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5 - 7 p.m. • Climbing Wall
$25 (covers equipment and belay certification exam fee)
This clinic is designed to teach the skills needed to pass a lead climbing exam.
Must be Top-Rope Belay certified.
Pre-registration required. Sign up at the Recreation Center front desk or call 963-3537.
The CWU Student Union and Recreation Center (SURC) will soon begin remodeling various sections of th

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November 1, 2012
Technicolor - Postworks overcomes Superstorm Sandy
NEW YORK — As it did to countless thousands of businesses in New York City and along the East Coast, Superstorm Sandy exacted a toll on Technicolor – PostWorks New York (www.technicolorpwny.com) and PostWorks, which operate three large post facilities in Manhattan. Although the companies suffered only minor direct physical damage, their facilities on Leroy Street and in SoHo were left without power in the aftermath of the storm.
At the time the storm hit, the three facilities were operating on all cylinders, providing editorial facilities and supplying post production services for dozens of episodic and reality television shows, and film productions. As most of those productions were shooting in the New York area, they, too, were impacted by the storm. All, naturally, were curtailed as the storm passed through, but many, spurred by deadline pressures, needed to get back up and running as quickly as possible once the immediate danger passed.
To resume operations, productions needed access to post services. Their dailies would need to pass through established workflows. Post teams that had lost several days' work to the storm needed to get back into editing rooms and color grading suites.
The staffs of Technicolor – PostWorks and PostWorks wanted to accommodate their clients, but faced daunting challenges. With the subway system out of operation and emergency traffic restrictions in place, simply getting to and from the facilities was difficult.
Communication was also problematic. Technicolor - PostWorks executive VP Domenic Rom took to texting staff as that proved more reliable than voice communication. Obviously, no work could proceed at the Leroy and SoHo locations until power was restored. Even then, servers and other critical systems would have to go through engineering checks to ensure they were operating correctly and no data was lost.
Sales and project managers worked tirelessly through this period, communicating with clients through any means possible. Conference calls, held twice a day, became a lifeline for the facilities, providing management, sales and operational staff with the opportunity to get updates, discuss issues and plan recovery. Some staff used a Facebook page set up during the storm to communicate with fellow employees.
On Wednesday, less than two days after Sandy passed, Rom learned that three television productions served by the facilities were planning to go back into production the next day. Rom arranged a conference call with members of his staff to discuss options. With power out at Leroy and SoHo, it appeared that dailies for the shows would have to be shipped to Los Angeles. However, Dana Bloder, director of operations at Technicolor – PostWorks, recalled that the facility had supplied a Technicolor Frame Logic location dailies processing system to a production in Brooklyn that had recently shut down. If that system could be retrieved and set up at the Midtown facility, perhaps it could be used to process dailies for the three shows.
"It was a crazy idea, but the more we thought about it, the more we thought we had to give it a try," recalls Rom. "We have a guy, George Love, who does deliveries for us. I texted him asking if he was available to go to Brooklyn the next morning. Then, I contacted Tim Hedden, the colorist for one of the shows, asking if he was available to do the work. We then contacted Frame Logic engineers at Technicolor in Los Angeles to ask for their help in configuring the system to do three sets of dailies in one night."
When Love arrived in Brooklyn the following morning, he found that the Frame Logic system was still powered up and configured to process dailies for the previous production. That required him to get on the phone with Corey Stewart, chief engineer at Technicolor – PostWorks, who talked him through shut down and disassembly procedures. Still, by late afternoon, the system was up and running at the Midtown facility.
"The first show came in a short while later followed by a second," Rom says. "At 8:15 the following morning I was handing a drive with dailies to a PA. Two hours later, we delivered the second set of dailies."
Power was restored to the Leroy and Soho facilities by early Saturday. Clients were clamoring to get back into their edit suites, but technical checks needed to be completed first. By Saturday afternoon, the Leroy facility had checked out and it resumed limited operation by 5pm. At 10 am the following morning, an online editing session was conducted at the Leroy facility. Online editor Samantha Uber, who came in for that session, had been forced to evacuate her apartment on the New Jersey shore and was living with relatives.
Meanwhile, Film Lab New York, a film laboratory managed by PostWorks and Deluxe, was also brought back on line after a part was flown in to fix a broken power supply. By the following evening, its crew had managed to process 36,000 feet of film dailies for a feature.
The situation at the SoHo facility was more complicated. "The SoHo facility fills five-and-a-half floors, most of which are Avid suites," Rom notes. "Engineers Graham Baquie and Matt Schneider were there most of Sunday night going through every Unity and ISIS server. They did spot checks on edit rooms to look at the files and make sure systems checked out."
By Monday, all three facilities were back up and running, more or less, normally. With some shows having missed the better part of a week, there was a serious backlog, but with most crews working overtime, it seemed they were more than up to the task. "Our people did an incredible job under very trying circumstances," says Rom. "This storm kicked our teeth out both on a professional and on a personal level, but we came back. We're here and we're working."
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President Barack Obama began his afternoon remarks at the White House by saying, "I realize that the last thing you want to hear on New Year's Eve is another speech from me."
But he suggested "progress" has been made on a "fiscal cliff" deal.
Read more...
Harry Reid, on the Senate floor, said that he just spoke with President Barack Obama, but that they do not have a "counteroffer to make" to Republicans:
"We did have conversations last night that ended late in the evening between staffs, this morning we've been trying to come up with some counteroffer to my friends' proposals," said Reid, saying he's had a number" of conversations with the president. "I don't have a counteroffer to make."
President Barack Obama issued an executive order to end the pay freeze on federal employees, in effect giving some federal workers a raise. One federal worker now to receive a pay increase is Vice President Joe Biden.
According to disclosure forms, Biden made a cool $225,521 last year. After the pay increase, he'll now make $231,900 per year.
The Treasury Department is telling its staff not to worry about the "fiscal cliff," an internal memorandum sent to all employees reveals. The memo, which is signed by the deputy secretary of the treasury, Neal S. Wolin, states that "there is no reason why both sides should not be able to come together" to reach a deal.
Spending will increase 55 percent over the next decade, if President Barack Obama's budget plan goes into effect. The finding comes from the Republican-side of the Senate Budget Committee, which notes that Obama's "Proposal Would Spend $880 Billion Over Already Projected Increases."
As the tax debate continues, Republicans have a good opportunity to contrast their own support for small businesses with the Democrats' support for big business.
Senate majority leader Harry Reid has adjourned the Senate to allow for a viewing of the Hollywood film Lincoln.
Senate Republicans propose initial $24B in Sandy aid, then adjourn to watch "Lincoln." Obama wanted 60B. — Joel Siegel (@joelmsiegel) December 19, 2012
Senate Republicans propose initial $24B in Sandy aid, then adjourn to watch "Lincoln." Obama wanted 60B.
— Joel Siegel (@joelmsiegel) December 19, 2012
CNN reports, "US President Barack Obama offered to back away from his position that tax hikes should begin at $250,000 in annual income, delivering a fresh concession to congressional Republicans as talks to avert the fiscal cliff intensified in Washington."
A day after complaining that the "fiscal cliff" negotiations are "getting boring," Nancy Pelosi was spotted yesterday afternoon skipping town.
She was comfortably situated in first class on United Airlines flight 1460, which was scheduled to leave Dulles Airport at 2:53 p.m. and arrive in San Francisco 5:57 p.m. A list on United's website of those who were on the upgrade standby list reveals that PEL, N. (presumably, Nancy Pelosi) was upgraded to seat 4F, a window seat in first class.
President Barack Obama won't touch the eligibility age for Medicare, Senator Dick Durbin told reporters. The AP reports:
Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, the top Republican in the Senate, blasted President Barack Obama for not leaving anything on the "fiscal cliff" negotiating table this morning in remarks on the Senate floor.
Senator Jeff Sessions continues to argue against the secrecy of the ongoing "fiscal cliff" negotiations with an op-ed this morning in today's Wall Street Journal. Sessions argues that the secrecy is inherently anti-Democratic, and similar to the "Russian Duma, where officials meet behind closed doors, put out the word, and the overwhelming votes materialize."
Journalist Bob Woodward explained this morning on CBS that "there's a civil war in the Democratic party":
"There's a civil war in the Democratic party," said Woodward. "You had Nancy Pelosi on, saying, oh, we're not going to change the eligibility age for Medicare. And down at the White House they very much want to do that."
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Medis Technologies Ltd. has announced that it has received an order from General Dynamics C4 Systems, a business unit of General Dynamics, to deliver five prototype fuel cell power packs and associated cartridges as power sources for 10 prototype tablet computers in support of the United States Air Force (USAF) Wearable Computer Power Program.
The aim of the initial project is to demonstrate extended field operation and the potential to reduce reliance on battery operation. The strategic intention is that the program will lead to a follow-on spiral development program with an objective of replacing the current ground air traffic control computers.
"The defense services continue to demonstrate their advocacy in applying fuel cell products to improve mission stamina," said Chris Marzilli, a Senior Vice President and Deputy General Manager for General Dynamics C4 Systems. "This Science & Technology initiative will equip USAF special operations forces with an enhanced Battlefield Air Operations kit, including an advanced computing platform with increased endurance for dismounted missions in an overall lighter, more deployable package".
Medis' current focus is on the advanced development, manufacturing, marketing and distribution of fuel cell products - the disposable Power Pack for the consumer (personal and professional) market and the refuelable military Power Pack. The disposable Power Pack is a portable auxiliary power source that operates and charges portable electronic devices, such as mobile phones, digital cameras, PDAs, MP3 players, hand-held video games and other devices with similar power requirements.
