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Stamford HotelsWith high-rise buildings full of large corporations, and a huge concentration of Fortune 500 companies, Stamford is a booming city full of entrepreneurs and commuters who take the short train ride to New York every morning. However, it's not all business, and the city has a reputation for being a cultural hub with an impressive arts center and lots of high profile music acts and exhibitions passing through on tour. Things to seeStamford Town Center is a modern, glass-fronted mall set over 5 floors, with large department stores, big brand shops, stylish boutiques, and casual restaurants. With indoor, seasonal events always going on, it's a busy shopping center that's a great way to escape from gloomy weather. If you feel like getting some exercise on your vacation then head for the gigantic Chelsea Piers, a modern sports stadium that features 2 ice rinks, an olympic sized swimming pool, fun water flumes, a gymnastics center, and much more all under one roof. Stamford Public Library, also known as the Ferguson Library is housed inside a historic, red brick building with dramatic steps and pillars at the front. In here you'll find a calm and peaceful environment where you can study, hold a meeting, or simply browse the impressive collection. The Palace Theatre is part of the arts center downtown and has a cozy, opulent feel thanks to the 1920s architecture. You can admire the intricate carvings and details before the house lights go down, and there's a busy calender of events from world-class musical acts to family friendly shows. Hotels in
StamfordThe city is full of large, chain hotels, allowing you to get great Stamford hotel rates for your stay. Many properties are have between 3 and 4 stars, offering comfortable facilities for business travelers such as conference rooms, car services, 24 hour business centers, and event catering. There are also plenty of leisure facilities to help you enjoy your stay, and these can include fitness centers, free WiFi, indoor pools, and a choice of bars and restaurants. Rooms are also well-equipped for both business and pleasure, and you'll enjoy lots of extra amenities such as flat screen televisions, coffee makers, video game consoles, free newspapers, room service, and premium bedding to sink into at the end of a long day. Where to stayStamford has a large downtown area that's a mixture of modern highrise and older buildings. Here you'll find lots of cultural and fun events going on, from French markets with stalls piled high with tempting foods, to art crawls where local artists display their work proudly in the windows of various businesses. There's a huge range of restaurants concentrated in the downtown area, from sandwich bars and cozy cafés to bistros and fine dining establishments serving world-class cuisine. At night there are many lively bars near the college district, as well as some larger nightclubs for dancing until dawn. How to get to StamfordWestchester County Airport is small, yet has some great connections across the USA with major airlines, and from here it's just a 20 minute drive into Stamford, with plenty of rental cars available. There's also a bus service that takes you to the center of White Plains, and you can then get a bus directly to Stamford with the journey taking about 45 minutes. Stamford is also part of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority which covers New York City and the surrounding areas, and many international travelers arrive via LaGuardia Airport where you can simply take a bus to Harlem, and then change for a train to Stamford, with the journey taking about an hour and 20 minutes.
Hotels in Stamford
Popular with travelers from US
- Most booked
J House Greenwich
Excellent 4.6 / 5 ( 192 reviews )
Most recent review
"I had three night stay for a conference in Stamford, conference hotel sold out so I choose J-House as a nearby alternative that appeared to be a nice place based on pics and reviews. It was also a good value in a relatively pricy market. Turned out to be a good choice. Very modern, comfortable ro..."
A Traveller, Mar 2015, US
Crowne Plaza Stamford
Good 3.2 / 5 ( 6 reviews )
Most recent review
"Not bad. Room was decent. It was clean but could have been cleaner. A bit annoyed that I had to pay $10 for parking."
A Traveller, Feb 2015, US
EVEN Hotel Norwalk
Excellent 4.6 / 5 ( 96 reviews )
Most recent review
"I have stayed at the EVEN Hotel every week for the last 5 months and give it high marks in nearly every department. I was disappointed this week when the TV in the Bicycle Room didn't work. I've brought this to the staff's attention several times. Still overall, I enjoy this hotel ver..."
A Traveller, Mar 2015, US
Hotel Zero Degrees Norwalk
Excellent 4.6 / 5 ( 350 reviews )
3 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Loved this hotel! Very modern, clean and easy to find, good covered parking. It's in walking distance of restaurants, within 5 miles of beach, SoNo (waterfront), mass transit and highways. The service was great. They were very professional, fast, explained everything. Free Starbucks coffee a..."
A Traveller, Apr 2015, US
Hotel Zero Degrees
Excellent 4.3 / 5 ( 640 reviews )
Most recent review
"Hotel is graded a 3 star but in my view when considering hotel amenities and quality of service it is not far off a 4 star rating. The only shortfall is that the 8 floors are served by only one lift and given the popularity of the hotel this can result in long waiting time for the lift to arrive...."
A Traveller, Apr 2015, IE
Holiday Inn Express and Suites Stamford
Excellent 4.2 / 5 ( 369 reviews )
Most recent review
"It is a very nice hotel with good customer service"
A Traveller, Feb 2015, US
Amsterdam Hotel
Good 3.5 / 5 ( 183 reviews )
Most recent review
"Great beds, GREAT shower, nice breakfast. We will stay here again if we come back to Manchester."
A Traveller, Apr 2015, US
Hilton Stamford Hotel & Executive Meeting Center
Good 3.9 / 5 ( 548 reviews )
4 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"For celebrating our 3 year wedding anniversary, it was the best experience that we've ever had. Being "Guest of the Day" upon check in was a huge plus!!!! Having an upgraded room on the 10th floor, with a plush king size bed, honestly we did not want to go home!!! Being in such clos..."
A Traveller, Mar 2015, US
Super 8 Stamford/New York City Area
Good 3.0 / 5 ( 134 reviews )
Most recent review
"It was better than I though it would be. Better than some other Super 8. For sure I will go back to this same hotel."
A Traveller, Apr 2015, US
Hyatt Regency Greenwich
Excellent 4.4 / 5 ( 500 reviews )
5 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"I was a little nervous about booking this hotel after reading some of the reviews on here, however, I was more than pleasantly surprised upon arrival. A lot of the reviews had complained about the noise level, and while there were a few large events going on, our room was pretty quiet with the ex..."
A Traveller, Apr 2015, US


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Closet Installers: Are Your Field Cuts Clean?
By Richie DeMarco | Posted: 05/17/2013 10:47AM
Festool In a perfect world your job is cut in the shop, every measurement is exact and every wall is square.
This isn't ground breaking news, but the world isn't perfect - and neither are most of the walls in it.
What do you do when you have to cut melamine in the field?
Is the cut clean on both sides?
I'm sure every installer has a method and some are really good at it. But what about the guys that aren't as skilled? How much extra time does it cost you because you don't have the right tool for the job.
Recently I started distributing Festool and they manufacturer a track saw designed for field cuts.
My initial response was great, but there is no way that you will be able to cut melamine clean on both sides. That was until I saw it in action. The cut was nearly perfect! The saw ran for 2 days straight at the Closet Expo and it was still giving a clean cut on Friday afternoon.
After speaking with many of my customers I found everyone fell into one of three groups
1.1. They never heard of Festool.
1.2. They heard of Festool, but never saw a demo or knew anything other than the price.
1.3. The groupies... Seriously it's similar to the people that sleep outside of the Apple store waiting for the next Iphone...
Personally I fix everything in my house with a hammer and some duct tape but wish I garage full of Festool...
Which group do you fall in?
I would love to hear your story.
If you have any questions I'm sure your local Festool dealer will be able to help or as always you can send me an email at firstname.lastname@example.com
About the Author

subset: commoncrawl


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DOT gets input on double-decker proposal for I-94
UPDATED 8:12 PM CDT May 22, 2013The Wisconsin Department of Transportation is considering a double-decker proposal for a portion of I-94 in Milwaukee County.
Video TranscriptPOLICE ARE NOT SAYING WHETHER THEY HAVE MADE ANY ARRESTS BUT CONFIRM THE LOCKDOWN IS OVER. THE DOT IS LISTENING TO PUBLIC INPUT. ONE OF THOSE PROPOSALS WAS A DOUBLE-DECKER FREEWAY. WE HAVE A LOOK AT THAT PLAN. THE DOUBLE-DECKER LANE PROPOSAL IS ONE OF THE IDEAS ON DISPLAY. THIS RENDERING SHOWS THE EASTBOUND LANE ABOVE THE WESTBOUND LANE. THIS IDEA DOES NOT SIT WELL WITH EVERYONE. THE VIEW FROM LEE BRADY'S HOME IS THE ENVY OF ANY FAN. IT OVERLOOKS MILLER PARK AND SHE WANTS TO KEEP THAT VIEW. IF THEY CREATE A DOUBLE DECK STRETCH OF FREEWAY HER NEIGHBORHOOD WITH SUFFER. IT WOULD BE AT EYE LEVEL. WE WOULD SEE CARS CONSTANTLY IN FRONT OF US. BEYOND THE VISUAL AND NOISE CONSEQUENCES SHE SAYS SHE WORRIES ABOUT PROPERTY VALUE. ONE WAY OR ANOTHER THE STRETCH OF I-94 BETWEEN 25TH AND 70TH NEEDS TO ACCOMMODATE MORE TRAFFIC ACCORDING TO THE DOT. THE QUESTION IS HOW. REX WE HAVE 70 CARS. WE HAVE TO ACHIEVE A CERTAIN LEVEL OF SERVICE. WIDENING THE ROAD MIGHT BE AN OPTION IF THERE WERE NOT AN INTERNATIONAL CEMETERY ON EITHER SIDE OF THE FREEWAY. THE DOT SAYS DOUBLE DECKING LANES IS ONE ALTERNATIVE. THE TOP LANE WOULD BE BETWEEN 20 FIVE AND 40 FEET HIGHER THAN THE BOTTOM AND IT WOULD RUN FROM EAST OF HOLLY ROAD TO WEST OF MITCHELL BOULEVARD. THIS PROPOSAL IS ONE OF SEVERAL THAT THE DOT IS TAKING PUBLIC INPUT ON.
The views expressed are not those of this site, this station or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to accept our terms of use.blog comments powered by Disqus


