text:
> Alaska
> Fairbanks Memorial
> Programs and Services
> Home Health Care
> Home Health Services
Home Health Care Services
At Fairbanks Memorial Hospital we recognize the varied needs of our community and offer Home Health Care:
Intermittent Home Health is designed for patients who are confined to their home for medical reasons and in need of intermittent home visits for a defined period of time.
Services include:
- Skilled Nursing - Provides assessments, administration of skilled treatment procedures, patient and family health education, care planning and management
- Physical Therapy - Assists with the development and restoration of function and the maintenance of maximum rehabilitation potential
- Occupational Therapy - Assists with the restoration of daily life activities through prescribed creative activities promoting rehabilitation and independence
- Speech Pathology - Provides diagnostic and therapeutic programs to assist with speech, language, and swallowing disorders
- Medical Social Services - Social workers work with the client and family to develop a community resource plan and to provide long-term care placement assistance
- Home Health Aide - Assists with personal care, activities of daily living, and therapeutic exercises developed by the therapist. All activities carried out are under the supervision of a registered nurse or therapist
Our Home Health Care Department is accredited by the Joint Commission and is a Medicare/Medicaid provider. Medicare, Medicaid, insurance companies or veteran's benefits may pay for home care services. Please check with your insurer to determine if our home health services are covered.


text:
Oh, this makes me shiver! Have you no snowplows in Toronto? Actually, I like driving in a little bit of snow. Not as much as shown here but a little bit and certainly - NO HILLS!
Posted by Peruby at March 22, 2013 05:50 AMSo good to know it's not today in Toronto. Let's leave it behind for a few months, shall we?
Good shot.
This is so bleak! But still beautiful.
Posted by N at March 22, 2013 01:06 PMForgot to say Happy Nowruz.
Posted by Hugh Petrie at March 22, 2013 08:35 PMAnd what is that street sign? There are pyramids up ahead? LOL!
Posted by Peruby at March 23, 2013 07:20 AMThis photo is beautiful and genius! An empty street wouldn't be zo perfect as this one!
Posted by villasappho at March 30, 2013 07:44 AM

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Damp Buildings
Almost all buildings experience excessive moisture, leaks, or flooding at
some point. If dampness-related problems are to be prevented, it is essential
to understand their causes. From a technologic viewpoint, one must under-
stand the sources and transport of moisture in buildings, which depend on
the design, operation, maintenance, and use of buildings in relation to exter-
nal environmental conditions such as climate, soil properties, and topogra-
phy. From a societal viewpoint, it is necessary to understand how construc-
tion, operation, and maintenance practices may lead to dampness problems.
The interactions among moisture, materials, and environmental conditions in
and outside a building determine whether the building may become a source
of potentially harmful dampness-related microbial and chemical exposures.
Therefore, an understanding of the relationship of building moisture to mi-
crobial growth and chemical emissions is also critical.
This chapter addresses those issues to the extent that present scientific
knowledge allows. It starts with a description of how and where buildings
become wet; reviews the signs of dampness, how dampness is measured,
and what is known about its prevalence and characteristics, such as sever-
ity, location, and duration; discusses the risk factors for moisture problems;
reviews how dampness influences indoor microbial growth and chemical
emissions; catalogs the various agents that may be present in damp environ-
ments; and addresses the influence of building materials on microbial growth
and emissions.
The chapter does not review effects of building dampness that are
unrelated to indoor air quality or health. However, dampness problems
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often cause building materials to decay or corrode, to become structurally
weakened or lose their thermal capacity, and thus to reduce their useful life.
Dampness also causes building materials and furnishings to develop an
unacceptable appearance. The societal cost of such structural and visual
effects of dampness may be high.
As discussed below, there is no single, generally accepted term for
referring to "dampness" or "damp indoor spaces." This chapter and the
remainder of the report adopts the terminology of the research being cited
or uses the default term "dampness."
Studies use various qualitative terms to denote the presence of excess
moisture in buildings. These include dampness, condensation, building damp-
ness, visible dampness, damp patches, damp spots, water collection, water
ponding, and moisture problem. Dampness--however it is expressed--is used
to signify a wide array of signs of moisture damage of variable spatial extent
and severity. It may represent visual observations of current or prior moisture
(such as water stains or condensation on windows), observed microbial
growth, measurement of high moisture content of building materials, mea-
surement of high relative humidity in the indoor air, moldy or musty odors,
and other signs that can be associated with excess moisture in a building.
Some studies make separate observations of dampness and mold, and both
observed dampness and visible mold have been weakly associated with mea-
sured concentrations of fungi (Verhoeff et al., 1992). Chapter 3 discusses the
various signs and measurements of dampness, moisture, or mold that have
been used in studies and lists several examples.
Numerous technical terms are also used to describe characteristics of
moisture and moisture physics, including absorption, adsorption, desorp-
tion, diffusion, capillary action, capillary height, convection, dew point,
partial pressure, and water vapor permeability. A complete discussion of all
the terms is beyond the scope of this study, but some that are used in the
report are defined below.
The amount of water present in a substance is expressed in relation to
its volume (kg/m3), or to its oven-dry weight (kg/kg). The former is referred
to as moisture content (MC), and the latter as percentage moisture content
(%-MC). MC is directly proportional to %-MC and to the density of the
substance (Bj÷rkholtz, 1987).
1Material in this section and later in the chapter has been adapted or excerpted from a
dissertation by Dr. Ulla Haverinen-Shaughnessy (Haverinen, 2002) that was written under the
supervision of one of the committee members. It is used here with the permission of the author.
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Relative humidity (RH) is the existing water vapor pressure of the air,
expressed as a percentage of the saturated water vapor pressure at the same
temperature. RH reflects both the amount of water vapor in air and the air
temperature. For example, if the temperature of a parcel of air is decreased
but no water is removed, the RH will increase. If the air is cooled suffi-
ciently, a portion of the gaseous water vapor in the air will condense,
producing liquid water. The highest temperature that will result in conden-
sation is called the "dewpoint temperature." "Humidity ratio" is another
technical term used to characterize the moisture content of air. The humid-
ity ratio of a parcel of air equals the mass or weight of water vapor in the
parcel divided by the mass or weight of dry (moisture-free) air in the parcel.