General Dynamics C4 Systems, headquartered in Scottsdale, Arizona, is a leading integrator of secure communication and information systems and technology, the company specializes in command and control, communications networking, computing and information assurance for defense, government and select commercial customers in the U.S. and abroad.
"This Science & Technology initiative will equip USAF special operations forces with an enhanced Battlefield Air Operations kit, including an advanced computing platform with increased endurance for dismounted missions in an overall lighter, more deployable package said Chris Marzilli, a Senior Vice President and Deputy General Manager for General Dynamics C4 Systems. The prototype also could have implications for multiple Department of Defense instruments and applications, including among other candidate products, powering the Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) Cluster 5 family of handheld and embedded software-defined radios."
General Dynamics C4 Systems plans eventually to be the prime producer, systems integrator and supplier of Medis Technologies fuel cell power packs and fuel cartridges to U.S. Military markets and will be supporting Medis in a product engineering capacity to tailor their commercial offering to address requirements unique to the soldier systems market.
Fuel cells work by converting the chemical energy of a fuel such as hydrogen, ethanol, or methanol in to electrical energy. While such fuel cell technology is being developed for a broad range of commercial applications, Medis' fuel cells are being developed for small scale applications. Fuel cells are a far more effective source of energy than today's batteries and can operate and charge a range of products.
Medis Technologies is involved in the development of advanced proprietary technology products primarily related to sources of clean energy. Medis' primary focus is on direct liquid fuel cell technology. In addition to its fuel cell technology, Medis' product pipeline, in varying stages of development, includes inherently conductive polymers, the toroidal engine and compressor and stirling cycle system. Medis has also developed the CellScan with many potential applications relating to disease diagnostics and chemo sensitivity.
More information can be found athttp://www.medistechnologies.com
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Launcher Update
Get the Desktop App for Battle.net Now
- All your games in 1 place
- Log in once
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I bet wow gets one :-)
shame. |
free to play compared to pay to play... hmmm
troll? shoo with your spam
There are no plans to add holiday-themed events to the game, at least not at this point in time.
so go play wow.
and a little reminder: D3 is not wow. arpg versus mmorpg... google it.
Edited by CLFX#2502 on 10/12/2012 15:40 GMT
failtacular! no event =.=
and a little reminder: Very true, we have even stated this before ourselves, but that doesn't mean that there can't be any similarities between the games though... if they make sense that is ;-) |
and a little reminder: and how would you organize a xmas event in diablo? put a xmas tree in new tristram? kill diablo on xmas eve and get a free santa hat? come on vaneras, the game needs improvement, you know this as well as i do. not some stupid holiday event.
Edited by CLFX#2502 on 10/12/2012 15:54 GMT
Please read the first post I made in this very thread:
My other comment was merely a statement that games can share features even though they are not the same:-)
Edited by Vaneras on 10/12/2012 16:04 GMT
i know my friend, i was just being sarcastic;-) no pun or offence intended. |
I will totally admit that I failed to pick up on the sarcasm, but I wasn't offended at all :-) |
SO NO XMAS EVENT THEN BLIZZ? Thank god.
Quite the contrary, it seems that there can be many similarities between the games, even if they don't make sense. |
Diablo Inspired WoW and there for i feel as though diablo is being left behind due to WoW being the game that generates the most prophit for blizzard. Im a original blizzard gamer with WC2 and D1-2-xpac and i always felt WoW was the main focus after it was released.
Actually Warcraft and Diablo inspired World of Warcraft.. .~*~.~*~.~*~.~*~.~*~.~*~.~*~.~*~.~*~.~*~.~*~.~*~.~*~.~*~.~*~.~*~.~*~.~*~. Original Post for Leveling your Paragon Levels Fast! http://us.battle.net/d3/en/forum/topic/7179478144?page=5 KrazyBosnians! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TM1JBAsjedc Keep on Gaming Diablo 3!! ~![ R.I.P. Ramo Memic ]!~
Edited by NeLLy#1854 on 10/12/2012 18:22 GMT
I guess im just jealous of WoW recieving all the attention and TV time over Diablo.
Money is the reason, pure and simple. Guess I'm the sucker for spending MORE at rmah on odd bits of gold to upgrade my 5 alts than I do on my Wow annual Pass !
Guess free to play is only if you're hardcore or don't care about gear (end-game IS about gear) or use programs to bot 24/7, or play the AH flipping items to cash out to paypal as some do. As I do like to have decent gear and have morals and honesty, I'm 'forced' to use the milking mechanic that Activision introduced, called the controlled drop rate route to the RMAH. |
i think they will do some 'maintenance' of 14 hours on xmas day.. :|
Is there a plan to add a freakin big dungeon? Not like these little caves and whatnots... These are so small it's not even funny. I mean a real cave where real men get lost! This is the only thing that some of us need ATM! Is this so hard? 133 years of development and these small maps is all we got?
Edited by Mlakarone#2927 on 10/12/2012 20:42 GMT
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Steam Achievements
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This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
In the last years, 3D-vision systems based on the time-of-flight (ToF) principle have gained more importance in order to obtain 3D information from the workspace. In this paper, an analysis of the use of 3D ToF cameras to guide a robot arm is performed. To do so, an adaptive method to simultaneous visual servo control and camera calibration is presented. Using this method a robot arm is guided by using range information obtained from a ToF camera. Furthermore, the self-calibration method obtains the adequate integration time to be used by the range camera in order to precisely determine the depth information.
Nowadays, visual servoing is a well known approach to guide a robot using visual information. The two main types of visual servoing techniques are position-based and image-based [
A typical approach to determine the depth of a target is the use of multiple cameras. The most commonly applied configuration using more than one camera is stereo vision (SV). In this case, in order to be able to calculate the depth of a feature point by triangulation, the correspondence of this point in both cameras must be assured.
In this paper the use of 3D time-of-flight (ToF) cameras is proposed in order to obtain the required 3D information in visual servoing approaches. These cameras provide range images which give depth measurements of the visual features. In the last years 3D-vision systems based on the ToF principle have gained more importance compared to SV. Using a ToF camera, illumination and observation directions can be collinear, therefore, this technique does not produce incomplete range data due to shadow effects. Furthermore, SV systems have difficulties in estimating the 3D information of planes such as walls or roadways. They cannot find the corresponding physical point of the observed 3D-space in both camera systems. Hence the 3D information of that point cannot be calculated by applying the triangulation principle. Another standard technique to obtain 3D information is the use of laser scanners. The advantages of ToF cameras over laser scanners are the high frame rates and the compactness of the sensor. These aspects have motivated the use of a ToF camera to obtain the required 3D information to guide the robot.
Some previous works have been developed in order to guide a robot by visual servoing using ToF Cameras. Within these works, a visual servoing system using PSD (Position Sensitive Device) triangulation for PCB manufacturing is presented in [
When a ToF camera is used, some aspects must be taken into consideration, such as large fluctuations in precision caused by external interfering factors (e.g., sunlight) and scene configurations (
This paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, a visual servoing approach for guiding a robot by using an eye-in-hand ToF camera is presented. Section 3 describes the operation principle of the ToF cameras and the PMD camera employed. In Section 3, an offline camera calibration approach for computing the required integration time from an amplitude analysis is shown. In Section 5, an algorithm for updating the integration time during the visual servoing task is described. In Section 6, experimental results confirm the validity of the visual servoing system and the calibration method. The final Section presents the main conclusions.
A visual servoing task can be described by an image function,
By imposing an exponential decrease of
First, the interaction matrix will be calculated when only one image feature (
To obtain the interaction matrix, the intrinsic parameters ξ = (fu, fv, u0, v0) are considered, where fu = f·sx and fv = f·sy. Therefore, considering these intrinsic parameters,
From (5) the coordinates of the image feature can be obtained as:
The time derivative of the previous equation is:
Considering the camera velocity
Developing the previous equation, an expression which relates the time derivative of the image features with the camera translational and rotational velocity can be obtained:
The matrix obtained in
Various previous works have studied the image-based visual servoing stability. In applications with commercial robots the complete dynamical robot model is not provided. In this cases, the system stability is deduced depending on kinematics properties [
In this section, a behaviour analysis of ToF cameras is provided. This analysis helps to define the methods to improve the depth measurement which will be used in the visual servoing system. A PMD19K camera has been used in this analysis. The PMD19K camera contains a Photo Mixer Device (PMD) array with a size of 160 × 120 pixels. This technology is based on CMOS technology and a time-of-flight (ToF) principle.
There are other similar cameras based on the same principle and with CMOS technology such as the CamCube 2 or 3 of PMD-Technologies and the SR2, SR3000 or SR4000 of CSEM-Technologies. The specifications and a comparison of the behaviour of these cameras is available in [
This type of cameras has some disadvantages [
In a visual servoing system with eye-in-hand configuration (
In previous works, some experiments were done in order to observe the evolution of the distance measured by the camera when the integration time changed. In those experiments from 750 images (an integration time offset of 100 ms between each image), a relationship between mean distance value,
As regards the amplitude measurements, the curve which shows the evolution of the mean amplitude can be computed from a set of images acquired using a nominal fixed distance (the same as the mean distance that was computed in
Pose the Robot in the initial pose and capture an image, I Compute mean amplitude: am Estimate the frequency histogram for am and fit it by means of K-S and A-D Tests in order to classify the scene according to look-up-table as near or far target
τmin is computed from zero crossing determinated by the fitting of the curve which represents the image at the maximum distance (min{ τmax is computed as the suitable integration time for obtaining a desired mean amplitude, ad, such as:
The amplitude analysis of
Once, the integration time values for final and initial camera positions have been computed, some intermediate integration time, τk, Fix the integration time as Compute the deviation error ea = ad – (am)0 where ad = max{am} according to a desired minimum distance. Update integration time following the control law
This way, some intermediate integration time values,
From the previous analysis, a method to automatically update the integration time is presented in this section in order to be applied during visual servoing tasks.