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Novica, in association with National Geographic, brings hand made art to the masses online. Founded over 15 years ago, Novica has sent over 46 million to artisans around the world. Novica deals are best summed up in their mantra to spread happiness by offering fair prices, no binding … contracts and email only offers. Sign up for MyNovica to earn points on each purchase and for more even more discounts, use Novica coupons for $15 off orders of $50 or more. Read More
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Tell VT: What's your favorite vinegar?
For calorie-conscious cooks, vinegar is an essential flavor enhancer. What's your favorite vinegar, and how do you use it?
Share your answer below, and see what others have to say too. Our favorite responses will be published in an upcoming issue of Vegetarian Times.
February 2010you might also like
Rosemary-Garlic Carrot and Green Bean "Fries"
Southwestern Salad with Avocado-Lime Dressing
Beet Linguine with Cashew Ricotta
Golden Lentil Roulade with Chestnut Stuffing
White Chocolate Blondie Bites
Cabbage Salad with Baked Tofu and Lemon-Soy Vinaigrette
Upside-Down Pear Gingerbread
Quinoa Flour Tortillas
Balsamic is best, both white and red: white is superb teamed up either with lemon juice (cuts the acid of the lemon) or rice vinegar (for a slightly sweeter salad dressing)in a basic vinaigrette; or sprinkle red balsamic over roasted veges (carrots are great!) in the last 5 minutes of their roasting - yum!
Lindi - 2009-12-21 19:57:02I really love rice wine vinegar in cooking, adds wonderful flavor. On salads it's Balsamic!
Laura - 2009-12-21 12:17:30My favorite is still just a good aged balsamic. I love to make terriyaki portabellos with it: hot skillet, add a little olive oil. Add sliced portabellos, a big splash of soy sauce, big splash of balsamic, and a Tbsp of sugar. Cook, stir sometimes until liquids are absorbed, adjust to taste.
Mari Kermit-Canfield - 2009-12-20 00:19:12oh man plain white vinegar infused with garlic and purple basil. it's so simple, SO delicious and it turns a cool red color because of the purple basil.
Skipp - 2009-12-19 13:13:47Salad with Olive oil and cranraisins
Mike Saltz - 2009-12-17 13:31:13I love using rice vinegar when I cook Brussels sprouts. I simmer the sprouts in just enough veggie broth to cover them, some finely diced onion, and about tablespoon of rice vinegar for flavor. Good stuff!
April - 2009-12-14 20:24:44I love the Vinegre de Garlique garlic vinegar from the Josie Porter Farm in PA. It's fabulous on salads and for bread dipping. I even know people who just drink it straight from a glass! www.garlicvinegar.com
Christy - 2009-12-14 10:55:58Although I love and use every type of vinegar imaginable, my hands down favorite is that exquisite Japanese treasure, umeboshi vinegar, or ume-su. It's salty-sour goodness is unbeatable as a dash in soup, or a drop on rice. It is awesome in dressings, sauces, dips, even drinks. I use it every single day and never tire of it.
S. Kaanoi - 2009-12-12 13:04:30I love Seasoned Rice Vinegar: it adds a light tang to salad dressings and marinades. My husband and I try to limit or avoid using oils, and the milder flavor of this vinegar is a great way to soften its strong counterparts, like apple cider or red wine vinegar, so they don't overpower the other ingredients.
Lee Browne - 2009-12-10 23:44:15Plain White Vinegar. Good for green cleaning too!!
Rosie - 2009-12-10 22:58:35for great clean flavor throughout the house, gotta go with white vinegar (with banking soda) but if we're talking just foodwise, cider or champagne vinegars with just the hint of a kick rather than overwhelming the dish.
diane - 2009-12-10 13:17:29I add a tablespoon or two of Bragg Organic Apple Cider Vinegar to my favorite lentil soup recipe for added flavor. Delicious!
Bunny Galletly - 2009-12-09 13:23:12True Balsamic Vinegar. Went to a producer in Italy one time and it has a flavor that simply cannot be beat.
Kaitlyn - 2009-12-08 17:31:06I buy an 18 year aged balsamic vinegar of modena at my local gourmet kitchen store, Le Roux Kitchen in Portland, Maine. This vinegar is so good, my knees shake, just a little bit, each time I try it.
Vincent Rubino - 2009-12-07 22:16:49Bragg's Apple Cider Vinegar with the mother. I use it in salads, marinades, tofu and tempeh dishes and mixed with green clay for a lovely face mask!
Donna Wickham - 2009-12-07 22:03:44


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Video Games Live Tickets
Video Games Live a unique concert performance that includes segments of music from various video games played by a live orchestra that is accompanied by video footage of the games. Fans of video games will love this live performance which features some of the most memorable video game themes of all-time. Order your Video Games Live tickets with GoTickets and see one of the most innovative and creative shows today.


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Study List Filing
To enroll in courses each quarter, you need to file a study list. Your study list shows the courses in which you are enrolled, the number of units, the instructor, and the grading option.
Special registration procedures apply to students in the MS-HAIL program.
Early Course Enrollment
Study list filing normally opens 7 weeks prior to the start of the quarter.
Students in some programs must enroll in a minimum number of courses or units by a deadline approximately 4 weeks before the quarter begins. Please check the "Summary" tab in the student portal for the enrollment deadlines that apply to you. A $50 late fee applies if you do not meet your minimum enrollment requirement by your deadline. You need to clear your holds before you can complete your minimum enrollment requirements.
If you receive financial aid, you will need to meet your minimum enrollment requirement before we will release your financial aid.
Special note: For your convenience, you may be pre-enrolled in your required courses. However, you will need to accept these courses before they will be added to your study list. You also will need to add any additional courses (e.g. electives) to your study list.
Change Period
After study list filing opens, you can add courses, drop courses, and, for some courses, change the instructor, units, or grading option. You can make these changes on-line on the "Study List" tab in the student portal until study list filing closes. Please review our study list filing dates.
To change your study list after the study list filing period closes, you must file a Study List Change Petition and pay a $5 fee. Please check the deadline for filing a Study List Change Petition.
If you do not file a study list by the date on which study list filing closes, you will need to file a Late Study List Petition. The fee is $50.
Study List Filing Dates
Winter 2015 | November 10, 2014 – January 23, 2015 |
Spring 2015 | February 9 – April 17, 2015 |
Summer 2015 | April 27 – August 7, 2015 |
Fall 2015 | August 10 – October 16, 2015 |
Winter 2016 | November 9, 2015 – January 22, 2016 |
Spring 2016 | February 8, 2016 – April 15, 2016 |


