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Pros: great UV flashlight, value for money, pretty fast delivery from HK to Europe Cons: -
durable y muy buen material utiliza pilas AAA las cuales no vienen incluidas muy buena lampara, para usos multiples hogar y trabajo
Отличный фонарик. Прелестный свет и дальность. Невыносимо без него жить. Отличнейшее стечение обстоятельств что я его купил . мега свет
Pros: good quality, working fine Cons: no cons Product is good builded. No problem with shipping(quick and good package) or quality of product. Price is perfect. i find with this item on my car little hole in my air i this... Read more
Nice build quality considering the price. Consider this a entry level flashlight. It's entertaining but not meant to be professional quality. Very bright blue flashlight with near UV light. Free shipping is a plus. This UV... Read more
Very bright flashlight with near UV light. Excellent battery life too! The body is well made and robust brushed aluminium with a plastic... Read more
Works perfectly with the Nintendo Wii,Nintendo DS and Gameboy . It is sturdy and has a good grip. It isn't easy to find in normal stores.... Read more
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BONIVA - ibandronate sodium injection, solution
Genentech, Inc.
BONIVA®BONIVA (ibandronate sodium) is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate that inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. The chemical name for ibandronate sodium is 3-(N-methyl-N-pentyl)amino-1-hydroxypropane-1,1-diphosphonic acid, monosodium salt, monohydrate with the molecular formula C9H22NO7P2Na•H2O and a molecular weight of 359.24. Ibandronate sodium is a white- to off-white powder. It is freely soluble in water and practically insoluble in organic solvents. Ibandronate sodium has the following structural formula:
BONIVA Injection is intended for intravenous administration only. BONIVA Injection is available as a sterile, clear, colorless, ready-to-use solution in a prefilled syringe that delivers 3.375 mg of ibandronate monosodium salt monohydrate in 3 mL of solution, equivalent to a dose of 3 mg ibandronate free acid. Inactive ingredients include sodium chloride, glacial acetic acid, sodium acetate and water.
The action of ibandronate on bone tissue is based on its affinity for hydroxyapatite, which is part of the mineral matrix of bone. Ibandronate inhibits osteoclast activity and reduces bone resorption and turnover. In postmenopausal women, it reduces the elevated rate of bone turnover, leading to, on average, a net gain in bone mass.
Area under the serum ibandronate concentrations versus time curve increases in a dose-proportional manner after administration of 2 mg to 6 mg by intravenous injection. After administration, ibandronate either rapidly binds to bone or is excreted into urine. In humans, the apparent terminal volume of distribution is at least 90 L, and the amount of dose removed from the circulation into the bone is estimated to be 40% to 50% of the circulating dose. In vitro protein binding in human serum was approximately 86% over an ibandronate concentration range of 20 to 2000 ng/mL (approximate range of maximum serum ibandronate concentrations upon intravenous bolus administration) in one study.
There is no evidence that ibandronate is metabolized in humans. Ibandronate does not inhibit human P450 1A2, 2A6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4 isozymes in vitro.
The portion of ibandronate that is not removed from the circulation via bone absorption is eliminated unchanged by the kidney (approximately 50% to 60% of the administered intravenous dose).
The plasma elimination of ibandronate is multiphasic. Its renal clearance and distribution into bone accounts for a rapid and early decline in plasma concentrations, reaching 10% of Cmax within 3 or 8 hours after intravenous or oral administration, respectively. This is followed by a slower clearance phase as ibandronate redistributes back into the blood from bone. The observed apparent terminal half-life for ibandronate is generally dependent on the dose studied and on assay sensitivity. The observed apparent terminal half-life for intravenous 2 and 4 mg ibandronate after 2 hours of infusion ranges from 4.6 to 15.3 hours and 5 to 25.5 hours, respectively.
Following intravenous administration, total clearance of ibandronate is low, with average values in the range 84 to 160 mL/min. Renal clearance (about 60 mL/min in healthy postmenopausal women) accounts for 50% to 60% of total clearance and is related to creatinine clearance. The difference between the apparent total and renal clearances likely reflects bone uptake of the drug.
The pharmacokinetics of ibandronate has not been studied in patients <18 years of age.
The pharmacokinetics of ibandronate is similar in both men and women.
Since ibandronate is not known to be metabolized, the only difference in ibandronate elimination for geriatric patients versus younger patients is expected to relate to progressive age-related changes in renal function (see Special Populations: Renal Impairment).
Pharmacokinetic differences due to race have not been studied.
Renal clearance of ibandronate in patients with various degrees of renal impairment is linearly related to creatinine clearance (CLcr).
Following a single dose of 0.5 mg ibandronate by intravenous administration, patients with CLcr 40 to 70 mL/min had 55% higher exposure (AUC∞) than the exposure observed in subjects with CLcr >90 mL/min. Patients with CLcr <30 mL/min had more than a two-fold increase in exposure compared to the exposure for healthy subjects (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION: Patients with Renal Impairment).
No studies have been performed to assess the pharmacokinetics of ibandronate in patients with hepatic impairment since ibandronate is not metabolized in the human liver.
Ibandronate does not undergo hepatic metabolism and does not inhibit the hepatic cytochrome P450 system. Ibandronate is eliminated by renal excretion. Based on a rat study, the ibandronate secretory pathway does not appear to include known acidic or basic transport systems involved in the excretion of other drugs.
A pharmacokinetic interaction study in multiple myeloma patients demonstrated that intravenous melphalan (10 mg/m2) and oral prednisolone (60 mg/m2) did not interact with 6 mg ibandronate upon intravenous coadministration. Ibandronate did not interact with melphalan or prednisolone.
A pharmacokinetic interaction study in healthy postmenopausal women demonstrated that there was no interaction between oral 30 mg tamoxifen and intravenous 2 mg ibandronate.
Osteoporosis is characterized by decreased bone mass and increased fracture risk, most commonly at the spine, hip, and wrist. The diagnosis can be confirmed by a finding of low bone mass, evidence of fracture on x-ray, a history of osteoporotic fracture, or height loss or kyphosis indicative of vertebral fracture. While osteoporosis occurs in both men and women, it is most common among women following menopause. In healthy humans, bone formation and resorption are closely linked; old bone is resorbed and replaced by newly formed bone. In postmenopausal osteoporosis, bone resorption exceeds bone formation, leading to bone loss and increased risk of fracture. After menopause, the risk of fractures of the spine and hip increases; approximately 40% of 50-year-old women will experience an osteoporosis-related fracture during their remaining lifetimes.
In studies of postmenopausal women, BONIVA Injection at doses of 0.5 mg to 3 mg produced biochemical changes indicative of inhibition of bone resorption, including decreases of biochemical markers of bone collagen degradation (cross-linked C-telopeptide of Type I collagen [CTX]). Changes in markers of bone formation (osteocalcin) were observed later than changes in resorption markers, as expected, due to the coupled nature of bone resorption and formation.
Year 1 results from an efficacy and safety study comparing BONIVA Injection 3 mg every 3 months and BONIVA 2.5 mg daily oral tablet demonstrated that both dosing regimens significantly suppressed serum CTX levels at Months 3, 6, and 12. The median pre-dose or trough serum CTX levels in the ITT population reached a nadir of 57% (BONIVA Injection) and 62% (BONIVA 2.5 mg tablets) below baseline values by Month 6, and remained stable at Month 12 of treatment.
The effectiveness and safety of BONIVA daily oral tablets were demonstrated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multinational study (Treatment Study) of 2946 women aged 55 to 80 years, who were on average 21 years postmenopause, who had lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) 2 to 5 SD below the premenopausal mean (T-score) in at least one vertebra [L1-L4], and who had one to four prevalent vertebral fractures. BONIVA was evaluated at oral doses of 2.5 mg daily and 20 mg intermittently. The main outcome measure was the occurrence of new radiographically diagnosed, vertebral fractures after 3 years of treatment. The diagnosis of an incident vertebral fracture was based on both qualitative diagnosis by the radiologist and quantitative morphometric criterion. The morphometric criterion required the dual occurrence of two events: a relative height ratio or relative height reduction in a vertebral body of at least 20%, together with at least a 4 mm absolute decrease in height. All women received 400 IU vitamin D and 500 mg calcium supplementation per day.
The effectiveness and safety of BONIVA Injection 3 mg once every 3 months were demonstrated in a randomized, double-blind, multinational, noninferiority study (DIVA Study) in 1358 women with postmenopausal osteoporosis (L2-L4 lumbar spine BMD, T-score below -2.5 SD at baseline). The control group received BONIVA 2.5 mg daily oral tablets. The primary efficacy parameter was the relative change from baseline to 1 year of treatment in lumbar spine BMD, which was compared between the intravenous injection and the daily oral treatment groups. All patients received 400 IU vitamin D and 500 mg calcium supplementation per day.
BONIVA 2.5 mg daily oral tablet significantly reduced the incidence of new vertebral and of new and worsening vertebral fractures (Daily Oral Tablet – Treatment Study). Over the course of the 3-year study, the risk for vertebral fracture was 9.6% in the placebo-treated women and 4.7% in the women treated with BONIVA 2.5 mg daily oral tablet (p<0.001) (see Table 1). In an unapproved regimen, intermittent oral administration of 20 mg BONIVA, involving a 9- to 10-week drug-free interval, produced a statistically significant reduction (50%) in the incidence of new vertebral fractures, similar to that seen with the daily oral 2.5 mg regimen.
Proportion of Patients with Fracture (%) | ||||
Placebo n=975 |
BONIVA 2.5 mg Daily n=977 |
Absolute Risk Reduction (%) 95% CI |
Relative Risk Reduction (%) 95% CI |
New Vertebral Fracture | 9.6 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 52 † |
0-3 Year | (2.3, 7.4) | (29, 68) | ||
New and Worsening Vertebral Fracture | 10.4 | 5.1 | 5.3 | 52 |
0-3 Year | (2.6, 7.9) | (30, 67) | ||
Clinical (Symptomatic) Vertebral Fracture | 5.3 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 49 |
0-3 Year | (0.6, 4.5) | (14, 69) |
There was a similar number of nonvertebral osteoporotic fractures at 3 years reported in women treated with BONIVA 2.5 mg daily oral tablet [9.1%, (95% CI: 7.1%, 11.1%)] and placebo [8.2%, (95% CI: 6.3%, 10.2%)]. The two treatment groups were also similar with regard to the number of fractures reported at the individual non-vertebral sites: pelvis, femur, wrist, forearm, rib, and hip (Daily Oral Tablet - Treatment Study).
Daily Oral Tablet - Treatment Study: BONIVA 2.5 mg daily oral tablet significantly increased BMD at the lumbar spine and hip relative to treatment with placebo. In the 3-year osteoporosis treatment study, BONIVA 2.5 mg daily oral tablet produced increases in lumbar spine BMD that were progressive over 3 years of treatment and were statistically significant relative to placebo at 6 months and at all later time points. Lumbar spine BMD increased by 6.4% after 3 years of treatment with BONIVA 2.5 mg daily oral tablet compared with 1.4% in the placebo group. Table 2 displays the significant increases in BMD seen at the lumbar spine, total hip, femoral neck, and trochanter compared to placebo. Thus, overall BONIVA 2.5 mg daily oral tablet reverses the loss of BMD, a central factor in the progression of osteoporosis.
Placebo | BONIVA 2.5 mg | |
Lumbar Spine | 1.4 (n=693) |
6.4 (n=712) |
Total Hip | -0.7 (n=638) |
3.1 (n=654) |
Femoral Neck | -0.7 (n=683) |
2.6 (n=699) |
Trochanter | 0.2 (n=683) |
5.3 (n=699) |
Quarterly IV Injection – DIVA Study: In the ITT efficacy analysis, the least-squares mean increase at 1 year in lumbar spine BMD in patients (n=429) treated with BONIVA Injection 3 mg once every 3 months (4.5%) was statistically superior to that in patients (n=434) treated with daily oral tablets (3.5%). The mean difference between groups was 1.05% (95% CI: 0.53%, 1.57%; p<0.001; see Figure 1). The mean increases from baseline in total hip BMD at 1 year were 2.1% in the BONIVA Injection 3 mg once every 3 months group and 1.5% in the BONIVA 2.5 mg daily oral tablet group. Consistently higher BMD increases at the femoral neck and trochanter were also observed following BONIVA Injection 3 mg once every 3 months compared to BONIVA 2.5 mg daily oral tablet.
The effects of BONIVA 2.5 mg daily oral tablet on bone histology were evaluated in iliac crest biopsies from 16 women after 22 months of treatment and 20 women after 34 months of treatment. The histological analysis of bone biopsies showed bone of normal quality and no indication of osteomalacia or a mineralization defect.
The histological analysis of bone biopsies after 22 months of treatment with 3 mg intravenous ibandronate every 3 months (n=30) or 23 months of treatment with 2 mg intravenous ibandronate every 2 months (n=27) in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis showed bone of normal quality and no indication of a mineralization defect.
Animal studies have shown that ibandronate is an inhibitor of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. In the Schenk assay in growing rats, ibandronate inhibited bone resorption and increased bone volume, based on histologic examination of the tibial metaphyses. There was no evidence of impaired mineralization at the highest dose of 5 mg/kg/day (subcutaneously), which is 1000 times the lowest antiresorptive dose of 0.005 mg/kg/day in this model, and 5000 times the optimal antiresorptive dose of 0.001 mg/kg/day in the aged ovariectomized rat. This indicates that BONIVA Injection administered at a therapeutic dose is unlikely to induce osteomalacia.
Long-term daily or intermittent administration of ibandronate to ovariectomized rats or monkeys was associated with suppression of bone turnover and increases in bone mass. Vertebral BMD, trabecular density, and biomechanical strength were increased dose-dependently in rats and monkeys, at doses up to 8 to 4 times the human intravenous dose of 3 mg every 3 months, based on cumulative dose normalized for body surface area (mg/m2) and AUC comparison, respectively. Ibandronate maintained the positive correlation between bone mass and strength at the ulna and femoral neck. New bone formed in the presence of ibandronate had normal histologic structure and did not show mineralization defects.
BONIVA Injection is indicated for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.
In postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, BONIVA increases BMD and reduces the incidence of vertebral fractures (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Clinical Studies). Osteoporosis may be confirmed by the presence or history of osteoporotic fracture or by a finding of low bone mass (BMD more than 2.0 standard deviations below the premenopausal mean [ie, T-score]).
BONIVA Injection, like other bisphosphonates administered intravenously, may cause a transient decrease in serum calcium values (see PRECAUTIONS).
BONIVA Injection must only be administered intravenously. Care must be taken not to administer BONIVA Injection intra-arterially or paravenously as this could lead to tissue damage.
Do not administer BONIVA Injection by any other route of administration. The safety and efficacy of BONIVA Injection following non-intravenous routes of administration have not been established.
Hypocalcemia, hypovitaminosis D, and other disturbances of bone and mineral metabolism must be effectively treated before starting BONIVA Injection therapy. Adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D is important in all patients. Patients must receive supplemental calcium and vitamin D.
Treatment with intravenous bisphosphonates has been associated with renal toxicity manifested as deterioration in renal function (ie, increased serum creatinine) and in rare cases, acute renal failure. No cases of acute renal failure were observed in controlled clinical trials in which intravenous BONIVA was administered as a 15- to 30-second bolus. The risk of serious renal toxicity with other intravenous bisphosphonates appears to be inversely related to the rate of drug administration.
Patients who receive BONIVA Injection should have serum creatinine measured prior to each dosage administration. Patients with concomitant diseases that have the potential for adverse effects on the kidney or patients who are taking concomitant medications that have the potential for adverse effects on the kidney should be assessed, as clinically appropriate. Treatment should be withheld for renal deterioration.
BONIVA Injection should not be administered to patients with severe renal impairment (ie, patients with serum creatinine >200 µmol/L [2.3 mg/dL] or creatinine clearance [measured or estimated] <30 mL/min).
Osteonecrosis, primarily in the jaw, has been reported in patients treated with bisphosphonates. Most cases have been in cancer patients undergoing dental procedures, but some have occurred in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis or other diagnoses. Known risk factors for osteonecrosis include a diagnosis of cancer, concomitant therapies (eg, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, corticosteroids), and co-morbid disorders (eg, anemia, coagulopathy, infection, pre-existing dental disease). Most reported cases have been in patients treated with bisphosphonates intravenously but some have been in patients treated orally.
For patients who develop osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) while on bisphosphonate therapy, dental surgery may exacerbate the condition. For patients requiring dental procedures, there are no data available to suggest whether discontinuation of bisphosphonate treatment reduces the risk of ONJ. Clinical judgment of the treating physician should guide the management plan of each patient based on individual benefit/risk assessment.
In postmarketing experience, severe and occasionally incapacitating bone, joint, and/or muscle pain has been reported in patients taking bisphosphonates that are approved for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis (see ADVERSE REACTIONS). However, such reports have been infrequent. This category of drugs includes BONIVA (ibandronate sodium) Injection. Most of the patients were postmenopausal women. The time to onset of symptoms varied from one day to several months after starting the drug. Most patients had relief of symptoms after stopping. A subset had recurrence of symptoms when rechallenged with the same drug or another bisphosphonate.
BONIVA Injection must be administered intravenously only by a health care professional. Patients should be instructed to read the Patient Information Leaflet carefully before BONIVA Injection is administered and to re-read it each time the prescription is renewed.
BONIVA Injection should be administered once every 3 months. If the dose is missed, the injection should be administered as soon as it can be rescheduled. Thereafter, injections should be scheduled every 3 months from the date of the last injection. Do not administer BONIVA Injection more frequently than once every 3 months.
Patients must receive supplemental calcium and vitamin D.
See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Drug Interactions
Bisphosphonates are known to interfere with the use of bone-imaging agents. Specific studies with ibandronate have not been performed.
In a 104-week carcinogenicity study, doses of 3, 7, or 15 mg/kg/day were administered by oral gavage to Wistar rats (systemic exposures in males and females up to 3 and 1 times, respectively, human exposure at the recommended intravenous dose of 3 mg every 3 months, based on cumulative AUC comparison). There were no significant drug-related tumor findings in male or female rats. In a 78-week carcinogenicity study, doses of 5, 20, or 40 mg/kg/day were administered by oral gavage to NMRI mice (exposures in males and females up to 96 and 14 times, respectively, human exposure at the recommended intravenous dose of 3 mg every 3 months, based on cumulative AUC comparison). There were no significant drug-related tumor findings in male or female mice. In a 90-week carcinogenicity study, doses of 5, 20, or 80 mg/kg/day were administered in the drinking water to NMRI mice. A dose-related increased incidence of adrenal subcapsular adenoma/carcinoma was observed in female mice, which was statistically significant at 80 mg/kg/day (32 to 51 times human exposure at the recommended intravenous dose of 3 mg every 3 months, based on cumulative AUC comparison). The relevance of these findings to humans is unknown.
There was no evidence for a mutagenic or clastogenic potential of ibandronate in the following assays: in vitro bacterial mutagenesis assay in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli (Ames test), mammalian cell mutagenesis assay in Chinese hamster V79 cells, and chromosomal aberration test in human peripheral lymphocytes, each with and without metabolic activation. Ibandronate was not genotoxic in the in vivo mouse micronucleus tests for chromosomal damage.
In female rats treated from 14 days prior to mating through gestation, decreases in fertility, corpora lutea and implantation sites, and increased preimplantation loss were observed at an intravenous dose of 1.2 mg/kg/day (117 times human exposure at the recommended intravenous dose of 3 mg every 3 months, based on cumulative AUC comparison). In male rats treated for 28 days prior to mating, a decrease in sperm production and altered sperm morphology were observed at intravenous doses ≥0.3 mg/kg/day (≥40 times human exposure at the recommended intravenous dose of 3 mg every 3 months, based on cumulative AUC comparison).
In pregnant rats given intravenous doses of 0.05, 0.15, or 0.5 mg/kg/day from Day 17 post-coitum until Day 20 post-partum, ibandronate treatment resulted in dystocia, maternal mortality, and early postnatal pup loss in all dose groups (≥2 times human exposure at the recommended intravenous dose of 3 mg every 3 months, based on cumulative AUC comparison). Reduced body weight at birth was observed at 0.15 and 0.5 mg/kg/day (≥4 times human exposure at the recommended intravenous dose of 3 mg every 3 months, based on cumulative AUC comparison). Pups exhibited abnormal odontogeny that decreased food consumption and body weight gain at 0.15 and 0.5 mg/kg/day (≥18 times human exposure at the recommended intravenous dose of 3 mg every 3 months, based on cumulative AUC comparison). Periparturient mortality has also been observed with other bisphosphonates and appears to be a class effect related to inhibition of skeletal calcium mobilization resulting in hypocalcemia and dystocia.
Exposure of pregnant rats during the period of organogenesis resulted in an increased fetal incidence of RPU (renal pelvis ureter) syndrome at an intravenous dose of 1 mg/kg/day (≥47 times human exposure at the recommended intravenous dose of 3 mg every 3 months, based on cumulative AUC comparison). In this spontaneous delivery study, dystocia was counteracted by perinatal calcium supplementation. In rat studies with intravenous dosing during gestation, fetal weight and pup growth were reduced at doses ≥0.1 mg/kg/day (≥5 times human exposure at the recommended intravenous dose of 3 mg every 3 months, based on cumulative AUC comparison).
In pregnant rabbits given intravenous doses of 0.03, 0.07 or 0.2 mg/kg/day during the period of organogenesis, maternal mortality, reduced maternal body weight gain, decreased litter size due to increased resorption rate, and decreased fetal weight were observed at 0.2 mg/kg/day (19 times the recommended human intravenous dose of 3 mg every 3 months, based on cumulative body surface area comparison, mg/m2).
Bisphosphonates are incorporated into the bone matrix, from where they are gradually released over periods of weeks to years. The extent of bisphosphonate incorporation into adult bone, and hence, the amount available for release back into the systemic circulation, is directly related to the total dose and duration of bisphosphonate use. Although there are no data on fetal risk in humans, bisphosphonates do cause fetal harm in animals, and animal data suggest that uptake of bisphosphonates into fetal bone is greater than into maternal bone. Therefore, there is a theoretical risk of fetal harm (eg, skeletal and other abnormalities) if a woman becomes pregnant after completing a course of bisphosphonate therapy. The impact of variables such as time between cessation of bisphosphonate therapy to conception, the particular bisphosphonate used, and the route of administration (intravenous versus oral) on this risk has not been established.
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. BONIVA Injection should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the mother and fetus.
In lactating rats treated with intravenous doses of 0.08 mg/kg, ibandronate was present in breast milk at concentrations of 8.1 to 0.4 ng/mL from 2 to 24 hours after dose administration. Concentrations in milk averaged 1.5 times plasma concentrations. It is not known whether BONIVA is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when BONIVA Injection is administered to a nursing woman.
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.
Of the patients receiving BONIVA Injection 3 mg every 3 months for 1 year (DIVA study), 51% were over 65 years of age. No overall differences in effectiveness or safety were observed between these patients and younger patients, but greater sensitivity in some older individuals cannot be ruled out.
Treatment with BONIVA 2.5 mg daily oral tablet was studied in over 3900 patients in postmenopausal osteoporosis trials of up to 3 years duration. The overall adverse event profile of BONIVA 2.5 mg once daily tablet in these studies was similar to that of placebo.
Most adverse events were mild or moderate and did not lead to discontinuation. The incidence of serious adverse events was 20% in the placebo group and 23% in the BONIVA 2.5 mg daily oral tablet group. The percentage of patients who withdrew from treatment due to adverse events was approximately 17% in both the BONIVA 2.5 mg daily oral tablet group and the placebo group. Overall, and according to body system, there was no difference between BONIVA daily oral tablet and placebo, with adverse events of the digestive system being the most common reason for withdrawal.
Table 3 lists adverse events from the Treatment and Prevention Studies reported in ≥2% of patients and in more patients treated with BONIVA 2.5 mg daily oral tablet than patients treated with placebo. Adverse events are shown without attribution of causality.
Body System | Placebo % (n=1134) |
BONIVA 2.5 mg daily % (n=1140) |
Body as a Whole | ||
Back Pain | 12.2 | 13.5 |
Pain in Extremity | 6.4 | 7.8 |
Infection | 3.4 | 4.3 |
Asthenia | 2.3 | 3.5 |
Allergic Reaction | 1.9 | 2.5 |
Digestive System | ||
Dyspepsia | 9.8 | 11.9 |
Diarrhea | 5.0 | 6.8 |
Tooth Disorder | 2.3 | 3.5 |
Vomiting | 2.1 | 2.7 |
Gastritis | 1.9 | 2.2 |
Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders | ||
Hypercholesterolemia | 4.2 | 4.8 |
Musculoskeletal System | ||
Myalgia | 5.1 | 5.7 |
Joint Disorder | 3.3 | 3.6 |
Arthritis | 2.7 | 3.2 |
Nervous System | ||
Headache | 5.8 | 6.5 |
Dizziness | 2.6 | 3.7 |
Vertigo | 2.5 | 3.0 |
Nerve Root Lesion | 1.9 | 2.2 |
Respiratory System | ||
Upper Respiratory Infection | 33.2 | 33.7 |
Bronchitis | 6.8 | 10.0 |
Pneumonia | 4.3 | 5.9 |
Pharyngitis | 1.5 | 2.5 |
Urogenital System | ||
Urinary Tract Infection | 4.2 | 5.5 |
In a 1-year, double-blind, multicenter study comparing BONIVA Injection administered intravenously as 3 mg every 3 months to BONIVA 2.5 mg daily oral tablet in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis, the overall safety and tolerability profiles of the two dosing regimens were similar. The incidence of serious adverse events was 8.0% in the BONIVA 2.5 mg daily group and 7.5% in the BONIVA Injection 3 mg once every 3 months group. The percentage of patients who withdrew from treatment due to adverse events was approximately 6.7% in the BONIVA 2.5 mg daily group and 8.5% in the BONIVA Injection 3 mg every 3 months group.
Table 4 lists the adverse events reported in >2% of patients without attribution of causality.
Body System/Adverse Event | BONIVA 2.5 mg Daily (Oral) % (n=465) |
BONIVA 3 mg q 3 mo (IV) % (n=469) |
Infections and Infestations | ||
Influenza | 8.0 | 4.7 |
Nasopharyngitis | 6.0 | 3.4 |
Cystitis | 3.4 | 1.9 |
Gastroenteritis | 3.4 | 1.5 |
Urinary Tract Infection | 3.2 | 2.6 |
Bronchitis | 2.8 | 2.1 |
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection | 2.8 | 1.1 |
Gastrointestinal Disorders | ||
Abdominal Pain* | 5.6 | 5.1 |
Dyspepsia | 4.3 | 3.6 |
Nausea | 4.3 | 2.1 |
Constipation | 4.1 | 3.4 |
Diarrhea | 2.4 | 2.8 |
Gastritis | 2.2 | 1.9 |
Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders | ||
Arthralgia | 8.6 | 9.6 |
Back Pain | 7.5 | 7.0 |
Localized Osteoarthritis | 2.4 | 1.5 |
Pain in Extremity | 2.2 | 2.8 |
Myalgia | 0.9 | 2.8 |
Nervous System Disorders | ||
Dizziness | 2.8 | 1.9 |
Headache | 2.6 | 3.6 |
Vascular Disorders | ||
Hypertension | 7.1 | 5.3 |
Psychiatric Disorders | ||
Insomnia | 2.6 | 1.1 |
Depression | 2.2 | 1.3 |
General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions | ||
Influenza-like Illness† | 1.1 | 4.9 |
Fatigue | 1.1 | 2.8 |
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders | ||
Rash‡ | 2.8 | 2.3 |
Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders | ||
Hypercholesterolemia | 4.3 | 1.5 |
Symptoms consistent with acute phase reaction (APR) have been reported with intravenous bisphosphonate use. The overall incidence of patients with APR-like events was higher in the intravenous treatment group (4% in the BONIVA 2.5 mg daily oral tablet group vs. 10% in the BONIVA Injection 3 mg once every 3 months group). These incidence rates are based on reporting of any of 33 potential APR-like symptoms within 3 days of an IV dose and for a duration of 7 days or less. In most cases, no specific treatment was required and the symptoms subsided within 24 to 48 hours.
Local reactions at the injection site, such as redness or swelling, were observed infrequently, but at a higher incidence in patients treated with BONIVA Injection 3 mg every 3 months (<2%; 8/469) than in patients treated with placebo injections (<1%; 1/465). In most cases, the reaction was of mild to moderate severity.
Bisphosphonates may be associated with ocular inflammation such as uveitis and scleritis. In some cases, these events did not resolve until the bisphosphonate was discontinued.
There were no clinically significant changes from baseline values or shifts in any laboratory variable with oral ibandronate. As expected with bisphosphonate treatment, a decrease in total alkaline phosphatase levels was seen with 2.5 mg daily oral ibandronate compared to placebo. There was no difference compared with placebo for laboratory abnormalities indicative of hepatic or renal dysfunction, hypocalcemia, or hypophosphatemia. There also was no evidence that BONIVA Injection 3 mg every 3 months induced clinically significant laboratory abnormalities indicative of hepatic or renal dysfunction compared to BONIVA 2.5 mg daily oral tablet.
No cases of overdose were reported in premarketing studies with BONIVA Injection. Intravenous overdosage may result in hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and hypomagnesemia. Clinically relevant reductions in serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium should be corrected by intravenous administration of calcium gluconate, potassium or sodium phosphate, and magnesium sulfate, respectively.
Dialysis would not be beneficial unless it is administered within 2 hours following the overdose.
The recommended dose of BONIVA Injection for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis is 3 mg every 3 months (see INDICATIONS AND USAGE) administered over a period of 15 to 30 seconds.
No cases of acute renal failure were observed in controlled clinical trials in which intravenous BONIVA was administered as a 15- to 30-second bolus. The risk of serious renal toxicity with other intravenous bisphosphonates appears to be inversely related to the rate of drug administration (see PRECAUTIONS).
BONIVA Injection must be administered by a health care professional.
BONIVA Injection must only be administered intravenously (see WARNINGS). Care must be taken not to administer BONIVA Injection intra-arterially or paravenously as this could lead to tissue damage.
Do not administer BONIVA Injection by any other route of administration. The safety and efficacy of BONIVA Injection following non-intravenous routes of administration have not been established.
Administer BONIVA Injection using the enclosed needle. Prefilled syringes are for single use only. Discard unused portion.
BONIVA Injection must not be mixed with calcium-containing solutions or other intravenously administered drugs.
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration before administration, and not used if particulate matter is visible or product is discolored. Prefilled syringes with particulate matter or discoloration should not be used.
If the dose is missed, BONIVA Injection should be administered as soon as it can be rescheduled. Thereafter, injections should be scheduled every 3 months from the date of the last injection. Do not administer BONIVA Injection (3 mg) more frequently than once every 3 months.
Patients must receive supplemental calcium and vitamin D (see PRECAUTIONS: Information for Patients).
No dose adjustment is necessary (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Special Populations).
No dose adjustment is necessary for patients with mild or moderate renal impairment where creatinine clearance is equal to or greater than 30 mL/min.
BONIVA Injection should not be administered to patients with severe renal impairment, ie, patients with serum creatinine >200 µmol/L (2.3 mg/dL) or creatinine clearance (measured or estimated) <30 mL/min (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Special Populations).
No dosage adjustment is necessary in the elderly (see PRECAUTIONS: Geriatric Use).
One prefilled syringe of BONIVA Injection (ibandronate sodium), 3 mg/3 mL single-use, clear glass prefilled syringe, in a box with 1 needle and 2 alcohol swabs (NDC 0004-0188-09).
Each syringe is a 5 mL (5 cc) volume syringe supplied with a 25-gauge, 3/4 inch needle with wings, needle-stick protection device, and a 9 cm plastic tubing for attachment.
Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted between 15° and 30°C (59° and 86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].
PI Revised: March 2010
BONIVA® [bon-EE-va]
(ibandronate sodium)
Read this patient information carefully before you receive BONIVA Injection. Read this patient information each time you get a refill for BONIVA Injection. There may be new information. This information does not take the place of talking with your health care provider about your condition or your treatment. Talk about BONIVA Injection with your health care provider before the first injection and at your regular check-ups.
What is the most important information I should know about BONIVA Injection?
BONIVA Injection must be administered intravenously only by a health care professional. Do NOT administer BONIVA Injection to yourself.
Patients with severe kidney problems should not receive BONIVA Injection.
Low blood calcium levels must be corrected before starting BONIVA Injection therapy. You also must take calcium and vitamin D supplements while receiving BONIVA Injection therapy.
What is BONIVA Injection?
BONIVA Injection is a prescription medicine used to treat osteoporosis in women after menopause (see the end of this leaflet for "What is osteoporosis?").
BONIVA Injection may reverse bone loss by stopping more loss of bone and increasing bone mass in most women who receive the injection, even though they won't be able to see or feel a difference. BONIVA Injection may help lower the chances of breaking bones (fractures). These effects continue as long as you receive BONIVA Injection.
It is important that you receive your BONIVA Injection every 3 months for as long as your health care provider prescribes it. BONIVA Injection can treat your osteoporosis only if you continue to receive treatment.
Who should not receive BONIVA Injection?
Do not begin treatment with BONIVA Injection if you:
Tell your health care provider before using BONIVA Injection:
Tell your health care provider (including your dentist) about all the medicines you take, including prescription and non-prescription medicines, vitamins and supplements.
What is my BONIVA Injection schedule?
BONIVA Injection must be administered intravenously only by a health care professional. BONIVA Injection should be administered once every 3 months. If the dose is missed, you should contact your health care provider to schedule the next injection and to continue your treatment with BONIVA Injection. After receiving your missed dose, your next injection should be scheduled 3 months from the date of the last injection. If you are not sure what to do if you miss a dose, contact your health care provider who will be able to advise you.
What are the possible side effects of BONIVA Injection?
BONIVA Injection is generally well tolerated. Side effects with BONIVA Injection are usually mild and of brief duration.
Common side effects with BONIVA Injection are:
You may experience flu-like symptoms consisting of fever, chills, joint, bone and/or muscle pain, and fatigue. These symptoms usually occur only after the first injection and generally will not happen again as you continue treatment. Your health care provider or pharmacist can recommend a mild pain reliever such as aspirin to make you more comfortable. Without treatment, the symptoms generally disappear within 24 to 48 hours.
You may experience irritation at the site of injection, such as redness or swelling, but this does not happen often.
Rarely, patients have reported severe bone, joint, and/or muscle pain starting within one day to several months after beginning to take bisphosphonate drugs to treat osteoporosis (thin bones). This group of drugs includes BONIVA. Most patients experienced relief after stopping the drug. Contact your health care provider if you develop these symptoms after starting BONIVA.
Rarely, patients taking bisphosphonates have reported serious jaw problems associated with delayed healing and infection, often following dental procedures such as tooth extraction. If you experience jaw problems, please contact your health care provider and dentist.
These are not all the possible side effects of BONIVA Injection. For more information, ask your health care provider or pharmacist.
Osteoporosis is a disease that causes bones to become thinner. Thin bones can break easily. Most people think of their bones as being solid like a rock. Actually, bone is living tissue, just like other parts of the body, such as your heart, brain, or skin. Bone just happens to be a harder type of tissue. Bone is always changing. Your body keeps your bones strong and healthy by replacing old bone with new bone.
Osteoporosis causes the body to remove more bone than it replaces. This means that bones get weaker. Weak bones are more likely to break. Osteoporosis is a bone disease that is quite common in women after menopause. At first, osteoporosis has no symptoms, but people with osteoporosis may develop loss of height and are more likely to break (fracture) their bones, especially the back (spine), wrist, and hip bones. Eventually, the spine becomes curved and the body becomes bent over.
Osteoporosis can be prevented, and with proper therapy it can be treated.
Who is at risk for osteoporosis?
Talk to your health care provider about your chances for getting osteoporosis.
Many things put people at risk for osteoporosis. The following people have a higher chance of getting osteoporosis:
Women who:
People who:
General information about BONIVA Injection
Medicines are sometimes prescribed for conditions that are not mentioned in patient information. Do not use BONIVA Injection for a condition for which it was not prescribed.
Store BONIVA Injection at 77°F (25°C) or at room temperature between 59° and 86°F (15° and 30°C).
Keep BONIVA Injection and all medicines out of the reach of children.
This summarizes the most important information about BONIVA Injection. If you would like more information, talk with your health care provider. You can ask your health care provider or pharmacist for information about BONIVA Injection that is written for health professionals.
For more information about BONIVA Injection, call 1-888-MY-BONIVA or visit www.myboniva.com.
What are the ingredients of BONIVA Injection?
BONIVA Injection (active ingredient): ibandronate sodium
BONIVA Injection (inactive ingredients): sodium chloride, glacial acetic acid, sodium acetate and water
BONIVA is a registered trademark of Roche Therapeutics Inc.
PPI Revised: March 2010
BONIVA is a registered trademark of Roche Therapeutics Inc.
Distributed by:
Genentech USA, Inc.
A Member of the Roche Group
1 DNA Way
South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990
© 2010 Genentech, Inc. All rights reserved.
(see the HOW SUPPLIED section for complete listing):
(ibandronate sodium) Injection
3 mg/3 mL
Sterile. For I.V. Use Only.
Each Carton Contains: 1 Single-Use Prefilled Syringe
Package contains:
1 Single-Use Prefilled Syringe,
BONIVA 3 mg/3 mL NDC 0004-0188-09
1 Needle
2 Alcohol Swabs
Rx only
BONIVA ibandronate sodium injection, solution |
Marketing Information | |||
Marketing Category | Application Number or Monograph Citation | Marketing Start Date | Marketing End Date |
Labeler - Genentech, Inc. (080129000) |
Establishment | |||
Name | Address | ID/FEI | Operations |
Vetter Pharma-Fertigung GmbH & Co KG | 344217323 | MANUFACTURE |
Establishment | |||
Name | Address | ID/FEI | Operations |
Roche Diagnostics GmbH | 315028860 | API MANUFACTURE |