Considering c
Considering a pin-hole camera projection model, the point
Finally, the units of (17) specified in terms of metric units (e.g., mm.) are scaled and transformed in coordinates in pixels relative to the image reference frame, as:
The intrinsic parameters describe properties of the camera used, such as the position of the optical center (u0, v0), the size of the pixel and the focal length defined by (fu, fv). They are computed from a calibration process based on [
During a visual servoing task, the camera extrinsic parameters are not known, and c
The time derivative of
To make
Consequently, two estimations are obtained for the depth of a given image feature: one depth (
The algorithm for updating the camera integration time is summarized in the following lines: First perform the offline camera calibration to determine the initial integration time and
At each iteration of the visual servoing task:
Apply the control action to the robot:
Estimate the extrinsic parameters using virtual visual servoing. Determine the depth, Update the integration time by applying
In order to describe more clearly the interactions among all the subsystems that compose the proposed visual servoing system, a block diagram is represented in
The target used for the experiments can be seen in
The real distance between camera and target (background and objects) for this first experiment was
Applying the algorithm described in Section 5 from the initial and desired image features location, the image trajectory presented in
In order to perform the correct tracking, the integration time is updated at each iteration of the visual servoing task using the algorithm described in Section 5.
The image ranges shown in
In this case, a trajectory with a displacement only in depth is described. The initial and final positions of the features in the image are (68,51)(86,51)(68,70)(86,70) and (56,43)(93,43)(56,80) (93,80), respectively. The initial distance between the eye-in-hand camera and the object is 1,160 mm and the final distance is 560 mm by using the proposed control law, the robot is able to perform precisely the displacement in depth as
As described in [
In this experiment there are important variations in the distance between the camera and the object from which the features are extracted. The initial and final depths are 1,160 mm. and 680 mm. respectively, and during the task the depth arrive until 1,760 mm. Thus, considering a fixed integration time, important errors appear and the task cannot be performed. Therefore, the integration time has to be updated with the approach described in this paper, and thus the evolution represented in
This paper presents a new image-based visual servoing system which integrates range information in the interaction matrix. Another property of the proposed system is the possibility of performing the camera calibration during the task. To do this, the visual servoing system uses the range images not only to determine the depths of the object features but also to adjust the camera integration time during the task.
When a ToF camera is employed to guide a robot, the distance between the camera and the objects of the workspace change. Therefore, the camera integration time must be updated in order to correctly observe the objects of the workspace. As it is demonstrated in the experiments, the integration time must be updated depending on the distance between the camera and the objects. The use of the proposed approach guarantees that the information obtained from the ToF camera is accurate because an adequate integration time is employed at each moment. This last aspect permits obtaining a better estimation for the objects depth. Therefore, the behaviour of the visual servoing is enhanced with respect to previous approaches where this parameter is not accurately estimated. Currently, we are working in determining the accurate dynamic model of the robot to improve the visual servoing control law in order to assure the given specifications during the task.
The authors want to express their gratitude to the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for their financial support through the project DPI2008-02647 and to the Research and Innovation Vicepresident Office of the University of Alicante for their financial support through the emergent projects.
Evolution of the mean distance of the range image for two different scenes: (a) An object and the camera moved between 0.5 m and 1 m. (b) Four objects and the camera moved between 0.3 m and 0.8 m.
Evolution of mean amplitude, am, for the tests of
Polynomial interpolation applied to compute
Block diagram of the visual servoing system.
(a) Initial position of the image features and the eye-in-hand camera. (b) Final position of the image features and the eye-in-hand camera. (Trajectory 1).
Range Image computed for the integration time of 53 ms.
(a) Evolution of the measured amplitude when the integration time is not updated. (b) Evolution of the depth parameter when the integration time is not update.
Trajectory during the visual servoing task. (a) Trajectory of the image features. (b) Trajectory of the eye-in-hand camera. Experiment 1.
Velocities during the visual servoing task. Experiment 1.
Integration time values at each iteration of the visual servoing task. Trajectory 1.
Range Image computed for the integration time updated at each iteration.
Trajectory during the visual servoing task. (a) Trajectory of the image features. (b) Trajectory of the eye-in-hand camera. Experiment 2.
Integration time values at each iteration of the visual servoing task. Experiment 2.
(a) Initial position of the image features and the eye-in-hand camera. (b) Final position of the image features and the eye-in-hand camera. Experiment 3.
Image trajectory when
Trajectory during the visual servoing task. (a) Trajectory of the image features. (b) Trajectory of the eye-in-hand camera. Experiment 3.
Integration time values at each iteration of the visual servoing task. Experiment 3.


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Dowling, Monica
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This research was commissioned by the UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre as part of a larger MONEE (Monitoring Eastern Europe) project covering countries in transition – the 27 nations of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The MONEE Social Report combines qualitative and quantitative material in the 2005 Publication 'Children and Disability in Transition' (www.unicef-icdc.org)
This paper is concerned with analysing in depth the findings from the qualitative research as the basis for recommendations that keep the voices of children, young people, families and medical and social care providers at the heart of the policy process.
This research was conducted in three countries – Russia, Latvia and Bulgaria. The reason for choosing these three countries in consultation with the networking group included the issue of children's rights for children with disabilities in Russia which has been widely reported (UNICEF 1999, 2003). As the largest CIS country, Russia's influence in policy and practice in other neighbouring countries is likely to be significant. Latvia was one of the CEE countries who joined the EU in May 2004 and Bulgaria hope to join the EU in 2007. Thus these three countries are in different stages of transition. The organisations and systems for supporting disabled children are likely to be influenced by political and market transitions and these three countries are interesting examples from which to explore the concept of transition as it relates to disabled children and their families.
The theoretical model that informs this research is concerned with applying the social model of disability to families rather than individuals. The structures, policies and processes that cause frustration and disappointment affect the whole family not just the disabled child (Dowling and Dolan 2001).
The social model applied in this context aims to combat the past medical and educational ideology of 'defectology' – seeing children with disabilities as defective models – which has been evidenced particularly in Russia but also all other former communist countries (Grigorenko 1998). Defectology as a professional discourse has isolated children from their families and created hostility between medical providers and parents who believe that their disabled children have been taken away from them because professionals believed it was in the best interests of their child to do so.
Many of the challenges that are described by children, young people, parents and providers are challenges that need social policy not medical solutions. Medical solutions are also very important for these children. However equally important is the need for medical and social practitioners to work alongside each other, despite their professional and theoretical differences, to provide the best social, emotional and physical opportunities for children with disabilities.
Item Type: | Conference Item |
Keywords: | disabled children; social model; Central Europe; Eastern Europe |
Academic Unit/Department: | Health and Social Care > Social Work |
Interdisciplinary Research Centre: | Centre for Citizenship, Identities and Governance (CCIG) Innovation, Knowledge & Development research centre (IKD) |
Item ID: | 105 |
Depositing User: | Users 12 not found. |
Date Deposited: | 10 May 2006 |
Last Modified: | 20 Jan 2011 19:19 |
URI: | http://oro.open.ac.uk/id/eprint/105 |
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If you look for Billboard's (Top 10) chart information on Lil Wayne's latest single, or even if you read about the song online, you'll find a title that sounds like a plaintive plea for acceptance: "Love Me." Go looking for the video on YouTube—actually, don't—and you'll find the song's full title, which is neither plaintive nor a plea: "B‑‑ches Love Me." It's also shown that way on the track listing for the Lil Wayne album from whence it sprang, I Am Not a Human Being II. That three-word title alone tells us almost everything we need to know about the music it fronts. But because this is a Plugged In music review, I'm compelled to say a bit more. Just a bit, though, because vast lyrical swaths of Lil Wayne's misogynistic ode to sexual objectification are utterly unprintable. Guest rapper Drake boils down the essence of the obscenity-riddled song into this equation: As long as women are willing to have sex with me, it doesn't matter what critics say. But, of course, he puts a more vulgar spin on it. We hear, "Yeah, long as my b‑‑ches love me/I can give a f‑‑‑ 'bout no hater." Most of the song involves Lil Wayne's explicit, degrading braggadocio about various nameless, faceless, identity-less women who service him sexually … and endlessly, he'd have us believe. He repeatedly lets loose explicit descriptions of positions and bodily fluids, often relating to oral sex.Meanwhile, drugs and alcohol serve as mind- and soul-numbing lubricants. "P‑‑‑y, money, weed, codeine," Wayne brags, a surprisingly concise four-word summary of his entire musical catalog, actually. When one human sex toy dares to suggest she's interested in a real relationship with him, the result is arguably more tragic than the degradation he's already inflicted upon her: "She said, 'Cause I really need somebody/So tell me you're that somebody'/'Girl, I f‑‑‑ who I want and I f‑‑‑ who I don't'/ … She said, 'I never want to make you mad/I just want to make you proud." Wayne then replies with an unprintable reference to their just-completed copulation and tells her, "Then don't make a sound." Elsewhere, Wayne graphically details elements of his concubines' sexual anatomy, saying their willingness to surrender them to him disqualifies them from being treated as human beings. "Can't treat these hos like ladies, man," he says. Instead, Wayne and Drake et al act like pagan kings of old, using, abusing and disposing of women like so much worthless, meaningless chattel—and then dropping f-bombs on "haters" (a label I'll proudly bear in this case) who'd suggest that there's any problem with such a way of life. A postscript: Not surprisingly, the song's video reinforces the perception that Wayne believes women are to be treated as sex slaves. It features undulating, lingerie-wearing supplicants (some with bizarre serpentine tongues and snake-like contact lenses) writhing in cages, while others crawl suggestively toward Wayne on a bed surrounded by water.