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(A series highlighting Alexandria's rich heritage through objects in the City of Alexandria Archaeology Collection and other City historic museum collections)
Before the Civil War, most African Americans living in Alexandria had the status of slaves. They labored in factories, taverns, homes and also made bricks, houses, wharves and ships. Yet, it seems as if little survives to study the lives and contributions of these African Americans. Research has increased with the continuing work by the Alexandria Black Heritage Resource Center and the coalition of 16 cultural institutions in the City called PACT (Preserving Alexandria's Cultural Traditions). A new exhibit has recently opened at the Carlyle House on domestic slavery in the 18th century.
One of the few ways to understand the lives of people who are poorly documented in written records, such as urban slaves, is by examining artifacts which do survive. But where can artifacts of slave life be found? Alexandria's slaves lived primarily in the same households as their owners. They may also have hired out to other whites and lived in their work places, such as sugar factories. How then can we distinguish the artifacts left by slaves from those of their owners or employers?
The artifacts discarded between 1850 and 1860 in one brick shaft associated with a house at 112-114 South St. Asaph Street relate to the occupancy of a domestic slave, Harriet Williams. Little is known about her from written records. The tax records provide her name and show that she lived in a one story frame house three doors away from her owner, Samuel Lindsay. Prior to her residency, the house was occupied by another slave, Maria McDella, and eight others. The McDella household contained four to six children, but we do not know the composition of the Williams home.
Hundreds of artifacts were discovered during the Alexandria Courthouse archaeology project in the shaft which was once behind Harriet Williams' house. The ceramics and glass are different from those discarded by the Lindsays and other white middle class families on the block. The artifacts are unique when examined as a group, rather than as individual objects. The slave household artifacts were older when they were discarded--some as old as 80 years. Many ceramic tablewares are elaborately decorated with a variety of unmatched floral transfer prints, unlike the matched wares discarded by the whites. A very high number of serving pieces, such as platters, pitchers and soup tureens were also discovered. The tablewares are a hodgepodge of colors and designs, but predominately are blue and white.
Several fine examples of the blue and white "willow" pattern were found among Harriet Williams' serving pieces. One large platter measuring 18 inches long is currently on exhibit at the Alexandria Archaeology Museum. The willow pattern was designed by Josiah Spode from a Chinese pattern called Mandarin, according to Robert Copeland in his book Spode's Willow Pattern & Other Designs after the Chinese. Spode was a Staffordshire, England, potter and may have originated the willow pattern in the 1790s for his locally produced white earthenwares. Although Spode used Chinese design elements, there does not appear to be a Chinese pattern will all the details in Spode's willow: a willow tree, a bridge with three people crossing to an island, a tea house with three pillars and an orange tree, a boat on the lake, two birds, and a fence in the foreground. Borders around the central design vary. Many other English potteries produced willow pattern wares over the years. Today, willow continues on different white ceramic materials and even plastic.
There is a legend attributable to this design, but it cannot be authenticated. In the story, two lovers flee from an outraged father who follows them over a bridge away from his home. The boat awaits the lovers to ferry them to the young man's island. But when caught, the lovers transcend their earthly problems by changing into doves destined for eternal happiness.
We do not even have a legend about Harriet Williams' fate. But the artifacts ascribed to her household demonstrate a finer material culture inside the house than its exterior's unpainted boards. Fortunately, William Smith has preserved this photograph which appears in his book, A Seaport Saga, coauthored with T. Michael Miller. Along with the tablewares also were found a brass bedpost, porcelain candlestick, essence bottle, decorated clay pipe, lead wine glass, a French wine bottle seal, nine porcelain tea cups and an ink bottle.
Harriet Williams' artifacts provide new insight into home life of an urban domestic slave. They also provoke many more questions.
Visit the Alexandria Archaeology Museum in the Torpedo Factory Art Center, 105 North Union Street, Studio 327, Tuesday through Sunday. Call 703-838-4399 for more information.
Caption for photograph:
A whiteware platter with a blue and white willow pattern made in England, ca. 1830-1860, and discarded between 1850 and 1860. Other willow and blue and white ceramics were discovered by City archaeologists and linked to slave Harriet Williams.
Buy tickets to Historic Alexandria events?
Comply with archaeological preservation laws?
Conduct my own research on local history and genealogy?
Donate items of significance to Alexandria collections?
Learn about events for families?
Obtain an easement for an historic property?
Receive timely information on Historic Alexandria events?
Rent a historic property for a private event?
Schedule a group tour or program?
Office of Historic Alexandria
Administration Offices
Lloyd House220 North Washington StreetAlexandria, VA 22314703.746.4554Fax: 703.838.6451Email
Office HoursMonday - Friday8 a.m. to 5 p.m.


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Reconstruction of historic landscapes
Richens, P. and Harney, M., 2011. Reconstruction of historic landscapes. Submitted to: EVA (Electronic Visualisation and the Arts) London 2011, 2011-07-06 - 2011-07-08, London.
Related documents:
| PDF (Reconstructing_historic__landscapes.pdf) - Requires a PDF viewer such as GSview, Xpdf or Adobe Acrobat Reader Download (822kB) | Preview |
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William Beckford(1760-1844)built a landscape garden in Bath, now almost completely vanished beneath subsequent buildings. We have used a leading-edge computer game engine from Crytek to reconstruct this lost landscape with its planting and architectural features. Innovative techniques were developed to handle the very wide visible landscape, and the synthesis of realistic trees.
Item Type | Conference or Workshop Items (Paper) |
Creators | Richens, P.and Harney, M. |
Departments | Faculty of Engineering & Design > Architecture & Civil Engineering |
Research Centres | Centre for Advanced Studies in Architecture (CASA) |
Refereed | No |
Status | Submitted |
ID Code | 23720 |
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Book your room at Conde Ansurez
Please enter your travel dates.
This hotel is 5mins from the centre next to the Paris-Lisbon road. This classical building is built in the style if a small palace and offers spacious terraces.
Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Air Conditioned, Elevators, Florist, Free Parking, Bus Parking, Indoor Parking, Outdoor Parking, Restaurant, Room Service, Safe Deposit Box, 24 Hour Security, Handicapped Rooms/Facilities, Internet Access, Hairdryers Available, Mini Bar, Radio, Safe, Telephone, City Center,
- Restaurant
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Elevator/lift
Room Amenities
- Room service
- Air conditioning
- Phone
- Minibar
- Hair dryer
- In-room safe
- Accessible path of travel
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 12:00:00
Check-out time is 12:00:00


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David Beckham New Harper Tattoo Pictures
David Beckham Debuts a New Tattoo For His Baby Girl Harper Seven
David Beckham revealed a new tattoo for his daughter Harper on Saturday as he took the field in LA with the Galaxy. He and his soccer squad played against Dallas's football club, and the proud dad helped lead his team to a 3-1 win. Before the match, David took a dip into the Pacific in Malibu. David was joined by Gordon Ramsay's son Jack and own kids, Romeo, Cruz, and Brooklyn. Gordon himself ventured onto the sand yesterday to sit atop some rocks with David. Both the Ramsays and the Beckhams ventured out for last night's Teen Choice Awards. Gordon posed on the blue carpet with his wife, Tana, and their kids before meeting up with David, Romeo, Cruz, and Brooklyn inside. It was a big evening for the boys especially, as they got to pose for photos with Selena Gomez.
- See what Hilary Duff did to herself this time — Us Weekly
- Listen to Britney Spears cover a '90s classic — HuffPost Celebrity
- Get more details about Patrick Dempsey's huge departure — Lainey Gossip
- Even more drama brews for the Avengers cast — Dlisted
- Is Harry Styles leaving One Direction too?! — ET
- Elton John shows his support for Bruce Jenner's alleged transition — JustJared
- Megan Fox gets ready to jet-set out of LA — Hollywood Tuna
- This David Letterman joke seriously fell flat — Pink Is the New Blog
- 3 more alleged Bill Cosby victims come forward — The Superficial
- A Hillary Clinton musical might be on the way — Popbytes


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Make A Difference For Watertown CemeteryYou can make a big difference to the Arsenal Street Cemetery in Watertown on Make A Difference Day. Organizers are looking for volunteers to help clean up.
Some of the work involves staining the bridge, cleaning headstones and cleaning out brush
It's from from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. October 26.
For more information, call 315-788-3306.
Saturday, April 18, 2015
, Watertown, NY
Click here for a free download of the latest Adobe Flash Player.
What's On TonightFull Schedule |


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Clear Creek Church (Christian) Cemetery, McNairy County, Tennessee
Chapman, Jennie, wife of J.M. Chapman, Nov 11, 1859 - Jun 21, 1902. Age 47Ys, 6Ms, 10Ds.
This stone was rolled upon the side of the base to photograph it. It poses a danger because of its weight. There is also a danger it will break in too because of the stress of where it comes to rest. This cemetery has many fallen stones that are easily repaired with an epoxy called Sikadur 31.
Photo and information by Wayne Austin, July 18, 2008.


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This entry was posted on Tuesday, February 1st, 2011 at 11:32 pm and is filed under Uncategorized. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
Horizontal lines and wood
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How to test network quality (home)
pingtest.net seems to have some issues as well. I get a fail on packet loss. However the test does not return useful results (like % loss) since it does not complete.
Are there any decent tools or scripts that one can use? Stuff like iperf requires a server. Any network tools that "just run" that give *useful* results?
_______________________________________________ gnhlug-discuss mailing list gnhlug-discuss@... http://mail.gnhlug.org/mailman/listinfo/gnhlug-discuss/


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Enlarge Cover
Osprey Publishing | Feb 19, 2003 | 64 Pages | 7-1/4 x 9-3/4 | ISBN 9781841765259
Osprey Publishing | Aug 21, 2012 | 64 Pages | ISBN 9781782002307
The Ninja were the secret agents and assassins of feudal Japan and they remain a subject of enduring fascination. They first emerged during the power struggles of 9th and 10th century Japan, in response to the increasing demand for spies, informants and even assassins, and they were used until the mid-1600s when they disappeared on account of a campaign to destroy them. This title provides an accurate and detailed account of the reality of the Ninja, detailing their daily life, training, hiring, combat use and secret operations; also covered are the Ninja's use and knowledge of poisons, medicines and charms.
Visit other sites on the Penguin Random House Network