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I picked up a new Sig P238 as a Christmas present to my wife. She just turned 21 and will be getting a carry permit soon, so she needed a nice, small gun to keep in her bag. She is a big fan of my Glock, and for a while I looked into a model 27. I'd rather her carry something with a safety though, as she would more than likely carry in a "red" status. I had read reviews on the new Tarus PT709, and liked it based on it's "Glock-ness." I took her out and went to just about every shop in the area, but only one had the 709 in stock. It was the silver/black model, of which I'm not a fan(guns should be black, IMO). The gun handled well, and fit her nicely, but the slide was really tight for a 9mm. Tighter than a new Glock .40S&W even. So, we looked at other pistols there. It was the first time I had handled the Sig, and I instantly liked it. It's build quality is miles above most small carry guns like those from Kel-tek; as is it's price. She loved it too, mainly for the ease of cocking, as well as it's sights. We picked it up for $430 plus tax. The only down side to the pistol would have to be ammo. If you can even find .380ACP, it's really high. Even ball is $1 a shot almost. I got 14 practice from my grandfather, as well as some Hornady Critical Defense rounds. We went out and ran the ball through, as well as a few of the Hornadys. It fed really well, and there was hardly any felt recoil. Tricia could fire controled pairs, off hand at 10-15 yards with really good shot placement. Groups print just above the front sight at that distance. I'm really very impressed with the pistol. I may even pick one up for myself as an ankle gun when I get back.
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Congrats on the new gun. A great Christmas present. I would love one, but I already have 2 .380s I have trouble feeding.
Ooooh, Oooooh, I've seen those. They look like a micro-mini 1911...I want, I want.
That sounds pretty darn good.