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Comment on this storyDunedin - New Zealand battled their way to 40 for one at lunch on the second day of the first Test against South Africa on Thursday after they had bowled the visitors out for a modest 238 midway through the first session at University Oval in Dunedin.
Martin Guptill was on 16 while Brendon McCullum was on 18 at the break. Rob Nicol was dismissed for six when he was caught by Graeme Smith at first slip off the bowling of Vernon Philander.
The South African pace trio of Dale Steyn, Philander and Morne Morkel had been impressive in the hour they bowled to New Zealand's batsmen with a testing line and length despite not getting much from the wicket.
The visitors had resumed on 191 for seven with Jacques Rudolph on 46 while Philander was on four.
The pair compiled a 35-run partnership that had become a nuisance to the home side before Philander slashed at a short wide delivery from Chris Martin and was well caught in the gully by Kane Williamson for 22.
Rudolph, who had just brought up his 10th test half century, then holed out to backward point when he failed to get over the top of a full delivery from Doug Bracewell and was caught by Trent Boult for 52 in the next over.
Imran Tahir was the last South African wicket to fall, run out for 10 while attempting a third run on a shot to the boundary that was well fielded by Daniel Vettori.
Martin had grabbed three wickets in four balls after tea on the first day as the hosts took six wickets for 105 runs in the final session.
If South Africa sweep the series 3-0, they will take over the world number one test ranking from England. - Reuters
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Italian governorate of Montenegro
Governorate of Montenegro Italian: Governatorato del Montenegro |
Part of Yugoslavia occupied by Italy | |
Occupation and partition of Yugoslavia in 1941. The Italian governorate of Montenegro is shown in pale aqua in the southern coastal region. |
Country | Yugoslavia |
Occupied by Italy | 17 April 1941[1] |
Occupied by Germany | 26 September 1943[2] |
Part of a series on the
History of Montenegro |
Prehistory |
Middle Ages and early modern |
Modern and contemporary |
Montenegro portal |
The Italian governorate of Montenegro (Italian: Governatorato del Montenegro) existed from October 1941 to September 1943 as an occupied territory under military government of Fascist Italy during World War II. Although the Italians had intended to establish a quasi-independent Montenegrin kingdom, these plans were permanently shelved after a popular uprising in July 1941.[3][4][5] Following the Italian surrender in September 1943, the territory of Montenegro was occupied by German forces which withdrew in December 1944.
Prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (KSCS, later renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Montenegro had been recognised as an independent state for forty years.[6] Immediately prior to the creation of the KSCS in December 1918, the Kingdom of Montenegro was unified with the Kingdom of Serbia and ceased to exist as an independent state.[7] From 1922 onward, as part of the KSCS and then Yugoslavia, Montenegro was not a subdivision of the state.[8] In the period immediately after the First World War, agrarian reform resulted in some transfer of population from mountainous areas of Montenegro to other areas of Yugoslavia, including the Macedonian and Kosovo regions. This population movement also achieved a political goal of increasing the Serb population in those areas.[9]
After 1929, the Zeta Banovina (province) of Yugoslavia included all of modern-day Montenegro, as well as adjacent parts of modern-day Serbia, Kosovo, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina.[8] As in former Montenegrin states, the capital of the Zeta Banovina was Cetinje. In August 1939, ethnic Croat areas of the Zeta Banovina from the Bay of Kotor to Pelješac including Dubrovnik were merged with a new Banovina of Croatia.[10] The last Ban of Zeta Banovina was Blažo Đukanović, a former brigadier general in the Royal Yugoslav Army.[11] In May 1940, as a means of opposing the government, the Montenegrin branch of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croatian: Komunistička partija Jugoslavije, KPJ) advocated that Royal Yugoslav Army reservists demobilise, refuse military discipline, and even desert. In October of that year, the KPJ national conference heavily criticised this action by the Montenegrin branch of the party, and re-oriented the KPJ toward defending the country against "imperialist attackers".[12]
In April 1941, as part of the German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia, the Zeta Banovina was attacked, by the Germans from Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Italians from Albania.[13] The Italians moved through on 16 April on their way towards Dalmatia.[14] The Germans later withdrew, leaving the Italians to occupy the area. The occupation forces initially consisted of the 18th Infantry Division Messina,[13] which was part of the Italian XVII Corps of the 9th Army, which had its headquarters in Albania.[15] The 9th Army was also responsible for those parts of Kosovo and western Macedonia that had been annexed to Albania.[4]
Initial occupation[edit]
On 17 April, the commander of the XVII Corps, Generale di Corpo d'Armata (Lieutenant General) Giuseppe Pafundi received a message from the Italian viceroy in Albania, Francesco Jacomoni authorising him to set up a new government in Cetinje.[1] The following day he received a further message advising him that a "Committee for the Liberation of Montenegro" had been formed in the Albanian capital, Tirana, and would be basis of a provisional government of Montenegro.[15] On 28 April, Count Serafino Mazzolini was appointed the civil commissioner for Montenegro,[13] but subordinated to the High Command of the Italian Armed Forces in Albania (known as Superalba).[16] Elsewhere in Italian occupied territories, the installation of a civilian commissioner would usually have been a prelude to annexation, and some laws enacted by the Italians indicate that Montenegro was close to becoming an Italian province. Italian flags were distributed and flown, photographs of Benito Mussolini and King of Italy were displayed in public offices, and the Fascist Roman salute was made compulsory. Arrangements were made to form Fascist Party organisations, and strict censorship was imposed.[15] Italian bureaucrats were tasked to supervise the finances of public bodies, insurance companies and banks, and all schools were ordered closed until the end of 1941.[17]
On their arrival in Cetinje, the Italian forces had been met by the group of separatists known as "Greens" (Serbo-Croatian: Zelenaši), who called themselves the "Committee for the Liberation of Montenegro". This group was encouraged by the Italians to form a council to advise the occupation authorities, which was established by Mazzolini on 18 May.[18] The "Interim Advisory Committee" was "symbolically vested with civil powers", but the Italian military remained the real decision-makers. The Committee was to work alongside the Italian military authorities, who replaced the Zeta Banovina government, but appointed committees for various towns and re-activated the pre-existing bureaucracy. The Committee really only drew support from the "Greens",[15] who overestimated what the Italians were offering for their collaboration.[19] On 22 May, the "Interim Advisory Committee" was dissolved, but the former Yugoslav civil service authorities remained at their posts after they swore an oath of allegiance to Italy. On 19 June, Mazzolini was appointed as "High Commissioner", responsible to the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs for matters of civil administration in the occupied territory.[16] The Italians were "friendly and lenient" towards the Montenegrins.[18]
Initially, the Italians intended that Montenegro would become an "independent" state closely allied with Italy,[4] reinforced through the strong dynastic links between Italy and Montenegro, as Queen Elena of Italy was a daughter of the last Montenegrin monarch Nicholas I. They were relying heavily on information provided by a group of émigré loyalists of the deposed House of Petrović-Njegoš, that had ruled Montenegro for centuries prior to the union with the Kingdom of Serbia in 1918. They also believed that all members of the "Greens" who had opposed union with Serbia in 1918 wanted full independence for Montenegro, rather than a Montenegrin unit within a federal Yugoslavia.[14] In reality, the "Greens" consisted of two factions, one led by Krsto Popović and one by Sekula Drljević. Popović sought a fully independent Montenegro, but was willing to consider a separate entity within a federal Yugoslavia depending on the outcome of the war, and his group included some members of the Montenegrin Federalist Party. Drljević rejected the idea of the re-formation of Yugoslavia after the war, and was willing to work with the Italians to achieve independence.[20]
The Montenegrins quickly developed grievances against the Italians. These grievances mainly related to the expulsion of Montenegrin people from the Kosovo region and Bačka and Baranya, as well as the influx of refugees from other parts of Yugoslavia and those fleeing the Ustaše terror in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Montenegrin people also had grievances against the Italians regarding their annexation of important food producing territory in Kosovo and a salt producing facility at Ulcinj to Albania, and the economic damage inflicted on many Montenegrins by the temporary removal from circulation of Yugoslav banknotes of 500 dinars and more. There were three reasons the Italians had to be very wary of dissatisfaction among the Montenegrin people, the large numbers of unsecured military weapons following the collapse of the Yugoslav Army, significant numbers of former Yugoslav Army officers and men that had been repatriated following their capture during the invasion, and the strength of the KPJ in the occupied territory.[21] Around 400 former Yugoslav Army officers returned to Montenegro, along with many non-commissioned officers, civil administrators and communists.[22] During the invasion, the Yugoslav Zeta Division, composed mostly of Montenegrins,[23] had briefly counter-attacked into Albania, but had largely returned home with their weapons and equipment following the Yugoslav surrender.[22] In early July 1941, a senior Montenegrin member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the KPJ, Milovan Đilas, arrived in Montenegro from Belgrade to start the communist struggle against the occupying forces.[24][25]