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Peter J. Carroll
Peter James Carroll (born 8 January 1953, in Patching, Angleland) is a modern occultist, author, cofounder of the Illuminates of Thanateros, and practitioner of chaos magic theory.[1]
Early life[edit]
Carroll studied science at University of London and graduated with a "precisely calculated minimum pass".[2] After university, Carroll was employed as a school teacher, and spent four years in India and the Himalayas.[2]
Carroll's 1987 book Liber Null & Psychonaut is considered one of the defining works of the chaos magic movement.[3] Carroll was a co-founder of the loosely organized group called the Illuminates of Thanateros.
In 1995, Carroll announced his desire to step down from the "roles of magus and pontiff of chaos".[4] This statement was originally delivered at the same IOT international meeting which Carroll discussed in an article titled "The Ice War"[5] in Chaos International.
Carroll has written columns for the Chaos International magazine currently edited by Ian Read, under the names Peter Carroll and Stokastikos, his magical name within the IOT.[6]
In 2005, he appeared as a chaos magic instructor at Maybe Logic Academy[7] at the request of Robert Anton Wilson, and later founded Arcanorium Occult College with other known chaos magicians on staff including Lionel Snell, Ian Read and Jaq D. Hawkins. This experience re-awoke his interest in the subject of magic and he has since continued writing.[8]
- Liber Null (1978) and Psychonaut (1982) (published in one volume in 1987) ISBN 0-87728-639-6
- Liber Kaos (1992) ISBN 0-87728-742-2
- PsyberMagick: Advanced Ideas in Chaos Magick (1995) ISBN 1-56184-092-0
- The Apophenion: A Chaos Magic Paradigm (2008) ISBN 1-869928-65-2
- The Octavo: A Sorcerer-Scientist's Grimoire (2010) ISBN 978-1-906958-17-6
- ^ Chaos Magick: Magickal Terrorism
- ^ a b Bowen, Timothy (2011). "A brief Autohagiography on Peter Carroll". Voices of Chaos. p. 27. ISBN 1-4611-7571-2.
- ^ Eugene V. Gallagher; W. Michael Ashcraft (2006). Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America: African diaspora traditions and other American innovations. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 102. ISBN 0-275-98717-5.
- ^ Carroll, Peter J. (1995). PsyberMagick: Advanced Ideas in Chaos Magick, ch. 59. ISBN 1-56184-092-0
- ^ The Ice War
- ^ Specularium: Publications & Links
- ^ Maybe Logic Academy :: Peter Carroll
- ^ Carroll, Peter James. Specularium: The Octavo
Further reading[edit]
- Clarke, Peter Bernard (2006). Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements. Psychology Press. pp. 105ff. ISBN 978-0-415-26707-6.
- Drury, Neville (2011). Stealing Fire from Heaven: The Rise of Modern Western Magic. Oxford University Press. pp. 251ff. ISBN 978-0-19-975099-3.
- Morris, Brian (2006). Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction. Cambridge University Press. pp. 303ff. ISBN 978-0-521-85241-8.
- Penczak, Christopher (2007). The Temple of High Witchcraft: Ceremonies, Spheres and the Witches' Qabalah. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-7387-1165-2.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Peter J. Carroll |
- Peter J. Carroll Interview from Abrasax Magazine, Vol.5, No.2.
- The Magic of Chaos by Peter J. Carroll
- Liber KKK - An introduction to Chaos magick technique. by Peter J. Carroll.
- The magician as Rebel Physicist by Pete Carroll


text:
Academic Writing Ten-Week Course One-Week Workshop International Workshop One-Day Workshop
Individuals Workshop
Book Review Workshop Workshop Forms Workbook Recommended Reading
Academic Copyediting Introductory Workshop Electronic Copyediting Workshop Chicago Manual of Style Workshop Academic Copyediting Rates Some Copyediting Terms Links for Copyeditors
Academic Journal Publishing Introductory Workshop Production Workshop Peer Review Workshop Copyediting Workshops Freelancers and Printers
Workshops and Courses
Praise for Workshops
Peer-Reviewing the Academic Journal: A Three-hour Workshop I no longer teach this workshop, devoted to managing the editorial content of a peer-reviewed journal. That is, the task of reviewing and selecting articles to be published. Such tasks typically fall to the journal's editor and/or editorial board. They include notifying authors of the receipt of their submission, reviewing each submission for general suitability, selecting appropriate reviewers for each submission, asking potential reviewers if available to review, sending manuscripts to reviewers, nagging reviewers to return comments, collating reviewers' recommendations, making final decisions about acceptance or rejection, writing a cover letter to authors notifying them of this decision and making recommendations for revision, and reviewing revisions when they are returned. An important part of a good peer review is carefully tracking each submission through every stage of this complicated process. Only if you record and file all correspondence regarding the submission can you be sure that you are dealing with authors fairly. A final part of the peer-review process is creating a copyright agreement, sending it to authors, and filing the returned agreements in a safe, easy-to-find place.


text:
Aktuellt kunskapsläge vid kateterspolning - systematisk litteraturgranskning
Document type: | Journal Articles |
Article type: | Original article |
Peer reviewed: | Yes |
Author(s): | Elisabeth Andersson, Stina Valdenäs, Roland Nilsson, Ania Willman |
Title: | Aktuellt kunskapsläge vid kateterspolning - systematisk litteraturgranskning |
Journal: | Vård I Norden |
Year: | 2011 |
Volume: | 31 |
Issue: | 4 |
Pagination: | 27-31 |
Publisher: | Sykepleiernes Samarbeid i Norden (SSN) |
Organization: | Blekinge Institute of Technology |
Department: | School of Health Science (Sektionen för hälsa) School of Health Science S-371 79 Karlskrona +46 455 38 50 00 http://www.bth.se/hal/ |
Language: | English |
Abstract: | Aim: Reviewing the scientific literature with regards to urinary catheter washouts in order to prevent occlusion. Background: Patients with long-term indwelling urinary catheters often suffers from catheter blockage. Encrustations and the forming of biofilm on the catheter surface are among the most common causes of occlusion. It is unknown whether urinary catheter washout is the treatment of choice to prevent occlusion. Methods: A systematic review of the scientific literature regarding urinary catheter washouts. The study was conducted by two independent reviewers. The search used MeSH and freetext terms, in The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Academic Search Elite, CINAHL, MedLine and SweMed+, and an additional mapping of clinical guidelines in order to update praxis. Findings: The study shows that there is insufficient scientific evidence as to whether urinary catheter washouts prevent catheter blockage. Conclusion: There is insufficient evidence that urinary catheter washouts are beneficial. Individual care planning and evaluation of long-term indwelling catheter care is important in minimizing the risk of harmful side effects. |
Subject: | Nursing & Caring Sciences\General |
Keywords: | long-term indwelling catheter, systematic review, urinary catheter blockage, washouts |


text: Im going down the street to drink and skate my friends mini. If you have any ACTUAL video footage of YOU skateboarding, surfing, snowboarding, or anykind of boarding, please post it at this time to prove your not some 12 year old kid behind a computer, or an M-fitz type guy riding a 10 foot longboard and prancing around it at all angles. and ill try to dig up my old camp woodward footage from when i used to dishdog.


text:
Indestructibles™ was founded by a mother of triplets who quickly found that paper books, even "board books" are too easily turned to mush and can even be a choking hazard. Wishing to provide her children with a book that they could "read" as much as they wanted, she enlisted the help of Kaaren, who developed three working prototypes--three beautiful child-size picture books that were instant and enduring hits. In December 2009 the books will be released by Workman Publishing. Look for them at a store near you soon!
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Indestructibles continues to strive to bring the world of reading and imagination to the very young beginning when they are babies by providing parents a product that is designed age-appropriately for infants physical, social, and cognitive development.
(The babies who started it all: Amy's triplets at 3 1/2 months)