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Chiang Mai RECOMMENDATIONS See all
3 Days in Chiang Mai: Suggested Itineraries
By Viator, February 2015
Day One: Old Chiang Mai
Spend your first day in Chiang Mai exploring the historic heart of the city. Within the crumbling old city walls are more than 30 Buddhist temples plus parks, museums, and monuments. Visit the gold-encrusted Wat Phra Singh to see the city's most revered Buddha statue then Wat Chedi Luang to see the ruins of a 15th stupa carved with stone elephants. If you're curious about the saffron-robed monks you see on the temple grounds drop by the "Monk Chat" at Wat Suan Dok where novices will happily answer your questions about Buddhism and Thai culture. Don't miss the Chiang Mai Arts & Cultural Centre, an elegant government building near the Three Kings Monument converted into a history museum.
Day Two: Chiang Mai Thai Food & Shopping
If you love Thai cuisine, why not enroll in a Thai cooking class? There are more than a dozen cooking schools in Chiang Mai where you can learn to make favorites like phat Thai and green curry plus northern Thai specialties like papaya salad and khao soi (noodles in curry soup). Most classes also take you to a traditional market where you will shop for fresh herbs and spices. After slaving away in the kitchen all day, spend the evening souvenir shopping at one of Chiang Mai's famous markets. If it's Saturday or Sunday head to one of the walking markets and on any other night you can shop 'til you drop at the riverside night market. The markets also have a food section where you can feast on delicious street food like spring rolls and spicy grilled sausage.
Day Three: Daytrips from Chiang Mai
After two days in the city it's time to explore Chiang Mai's countryside. A popular daytrip is to the top of Doi Suthep mountain to visit the Buddhist temple and enjoy the panoramic views. If you're in the mood for something more adventurous you can trek to the eight-tiered Mae Sa Waterfall in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park or go elephant riding in the jungle at one of the area's many elephant camps.
Tours & Tickets
3-Day Chiang Mai and Golden Triangle Tour Including Doi Mae Salong
Discover the charm of northern Thailand and the notorious Golden Triangle – the meeting point of Laos, Thailand and Myanmar (Burma) – on this three-day tour ... Read more
Chiang Mai, Thailand
Duration: 3 days, 2 nights
2-Night Chiang Mai Tour Including Elephant Nature Park
Feed and bathe rescued elephants at an animal sanctuary and get an insider's glimpse of the spiritual side of Chiang Mai on this 2-night tour of Thailand's ... Read more
Chiang Mai, Thailand
Duration: 3 days (approx.)
Chiang Rai and Golden Triangle Day Tour from Chiang Mai
A chance to visit the famous Golden Triangle where the borders of Thailand, Burma and Laos meet! An early morning drive through beautiful scenery, with a stop ... Read more
Chiang Mai, Thailand
Duration: 12 hours (approx.)
Chiang Mai Rainforest Canopy Zipline Adventure
Soar across the longest zipline cable in Asia on this Flight of the Gibbon treetop adventure from Chiang Mai. Glide through the canopy along 18 ziplines via 33 ... Read more
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Duration: 7 hours (approx.)
Chiang Mai by Night: Private Tour with Candlelit Buddhist Chant, Thai Dinner and Night Market
See Chiang Mai come alive at night on this private evening excursion! First, head to one of Chiang Mai's most magnificent temples to hear monks chant by ... Read more
Chiang Mai, Thailand
Duration: 3 hours (approx.)
Chiang Mai Adventure: Elephant Camp, Zipline, Whitewater Rafting and Long-Neck Hill Tribe
Take a combo adventure tour and experience the best of rural Chiang Mai's exciting excursions! You'll spend the morning at a small elephant camp where you can ... Read more
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Duration: 10 hours (approx.)
Private Tour: Chiang Mai City and Temples
Get an insight into the wealth of beautiful and historic Buddhist Wats temples on this private tour from Chiang Mai.
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Duration: 3 hours (approx.)
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If you adore elephants, you'll love this private full-day tour from Chiang Mai. The day trip focuses on local conservation efforts, and it's a Viator Exclusive ... Read more
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Duration: 9 hours (approx.)
Traditional Khantoke Dinner and Show from Chiang Mai
Enjoy an evening out by having a Khantoke Dinner, the customary northern Thai style of eating with food being served in large platters at low tables while you ... Read more
Chiang Mai, Thailand
Duration: 3 hours (approx.)
Tong Bai Foundation Elephant Tour from Chiang Mai
Interact with Asian elephants and learn about their fascinating role in Thai culture at the Tong Bai Foundation on this day trip from Chiang Mai. For ... Read more
Chiang Mai, Thailand
Duration: 8 hours (approx.)


