text: Sheriff fires deputy after shootingWas working security at Sunset on New Year's EveJanuary 16, 2013WARREN — Even though a Trumbull County sheriff's deputy, who has since been fired, was among numerous witnesses present during an early-morning fatal shooting in a downtown nightclub New Year's Day...... BilldogIt was a honest mistake as noted in the article. ..he regrets it. I bet he does now that he has on going experience to allow him to keep his certification. I'm sure that not following policy will effect his ability to get another position as well. I'd be sorry for getting caught too. 1 Agrees | 0 Disagrees | Report Abuse » reader529ohNo uniform. It was a honest mistake as noted in the article. ..he regrets it. 0 Agrees | 2 Disagrees | Report Abuse » jsabalo@common.......Isn't your sheriff the one who inserted himself in a civil matter in order to bring charges against a whistle-blower at the health department? Isn't your sheriff the one who got preferential treatment for his son with a wink and a nod? Not questioning his skills......just his morals. 2 Agrees | 1 Disagrees | Report Abuse » mycommonsenseCongratulations and thanks Sheriff Altier. You continue to show us superior management decisions and honesty in operating our Sheriff Department. Now if we can just get a new Chief of Police like you Warren would be a much better place. 2 Agrees | 4 Disagrees | Report Abuse » Billdogjonathon, local officers did not bust Franklin's son. Refer to yesterdays article. I think what everybody is missing here is the Sheriff's department has a policy. They have a policy for reasons that non of us know. If this young man was wearing his uniform (no word as to whether he was or not) he was representing that department. I'm sure he was aware of the policy and thought, "Who will ever know?" Chief Bowers explained himself. The club owner didn't want to pay the salary rate and didn't have the proper insurance for an officer to work their club. 0 Agrees | 2 Disagrees | Report Abuse » ZeniethActually I've learned a lot more than I knew to begin with. I had no clue of the departments policy or the compensation involved with reserve officers. In the day I remember when officers used to work the bars on off time. I guess much has changed from the Left End days ........ lol 3 Agrees | 0 Disagrees | Report Abuse » reader529ohEveryone has an opinion. Were the deputy's intensions ill at all? I doubt it and now he is terminated from a job he was not even getting paid for in the first place. I highly doubt that he spent all of the time he did in school to make an error in judgment that would cost him his livelihood. Now notice...his error was not the cause of this man's life being taken. That is the real issue...Another murder …that is the real news here. Another murder for which the Warren Police have made no arrest...another murderer running the streets invisible to the naked eye of his victims. It seems to me this article was to conceal the real issue...no one to blame for the loss of life that night. So, why not blame the young man trying to make something of his life...God forgive him for trying to make a living. Is there no other form of discipline/corrective action/probation that could have been enforced??? 2 Agrees | 2 Disagrees | Report Abuse » jonathonMaybe the cops have been busy recently "busting" Franklin's son for drugs, OR did I get some wrong information? 2 Agrees | 3 Disagrees | Report Abuse » featherstoneYears ago Warren cops were aloud to work bar details until a cop by name of, we'll just call him BoBo decided to act like a cocky arrogant A-hole to a couple patrons while working the door, and the two insulted men gave BoBo a shalacking he'd never forget, and thus earned nickname BoBo, speach was impaired as well as cognitive thinking, BoBo had his departmental issued gun by the way Gun freaks. Lessons learned 1. Don't treat others like CrAp, even IF U R A COP. 2. Cops in bars seem to create tension(especially when they act like wanna be tough guy idiots). 3. When 1 and 2 happen, nothing good happens. True story, the two rufkins went to prison. THE END. 4 Agrees | 2 Disagrees | Report Abuse » aquaboyHow do you fire a guy you weren t paying altiere and why did you give him a commission what a tough sheriff you are how s things at the ITAM ? 2 Agrees | 3 Disagrees | Report Abuse » CitizenZeroThis bar could have hired armed security officers from a reputable company. But went the cheap route instead. To their shame. They also could have a metal detector at the doors to keep guns out of the club...lots of answers to this issue. But the club chose to go illegal; so not a surprise there. 7 Agrees | 1 Disagrees | Report Abuse » nmcLone@ Zenieth it always been like that you know .po=pos always be putting in wife name 3 Agrees | 0 Disagrees | Report Abuse » EarlyRiserI'm with Solong, Some of you with conspiracy theories need to reread the article. 3 Agrees | 2 Disagrees | Report Abuse » MoreRealTalkIt sure does reek of conspiracy jsabalo. When any place is known to be a trouble spot it seems like the city should welcome efforts to have a real cop patrolling the grounds. No amount of red tape should endanger innocent lives. If the murder victim's family has proof that the club owners request for off duty security went unanswered or Capt. Bowers "sat on it" according to the Trib, they should sue the city and Warren police! It's pretty clear the city had no regard for the safety of this club and might have blocked efforts by the owners to get security and operate a safe club. Maybe because Bowers wanted an incident so they could shut it down? 6 Agrees | 4 Disagrees | Report Abuse » solongI think some of you need to re-read the article and know what you are reading. 4 Agrees | 1 Disagrees | Report Abuse » BilldogThe reality is reserve officers aren't paid anyhow. The do this to keep their certification when they can't get a real job as a police officer, so firing him from his duties isn't like he lost income. Policy is policy regardless if you like it or not. This man agreed to it when he signed on to be a reserve officer. 4 Agrees | 0 Disagrees | Report Abuse » jsabaloNo More is the only one that picked up on the little conspiracy here. Everyone says this is a tough place and something needs to be done. The owner asks for off-duty officers and gets the run-a-round? Really? Sounds like Mr. Bar Owner scoffed at the idea of paying the insurance fee. Bet that didn't make the Bosses happy! Hmmmmmmmm............ Oh yeah.....I forgot...... This is Trumbull County. Where the politicians ran the mob out of town and took over the biz! Way to go boys! Let that be a lesson to the rest of yous! Just put the cash in the envelope and we'll leave you alone! 5 Agrees | 5 Disagrees | Report Abuse » pahootamanThere needed to be more "good guys" with guns that night. Would of solved everything. EVERYTHING. 10 Agrees | 2 Disagrees | Report Abuse » ZeniethI thought the latest and greatest law made it legal to carry a gun in an establishment that served alcohol. I agree about security guards with out guns in thug bars. You pretty much know what's going on in these establishments and you can't win with an angry intoxicated individual with a gun. Something needs to change so at least the security playing field is level. I don't agree with the officer being relieved from his duties either. 2 Agrees | 7 Disagrees | Report Abuse » AnthonyCumiaRead the sign on the front of the bar. LOL @ Friday. 1 Agrees | 4 Disagrees | Report Abuse » NomoreCrapA few things bother me here beginning with security guards without a gun. Exactly what sort of security works a thug bar unarmed? Next I'm opposed to both Sheriff & Police depts. mandating their officers off duty employment notification. I'm also opposed to their being restricted from club work. It almost appears like the City & County want these businesses to fail by prohibiting off duty officers accepting jobs guarding potential trouble spots. Knowing problems occur in liquor clubs should encourage the City & County to recommend their officers apply for jobs there. And why should this officer lose his job for simply working elsewhere part time when other officers keep their jobs for DUI's, sexual assaults and worse? And yes, an officer owns a club in Warren but another can't work in one? Where is the PPA or union when they're needed? Clubs are being set up for failure by City & County prohibitions against officer protection! 7 Agrees | 11 Disagrees | Report Abuse » ZeniethYou would suspect a reputable business person computerwhiz 3 Agrees | 1 Disagrees | Report Abuse » Showing 25 of 30 comments Show More Comments


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Member since:20.06.2006
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Advantages: Energising, Tasty, Easy to down
Disadvantages: Can be damaging, Can prevent sleep, Can be costly
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The past few mornings I've been living off 3 or 4 hours sleep a night, not great, and have been feeling a bit worse for wear, especially when put into a working environment in which we speak to answer phones. So thinking in advance I picked up a can of Red Bull, something I hadn't actually tried before, as a product I knew was going to be needed to help give me a wake up call and having gone through a whole load of energy drinks I thought I might try what seems to be the most talked about one. I've tried isotonic drinks like Powerade, and despite being great for longer term replenishment and energising (often not realising it's helped until too late) they really weren't going to be helpful over the short term and is more about replacing the minerals lost through sweat than just feeling exhausted. Lucozade Energy despite being really nice was also not a really quick acting drink as the glucose took time to get into your system and I needed something that would kick in straight away. Relentless was a drink I refuse to try again after waking up to monkey based conversational interaction with automated messaging service, so Red Bull seemed as good as any.
Upon opening the can (which had managed to stay cool for a few hours despite sitting a warm office) there was an immediate release of built up energy and pressure that was inside the can, as if a gasp for air. This was followed by what I'm dubbing the tissues based colour test (roll up a bit of anew fresh tissue and use it as a dipstick to see the result). The colour test proved that the drink WASN'T red, rather sadly it's a light Orangey-Yellow, more of a blonde bull if you will.
The drinks smoothness was also really unexpected, especially considering just what's in it, I expected a drink full of energy to be fizzy down my neck and making my stomach revolve like a washing machine. The fact was that this was amazingly easy to drink and to keep down, there was no fizz at all, their was just calm. In fact it was only the last mouthful that was even difficult to swallow and this seemed like a problem that would have been solved by shaking the can up before use as it just seemed like things had sank to the bottom.