text:
Language User Groups and Language Teaching |
Draft of chapter 2009 in V. Cook & Li Wei (eds) Contemporary Applied Linguistics |
A Japanese woman is
using Spanish on holiday in Spain; a Cantonese man is speaking Mandarin in
London; a Swiss German child is reading High German aloud at school in Zurich; a
Bengali-speaking Muslim is reading Arabic to practice his religion; two Danish
and Brazilian businessmen are using English to do business with each other; André
Brink is code-switching from English to Afrikaans as he writes a novel: L2
users' lives, experiences and situation are as varied as human lives can be.
At one level all second language learners are the same: they're all human
beings with human minds. Whatever human beings have in common as mental
potential is shared with L2 users – the universals of language whether the
syntax of Universal Grammar (Cook & Newson, 2007), the processes of
Processability Theory (Pienemann, 1998) or the semantic primes of Wierzbicka
(1996). In everything else, L2 users reflect the amazing diversity of humanity.
chapter explores the consequences of this for future directions of language teaching. It argues that most language teaching methods ignores
the range of L2 users and of their purposes; they imply they are a universal
panacea to be applied across the board almost regardless of learner or
situation, whether the communicative language teaching world epidemic of the
1970s or the current vogue for based learning.
Multi-competence background
In the early 1990s I proposed a perspective called
multi-competence, originally defined as 'the
compound state of a mind with two grammars' (Cook, 1991). This was reworded as
'the knowledge of two languages in one
mind' (Cook, 2007a), because some people took the
term 'grammar' in the narrow meaning of syntax rather than in the broad
meaning of linguistic competence intended. Multi-competence
emphasised the relationships of the languages in the same person's mind rather
than the separate existence of a first language and an interlanguage.
Multi-competence is not a model of second language acquisition in the same sense
as say Universal Grammar (UG) but is more a way of looking at second language
acquisition from the vantage point of the L2 user as a distinct kind of person
rather than from that of the native speaker – all of the people described
above are doing things no monolingual can do. Multi-competence can therefore
have implications for many areas of L2 acquisition and use, even for UG (Cook,
multi-competence perspective was productive in supporting the growing movement
to regard the L2 user as a person in their own right rather than as a defective
native speaker, in highlighting the reverse transfer effects of the second
language on the first, and in showing the distinctive
ways of bilingual thought, as summarised in Cook (2007a). The implications for teaching
that have emerged concern the role of the first language, the nature of the
second language (L2) user's knowledge of the second language
the goals of language teaching (Cook, 2007b).
multi-competence came out of a Chomskyan tradition, it started with the
individual's knowledge of language.
Cook (2007c) distinguished five meanings
of 'language',
summarised in the following table:
Lang1 |
a human representation system |
Lang2 |
an abstract external entity |
Lang3 |
a set of actual or potential sentences |
Lang4 |
the possession of a community |
Lang5 |
the knowledge in the mind of an individual |
Five meanings of language' |
multi-competence was conceived of as Lang5
rather than as social in the Lang4 meaning of 'the
possession of a community' or as societal
in the Lang2 sense of 'an abstract external entity'.
Others were taking up this point about the restriction to Lang5.
Kelly Hall et al (2006) made 'a case for a usage-based view of multi-competence'
(p.220). Brutt-Griffler
(2002) proposed a Lang4 'the multi-competence of the community';
rather than assuming communities have a single language, we should start by
seeing how languages relate to each other within the community. Jenkins (2006)
pointed out the absence of ELF (English as Lingua Franca) from multi-competence,
exemplifying a gap in second language acquisition
(SLA) research in general.
weakness that became apparent was that multi-competence seemed to treat language
knowledge as static rather than constantly changing. In terms of the individual,
language knowledge is in flux, according to dynamic systems theory (De Bot et
al, 2005; Herdina & Jessner, 2002): 'all
language knowledge is socially contingent and
dynamic' (Kelly Hall et al, 2006: 229).
In the first language, a person's language
knowledge may be growing, as in children acquiring their first language, or
declining, as in first language attrition through injury, ageing or change of
circumstances when another language becomes more important to them. The window
during which linguistic competence is static may be small and untypical. In the
second language, L2 users may be acquiring the second language or may be losing
it through attrition: all is change. Individual multi-competence in a sense
builds this in through the changing relationship between the two languages in
the same mind on the integration continuum (Cook, 2003); the term
'attrition' with its negative connotations of loss and damage is no longer
appropriate within the system as a whole. The balance and form of the two
languages changes over time and shifts dynamically. The relationships between
languages in the multilingual community is also continuously shifting, say the
growing problems between French-speaking and Dutch-speaking areas of Belgium or
the use of Spanish as a 'niche' lingua franca in London (Block, 2006), or
Italian among migrant workers in German-speaking
parts of Switzerland (Schmid, 1994).
2. Communities and language
user groups
social aspects of language have mostly been discussed through the concept of
community. Sociolinguistics has come up with many definitions of the speech
community (Patrick, 2001), whether as people living in an area such as the Lower
East Side of New York (Labov, 1966) or Bergen (Kerswill, 1994), people united by
a uniform style of speech (Bloomfield, 1926) or a set of evaluative norms
(Labov, 1966), or people who belong to a social network (Gumperz & Levinson,
1996). A perpetual dilemma is whether you first find an existing community
defined in, say, geographical terms and then look at the languages they use, or
you find a language and look for the community of its speakers: is the
sociological group the given or the language?While
language is often seen as a shared
core value
of the community (Smolicz et al,
2003), it is not criterial, as in the case of Jewish communities speaking
diverse languages (Myhill, 2003); members of the community are not necessarily fluent in its
language, as with Scottish Gaelic (Dorian, 1981). People may be part of a cultural community without speaking its
language – how many Irish Americans learn Irish? The concept of language
community can be circular when the number of speakers of a language is taken to
be the number of members of a culture, as sometimes happens for Welsh (Laitin,
core value of a community is, however, almost invariably taken to be a single language; a minority ethnic community is seen as identifying
itself with its own language, protecting it and maintaining it as a heritage.
'An individual's use of two languages supposes the existence of two
different language communities; it does not suppose the existence of a bilingual
community' (Mackey, 1972, 554). This denies the reality of the
multilingual communities in the world with more than one language at their core;
India for example has a 'Three language Formula' 3±1 system in which
everyone has to know Hindi and English plus the local state language; if the
local state language is neither Hindi nor English, they only need two languages;
if they live in a state where Hindi or English is not the state language and
they speak another language, they need four languages (Laitin, 2000).
does a second language confer partial membership of another monolingual
community or full membership of a bilingual community – what Brutt-Griffler (2002) terms the 'multi-competence of the
community'? English has a L2 user group of people across the world, whether
businessmen, academics or international footballers, for whom the native speaker
community is virtually irrelevant. Having
two languages may bring people into a different multilingual community. Or
it may allow them to belong to a global virtual community in a possible social
network unrelated to geographical proximity or to any common language identity
in the usual terms.
us do the multi-competence reversal of viewing the multilingual community as
normal and the monolingual community as an aberration. Most nations in the world
regardless of their official positions as monolingual or bilingual actually
contain speakers of many different languages. Toronto for instance has 2,746,480 mother tongue English speakers,
58,590 mother tongue French but 2,160,330 speakers of neither English nor French, the
official languages of Canada (2006 census, Canada stats, 2007); London has a
similar profile with 300 odd languages spoken. At one level people may belong to
native speaker communities who talk to fellow-members, say the English speakers,
the Italians and the Chinese in Toronto regarded separately. Clearly the overall community in these conurbations is multilingual, with
speakers of the non-status language using a second language English to
communicate with the English speakers and with members of other communities, Italians with
Chinese etc or even another language as a lingua franca, say the use of Italian
in Toronto by Vietnamese and Poles in their workplaces (Norton, 2000).
Just as the concept of individual
multi-competence stressed the L2
user in their own right, so the multi-competence of the community stresses the
multilingual community in its own right, not as a collection of people with
different L1s but as a community with an integral use of two or more languages.
According to Canagarajah (2007), 'Linguistic
diversity is at the heart of multilingual communities. There is constant
interaction between language groups, and they overlap, interpenetrate, and mesh
in fascinating ways.'
The De Swaan Hierarchy
What are the ways of categorising the groups that language users belong to? Siegel (2006) used 'sociolinguistic settings', based on the idea of dominant language. An alternative is the hierarchy proposed by De Swaan (2001), shown in Figure 1, partly because it does not imply dominance in power terms.
In this scheme, languages differ in terms of geographical and functional areas – where they are used and why. At the bottom come languages that are peripheral; they are used within a circumscribed territory for the purposes of a local community. This may be a small section within a country, say Gaelic in Scotland, cover a whole country, Japanese in Japan, or extend across countries, Kurdish in Turkey, Iran and Iraq. As the term 'peripheral' seems to convey some evaluation, I prefer the term local as more neutral. Next up the hierarchy come central languages used within a geographical area for communication between different groups mostly for education and government, say English in India used by native speakers of many languages for everyday public functions. Above this come supercentral languages that have a wider geographical spread and are used for cross-national communication for a limited range of functions, say Arabic or Latin for religious ceremonies, or Japanese for karate. Finally at the top come hypercentral languages used chiefly by non-native speakers across the globe for a large range of purposes.
Groups of language users
Language users can be divided into groups according to the four de Swaan levels.
A. people speaking their L1 to each other |
L1 speakers in London or Polish L1 speakers in West London |
local language |
first group is people using their first language with each other in the local
language geographical territory. This is the sole group to contain only
monolingual native speakers of the language. A monolingual Londoner, Berliner or
Parisian can get by on their first language alone. The size or location of a
speech community does not affect the issue of whether people are native speakers
of a local language: you don't forfeit your native speaker status by belonging
to a minority community even if a local variety, say French in Louisiana. Nor
indeed do you stop being a native speaker by moving to another language
community or by ceasing to use it altogether – monks
under a vow of silence are still native speakers. Group A communities use their