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Sens' Game 7 collapse still fresh
The Senators haven't forgotten last season's conference final. The Devils may wish they would.
Updated: November 8, 2003, 3:03 PM ET
Chris Stevenson | Special to ESPN.com
OTTAWA -- Jeff Friesen knows what to expect, even if nobody else does.
"My buddy said to me, 'You're going to get booed,'" said the New Jersey Devils forward, who returns Saturday night to the city where he crushed the Stanley Cup dreams of a young franchise and its fans.
Friesen scored a goal with about two minutes left in Game 7 of the Eastern Conference final at Ottawa's Corel Centre on May 23, a goal that ended the Senators deepest march into the playoffs and propelled the Devils ...
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WCFL XI Results
WCFL XI results
Olympic Champions and MMA Superstars to Wrestle in the 3rd annual Grapple at The Garden, presented by MusclePharm
Live on Pay-Per-View from Madison Square Garden on Sunday, December 21
Gray Maynard, Joe Warren, King Mo and
Olympic champion Khadjimurad Gatsalov
amongst the world-class competitors lined up for battle
New York, NY (December 11, 2014) – A collection of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) icons, including Gray Maynard, Joe Warren and "King Mo" Lawal will join Olympic Gold Medalist and five-time world champion Khadjimurad Gatsalov of Russia, Olympic hopeful Kyle Dake of the U.S. and world champion Arsen Julfalakyan of Armenia in the much-anticipated Grapple at The Garden, presented by MusclePharm live on pay-per-view from Madison Square Garden on Sunday, December 21.
Grapple at The Garden, presented by MusclePharm is being distributed in North America by Integrated Sports Media for live viewing at 12:00 p.m. ET / 9:00 a.m. PT on both cable and satellite pay-per-view in the USA via iN Demand, DISH, and Vubiquity and Bell TV, Shaw PPV, Rogers, SaskTel, TELUS and MTS in Canada for a suggested retail price of only $14.95. Viewer's world-wide can order on-line at www.GFL.TV.
(full event info after the jump)
WCFL XI: Night of Reckoning is set for January!
January 24th, 2015 will be the Night of Reckoning in Florida! World Class Fight League's 11th installment of premiere amateur MMA action is set to go down in Central Florida. The location will be the Double Tree Hilton and some of the best schools in the state are scheduled to send in their top amateur prospects. For more info and tickets check out their site WorldClassFightLeague.com.
Models and MMA will be there live to bring you all the action. Stay tuned for more info and matchups. See you there!
RFC 32 Recap
Real Fighting Championships 32 went down in Tampa and Florida's longest running professional MMA organization put on another solid card showcasing the best young prospects in the Sunshine State. Notable wins included Dan Martinez of Gracie Tampa and Luis Zequeira of World Class Martial Arts scoring impressive finishes. Check out some shots of the action and for more info stop by their site http://www.rfcmma.com/