Declaration of independence[edit]
Drljević and his colleagues were able to convince the Italians that if they created an independent Montenegro with Italian support, there would be little opposition.[24] In early June 1941, Mazzolini formed a consultative council consisting of 65 Italian-paid deputies who were willing to work with the Italian authorities.[16] In early July, the town and village committees sent their delegates to the National Assembly (Narodna Skupština)[19] in Cetinje in order to "declare the restoration of Montenegro". The declaration would abolish the November 1918 union with Serbia, Montenegro's relationship to the Serbian Karađorđević dynasty, and the Yugoslav constitution of 1931. It would also proclaim that Montenegro was a sovereign and independent state ruled by a constitutional monarchy.[16] When the members of the National Assembly realised that the declaration would result in a union of the Italian monarchy with Montenegro, and offered no real independence to the new state, nearly all of the delegates returned to their towns and villages.[19]
No member of the Petrović-Njegoš dynasty was willing to accept the throne, so the National Assembly decided to establish a regency. The declaration was passed by acclamation on 12 July.[16]
On 13 July 1941, there was a general uprising against the Italians, initiated by the Montenegrin branch of the KPJ. The event that triggered the uprising was the proclamation on the previous day of a restored Kingdom of Montenegro headed by an Italian regent and led by Montenegrin separatist Drljević and the "Greens".[25][26] The insurgents also included large numbers of Serb nationalists known as "Whites" (bjelaši), who "stood for close ties to Serbia",[26] and former Yugoslav Army officers, some of whom had recently been released from prisoner-of-war camps. Officers were in command with the communists doing the organisation and providing political commissars.[27] Serbs fleeing the Ustaše terror in Herzegovina played a significant part in the uprising.[28] The rebels seized control of small towns and villages in the early phase of the uprising. Amidst the worst of the fighting during the successful attack he led on Berane, then-Captain Pavle Đurišić distinguished himself,[29][30] and emerged as one of the main commanders of the uprising.[31] During the attack on Berane, Đurišić fought alongside communist insurgent forces.[32] The other main commanders included the former Yugoslav Army officers Colonel Bajo Stanišić and Major Đorđije Lašić.[33] The Italians were caught completely unprepared, and within a few days, Cetinje had been completely isolated from the rest of the occupied territory, and the occupation force had to call for support from its higher headquarters in Albania. The Italian Foreign Minister, Count Galeazzo Ciano was shocked by the uprising, and was concerned about the ability of the Italian Army to suppress it.[19]
The uprising was premature,[19] and a force of 67,000 Italian troops regained control over all towns and communication routes within six weeks, assisted by Muslim and Albanian irregular forces from border areas who provided flank security. The commander of the Italian 9th Army based in Albania, Generale d'Armata (General) Alessandro Pirzio Biroli, placed the commander of the XIV Corps, Generale d'Corpo Armata (Lieutenant General) Luigi Mentasti in command of all Italian forces in Montenegro, and gave him orders to crush the revolt. Pirzio Biroli directed his forces to avoid "acts of revenge and useless cruelty". Nevertheless, in crushing the revolt dozens of villages were burned, hundreds were killed and between 10,000 and 20,000 inhabitants were interned. For a while, the Muslim and Albanian irregulars were permitted to pillage and torch villages.[33] For the first few months after the uprising began, the insurgent groups included KPJ members and their followers as well as Serb nationalists, and the leadership of the groups was also mixed. Unlike the Partisans who had strong central direction from the outset, during these early stages the nationalists in Montenegro had little or no contact with the headquarters of Draža Mihailović, who would eventually become the titular leader of the Chetnik movement in Yugoslavia. Outside of coordination provided by KPJ members, the nationalists did not necessarily work together, even with those in the neighbouring district. Their motivation for fighting was mainly to protect their families.[34]
A split then developed between the communist leaders of the uprising and the nationalists that had participated.[35] The nationalists recognized that the uprising had been defeated and wanted to stop fighting, unlike the Partisans who were determined to continue the struggle.[26] During the autumn the nationalists contacted the Italians and offered to assist them to fight the Partisans.[26] Subsequently, the nationalists, including Đurišić who was popular in his own Vasojević clan of northern Montenegro, withdrew into the hinterland.[36] The focus of the nationalists such as Đurišić was to avoid provoking the Italians but to protect the mountain villages if they were attacked.[37] In northern Montenegro, there was a marked distinction between the communists and nationalists, with the nationalists having closer ties with Serbia and a "frontier" mentality towards Muslims. The communists wanted to continue with the revolution by turning against their class enemies, whilst Ustaše manipulation of the Muslims in the Sandžak and the expulsion of Serbs from the areas annexed by Albania combined to make Đurišić and his Chetniks impatient to continue with the uprising by turning on the Muslims and Albanians in the region.[38] The uprising continued to a reduced extent until December 1941.[27]
As a result of the uprising, the Italians decided to abolish Mazzolini's position as High Commissioner. On 3 October 1941, the territory was retitled the Governatorato del Montenegro, and Biroli was appointed governor with responsibility for both military and civil affairs. On 1 December, the XIV Corps was redesignated the Command of the Troops of Montenegro.[4]
Chetnik commanders for Montenegro[edit]
In early November 1941, a split developed between the Chetniks and Partisans in the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia. The leader of the Chetniks in that territory was Mihailović, who was soon to enjoy the support of the Yugoslav government-in-exile.[39] Once the Montenegrin nationalists heard about the split between Mihailović's Chetniks and the Partisans, there was an increased impetus for them to collaborate with the Italian occupation forces.[26] On 20 December 1941, Mihailović appointed Đurišić as his commander of all regular and reserve troops in central and eastern Montenegro and parts of the Sandžak.[40] Đurišić's appointment occurred when he travelled to Serbia in late December 1941 and early January 1942 to meet with Mihailović, and returned with detailed instructions which bore Mihailović's signature. These instructions included directives for "cleansing the Muslim population from Sandžak and the Muslim and Croat populations from Bosnia and Herzegovina" amongst other orders.[41] Historians Lucien Karchmar, Stevan K. Pavlowitch and Noel Malcolm believe that the document was a forgery made by Đurišić after he failed to reach Mihailović, who, because German forces in Serbia had mounted an operation targeting Mihailović's forces, had been driven out of Ravna Gora.[42][43][44] In contrast, historians Matteo J. Milazzo, Jozo Tomasevich and Sabrina P. Ramet consider the document to be authentic and attribute the instructions to Mihailović.[45][46][47]
Despite his possession of these instructions, Đurišić initially had very little influence on the non-communist elements of the Montenegrin resistance and was unable to develop an effective strategy against the Italians or Partisans in the first few months after his return to Montenegro. In early 1942, his Chetnik detachment became more active, especially in eastern Montenegro and the Sandžak against local Muslims.[48]
"Left Errors"[edit]
The Partisans occupied Kolašin in January and February 1942, and turned against all real and potential opposition, killing about 300 of the population and throwing their mangled corpses into pits they called the "dogs' cemetery". Due to this and other examples of communist terror, the Montenegrin population turned against the Partisans. Đurišić soon recaptured Kolašin and held it as a Chetnik bastion until May 1943.[49] According to more reliable sources, the number of persons killed in Kolašin at that time was between 16 and 38.[50]
Collaboration with Italians[edit]
In the autumn of 1941, the nationalists contacted the Italian occupation forces offering to assist the Italians to fight the Partisans.[26] In early February, Stanišić withdrew two units under his command from the insurgent front-line around Danilovgrad in central Montenegro, allowing the besieged Italians to break out and defeat the Partisans.[51] Soon after, Stanišić helped the Italians to re-take Nikšić.[52] By mid-February 1942, individual Chetnik units were concluding formal agreements to cooperate with the Italians. The first agreement was between Stanišić and the commander of the 48th Infantry Division Taro, and was effective from 17 February. Soon after, Đurišić entered into an agreement with Biroli regarding collaboration between Đurišić's Chetniks and the Italians in the area of operations of the 19th Infantry Division Venezia. On 6 March, an agreement was signed between Stanišić and Biroli. These agreements related to Chetnik action against the Partisans, for which they would receive arms and supplies from the Italians.[26] The Italian's primary aim in entering into these agreements was to minimise their own losses.[53] Initially, Stanišić referred to his forces as the "Montenegrin National Army", and claimed to be the Chetnik commander for both Montenegro and Herzegovina. In late February or early March, Mihailović sent one of his agents to join Stanišić, who began to coordinate his activities with the other significant Chetnik leaders in Montenegro.[54] On 9 March, a large group of former Royal Yugoslav Army officers met at Cetinje and elected Đukanović to command all nationalist forces in Montenegro. The election of Đukanović was accepted by Mihailović, and may have even been suggested by him.[26]
