydration-dehydration cycles. Seed germination after 24 h exposure to the allelochemical, was 92%, 85%, 51%, 0% in the control and coumarin at 10(-5), 10(-4) and 10(-3) M, respectively, and was 99%, 96%, 96% and 24%, respectively at 48 h after exposure. When seeds were exposed to 10(-5) and 10(-3) M coumarin, during imbibition for 2, 4 or 6 h, and transferred to water, Subsequent germination was delayed. The longer the exposure to 10(-3) M coumarin, the greater was delay in germination. Seeds exposed to coumarin (10(-5) or 10(-3) M) for 5 h and air dried for 14 h still showed effect of allelochemical pretreatment. Seeds imbibed in 10(-5) or 10(-3) M coumarin, or water for 5 h, air dried for 14 h and germinated in water, 10(-5) M or 10(-3) M coumarin, reduced the radicle lengths at 48 h. If the seeds were hydrated in coumarin and dehydrated several times, subsequent radicle elongation was also reduced. Seeds hydrated in 10(-3) M coumarin for 1 to 3 cycles and geminated in either 10(-5) M coumarin or water showed a decrease, while seeds hydrated in water for 1 to 3 cycles and germinated in 10(-3) M coumarin showed a slight increase in radicle length with increased number of cycles. It appears that seeds in the soil could absorb an allelochemical during hydration - dehydration that would inhibit or delay germination and/or affect seedling growth rate, which would provide neighboring seedlings opportunity for faster establishment and a competitive advantage.
Author Keywords: imbibition; priming; radicle elongation; radicle growth; radish; Raphanus sativus L.; seed germination; wetting-drying cycles
Addresses: Williams RD (reprint author), Langston Univ, USDA ARS, GRL, POB 1730, Langston, OK 73050 USA E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Allelopathic potential of beans (Phaseolus spp.) and other crops
Author(s): Nava-Rodriguez V, Hernandez-Bautista BE, Cruz-Ortega R, Anaya AL
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (2): 197-210 APR 2005
Abstract: The in vitro effects of aqueous leachates from fresh and dry, flowering and vegetative stage of some Phaseolus vulgaris and P. coccineus varieties, alfalfa, faba bean, vetch, maize, squash, and weed species were evaluated on the same bean varieties, maize, squash, amaranth, barnyardgrass, morninglory, and purslane root growth, as well as on the growth of two Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli strains (CPMexl and Tlaxcala). Most of the plants were collected from the agricultural drained field ("Camellon") in Tlaxcala, Mexico,where farmers do not use pesticides. Maize, beans, squash, alfalfa, faba-bean and vetch are intercropped or rotated in a traditional way. Significant effects of leachates from fresh (10%) vegetative and flowering cultivated plants and weeds were predominantly stimulatory. Among the species tested alfalfa and pinto bean leachates prepared from fresh shoot material were the most stimulatory (29% to 67% and 43% to 75.5% respectively). Aqueous leachates from fresh and dry (1%) cultivated legumes (vegetative and flowering) inhibited weed growth in ranges froth 20% to 43% for fresh material, and 26% to 84% for dry material. In contrast, the aqueous leachates prepared from the dry shoot of most of the plants tested resulted in inhibition of root growth of the test crops (29% to 58%), except to maize. Leachates were also tested on two Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli strains. The crop leachates stimulated the growth of both strains except those of P. coccineus var. morado that were inhibitory. Leachates from fresh shoot material of the weeds (Simsia amplexicaulis and Tradescantia crassifolia) significantly inhibited the growth of CPMexl strain, while leachates prepared from fresh root material inhibited the growth of the Tlaxcala strain. In preliminary separation and identification tests using thin layer chromatography (TLC), phenolics were detected in dry shoot material of vegetative alfalfa, pinto bean, and vetch, and flowering faba bean. Results suggest the role of these compounds in the allelopathic effects of these legume aqueous leachates.
Author Keywords: allelopathy; aqueous leachates; legume crops; maize; Rhizobium; phenolics; weeds
KeyWords Plus: PHENOLIC-COMPOUNDS; CROPPING SYSTEMS; WEED MANAGEMENT; GROWTH; ALFALFA; PLANTS; SOIL; AGROECOSYSTEMS; QUACKGRASS; ACIDS
Addresses: Anaya AL (reprint author), Univ Autonoma Metropolitana Xochimilco, Dept Prod Agricola & Anim, Calzada del Hueso 1100,Villa Quietud, Mexico City, DF Mexico E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Potential allelochemicals isolated from Pueraria phaseoloides
Author(s): Arruda MSP, De Araujo MQ, Lobo LT, De Souza AP, Alves SM, Santos LD, Muller AH, Arruda AC, Guilhon GMSP
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (2): 211-219 APR 2005
Abstract: Two pyranoisofavones, alpinumisofavone and 4'-methyl-alpinumisoflavone and methyl 2-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy) benzoate were isolated from the aerial parts of Pueraria phaseoloides. Phytotoxic effects of these compounds and of the P. phaseoloides hydroalcoholic extract fractions obtained by liquid-liquid partition were examined in Petri dish bioassay. The dichloromethanic and ethyl acetate fractions had a significant effect on seed germination of the weed species Mimosa pudica, showing 100 and 76% inhibition, respectively. However, the three isolated compounds had a greater effect on radicle elongation of the weed species Mimosa pudica, Senna obusifolia, Senna occidentalis and Urena lobata. 4'-Methyl-alpinumisoflavone at the highest dose tested (3.0 ppm) exhibited stronger inhibition (77%) on S. obtusifolia, whereas, alpinumisoflavone at 3.0 ppm was more active (60 inhibition) on U. lobata and methyl 2-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy) benzoate at 4.0 ppm (the highest dose tested) showed significant inhibition (44%) on M. pudica. Our experimental data showed that three natural products tested have selective herbicidal activity against weed species.
Author Keywords: allelochemicals; allelopathy; leguminosae; Mimosa pudica; Pureraria phaseoloides; pyranoisoflavones; salicylic acid derivative; Senna obtusifolia; Senna occidentalis; Urena lobata
KeyWords Plus: ALPINUMISOFLAVONE; ROOT
Addresses: Arruda MSP (reprint author), Embrapa Amazonia Oriental, Lab Agroind, Trav Dr Eneas Pinheiro S-N, Belem, Para BR-66095100 Brazil E-mail Addresses: email@example.com
Title: Allelopathic activity of common weed species on vegetable crops grown in Jordan
Author(s): Obaid KA, Qasem JR
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (2): 221-235 APR 2005
Abstract: Allelopathic activity of weeds (Amaranthus gracilis Desf, Convolvulus arvensis L., Lactuca serriola L. and Portulaca oleracea L.) was studied on selected vegetable crops (cabbage, carrot, cucumber, onion, pepper, squash and tomato) under glasshouse conditions. The root exudates of weeds released into the soil had variable effects on different test crops. However, L. serriola root exudates were found most toxic to growth of different crops. Soil-incorporated dried shoot residues, reduced the seedlings growth of the test crops and the degree of inhibition was residue rate dependent. Soil-surface placed weed residues delayed seedlings emergence, but their effects on seedlings growth was lower than soil-incorporated residues. Decayed residues of different weeds inhibited the seedlings growth but their effect was less as compared to un-decayed residues. In all experiments, roots were more sensitive than shoots to allelopathic effects and both positive and negative effects were observed. The weeds differed in their allelopathic effects, depending on the method used and allelochemicals concentration in the medium. The effect however, could be changed and depended on the test weed and crop species used. C. arvensis proved most harmful to all test crops, while cabbage, onion and tomato were most affected than other crops.