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text: Submit Your Comment Question:What were the symptoms associated with juvenile arthritis in you or your child? See 3 Patient Comments MedicineNet appreciates your comment. Your comment may be displayed on the site and will always be published anonymously. Enter your comment (required) Optional Information Tell us a bit about your background to make your comments more useful to other MedicineNet users. The information below is optional. Screen Name: * Gender of Patient: Male Female Age Range of Patient: Choose One 0-2 3-6 7-12 13-18 19-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75 or over I am a: Patient Caregiver * Screen Name will appear next to the published comment. Please do not include your full name or email address. By submitting your comment, and other materials (collectively referred to as a "Submission") to MedicineNet, you grant MedicineNet permission to use, copy, transmit, publish, display, edit and modify your Submission in connection with its Web site. MedicineNet will not pay you for your Submission. You represent that you have all rights necessary for MedicineNet to use your Submission as set forth above. Please keep these guidelines in mind when writing your comment: Please make sure you address the question asked. Due to the overwhelming number of comments received, not all comments will be published. When selecting comments to publish, our staff will choose those that are educational and complement the topic. Please try to stay on topic. Your comment may be edited. We would typically edit comments to make them clearer and more readable. We will remove personal information such as last names, email and web addresses, and other potentially harmful information. We will not notify you if your comment has been published. We suggest that you check back on the topic article regularly. We do not provide medical or healthcare advice, treatment, or diagnosis. Thank you for participating! I have read and agree to abide by the MedicineNet Terms and Conditions and the MedicineNet Privacy Policy (required). To prevent our systems from spam, please complete the following prior to submitting your comment. Please select the black square: Suggested Reading on Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis) by Our Doctors Related Diseases & Conditions 10 articles Ankylosing Spondylitis Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of arthritis that causes chronic inflammation of the spine. The tendency to develop ankylosing spondylitis is genetically Psoriatic Arthritis Psoriatic arthritis is a disease that causes skin and joint inflammation. Symptoms include painful, stiff, and swollen joints, tendinitis, and organ inflammation. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints, the tissue around the joints, as well as other organs in Still's Disease Still's disease (Systemic-Onset Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis) is a disorder characterized by inflammation with high fever spikes, fatigue, salmon-colored Rash The word "rash" means an outbreak of red bumps on the body. The way people use this term, "a rash" can refer to many different skin conditions. The most Kawasaki Disease Kawasaki disease is a rare children's disease characterized by a fever that lasts more than five days and at least four of the following five symptoms Arthritis Arthritis is inflammation of one or more joints. When joints are inflamed they can develop stiffness, warmth, swelling, redness and pain. There are over Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Intestinal Problems of IBD) The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The intestinal complications of Crohn's disease and ulcerative Growth Plate Fractures and Injuries Growth plate fractures and injuries occur in the area growing tissue near the end of the long bones of children and teens. Both boys and girls are susceptible Iritis Iritis is inflammation of the iris, the colored portion of the eye. Symptoms include a red, painful eye, blurry vision, and light sensitivity. Treatment Medications 23 articles Procedures & Tests 8 articles Pictures, Images & Quizzes 2 articles Doctor's & Expert's Views 6 articles Health News 10 articles Health Features 0 articles


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At the end of three resource-packed days, expo attendees were able to return home, armed with fresh ideas for making and saving more money in their businesses. "The show helps us stay sharp," said attendee Bill Fox, owner of Route 66 Self Storage in Pomona, Calif. Fox first attended an ISS Expo in 2001, before building his facilty. This year, he brought his assistant manager to participate in the education program and workshops. "It's always interesting to see new trends and see what other facilities are doing," he said.
Design/build company Baja Construction shares concrete strategies for generating revenue through the addition of solar panels to your project.