Humidity ratio, unlike RH, is independent of air temperature. The indoorŁ
outdoor humidity ratio can be used to estimate the rate of interior water
vapor generation, or more qualitatively to indicate if a building has sources.
Water generation rate can be computed from a moisture mass balance
equation; however, the rate of outdoor air ventilation must be known. If
the building has a dehumidifier or an air conditioner that dehumidifies, the
rate of water removal via this device must be factored. Sorption and desorp-
tion of water and from indoor surfaces also complicates the estimation of
the internal water vapor generation rate. Monthly mean water activity level
has been proposed as a metric for evaluating whether mold growth will
occur on surfaces of newly-designed buildings (TenWolde and Rose, 1994)
but there is reason to be skeptical about its practicality because the level
varies throughout a building and is not easily measured at all relevant
locations (for example, in wall cavities).
The temperature of air and materials in a building varies spatially;
therefore, RH also varies spatially. In the winter for example, the tempera-
ture of the interior surface of a window or wall will normally be less that
the temperature of air in the center of a room. Air in contact with the
window or wall will cool to below the central room temperature, increasing
the local relative humidity. If the surface has a temperature below the
dewpoint temperature of adjacent air, water vapor will condense on the
surface, producing liquid water.
Without a source to moisten building material continuously, the MC of
the material depends on temperature and the RH of the surrounding air.
The RH of the atmosphere in equilibrium with a material that has a par-
ticular MC is known as the equilibrium relative humidity (ERH) (Oliver,
1997). Different materials have different distributions of pore size and
degrees of hygroscopicity so materials that have the same ERH may have
different MC. For example, at an ERH of 80%, the MC for mineral wool is
about 0.3 kg/m3, for concrete can be 80 kg/m3, and for wood is about 90
kg/m3 (Nevander and Elmarsson, 1994).
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Water exists in three states: solid (ice), liquid, and gas (water vapor).
The molecules in liquid water and water vapor move freely; molecules in ice
are bound into a crystal matrix and are unable to move except to vibrate.
Liquid water is a cohesive fluid; when it interacts with other materials, it is
affected by forces that originate in the new material. If a drop attaches to a
surface that has a strong affinity for water, like wood, it will spread out
across the surface. The attraction may be great enough that water will run
along the bottom of a horizontal material--a roof truss, for example--until
it comes to an air gap or a downward projection where gravity pulls it away
from the surface and it falls.
Many building materials are porous, and the size of the pores affects
their permeability. If the pores are small enough to keep both liquid water
clusters and water vapor molecules from passing, the material is imperme-
able; metal foils are examples of such materials. Materials with slightly
larger pores (building papers like Tyvek and builders felt) will shed liquid
water but be relatively permeable to water vapor. If the material has pores
that are large enough for tiny clusters of liquid water to enter, it will be
permeable to both liquid water and water vapor. As a result of intermolecu-
lar forces, liquid water is drawn into the pores of such materials by capil-
lary suction. Water drawn in that way is said to be absorbed by the porous
material. Water migration through porous materials is a complex interac-
tion of forces. Water molecules clinging to the surface of a solid material
are bound to that surface by intermolecular forces. They cannot move
about as freely as liquid water molecules or water vapor molecules and are
in what is sometimes referred to as the adsorbed state. Water must accumu-
late on surfaces to a depth of four or five molecules before it begins to move
freely as a liquid (Straube, 2001). Adsorbed water cannot be removed by
drainage. In the adsorbed state, water molecules are less available for chemi-
cal and biologic purposes than they are in a nonadsorbed state.
It does not take a great deal of moisture to cause problems with sensi-
tive materials like paper or composite wooden materials. Moisture sources
in buildings include rainwater, groundwater, plumbing, construction mois-
ture, water use, condensation, and indoor and outdoor humidity (Lstiburek,
2001; Straube, 2002). The first three are sources of liquid-water problems,
construction moisture may result in both liquid-water and water-vapor
problems, and condensation associated with humidity involves water vapor
as well as liquid water. Moisture problems begin when materials stay wet
long enough for microbial growth, physical deterioration, or chemical reac-
tions to occur. Those may happen because of continual wetting or intermit-
tent wetting that happens often enough to keep materials from drying. As
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discussed below, the important moisture-related variables in determining
whether fungal growth occurs are those which affect the rate of wetting and
the rate of drying (Lstiburek, 2002a).
The most damaging water leaks are those which are large enough to
flood a building or small enough not to attract notice but large enough to
wet or humidify a cavity space or material for a long time. Thus, the "best"
leak is one that is large enough to be noticed right away but small enough
that the wetting does not promote microbial growth or affect materials.
Both floods and slow leaks can result in large areas of fungal growth.
Condensation sometimes occurs over a large area and can also result in
extensive mold growth.
Rainwater and Groundwater
Placing a building on a site does not change how much rain falls each
year--it changes the path that rainwater takes on its journey through the
hydrologic cycle. When building designs work properly, rainwater is col-
lected and redirected so that it does not intrude into the buildings them-
selves. When collection and redirection fail, rainwater wets buildings. Build-
ings have been protected from rainwater for centuries by using gravity, air
gaps, and moisture-insensitive materials to direct and drain water away
from other materials that can be damaged by water through corrosion,
microbial contamination, or chemical reaction (Lstiburek, 2001). Weak-
ness in rainwater protection can be found in the detailing of the roof, walls,
windows, doors, decks, foundation, and site. Rainwater leaks may take a
long time to become noticeable because the water often leaks into cavities
that are filled with porous insulation. Insulation may retain the water,
keeping materials wet longer than would empty cavities.
Many roofing materials are impermeable to liquid water and can be
repeatedly wetted and dried without damage. Wooden shingles and thatched
roofs are exceptions. They drain the bulk of rainwater away from the
interior but also absorb some of it. An air gap beneath then forms a mois-
ture or water break and allows drying of the shingle or thatch by evapora-
tion from inner and outer surfaces. Roof leaks typically occur at joints and
penetrations; parapet walls, curbs for roof-mounted equipment and sky-
lights, intersections between roofs and walls, and roof drains are common
leakage sites. These leaks are often the result of failures in design or of
installation of flashings and moisture or water breaks.