The nutritional values for the drink are oddly given in 100ml servings odd as the can contains 250ml45 Calories0.0g Protein11.3g Carbohydrates (10.7g of which are Sugars)0g Fat
The can also contains 32mg of caffine for every 100ml of the liquid.
Note:The can broke my work pen as I tried to see if my pen would go through it, it did but lost the tip on the act of penetration.
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Comments about this review »
jinxyjo 21.08.2009 13:06
Enjoyed your review. Loved the title :)
Capodon 21.08.2009 11:50
Im a fan, put it with jagermesiter and you have the sweetest thing since a sweet thing in a sweet shop. Good review
TheHairyGodmother 21.08.2009 11:24
funnily enough I am just drinking a can right now!!
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Last 9+ years, I have been testing and automating applications for Fortune 500 companies. Having 7+ years of work experience in test automation .In that 6+ years on Automating web/mobile app tests using Selenium 2.0(WebDriver) / Selenium 1.0 (RC).Good experience on Mobile automation and integrating tests with CI tools like Jenkins or cloud services like Sauce-labs, BrowserStack. Automation Frameworks development using combination of : - Selenium/WebDriver, Selenium Grid - Appium, Protractor (AngularJS) - Data-driven Selenium tests with external Excel, XML and CSV-based data. - Java / Ruby / Python / PHP - TestNG - ReportNG - JUnit - XMLUnit - Page Object - JBehave - FitNesse - Cucumber - Robot, AutoIt & Sikuli - Jenkins (including integrating with SVN/ Perforce/GitHub/ Saucelabs.) - Maven/ANT - Flex automation agents like Flexmonkium, FlexPilot, SeleniumFlex API * RestFul Web service testing using SoapUI * Performance testing Using JMeter/ SoapUI * Automating websites that involves Map(like Google Maps) interactions I have strong experience in testing various types of software ranging from desktop applications to web applications. Types of testing that I have done include: =============================== - Black Box and White Box Testing - Manual and Automation testing - Smoke testing - Functionality testing - Integration testing - Cosmetic error testing - GUI Testing - Cross browser compatibility testing - Regression testing - User Acceptance Testing - Mobile app testing - Games testing - Performance testing "Passion for Test Automation", "Good Communication", "Think from a customer perspective", "Good error guessing skills", "Analytical and logical thinking", A strong desire for quality" and "An attention to detail" are the qualities of a best Software Test Engineer. So if you are searching for a person with above qualities and abilities.I can ensure you that I best fit in to your mission.
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KDF Bug costume
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Join Date: Jun 2012
Posts: 94
# 21
Originally Posted by
If I had a dollar for every time the 'KDF bug issue' was brought up...
It really isn't fair to us, the players who would rather play KDF, for them to favor the Feds. 103% of the klink population feels the same way. Getting table scraps and whatever free time the Dev.'s have left over at the end of the day, is really lame. What's the point of having two factions if one side is completely dominate? Give the players a chance to choose what side they want to play instead of forcing them to pick the one that always wins and has the most content.
Sure the Roddenberry universe revolves around Starfleet and the Hoomans, but seriously, why do you think there are a gillion alien species in Star Trek? Outside of Asia, there is no successful MMORPG without balanced, structured, and team related pvp. Fact. The easiest way to do this is making factions.
Freaking Cryptic Studios and Perfect World need to wake up and use what works. Who cares if you have to copy WoW a little bit to make a decent game? Every gaming company has this retarded mentality that they have reinvent the genre to attract players and avoid criticism.
There is no such thing as artistic and intellectual theft, just sampling. They need to fix these bugs before I go cryptic all over their perfect world.
Hey what did you expect? KDF is treated like a red headed step child. Only thing is i'm pretty sure if they actually did something for KDF more would be willing to play KDF
The Emperor isn't please with Cryptic apparent lack of progress for the Empire. Lord Vader is on his way


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Home and allergic characteristics of children with asthma in seven U.S. urban communities and design of an environmental intervention: the Inner-City Asthma Study. (Children's Health Articles).
Most published environmental remediation interventions have been directed at single allergens and have employed demanding strategies; few have been performed in the homes of inner-city children disproportionately burdened by asthma. Our objective was a) to describe the allergen sensitivities, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, and home environmental characteristics of a national sample of inner-city children with moderate to severe asthma and b) to develop and implement a multifaceted, home-based comprehensive intervention to reduce home allergens and ETS, tailored to the specific sensitization and exposure profiles of those children. Allergen skin testing and a home evaluation were performed to determine the presence of ETS and factors known to be associated with increased indoor allergen levels. Based on published remediation techniques, a home environmental intervention, organized into modules, each addressing one of five specific allergen groups or ETS, was designed. Of 994 allergic children from seven U.S. urban communities, 937 successfully completed baseline interviews and home allergen surveys and were enrolled. More than 50% of children had positive skin tests to three or more allergen groups. Cockroaches were reported in 58% of homes, wall-to-wall carpeting in the child's bedroom in 55%, a smoker in 48%, mice or rats in 40%, and furry pets in 28%. More than 60% of enrolled families received four or more modules, and between 94% and 98% of all modules were completed. We conclude that most inner-city children with moderate to severe asthma are sensitized to multiple indoor allergens and that environmental factors known to be associated with asthma severity are commonly present in their homes. The intervention developed for the Inner-City Asthma Study employs accepted methods to address an array of allergens and ETS exposure while ensuring that the intervention is tailored to the specific sensitization profiles and home characteristics of these children. Key words: environmental intervention, home environmental characteristics, inner-city children, pediatric asthma. Environ Health Perspect 110:939-945 (2002). [Online 13 August 2002] http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2002/110p939-945crain/abstract.html**********
The burden of asthma is rising across the United States and is disproportionately high among inner-city residents, especially children (1). Although many factors have been associated with this phenomenon, there is growing evidence that exposure to allergens and irritants in the home is particularly important (2). Cat, cockroach, and house dust mite exposures have been associated with asthma exacerbations in sensitized individuals with asthma (3-6), and studies suggest that children exposed to smoking in the household have greater disease severity than those not exposed (7-9). Recently, levels of mouse allergen in the home have been related to skin test sensitivity and asthma morbidity (10); in the National Cooperative Inner-City Asthma Study (NCICAS), 19% of children with moderate to severe asthma were sensitized to rat allergen and 15% to mouse (11).
The 1997 national asthma education guidelines published by the National Institutes of Health (12) as well as more recent reports (13) state that the first and most important step in controlling allergen-induced asthma is to reduce exposure to relevant allergens. Skin testing in patients with persistent asthma should be used to focus remediation efforts on allergens to which the patient is sensitized. Although the guidelines recommend a long list of allergen reduction measures, few data exist to characterize the allergen risks in the homes of inner-city children. The NCICAS documented the association between cockroach allergen exposure and symptoms in sensitized children (6), and data from the NCICAS and elsewhere (6,9,14,15) suggest that most inner-city children with asthma are sensitized and exposed to multiple indoor allergens (16) and highly exposed, to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). However, most published environmental remediation interventions have been directed at single allergens and have employed demanding strategies. Few have been delivered in the homes of inner-city children, who are disproportionately burdened by asthma and underserved with respect to asthma care (17). This article describes the allergen sensitivities, ETS exposure, and home environmental characteristics of a national sample of 937 children with moderate to severe asthma from seven major inner-city U.S. communities enrolled in the Inner-City Asthma Study, and the development and implementation of a multifaceted, home-based, comprehensive environmental intervention that is tailored to the specific sensitization and exposure profiles of those children.
Inclusion criteria. Children and their families were eligible if the child had at least one overnight hospitalization or two visits to the emergency department for asthma during the 6 months before screening and had a positive skin test (wheal size at least 2 mm greater than glycerin control) (18) to at least one of 11 common indoor allergens: Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus (dust mite), German and American cockroach mix, rat, mouse, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Aspergillus mix (A. flavus, fumigatus, glaucus, nidulans, niger), Penicillium, cat (standardized to 10,000 BAU/mL), and dog (mixed breeds). Cockroach (German and American mix) extract was ordered from Bayer Corporation (Spokane, WA), and all other extracts were ordered from Greer Laboratories (Lenoir, NC). All extracts of each type were ordered from the same lot number. The specific allergens that were chosen were based on findings from the NCICAS (6,11) as well as other studies (2,19). In addition, the children had to live in a census tract in which at least 20% of households had a household income below the federal poverty line, and they had to sleep in the intervention home at least 5 nights out of every week.
Baseline data used to guide the design of the intervention. After obtaining informed consent, trained bilingual interviewers administered a baseline clinical interview to the child's primary caretaker that included demographics, asthma morbidity, characteristics of the home environment, and the child's exposure to ETS. Morbidity was measured by asking the caretaker to report on the number of days in the past 2 weeks that the child experienced wheezing, tightness in the chest, or cough; that the child's sleep was disturbed because of asthma; and the number of days that the child had to slow down or discontinue play because of asthma. In addition, the caretaker was asked to report on the number of hospitalizations, scheduled and unscheduled clinic visits due to asthma, and emergency department visits for asthma. Total unscheduled visits were calculated as a sum of unscheduled clinic visits and emergency department visits. The summary variable, maximum number of days of symptoms in the previous 2 weeks, was measured as the largest value among the number of days that the child experienced wheezing, tightness in the chest or cough, sleep disturbance, or slowing or discontinuation of play because of asthma. During the baseline clinical interview, children underwent skin testing (MultiTest II; Lincoln Diagnostics, Decatur, IL) (20) to the 11 allergens listed above plus three aeroallergens that varied according to the geographic region of the participating site.