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Google Makes Android 4.0 Source Code Available
This forum is for discussion of this article. For general discussion of the Samsung Galaxy Nexus (global), please check out our Samsung Galaxy Nexus (global) forum ›
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Cant wait to see what happens. | Specifics |
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Interviewee: Donald K. Steinberg, Deputy Administrator, USAID
Interviewer: Isobel Coleman, Director of the Civil Society, Markets, and Democracy Initiative, Council on Foreign Relations
December 6, 2011
As USAID marks its fiftieth anniversary, Deputy Administrator Donald Steinberg sits down with CFR's Isobel Coleman to discuss the challenges the organization faces. Results have become ever more important as the organization struggles in an environment of constrained budgets, Steinberg says. "It's not enough anymore to be going out and trying to encourage inputs or outputs. We have to demonstrate that we are achieving outcomes, that we are encouraging sustainability of development, that, basically, what we are trying to do is put ourselves out of business."
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Smith's insightful book explores the policy issues testing the Japanese government as it tries to navigate its relationship with an advancing China. More
This revolutionary new look at volatility and crisis in oil markets explores the conditions in which oil supply fears arise, gain popularity, and eventually wane. More
Maximalist finds lessons in the past that anticipate and clarify our chaotic present, revealing the history of U.S. foreign policy in an unexpected new light. More
Rates of heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in low- and middle-income countries are increasing faster than in wealthier countries. The Independent Task Force outlines a plan for collective action on this growing epidemic.
This Independent Task Force asserts that elevating and prioritizing the U.S.-Canada-Mexico relationship offers the best opportunity for strengthening the United States and its place in the world.
The authors argue that the United States has responded inadequately to the rise of Chinese power and recommend placing less strategic emphasis on the goal of integrating China into the international system and more on balancing China's rise.
Campbell evaluates the implications of the Boko Haram insurgency and recommends that the United States support Nigerian efforts to address the drivers of Boko Haram, such as poverty and corruption, and to foster stronger ties with Nigerian civil society.
Koblentz argues that the United States should work with other nuclear-armed states to manage threats to nuclear stability in the near term and establish processes for multilateral arms control efforts over the longer term.
Learn more about CFR�s mission and its work over the past year in the 2014 Annual Report. The Annual Report spotlights new initiatives, high-profile events, and authoritative scholarship from CFR experts, and includes a message from CFR President Richard N. Haass.
Read and download »
With concise historical analysis and forward-looking prescriptions, Pathways to Freedom offers an authoritative and accessible look at what...
Isobel Coleman, CFR's senior fellow and director of the Civil Society, Markets, and Democracy initiative, discusses transitions to democracy...
The recent announcement of a BRICS development bank raised many questions. Isobel Coleman writes about the potential structure and purpose of...


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Vanja Bule
M.Div. '06
"She found the tools she needed to help rebuild a country."
If you were called to help rebuild your war-torn nation, where would you start? For Vanja Bule, a native of the Balkans, it started half a world away, at Regent University. After researching other seminaries, Vanja decided on Regent for its unique combination of practical, hands-on ministry training and a strong academic program that could be applied cross-culturally. Today, she's back home in Croatia and Bosnia, rebuilding the Church and her country.
Serving as the director for Camp Emek Beraka, located in the mountains between Bosnia and Herzegovina, Vanja desires to see the camp serve the body of Christ in Bosnia & Herzegovina in the areas of evangelism, discipleship and equipping for the work of the ministry in the church. Vanja says this about what God is doing in and through Camp Emek Beraka:
"Over the past 15 years the ministry of the summer camps has brought many blessings in many different ways to the Church. We have experienced ethnic walls fall down, broken hearts healed, lost people getting saved, young people called into ministry, and Christian leaders strengthen, refreshed through fellowship with other leaders and presence of the Lord. There seems to be few other ministries in this country whose effect is so overarching and of such importance for God's plan for the Balkans!"


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The 2014 ten trends have been compiled by CORE Education and are presented by our senior consultants with a new trend discussed each month. Themes explored in 2014 include agency, learning analytics, the maker movement, global connectedness and new assessment processes.
The 2013 ten trends series of videos are presented by CORE Education's senior consultants and researchers, with a new trend discussed each month. Themes explored in 2013 include virtual learning, digital citizenship, thinking 3D and the smart web.
The 2012 ten trends cover open-ness; ubiquitous; smart web; data engagement; citizenship; virtual learning; personalisation; thinking 3D; social learning; and user + control.
The 2011 ten trends cover the smart web; ubiquitous computing; personalisation; data; citizenship; cloud computing; virtual learning; new forms of engaging with information; open-ness; and networked schools.
The 2010 ten trends cover the changing role of teachers and learners; internet capable, mobile technologies for learning; globalized learning; ubiquitous computing; cyber citizenship; digital literacy; open education resources; cloud computing; advanced networks and school 'loops'; and assessment practices.


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home > car insurance > states > louisiana
or call 1-800-378-7262
(24 hours a day, 7 days a week)
Esurance proudly offers car insurance to motorists in Louisiana, and has since 2007. If you're bayou-based, you're in the right place for all the Louisiana auto insurance info you need.
By grabbing a personalized Louisiana car insurance quote and starting a policy with Esurance, you'll be able to enjoy our first-rate coverage, plus all of the comforts that make us a trusted name in car insurance.
Take advantage of 24/7 customer service, tools and tech designed to empower drivers, and a selection of discounts so good, you'd swear there was Voodoo involved.
We're all about making insurance as affordable as we can. That's why when you get car insurance in Louisiana from Esurance, you may qualify for these easy ways to save:
Discounts may vary. If you're already an Esurance customer and have any questions about your Louisiana discounts, give us a call at 1-800-ESURANCE (1-800-378-7262).
Now, motorists in the Creole State can add renters coverage to their Esurance auto quotes and gain instant savings with our Renters Plus discount. Coverage for your rental property safeguards your belongings at or away from home, and can help prevent guests' medical bills from coming out of your pocket if they're injured on your property.
Car insurance in Louisiana must include liability insurance, which helps cover others' medical fees and property damage after an at-fault accident. Drivers must carry at least the following limits:
These limits will often appear as 15/30/25. When you grab your Louisiana car insurance quote, you can opt for higher limits all the way up to 250/500/100.
Adding these extra protections can help you get the most out of your policy in the Pelican State.
Not sure what some of these mean to you? That's OK — Esurance's CoverageMyWay™ uses smart technology while you're getting a quote to help you choose the car insurance coverage options that make the most sense for your life. That way, you're not left paying for the extras you may not want.
Esurance customers in your state can access auto insurance ID cards (and a bunch of other policy documents too) with our user-friendly mobile app.
This is especially awesome because Bayou State law allows you to pull up your proof of auto coverage on your phone, tablet, or other smart device in case you get pulled over. (Next to the Cajun food, that's got to be one of the top benefits of Louisiana living.)
If you're an Esurance customer and you get into an accident, take your car to one of our Esurance-approved service shops in Louisiana. You can directly email the shop to ask questions, get repair updates, and take advantage of RepairView®, which lets you monitor your car as it gets fixed.
Find a repair shop in Louisiana.
Where you live can have an impact on what you pay for car insurance coverage. The following figures reveal some risks faced by the average Louisiana driver.
As of the 2010 census, Louisiana had nearly 107 people per square mile. The national average was about 89.5.
On one hand, you can pat yourself on the back for being part of such a happening state (we'll wait). On the other hand, because more drivers on the road can mean more accidents, Louisiana car insurance rates can go up in areas where population density spikes.
Don't worry too much — your driving record and plenty of other factors can help bring your premium down.
Louisiana has a high number of bodily injury claims. And since bodily injury claims tend to cost more, on average, than property damage claims alone, this could affect your Louisiana car insurance rates.
According to the Insurance Research Council, about 14 percent of drivers in Louisiana were uninsured in 2012. That was above the national average of 12.6 percent.
Between 2000 and 2010 alone, Louisiana faced 12 tropical cyclones (the most in Louisiana in any decade over the last 150 years). And according to NASA, Louisiana (along with Florida and Texas) sees not only the highest number of hurricanes in the U.S. but also the most intense.
And of course, intense storms can damage cars rather easily. Hurricane Katrina left roughly 22 million tons of debris, including more than 350,000 flooded, abandoned cars.
Why insurance companies "total" cars After an accident, sometimes your insurer will deem your ride a total loss. But why?
Tips for hurricane driving Our blog helps you stay a step ahead of Mother Nature when Louisiana's hurricane season hits.
get your free quote online