native local language for all the possible monolingual language functions of
human life. It is not usually questioned whether Group A native speakers are
successful, since, apart from those with a disability, they are successful by
definition: a native speaker is whatever a native speaker is.
B. people using an L2 within a larger community |
L1 speakers using English L2 in shops etc in London |
language |
second group consists of permanent residents using a central second language to
communicate with the wider community outside their local language group, in
Siegel's terms a dominant L2 setting (Siegel, 2006). Some local language
groups may be indigenous in that they have been established for generations, say
the old-established Bengali speakers in London or Gujarati speakers in Brooklyn,
or may predate the use of the central language, for instance Aboriginals in
Australia. Others may be short-term immigrant communities, like Polish workers
in England.
Group B constitutes the classic 'second
language' situation – a language 'that becomes another tool of communication alongside the first
language … typically acquired in a social environment in which it is actually
spoken' (19). The
first language remains alongside the second language for other social and
cultural purposes, probably the case most reported in language contact and
shift, for example Fishman (1991). The central language may be the language of
government and so the means through which speakers of purely local languages fit
into the society structurally, in Siegel's terms an institutional L2 setting
(Siegel, 2006). The central language is not, however, used exclusively for
communicating with the monolingual Group A but also with fellow-users with
different native languages. The Bengali shop owner in Tower Hamlets uses English
for filling in his income tax return but also for speaking with Arabic
customers, both equally English in nationality, as are most of the speakers of
the 300 first languages of London (Baker & Eversley, 2000). The central
language enables people to cooperate with each other for everyday living within
the same area. The native speakers of anything but the central language have to
learn it or be taught it.
While some of the users of a central language are Group A monolingual natives, others are L2 users from many other L1 local languages, say the situation in the states of India. Success for the non-native learner of a central language means the ability to use it for all the necessary purposes of their public lives and their unofficial contacts. In accordance with the multi-competence view of the reverse transfer effects from the L2 to the L1, this may mean that the L1 is to some extent affected by the central language; Cantonese speakers in Newcastle upon Tyne for instance say 'tiojau' ('table wine') rather than 'jau' ('wine) as used in Hong Kong and 'bafong' ('bathroom') rather than 'saisanfong' (Li Wei, 1994, 66).
Group C. people using an L2 internationally for specific functions |
communicators; |
supercentral language |
third group consists of people using a supercentral language across national or
linguistic borders for a specific range of functions of language rather than for
all functions; the closest correspondence in Siegel's scheme is coexisting L2
settings (Siegel, 2006). Religions
for example have often required believers to use a particular language, whether
Hebrew, Arabic, Latin or, occasionally, English. In
England for many years civil engineers had to study German because of its
importance to their profession. French was once the international language of
world diplomacy. Sometimes this has led to specialised international versions of
the language for particular functions, for example SeaSpeak (English for
Mariners) (Weeks et al, 1988), Simplified Technical English (ASD, 2007),
Simple English Wikipedia (2008) or Special
English used for broadcasting on the Voice of America (VOA, 2008).
Supercentral languages can be used for wider public or
private functions across different countries. Swahili
has 770
thousand native speakers mostly in Tanzania but 30 million lingua franca
speakers spread across several African countries (Gordon, 2005).
While Group C includes monolingual
native speakers, these may be outnumbered by the non-natives; nativeness is not
a criterion for admission. Success is measured by the ability to use the
supercentral language for specific functions, say landing a plane
safely via
Air Control English, or by the ability to use it within its
international territory, for instance French as part of Francophone culture in
Central Africa and France. A particular group is language
teachers using their second language for teaching in classrooms – a
specialised function of a language and hence falling under this category. In
many cases supercentral languages make a token gesture to the native speakers of
the country where the language once originated, say France for French or England
for English, often showing an historical connection with the colonialising
power, say France for Central Africa or Spain for much of Latin America.
Group D. people using an L2 globally for a wide range of functions |
as Lingua Franca |
hypercentral language |
The fourth group consists of people using a hypercentral second language, perforce English, globally across all countries and used for all possible second language functions, rather than the limited set in Group C. The usual term for this now is English as Lingua Franca (ELF) – English as a global means of communication between native speakers of other languages. People who speak ELF belong to communities that cross frontiers, united by their common interests – 'a virtual speech community' (Canagarajah, 2007, 925). In Graddol's view, learning English no longer counts as learning another language; it's an addition to the three Rs necessary for primary school children everywhere (Graddol, 2006). The fact that some people may speak the hypercentral language as native speakers is irrelevant to the use of the language, indeed may be a handicap (House, 2003). The concepts of native speaker or home country are immaterial to these L2 users; the native speaker Group A are only one of the possible types of user, whose local language English may differ significantly from hypercentral ELF. House (2003) distinguishes between languages for identification and languages for communication: no-one is a native speaker of ELF; no-one treats it as their prime identity; they simply use it for communicating with other people like themselves.
The de Swaan analysis treats language users
in terms of wider group membership and of language function. De
Swaan (2001) sees the acquisition of second languages as typically going up the
hierarchy. Speakers of a local language have to learn a central language to
function in their own society, say speakers of Ulster Scots learning English in
Northern Ireland. Speakers of a central language need to learn a supercentral
language to function within their region, say speakers of Ha learning Swahili in
Tanzania. Speakers of a supercentral language need the hypercentral language to
function globally, true of anybody but a native speaker of English. Some L2
users move in the opposite direction down the hierarchy; an immigrant to a new
area may need to acquire the local language, say Finnish in Finland or French in
Quebec, seen by Siegel (2006) as a minority language setting. In this case,
passing for the monolingual native speakers that make up Group A may be a
possible motivation, even if unrealistic for most people. De Swaan (2001) claims
that L2 users are the glue that keeps these societies together; without people
who can bridge the language gaps they would cease to function. For SLA
research and language teaching the lesson is that there are many groups
of second language users, not one standard type, and that these differ in the
functions that they use the second language for.
The De
Swaan hierarchy does not, however, encompass the many groups of L2 users to whom
the two dimensions of territory and function hardly apply. Let us try and sketch
one or two of these other groups in terms of their membership and language
Group E. people historically from a particular community (re-) acquiring its language as an L2 |
for other Chinese dialect speakers; returnees |
language |
descended from a particular cultural or ethnic group may want to learn its
language, for instance to talk to their grandparents. Mandarin Chinese is now being
learnt by 30 million adults round the world (Graddol, 2006); the Confucius
Institutes for teaching Chinese around the globe have found that many of their
students are ethnic Chinese wanting to learn Mandarin; in the United States
140,000 people are attending heritage Chinese classes (Brecht & Rivers,
2005). Language maintenance classes take place in most British cities, in London
ranging from Polish to Greek. Some people are trying to find their roots through
language; they don't want to be L2 users so much as
participants in a Group A cultural tradition. The multilingual De Swaan
hierarchy seems beside the point; the language is not being learnt for its
inter-group value, only as a way of identifying with an ethnic or national group
– an identity language. The
measure of success is the L2 users' ability to feel part of their historically
related community (Valdés, 2005).
F. people
using an L2 with spouses, siblings or friends |
couples: parents and children |
language |
Some L2
users, however, keep their user language within a small social group. People
have often joked that the best way of learning a language is to marry someone
who speaks it; bilingual married couples feel they are quite capable of passing
for native speakers (Piller, 2002). Some parents choose to use a language with
their children they will not encounter outside the home, whether George Saunders
(1988) using German in Australia or d'Armond Speers using Klingon (d'Armond Speers, 2006). Children, chiefly twins, sometimes create private or secret
languages of their own (Thorpe et al, 2000). But unrelated pairs of people can
decide to use a second language: Henry VIII wrote love letters to Ann Boleyn and
Katherine of Aragon in French (Vatican City, 2006), the language of courtly
love. Success for this personal language is perhaps immeasurable. The de Swaan
hierarchy of territory and function has nothing to do with these pairs and
handfuls of people.
As well as these six reasonably distinct groups, other
groupings seem to combine these categories in one way or another. Tourists
for example expect to be able to get along with L2 English, regardless of the
local language – Japanese tourists using English in Cuba. English
for tourism is no longer a matter of English-speaking tourists going to
non-English speaking countries or non-English speaking tourists going to
English-speaking countries: 74% of tourism through English involves only L2
users (World Tourism Organisation, cited in Graddol (2006)). In other words
tourism for English is now a question of the global use of the hypercentral
language. But tourists are only one example of the general group of short-term
visitors to another country or area with a different language. Others include: athletes
going to the Olympic Games, businessmen attending conferences, policemen
investigating crimes, pilgrims, British retirees visiting their villas in Spain
in so far as they need Spanish at all, the list is endless. All of these have
short-term needs for a language, whether for the hypercentral language or for
central or supercentral languages. But mostly these short-term visitors need it
for very specific purposes to do with their visit and with any associated social
functions. It seems irrelevant to the groups A-F since it is not related to
A further group is people
gaining an education through a second language. Universities around the globe
from Germany to Dubai have started teaching in English, not so much as a lingua
franca as a means to an educational end. In reverse, students go to another
country to get their higher education, Zaireans to Paris, Greeks to England...
Group A native speakers are barely relevant to this (except in so far as they
can profit by teaching 'their' language). Within this general framework
comes the elite bilingualism of children educated in International Schools,
whether multilingual, such as the European schools (Baetens
Beardsmore, 1993), or taught through a second language, say the French Lycée in London or the Canadian bilingual immersion schools. Success is
measured by gaining the appropriate examinations, qualifications, entry to a
career, and so on. This education language is