Author Keywords: allelopathy; Amaranthus gracilis; Convolvulus arvensis; Lactuca serriola; Portulaca oleracea; vegetable crops; weeds
KeyWords Plus: RAGWEED PARTHENIUM PARTHENIUM; QUACKGRASS AGROPYRON-REPENS; LANTANA LANTANA-CAMARA; SEEDLING GROWTH; GLYCINE-MAX; RESIDUES; WHEAT; EXTRACTS; TOMATO; CORN
Addresses: Qasem JR (reprint author), Univ Jordan, Fac Agr, Dept Plant Protect, Amman, Jordan E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus citriodora on growth, nodulation and AM colonization of Vigna radiata (L) Wilczek
Author(s): Bajwa R, Nazi I
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (2): 237-246 APR 2005
Abstract: Allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook, were investigated on germination, plant growth, nodulation, yield and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization in Vigna radiata (L) Wilczek. In aqueous extract bioassays, 60% aqueous extract delayed the seed germination. However, the final germination percentage was not significantly affected by aqueous extracts. Shoot length of seedlings was gradually suppressed by increase in the extract concentration tom 10-50% yet shoot biomass was enhanced insignificantly in 10 and 20% extract as compared to control. Adverse effect of 40 and 50% extract was significant. Root length was increased by 10% extract while 40 and 50% extracts significantly suppressed the studied parameters. Root dry biomass was enhanced by all the extract concentrations. Effect was more pronounced in 30% than the rest of the extract treatments. In pot experiment 1,2 and 3% aqueous extract and leaf mixing treatments generally supported plant growth, nodulation and yield. Mycorrhizal colonization was adversely affected in response to allelopathy.
Author Keywords: allelopathy; aqueous exrtract; arbuscular mycorrhyza; bioassay; Eucalyptus citriodora; mycorrhizal colonization; Vigna radiata
Addresses: Bajwa R (reprint author), Univ Punjab, Dept Bot, Lahore, Pakistan E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Induction of stress tolerance in fingermillet by Chromolaena odorata
Author(s): Ambika SR, Smitha G
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (2): 247-257 APR 2005
Abstract: The extracts of Chromolaena odorata inhibited the growth of fingermillet. But presoaking of fingermillet seeds in these extracts promoted the crop growth. The plants were sturdier and bigger with broader leaves. These leaves had more number of vascular bundles and bundle sheath cells. The treatment with extracts induced the formation of more primary and secondary metabolites. The amount of chloroplast pigments was also increased. The stress index value of treated seedlings and the chlorophyll stability index of 60 days old plants were in favour of induction of stress tolerance by extracts of Chromolaena odorata.
Author Keywords: Chromolaena odorata; presoaking; stress tolerance
KeyWords Plus: DROUGHT; PLANTS
Addresses: Ambika SR (reprint author), Bangalore Univ, Dept Bot, Bangalore, Karnataka 560056 India E-mail Addresses: email@example.com
Title: The role of triterpenes in the weed-insect interaction
Author(s): Barik A, Banerjee TC
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (2): 259-266 APR 2005
Abstract: The triterpene compounds present in the rice-field weed, Ludwigia adscendens (L.) leaves were analyzed by the TLC, FT-IR spectroscopy and H-1 NMR for evaluating the fractions secondarily functional as a chemical cue for attraction of the folivorous flea beetle, Altica cyanea (Weber). The flourescence of the triterpenes revealed the presence of greenish and yellowish compounds in TLC plates, and the FT-IR spectroscopy of the purified compounds showed the existence of - - OH stretch, - - aliphatic C - H, - C = 0, - C - H bend methylene and - C - H bending methyl groups, - - OH stretch, - - aliphatic - C - H, - C = O, - C - H bend methylene, - C - H bending methyl groups and - C - O stretch groups, respectively. The H-1 NMR analysis of greenish and yellowish triterpene compounds revealed 8 values within the range of 0.8558 - 1.2533 and 0.8550 - 1.2533 implicating the existence of tertiary methyl groups. Higher δ values (e.g. 7.7173, 7.5440 and 7.1671 for greenish, and 7.7155, 7.5350, 7.2640, 7.1866 and 7.1671 for yellowish triterpenes) also revealed the existence of alcoholic - OH connected to the CH2 group. Olfactory bioassays with greenish triterpene fractions showed significant (P < 0.05) attraction at 30 - 50 μ g/ml concentrations, while these with all yellowish triterpene fractions showed 83.8 - 96.7% no response and 3.3 - 16.7% aversions of the female flea beetles. The control solvent, however, produced no response.
Author Keywords: Ludwigia adscendens; TLC fractions; FT-IR and H-1 NMR spectroscopy; triterpene compounds; Altica cyanea; olfactory bioassays
KeyWords Plus: WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS; FRANKLINIELLA-OCCIDENTALIS; LUDWIGIA-ADSCENDENS
Addresses: Banerjee TC (reprint author), Univ Burdwan, Dept Zool, Ecol Res Unit, Burdwan, W Bengal 713104 India E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Allelopathic interference of Parthenium hysterophorus residues in soil
Author(s): Batish DR, Singh HP, Pandher JK, Kohli RK
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (2): 267-273 APR 2005
Abstract: A study was conducted to explore the allelopathic potential of ragweed parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.; Asteraceae) residue and to determine its possible interactions with soil nutrient status. The extracts prepared from 1, 2 and 4-weeks old Parthenium residues significantly inhibited the seedling growth (length and dry weight) of two test crops - radish and mustard. Soils were amended with varying amounts and ages of residue and their effect on radish and mustard growth and soil nutrients was determined. The growth of both crops was significantly inhibited in the amended soil as compared to unamended soil. A decrease in phytotoxicity was observed with increasing age of residue. The amount of N, P, K, and micronutrients increased significantly in the amended soil compared to unamended soils, thereby ruling out any possibility of their direct involvement in observed growth inhibitions. However, in the older residues, the amount of all the nutrients (except N) decreased compared to younger residue, though it was more than that of unamended soils. The residue extracts and amended soils were observed to be rich in phenolics -known allelochemicals. Based on the results, it is concluded that Parthenium residues affect the growth of test species by releasing phenolics rather than decreasing the available nutrient status in the soil.