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Our Personal Stylists can help find a gift. Learn more.
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Logo-etched temples brand classic metal aviator sunglasses with polarized lenses. Striped lining adds a fun pop of color, while adjustable nose pads offer comfortable no-slip wear.
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Father: Dan Alonzo Moulton b: 20 JUN 1773 in Monson,Hampden,Massachusetts Mother: Maria Miles Sources: |
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My thinking is that there are three main paths on bone strengthening with different times to get them done. [Link references will be added later, check the labels for references]
Plus the years for FDA approvals (but probably faster for any non-FDA military program or in places like China or North Korea)
1. Replicate the biological action of the genes that strengthen bones. Make pills etc or other treatment that activates the proteins or pathways that cause the denser bones. Requires cracking the code of what is going on.
2. Gene engineer stem cells that they take from you and replace some bone marrow or inject it in so that those end up acting to strengthen bones
3. replace pre hardened bones via surgery. IF we get regeneration and tissue replacement going a lot better first then it could be easier to do replacements that way. Maybe some kind of microsurgery process with MEMS/NEMS or MNT
Same deal for muscles and other tissue.
Brain - a bunch of work on detail mapping and analysis of the brain. Figuring out what to do to improve is rapidly progressing. The better brain simulation might also let you trial run changes to see what would happen before you actually did it in brains. Ideally would want personalized scans and simulations
20 years seems like a reasonable timetable for these things to be a significant niche.
Earlier if you are willing to take risks. A Mengala or for "weapon X" style military program.
Or for people who through disease or age need to get the boost or be impaired. ie Clinical trial 3-10 years
If we were to run the full gamut of enhancements that could be done Among the most important for individuals
- immune system boosting ( possible way to cure cancer, reduce cardiavascular problems)
- enhance longevity
- brain enhancement (how much and how soon depends on how far from optimal we really are now.
Is everyone losing 20-150IQ points because of rampant defects. some kind of thing that with analysis we can see. WOW this problem is endemic. Like air pollution is probably costing 20 IQ points and imperfect nutrition is probably costing another 20-30IQ points. How easy is that damage to fix after living that way for 20-50 years ?
Brain/productivity enhancement would be the most impact on the overall betterment of humanity and civilization
ie Eat right and exercise and everyone could be 2-4 times stronger and healthier. Why wouldn't the same thing apply to brain function ? And if we can make the corrections in pills and other adjustments then maybe it is easy to get people to what is now 200-400 IQ. The other thing is the whole IQ score thing is imperfect.
Super -Virtual reality training and wearable computer cognitive aids could make everyone test out great.
The measure that I think is more important is expertise and productivity rather than IQ. Let everyone start getting the results/achievements of an Edison or Henry Ford or DaVinci or Dean Kamen. Who cares about paper tests/SATs ?
A lot of the rest are nice but you could always wear a good exoskeleton (just like you have glasses instead of Lasik, or drive a car/segway instead of training like an Olympian)
- myostatin inhibitors strength
- bone strengthening
- re-activate (toad/lizard) regeneration in humans
- radiation resistance enhancement (in case of dirty bombs or nukes, carbon nanotube drugs help a lot)
- transgenic gene therapy (muscle like an ape or cheetah)
- metal particle in ligaments for more toughness there


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Shop Services
They say that everything is bigger in Texas. They must be talking about our in-house shop. With 12,000 square feet of space, three large paint bays, two large blast bays, state of the art equipment, and rigorous safety and environmental controls, Lone Star Sandblasting and Painting's team of experts can tackle trailers, machinery, frac tanks, water tanks, acid tanks, hotshot pickups, manufactured components, and much more. We can handle any size job and are committed to delivering high-quality results that meet your needs, your budget, and your timelines. Can't come to us? No problem! Our skilled field crew can travel anywhere in the US to perform on-site sandblasting & painting services.
Products Worked on in the Shop:
- Trailers
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Shop Services Offered:
- Abrasive blasting
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Our new Mansfield, Texas facility streamlines the blasting and painting process, and a typical job takes just 3-4 days to complete. Items are dropped off, brought into the shop, and prepared. On day 1, we prep and blast. Lone Star Sandblasting and Painting's crew is fully trained in a variety of blasting techniques and media, including sandblasting, hydro blasting, soda blasting, and recyclable options.
On day 2, we transfer the item from the blasting booth into the paint booth for priming and curing. On day 3 and 4, we apply the mid coat, top-coat and clear coats as specified. If you need a faster turn-around time, we can heat up the booth for a quicker dry time without compromising the end result. Customers can opt to blast, paint, or use both processes in conjunction for optimal results.
At the end of each day, we keep thorough records and log:
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Our Shop consists of one blast booth using steel grit that measures 16x16x60 and one blast booth that measures 20x20x60 that uses other types of blast media that is dictated by the job. Our three paints booths measure 20x20x20, 16x16x60 and 20x20x70. All three paint booths use filtered air via semi down drafts circulation. All three booths are heated with each with its own 3,000,000 BTU heaters. All of our booths and compliant with air quality measures and are permitted with the TCEQ.
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With Lone Star Sandblasting and Painting's onsite services, your most important assets will last longer and deliver more value for your business.


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Boone's Bookies: Book Discussion Group | |
Event Type: Book Discussions Age Group(s): Adults Date: 9/11/2013 Start Time: 7:00 PM End Time: 8:00 PM Description: We will discuss "A Reliable Wife" by Robert Goolrick. In rural Wisconsin, businessman Ralph Truitt placed a newspaper ad for a "reliable wife" in 1907. When Catherine Land answers the ad, she has her own agenda. Refreshments served.
Library: Daniel Boone Branch
Registration requested. Location: Blue Room (DB) Status: Closed |


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I am NOT a doctor, dietician or expert. Do I know everything there is to know about diabetes? Heck no, but I do know what it's like to live with it.
Tuesday, December 6, 2011
If I Could Choose…
5 comments:
I think many PWDs would agree on most of your points. The main issue as I see it is could we exchange a chronic disease for an acute disease instead? Diabetes wears your patients down because it's never ending and the rules change just when you think you've mastered the game. By comparison, an acute disease is horrible while it lasts, and the risks are high, but if you survive, then it's over. Sometimes I wonder if I could handle that type of model better?!
ReplyDeleteHi Kate
Boy do you feel like I look or maybe it is the other way around Lol.. But seriously It kinda blows me away too, When things are going well I have no problem sharing them with friends and family but when things are not so good it becomes a real issue, Like you I don't wanna be seen as a whiner. When things do go bad I just retreat back into my shell not reaching out to anyone and that just make things worse. Diabetes already comes with self blame stigmas built in that it is easier to say hey I have diabetes but I have it under control than the other way around. Kinda feels like you are being blamed twice having diabetes and failing to control it even though both are out of your hands sometimes.
I so feel your pain because I am in the same boat.
Give me a sexy, no blame, guilt free, one I can put in a drawer once in a while and forget about disease.. Give me that wont you!!!
Thanks for letting me mini rant a bit


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10-16-2011, 10:51 PM | #41 (permalink) | |
Land of the Potato
Join Date: Jul 2011
Location: Boise Idaho
Posts: 1,228
I suppose you could use a metal scraper if you were good enough, but more than once i have been going at it and caught the edge of the scraper and increased the angle so much it jammed into the board and took of a good bit of the wax i just put down, i wouldnt want to risk that sort of damage with a metal scraper. also op's OG question, no, you can't wax it too much and have adverse effects, but you can wax it too much and waste wax. Do you need to wax it 2 months before you ride it...no. but if you are that anxious to get the snow season started and you want to occupy your time with snowboard related activities, go for it. But more than likely you will wax it now, then two months down the road you will end up waxing it again just to be sure, so you are just wasting wax at that point.
If you don't like the way I drive, stay off the sidewalk. Last edited by IdahoFreshies; 10-16-2011 at 10:55 PM. |
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10-17-2011, 08:18 AM | #42 (permalink) | |
Veteran Member
Join Date: Jun 2009
Location: SMiThville, NJ (Summit County in winter)
Posts: 1,673
every time you wax a board it gets a layer deep in the pores so by doing it twice before the first time it really isnt wasting too much wax. its kinda like when you season a cast iron pan. |
10-17-2011, 02:48 PM | #43 (permalink) | |
Join Date: Jan 2011
Location: Toronto Ontario Canada
Posts: 41
Wax is your friend... You cannot overwax. Maybe you do it more than you NEED to, but it's not going to hurt anything. Waxing is EASY. Either that or I'm doing it wrong. LOL. And it's fun and relaxing. A little challenging with you're traveling. Not everywhere has places where you can do it yourself. I might have broke the rules and snuck it up to my hotel room a couple of times. I typically wax before every outting when possible. And I was told to do a storage wax for the summer, but that was cause it had been used over the season. I'm willing to bet that anothe month or two before you hit a hill with your new board isn't going to make a difference. People on here told me my factory wax would get me through my first few times out, and they were right. |
10-17-2011, 10:00 PM | #47 (permalink) | |
Veteran Member
Join Date: Jun 2009
Location: SMiThville, NJ (Summit County in winter)
Posts: 1,673
you should also try and stay away from the steam irons with holes in it if you can and get one thats smooth on the bottom |
10-17-2011, 10:31 PM | #50 (permalink) |
Veteran Member
Join Date: Aug 2011
Location: Salt Lake City, Utah
Posts: 1,039
ski/snowboard specific irons are really not that much money. $30-$40 is well worth the ease of mind, perfect temperature ranges for waxing boards, small and compact, solid-flat base etc....
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Youth Event: Ridley Pearson
Thursday, April 29, 6:00 p.m. Kingdom Keepers III: Disney in Shadows BUY NOW
Following the first two books of The Kingdom Keepers, Disney after Dark, and Disney at Dawn, Finn and his friends have much worse problems in the third book, Kingdom Keepers 3: Disney in Shadows. In a 'dream world' the five hologram teens, Finn, Philby, Willa, Charlene, and Maybeck search to find Wayne, their mentor and head Disney Imagineer who has mysteriously gone missing. They think Wayne has been abducted by the Overtakers--Disney villains--along with other Disney characters, who take over the parks. Turnstiles stop spinning, and the desperate Overtakers begin to steer the parks to a far darker place. Then more clues from Jez's dream lead the kids into Disney's Hollywood Studios and Epcot--through imaginary worlds that become real, by imaginary kids who are real. Each clue seems tied to the last, and with the stakes growing ever higher, what starts out as a puzzle ends up as a fight for their lives. Click HERE to request a signed copy. |


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From a distance, it looks like OSU has put a pool in next to the Truax Indoor training center. But no, the Beavers aren't planning to go swimming this week. In order to prepare for playing at No. 3 Boise State, the Beavers have painted their practice field blue.
If OSU wants to win, it will need to have another day where special teams stand out.
A Boise State scouting report from the Gazette Times.
Bronco head coach Chris Petersen says Boise State has the Beavers right where they want them if they're painting the field blue.
People in Boise believe that GameDay visiting Bronco stadium will bring prestige to the BSU program.
In other news, another Oregon State wrestler was arrested this weekend. The GT has more details.