In climates that receive substantial snowfall, water can intrude through
roofs as the result of melting snow. Ice dams occur when there is snow on
a roof and roof temperatures reach 33░F (1░C) or higher at times when the
outdoor air temperature is below freezing. Snow on the warm part of the
roof melts and then follows the drainage path until it reaches roofing that is
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chilled below freezing by outdoor air. The water then freezes on this part of
the roof and causes ice dams and icicles. Aggravating conditions for ice
dams include sources of heat that warm snow-covered sheathing (air leaks
and conductive heat loss from the building, recessed lighting fixtures in
insulated ceilings, and uninsulated chimneys passing through attics) and
valley roofs, which may collect water from a large surface area and drain it
to one small location. Several design approaches are available for prevent-
ing ice dams:
Ę Air-seal and heavily insulate the top of the building so that escaping
heat does not reach the roofing.
Ę Ventilate the roof sheathing from underneath with outdoor air. (In
combination with the air sealing and insulation, this keeps roofing cold, so
melting does not occur or is minimized to rates that do not result in ice
Ę Avoid heat sources in the vented attic or vent bays (for example, do
not use recessed lights in insulated ceilings).
Rainwater protection in walls is accomplished largely with three basic
methods: massive moisture storage, drained cladding, and face-sealed clad-
ding (Lstiburek, 2001; Straube and Burnett, 1997). Historically, walls ca-
pable of massive moisture storage have been built of thick masonry materi-
als (such as stone in older churches). Exterior detailing channels rainwater
away from entry through such walls. The walls are also able to store a large
amount of water in the adsorbed state, and their storage capacity is suffi-
cient to accommodate rainwater wetting and drying cycles without causing
problems.2 Rainwater intrusion problems occur in these walls when a path-
way wicks water from the exterior to the interior, where moisture-sensitive
materials are. Wooden structural members in masonry pockets, interior-
finish walls made of wood or paper products, and furnishings composed of
fabrics, adhesive, or composites are typical materials that may be affected
by rainwater transported through walls by bridging or capillary suction.
Cladding (a protective, insulating, or decorative covering) with air gaps
and a drain plane is another historical answer to rainwater intrusion. A
drained-cladding wall has an exterior finish that intercepts most of the
rainwater that strikes it but is backed by an air gap and water-resistant
drainage material to keep any water that gets past the cladding from enter-
ing the wall beneath. Wooden clapboard, wooden shingles, board and bat,
brick or block veneer, and traditional stucco are examples of cladding used
in some climates in the United States that has historically been backed by an
2Condensation is not typically a problem, because, unlike many composite structures, such
walls have relatively even distribution of water-vapor permeability.
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air gap and drainage layer. Asphalt-impregnated felt paper, rosin paper,
and high-permeability spun-plastic wraps are examples of materials that
are used as the drainage layer. Foam board and foil-faced composite sheath-
ing have also been used as drain planes beneath cladding (Lstiburek, 2000).
The most frequent problems in these walls occur when moisture-sensitive
sheathings--such as oriented strand board (OSB), plywood, and low-
density fiberboards--are not protected by a drainage layer.
Face-sealed walls are made of materials that are impermeable to water
and are sealed at the joints with caulking or gaskets (Straube, 2001). Struc-
tural glazing, metal-clad wooden or foam panels, and corrugated metal
siding are examples of face-sealed cladding. The intention is to seal the
joints between the panels well enough to prevent rainwater entry. Rainwa-
ter intrusion occurs when the seals fail. Seals on some face-sealed walls need
to be renewed every 4Ł5 years.
The unavoidable weakness in rainwater protection for any wall is at the
penetrations--windows, doors, light fixtures, the roofs of lower portions of
the structure, decks, balconies, and porches. Rainwater leaks through poorly
detailed, designed or installed flashing are most common. Common errors
include failure to provide detailed instructions for flashing in construction
documents, providing two-dimensional details for situations that require
three-dimensional flashing, installing head flashings on top of building pa-
per rather than installed underneath, and ignoring leaks in the window
itself. Wall drain papers for windows must be installed in the same way that
a raincoat is worn: over, not tucked into rain pants. Pan flashing beneath
windows can prevent leaks, even of poorly installed windows, from wetting
the wall below (Lstiburek, 2000).
Foundations are typically protected from moisture problems by being
constructed of materials that are resistant to water problems (stone, con-
crete, and masonry) and having rainwater diverted away from them
(Lstiburek, 2000, 2001). (In some old buildings, foundation structures could
be constructed of wooden piers, which might have to be kept wet.) Exces-
sive moisture in foundations is often the result of poorly managed rainwa-
ter, but it may also result from groundwater intrusion, plumbing leaks,
ventilation with hot humid air, or water in building materials (such as
concrete) or in exposed soil (for example, saturated ground in a crawl space
foundation). Rainwater is diverted by sloping the finish grade away from
the building; rainwater and groundwater are diverted with subsoil drain-
age. Drainage systems use stone pebbles, perforated drain pipe, sand and
gravel, or proprietary drainage mats. Stone pebbles and perforated pipe are
typically enclosed in a filter fabric to prevent clogging by fine soil particles.
Below-grade foundations are coated with dampproofing to provide a capil-
lary break. Water problems occur if rainwater collected on the roof is
drained to the soil next to the foundation. This may happen if the site is
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inadvertently contoured to collect rainwater and drain it into the building
or if paving does so. Other problematic scenarios include a drainage pipe
that is missing, is installed improperly, or does not drain to daylight or a
sump pump; a drainage system that fills with silt carried by water percolat-
ing through the soil and that then clogs; and a failure to install a capillary
break, which would keep water from being wicked through concrete prod-
ucts to the interior.