Author Keywords: allelopathy; amended soils; mustard (Brassica campestris); phenolics; ragweed parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus); radish (Raphanus sativus); residues; soil nutrients
KeyWords Plus: DECOMPOSITION; AUTOTOXICITY; INHIBITORS
Addresses: Batish DR (reprint author), Punjabi Univ, Dept Bot, Chandigarh, 160014 India E-mail Addresses: email@example.com
Title: Effects of Physalis minima on Parthenium hysterophorus
Author(s): Swain D, Pandey P, Paroha S, Singh M, Yaduraju NT
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (2): 275-283 APR 2005
Author Keywords: allelopathy; bioassay; chlorophyll; Parthenium hysterophonts; Physalis minima; protein
Addresses: Swain D (reprint author), Natl Res Ctr Weed Sci, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482004 India E-mail Addresses: email@example.com
Title: Allelopathic effects of trees extract, on germination and seedling growth of field crops
Author(s): Todaria NP, Singh B, Dhanai CS
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (2): 285-293 APR 2005
Author Keywords: allelopathy; Boehmeria rugulosa; Brassica campestris; Celtis australis; Focus roxburghii; germination; Grewia oppositifolia; growth; Hordeum vulgare; Triticum aestivum
Addresses: Todaria NP (reprint author), HNB Garhwal Univ, Dept Forestry, Post Box 59, Uttaranchal, 246179 India E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Effect of weeds pollens on the germination of crops pollens
Author(s): Chauhan SVS, Gaur S, Rana A
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (2): 295-302 APR 2005
Author Keywords: Abelmoschus esculentus L.; Argemone mexicana L.; Brassica juncea L.; Cannabis sativa L.; Nicotiana tabacum L.; pollen allelopathy; Ricinus communis L.; Solanum melongena L.
KeyWords Plus: PHLEUM-PRATENSE L; CORN POLLEN; IN-VITRO; ALLELOPATHY
Addresses: Chauhan SVS (reprint author), Dr BR Ambedkar Univ, Sch Life Sci, Agra, Uttar Pradesh 282002 India E-mail Addresses: email@example.com
Title: Allelopathic effects of Parthenium hysterophorus on the chlorphyll, nitrogen, protein and ascorbic acid content of Lantana camara
Author(s): Bajaj A, Saxena M, Shrivastava S
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (2): 305-309 APR 2005
Author Keywords: ascorbic acid; allelochemicals; chlorophyll; Lantana camara; nitrogen; Parthenium hysterophorus; protein; weed management
KeyWords Plus: PHYTOTOXICITY; CHLOROPHYLL; INHIBITORS
Addresses: Shrivastava S (reprint author), BMDG, CSIR, Reg Res Lab, Hoshangabad Rd, Bhopal, 462026 India E-mail Addresses: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Allelopathy in China
Author(s): Kong CH
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (1): 2-2 JAN 2005
Author Keywords: allelopathy; Chinese Allelopathy Society; Chinese Allelopathy Conference
Addresses: Kong CH (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Appl Ecol, Chinese Allelopathy Soc, China Soc Plant Protect, Shenyang, 110016 Peoples R China E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Use of allelopathy for weed management in China - A review
Author(s): Ni HW, Zhang CX
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (1): 3-11 JAN 2005
Abstract: Utilizing allelopathic plants to suppress the weed infestation is most cost-effective and environment-friendly method of weed control. Recently, it has received more attention in China and many research groups are working in this area. The research covers (a) screening of allelopathic crop germplasm, (b) breeding and genetics of allelopathic crops, (c) mechanism of allelopathic interactions between the crops and weeds and (d) identification of allelochemicals etc. Good progress has been made in selection of allelopathic rice lines, based on allelochemical fingerprinting and in chemical signals for communication between allelopathic rice and barnyardgrass plants. Some rice cultivars with strong allelopathic capability have been identified and advanced allelopathic rice lines have been bred. These rice lines showed very good performance for weed control in paddy fields. Future research needs to understand the dynamics of allelochemicals in soil and molecular biology of allelopathic plants.
Author Keywords: allelopathy; crop; weed management
KeyWords Plus: AGERATUM-CONYZOIDES; ALLELOCHEMICALS; PLANTS
Addresses: Ni HW (reprint author), China Agr Univ, Coll Agron & Biotechnol, Beijing, 100094 Peoples R China E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Preliminary studies on the allelopathic potential of wild rice (Oryza) germplasm
Author(s): Guo YQ, Zhang FD, Tao DY, Yu LQ, David G
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (1): 13-19 JAN 2005
Abstract: Allelopathic potential in wild rice species against barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli L., Beauv.) was evaluated in bioassay and pot experiments in greenhouse and laboratory. Two wild rice accessions of S46 (Oryza barthii) and S72 (O. rufipogon) significantly reduced the plant height and dry weight of barnyardgrass. While, a wild rice accession of S37 (O. longistaminata) reduced the barnyardgrass germination rate significantly. The inhibitory effects of wild rice on the weed was greater during the rice elongation stage than at the reviving stage. Accessions S68 and S72 increasingly inhibited the plant height and dry weight of barnyardgrass as the distance between rice and weed plants decreased. Raw extracts from S37 were more inhibitory to the emergence rate, root length and seedling height of barnyardgrass than other accessions of wild rice.
Author Keywords: allelopathy; competition; Echinochloa crus-galli; Oryza barthii; O. longistaminata; O. nivara; O. rufipogon
Addresses: Yu LQ (reprint author), China Natl Rice Res Inst, Hangzhou, 310006 Peoples R China E-mail Addresses: email@example.com
Title: Allelopathy in wheat genotypes during the germination and seedling stages
Author(s): Zuo SP, Ma YQ, Deng XP, Li XW
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (1): 21-30 JAN 2005
Abstract: Allelopathic effects of 10 wheat genotypes were studied in bioassays on germination and root length of lettuce. The germinating wheat seeds and seedlings of all genotypes inhibited the radicle elongation of lettuce. Excluding Secale cereale L., the inhibitory effects of wheat genotypes increased with wheat evolution history, as the genome changed from 2n to 4n to 6n. Allelopathic inhibition of different wheat genomes on lettuce radicles showed a decreasing trend of AABBDD > BB > AABB > RR > AA > DD. This suggests that the allelopathic genes may be located on genome BB and the allelopathic traits in the genomes may have evolved at different rates. The allelopathic effects of 10 spp. were correlated with age (20, 40, 60 d) of the seedlings. The allelopathic effects of different plant parts decreased in order aerial parts > whole plant > roots. A cluster analysis (Unweighted Pair Group Method using Arithmetic averages, UPGMA) was conducted for the allelopathic effect of 10 spp. at germination and seedling phases. In cluster analysis wheat spp. were divided into three categories based on their allelopathic effects on lettuce radicle. (a). Weak allelopathy: Triticum boeoticum L., French, Secale cereale L., Aegilops.tauschii Cosson Syn, Triticum dicoccoides K., Tritium aestivum L. Var. Shaan 160 and T aestivum Var. No.1 Ningdong. (b). Moderate allelopathy: Triticum monococcum L., Aegilops.speltoides L. and Triticum dicoccum S. and (c). Strong allelopathy: T aestivum Var. common wheat.
Author Keywords: allelopathic effect; genotype; germination and seedling stages; wheat
KeyWords Plus: TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L.; RYEGRASS LOLIUM-RIGIDUM; PHENOLIC-ACIDS; FERULIC ACID; ALLELOCHEMICALS; EXUDATION; SUPPRESSION; ACCESSIONS; CUCUMBER; MARKERS
Addresses: Ma YQ (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, NW Univ Agr & Forestry, Minist Water Resource, Inst Soil & Water Conservat,State Key Lab Soil Er, Yangling, Shaanxi Prov 712100 Peoples R China E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Allelopathic potentials of traditional Chinese medicinal plant spp.