Approximately 1-3 weeks after the baseline clinical evaluation, an evaluation was performed in the home of each child. Two trained home evaluators performed a visual assessment of the child's home that included general information such as type of dwelling and presence of animals and information about the family/TV room, the kitchen, the child's sleeping area, and the bathroom. Each room was assessed for cockroaches and cockroach stains, moisture or leaks, mold, musty smell, ashtrays, tobacco smell, type of floor covering, and condition of the floors, walls, and ceilings. In the child's bedroom, the evaluators determined the size and type of mattress and box spring, the presence or absence of impermeable mattress covers, the type of bedding and stuffed animals, and the presence and type of any air filtration devices.
Conceptual underpinnings of the intervention. Building on NCICAS, our primary goal was to provide the child's caretaker with the knowledge, skills, and motivation necessary to perform home environmental remediation activities. To enhance acceptance, the intervention was delivered by an environmental counselor, a culturally sensitive, bilingual resident of the community from which the participating families were recruited. The intervention was organized around concepts from several models of behavior change, particularly social cognitive theory (21-24), which emphasizes the interdependence of cognitions (attitudes, expectations) and behaviors. For each mitigation behavior in the intervention, we attempted to provide information to the caretaker on the efficacy of the behavior, model the targeted behavior, have the caretaker rehearse the behavior with feedback, establish that the caretaker had mastered the behavior, and increase the caretaker's outcome expectancies and self-efficacy for the behavior (25). These principles guided the development of the content and delivery of the intervention; at each step, the intervention included both education and demonstration of remediation techniques and required the participation of the child's primary caretaker.
Organization and tailoring of the intervention. The intervention had to address a number of allergens and be easily tailored to the specific exposures of each child. We targeted five allergen groups, furry pets (dog, cat), cockroach, dust mites, rodents (rat, mouse), and mold, as well as ETS, all found to be common in inner-city homes of children with asthma. The intervention was organized into modules so that the full complement of educational, skill development, and remediation activities required for any particular allergen group or ETS exposure could be delivered consistently to the child's caretaker. Moreover, an intervention organized as distinct modules could be easily tailored to the multiple and varied allergen sensitivities and exposures of each child. We culled allergen and ETS remediation techniques reported in the literature to be successful or proposed in current asthma management guidelines (12,13). These techniques were modified when necessary to increase acceptability and adoption of the recommended environmental control behaviors required by each module (Appendix 1).
So that the intervention could be quickly tailored to the needs of individual participants, the specific modules that a family received were determined by the child's allergen sensitivities and exposure profile. The child was considered to be exposed if either the caretaker reported evidence of the allergen or ETS in the home (e.g., seeing cockroaches, having a furry pet presently or within the previous 6 months, reporting that someone smokes in the home) or the home evaluator saw evidence of the allergen or ETS (e.g., cockroach stains, ashtrays, mouse droppings). These items were combined into an environmental risk assessment tool (ERAT) that organized and summarized the child's home characteristics, related those characteristics to the child's skin test results, and determined which modules and the intensity of the modules that the family would receive.
The first module, the safe sleeping zone, was organized around reducing all allergen levels and ETS in the bedroom and was delivered to every family. Because children spend most of their time indoors in their bedrooms, we focused allergen and ETS reduction activities there. Well-established dust mite remediation activities (Appendix 1) were essential components of this module. Although not all children were sensitized to dust mites, these activities reduce the overall dust burden in the room, thereby reducing exposure to all allergens found in dust. The other modules (cockroach, furry pets, rodents, ETS, and mold) each began with a review of allergen and ETS reduction activities in the child's bedroom and then addressed one specific allergen or allergen group or ETS in rooms other than the child's bedroom. Every family received the basic education component of the ETS module. The child's skin test sensitivities determined whether or not the family received the cockroach, rodent, furry pet, and mold modules. Families with children exposed to ETS or pets in the home received a more intensive version of the ETS or furry pets module (Appendix 1).
A team consisting of two individuals; an environmental counselor and an environmental interventionist, delivered the intervention. Two individuals were used to keep the visits within a 2-hr time limit to minimize participant fatigue. Only the cockroach module could take more than a single visit because it required several intensive activities. To ensure that the intervention would be delivered in a culturally sensitive manner, environmental intervention team members were bilingual residents of the communities in which the intervention families lived. At two centralized training sessions, team members were taught basic information about asthma, airway inflammation, and the role of allergens and irritants and were trained to follow a standardized protocol, to ensure uniform delivery of the intervention across families and across sites.
For each module, the counselor introduced the allergen to the caretaker and explained how it could make the child's asthma worse. Then the counselor educated the caretaker about ways to decrease the child's exposure to the allergen. The interventionist demonstrated remediation activities and helped motivate the primary caretaker by performing some remediation activities that the primary caretaker might have had difficulty doing alone, such as washing mold off a wall or cleaning heavy cockroach stains. The caretaker practiced remediation activities and received feedback and encouragement from the counselor, and together they made a plan for implementing the allergen reduction goals they established together. At the beginning of each visit after the first, the counselor reviewed with the caretaker the progress the family had made in implementing the goals and the status of any barriers previously identified. The counselor also worked with the caretaker to develop strategies to overcome those barriers. After the last intervention visit, the counselor reported on how well the caretaker implemented the intervention, barriers the caretaker experienced in implementing the intervention, and how interested the caretaker was in the intervention.
We ensured that the caretaker had the necessary tools and resources needed to mitigate allergens and ETS. All children in the intervention received impermeable mattress, box spring, and pillow covers (Allergy Control Products, Ridgefield, CT). Each family also received cleaning supplies as well as handout materials that included the family-specific goals they had agreed to try to accomplish for each module they received.
Because wall-to-wall carpeting is known to be a major allergen reservoir (26), we would have preferred to remove it from the child's bedroom. However, expense and apartment rental contracts prevented us from relying on this approach. All caretakers were given and instructed in the use of a vacuum cleaner with a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter (27,28). Intervention homes that had carpets covering 50% or more of the child's bedroom or the family/TV room received a HEPA vacuum cleaner with a power brush (model S434-I; Miele Co., Somerset, NJ) (29). If carpets covered less than 50% of both of these rooms, the family received a HEPA vacuum cleaner with a bare floor brush (model S312-I; Miele Co.).
A HEPA air purifier (model 293; Holmes Products Corp., Milford, MA) was placed in the child's bedroom if the child had allergic sensitivity to mold, mouse, or rat, had a smoker in the home, or demonstrated sensitivity to dog or cat and had an indoor pet presently or within the previous 6 months (30,31). The carbon prefilter was replaced every 3 months. The intervention team instructed the caretaker in the use and maintenance of the HEPA air purifier. Families were reimbursed for the estimated cost of the electricity required to run the HEPA air purifier continuously during the intervention year. In homes with forced air heat, filters were applied to the vent grilles in the child's bedroom (Vent-Pro; Allergy Control Products).
Intervention time line. The intervention schedule included five mandatory visits and two optional visits during a 12-month period. The first three mandatory visits occurred within 2-3 months after enrollment. All modules were delivered during these visits. The two optional visits occurred between months 3 and 6 if the counselor did not feel that the caretaker was successfully performing the remediation strategies of previously implemented modules or if one or more of the first three visits had been missed. The last two mandatory visits occurred during months 7 and 12 and were reserved for summarizing and reviewing the goals and mitigation techniques that had been addressed in the previous visits as well as for addressing any remaining barriers. Each visit except the last was followed by a telephone call to determine whether the caretaker was able to accomplish the goals that had been established during the visit. The call was also used to identify and address any remaining barriers and to reinforce the goals from the previous visit(s). If an optional visit was not made or if a mandatory visit was missed, the counselor called the caretaker to check on the implementation of the goals established at previous visits.
From seven U.S. urban communities, 1,059 children who met study eligibility criteria for asthma severity and residence attended a baseline clinical evaluation. Of these, only 65 (6.1%) had no skin test reactions to any indoor allergens and were therefore not eligible for enrollment. For another 57 children (5.4%), the caretaker did not complete the baseline home evaluation. Nine hundred thirty-seven children were enrolled in the study; 469 were randomized to receive the environmental intervention. The demographic characteristics and baseline asthma morbidity of the 937 enrolled children are noted in Table 1. Reflecting our efforts to enroll children from low-income census tracts, 60% of households reported an annual income less than $15,000. Caretakers reported that their children experienced an average of 6 asthma symptom days in the 14 days before the baseline interview.
The skin test results for the 937 children are noted in Table 2. Most children were sensitized to cockroach followed by dust mites and mold. Sensitization to each group of allergens except rodent was approximately 50% or higher. Moreover, more than half of the children enrolled were sensitized to three or more allergens.