Foundations may be slab on grade (or near grade), full basements,
crawl spaces, piers, or a combination of these types. A slab-on-grade foun-
dation consists of a concrete slab that constitutes the first floor of the
building. The perimeter of the slab may be thickened and reinforced, or it
may be bound by a perimeter wall that extends some distance into the soil.
The most common water problems with slab-on-grade foundations are
caused when rainwater from the roof or site wets the foundation and the
water is wicked up through concrete to wall or flooring materials. If air
ducts are placed in or beneath the slab, these may flood with poorly man-
aged rainwater.
A basement is made by excavating a large, pond-like hole in the ground
and constructing walls and a floor in the bottom of the hole. A basement
floor slab is wholly or partially below grade. Some basement floors are at
grade on one side and below grade on another. A drainage system is placed
on the bottom of the hole around the perimeter of the walls, and a capillary
break in the form of stone pebbles or polyethylene film is placed beneath
the floor. Walls are coated with some form of dampproofing to make a
capillary break. Free-draining material is placed against the walls to divert
water from the foundation into footing drains. Many potential causes of
dampness problems in full basements result from vagaries of weather and
defects in design, construction, and maintenance. Rainwater from the roof
or site can easily saturate the soil near the foundation and make it more
likely for liquid water to seep or run into the basement. A more subtle
problem occurs when water wicking through the walls or slab evaporates
into the basement, leaving the walls dry but over-humidifying the space.
Placing framing, insulation, paneling, or gypsum board against a basement
wall creates a microclimate between finished wall and basement wall. In
fact, if the outdoor-air dewpoint is higher than the temperature in this
space, ventilating air will add moisture to the cavity, not dry it and this can
result in conditions favorable for microbial growth. A solution to this
problem is to insulate the foundation wall on the outside. If the foundation
is insulated on the inside, a material with high insulating value and low
water-vapor permeability should be used; this will keep the warm humid
basement air away from earth-chilled walls. Plastic foam insulation meets
this criterion. If the water vapor permeability of the insulation is low
enough, it will reduce drying from the foundation wall into the basement.
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Placing insulation beneath the floor slab can prevent basement floors from
"sweating" during hot humid weather because it thermally isolates the
concrete slab from the cool earth below.
A crawl space is constructed in the same way as a basement foundation
except that it is shorter and often the floor is not covered by a concrete slab.
Many crawl spaces have air vents through the walls intended to provide
passive ventilation. Because crawl spaces are not intended for occupancy,
drainage detailing around them is often lacking or poorly implemented.
Rainwater intrusion is common. In addition, the floor is often exposed soil,
which creates the potential for evaporation into the crawl space. Vents
placed too close to the ground sometimes become rainwater intakes. When
the outdoor-air dewpoint is higher than the temperature of the soil and
foundation surfaces, ventilating air wets the crawl space rather than drying
it (Kurnitski, 2000).
Pier foundations (concrete or crushed-stone footings for posts that con-
stitute the major structural support for a building) are the most resistant to
rainwater problems. Piers extend from the ground to above the surface of
the soil to support the lower structure of a building. The most common
water problem for this type of foundation occurs if a depression in the
ground beneath the structure collects water and exposes the underside of
the building to prolonged high humidity.
Plumbing and Wet Rooms
Most water intentionally brought into buildings is used for drinking,
cooking, or cleaning. The bulk of this water passes harmlessly through
drains to public or private treatment and is then released to the hydrologic
cycle from which it was diverted. The pathway followed by such water
consists of pipes, tubs, sinks, showers, dish and clothes washers, driers, and
ventilating air. Most of the materials used in the pathway are moisture-
insensitive--able to withstand dampness without decomposing, dissolving,
corroding, hydrolyzing, or supporting microbial growth. Moisture prob-
lems occur when water leaks from pipes or from sinks, tub or shower
enclosures, washing machines, ice machines, or other fixtures and appli-
ances that have water hookups.
Pipes leak when joints are incorrectly made or fail, water freezes in
them, the pipe material corrodes or decomposes, or a screw or nail is driven
through them. Joints may not be correctly soldered, gasketed, cemented, or
doped. Water lines lose integrity when they are exposed to acidic or caustic
water or--in the case of rubber or plastic lines to washing machines--the
polymers break down from oxidation or ultraviolet (UV) light exposure.
Corrosive water may lead to mold growth if a large number of small leaks
result. Pipes in exterior walls or unheated crawl spaces or attics may freeze
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and crack during subfreezing weather. A screw or nail driven through a
pipe may not leak for some time, because the fastener seals the hole it made;
after thermal expansion and contraction and corrosion work for some time,
the pipe may begin to leak.
Drains and water traps are vulnerable to leaks. Overflows and careless
installation and renovation practices also contribute to problems with fix-
tures and appliances that use water. The materials that surround tubs and
showers--typically ceramic tiles and fiberglass panels--receive regular wet-
tings. They must be constructed, sealed, and maintained to protect the wall
and floor materials beneath them. As with rainwater protection, most prob-
lems occur at the joints. Grout between ceramic tiles often does not ad-
equately serve as a capillary break and water wicks through to the base.
In ceramic tile surrounds with paper-covered gypsum board as the base,
mold growth may occur beneath the grout and on the backside of the
gypsum board where water wicks through the paper facing the wall cavity.
Depending on the detailing, water may also be wicked through the gaps
where fiberglass panels overlap and meet tubs or shower pans. The shower
pan in stand-alone showers is another weak spot. Essentially, these are
basins that must hold a small depth of water. Leaks are most common at
the drain penetration. Pans that are constructed on site have more joints to
leak than prefabricated pans that are molded into a single piece. Poorly
designed, incorrectly installed, and carelessly used shower curtains and
doors are another source of problems. Tub surrounds and shower enclo-
sures can be constructed of materials that are poor substrates for fungal
growth; for example, fiber-cement board, rather than paper-covered gyp-
sum board, can be used as the base for ceramic tile. Such steps reduce, but
do not eliminate, the possibility of microbial contamination.