Author(s): Jiang HY, Zhang YN, Feng PZ, Gao XW
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (1): 31-39 JAN 2005
Abstract: China has rich plant biodiversity and many plants show bioactivities on human and animals. Allelopathic studies on traditional Chinese medicinal plant species have started recently. Twenty three traditional Chinese medicinal plant species were selected to test their allelopathic activities on wheat and cucumber. The allelopathic activities of S. alopecuroides, C komarovii, V. officinalis, R. officinale, R. glutinosa, C komarovii, S. nux-vomica and L. lucidum on plants are reported first time on agricultural pests. The extract from L. radiata drastically inhibited (> 90%) the growth of monocotyledon and dicotyledon plants, its inhibitory effects stopped the germination of wheat and cucumber seeds. C. komarovii and C hederacea plants extracts were most inhibitory (>80%) to root growth of both monocotyledon and dicotyledon plant roots. C komarovii also inhibited the plant shoot elongation. The other plant species with higher allelopthic activity only inhibited either monocotyledon or dicotyledon plants. Fourteen plant species inhibited the growth of monocotyledons, but only 3 plants spp. (L. radiata, Artemisia scoparia and C. komarovii) were inhibitory to the root and shoot growth of dicotylecon plants. Extracts of R. glutinosa, L. radiata, A. scoparia, L. lucidum, C. ambrosiodes and S.nux-vomica strongly inhibited the shoot length of endosperm removed wheat seedlings, indicating that the extracts might inhibit the photosynthesis. The traditional Chinese medicinal plant spp. possess numerous allelochemicals with different mechanisms and selectivity. This study clearly demonstrated that the medicinal plant species are potent sources of allelochemicals, which could be used for sustainable weed management and ecofriendly environment.
Author Keywords: allelopathic activity; Calyslegia hederacea; cucumber; herb; Lycoris radiata herb; medicinal plants
KeyWords Plus: AGERATUM-CONYZOIDES; WEED MANAGEMENT; L.
Addresses: Jiang HY (reprint author), Chinese Acad Agr Sci, MOA, Inst Plant Protect, Key Lab Pesticide Chem & Applicat Technol, Beijing, 100094 Peoples R China E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Allelopathic effects of winter wheat residues on germination and growth of crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris) and corn yield
Author(s): Li XJ, Wang GQ, Li BH, Blackshaw RE
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (1): 41-48 JAN 2005
Abstract: Crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris) is major weed in corn (Zea mays) in China. Laboratory and field studies were conducted to determine the effects of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L) residues oil the germination and growth of this weed. Under laboratory conditions, aqueous extracts of wheat shoots and roots markedly reduced its germination. The germination was inhibited more by extracts from shoots than roots and by the extracts from young seedlings than mature wheat plants. The inhibitory effects oil weed germination varied with wheat cultivars. In corn field, crabgrass density and biomass decreased with increase in the quantity of wheat residues. Wheat residue at 0.75 kg/m(2) reduced the Weed density by 87.3 to 96.4%, and biomass by 77,7 to 81.0%, over the two years. Reductions ill weed density and biomass in the field were likely due to the combined effects of physical suppression and allelopathy. Although germination, plant height and biomass of corn seedlings were slightly reduced in the wheat residue mulched plot, but corn yield was similar to control. These findings may lead to the improvement Ill current weed management programme for corn in the wheat-corn rotation in China.
Author Keywords: allelopathy; crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris); integrated weed management; stubble mulch; weed suppression
Addresses: Li XJ (reprint author), Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Inst Plant Protect, Beijing, 100094 Peoples R China E-mail Addresses: email@example.com
Title: Stimulatory effects of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. on seed germination of Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth.
Author(s): Ma YQ, Shui JF, Inanaga S, Cheng JM
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (1): 49-56 JAN 2005
Abstract: The fresh plant and powder of Houttuynia cordata stimulated the germination of Striga hermonthica. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of H. cordata extract revealed two zones of activity with maximum germination of 57 and 27%, respectively for R-f values of 0.4 and 0.53. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed two active zones I and 2, with fractions having retention times (t(R)) of 35 and 37 min. The maximum germination in these zones was 53 and 75%, respectively. The soil growing H. cordata for two years stimulated the seed germination of S. hermonthica. This study indicated that H. cordata root exudates contains germination stimulant of S. hermonthica.
Author Keywords: germination; Houttuynia cordata; induction; isolation; Striga hermonthica
KeyWords Plus: LUTEA LOUR; PLANT; BENTH; HOST
Addresses: Ma YQ (reprint author), NW Sci Tech Univ Agr & Forestry, Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Soil & Water Conservat, Yangling, 712100 Peoples R China E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Effects of phenolics on seedling growth and N-15 nitrate absorption of Cunninghamia lanceolata
Author(s): Chen LC, Wang SL, Yu XJ
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (1): 57-65 JAN 2005
Abstract: Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) has replant problem under field conditions and has been attributed to phenolic allelochemicals, which cause its autotoxicity. To determine the mechanism of inhibitory effects of phenolics on Chinese fir, we studied their effects on growth and N-15 nitrate absorption by each organ of its seedlings, cultured in pots using N-15-labelled isotope trace technique. The 1x10(-3) mol(.)L(-1) vanillic acid and phenolics mixture (0.5x10(-3) mol(.)L(-1) vanillic acid and 0.5x10(-3) mol(.)L(-1) rho-hydroxybenzoic acid) significantly inhibited the seedling growth of Chinese fir. Phenolics solution of 1x10(-2) mol(.)L(-1) concentration decreased total N content of roots, stems and leaves. N-15 derived from the fertilizer (NDFF) in roots, stems and leaves treated with I x 10(-2) mol(.)L(-1) vanillic acid was 36.1, 42.7 and 38.5% less, respectively, and corresponding values for phenolics mixture at the same concentration were 14.1, 17.2, and 17.0% lower, respectively, compared to control. In contrast, vanillic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid at 1x10(-5) mol(.)L(-1) stimulated the seedling growth, enhanced total N-15 content and increased N-15 nitrate absorption. These treatments also increased the N-15 nitrate distribution in roots and reduced its distribution in stems and leaves. We suggest that accumulated phenolics in soil could inhibit seedling growth through reducing nutrient absorption by Chinese fir and consequently leading to low productivity of replanted Chinese fir.
Author Keywords: allelochemicals; Chinese fir; p-hydroxybenzoic acid; N-15; phenolics; total N content; tracer; vanillic acid
KeyWords Plus: BLACK SPRUCE; CHINESE-FIR; SOIL; NITROGEN; WOODLAND; ROOT
Addresses: Wang SL (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Appl Ecol, Shenyang, 110016 Peoples R China E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Autotoxicity of Panax quinquefolium L.