The home characteristics of the 937 children are noted in Table 3. More than half the families live in apartments, and the average number of people living in the home was nearly twice the 2000 U.S. census average of 2.59 (32). Nearly all caretakers reported use of sweeping to clean the floor. More than half of the caretakers reported that the child's bedroom has wall-to-wall carpeting or large rugs, and approximately 30% reported that the child has a humidifier in the room and stuffed animals on the bed. The home evaluator noted plastic covers on the mattress in fewer than 17% of the children's bedrooms. There was a significant relationship between observing mildew in the child's bedroom and the caretaker's report of using a humidifier in the child's room during the previous year (p < 0.03).
Appendix 2 illustrates the items from the caretaker's interview at baseline and the home evaluator's observations, which were combined with the skin tests results into the ERAT. The ERAT was used to determine the modules and the intensity of the modules that each family would receive. Data on the home environmental exposures of the 937 children are noted in Table 4. Exposures are based on the caretaker's report. Additional exposures, not reported by the caretaker but determined by the home evaluator's inspection, are noted below the results from the caretaker's report. The caretaker's report appears fairly accurate for exposure to ETS and furry pets, but there was a greater than 15% increase in the number of homes with cockroach exposure and a nearly 25% increase in the number of homes with dampness or water leaks when the home evaluator's observations were added to the caretaker's report.
Table 5 displays the relationship between exposure to an allergen group reported by either the caretaker or the home evaluator and sensitization to that allergen group. For cockroach and rodent, children were significantly more likely to be sensitized if they were exposed, whereas this was not the case for mold and furry pets.
Table 6 shows the mean number of maximum symptom days reported for the 2 weeks before baseline by the number of modules required for a household by the ERAT. There was a significant relationship between the number of modules required by the ERAT and some measures of asthma morbidity, but not health service use.
Ninety-two percent of the 469 intervention families completed the number of modules required by the ERAT; 52.2% received an extra visit at week 13 and/or 17 to complete delivery of the modules; for 78% of these, the extra visit was needed because of a missed visit during week 2, 5, or 9. Table 7 describes aspects of the delivery of the intervention, including the percentage of households that were assigned by the ERAT to receive each module, the percentage of households that completed each module, and the number of modules delivered per household. Table 8 displays the environmental counselors' ratings of families' interest and success in implementing the intervention as well as the counselors' assessments of whether the family experienced any barriers to implementing the intervention. The counselors' assessments were made at the end of the intervention year and were available for 421 (89.8%) of the 469 intervention families.
The children in our national sample represent the population of inner-city children with moderate to severe asthma. We developed a comprehensive, multifaceted, home-based, environmental intervention. The intervention emphasized providing information about allergens and ETS and successful remediation strategies, modeling and rehearsing behaviors, ensuring mastery of behaviors, and increasing the caretaker's outcome expectancy and self-efficacy for the behaviors. Organized into modules, the intervention could be delivered in manageable doses and easily tailored to the specific sensitization and exposure profiles of inner-city children with moderate to severe asthma.
Our data confirm previous reports that a large proportion of urban children with asthma are exposed to ETS and to indoor allergens to which they are sensitized. Phase I of NCICAS (11) reported high rates of sensitization to cockroach among inner-city children, and sensitization to dust mite, mold, cat, dog, and rodent allergen was also common. The rates of sensitization and of multiple sensitizations in our population, however, are even higher than those found in NCICAS and other studies. Kattan et al. (11) found that 15% of children in phase I of the NCICAS were sensitized to mouse allergen, whereas this rate was nearly twice as high in our sample. Cockroach sensitivity was found in 68% of our sample compared with 36% of the children enrolled in phase I of the NCICAS (11). Compared with the present study, phase I of the NCICAS enrolled children with less severe asthma; approximately 10% had undiagnosed asthma. In ICAS, children had to have moderate to severe asthma and demonstrate cutaneous hypersensitivity to at least one indoor allergen. Only 6.1% of the children with moderate to severe asthma who were screened were disqualified by lack of sensitization to at least one indoor allergen, suggesting that children with more severe asthma have an especially high prevalence of allergy to indoor allergens.
The home environmental characteristics of our population reflect the presence of many factors believed to be detrimental to asthma. Nearly two-thirds of the children in this study live in apartments and in overcrowded conditions. Most caretakers use sweeping to clean the floors, which is not recommended for allergic individuals. More than half of the children's bedrooms have wall-to-wall carpeting or large rugs, and more than 30% have at least one stuffed animal on the bed. Nearly 30% have humidifiers. Few have allergen-impermeable mattress covers. Because ETS aggravates asthma (33,34), the finding that nearly 50% of households had at least one smoker suggests that this is an important target for environmental remediation activity. In addition, the high rates of characteristics associated with dust mite proliferation, dampness and leaks, cockroaches, mice and rats, and furry pets in the homes of these children suggest that a remediation program must be able to address all of these issues and that there is considerable opportunity for home environmental remediation activities recommended by the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program guidelines (12) to reduce asthma morbidity. The association between the number of modules required by the ERAT and some measures of asthma morbidity reported by the caretaker also supports the need for a comprehensive intervention.
For any recommendations to be effective, they need to be translated into specific actions that caretakers can understand and perform. Families have to be given opportunities to master the requisite allergen reduction behaviors through modeling, practice, and feedback. Delivering allergen reduction strategies by a culturally sensitive environmental counselor using modules built on the tenets of behavior change theory will maximize the likelihood of persistent behavior change.
The ERAT enabled us to combine the skin test results for each child with exposure data gathered from the child's caretaker and a trained observer to quickly identify the modules and module intensity required for each family. Without the ERAT, we would have had to base delivery of exposure reduction procedures solely on the child's skin test results. This approach would have wasted resources and likely disinterested the caretakers. The tailored approach allowed us to focus on the meaningful exposures in the child's home and help the caretaker learn techniques to reduce those exposures.
Little is known about whether families can identify environmental problems as well as a trained home observer. Table 4 compares the ERAT exposure findings based on the caretaker's report with the observations of the home evaluator. Overall, it appears that the caretaker is as good at reporting exposures to furry pets as is a trained evaluator and nearly as good at reporting exposure to ETS. Caretakers were less accurate in reporting problems with mice or rats and cockroaches, and 25% of homes with dampness or water leaks would have been missed if evaluation were based solely on the caretaker's report.
Social desirability bias may have played a role in the underreporting by caretakers of problems with mice and rats or cockroaches. It is also possible that some caretakers may not recognize evidence of cockroach or rodent infestation. The difficulty that caretakers appear to have reporting problems with water or dampness is concerning. Dampness is the single strongest predictor of respiratory disease, and dampness is a risk factor for wheezing (35-37). It might be difficult for caretakers to notice a musty smell that is constantly present in their homes or evidence of dampness or leaks (38). The home evaluators were taught to identify evidence of water leaks or dampness. Our data suggest that for certain types of exposures, the caretaker may be able to provide a reliable report that can be used to guide and tailor environmental remediation activities; however, assessments for cockroach and water problems and, to a lesser extent, rodents may require trained individuals.
The relationship between allergen exposure and sensitization is complex. In our sample of children with moderate to severe asthma, children were significantly more likely to be sensitized to cockroach and rodent if they were exposed, by caretaker report or home evaluator observation. However, as noted by Arshad et al. (18) and Platts-Mills et al. (39), there was little difference in rates of sensitization to furry pets by whether the child was exposed to a cat or dog in the home. We also found little difference in sensitization to mold by exposure to dampness, water leaks, or mold.
The intervention was designed to address an array of exposures in a population sensitized and exposed to multiple indoor allergens and ETS. Despite its complexity, the ERAT enabled the intervention to be tailored to the needs of the recipients. Although more than 60% of the families completed four or more modules, the length of each visit was not excessive, and more than 91% of families completed exactly the number of modules that the ERAT determined they should receive. At the end of the intervention year, the counselors thought that nearly 60% of families had at least one barrier to implementing the intervention, but for only 5% of families was lack of interest reported as a barrier.
Although our sample was not population based or random, every effort was made to enroll a broadly representative sample of children with moderate to severe asthma from seven U.S. urban areas. It is possible that caretakers whose homes required more environmental remediation might have been more likely to enroll in the study leading to an overrepresentation of home environmental characteristics detrimental to asthma. However, this was not a volunteer sample, and the high consent rate among eligible children who were contacted from hospital and emergency department visit logs and invited to participate suggests that this was not the case.
These data demonstrate in a national sample that inner-city children with moderate to severe asthma tend to be sensitized to multiple allergens and to live in homes with many conditions associated with allergen and ETS exposure. These findings suggest that an environmental remediation intervention targeted to inner-city children needs to address multiple allergens and ETS, to be flexible, and to be easily tailored to the sensitizations and exposures of individual children. These were our goals in designing a modular, education-based intervention, firmly grounded in principles of behavior change that focused initially and repeatedly on remediation activities in the child's bedroom and expanded from there to address other exposures.