probably reserved for movement up the hierarchy
to supercentral and hypercentral languages; it is thus distinct from the use of
a central Group B language by different local Group As, or the global use of a
hypercentral language, though these may be true for some of its speakers; its
closest relationship seems to be with the limited functionality of supercentral
There are also people who return to their
country of historical origin and need to re‑acquire the first language, or
indeed to acquire it for the first time. Examples might be Jews 'returning'
to Israel having to learn Hebrew even if they were Yiddish speakers (Fishman,
1991), or Puerto Ricans 'returning' from the US to Puerto Rico (Clachar,
1997). Others are children of expats going back to the country their
family originally came from, say Japanese children returning to Japan (Kanno,
2000); these need to acquire the language of the homeland for practical
purposes, often finding it extremely difficult. The difference from Group E
heritage users is that the language is for active use as a local language,
rather than for gaining cultural identity.
A large
group consists of children being taught a second language as part of the school
curriculum – the classic foreign language situation whether French in England
or Spanish in Japan, called by Siegel (2003) an external L2 setting. They may be
Group A native speakers of a language or Group B L2 users of a central language;
they are usually learning another language that is higher on the De Swaan
hierarchy – say French taught in London secondary schools through English to
local children whose native languages may be English, Gujarati and Greek. They
could not be fitted into the main groups above since their only need for the L2
is in the classroom, their main goal to get through the hurdles of the
educational system. Since this group of non-users will figure in the following
discussion, we can call them the CL (Classroom Learner) group.
Nevertheless some language teaching aims
purely at effective classroom L2 use. Community Language Learning for example
sees language learning in terms of the benefits for the individual learners
without reference to the outside world (Curran, 1976). Task-based learning also
often seems to see the point of acquiring the language as being the ability to
carry out classroom tasks not necessarily related to the world outside: 'I
regard this as desirable but
difficult to obtain in practice' (Skehan, 1998, 96).
it is perhaps obvious that an individual may have multiple memberships in these groups. A professional footballer coming to London needs not just
the central language for coping with living there but also the specialised
supercentral language of football for interacting with the rest of the team
(Kellerman et al, 2005) – a majority of Premiership footballers in England are
non-native speakers of English. 'Each man in his life plays many parts',
simultaneously and consecutively.
Language groups and SLA research
Before turning to the implications of this analysis for
language teaching, we should see how these groups are handled by SLA research. All of these groups of L2 users have acquired the
language in one way or another. Group B central languages come out of untutored
acquisition in the home, the street or the workplace by children or adults. Or
they may be the product of education in the school classroom for children or
specialist classes for adults. A Bengali child in the East End of London may
pick up English knocking about with a football in the park or learn English from
a teaching assistant. Some SLA research has
looked at this type of acquisition from Dulay and Burt (1973) studying grammatical
morphemes acquisition among Spanish-speaking children in California to Hannan
(2004) doing the same with East End Bengalis. Central
language acquisition by local groups has not however usually been distinguished
from other types of acquisition, except through the second/foreign language
distinction. Research into the acquisition of a central language relating
officially to the society and unofficially to other groups within it has seldom
been undertaken, except in terms of the development of such groups through
passage to a putative Group A native group.
The supercentral language acquired by Group C, the
international specialist communicators, may again be learnt in specialist
classes for particular needs, Japanese in judo classes, Arabic in the study of
the Koran, French for bilingual secretaries. What English do you need to play football
professionally (Kellerman et al, 2005)? How much German to function as a migrant
worker (Klein & Dittmar, 1979)? SLA research
has rarely looked at the specific properties of such acquisition.
Group D, the
acquisition of the hypercentral language, is starting to be studied as a
specific form of acquisition. Descriptions of the pronunciation of L2 learners
in their own terms rather than native terms have been produced by Jenkins
(2002); descriptions of the ways L2 users use grammar
to each other are coming out of the ELF movement, for
example Seidlhofer (2004). But full accounts of the distinctive acquisition of
English as a hypercentral language rather than a local language are some way in
the future.
What has occupied the vast majority of SLA research are the CL group of learners in classrooms and the group of immigrants to the United States, usually measuring them in terms of either failure to achieve Group A native standards – 'Relative to native speaker's linguistic competence, learners' interlanguage is deficient by definition' (Kasper & Kellerman, 1997, 5) – or of success at carrying out classroom tasks, not by their ability to function in multilingual situations. The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition (Doughty & Long, 2006) presents 21 or so representative examples of specimen research in shaded boxes spread across its chapters. Three of these give no descriptions of the subjects of the research at all; one is a computer simulation. In the remaining 17, the subjects are L2 learners and all but two groups are adult (one being described as students from two high schools in Britain, odd both because Britain as such is not an educational area and 'high school' is a rare designation for schools in England, chiefly used by private schools); they are described as native speakers of English, Arabic etc and as 'students' or 'learners'; in 7 studies a native speaker group features as a control. These pieces of research concern English people acquiring Japanese, French, Korean in English-speaking countries; English being learnt by speakers of Japanese, Arabic, Chinese, Korean, Finnish and Swedish and by four groups of non-native speakers of unspecified L1s; Italian being learnt by English and French native speakers in an unspecified context; French being learnt by Canadians, German by Swedes. None of the situations used by groups B-D appear to be involved (Of course this does not mean that the original research omitted these details, simply that the writers of the summaries did not think them worth mentioning). No details of other languages known by the learners are supplied, yet one in five of the population of the USA speak a language other than English at home (US Census Bureau, 2003), similar figures probably being true of Canada, the UK and most countries.
Nevertheless all
the languages being acquired are supercentral or hypercentral; only a few of the
learners speak purely local languages: SLA research
goes up the hierarchy even if unwittingly. The research is primarily about the
CL group; their implied goal is to be as close as possible to Group A native
speakers, not L2 users at all. For all our L2 user groups B-G, what counts is
the effectiveness of their use within the different contexts rather than the
nativeness of their speech; It is only the CL group for which nativeness is
relevant, and this only because the teachers, the education system etc and the
researchers say so.
SLA research has
then been making generalisations about second language acquisition based on the
CL group, the only group with no clear goal and no clear community to belong to,
and on immigrants considered as supplicants for Group A membership rather than
as Group B central language users. Grosjean (1998) showed how careful we must be
in specifying the subjects involved in bilingualism research, particularly in
terms of language mode. The argument here is that we need to be equally careful
in specifying the language groups the learners belong to and want to belong to,
rather than treating SLA research as a unified
whole. Generalising from the taught CL group is particularly difficult as we
cannot isolate the effects of teaching. Interestingly for many of the other
groups teaching is not a major concern; it is simply taken for granted that you
have to be multilingual in Central Africa or India.
Language groups and language teaching
how can the second language groups B-G be related to second language teaching?
We will not deal with Group F, since language teaching is unlikely to be a
driving force in this private one-to-one relationship. The sole exception is
perhaps the type of teaching known as reciprocal language teaching (Hawkins,
1987), in which pairs of people teach each other their respective languages. Nor
will we deal with Group E, which raises a whole host of issues – is Mandarin
really a heritage language for an London Cantonese speaker?
B learning and teaching of central languages
the teaching of central languages has concerned ethnic minority children and
immigrants. Usually these have a local language at home and may be directly
taught the language at school or mainstreamed into ordinary classes. They have
mostly been measured against the Group A monolingual language (and of course
usually found deficient) rather than against its use as a central coordinating
language with fellow non-natives as well as with Group A monolinguals. Language
teaching needs to recognise Group B L2 use for public functions with Group A
officialdom and for social uses with members of Group A and fellow members of
Group B. It also needs to take account of the extent to which the overall
community is multi-competent or monolingual.
Adult ESOL Core Curriculum for England (DfES, 2001) provides an example of
educational thinking on this topic. The target is four types of learner: settled
communities such as Hong Kong, refugees, migrant workers and partners and
spouses of learners – all essentially prospective Group B members. It aims at
defining 'in detail the skills, knowledge and understanding
that non-native English speakers need in order to demonstrate achievement of the
national standards' (DfES, 2001, 7). In other words, the only
goal of ESOL learners is to become part of the Group A rather than part of a
Group B: their target behaviour is not multi-competent but monolingual. While
the curriculum adapts the delivery of this to the particular needs of ESOL
learners, this concerns the means not the target, which is to meet standards
appropriate to native speakers, laid down in the master curriculum A Fresh Start (DfEE,
1999). The content of the curriculum is defined in terms of
'can-do' statements like 'can make requests' and in terms of traditional
EFL grammar 'there is/are
+ noun (+ prepositional phrase)', without any
distinction between the needs of a monolingual Group A native speaker and a
Group B L2 user. Since the learners of ESOL in England are in fact never going
to be members of monolingual Group A, what is needed for this and for other
situations like it is a curriculum that recognises the particular uses and
issues associated with the use of a central language by Group B speakers.
C teaching of supercentral languages
characteristic of supercentral languages is their limited use across borders for
a small range of functions. Since the 1960s this specialised functionality has
been the concern of many an ESP course, ranging from courses for oilrig-workers
to courses for general practitioners; to the consternation of one of my
ex-students, her first teaching job was English to a Japanese sex-shop manager.
other characteristic of the supercentral language is its use for public domains
in different countries. The most taught languages in European countries are
English (50% of all pupils), followed by German in northern and eastern Europe,
French in southern Europe, and Russian in the Baltic and Bulgaria (Eurydice,
2005). Apart from English, the hypercentral language, all of these are
supercentral languages with a sphere of influence extending outside their own
countries and sometimes outside Europe, say with French and Spanish. Language
learning in schools in Europe is overwhelmingly upward in the De Swaan hierarchy