Author(s): Zhao YJ, Wang YP, Shao D, Yang JS, Liu D
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (1): 67-74 JAN 2005
Abstract: Autotoxicity of American ginseng (Panax quinquefoliym L.) was studied in nutrient and soil culture in greenhouse. The autotoxins produced by American ginseng were identified with GC-MS. The most active autotoxins were present in stems, leaves, roots and root exudates. Among these, ether fraction of water extracts and alcohol extracts from either stems, leaves or fibrous roots drastically inhibited the growth of ginseng roots, while, the n-butyl alcohol fraction had little inhibitory effect. When the concentration of water solute autotoxins from stems/leaves or fibrous roots in soil reached I g per kg soil, the 4 years old American ginseng plants couldn't grow. At 0.2 g per kg soil concentration, the survival rate of ginseng decreased to 25%. The hydrophobic root secretions were analyzed with GC-MS and 26 compounds were identified, of which more that 64% were fatty acids and the remaining were furantone, sesquiterpenes, alkenes and alcohols.
Author Keywords: allelopathy; autotoxicity; ginseng; Panax quinquefoliym L.
Addresses: Zhao YJ (reprint author), Chinese Acad Med Sci, Peking Union Med Coll, Inst Med Plants, Beijing, 100094 Peoples R China E-mail Addresses: email@example.com
Title: Allelopathic effects of root extracts of egg plants on Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae)
Author(s): Wang RH, Zhou BL, Zhang FL, Zhang QF
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (1): 75-83 JAN 2005
Abstract: Effect of root extracts from various rootstocks, and different concentrations were studied on the spore germination and mycelium growth of eggplant verticillium wilt. The root extracts of grafted eggplants inhibited the spore germination and mycelium growth of verticillium wilt. The inhibitory effects Were enhanced with increasing concentration of root extracts. The amino acids and main phenolic acids showed that, aspartic acid and threonine were present only in grafted treatments. The contents of alanine, methionine, isoleucine and tyrosine were higher in the grafted plants, while, those of glycine, phenylalanine and histidine were higher in non-grafted plants. Main phenolic acids present in root extracts were vanillin, cinnamic acids and benzoic acids. There were differences in quantity and composition of amino acids and phenolic acids between root extracts of grafted and non-grafted eggplants at some extent, which might be one of the reasons for resistance to the verticillium wilt.
Author Keywords: allelopathy; eggplant; grafting; root extracts; Solanum spp.; Verlicillium dahliae
KeyWords Plus: GERMINATION; GROWTH
Addresses: Zhou BL (reprint author), Shenyang Agr Univ, Coll Hort, Shenyang, 110161 Peoples R China E-mail Addresses: email@example.com
Title: Comparative performance of nematode resistant rootstock and non-resistant tomato cultivars on soil biota
Author(s): Cao ZP, Chen GK, Chen YF, Yang H, Han LF, Dawson R
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (1): 85-94 JAN 2005
Abstract: We compared the effects of two tomato cultivars - Maofen (Maofen-802) and resistant rootstock variety (Beaufort SIS-1, Lycopersicon lycopersicum x L. hirsutum) on soil biota population (fungi, protozoa, nematodes, mites) and microbial biomass carbon under severe infection of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). The differences in soil biota composition were found between the two cultivars, when root-knot nematodes disease broke out in tomatoes near the harvest. The resistant rootstock promoted the soil microbial biomass and protozoa population, but decreased that of fungi (Trichoderma spp., Fusarium spp., Phytophthora spp., Pythium spp.) than Maofen cultivar. In resistant rootstock plot, both the root-knot nematode disease index and the density of Meloidogyne incognita juvenile were significantly lower than in Maofen plot during the late harvest period, but the density of free-living nematodes was much higher than in Maofen plot. Thus resistant rootstock increased population of beneficial nematode to suppress the pathogenic nematodes. Compared with Maofen, the resistant rootstock maintained the population of soil mites during the tomato growth and harvest period, contributing to a relative high biodiversity. Shannon-wiener's index of mites community were 1.63 in resistant rootstock plot and 0.83 in Maofen plot, while the Pielou's evenness index were 1.56 and 0.80, respectively.
Author Keywords: disease; fungi; greenhouse; mite; nematode; protozoa; resistant rootstock; root-knot nematode; soil biota; tomato
KeyWords Plus: PLANTS; IMPACT
Addresses: Cao ZP (reprint author), Chinese Agr Univ, Coll Resources & Environm Sci, Dept Ecol & Ecol Engn, Beijing, 100094 Peoples R China E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Allelopathic potential of aqueous extracts of submerged macrophytes against algal growth
Author(s): Xian QM, Chen HD, Qu LJ, Zou HX, Yin DQ
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (1): 95-104 JAN 2005
Abstract: Aqueous extracts of three submerged macrophytes (Ceratophyllum demersum, Vallisneria spiralis and Hydrilla verticillata) and their ethyl acetate fractions were bioassayed using Microcystis aeruginosa. C. demersum showed stronger growth inhibition of M. aeruginosa than others. Ethyl acetate fraction contained succinic acid, azelaic acid, cis-aconitic acid, ferulic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, lactic acid and citric aicd. The potential allelopathic activities of these compounds on algal growth were discussed. Phenolic acid allelochemicals contributed more to the allelopathic effects of submerged macrophytes.
Author Keywords: allelochemicals; Ceratophyllum demersum; fatty acid; Hydrilla verticillata; Microcystis aeruginosa; phenolic acid; Vallisneria spiralis
KeyWords Plus: IDENTIFICATION; ACIDS
Addresses: Zou HX (reprint author), Nanjing Univ, Sch Environm, State Key Lab Pollut Control & Resource Reuse, Nanjing, 210093 Peoples R China E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Chemical response of allelopathic rice seedlings under varying environmental conditions
Author(s): Zhao H, Li HB, Kong CH, Xu XH, Liang WJ
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (1): 105-110 JAN 2005
Author Keywords: allelochemical; allelopathy; environmental condition; Oiyza sativa L.; soil
KeyWords Plus: PHYTOALEXIN PRODUCTION; JASMONIC ACID; ALLELOCHEMICALS; PLANTS; IDENTIFICATION; ACCUMULATION; RELEASE; EXAMPLE; STRAW
Addresses: Kong CH (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Appl Ecol, Shenyang, 110016 Peoples R China E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Identification of allelopathic potential of Chinese rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm
Author(s): Zhang ZB, Zhou YJ, Lu YL, Li D, Yu LQ
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (1): 111-117 JAN 2005
Author Keywords: allelopathy; Chinese rice germplasm; Echinochloa crusgalli var. mitis; I-Kung-Pao
Title: Allelopathic activity of root saponins of alfalfa on wheat, corn and barnyardgrass
Author(s): Li YZ, Liang WJ, Zhang XK, Liu FM, Zhu XH
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (1): 119-123 JAN 2005
Author Keywords: alfalfa; allelopathy; barnyardgrass; bioassay; corn; saponins; wheat
KeyWords Plus: MEDICAGO-SATIVA; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; AGROECOSYSTEMS; MANAGEMENT
Addresses: Liang WJ (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Shenyang Expt Stn Ecol, Inst Appl Ecol, Shenyang, 110016 Peoples R China E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Allelopathic effects of lantana (Lantana camera L.) on water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms)
Author(s): Zhang MX, Ling B, Kong CH, Liang GW, Dong YZ
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (1): 125-129 JAN 2005
Author Keywords: alielopathy; Eichhornia crassipes; Lantana camara; salicylic acid
KeyWords Plus: AGERATUM-CONYZOIDES; CHEMICAL-CONSTITUENTS; CAMARA; TRITERPENOIDS; LEAVES; OIL