Appendix 1. Essential teaching/action points of the basic and intensive versions of the modules. Safe sleeping zone * Provide overview of intervention in context of relationship of asthma to allergens and ETS * Describe how child's skin tests and exposures from parental report/ evaluators observations will guide intervention activities * Purpose of module: Make child's bedroom as allergen free and smoke free as possible * Apply mattress and pillow covers * Install air vent filtration covers where applicable; check for mold * Demonstrate vacuuming/damp mopping/damp dusting all surfaces * Encourage caretaker to adopt allergen reduction activities * Wash bedding in hot water at least every 2 weeks * Remove or vacuum carpets, damp dust every week * Freeze/wash stuffed toys * Develop activity goals with caretaker to continue safe sleeping zone activities Cockroach module * Provide caretaker education about cockroach behavior and integrated pest management * Demonstrate cleaning strategies such as shelf cleaning, sealing of nonrefrigerated food, countertop cleaning, mopping of kitchen, garbage and trash removal ** Remove visible cockroach stain and droppings ** Provide professional extermination services involving sealing of cracks and crevices, application of hydramethylnon gel baits and bait stations, hydoprene growth retardant Rodent module * Provide caretaker education about rodent behavior * Identify entry points with caretaker and seal them with copper mesh * Review and demonstrate cleaning and food storage methods as for cockroach module * Give family a HEPA air purifier for child's room and instructions in its use ETS module * Provide caretaker education about importance of avoiding ETS at home and in public places * Give all families "No Smoking/Lungs at Work" signs for home and child's bedroom ** Develop strategies with caretaker to eliminate or reduce child's exposure at home, primarily to keep ETS out of the child's bedroom ** Provide list of local smoking cessation programs if caretaker assessed as ready to change ** Give family a HEPA air purifier for child's room and instructions in its use Furry pet module * Provide caretaker education on pet allergens and their relationship to asthma * Provide caretaker education on avoidance of pets outside home ** If pet in home presently or within past 6 months, give HEPA air purifier and instructions in use ** If pet in home presently, discuss strategies for pet removal or pet avoidance. Pet removal is the goal; secondary goal is banning pet from child's room, operating HEPA air purifier daily, encouraging child to wash hands after touching pet Mold module * Provide caretaker education on sources of mold/moisture in the home (e.g., leaking windows, damp mops, plumbing leaks, humidity in child's bedroom, number of houseplants, moldy smells, visible mold on walls/woodwork) * Wash moldy surfaces with 10% bleach solution and instruct caretaker in preparation and use of solution * Discuss importance and methods of providing ventilation and not using home humidifiers * Give family a HEPA air purifier for child's room and instructions in its use ** Denotes component added to basic module to comprise intensive version. Appendix 2. Environmental exposure components of the ERAT. (a) Evaluator's Module Caretaker's report items observation items Safe sleeping Location of child's Type of floor covering zone sleeping area Presence of mattress Type of window treatments covers Type of floor covering Frequency and method of floor cleaning Frequency bedding is washed Type of heating and cooling Use of humidifier/ dehumidifier Presence of stuffed animals Presence of forced air vents Presence of plastic/vinyl bedding covers Cockroaches Report of cockroach Evidence of cockroaches problems Location of leaks/ Report of leaks/dampness moisture/mildew Use of extermination Problem areas that products/services attract roaches Rodents Report of rodent problems Evidence of rodents Report of leaks/dampness Location of leaks/ moisture/mildew Problem areas that attract rodents Mold Report of leaks/dampness Evidence of leaks/ Type of flooring moisture/mildew Type of heating and Type of floor covering cooling Musty smell Use of humidifiers/ dehumidifiers Presence of forced air vents Environmental Number of smokers in home Evidence of ashtrays tobacco smoke Frequency child is around Smell of smoke smoke Caretaker's smoking habits Furry pets Report of pets in home Evidence of pets in home Access of pets to child's bedroom (a) Responses to the items from the caretaker's report at baseline and the evaluator's observation at the baseline home visit were part of the printed ERAT used by the counselor to direct the module activities to the specific risks of each child. Table 1. Demographic characteristics and baseline asthma morbidity (n = 937). Characteristic Result Age of child (mean [+ or -] SD) 7.7 [+ or -] 2.0 Male (%) 61.7 Ethnicity (%) African American 39.7 Latino 40.3 Other 20.0 Caretaker completed high school (%) 69.4 At least one household member employed (%) 75.9 Household income < $15, 000 (a) (%) 60.3 Asthma morbidity (mean [+ or -] SD) In the 2 weeks before baseline Days of wheeze, chest tightness, or cough 4.31 [+ or -] 4.20 Nights the child woke up due to asthma 2.73 [+ or -] 3.71 Days the child slowed down or stopped play 3.96 [+ or -] 4.63 Maximum symptom days 5.99 [+ or -] 4.96 In the 2 months before baseline Hospitalizations due to asthma 0.16 [+ or -] 0.42 Unscheduled visits for asthma 0.92 [+ or -] 1.21 (a) Responses provided by 887 of 937 caretakers. Table 2. Allergy skin test results (n = 937). Allergen sensitivities Positive (%) Dust mites D. farinae 47.6 D. pteronyssinus 57.1 Either dust mite 61.8 Cockroach mix (American and German) 68.6 Rodent Rat epithelia 18.9 Mouse epithelia 28.2 Either rodent 33.3 Mold Alternaria tenuis 35.9 Cladosporium herbarum 18.1 Aspergillus mix 27.0 Penicillium notatum 13.0 Any mold 50.1 Furry pets Cat standardized (10,000 BAU/mL) 44.1 Dog epithelia (mixed breeds) 21.1 Either pet 49.4 No. positive skin test groups per child 1 20.9 2 28.2 3 26.7 4 15.2 5 9.0 Table 3. Home environment characteristics (n = 937). Home characteristics Percent Type of dwelling Detached house 29.1 Duplex/triplex 9.2 Row house 2.3 Low-rise apartment (1-3 floors) 29.8 High-rise apartment (> 3 floors) 27.5 Mobile home/trailer 2.0 Mean no. people in home 4.7 Mean no. rooms in home 4.9 Reported methods of floor cleaning Vacuuming 54.1 Dust mopping or dry mopping 28.8 Damp mopping 93.6 Sweeping 95.1 Child's bedroom characteristics Location where child usually sleeps Own bedroom 81.5 Parent's bedroom 15.2 Family/TV room 3.1 Other 0.2 Wall-to-wall carpeting or large rugs 54.6 Room or central air conditioning 33.5 Humidifier 29.9 Any stuffed animals on bed 32.8 Plastic mattress cover observed on child's bed 16.9 Table 4. Home environment exposures (n = 937). Exposure Percent Smoking exposure Caretaker currently smokes (R) 32.1 Homes with at least one current smoker (R) 48.2 Percent observed by evaluator but not reported by caretaker 5.7 Dampness/mold exposure Water, dampness or water leaks in past 12 months (R) 45.4 Percent observed by evaluator but not reported by caretaker 24.8 Cockroach exposure Problems with cockroaches in past 12 months (R) 57.8 Percent observed by evaluator but not reported by caretaker 15.3 Rodent exposure Problems with mice or rats in past 12 months (R) 39.5 Percent observed by evaluator but not reported by caretaker 9.0 Furry pet exposure Furry pets currently in home (R) 27.9 Cat 13.0 Dog 16.6 Other furry pet 4.7 Percent observed by evaluator but not reported by caretaker 2.2 R, reported by caretaker. Table 5. Relationship between exposure by caretakers' report or evaluators' observation and sensitization (n = 937). Percent sensitized Percent sensitized Allergen among unexposed among exposed p-Value Cockroach 52.6 74.6 < 0.01 Rodent 28.9 38.0 < 0.01 Mold 52.5 49.0 NS Pets (dog or cat) 50.4 47.7 NS Dog 21.6 19.4 NS Cat 44.2 43.4 NS NS, not significant. Table 6. Baseline asthma morbidity (mean [+ or -] SD) by number of modules required by the ERAT (n = 469). Morbidity measure 2 (n = 24) 3 (n = 154) 4 (n = 144) In the past 2 weeks Maximum symptom days 5.25 (5.18) 5.42 (4.60) 6.43 (5.02) Days of wheeze, chest tightness, cough 3.54 (3.95) 4.08 (3.96) 4.65 (4.11) Days child slowed, stopped play 3.79 (5.13) 3.78 (4.23) 4.08 (4.92) Nights child woke due to asthma 2.17 (2.87) 2.69 (3.36) 2.99 (4.00) In the past 2 months Hospitalizations due to asthma 0.42 (0.93) 0.14 (0.36) 0.18 (0.47) Unscheduled visits due to asthma 0.96 (1.37) 0.88 (1.13) 0.83 (1.18) Morbidity measure 5 (n = 92) 6 (n = 55) p-Value In the past 2 weeks Maximum symptom days 5.80 (5.02) 7.53 (5.10) < 0.05 Days of wheeze, chest tightness, cough 4.84 (4.74) 5.45 (4.94) < 0.04 Days child slowed, stopped play 3.31 (4.25) 5.30 (5.16) NS Nights child woke due to asthma 3.01 (3.91) 3.49 (3.91) NS In the past 2 months Hospitalizations due to asthma 0.15 (0.49) 0.25 (0.48) NS Unscheduled visits due to asthma 0.90 (1.20) 0.98 (1.30) NS NS, not significant. Table 7. Delivery of the environmental intervention (n = 469). Module Assigned (%) Completed (%) Safe sleeping zone 100.0 98.1 ETS 100.0 95.3 Cockroach 67.6 98.1 Rodent 33.5 94.9 Pets 47.8 96.9 Mold 51.2 94.7 Modules delivered per household (%) 0 1.7 1 1.5 2 4.9 3 31.8 4 29.9 5 19.2 6 11.1 Mean length in minutes of each visit ([+ or -] SD) 73.6 [+ or -] 27.59 Mean number of visits per household ([+ or -] SD) 4.7 [+ or -] 1.09 Table 8. Counselor's report of caretaker's participation (n = 421). Variable Percent Caretaker's interest in environmental intervention Very interested 38.3 Somewhat interested 60.5 Not interested 1.2 Caretaker's success in implementing the intervention Well 67.4 Not well 32.6 Barriers to implementation experienced by caretakers Any 59.5 Housing (structural problems) 29.9 Caretaker's work or job 28.0 Too little space in apartment/house 25.6 Financial problems 24.6 Caretaker's physical health 9.3 No interest in intervention 5.3
(1.) Mannino DM, Homa DM, Pertowski CA, Ashizawa A, Nixon LL, Johnson CA, Ball LB, Jack E, Kang DS. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance for Asthma prevalence--United States, 1960-1995. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 47(SS-1):1-28 (1998).