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Other Hot Drinks in Macedonia
Other Hot Drinks in Macedonia
Published: May 2013
Publisher: Euromonitor International
Product ref: 169661
Pages: 17
Format: PDF
Delivery: Immediate download
Other hot drinks (and by this we primarily mean chocolate-based flavoured powder drinks) are mostly consumed by young children and teenagers, although other age groups also like these beverages. Drinks fortified with vitamins, minerals and other beneficial ingredients are very attractive to young parents, who often purchase these products for their children and encourage their consumption on a daily basis.
Euromonitor International's Other Hot Drinks in Macedonia report offers a comprehensive guide to the size and shape of the market at a national level. It provides the latest retail sales data 2008-2012, allowing you to identify the sectors driving growth. It identifies the leading companies, the leading brands and offers strategic analysis of key factors influencing the market - be they legislative, distribution or pricing issues. Forecasts to 2017 illustrate how the market is set to change.
Product coverage: Flavoured Powder Drinks, Other Plant-based Hot Drinks.
Data coverage: market sizes (historic and forecasts), company shares, brand shares and distribution data.
Why buy this report?- Get a detailed picture of the Other Hot Drinks market;
- Pinpoint growth sectors and identify factors driving change;
- Understand the competitive environment, the market's major players and leading brands;
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Euromonitor International has over 40 years' experience of publishing market research reports, business reference books and online information systems. With offices in London, Chicago, Singapore, Shanghai, Vilnius, Dubai, Cape Town, Santiago, Sydney, Tokyo and Bangalore and a network of over 800 analysts worldwide, Euromonitor International has a unique capability to develop reliable information resources to help drive informed strategic planning.
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We want to meet your research requirements. Let us know what you need, how to contact you and we will do the rest.


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Ian Robert Maxwell MC was a Czechoslovakian-born British media proprietor and former Member of Parliament , who rose from poverty to build an extensive publishing empire, which collapsed after his death due to the fraudulent transactions Maxwell had committed to support his business empire, including illegal use of pension funds.
More on Wikipedia…
(8 quotes found)
"You are as safe with me as you would be in the Bank of England."
Robert Maxwell
"The thing I would most like to see invented is a way of teaching children and grown-ups the difference between right and wrong."
"He threw away two trash bags (of clothes), and we're here to refill. It's all right, because he's got to have clothes, and he keeps getting bigger."
"We're talking about 10 years from now and longer, not the current mission."
"Two people could build an outhouse in four hours. They're not complicated."
"If they donate the materials, we'll build them in their parking lots."
"Luckily, he missed, so I shot the mayor and withdrew."
"But as soon as we marched off a German tank opened fire on us. Luckily, he missed, so I shot the mayor and withdrew."


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Phased-array grating compression for high-energy chirped pulse amplification lasers
Optics Express, Vol. 15, Issue 5, pp. 2742-2752 (2007)
Enhanced HTML Acrobat PDF (413 KB)
The development of phased-array grating compressor is a crucial issue for high-energy, ultra-short pulse petawatt-class lasers. We present a theoretical and experimental analysis of two-grating phasing in a broadband pulse mosaic compressor. The phase defaults induced by misaligned gratings are studied. Monochromatic grating phasing is experimentally achieved with an interferometric technique and pulse compression is demonstrated with a two-phased-array grating system.
© 2007 Optical Society of America
OCIS Codes
(050.1950) Diffraction and gratings : Diffraction gratings
(140.7090) Lasers and laser optics : Ultrafast lasers
(320.5520) Ultrafast optics : Pulse compression
ToC Category:
Ultrafast Optics
Original Manuscript: October 12, 2006
Revised Manuscript: November 17, 2006
Manuscript Accepted: November 17, 2006
Published: March 5, 2007
A. Cotel, M. Castaing, P. Pichon, and C. Le Blanc, "Phased-array grating compression for high-energy chirped pulse amplification lasers," Opt. Express 15, 2742-2752 (2007)
Sort: Year | Journal | Reset
- D. Strickland and G. Mourou, "Compression of amplified chirped optical pulses," Opt. Commun. 56, 219-221 (1985). [CrossRef]
- B. W. Shore, M. D. Perry, J. A. Britten, R. D. Boyd, M. D. Feit, H. T. Nguyen, R. Chow, G. E. Loomis, and L. Li, "Design of high-efficiency dielectric reflection gratings," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 14, 1124-1136 (1997). [CrossRef]
- T. Zhang, M. Yonemura, and Y. Kato, "An array-grating compressor for high-power chirped-pulse amplification lasers," Opt. Commun. 145, 367-376 (1998). [CrossRef]
- T. J. Kessler, J. Bunkenburg, H. Huang, A. Kozlov, and D. D. Meyerhofer, "Demonstration of coherent addition of multiple gratings for high-energy chirped-pulse-amplified lasers," Opt. Lett. 29, 635-637 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Le Blanc, C. Felix, J. C. Lagron, N. Forget, P. Hollander, A. M. Sautivet, F. Amiranoff, and A. Migus, "The Petawatt laser chain at LULI: from the diode-pumped front end to the new generation of compact compressor," Proceeding Third International Conference on Inertial Fusion Sciences and Applications (IFSA), Chap X - 608, Eds B. A. Hammel, D. D. Meyerhofer, J. Meyer-ter-Vehn, and H. Azechi (2003).
- M. C. Rushford, W. A. Molander, J. D. Nissen, I. Jovanovic, J. A. Britten, and C. P. J. Barty, "Diffraction grating eigenvector for translational and rotational motion," Opt. Lett. 31, 155-157 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Jitsuno, H. Kai, M. C. Rushford, N. Miyanaga, S. Motokoshi, G. Xu, K. Kondo, R. Kodama, H. Shiraga, K. A. Tanaka, K. Tsubakimoto, H. Habara, J. A. Britten, C. P. J. Barty, and K. Mima, "Groove density compensation of segmented gratings in large scale pulse compressor," Fourth Intenational Conference on Inertial Fusion Sciences and Applications (IFSA), Biarritz (2005).
- T. J. Kessler, J. Bunkenburg, and H. Huang, "Grating Array Systems for the alignment and control of the spatial and temporal characteristics of light," U.S. Patent Application (2003).
- E. B. Treacy, "Optical pulse compression with diffraction gratings," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 5, 454-458 (1969). [CrossRef]
- M. Trentelman, I. N. Ross, and C. Danson, "Finite size compression gratings in a large aperture chirped pulse amplification laser system," Appl. Opt. 36, 8567-8573 (1997). [CrossRef]
- M. Hornung, R. Bödefeld, M. Siebold, S. Podelska, M. Schnepp, J. Hein, and R. Sauerbrey, "Alignment of a multigrating mosaic compressor in a PW-class CPA laser," Proc. SPIE 5962, 59622K (2005). [CrossRef]
- N. Blanchot, G. Marre, J. Néauport, E. Sibé, C. Rouyer, S. Montant, A. Cotel, C. Le Blanc, and C. Sauteret, "Synthetic aperture compression scheme for multi-petawatt high energy laser," Appl. Opt. 45, 6013-6021 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Diaz-Uribe, and A. Jiménez-Hernandez, "Phase measurement for segmented optics with 1D diffraction patterns," Opt. Express 12, 1192-1204 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Chanan, M. Troy, F. Dekens, S. Michaels, J. Nelson, T. Mast, and D. Kirkman, "Phasing the mirror segments of the Keck telescopes : the broadband phasing algorithm," Appl. Opt. 37, 140-155 (1998). [CrossRef]
- N. C. Mehta, and C. W. Allen, "Remote alignment of segmented mirrors with far-field optimization," Appl. Opt. 31, 6510-6518 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Pizzaro, J. Arasa, F. Laguarta, N. Tomas, and A. Pinto, "Design of an interferometric system for the measurement of phasing errors in segmented mirrors," Appl. Opt. 41, 4562-4570 (2002). [CrossRef]
- J. Bunkenburg, T. J. Kessler, W. Skulski, and H. Huang, "Phase-locked control of tiled-grating assemblies for chirped-pulse-amplified lasers using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer," Opt. Lett. 31, 1561-1563 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. L. Kendrick, D. S. Acton, and A. L. Duncan, "Phase diversity wavefront sensor for imaging system," Appl. Opt. 33, 6533-6546 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Flamand, S. Kane, G. De Villele, A. Cotel, and B. Touzet, "New MLD gratings adapted for tiling in petawatt-class lasers," Fourth International Conference on Inertial Fusion Sciences and Applications (IFSA), Biarritz (2005).
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CasinoRPG is a vast, persistent virtual world that goes far beyond your average casino game. It combines the best elements of role-playing, tycoon and casino games into an experience never before seen on the web. The game is played completely in the browser using HTML5, and can be played on most any modern device/browser.
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Cover to Cover Youth Book Club | |
Event Type: Childrens Grade School Programs - Harnish Date: 5/10/2012 Start Time: 7:00 PM End Time: 8:00 PM Description: Bring one of your favorite books to share and come compete in teams and celebrate with our end of the year trivia party! For 3rd-5th graders.
Location: Harnish Program Room Status: Closed |
Please Note | |