Addresses: Zhang MX (reprint author), S China Agr Univ, Lab Insect Ecol, Guangzhou, 510642 Peoples R China E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Allelopathic potential of volatile allelochemicals of Ambrosia trifida L. on other plants
Author(s): Wang P, Liang WJ, Kong CH, Jiang Y
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (1): 131-136 JAN 2005
Author Keywords: Allelopathy; Ambrosia trifida; chemical constituents; Echinochloa crusgalli stimulation; volatile oil
KeyWords Plus: AGERATUM-CONYZOIDES; CHEMICAL-CONSTITUENTS; GROWTH
Addresses: Kong CH (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Appl Ecol, Shenyang Expt Stn Ecol, Shenyang, 110016 Peoples R China E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Relationship of DIMBOA content in wheat seedlings and its resistance to plant pathogens
Author(s): Zheng YQ, Zhao Y, Dong FS, Yao JR, Hurle K
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (1): 137-143 JAN 2005
Author Keywords: allelochemicals; DIMBOA; HPLC; quantitative analysis; resistance to pathogens; seedlings; wheat
KeyWords Plus: TRITICUM-AESTIVUM ACCESSIONS; RYEGRASS LOLIUM-RIGIDUM; ACIDS
Addresses: Zheng YQ (reprint author), Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Inst Plant Protect, Beijing, 100094 Peoples R China E-mail Addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com
Title: Allelopathic effects of different macrophytes on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa
Author(s): Li FM, Hu HY
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (1): 145-151 JAN 2005
Author Keywords: allelopathic inhibition; macrophytes; Microcystis aeruginosa; Phragmites communis
KeyWords Plus: BLUE-GREEN-ALGAE; MYRIOPHYLLUM-SPICATUM; POLYPHENOLS
Addresses: Hu HY (reprint author), Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Environm Simulat & Pollut Control State Key Lab, Beijing, 100084 Peoples R China Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Environm Simulat & Pollut Control State Key Lab, Beijing, 100084 Peoples R China
E-mail Addresses: email@example.com
Title: Role of BVOCs in allelopathic interactions
Author(s): Chen ZQ, Wang YJ, Wei XY, Wen J, Peng SL
Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 15 (1): 153-162 JAN 2005
Author Keywords: BVOCs; health; negative effect; VOCs; volatile organic components
KeyWords Plus: BIOGENIC HYDROCARBONS; PRIMULA-OBCONICA; PLANT; EMISSIONS; OZONE; COMMUNICATION; ISOPRENE; REPELLENCY; RESISTANCE; ENCLOSURE
Addresses: Peng SL (reprint author), Zhongshan Univ, Dept Life Sci, Guangzhou, 510275 Peoples R China E-mail Addresses: email@example.com, email@example.com


text:
First up is this one from, well, I'm not sure as a company is never specified once in the email.
The most that can be gleaned based on the subject line, "Get your picture taken by Ed Snowden at RSA today!," is that the pitch is promoting an impersonator of the most famous former government contractor amid the 2014 RSA Conference in San Francisco this week.
Perhaps I would have learned more if I went to the booth.
Still, I couldn't decide if it was the worst or rather the BEST pitch ever. I'm leaning toward the latter. I'll let you decide for yourself:
If you're going to RSA, come by booth 2332 and get your picture taken by Ed Snowden, and yes, that's his name, we'll show you his driver's license to prove it! Pick one of the following secrets to leak, get your picture taken and we'll social media it….you can win a Google Chrome but much cooler is you can tell your buddies you met a real-life Edward Snowden…and we're only about 3 aisles away from the NSA booth which is funny as heck! Call me at 408 607 7118 if you want more info as I'll be at the show all day…
Here's the secrets you can choose from:
- My budget is so big, I expect to win all the door prizes.
- I have no budget authority.
- Gary McGraw is my hero.
- I don't know what I am doing.
- I thought CISSP were random letters.
- I use the default passwords.
- I fell for the Nigerian scam.
- I use "to" instead of "bcc" for mass emails.
- I wonder if the logging software knows what I do all day?
- I use the same password for all my logins.
- You can put any letter in front I "aas" and I'll buy it.
- I'm a member of Anonymous
- My middle name is Danger !
Thanks, and have a great show!
I guess now I'll never know.
Finally, there was this timely email sent by Trend Micro just ahead of the final weekend of the Mardi Gras season.
One might assume that connecting an annual celebration/public debauchery to enterprise content security software might be a stretch, but maybe it's just perceptive.
Regardless, I'm including this one just because at the very heart of it, this is chock full of good advice -- some that should be heeded everyday of the year. Enjoy.
Don't let a trip to Mardi Gras leave you with a social media hangover
Mardi Gras parties have come to mean celebrations of costumes, masks, beads, floats and, you guessed it, drunken debauchery. It's easy for this holiday to yield embarrassing pictures, and if your social media privacy settings are not carefully managed, you could end up with a social media hangover.
Christopher Budd, Trend Micro's global threat communication manager, offers these tips to ensure you still have a good time celebrating without having to worry about what may end up being public on the Internet:
Review photos you're tagged in before they appear on your profile
Choose carefully who can see photos you upload of your friends
Only accept friend requests from people you know to avoid being associated with inappropriate content
Turn off geo-location settings to avoid being spotted where you shouldn't be
Ask permission before posting photos of your friends
"Before photos and videos get the best of your conscience, take a few minutes to update your privacy settings," said Budd. "Log into each social media account, review the appropriate privacy settings and keep these settings updated regularly. Adequately managing your profile will ensure your boss, grandparents or significant other doesn't see something you'll later regret."
If you think you have privacy, think again:
Solutions such as Trend Micro's Titanium Maximum Security help users to properly manage social media privacy settings and alert users when they have privacy vulnerabilities.
Images via Secret Sweater, Trend Micro

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Bundling and Firm ReputationKathryn E. SpierHarvard University - Law School - Faculty; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) James D. Dana Jr.Northeastern University - Department of Economics; Northeastern University - Department of International Business and Strategy; Harvard Business School September 14, 2009 Harvard Law and Economics Discussion Paper No. 649 Harvard Public Law Working Paper No. 09-60 Abstract: By bundling experience goods, a manufacturer can more easily maintain a reputation for high quality over time. Formally, we extend Klein and Lefler's (1981) repeated moral hazard model of product quality to consider multi-product firms and imperfect private learning by consumers. When consumers are small, receive imperfect private signals of product quality, and have heterogeneous preferences over available products, then purchasing multiple products from the same firm makes consumers more effective monitors of the firm's behavior. These consumers observe more signals of firm behavior and detect shirking with a higher probability, which creates stronger incentives for the firm to produce high quality products. By constraining all of the firm's consumers to use more effective monitoring and punishment strategies, bundling creates an even stronger incentive for a multi-product firm to produce high quality products. The impact of bundling on incentives is even greater when consumers cannot identify which of the goods is responsible for poor overall product performance. Number of Pages in PDF File: 47 Keywords: experience goods, product quality, reputation JEL Classification: L15, L40, K2, D82, D83 Date posted: October 1, 2009 ; Last revised: October 19, 2009Suggested CitationContact Information
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text:
Thursday 20th and Friday 21st July 2006, Lancaster University, UK.