Between March and June 1942, the power of the Chetniks increased in Montenegro due to a combination of factors. Their agreements with the Italians was the first of these, along with the arms and supplies that accompanied the agreements. The other factor was the weakening of the Partisans, which was mainly caused by the impact of the "left errors".[55] During this period, Stanišić's Chetniks fought the Partisans in the Nikšić area alongside the Italians, and Đurišić's Chetniks did likewise in the Kolašin district of northern Montenegro. In May, Đurišić's Chetniks defeated the Durmitor Partisan Detachment, which was the last large Partisan unit remaining in Montenegro.[54] On 24 July 1942, a comprehensive agreement was reached between Đukanović and Biroli, which expanded the areas covered and ensured that the Chetniks in Montenegro could bear the brunt of the fighting against the Partisans. Specifically, the Đukanović-Biroli agreement stated that "the Chetniks were to continue uncompromising struggle against the Communists and were to cooperate with the Italian authorities in the restoration and maintenance of law and order". It mandated the creation of three "flying detachments" of 1,500 men each, commanded by Đurišić, Stanišić and the separatist leader Popović, and covered pay, rations, arms and support for their families. These detachments were already in existence and had been integrated with Italian forces during operations against the Partisans in June. The agreement also endorsed the pre-existing Committee of Montenegrin Nationalists led by Đukanović. The agreement stated that the nationalists had no political agenda except fighting communism and maintaining law and order and the well-being of the Montenegrin population.[53] The conclusion of the agreement obligated Đukanović's Committee to do everything in its power to preserve order and to fight anyone opposing the Italian occupiers.[56] Tomasevich states that given Mihailović had been in Montenegro for two months prior to this agreement being concluded, it is fair to assume that he knew about and was satisfied with it,[53] and Milazzo states that these accommodations with the Italians were sought with Mihailović's personal approval.[54] This agreement was consistent with Mihailović's aim of having an "army-in-waiting", that could turn against the occupiers, and with the support of the Western Allies, bring him to power. He had taken a similar approach with the "legalised Chetniks" in German-occupied Serbia.[57]
The Chetniks were important to the Italian occupiers as they controlled the hinterland and allowed the Italians to concentrate on maintaining law and order in the larger towns and on the major routes in the occupied territory. From June 1942 until around April 1943, the Chetniks controlled a very large part of the occupied territory. In addition to the 3,000 Chetniks in the two "flying detachments", the Montenegrin Chetniks had several times that number who were not "legalised" by the Italians, but were engaged in fighting the Partisans. Popović, the Montenegrin separatist leader and commander of the third "flying detachment", had been collaborating with the Italians from the time of the invasion, and continued to do so, having reached a fragile understanding with the Chetniks during the first half of 1942. Both the Chetniks and separatists tried to get as much support as possible from the Italians, which included the importation of food for the population who supported them.[57]
Šahovići conference[edit]
Between 30 November and 2 December 1942, Chetniks from Montenegro and Sandžak met at a conference in the village of Šahovići near Bijelo Polje. Three Chetnik commanders, Zaharije Ostojić, Lašić and Đurišić represented Mihailović, and the proceedings bore an official stamp.[58] The conference was dominated by Đurišić and its resolutions expressed extremism and intolerance, as well as an agenda which focused on restoring the pre-war status quo in Yugoslavia implemented in its initial stages by a Chetnik dictatorship. It also laid claim to parts of the territory of Yugoslavia's neighbours.[59]
Case Black[edit]
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Italian capitulation[edit]
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By 31 July 1941, the population of the occupied territory was estimated at 411,000.[60]
The occupied territory of Montenegro was far smaller in area than pre-Yugoslav Montenegro. At its core was a small area running south into the Sandžak from Berane, including the towns of Prijepolje, Bijelo Polje, Sjenica, and some villages around Tutin and Rožaje, incorporating a Muslim minority numbering 80,000. The Bay of Kotor was annexed as part of the Italian Governorate of Dalmatia, and the border between the Independent State of Croatia and Montenegro followed the Lim in the Drina region as far as Hum, then via Dobricevo to the Adriatic. Along its coastline and southeastern borders, Montenegro lost Metohija to Albania, including Bar, a strip of land north of Lake Scutari, the town of Ulcinj, an area northeast of Podgorica along the Yugoslav-Albanian border, and a significant amount of the Andrijevica district including Plav and Gusinje.[61]
Western and central Kosovo were also annexed to Albania, including the towns of Prizren, Dragaš and Pristina. Mitrovica and the Ibar River valley were incorporated into the German-occupied territory of Serbia, including the towns of Kukavica, Podujevo and Medveđa, and the Trepča zinc mines. Also included in the German-occupied territory of Serbia was the eastern Sandžak, incorporating Novi Pazar. In addition to the modifications to the western border mentioned above, some of the western Sandžak, Foča and Čajniče were included in the NDH.[61]
The territory was initially under military occupation, but the Italians initially intended to make Montenegro a so-called independent state with close links to Italy, and appointed Mazzolini as a commissioner to handle civil affairs. After the abortive declaration of independence and the suppression of the resulting uprising, Biroli was appointed governor of the territory,[4] which was known as the Governorate of Montenegro (Italian: Governatorato del Montenegro)[4][62] Biroli and his successor Count Curio Barbasetti di Prun were in full control of all military and civil matters in the territory.[4] For purposes of civil administration, the existing districts and municipalities of the Yugoslav system were retained "to avert administrative chaos", with Italians replacing authority at the Banovina level. [15]
Commissioner/High Commissioner[edit]
- Count Serafino Mazzolini (28 April 1941 – 23 July 1941)[13]
- General Alessandro Pirzio Biroli (23 July 1941 – 13 July 1943)
- Count Curio Barbasetti di Prun (13 July 1943 – 10 September 1943)
The administration consisted of the following districts, which retained the pre-existing Yugoslav civil service .[15] (Note: italics indicates only part of the old Yugoslav district was within the governate)
- Antivari (Bar)
- Andrejivica
- Berane
- Bijelopolje
- Cattaro (Kotor)
- Cetinje
- Danilovgrad
- Kolašin
- Mileševa
- Nikšić
- Novavaroš
- Plevje (Pljevja)
- Podgorizza (Podgorica)
- Priboj
- Šavnik
- Sjenica
- Štavica
Occupation forces[edit]
The 13 July – 12 August uprising was suppressed by Mentasti's XIV Corps, consisting of the 19th Infantry Division Venezia, 18th Infantry Division Messina, 5th Alpine Division Pusteria, 48th Infantry Division Taro and 22nd Infantry Division Cacciatori delle Alpi. The Cacciatori delle Alpi division was re-deployed to the NDH in September 1941, but the rest remained as a strengthened occupation force until December 1941, during which they fought off local attacks.[63]
From 1 December 1941[4] to 15 May 1943,[64] XIV Corps was designated Montenegro Command, and was headquartered in Podgorica.[65] In October 1942, Montenegro Command controlled over 75,000 troops. These included the garrison of the Bay of Kotor, which was formally part of the 2nd Army, but was under the operational control of Montenegro Command.[66] On 15 May 1943, Montenegro Command was combined with the 9th Army and the 2nd Army's VI Corps to form Army Group East,[64] but the deployment of the occupying forces did not change significantly for the remainder of the Italian occupation.[4] The uprising and later developments showed that the Italians were not able to effectively impose their rule outside of the larger cities.[67]
Occupation zone | Period | Division | Notes |
Northern zone
48th Infantry Division Taro |
December 1941 – August 1942
included Čekanje and Bar in the Southern zone |
151st Infantry Division Perugia |
August 1942 – September 1943
included Čekanje and Bar in the Southern zone | |
Eastern zone
19th Infantry Division Venezia |
December 1941 – September 1943
HQ: Berane |
Southern zone
5th Alpine Division Pusteria |
December 1941 – August 1942
HQ: Pljevlja, with garrisons at Nova Varoš, Priboj, and in the NDH at Foča, Goražde and Višegrad |
1st Alpine Division Taurinense |
August 1942 – September 1943
as above, less Višegrad garrison which was replaced by German forces in December 1942 | |
Kotor zone
18th Infantry Division Messina |
December 1941 – February 1942
HQ: Castelnuovo |
155th Infantry Division Emilia |
February 1942 – May 1943
23rd Infantry Division Ferrara |
May 1943 – September 1943
Northwestern zone
6th Alpine Division Alpi Graie |
March – November 1942
between Danilovgrad, Nikšić and Šavnik |
The occupation was a significant drain on the Italians as, despite the strategic importance of the adjacent Bay of Kotor as a naval base, and Montenegro's position on the route into the central Balkans, it was a food-deficit area into which they had to import 1,200–1,500 metric tons of foodstuffs every month.[68]
The main religion in Montenegro was Serbian Orthodox. There was also a significant Muslim population and a smaller Catholic one. The Serbian Orthodox Church was divided into the Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral and the Eparchy of Budimlje-Nikšić, both led by Joanikije Lipovac. Lipovac was killed in the aftermath of the war by the Partisans after trying to flee Yugoslavia in 1945.[69] The Catholic Church was divided into two dioceses, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bar and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Skopje.
- ^ a b Burgwyn 2005, p. 87.
- ^ Tomasevich 1975, p. 349.
- ^ Rodogno 2006, pp. 134–136.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Tomasevich 1975, p. 103.
- ^ Lemkin 2008, p. 590.
- ^ Morrison 2009, p. X.
- ^ Tomasevich 2001, p. 10.
- ^ a b Morrison 2009, p. 49.
- ^ Tomasevich 1975, p. 13.
- ^ Tanner 1997, p. 133.
- ^ Pajović 1977, p. 104.
- ^ Tomasevich 1975, p. 83.