(2.) Institute of Medicine Clearing the Air. Asthma and Indoor Exposures. Washington, DC:National Academy Press, 2000.
(3.) Gelber LE, Seltzer LH, Bouzoukis JK, Pollart SM, Chapman MD, Platts-Mills TA. Sensitization and exposure to indoor allergens as risk factors for asthma among patients presenting to hospital. Am Rev Respir Dis 147:573-578 (1993).
(4.) Kang BC, Johnson J, Veres-Thorner C. Atopic profile of inner-city asthma with a comparative analysis on the cockroach-sensitive and ragweed-sensitive subgroups. J Allergy Clin Immunol 92:802-811 (1993).
(5.) Sporik R, Holgate ST, Platts-Mills TA, Cogswell JJ. Exposure to house-dust mite allergen (Der p I) and the development of asthma in childhood. A prospective study. N Engl J Med 323:502-507 (1990).
(6.) Rosenstreich D, Eggleston P, Kattan M, Baker D, Slavin RG, Gergen P, Mitchell H, McNiff-Mortimer K, Lynn H, Ownby D, et al. The role of cockroach allergy and exposure to cockroach allergen in causing morbidity among inner-city children with asthma. N Engl J Med 336:1356-1363 (1997).
(7.) Strachan DP, Cook DC. Parental smoking and childhood asthma: longitudinal and case-control studies. Thorax 53:204-212 (1998).
(8.) Ehrlich RI, DuToit D, Jordaan E, Zwarenstein M, Potter P, Volmink JA, Weinberg E. Risk factors for childhood asthma and wheezing: Importance of maternal and household smoking. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154:681-688 (1996).
(9.) Chilmonczyk BA, Salmun LM, Megathlin KN, Neveux LM, Palomake GE, Knight GJ, Pulkkinen AJ, Haddow JE. Association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and exacerbations of asthma in children. N Engl J Med 328:1665-1669 (1993).
(10.) Phipatanakul W, Eggleston PA, Wright EC, Wood RA. Mouse allergen II. The relationship of mouse allergen exposure to mouse sensitization and asthma morbidity in inner-city children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 106:1075-1080 (2000).
(11.) Kattan M, Mitchell H, Eggleston P, Gergen P, Crain E, Redline S, Weiss K, Evans R III, Kaslow R, Kercsmar C, et al. Characteristics of inner-city children with asthma: The National Cooperative Inner-City Asthma Study. Pediatr Pulmonol 24:253-262 (1997).
(12.) NIH. Expert Panel Report 2: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. National Institutes of Health Publication no. 97-4053. Washington, DC:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1997.
(13.) Bush RK, Eggleston PA. Guidelines for control of indoor allergen exposure. J Allergy Clin Immunol (Suppl) 107:403-440 (2001).
(14.) Call RS, Smith TF, Morris E, Chapman MD, Platts-Mills TA. Risk factors for asthma in inner-city children. J Pediatr 121:862-868 (1992).
(15.) Ehrlich R, Kattan M, Godbold J, Saltzberg D, Grimm K, Landrigan P, Lillienfeld D. Childhood asthma and passive smoking: urinary cotinine as a biomarker of exposure. Am Rev Respir Dis 145:594-599 (1992).
(16.) Eggleston P, Rosenstreich D, Lynn H, Baker D, McNiff-Mortimer K, Kattan M, Gergen P, Mitchell H, Ownby D, Slavin RG, et al. Relationship of indoor allergen exposure to skin test sensitivity in inner-city children with asthma. J. Allergy Clin Immunol 102:563-570 (1998).
(17.) Jones JA, Wahlgren DR, Meltzer SB, Meltzer EO, Clark NM, Hovell MF. Increasing asthma knowledge and changing home environments for Latino families with asthmatic children. Patient Educ Couns 42:67-79 (2001).
(18.) Arshad SH, Tariq SM, Matthews S, Hakim E. Sensitization to common allergens and its association with allergic disorders at age 4 years: a whole population birth cohort study. Pediatrics 108:E33 (2001). Available: http:// www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/108/2/e33 [cited 12 July 2002].
(19.) Halonen M, Stern DA, Wright AL, Taussig LM, Martinez FD. Alternaria as a major allergen for asthma in children raised in a desert environment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155:1356-1361 (1997).
(20.) Nelson HS, Lahr J, Buchmeier A, McCormick D. Evaluation of devices for skin prick testing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 101:153-156 (1998).
(21.) Bandura A. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavior change. Psychol Rev. 84:191-215 (1977).
(22.) Bandura A. Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986.
(23.) Clark NM, Backer MH. Theoretical models and stratagies for improving adherence and disease management. In: The Handbook of Health Behavior Change (Shumaker SA, Ockene JK, Schron EB, McBee WL, ads). New York:Springer Publishing Company, 1998;5-32.
(24.) Bandura A. Social Foundations of Thought and Action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986.
(25.) Elder JP, Ayala GX, Harris S. Theories and intervention approaches to health-behavior change in primary care. Am J Prev Med 17:275-284 (1999).
(26.) Platts-Mills TA, Vaughan JW, Carter MC, Woodfolk JA. The role of intervention in established allergy: avoidance of indoor allergens in the treatment of chronic allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 106:787-804 (2000).
(27.) Lioy PJ, Wainman T, Zhang J, Goldsmith S. Typical household vacuum cleaners: the collection efficiency and emissions characteristics for fine particles. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 49:200-206 (1999).
(28.) Popplewell EJ, Innes VA, Lloyd-Hughes S, Jenkins EL, Khdir K, Bryant TN, Warner JO, Warner JA. The effect of high-efficiency and standard vacuum cleaners on mite, cat and dog allergen levels and clinical progress. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 11:142-148 (2000).
(29.) Horak F. Clinical study of the effectiveness of filters in vacuum cleaners for reducing the concentration of dust mites in the household. Wien Med Wochenschr 145:1-3 (1995).
(30.) van der Heide S, van Aalderen WM, Kauffman HF, Dubois AE, de Monchy JG. Clinical effects of air cleaners in homes of asthmatic children sensitized to pet allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 104:447-451 (1999).
(31.) Green R, Simpson A, Custovic A, Faragher B, Chapman M, Woodcock A. The effect of air filtration on airborne dog allergen. Allergy 54:484-488 (1999).
(32.) U.S. Census Bureau. Census 2000 Summary Tape File 1 (SF1) 100-Percent Data, Table QT-H3: Household population and household type by tenure: 2000. Available: http://factfinder.census.gov [cited 12 July 2002].
(33.) Forastiere F, Agabiti N, Corbo GM, Pistelli R, Dell'Orco V, Ciappi G, Perucci CA. Passive smoking as a determinant of bronchial responsiveness in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149:365-370 (1994).
(34.) Martinez FD, Cline B, Burrows B. Increased incidence of asthma in children of smoking mothers. Pediatrics 89:21-26 (1992).
(35.) Maier WC, Arrighi HM, Morray B, Llewellyn C, Redding GJ. Indoor risk factors for asthma and wheezing among Seattle school children. Environ Health Perspect 105:208-214 (1997).
(36.) Slezak JA, Persky VW, Kviz FJ, Ramakrishnan V, Byers C. Asthma prevalence and risk factors in selected Head Start sites in Chicago. J Asthma 35:203-212 (1998).
(37.) Strachan DP. Damp housing and childhood asthma: validation and reporting of symptoms. Br Med J 297:1223-1226 (1988).
(38.) Dales RE, Miller D, McMullen E. Indoor air quality and health: validity and determinants of reported home dampness and moulds. Int J Epidemiol 26:120-125 (1997).
(39.) Platts-Mills T, Vaughan J, Squillace S, Woodfolk J, Sporik R. Sensitisation, asthma, and a modified Th2 response in children exposed to cat allergen: a population-based cross-sectional study. Lancet 357:752-756 (2001).