Organisers: Paul Rayson (Lancaster University) and Dawn Archer (University of Central Lancashire)
Post workshop resources are now listed alongside the workshop programme.
This is one of a series of workshops sponsored by the AHRC ICT Methods Network.
We want to develop a network of scholars interested in 'Historical Text
Mining' via a workshop for experts from the various fields: text mining
and E-Science, corpus development and annotation, historical
linguistics, dialectology and computational linguistics. We believe
that a discussion relating to the effective text mining of historical
data is particularly overdue and much needed, because of the growth in
(historical) digital resources (e.g. Open Content Alliance, Google
Print, Early English Books Online). We particularly want to better
define the relationship between the text mining/E-Science community,
who are often involved in applying basic techniques to large scale
datasets, and the corpus linguistic community, who tend to apply
data-driven linguistic analysis and annotation techniques to relatively
small datasets.
The 'Historical Text Mining' workshop will seek:
One of the tools to be demonstrated, the VARD (= Variant Detector)
presently "matches" spelling variants to their "normalised" equivalents
using a search and replace script and a list of terms, and which is
being extended so that variants can be detected and "normalised"
automatically, via fuzzy matching procedures. The VARD will enable
historical linguists to undertake an empirical exploration of variation
across four centuries (i.e. 16th-19th), but its usefulness is not
limited to the (historical) lexicographer. Indeed, the VARD will
facilitate annotation of, and text retrieval from, previously unseen
pre-20th century corpora, and thus is of potential benefit to the
historian, the English scholar, and those researchers interested in
(historical) dialectology. VARD techniques will be applicable to
detecting variants in, for example, the Scottish Corpus of Texts and
Speech (SCOTS) and the Newcastle Electronic Corpus of Tyneside English
The tutorial sessions will make use of licensed and freely available
material, including the Lancaster Newsbook Corpus (1640-1661), Nameless
Shakespeare, the Lampeter Corpus of English Tracts (1640-1760), Corpus
del Espańol (1200s-1900s), and the EEBO-TCP collection, which contains
structured SGML/XML text editions for a significant portion of the
Short Title Catalogue of Early English books published between 1473 and
Why are we asking for the supporting statement? We would like to know
what you expect to gain from attendance at the workshop, and how you
might apply the methods and tools presented at the workshop in your own
research area in the future. We hope that all applicants can be
included, but the number of places is limited to approximately
thirty-five, so if we are over-subscribed, we will have to select
participants from the applications received. The selection criteria
will be based on fulfilling the aims of the workshop as described
Refreshments and lunches will be provided free of charge.
Participants should make their own arrangements for accommodation in Lancaster if required.
Suitable hotels are the Lancaster House Hotel,
which is situated on the university campus, and the
Royal Kings Arms,
which is near the train station in Lancaster.
Further away, but within a taxi ride of Lancaster and the University is the
Holiday Inn,
which is also handy for junction 34 of the M6 Motorway.
Guestrooms are also available on Lancaster University campus. For details,
see the College and residence office website.
A list
of other hotels and guest houses in Lancaster is available from the
Virtual Lancaster website.
The workshop will take place during graduation week at Lancaster University,
so please reserve accommodation as soon as possible.
Maps and travel details
are available from the University's web site. In particular, train times between
Lancaster and Manchester Airport can be found on
the railway website.
Train tickets are around £20 (return) depending on your time of travel.
Once at Lancaster railway station we recommend you take a taxi (available
from just outside the station) to the University; this
taxi journey should take at most 10 minutes and cost about £5 depending on the
time of day.
If you prefer, you can pre-book an airport taxi direct from Manchester or
Liverpool Airport
to the University. Please contact the organisers for further details.
Dr Dawn Archer
Draft Programme
The draft programme is as follows.
All sessions will take place in room C60b/c in Infolab21. Room C60b/c is directly above reception and
below Cafe21 in the Infolab21 building.
For further information about the presentations, download the
latest version of the workshop handout.
Thursday 20th July Post workshop resources 10:00 Registration and coffee 10:20 Welcome and introductions
Morning Session: What's possible with modern data? 10:30 "Historical Text Mining", Historical "Text Mining" and "Historical Text"
Mining: Challenges and Opportunities
Robert Sanderson (University of Liverpool)Slides
11:00 Introduction to GATE (General Architecture for Text Engineering)
Wim Peters (University of Sheffield)Slides
URL: www.gate.ac.uk
11:30 Introduction to WordSmith
Mike Scott (Liverpool University)URL: WordSmith Tools including multilingual guides and FAQ
12:00 Tutorial: Corpus annotation and Wmatrix
Paul Rayson (Lancaster University)URL: Wmatrix introduction and tutorial
12:30 Lunch Afternoon session: Problems re-applying such tools to historical data 13:30 Search methods for documents in non-standard spelling
Thomas Pilz and Andrea Ernst-Gerlach (Universität Duisburg-Essen)Slides
14:00 The Potential of the Historical Thesaurus of English
Christian Kay (University of Glasgow)Slides
URL: Historical Thesaurus of English
14:30 Discussion
15:00 Coffee/tea break 15:30 The CEEC corpora and their external databases
Samuli Kaislaniemi (University of Helsinki)Slides
15:50 Exploring Speech-related Early Modern English Texts: Lexical Bundles Re-visited
Jonathan Culpeper (Lancaster University) and Merja Kytö (Uppsala University)16:30 Introducing nora: a text-mining tool for literary scholars
Tom Horton (University of Virginia)Slides
URL: www.noraproject.org
17:00 Closing discussion
Friday 21st July Morning Session: Possible solutions to the problems identified on day 1 9:30 Teaching a computer to read Shakespeare: the problem of spelling variation and
Tutorial on the variant detector tool (VARD)
Dawn Archer (University of Central Lancashire)
and Paul Rayson (Lancaster University)Slides
10:15 The advantages of using relational databases for large historical corpora
Mark Davies (Brigham Young University)
URL: VIEW: Variation In English Words and phrases
11:15 Coffee/tea break 11:30 Discussion
12:00 Managing Momus: following the fortuna [sic] and frequency of a trope in Early English Books Online
Stephen Pumfrey (Lancaster University)Slides
12:15 Digitisation of historical texts at ProQuest and ways of accessing variant word forms
Tristan Wilson (ProQuest Information and Learning)Slides
12:30 Lessons learnt from transcribing and tagging the Newcastle Electronic Corpus of Tyneside English
Joan Beal (University of Sheffield) and Nick Smith (Lancaster University)13:00 Lunch 13:30 Visit to the Rare Book Archive in Lancaster University Library to view
the Hesketh Collection
Participants who have registered in advance of the workshop will need to bring photo-ID.Afternoon session: final round-up 14:00 Software demonstrations and small-group discussion 14:30 Nineteenth Century Serials Edition Project
Suzanne Paylor, Jim Mussell (Birkbeck College)
14:45 LICHEN: The Linguistic and Cultural Heritage Electronic Network
Lisa Lena Opas-Hänninen (University of Oulu)Slides
15:00 Discussion: Software requirements
15:15 Coffee/tea break 15:45 Round-up discussion: where to next?