Construction Moisture
In newly constructed buildings, a large amount of water vapor can be
released by wet building materials such as recently cast concrete, and wet
wooden products (Christian, 1994). Manufactured products that were origi-
nally dry can become extensively wetted by exposure to rain during trans-
portation, storage, and building construction. Case studies have attributed
microbial contamination to the use of wet building materials or to wetting
during building construction (Hung and Terra, 1996; Salo, 1999). Large
areas of mold growth may occur when a floor enclosing an earth-floored
crawl space is installed because the soil may be a reservoir of rainwater; the
humidity in such a crawl space quickly becomes high when the floor deck is
applied over moist earth. Floor decks made from OSB or plywood are
vulnerable to mold growth during extended periods (23 days for OSB, 42
days for plywood) of RH greater than 95% (Doll, 2002).
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Condensation and High Humidity
Condensation necessarily involves water-vapor transport. The two im-
portant variables for condensation are chilled surfaces and sources of water
vapor. Materials chilled below the indoor or outdoor air temperature accu-
mulate water molecules in the adsorbed state and are at risk for condensa-
tion; those chilled below the local dew point will begin to accumulate liquid
water. Porous materials can hold more water vapor than impermeable ones
before liquid water appears. The combination of high RH in indoor or
outdoor air and cooled building materials increases the risk of dampness
problems and microbial growth. Even without condensation, the local RH
of air at the surface of cool material can be very high, leading to high mois-
ture content in the material.
Figure 2-1 illustrates how much air needs to be cooled before the
difference between the air temperature and dewpoint temperature equals
zero and condensation occurs. Regardless of the initial air temperature,
when the relative humidity is very high only a few degrees of cooling will
result in condensation. For example, if the bulk of the air in a room has a
RH of 80%, condensation will occur on a surface that is only about 7oF
(4oC) cooler than the bulk room air temperature. Therefore, whenever cool
Tair-Tdewpoint (░F)
5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Relative Humidity (%)
FIGURE 2-1 The difference between air and dewpoint temperatures needed for
condensation to occur, expressed as a function of relative humidity, for three in-
door air temperatures.
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Results for "patron of the arts"
This is the 'Ark Nova', an inflatable and easily transportable concert hall that can fit 500 patrons and I'm trying really hard not to say looks like Grimace's @$$hole. Dammit, I kind of already did, didn't I? I suck at keeping secrets. It measures 98 feet by 118 feet and fe... / Continue →


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Malaka Brand Liquid Vegetarian Rennet, 0.5 Ounce Bottle (Pack of 2)
Malaka Brand Liquid Vegetarian Rennet, 0.5 Ounce Bottle (Pack of 2)
8 customer reviews
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Turns ordinary milk into delicious cheese, ice cream, custard and desserts. Complete with recipes to help you make cheeses and sugar free desserts.
Pack of 2, 0.5- ounce bottle (total of 1 ounce)
Keep refrigerated to keep freshness
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6 of 6 found the following review helpful:
works great
Jan 19, 2010
By Patrick K. Miller "Keeper of Nothing"
not much to say here, the rennet works as it should and with two bottles you can make a lot of cheese. I have used this for mozarella and have been satisified. fast shipping with amazon and the product arrived in perfect condition.
5 of 5 found the following review helpful:
Great Buy
Dec 29, 2008
By Heather "Heather"
Great product, no complaints. Works great for making cheese, and the 2-pack is more than enough for all your cheese/ice cream/other adventures.
3 of 3 found the following review helpful:
Apr 15, 2010
By MP
This rennet worked but I needed to use more than what the manufacturer recommended. It was OK since the first time I was making a soft cheese but it took longer than usual to get a clean break. If you are a strict vegetarian this is OK to use. I bought the animal based rennet and it works much better. It may be that the bottles I received were old
This is a cheesey product
Jan 18, 2012
By Margie Read "magnoliamansions"
If you are not into producing home-made cheese, you will probably never have heard of rennet. But,if making cheese (and some kinds of ice cream) is your joy, this is an absolutely perfect and necessary item. That said, it is not always easy to find rennet especially if one does not live in an area with large and varied markets. Ordering Malaka Brand liquid rennet online is the simple solution. Using this product has produced the very best cheese we have ever made. We will never be without it again. One order of the two bottles provides enough rennet for a number of different recipes and can easily be stored in the refrigerator one opened. Don't make your cheese without it!!!!
its a real cheesy product
May 01, 2012
By mamagordota
it works great and its so easy too use to make cheeses and ice cream !!! i am a cheese maker by trade an this RENNET works, i just use a few drops to make 80 to 100.pd wheels of blue bayou queso fresco a la MONTERREY style its a wonderful soft aromatic sweet queso cheese that my whole familia loves, i make about 25 wheels a day an each queso wheel fresco soft avgs in wt 85.lbs ! THANKS MALAKA for a great product...
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YOUNG adults, beware. The swine flu responsible for the pandemic five years ago is once again the dominant strain in North America. So people of working age are again hardest hit by the virus, which has hung around since 2009.
So far, more than 60 per cent of people in the US who have caught severe flu this season, or died of it, are 18 to 64 years old. This is similar to rates during the pandemic but double the number of severe cases in this age group in the past three winters, when the H3N2 virus – which is more likely to hit older people – was top dog. Only about a third of severe cases in the US this year are people over 65.
Meanwhile in Europe, the flu season has been split between swine flu and H3N2. What we are seeing is a battle for supremacy among flu viruses, says Lone Simonsen of George Washington University in Washington DC.
This means people of any age should get a flu shot. While older people have some immunity to swine flu from previous exposure, H3N2 can be deadly. Younger adults have more resistance to H3N2, but are succumbing to swine flu.
This article appeared in print under the headline "Flu hits young"
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I'm on my second Blackberry and they've both been Pearls. The first the 8220 Flip and my now 9100 3G. My one and only compliant with the flip was the processor, after I upgraded to the 9100 I used more data in my first day then I ever did in a whole month with the 8220 Flip. Great platform, just wasn't capable of achieving much. The one & only reason I stuck with Blackberries was because of the size of the buttons the Pearls had, they were actually big enough to be used.
You wanna talk about the perfect phone get me a Pearl with a processor that the higher end bb's share and that's it!