Ellen F. Crain, (1) Michelle Walter, (2) George T. O'Connor, (3) Herman Mitchell, (2) Rebecca S. Gruchalla, (4) Meyer Kattan, (5) George S. Malindzak, (6) Paul Enright, (7) Richard Evans III, (8) Wayne Morgan, (7) and James W. Stout (9)
(1) Department of Pediatrics (Emergency Medicine), Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA; (2) Rho, Inc., Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; (3) Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; (4) Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern School of Medicine, Dallas, Texas, USA; (5) Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; (6) National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA; (7) Respiratory Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA; (8) Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA; (9) Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
Address correspondence to E. F. Crain, 1W20 Jacobi Hospital, 1400 Pelham Parkway, Bronx, NY 10461 USA. Telephone: (718) 918-5817. Fax: (718) 918-7062. E-mail: email@example.com
The Inner-City Asthma Study was a collaboration of the following institutions and investigators (* principal investigators): Boston University School of Medicine--G. O'Connor, * S. Steinbach, A. Zapata, J. Cline, L. Schneider; Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Jacobi Medical Center--E. Crain, * L. Bauman, Y. Senturia, D. Rosenstreich; Children's Memorial Hospital--R. Evans III, * J. Pongracic, A. Sawyer, K. Koridek; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center--R. Gruchalla, * V. Gan, Y. Coyle, N. Gorham; Mount Sinai School of Medicine--M. Kattan, * C. Lamm, M. Lippmann, E. Luder, M. Chassin, G. Xanthos; University of Washington School of Medicine and Public Health--J. Stout, * G. Shapiro, L. Liu, J. Koenig, M. Lasley, S. Randels, H. Powell; University of Arizona College of Medicine--W. Morgan, * P. Enright, J. Goodwin, T. Garcia; Data Coordinating Center, Rho, Inc.--H. Mitchell, * M. Walter, H. Lynn, S. Hart, W. Tolbert, E. Nuebler; Allergen Assay Laboratory, Harvard School of Public Health--H. Burge, M. Muilenberg, D. Gold; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases--M. Plaut, E. Smartt; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences--G. Malindzak.
This work was supported by grants AI-39769, AI-39900, AI-39902, AI-39789, AI-39901, AI-39761, AI-39785, and AI-39776 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
Received 5 September 2001; accepted 15 February 2002.


text:
Ponderosa State Park
Phone: (208) 634-2164
Visit Campground Website
Sites: 172
Recent Rate: $25 8/2014
Latitude: 44.9502819256634
Longitude: -116.077938079834
These reviews are the opinion of an RVParkReviews' member and not the views of RVParkReviews.com
Date of Stay: August, 2014 - $25.00
Beautiful state park with good sites for large RVs. Our Verizon MiFi worked well, even without a booster antenna. Great walking trails in the park and the lake is absolutely beautiful. Spacious sites, a beautiful lake, a town close by that had everything we needed for an enjoyable stay. We would definitely stay here again when passing through this area. We camped at Ponderosa State Park in a Fifth Wheel.
Date of Stay: June, 2014 - $28.00
A very nice campground with ample spacing between sites. We have stayed in this state park numerous times and will continue to do so. Our site was hard surfaced and level. Utilities worked as they should and we had no problems. The campground was quiet and well maintained in spite of the state trying to cut every program to the bone. The Wi-Fi is a contract and if you want more than 20 minutes a day you are going to have to pay a fee for additional time. Three of the loops have water and electricity but no sewer but do offer a dump station. The other two loops offer full hookups. We camped at Ponderosa State Park in a Travel Trailer.
Date of Stay: June, 2014 - $32.00
Excellent state park with lots of things to see and do. We stayed in the Dogwood loop in a pull-through with electric, water, and sewer hook up. The site was paved and level with ample space between neighbors. A sandy area with fire pit is next to each site. Wi-Fi was marginal and did not work at all one night. AT&T cell service was non-existent except in McCall, then weak 3G most of the time. Too many trees for satellite, but with so much to see and do we did not miss the electronics. Restaurants, groceries and gas were available in McCall. Kayaking, hiking, biking was all great fun. We stayed 7 nights and would stay again. We camped at Ponderosa State Park in a Travel Trailer.
Date of Stay: July, 2013 - $35.00
As several other reviewers have said this is an excellent state park campground. The sites are well separated and clean. Our sites were very close to level and paved. We were in one of the companion sites which accounts for the slightly higher fee. If you have an Idaho RV or Idaho State Parks Pass make your reservations online for applicable discounts as the Reserve America site does not allow you to claim the discounts available. WiFi was good at our site. It is provided by a commercial service and you only get 20 min every 12 hours free, after that you have to pay. It is very easy to get into McCall, but not extremely bike friendly. The park offers a lot of good family biking and you can walk to the lake. Most sites are at least partly shaded. We will stay here again. We camped at Ponderosa State Park in a Travel Trailer.
Date of Stay: July, 2013 - $35.00
We live a little over two hours from McCall and have been camping at Ponderosa State Park for over 20 years. This is an extremely well-kept park that now includes five camping loops and 163 serviced campsites. The original three (Aspen, Blackberry and Chokecherry) offer water and electricity with a dump station along with restrooms and showers. The two newest loops (Dogwood and Elderberry) offer sewer connections at every site and several paved pull through pads and a large shelter area in each loop. You'll find an area with bathrooms and community showers. The park is situated around Payette Lake and campers can easily walk from any site to the lake. Ponderosa is gorgeous and located close to McCall which is a beautiful Idaho town. You won't regret spending time there. We camped at Ponderosa State Park in a Travel Trailer.
Date of Stay: July, 2013 - $25.00
Great state park and would stay again. Lots of room to move around, and close to town. All sites have ample grassy area and are overall very quiet. We were able to walk to lake play area or drive up the peninsula for a more isolated location. We camped at Ponderosa State Park in a Fifth Wheel.
Date of Stay: August, 2012 - $26.00
This is a great state park. Stayed in the newer section (Dogwood Loop) with full hookups and 50 amps electricity. Spacious sites, mostly shaded with lots of room between units. Very nice pull through sites and long back in sites. Bathrooms new and well maintained. Excellent biking and walking/hiking trails. Numerous beaches on clean, scenic Payette lake. Close to downtown for nice restaurants and shops. We'll definitely come here again. We camped at Ponderosa State Park in a Fifth Wheel.
Date of Stay: May, 2012 - $18.00
One of the nicest state parks we have stayed in. Large open areas, plenty of room between sites. Wi-Fi is not free. It is paid service. Restrooms and showers were always clean. Close to Lake. We camped at Ponderosa State Park in a Motorhome.
Date of Stay: August, 2011 - $22.00
Nice State Park. We stayed here on a weekend which was quite noisy from the park being full to capacity (except for the handicapped spots). We had a site with little or no shade, but finally when the park cleared out from the weekend, it was quiet. The reservation system leaves a little to be desired. The only sites that were empty were the handicapped sites which I don't know why they can't rent out after a specific amount of time being available to disabled people. They have companion sites which run around $44 a night and will accommodate two rigs and tons of tents. Reserve America charges a $10 booking fee if you want reservations, so this adds to the cost significantly if you are only staying for one or two days. Would stay here again if in the McCall area. We camped at Ponderosa State Park in a Fifth Wheel.
Date of Stay: July, 2011 - $25.00
This is one of the nicest state park campgrounds we have ever stayed in. On the picturesque Payette Lake, with a beautiful visitor center and beaches, bike and hiking trails, huge paved sites with tall ponderosa pines between sites, lovely town of McCall close by, and much more. We stayed in the full hookup sites, in loops a and b, with some of the longest sites ever. Two 40' motorhomes and cars can even fit in the huge companion sites available. TV with antenna and Verizon cells worked fine. Beautiful picnic pavilions and new bathrooms. Road into campground is very good. We would recommend this park to anyone. We camped at Ponderosa State Park in a Motorhome.
Date of Stay: June, 2011 - $16.00
We passed the RV section (full hookups) for a more secluded spot in the electric/water only loops. Decent roads in. Adequate for any size rig. Heavily wooded: couldn't get any Direct TV. Strong AT&T and Verizon. Pretty setting. 30 amp service good/water pressure low. Dump station if needed. Quiet. Close to lake. Good bicycle area. Close to McCall for supplies. Overall a very nice experience. We would return. We camped at Ponderosa State Park in a Fifth Wheel.
Date of Stay: June, 2011 - $28.00
We have stayed in the older water-and-electric loops before, but this was our first time staying in the newer full-service section just across from the entrance. Nice bathrooms and showers in a central building with 2 picnic pavilions (one for each side of this section). Very nice park with so many activities to enjoy set in a beautiful nature setting, and just a few minutes from the picturesque town of McCall and wonderful Payette Lake. Bring your bikes and enjoy this park and the town at a more leisurely pace. (Also bring the mosquito spray - it has been a wet spring!) Try to stay for 3 or 4 days and enjoy the central Idaho mountains! We camped at Ponderosa State Park in a Travel Trailer.
Date of Stay: August, 2010 - $28.00
I really liked this park. Very clean with spacious lots and good pavement. You have to be careful with big rig as rail fencing along road got me a little on the left side. I would definitely stay again and would like to spend more than the one night I had this time. We camped at Ponderosa State Park in a Travel Trailer.
Date of Stay: September, 2009 - $21.00
Beautiful new campground in the park with huge back-ins and pull-throughs. Spacious sites with great spacing between them. Has firepits, tables, and large spaces. Located about 2 miles from town on a peninsula on the lake. We spent 3 days, but could have stayed a week. We camped at Ponderosa State Park in a Motorhome.
Date of Stay: August, 2009 - $30.00
I generally agree with the previous posters but with one exception. Despite the tree lined environment, this campground is more or less a subdivision. That means that there isn't much space between sites. If your neighbor plays loud music or is offensive in other ways, you will be very aware of it. I was impressed with the cleanliness of the park, professionalism of the staff, and that all sites were level. Being surrounded by lake access is a bonus. We camped at Ponderosa State Park in a Motorhome.