16:30 Close Registration and accommodation
Participation is free but, since places are very limited, we request that
potential participants apply in advance, and explain why they wish to
attend and what they expect from the workshop. Please contact the
organisers - preferably by email (details below) - with the following
The deadline for applications is Friday 14th July. If you do have a
confirmed place, and then are unable to attend, please let us know as
soon as possible. As of 6th July, there are very few places remaining.
The workshop will take place in the Infolab21 building at Lancaster University
(number 51 on the campus map).
Wireless internet access will be available on campus and in Infolab21 during the workshop
for participants. We will allocate temporary usernames during registration in order to access the
campus wireless network.
The workshop will take place during graduation week at Lancaster University, hence parking on campus will be restricted.
If you wish to reserve a parking space contact the organisers well in advance of the workshop.
Contact information
Dr Paul Rayson
Computing Department, Infolab21, South Drive, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4WA, UK.
Tel: +44 (0)1524 510357
Fax: +44 (0)1524 510492
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Lecturer in English Language and Linguistics,
Department of Humanities,
University of Central Lancashire,
Preston, Lancashire,
Tel: +44 (0)1772 893032
Email: email@example.com


text:
Home › Zootoo TV › Pet Videos › V.O.D.: Zac-Z In Eight Seconds: Turn Around And Say, "HI" (Blink) To Daryl
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Sharon 4 years ago
He is one Handsome Guy. My Sadie just might be interested in a furture date,
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daryl b. 4 years ago
hi zac z i hit the jackpot tonight. you and puck. hale to the king. over 2 years and i can watch your videos. keep them short i wish i could give you a nice fish. i just scratched your ear. feel good? good.
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And then he was kicked into a hole, obviously.
Spartans considered a coward the person who 1) retreated without a command about a tactical maneuver in combat, 2)the deserter and 3) the one who was captured alive by the enemy.
Due to the Spartan fighting tactics where every soldier who responsible to cover his fellow soldier ,one act of cowardliness or deserting could lead to severe complications in actual combat. Thus the penalties were quite severe:
The coward lost all his civil rights.
He was not accepted in the Syskoinia , the joint military camp comprised by the various tends.
Ηe was not accepted in gymnasiums and related activities.
He was not accepted to the Apella , the assembly of Spartan citizens.
His wife was forced by law not to live with him or have any *********** with him.
He could be lawfully beaten in every moment by any citizen who wanted to abase him without the right to seek justice in court.
The other citizens never spoke to him..
Every time he was meeting another citizen in the street he was obliged to move aside letting this citizen pass.
He was obliged to give his seat anywhere if another citizen asked for it , even if this citizen was younger than him.
He was not allowed to take care of his appearance and take care of his hair. Ιt's known that the Spartans were meticulously took care their long hair especially before any battle so they would be presentable in Hades in case of death.
And then he was kicked into a hole, obviously.
So go tell the Spartans better not to be cowards.
Btw, the Spartans ended up as a tourist attraction for elderly romans.
Did they make him put on a dress and suck his thumb?
Spartans also canceled his bus pass and people frequently flatulated in his general direction.
That is really bad...His wife was forced by law not to live with him or have any *********** with him.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpartaDuring the Roman conquest, Spartans continued their way of life, and the city became a tourist attraction for the Roman elite who came to observe exotic Spartan customs.
So they were metros[*******"#000000"]exual[/COLOR].
Cowards also weren't allowed to work on their abs or wear Axe body spray...
I don't know much about Greece specifically, but in many cases when Christian emperors got around to banning stuff it was already long since out of fashion.
Such as Egypt, where Christian emperors ordered the temples to the Egyptian gods closed down...but by that point there were only a handful of temples and priests in Egypt in that venerated the old gods.
As Greece became Christianized, great cultural shifts took place that were not brought about by force, as Greece began to see itself and be seen as Eastern rather than Western.
Overall though the continuance of Greek rituals in peaceful, bucolic Roman Greece is really interesting. Read Pausanias for example, who made a tourist guide of Greece and describes a land with a massive tourist industry built around ancient monuments, historic sites, ruins, art, the Olympics, artifacts and historic objects that allegedly belonged to Trojan War heroes, etc. Basically like a large section of the Greek economy today.
But I don't know about Greece, but Christianization was apparently pretty brutal in areas of the near East (Antioch, Egypt etc) in the 4th century. Remember the story of Hypathia.
The great christianization wave could well have been the slavic migration of the 6/7th century, not Constantine.
I've once read an article (Wiki but well researched) that stated that the loss of the majority of antique literature did not occur in the middle ages, but rather in the period between Constantine and the division. Christianization apparently struck the roman world with some sort of cultural revolution, including the destruction of books and libraries. One hint at that is that the earliest preserved catalogues of both western and Constantinople libraries from the 6th century do not contain much more antique books than we have now. 90% of the lost books were lost before the fall of the western empire.
Regarding the "east/west" thing, the Church was officially unified until the middle ages, the bishop of Rome being the primus inter pares for the west, while the Bishop of Constantinople was the same for the east. The church shism isn't as old as it seems.
But the underlying cause is older: In the west, religion was left to seperate priests, while the east always embraced the god-king.
Roman emperors were officially diefied but this was a dry state cult in Italy, not a passionate religion, while in the east people took this seriously.


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Course Description | Guidelines for Medicare and Medicaid will be studied in detail. Differences and similarities will be discussed. Eligibility, financial rewards, hardships and compliance are issues that will be presented, in addition to descriptions of services that are covered. |
Prerequisites | HSB 101 |
Credits | 3 |


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text:
Answer this
1 Answer
What are the best national parks in the United States?
I'll be travelling around the States this summer (July/August) and would love to visit some national parks. I'll be arriving and leaving from L.A., so expect I'll be mostly on the West Coast. Thanks a lot!
asked this on June 22, 2011 at 08:20 AM
- Overall Points: 29 | Overall Position: 13
1 Answer
- vote
- up down
That's a broad question--around LA? You've got Channel Islands NP, which is off the coast, and then Joshua Tree to the east (but not far). Go for the former if you want aquatic environs, or head to J Tree for truly epic rock climbing, bouldering, hiking, and backpacking/climbing. To the north? Kings Canyon/Sequoia, which offers huge trees, big vistas, and really cool higher-altitude hiking. Further north? Yosemite (where I just visited), one of the country's most dramatic landscapes. Think a 3000-foot-plus-tall canyon with waterfalls gushing to the valley floor and miles of backcountry that's seldom seen by the typical tourist. Also, this year boasts the largest snowpack in recorded history, which as turned on every waterfall in the park into gushers. Of course, further east you've got Death Valley, and Grand Canyon. And I won't even start to talk about Utah. My advice? Think about what you want to do and plan from there. Each park has its advantages. But if you want to hike and backpack, I'd say hoof it up to Yosemite or Kings Canyon.
answered this on June 22, 2011 at 09:30 AM
Backpackrr's question
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