Looking at what BB's are offering for future devices I'll have a vary wide range of manufactures to choose from once my 9100 becomes outdated. -
So... even if the Pearl is dead... I'm guessing that there isn't even anything vaguely similar that might make an appearance? I keep hearing rumors about all the awesome new Blackberry phones we're gonna get, but nothing in this form factor?
The keyboard on the Pearl actually appealed to me more than the larger number of smaller keys on the Curve/Bold. Plus the form factor is nicer, for me at least. I'd like to see something similar even if they don't call it a pearl.
But I guess we're out of luck!
Then again, when are we supposed to know semi-sure what the new devices will be? There's only two confirmed right now that I know of (there are sub-forums for those), but I assume there'll be quite a few more? - 06-03-12, 05:48 PM #29
The pearl is my absolute favorite form factor. I'd take it over a bold 99xx if given the same specs. I really hope they make another one.
Carrying large phones is becoming a hassle.Porsche Carrera S 997.2 -The Ultimate QNX Machine
Porsche Carrera S 991 (Coming soon) - 06-04-12, 02:11 AM #30
Yeah pretty much. I wouldn't even want it to have the same specs as the Bold even, though getting fairly close would be nice. I'm more interested in basic functionality apps (calendar, mail, etc.), call quality, and a feeling of "snappiness." A lot of the fancier features are just icing on the cake that I could leave or take.
I'm with you there on the Pearl series being dead. I haven't heard news about it. That and the fact that the Pearl series is not as in demand as a full qwerty BlackBerry. If it's one thing that kills the Pearl, it's the fact that it goes against the norm of devices.
Yeah it was a good phone that got RIM off its feet and into the mantle of greatness, but I guess I'd much rater favor a newer BB7 or BB10 device with a touch screen, rather than have a qwerty keyboard like that of a Pearl. IMHO Many people don't like it as much as they like the other models. I for one am part of them.BlackBerry is my phone of choice. No other phone gives me the same experience that BlackBerry does . - 06-04-12, 07:03 PM #32
Which is all well and fine -- but there isn't really a proper small-ish (i.e. easy to use one-handed) smartphone on the market that can compare to the ease-of-use that I personally felt the Pearl had.
But eh. I guess I can pick up an old one instead if nothing new comes out that can compare.
Speaking of -- when are the new phones going to be announced "for sure?" October? - 09-17-12, 09:25 PM #33
Hate to bump the thread, but I think we've got a lot more information now than we had back in May/June...
Any idea if we're going to see another small form factor BlackBerry?
I don't care that much if it's a "Pearl" though that would be nice, just something with the smaller size. I liked the keyboard on the Pearl a lot too, larger buttons and more than one letter per key.
I know that we'll start seeing phones released in early 2013. That's great. But I really do wish they'd go ahead and tell us more about which kinds of phones to expect. Seems to me like it'd help the hype instead of hinder it and if customers had a better idea of what was coming up in 2013 they might be less likely to swap brands while waiting.
Or maybe not, but yeah. Any news yet on a small form factor BlackBerry? Either a Pearl or a replacement for it? - 09-17-12, 11:39 PM #34
The Curve 9320 is the replacement, iirc.
It might be possible that there is one last Pearl, a 9160/9150. But it requires a newer generation of smaller and more efficient chips. And don't forget this is supposed to be a low end device.
i think I'd be happy if such a 9160 is a bit thicker than a 9100 to fit everything inside it.Blackberry 10 > Windows Phone 7/8 > Blackberry 7 > WebOS > iOS > Android > Symbian > Meego - 09-18-12, 07:43 AM #35
I don't really consider the Curve a successor to the Pearl though -- it has a full keyboard, which I dislike, with tiny keys. The draw of the Pearl series for me was that it was somewhere between the layout of a traditional phone and a smartphone. It's also not as small narrow, the Pearl was easy to use with one hand in comparison, and I don't like using two.
You might be right about it being the intended replacement, but yeah.
I hope you're right about the 9160/9150 thing though. I hadn't heard that, but if it does happen I'll buy it. Thickness is fine with me too. I don't care so much about it being thin, I just hate them all being so wide.
Thanks dude! -
I really hope that there isn't a new Pearl. Not because I dislike that series. I think they were brilliant.
But I think RIM needs focus. You can see in their OS6 and 7 devices where there are devices with touch screens and devices without that it really hurts the UI to have to cater to both. A Pearl's small size makes touch screens tough to use, and if RIM once again makes the UI cater to both touch and non-touch screens, I think they will fail. - 09-20-12, 09:11 AM #37Blackberry 10 > Windows Phone 7/8 > Blackberry 7 > WebOS > iOS > Android > Symbian > Meego
I quite like the pearl, i was very tempted on getting one instead of the 9300 but opted for the qwerty keyboard.
But its a great phone for people who prefer the "normal" keypad rather than touch or qwerty.
I just hope BB10 will not be all touch screen.
Sent from my BlackBerry 9300BB User since 2008! - Currently using 9800/9790/Q10 - C0040B178 - 09-23-12, 07:15 AM #39Don't be afraid to LIKE or say THANKS
Samsung SPH A540 / Motorola V551 / Samsung SCH A645 / HTC Touch P3050 / BB Curve 8330 / BB Bold 9000 / Huawei U8100 / Apple iPhone 3GS / Motorola Spice / BB Curve 3G 9300 / Apple iPhone 4S / BB Bold 9900 / BB Q10 / (Current) iPhone 6 Plus / (Future) BB Classic 2 - 10-01-12, 03:27 PM #40
I hope all the old series will be dead.
Re: Safe to assume the Pearl series is dead?
lol the pearl was a complete girls phone that was handicapped by yesterdays limited tech. Who cares?
Safe to assume the Pearl series is dead?
That was my favorite phone of all time. I have had more mobile phones than I can recall and tons of different Blackberry phones. Using an iPhone 4S now. Really miss that pearl. Perfect size and shape. Great to travel with. If they made that phone with HDMI out and full size BT keyboard support I would be in phone nirvana.
Safe to assume the Pearl series is dead?
At the time of posting that I was not really reading into bb10 as much as I am now.