- ^ a b c d Tomasevich 2001, p. 138.
- ^ a b Pavlowitch 2007, p. 72.
- ^ a b c d e f Rodogno 2006, p. 101.
- ^ a b c d e Rodogno 2006, p. 102.
- ^ Rodogno 2006, pp. 101–102.
- ^ a b Tomasevich 2001, p. 139.
- ^ a b c d e Milazzo 1975, p. 43.
- ^ Morrison 2009, p. 52.
- ^ Tomasevich 2001, pp. 139–140.
- ^ a b Pavlowitch 2007, p. 73.
- ^ Fleming 2002, p. 131.
- ^ a b Rodogno 2006, p. 53.
- ^ a b Pavlowitch 2007, p. 74.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Tomasevich 1975, p. 209.
- ^ a b Pavlowitch 2007, p. 76.
- ^ Milazzo 1975, p. 11.
- ^ Caccamo & Monzali 2008, p. 186.
- ^ Đilas 1980, p. 150.
- ^ Pavlowitch 2007, p. 75.
- ^ Morrison 2009, p. 56.
- ^ a b Pavlowitch 2007, pp. 75–76.
- ^ Tomasevich 1975, p. 156.
- ^ Tomasevich 2001, pp. 140–142.
- ^ Pavlowitch 2007, pp. 75–78.
- ^ Karchmar 1987, p. 386.
- ^ Pavlowitch 2007, pp. 78–79.
- ^ Ramet 2006, pp. 144–145.
- ^ Milazzo 1975, p. 46.
- ^ Tomasevich 1975, p. 170.
- ^ Karchmar 1987, p. 397.
- ^ Pavlowitch 2007, pp. 79–80.
- ^ Malcolm 1994, p. 179.
- ^ Milazzo 1975, p. 64.
- ^ Tomasevich 1975, pp. 256–261.
- ^ Ramet 2006, p. 145.
- ^ Milazzo 1975, p. 47.
- ^ Pavlowitch 2007, pp. 104–106.
- ^ Pavlićević 2014, p. 186.
- ^ Milazzo 1975, p. 81.
- ^ Milazzo 1975, pp. 81–82.
- ^ a b c Tomasevich 1975, p. 211.
- ^ a b c Milazzo 1975, p. 82.
- ^ Tomasevich 1975, pp. 210–211.
- ^ Tomasevich 1975, pp. 211–212.
- ^ a b Tomasevich 1975, p. 212.
- ^ Tomasevich 1975, p. 171.
- ^ Pavlowitch 2007, p. 112.
- ^ Rodogno 2006, p. 418.
- ^ a b Rodogno 2006, pp. 100–101.
- ^ Pavlowitch 2007, p. 113.
- ^ a b Thomas & Mikulan 1995, pp. 11–12.
- ^ a b Thomas & Mikulan 1995, p. 10.
- ^ Thomas & Mikulan 1995, p. 11.
- ^ a b Rodogno 2006, p. 433.
- ^ Milazzo 1975, p. 44.
- ^ Tomasevich 2001, pp. 138–139.
- ^ Velkonija 2003, p. 214.
- Burgwyn, H. James (2005). Empire on the Adriatic: Mussolini's Conquest of Yugoslavia 1941–1943. New York: Enigma Books. ISBN 978-1-929631-35-3.
- Caccamo, Francesco; Monzali, Luciano (2008). L'occupazione italiana della Iugoslavia, 1941–1943 (in Italian). Florence, Italy: Le Lettere. ISBN 978-88-6087-113-8.
- Đilas, Milovan (1980). Wartime. Translated by Michael B. Petrovich. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-694712-1.
- Fleming, Thomas (2002). Montenegro: The Divided Land. Rockford, Illinois: Chronicles Press. ISBN 978-0-9619364-9-5.
- Karchmar, Lucien (1987). Draža Mihailović and the Rise of the Četnik Movement, 1941–1945. New York: Garland Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8240-8027-3.
- Lemkin, Raphael (2008). Axis Rule in Occupied Europe. Clark, New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange. ISBN 978-1-58477-901-8.
- Malcolm, Noel (1994). Bosnia: A Short History. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-5520-4.
- Milazzo, Matteo J. (1975). The Chetnik Movement & the Yugoslav Resistance. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-1589-8.
- Morrison, Kenneth (2009). Montenegro: A Modern History. New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-710-8.
- Pajović, Radoje (1977). Kontrarevolucija u Crnoj Gori: Četnički i federalistički pokret 1941–1945 (in Serbo-Croatian). Cetinje, Yugoslavia: Obod.
- Pavlićević, Veselin-Mitko (2014). "Lijeve greške" Milovana Đilasa ili partijski silogizam ["Leftist errors" of Milovan Đilas, or Party Syllogism] (PDF) (in Serbo-Croatian) (Ličnost i djelo Milovana Đilasa; Zbornik radova s međunarodnog naučnog simpozijuma ed.). Nikšić: Filozofski fakultet Nikšić. ISBN 978-86-7798-082-5.
- Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2007). Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-1-85065-895-5.
- Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34656-8.
- Rodogno, Davide (2006). Fascism's European Empire: Italian Occupation During the Second World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84515-1.
- Tanner, Marcus (1997). Croatia: A Nation Forged in War. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-06933-4.
- Thomas, Nigel; Mikulan, Krunoslav (1995). Axis Forces in Yugoslavia 1941–45. New York: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-473-2.
- Tomasevich, Jozo (1975). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0857-9.
- Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3615-2.
- Velkonija, Mitja (2003). Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-58544-226-3.


text:
Explore Noord-Holland Haarlem and around Marken Volendam Edam Hoorn Enkhuizen Het Gooi Texel Zaandam Share Stroll back from the church along Matthijs Tinxgracht, just to the west of Grote Kerkstraat, and you soon reach Jan Niuewenhuizenplein, site of the summer cheese market. It's overlooked by the Kaaswaag, where they used to weigh the cheese, whose decorative panels feature the town's coat of arms, a bull on a red field with three stars. It's a good deal humbler than Alkmaar's market, but follows the same format, with the cheeses laid out in rows before buyers sample them. Once a cheese has been purchased, the cheese porters, dressed in traditional white costumes and straw boaters, spring into action, carrying them off on their gondola-like trays.
More about Netherlands Explore Netherlands Amsterdam Noord-Holland Zuid-Holland and Utrecht The eastern Netherlands The south and Zeeland The North and the Frisian Islands Inspiration Things not to miss Explore Netherlands Itineraries Features Gallery Where Next? Check out The North and the Frisian Islands Book a hostel in Netherlands Latest Discussion Essentials Essentials Fact file Getting there Getting around Accommodation Food and drink The media Festivals and events Sports and outdoor activities Culture and etiquette Travel essentials


text:
Have a Question?
Test your Street Fighter Alpha 3 Max knowlege! | |
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You must go through "Arcade Mode" once. Next, go to the character select screen, then select over to M.Bison or Balrog and enter "Select." | ||
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text:
City and Borough of Juneau |
Juneau Police DepartmentQuestions Posted to "Ask a Dispatcher"Q. Is Facebook a viable means of gathering evidence from a missing persons/ runaway case? I have a friend who is a mutual friend of one of the younger people on the current list, and they have updated their Facebook status within the past month. Dear Juneau Resident,


text:
The London, Ontario police received some tips yesterday about the identity of the person who threw a banana onto the ice when Wayne Simmonds of the Flyers was competing in the shootout last week. On Wednesday, the department leviedcharges on 26-year-old Christopher Moorehouse under the trespass to property act, a provincial statute. John Matisz, writer for the London Community News, first reported from the police briefing.
Frank Seravalli at the Philadelphia Daily News had more.
"Mr.Moorhouse has been served with a part three summons, and if convicted of this offence -- could be liable to a fine of not more than $2,000," police chief Brad Duncan said. "This is a provincial offense and not a criminal charge, and will be dealt with in the provincial offenses court.
The fine is little comparted to the shame and ridicule Moorehouse will receive for having committed the act with racial undertones, considering Simmonds is black. On that front, the London police decided against charging Moorehouse with a hate crime.
"We took a very, very careful look at the circumstances and in this particular case it did not meet the threshold of a hate crime," Duncan said. "You have to demonstrate the incident was motivated by hatred - but the circumstances, and the statements that we've received, would not meet that threshold of a hate crime."
The Flyers soon released a statement after the arrest, thanking the London police for pursuing the case.
"We would like to express our gratitude to the City of London, the police department and the many fans who came forward with information leading to this arrest," team president Peter Luukko said. "We fully support the efforts to prosecute this individual. We have zero tolerance when it comes to this type of foolish behaviour. We will not tolerate it at the John Labatt Centre nor any of the other facilities we manage. The Philadelphia Flyers look forward to our annual preseason game next fall and playing again in our home away from home, the John Labatt Centre."
Moorehouse has retained council, according to the London police. Moreover, the "individual has indicated he is sorry" for the incident. I'd imagine so.
"I want the public to let him have his day in court ... we don't want individuals deciding to take action," Duncan said.
The court process might still have some time to go, but the court of public opinion won't likely wait. Moorehouse will have to deal with that part himself.
Photo: AM980 News Talk
For more hockey news, rumors and analysis, follow @EyeOnHockey and @BrianStubitsNHL on Twitter.