towards supercentral languages and the hypercentral language.
project set up by the Council of Europe called the Common European Framework aims
'to facilitate communication and interaction among Europeans of different
mother tongues in order to promote European mobility, mutual understanding and
co-operation, and overcome prejudice and discrimination' (Common European Framework, 2008). The Framework achieves this through a
comprehensive description of the goals of language teaching, using can-do
statements such as 'I can use simple phrases and sentences to describe where I
live and people I know' and compiling long checklists of different language
competences such as socio-cultural competence – 'Everyday living, e.g.: food and drink, meal times, table manners; public holidays
…'. This description is incorporated in the Language Passport (2007),
which provides 'a record of language skills, qualifications and experiences'
through self-rating of six levels of language achievement based on the can-do
statements. For example at level A1 (Breakthrough level) Understanding, 'I can
understand familiar words and very basic phrases concerning myself, my family
and my immediate concrete surroundings when people speak slowly and clearly'.
While the European Framework insists 'The language learner becomes plurilingual
and develops interculturality',
there is little concession to the actual role and nature of supercentral
languages, perhaps because of the EU's avowed neutral stance between its 23
languages. The overall emphasis in
the Framework is on the development of an ability to function like a native
speaker. Two goals are 'Understanding a conversation between native speakers'
and 'Understanding a native speaker interlocutor'. Native speakers are
indeed an important group of users of a supercentral language but the non-native speakers are equally
important; the group has a shared need to communicate within a territory. The
concept of plurilingual, stressed in the Framework, seems to mean a series of
interlocking Group A local languages, not the creation of a multi-competent
European society. The role of the supercentral languages of the EU is much more
than the creation of cloned native speakers for each other language.
D. teaching the hypercentral language
hypercentral language English is the one that is all things to all people, not
confined to a particular territory or a particular function. Its users do not
have to take part in a particular society, unlike Group B, or utilise more
specific functions in a wider territory, unlike Group C; potentially they use
English with anyone anywhere for almost any reason. Group A native speakers of
English have no special status, indeed may struggle with some aspects of
hypercentral English more than their non-native fellows. Group D speakers retain
their own L1 identities while at the same time using an L2 to deal with each
other – language for communication
(House, 2003).
various alternative names have been used for English in this international role,
such as World English and English as an international
language, the current term seems
to be English as Lingua Franca (ELF) (Seidlhofer,
2004). The ELF movement recognises that L2 users are different from
native speakers; it does not promote a native speaker standard for teaching.
Rather the aim is to teach this particular variety of English for global use for
many functions. The emphasis is not on what native speakers do but on
establishing and teaching the ELF variety of English. So the phonological
syllabus that learners need to use to communicate with each other is described:
don't bother with teaching /D/
(this) and /T/
(thistle) as this causes no communication problems; do
take care about making vowels longer before voiced consonants in say
'bad/bat', 'league/leak', 'bard/Bart'
(Jenkins, 2002). Similarly the grammar of ELF is in the process of being
described through the VOICE (Vienna-Oxford International Corpus of
English) project (Seidlhofer, 2004); drop the third
person 's' in 'makes' and replace infinitive 'to' constructions with that-clauses, as in 'I want that …'.
One meaning of the word 'language' is
the Lang2 sense of 'abstract external entity' (Cook, 2007c) in Popper's
world 3 of abstract ideas (Popper, 1972), as
in 'the English language' or 'the Chinese language'. Lang2 is
something out there in the world of abstractions, like the rules of football,
that can be codified in a dictionary and a grammar book. Countries or nations are often linked to Lang2,
as in the aphorism attributed to Weinreich, 'A language is a dialect that has
an army and a navy': English is the language of England, French the language
of France regardless of how many people in these countries have other native
ELF clearly does not fit this conventional
Lang2 framework. It is not an institutionalised object with a set of
grammar books and dictionaries; what descriptions exist are descriptions of
current usage, not of a notional standard. It is not spoken by a social elite in
a particular country but by a heterogeneous international community with nothing in common other than ELF. It is not
so much the existing Lang2 language English used as a Lingua Franca
so much as Lingua Franca English, an international
of its own continually being created for use.
Canagarajah (2007) indeed prefers LFE to ELF.
is ELF a question of the choice between local New Englishes. Some varieties of
English have indeed become independent of British or American national
standards, such as Indian, Singaporean, Australian, and so on; all of these have
their own group A local uses for native speakers but also central Group B uses
for natives and non-natives; thus Singapore has English as its 'first'
language with perhaps few native speakers but a large number of Group B central
language users from the Tamil, Chinese and Malay communities. Choosing ELF is
not identifying with a local variety but with its exact opposite.
So there has been a danger of confusing the
two issues. On issue is whether say British English should be taught as a
central language in a particular country rather than a local standard, say in
India. This is a separate issue from whether to teach ELF as a hypercentral language.. The functions of English hypercentral and
central language
are different. Indian English is no more or less appropriate as the target of
learning than any other language variety. ELF is not speakers of Indian English
talking to speakers of Singaporean English, both using their own local English
standards. It is instead speakers of Indian English, Canadian English, Japanese,
French, or whatever, talking to each other in the global ELF variety: ELF has
distinct linguistic differences in phonology, lexis and grammar of its own.
Perhaps the only area where the hypercentral language is bound to the old
national standards is spelling where the choice worldwide is between British and
American styles, with some local variants, e.g. 'colour' in Canada and two forms 'labor' and 'labour' with different uses in Australia (Cook, 2005).
The distinguishing mark of ELF is that it is dynamic on a different
time-scale to the changes in other varieties; it is always in the process of
instant creation by its users. 'ELF never achieves
a stable or even standardised form' (Meierkord, 2004, 129). ELF
users are mostly capable of smoothing out the difficulties of communicating with
each other as they go along; 'mistakes', that is to say communication
difficulties, are usually remedied by the participants on the spot, though
Sampson and Zhao (2003) do provide some hair-raising examples of
miscommunication between seamen using ELF. ELF use is characterized by
strategies such as Represent, in which the listener echoes the
speaker's remark for purposes such as checking their understanding (House,
2003), and Segmentation, in which the speaker breaks their speech up into
smaller chunks that are easier to process (Meierkord, 2004). The characteristics
of ELF may be not so much the syntactic patterns and phonemes of the actual
product as the processes which give rise to them; another person may produce
different forms but use the same overall processes. These processes resemble those involved in other
contact situations, such as pidgins, and in the creation of new languages, as in
the emergence of Nicaraguan Sign Language (Senghas et al, 2004). ELF is dynamic
in the sense that it does not have an established rule-book or standard; it
makes it up as it goes along; ELF is a prototype of language as a dynamic
system. I have often been asked by teachers what to put in place of the native
speaker target for students; my answer used to be that we need a description of
what successful L2 users can do, gradually being met by descriptions of ELF. I
now feel the answer should be that ELF does not have a final state comparable to
that of the Group A native speaker; rather it is a collection of processes that
respond to a variety of situations. Teaching is giving people a capability to
function, not the knowledge of grammatical rules, lexical items etc. There is no
definable end-state in terms of the aspects of language that L2 users know.
Hence appropriate tests of ELF success need to be process-based rather than
tests of knowledge – measuring students on how well they can communicate to
new L2 users rather than testing book mastery of an ELF syllabus of grammatical
and lexical items.
This lead to questions about the value of extensive
corpus data such as that in VOICE (Seidlhofer, 2004). Collecting and analysing
large amounts of people's speech is an example of Lang3
– language
considered as set of produced sentences (Cook, 2007c). ELF seems much more a set
of processes than a grammar and a vocabulary;
it is like describing how people hit the ball in tennis, compared with reporting
on their scores. The corpus 'facts' of ELF are useful as a basis for working
out the processes that produce them but cannot provide a syllabus for language
teaching of a conventional kind like the European Framework. Teaching is ideally
going to aim at helping people to use these ELF processes rather than any
specific grammatical forms or vocabulary. As Canagarajah (2007) says, 'it is …
premature to say if LFE [Lingua Franca English] is teachable like other
languages in a product-oriented and formalistic manner.'
The dynamic nature
of ELF raises a doubt about the proposal for a phonological syllabus based on
language learners' comprehension problems. Learners are still learning; i.e.
it is doubtful whether they have sufficient command of the ELF variety to act as
a model as assumed in the learner-based syllabus of Jenkins (2002).
Pronunciation difficulties should at best be established from experienced ELF
users with different L1s, not from inexperienced classroom learners. And they
should be based on the processes necessary to the production of ELF English,
such as vowel lengthening, rather than on individual phonemes such as /D/.
language teaching has to be clear whether it is teaching:
a local language to people who want to take part
in a monolingual local language community, whether Finnish in Finland or Basque
in Spain
a central language to people who want to take part
in a multilingual community where the language is used, say English in London or
a supercentral language to people who want to use
it for specialist cross-national uses, say French for diplomacy
a hypercentral language to people who want to use
it for a range of purposes across the globe.
most language teaching has not been concerned with these issues. It teaches
language – a standard native homeland monolingual variety believed to be good
for all purposes and all people. It cannot be assumed that all students of
English now need it as a hypercentral language, or that all English children
need French as a local language for visiting France, or that all learners of
Chinese are heritage learners; and so on. We need to see how language teaching
can better prepare people for use of second languages in the diverse situations
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July 2011's Top Shoutbox Users
12 6 Share TweetHere in Lomography – if you got something to say, it's just a Shoutbox away. So don't keep it all to yourself and let it all out just like these users did for the month of July!
We do understand that it really gets lonely sometimes that you have to shout it out and see if there's still some kind and caring soul left out there that would reply back at you. Usually, there is! The Shoutbox is never a dull place where everyone is your best Lomobuddy, you will never be alone again!
written by fookshit on 2011-08-25 in #news #recap #july #shoutbox #community