I was just saying that i hope that all future Blackberry devices are not going to be just touch screen because i prefer a QWERTY keyboard.
Ofcourse this is not the case now.
Sent from my BlackBerry 9300 using TapatalkBB User since 2008! - Currently using 9800/9790/Q10 - C0040B178 - 11-10-12, 04:24 PM #44
Re: Safe to assume the Pearl series is dead?
Since purchasing a playbook my use of my 9900 has been dramatically cut. I carry my playbook everywhere. If I had my choice to buy either the N-Series or a flip pearl. I would go with the smaller device hands down.
I still use the pearl 3g uk version, it is an excellent phone and i for one would love them to release a new version as it is perfect for what i need it for, 10 years texting with a nokia makes you used to the key layout, it is easy to carry in your pocket, no one has ever tried to steal it, and it works hand in hand with my playbook beautifully, we don't all need to have the latest touch screen phone some of us over 30ish still love a standard keypad layout, as it is perfect for dialing a number to make a call or sending
a quick text -


text:
View while you're away from home via Skype™ from anywhere in the world!*.
PIR heat sensors and video motion detection for improved motion recording and audio alerts.
Take a closer look into your world with the 2x digital zoom feature, and record up to 4 channels in quad screen to catch all the action.
Digital picture frame mode for discreet monitoring, and a secure long-range digital signal make it ideal for home monitoring.
No video cables, no expensive installation, no recurring fees. Place the cameras indoors or outdoors, power up, and start monitoring!
1. Cameras require a local power outlet.
2. Local viewing up to 4 cameras simultaneously. Local recording and playback of one camera at a time or all 4 cameras simultaneously on one screen (Quad view).
3. Ability to upload your own pictures supported using a PC only. Default covert function (blank screen) available as an alternative option.
4. Stated IR Illumination range is based on ideal conditions. Actual range and image clarity depends on installation location, viewing area and light reflection/absorption level of object.
5. Weather-resistant. Not intended for direct exposure to rain or snow. For outdoor applications install under shelter protected from the elements.
6. Based on line of sight. Actual range will vary depending on obstructions.
* No recurring charges. Internet connection required on connected PC. Remote connection requires driver installation on home PC (CD included), a wired USB connection between the
monitor and PC (USB cable included) and a high speed internet connection. PC must be turned ON and Skype™ application must be running. Remote viewing is limited to a single camera and is
not selectable remotely.
All trademarks belong to their respective owners. No claim is made to the exclusive right to use the trademarks listed, other than the trademarks owned by Lorex Technology Inc. We reserve the
right to change models, configurations or specifications without notice or liability. Product may not be exactly as shown. Images are simulated.
Add on camera for home camera system Live SD+
Model no.:LW2731AC1
Add on camera for home camera system LIVE SD+
In Stock
Reg. $149.99


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Posted by PaxHouse on 3/27/2007, 7:41 am, in reply to "Delayed -- again -- until March 14th. Bugger." ....Plus, the CW Spotlight also focused on the T-BOLTS, with the former Speedball as a member and briefly talked about the upcoming AVENGERS:THE INITIATIVE {in which some of the former Warriors will be a part of the ONGOING Series, including JUSTICE}...... ALSO, don't forget Last Week's CW:BATTLE DAMAGE REPORT {in which also deals with the aftermath of CW and is done similiar to CIVIL WAR FILES.......
: So, yeah ... "Marvel Spotlight: Civil War Aftermath", coming out March 7th, is the one with mild NW-related content.
: Enjoy it! I enjoyed writing it (and sneaking the NW's tagline in)...
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New Site Feedback
By QUINE
Updated: Thu, 06 May 2010 00:25:38 UTC
I had trouble gettin in at "http://richarddawkins.net" but was able to do so at "http://www.richarddawkins.net" What's up with that?
I've closed this thread and started another one - it's getting too long to be able to effectively track the issues. Check Discussions in a few minutes and there will be another thread to report any reasonable issues on so that they can be fixed. Thanks for all your help.
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Temporary glitch with starting...
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Is RichardDawkins.net blocked in China?
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Johnny Depp Gossip
Johnny Depp gossip, latest news, photos, and video.
Johnny in Berlin
Christian Marquardt/ Target Presse Agentur Gmbh/ Dave M. Benett/ Getty Images
Johnny Depp was in Berlin this weekend for Mortdecai. So far there hasn't been a carpet in North America. But Johnny's like Tom Cruise now. Audiences are much more supportive of him overseas. So far there haven't been any reviews. Mortdecai opens on Friday. The movie is a January release and no critic comments posted yet? Not usually a good sign. Full Story
Look who finally showed up
Wenn, All Access Photo/ Splash
Interrupting the Critics' Choice posts to catch up with Johnny Depp, who finally decided to start promoting Mortdecai last night on Jimmy Kimmel. He was not alone. Amber Heard accompanied him to the studio so that he can prove to you that his much younger fiancé still wants him. For now. Full Story
Pre-Globes Fontrum
Gregg DeGuire/ Tibrina Hobson/ Jason Merritt/ Michael Buckner/ Getty Images
Art of Elysium gala on Saturday. Amber Heard was accepting an award and Johnny Depp came to support her. They made a point of proving to you that they're not breaking up and not experiencing problems in their relationship by kissing each other with open mouths. Um, OK Johnny, I believe you. Especially when you walk the entire length of the carpet with your "extra tough, I'm a badass" face on. Full Story
GOOP & Amal?