text:
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text: The Old Bisbee Ghost Tour begins at 7:00 pm MST on Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday and Monday evenings. The tour lasts approximately an hour and a half. If our 7pm tour sells out an additional tour will be added. Reservations for all tours OR Save $2 a ticket by making your reservations online! Adults - $15.00 MAKE YOUR RESERVATIONS ONLINE AND SAVE $2 PER TICKET! Online Prices Adults - $13.00 The Old Bisbee Ghost Tour is a walking tour consisting of hills, steps, After reservations are made online you will receive a confirmation e mail with our meeting location. Baby Strollers are not recommended on the Ghost Tour due to the hills and steps. Please click here for our Well Behaved Children Policy YES! The Old Bisbee Ghost Tour is Dog Friendly! Barney our Offical K-9 Mascot asks that your dog be kept on a leash or can be carried for the duration of the tour. We accept Visa and Mastercard. Please CLICK HERE for our Credit Card Policy! |


text:
Medicine (band)
This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2013) |
Medicine | |
Origin | Los Angeles, California, United States |
Genres | Alternative rock, shoegaze, noise pop |
Years active | 1990 | –1995 , 2003 , 2013 -present
Labels | Creation, American, Wall of Sound, Captured Tracks |
Associated acts | Lusk |
Members | Brad Laner Beth Thompson Jim Goodall |
Past members | Shannon Lee Matt Devine Eddie Ruscha Jim Putnam Justin Meldal-Johnsen Bernard Yin Dean Opseth Annette Zilinskas Marianne Grubbs |
Medicine are an American alternative rock band, formed in Los Angeles, California in 1990 by guitarist/keyboardist Brad Laner.[1]
They are perhaps best known for their cameo appearance in the 1994 film The Crow, in which they performed "Time Baby 3", a track that features guest vocals from the Cocteau Twins' Elizabeth Fraser.
Medicine was formed by ex-Savage Republic drummer Brad Laner,[2] based on some 4-track recordings Laner was working on in 1990. After playing the tapes for music industry representatives, he was told that if he formed a band that sounded like the tapes, he could get a record deal. Laner then assembled a band of musicians from the Los Angeles music scene. Medicine's early lineup included Laner, drummer Jim Goodall (Severed Head in a Bag, Jon Wayne, Lopez Beatles), guitarist Jim Putnam, bassist Eddie Ruscha and singer Annette Zilinskas (an original member of The Bangles). Putnam, Ruscha and Zilinskas eventually left; the latter was replaced by former Fourwaycross singer Beth Thompson. On the basis of the original demo, the band were signed to Creation Records, becoming the first American band to do so. In America, Medicine signed to Rick Rubin's American Recordings label in 1992. With a signature guitar tone, created by running guitarist's Brad Laner's guitar through a Yamaha 4-track recorder, Medicine's music managed to distinguish itself from some of the more ambiguous endeavours of the shoegazing movement.
Their first album, Shot Forth Self Living, was released in 1992. It received airplay on college radio and coverage in alternative newspapers, with even a few of their videos played on MTV.
Their second album, The Buried Life, was released the following year, and gained Medicine more mainstream attention, including coverage in magazines like Creem.
The final album with the original lineup was Her Highness, released in 1995. The band broke up soon after.
Medicine reformed briefly in 2003, solely as a duo including Laner and Shannon Lee, the daughter of actor Bruce Lee. They released one album, The Mechanical Forces of Love.
The band's original lineup later reformed again and signed with the Captured Tracks label. Medicine released a new studio album, To the Happy Few, in July 2013, preceded by the single "Long as the Sun". On October 27, 2014, they released their sixth studio album, Home Everywhere.
Pitchfork has hailed Medicine as the closest thing to being an American answer to My Bloody Valentine.[3]
In 2012, Captured Tracks reissued Medicine's first two albums, 1992's Shot Forth Self Living and 1993's The Buried Life, with bonus material and rarities, as part of their Shoegaze Archive series.
Studio Albums[edit]
- Shot Forth Self Living (Def American/Creation, 1992)
- The Buried Life (American, 1993)
- Her Highness (American, 1995)
- The Mechanical Forces of Love (Wall of Sound/Astralwerks, 2003)
- To the Happy Few (Captured Tracks, 2013)
- Home Everywhere (Captured Tracks, 2014)
Singles and EPs[edit]
- "Aruca" (Creation 1992)
- "5ive" (Creation, 1993)
- "Never Click" (Beggars Banquet, 1993)
- Sounds of Medicine EP (American, 1994)
- "Time Baby 3" (American, 1994)
- "Candy Candy" (American, 1995)
- "Off the Vine" double 7" (Ectoplasm, 1995)
- Wet on Wet EP (Wall of Sound, 2002)
- "I Smile to My Eyes" (Wall of Sound, 2003)
- "As You Do" (Wall of Sound, 2004)
- "Time Baby 2" (Captured Tracks, 2011)
- "Long as the Sun" (Captured Tracks, 2013)
Live Albums[edit]
- Always Starting to Stop (Captured Tracks, 2012)
- In Session (Captured Tracks, 2013)
- Remains 1992-1995 (self-released, 2011)
- Box Set (Captured Tracks, 2012)
Compilation appearances[edit]
- "Miss Drugstore" on Creation: Indie-Pop's Been Good to Us (Indiecator, 1992)
- "Never Click" on Particle Theory (Warner Bros., 1993)
- "Time Baby III" on The Crow (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) (Atlantic, 1994)
- "Slut" on The Doom Generation - Music from the Motion Picture (American, 1995)
- "One More Night" on Tigerbeat6 Inc. (Tigerbeat6, 2001)
- "I Smile To My Eyes" on Labels Series (Labels, 2003)
- "As You Do" and "I Smile to My Eyes (Themroc Mix)" on Off The Wall - 10 Years of Wall Of Sound (Wall of Sound, 2003)
- "Live It Down" on Musique Dessinee 01 - Just A Groove! (2006, Production Dessinée)
- ^ "MEDICINE | Captured Tracks". Captured Tracks. Retrieved 2013-08-06.
- ^ "Brad Laner". home-tapes.com.
- ^ Pitchfork Media, Joe Tangari (2010, 16 August). "Brad Laner: Natural Selections album review". Retrieved 09 September 2012.
External links[edit]


text:
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Why?A Yorkville bar you already know.
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A federal appeals court ruled today that the so-called "Defense of Marriage Act" (DOMA) unconstitutionally discriminates against married same-sex couples. In striking down DOMA, the court held that government discrimination against lesbians and gay men now is assumed to be unconstitutional and that DOMA's defenders could not offer any good reason for treating married same-sex couples differently from all other married couples. This is the first federal appeals court decision to decide that government discrimination against gay people gets a more exacting level of judicial review, known as "heightened scrutiny." The law had been challenged by Edith "Edie" Windsor, who sued the federal government for failing to recognize her marriage to her pa rtner Thea Spyer, after Spyer's death in 2009. Windsor and Spyer, who were a couple for 44 years, were married in Canada in 2007, and were considered married by their home state of New York.
Full text of the decision here—and it's worth a read. The justices demolish every argument the haters make against recognizing same-sex marriage, from homosexuals being able to change to homosexuality being a mutable characteristic to homosexuals being too political powerful to rely on the courts for protection. Go read it.
UPDATE: The judge who wrote the decision, reports Think Progress, is a severe conservative.


text:
Transformed malignant lymphoma from Lennert's lesion is a CD4+ T cell lymphoma: an immunohistochemical study. | |
MedLine Citation:
PMID: 2787089 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE |
We describe a case of Lennert's lesion terminating in T cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). A 53-year-old woman showed inguinal lymphadenopathy. This was histologically interpreted as toxoplasmic lymphadenitis. However, Lennert's lesion was diagnosed in subsequent biopsies. Because additional lymphadenopathy and constitutional symptoms were absent, anti-neoplastic therapy was not given. During the five and a half years after the initial biopsy, generalized lymphadenopathy and constitutional symptoms developed. Histological examination of the cervical lymph node disclosed NHL, diffuse, large cell type. Transformed lymphoma cells were confirmed to be of peripheral T cell origin with a helper/inducer phenotype. We speculate that some cases of Lennert's lesion have a potentiality of spontaneous transformation into high grade malignant lymphoma associated with disappearance of epithelioid histiocytes. |
A Ohsaka; K Saito; S Mori; S Sakamoto; Y Miura |
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Publication Detail:
Type: Case Reports; Journal Article |
Journal Detail:
Title: Nihon Ketsueki Gakkai zasshi : journal of Japan Haematological Society Volume: 52 ISSN: 0001-5806 ISO Abbreviation: Nippon Ketsueki Gakkai Zasshi Publication Date: 1989 Feb |
Date Detail:
Created Date: 1989-08-10 Completed Date: 1989-08-10 Revised Date: 2011-07-28 |
Medline Journal Info:
Nlm Unique ID: 2984803R Medline TA: Nihon Ketsueki Gakkai Zasshi Country: JAPAN |
Other Details:
Languages: eng Pagination: 63-70 Citation Subset: IM |
Export Citation:
APA/MLA Format Download EndNote Download BibTex |
MeSH Terms | |
Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte
analysis Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Female Humans Immunohistochemistry Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / diagnosis*, pathology Middle Aged T-Lymphocytes |
Chemical | |
Reg. No./Substance:
0/Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte |
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
Previous Document: Serum levels of vitamin D metabolites in the elderly.
Next Document: T-cell colony formation in homosexual men with anti-human immunodeficiency virus.


text:
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