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The Hylas and Stevens 47 are the same Sparkman & Stephens design built by the same yard in Taiwan, Queen Long Marine. Queen Long hired S&S to design the 47-footer for them right around 1981. Bill Stevens of Stevens Charters imported most of the original hulls, and they named her the Stevens 47. Later Queen Long Marine rebranded her as the Hylas 47 along with introducing other Hylas models.
The real difference between these two is the rig. The Stevens has a beefier rig. The Hylas 47's are high quality as well but just a little less robustly equipped. These Stevens models have become cult boats and rightly so.
The performance of these whether Hylas or Stevens is legendary. The hull shape and keel-rudder configuration make them surprisingly stiff and fast boats, well-balanced in any condition. A Hylas 49 model with a raised sheerline and sugar scoop stern is the current evolution of the 47.
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can you devide agapathus in late autume
greenfingers steve wrote (see)
Wait until it has died back-but remember they flower better when crowded and root bound.
I planted agapanthus tubers last september/october but having not grown them before I'm not sure when to expect to see some growth. I have alot of bluebells planted in the same area, do they look similar?
I planted some seeds back in Jan which have sprouted, Will pot them on as needed but not expecting any shows until next year.
alison11 wrote (see)
Mine are shooting now-small pointed tips about an inch high
I might have to bring some tubers back from Portugal this year..


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Michael Dixon
Ht/Wt: 6' 1" / 185 lbsPosition: PG
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Class: Senior
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Daiwa Sealine SG-3B w/Balanced HandleThe Daiwa Sealine Line Counter reels allow the angler to know exactly how much line is out for repeatable performance. The direct drive built-in line counter measures in feet. An automatic, self-engaging clutch allows the angler to merely crank the reel to engage the spool. A three ball bearing drive allows for smooth cranking while the Ultimate Tournament Carbon drag provides consistent drag pressure. A machined aluminum spool and the one-piece composite frame are corrosion resistant. These reels are rated for fresh and saltwater use. Features: • 2 Stainless steel ball bearings • Power mesh drive for maximum winding power • Machine cut bronze gears • Automatic clutch engagement • Anodized, high-tensile forged aluminum spool, super strong yet light weight • Direct drive built-in line counter (measures in feet) • Machined Aluminum Spool • Ultimate Tournament Carbon drag • One-piece composite frame • Choice of dual paddle handle or counterbalanced handle models • Helical Cut Gears • Spool Click • Model: SG47LC3B • Action FW / SW: XH / M • Bearings: 3 BB • Gear Ratio: 4.2 : 1 • Line Per Handle Turn: 24.4" • Wt. (oz.): 17.5 • Line Capacity (Lb. Test / Yards): 14/480 • Drag Max: 15.4 |
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- Easy To Use
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Comments about Daiwa Sealine SG-3B Line Counter Reel 47 Balanced Handle, SG47LC3B:
This is the best reel for trolling. I have been using this model for the last 15 years. As long as they are making them I will keep purchasing them.
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text: REGISTRARS: - Input your teams in the 'OFFSEASON' component of your registration, and register the team (regardless of the level of play) as a 'Recreational/NR' team status. This will give 'Club or League' registrars the ability to print rosters and passes as they become available. Also; if a player played in the Fall season, use the 'primary' registration (default). - Print 3 copies of the finished roster for each team. -1 copy to the coach -1 copy for league purposes -1 copy to be submitted by the Leagues to the District with the appropriate payment for processing. LEAGUE PRESIDENTS: - Collect a copy of the Spring League rosters for each team entering from your league. - Fill out the League Application with the total number of teams for each age group. (Both Advanced and Recreational) This form is located in the Important District Info webpage. - Submit a League check for the total fees for all teams from your league. - NO INDIVIDUAL TEAM APPLICATIONS WILL BE ACCEPTED AND WILL BE RETURNED TO INDIVIDUAL TEAM. COMPLETED BY LEAGUES ONLY. Thank you in advance towards making this an easy process so the Spring League can proceed in an efficient and accountable manner. It is greatly appreciated. |


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The Debian Project is an association of individuals who share the intention to create the best possible free operating system. This operating system that which is created is called Debian GNU/Linux, or simply Debian for short. Everybody in the internet may initiate a site and offer packages for the installation in Debian. A local administrator has to decide, if this public source may be trusted.
For Free Software development to work it requires a critical mass of supporters. Development without feedback prior to the submission of the final product is disadvantageous. The development of programs is not the main concern of a regular Linux Distribution. However, with the focus on Free Software and smooth local compilation, Debian considerably eases the contribution of comments and concise feedback of the technically skilled early adopters. Debian such helps to bring developers and users of applications together.
All members of the Debian project are connected in a web of trust, which is woven by signing GnuPG (www.gnupg.org) keys1. A central requirement to become a member of the Debian project is to have one's GPG key signed by an already accepted member of the Debian community. When Debian developers first meet in person, they sign each other's keys. Thus, the web of trust is woven.
Debian does its best to have every member profit of somebody else's work as quickly as possible.


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We are specialists in providing sporting activity classes to children of all ages in the South West of England. Feel free to browse our site and learn more about us and the activities we can offer you.
If you are a school, a parent or a potential new Karma-Active instructor, there are pages specifically of interest to you. Please feel free to contact us through the site's enquiry pages or phone us directly. We look forward to hearing from you.


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― Bimble, Monday, 7 May 2007 04:15 (7 years ago) Permalink
― stirmonster, Monday, 7 May 2007 05:06 (7 years ago) Permalink
― BleepBot, Monday, 7 May 2007 06:14 (7 years ago) Permalink
― jed_, Monday, 7 May 2007 14:21 (7 years ago) Permalink
― stirmonster, Monday, 7 May 2007 15:08 (7 years ago) Permalink
Album'z le4ked.
I can't help being reminded of Shampoo's Trouble every time the girl shouts :-)
― StanM, Thursday, 28 June 2007 12:38 (7 years ago) Permalink
Half this album sounds like Skinned Teen WTF! These guys have totally missed my radar until now but I think I really like this
― DJ Mencap, Friday, 6 July 2007 11:49 (7 years ago) Permalink
good album
― groovemaaan, Wednesday, 11 July 2007 11:31 (7 years ago) Permalink
good band but let's be honest, this thread would not exist if not for DFA endorsement
― sanskrit, Friday, 13 July 2007 02:02 (7 years ago) Permalink
i'm loving this but it's so odd and funny them being associated with DFA. there's osmethign about them that reminds me of ikara colt, a lot better. anyone remember the No Name "scene"? Yeh these dudes could have slipped right in.
― acrobat, Monday, 13 August 2007 15:56 (7 years ago) Permalink
Good in small doses, tedious over the course of a full album.
― n/a, Monday, 13 August 2007 16:31 (7 years ago) Permalink
One way to improve the album-listening experience is to shout questions back at the stereo, so it's like:
Hamworthy Sports and Leisure Center WHAT IS THAT?? is a sports and leisure center WHAT DID YOU SAY IT WAS CALLED? Hamworthy Sports and Leisure Center IS THAT A HOSPITAL OR SOMETHING? is a sports and leisure center OH, OKAY
― nabisco, Monday, 13 August 2007 21:05 (7 years ago) Permalink
The Youtube comments for their videos are hilarious- I don't know how something this innocuous can provoke SEETHING VISCERAL HATRED in so many people, but it does. IT ARE NOT REAL MUSICS, THEY JUST RIP OF THE WHIT STRIEPS
― Telephone thing, Monday, 13 August 2007 22:19 (7 years ago) Permalink
Hobnail boots! BOOTS? WHERE? On the escalator! THAT'S A TERRIBLE PLACE FOR HOBNAIL BOOTS! NOISY! Beeswax, beeswax WELL THAT MIGHT MUFFLE THE SOUND A BIT Down the radiator THAT'S WHY YOU SHOULDN'T LEAVE WAX ON HOT THINGS!
― nabisco, Monday, 13 August 2007 22:47 (7 years ago) Permalink
Oh god, now you've got me doing it...
― Telephone thing, Monday, 13 August 2007 23:07 (7 years ago) Permalink
― acrobat, Tuesday, 14 August 2007 11:16 (7 years ago) Permalink
this just sounds like a not-terribly-good Fall to me
― braveclub, Tuesday, 22 January 2008 00:34 (7 years ago) Permalink
They have all the little signifiers for "arty" neatly lined up, paradoxically making them really trad.
― Bodrick III, Tuesday, 22 January 2008 00:43 (7 years ago) Permalink
i like it
― electricsound, Tuesday, 22 January 2008 01:12 (7 years ago) Permalink
This is a good record.
― LaMonte, Monday, 13 February 2012 01:43 (3 years ago) Permalink
Does it sound like the Fall? Keep meaning to listen to this on Spotify but have not yet done so.
― curmudgeon, Monday, 13 February 2012 14:48 (3 years ago) Permalink
i played this a lot over and over again at first. it seemed to make the humor of it grate a little. maybe better to let it sound surprising from time to time?
― j., Monday, 13 February 2012 23:33 (3 years ago) Permalink
Just listening to it for the first time now -- great at four songs in so I'll take that as a sign.
― Ned Raggett, Thursday, 16 February 2012 15:24 (3 years ago) Permalink