Amal Clooney is expected (we hope!) to make her red carpet debut on Sunday at the Golden Globes where George Clooney will be honoured with the Cecil B DeMille. To be presented by Julianna Margulies, as I predicted Full Story
Johnny & Manson: middle age high school
FameFlynet, SGranitz/ LUCY NICHOLSON/ L. Cohen/ Frazer Harrison/ Paul Archuleta/ Getty Images
We're not starting with the People's Choice Awards today. Today we begin with Marilyn Manson and Johnny Depp, because I've just finished reading the Rolling Stone article Meg sent over earlier this week and it's probably the best celebrity profile of the year, even though the year just started. Full Story
Double gagging
How much promotion did Johnny Depp put in for Into The Woods? Almost none, right? Pretty sure he wasn't at any of the premieres, screenings, Q&As. He's big enough to cut that out of his job description when he wants to now. I'm not sure though that he'll be able to get away with it for Mortdecai though. Full Story
Tim Burton and the superhero same-old
Andres Otero /WENN
I can't believe this is a post about superheroes and I'm the one writing it and not nerd Sarah. But, really, it's not about superheroes. Tim Burton directed the Michael Keaton Batmans. And in an interview with Yahoo Movies Full Story
Rethinking Johnny Depp
Kevin Mazur/ Getty Images
Most of us have been rethinking Johnny Depp for a while now. You know who else might be? Amber Heard. PEOPLE just posted an article titled: Are Johnny Depp & Amber Heard Cooling Off? Multiple sources tell PEOPLE that they've "slowed down" their wedding plans: "There is no rush to marry at the moment," says a longtime friend of Depp. Full Story
Vanessa doesn't look back
Would you? With what you know now of Johnny Depp, would you look back? I wouldn't. Not if I'm Vanessa Paradis. There's only so much of that bullsh-t you can handle. It's Amber Heard's problem now. Check out an affectionate Vanessa this weekend in Paris at the Paris Saint-Germain vs Nice game with her musician boyfriend Benjamin Biolay. Full Story
Johnny Depp doesn't give a f-ck
Johnny Depp covers the new DETAILS. Into The Woods is coming out soon. He plays the Big Bad Wolf. So this interview is about how he doesn't give a f-ck anymore. Even though his last few movies took a dump at the box office, Johnny Depp isn't just over it, he was never a part of it. He is beyond criticism. Full Story
Johnny Depp is the fool
Kevin Winter/ Frazer Harrison/ Jeff Kravitz/ Getty
I'm sure by now you've heard about Johnny Depp's behaviour on stage at the Hollywood Film Awards. They should thank him for acting the fool during the show. Because that was the only moment worth talking about. It became a social media moment too as everyone started tweeting about what a mess he was on stage. Full Story
Johnny & Angelina at the Hollywood Film Awards
Carlos Alvarez /Anita Bugge /Fotonoticias /JOHN MACDOUGALL /Juan Naharro Gimenez /Getty Images
The Hollywood Film Awards are happening on Friday and will be broadcast (on CBS) for the first time. More presenters were announced yesterday including two very big names: Angelina Jolie and Johnny Depp. It will be Jolie's first move on the award show circuit this season. And it's time. Full Story
Into The Woods singing trailer
I think I peaked too early. When we got the teaser trailer earlier this year, I was so excited. I was SO excited. I spent the next week walking around going "… I wish"… fully primed. Gagging for it. Click here for a refresher. Full Story
In Kate's living room
FameFlynet, Pascal Le Segretain/ David M. Benett/ Getty
The December issue of British VOGUE is all Kate Moss. There are two covers and she was a contributing editor. At one point she's able to convince her friends, the Count and Countess von Bismarck, to let them shoot inside their home because that's where all the good parties are, naturally. Full Story


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Class of Heroes
- Publisher: Atlus
- Release Date: Jun 9, 2009
- Critic Score
- Most active
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It's a tough little game, but it has a lot of content to check out, and a pretty appealing art style, along with a catchy soundtrack.
Class of Heroes is about the gameplay, though, not the story or visuals or sound, and it triumphs magnificently.
There's so much depth to be found in Class of Heroes for fans of the dungeon crawling genre, it's almost overwhelming how much time you can spend playing with the details. On the other hand, the learning curve is much steeper than other games of its kind, and it may turn off gamers who pick it up due to the cute anime look and have no idea what they are getting themselves into.
Class of Heroes manages to complete the job of being an introductory RPG, and it does a couple of things right, but it wasn't much fun.
Class of Heroes delivers some quality dungeon crawling, which will wake up the back-tracking, corner-hugging, poke-at-everything completionist within you. Unfortunately, the game strays too far into the casual realm when it comes to combat. It's simply too easy for its own good, which slightly sours what might've been an awesome JRPG.
If there had been a stronger plot, more character customization options, a reasonable difficulty curve, or more unique fighting elements, this would have been one of the best dungeon-crawlers in recent memory. Class of Heroes isn't a bad game, but doesn't do enough to make you want to stay with it for the many, many hours it will take to complete it.
How much you play really depends on how much you like grinding and Rogue-like dungeon-crawling and if you mind the first-person visuals. If you really like that sort of thing, expect 50+ hours of fun. If not, just skip this class.
Fans of dungeon crawling RPG's will find something to enjoy because there is tremendous depth, lots of items to create and deep party mechanics. But for everyone else, there's nothing compelling enough to warrant playing this game.
Class of Heroes won't be the game most RPG fans drool over, but it's worth playing if you love dungeon crawlers, don't mind the repetition or unfair difficulty, and embrace the idea of investing several hours in a game whose experience rarely changes.
If you're still interested in the aforementioned grind, you'll find plenty to do in Class of Heroes. But I think some "classic" gameplay mechanics are better left in the past.
If you've been aching for a hardcore RPG experience on the PSP, go to class. [Apr 2009, p.83]
Niche-dwelling masochists will thrive on mastering the murky depths of Heroes, but everyone else should throw a smoke bomb and run away. [July 2009, p.83]
User score distribution:
Positive: 1 out of 4
Mixed: 1 out of 4
Negative: 2 out of 4
Feb 4, 2013
Oct 26, 2013
ArisR.Jun 10, 2009


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Each year, the thrill of big game hunting draws over 30,000 hunters from across the country to the Umatilla National Forest. This forest's habitat supports one of the largest herds of Rocky Mountain elk found on any National Forest in the nation. Other big-game species who make this forest their home include mule deer, white-tailed deer, mountain goat, bighorn sheep, black bear, and mountain lion. Game bird species that are hunted include turkey, blue grouse, spruce grouse, chukar partridge, gray (Hungarian) partridge and mountain quail.
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