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by James Gunn
This piece was written by Professor James Gunn as an introduction to a leatherbound edition of Tigana published by Easton Press, as part of a series 'the leatherbound masterpieces of fantasy'. Thanks to Clinton Hammond for typing it up.
The subject is fantasy.
In the field of fantasy, eras are measured as B.T. or A.T. - Before Tolkien or after Tolkien. Certainly that is true in high fantasy, with its autonomous, secondary worlds. And it has particular application to the work of Guy Gavriel Kay, who helped J.R.R. Tolkien's son Christopher edit The Silmarillion in the 1970s. The Silmarillion was the core work that Tolkien started writing immediately after World War 1, but the text of that basic document was not put together and published until 1977, four years after Tolkien's death. According to Peter Kuzca writing in The Encyclopedia Of Fantasy, Kay "seems to have learned from the experience... How to combine worldbuilding with the narrative vigour of mythic plot structure, giving his work a strength and intelligence missing from most sub-Tolkien epics." Moreover, Kay has been quoted as saying that "to be successful in fantasy, you have to take the measure of Tolkien - work with his strengths and away from his weaknesses."
Hemingway once said that writing a novel was "getting into the ring with Mr. Tolstoy"; after the mid 1960s a fantasy world novel, particularly a long, epic fantasy novel, inevitably was going to be compared with Lord Of The Rings. And that of course is how Kay broke into the fantasy business. He was born in 1954 in Canada, educated at the University of Manitoba, where he earned a B.A. in philosophy in 1975, and at the University Of Toronto, where he earned a law degree in 1978. Between 1982 and 1989 he served as associate producer and principle writer for the Canadian television series "The Scales Of Justice" and Kuzca speculates that Kay may have learned much about scene-setting and the use of dialogue from his television experience.
Kay's first published fantasy book was The Summer Tree in 1985. It was followed the nest year by the other two volumes of The Fionavar Tapestry trilogy, The Wandering Fire and The Darkest Road. Tigana was published in 1990, A Song For Arbonne in 1992, and The Lions of Al-Rassan in 1995. Sailing To Sarantium is scheduled for 1998. The Wandering Fire won the Casper Award for the best SF or Fantasy Novel by a Canadian author, and Tigana won the award (by then called the Aurora) in 1990.
Kay could not avoid the comparison with Tolkien. The Fionavar Tapestry trilogy appeared at a time "when large fantasy works, and Kay's work was clearly one work in three volumes, invited comparison to� The Lord Of The Rings," Maureen Speller pointed out in the St. James Guide To Fantasy Writers. She went on to write that "it has not perhaps been clearly acknowledged as it should have been that Kay's trilogy, while it had resonances of The Lord Of The Rings, was nevertheless a work of great originality."
That describes Tigana as well. Genre works cannot help but contain aspects of the tradition in which they place themselves - the common elements among texts is what makes a genre a genre - but the best distinguish themselves by what they add to a particular body of literature. Kay's novels stand out for their richness of character, their fullness of scene, and particularly for their realism of situation and action. Kay deliberately sets problems for himself.
A traditional fantasy scenario, for instance, has a band of assorted outcasts trying to overthrow a powerful black magician and restore peace and justice to a ravaged land. That is what happens in Tigana as well, but in Kay's novel the outcasts cannot even say the name - Tigana - of the realm they hope to restore. Brandin the Tyrant, a powerful magician, is angry at the death of his son in the battle to conquer Tigana. He has cursed the land and the people so that they will forget such a kingdom as Tigana ever existed. A greater difficulty arises, however, because the peninsula has been divided between two magicians, and the destruction of one of them, as hard to accomplish as that may be, will allow the other to conquer the rest and consolidate his own evil regime.
Tigana reads like a richly tapestried historical novel dense with character and detail, but it occurs in a world the reader does not know, a world with two moons, one white, one blue. It is a world in which magic works, in which there is a different cosmology, different religions, different songs and arts and crafts and myths. Kay has imagined them all with an intensity of imagination and a skill that rivals Tolkien's. Moreover, he has created a world in which lust and rape happen, in which torture, murder, mutilation, and execution occur routinely, in which people die bodily and painfully in battle, in which homosexuality involving both sexes is commonplace, and even incest is not unknown. Kay surprises his readers by his willingness to kill off major characters, even his most attractive ones, and this, too, gives the edge of reality to what might otherwise be airily fantastic.
Moreover, his protagonists understand their human predicaments. One young man, for instance, lusting after a red-haired beauty, finds her suddenly and gloriously available only to realize immediately afterwards that she was trying to distract him from the conversation that was going on in the next room. A prince has the ability to bind a magician to him but must face the fact that in order to free his realm he must enslave another.
"I am not a tool!" the magician cries out. "I am a free and living soul with my own destiny!" And the prince relies, "I understand what you have said and why you will hate me, and I can tell you that I grieve for what necessity demands." And ultimately the magician points out, "You will forgive me if I remain unmoved by speeches about freedom tonight. Before the sun went down I was a free man on an open road. I am now a slave."
It is this facing-up to the consequences of actions glossed over or ignored in other fantasy texts that gives Tigana its unique flavor. In Kay's hands the conventions - the short-hand that enables fantasy writers to get on with what they consider to be the main thrusts of their mythic stories - get questioned, and their implications become the stuff of drama.
In another remarkable sequence, Dianora, a young woman whose family has been ravaged by Brandin the Tyrant's savagery after his son's death, plots to work her way into his harem, bent on killing him. But Brandin is attractive, and witty, even charming, as well as powerful, and the young woman finds herself torn between love and hatred, with what one character calls "the terrible interwovenness of things." Dianora also wonders whether Brandin's control over her may be enforced by magic, or alternatively, whether she is too weak to carry out her resolution.
A sense of change at work undergirds the situation of the novel. As Kuzca observes, "underlying the conflict is the sense of changing systems, with patriarchy and matriarchy in conflict for the soul of their world." In describing The Fionavar Tapestry, Kuzca comments about the nature of all Kay fantasies, "[Kay] attempts to create a grittier, harsher world than is common within fantasy." And in discussing The Lions of Al-Rassan, set in an analogue of medieval Spain, Luzca writes, "As ever, leading characters suffer and die, and [Kay] gives the impression that his world is a real place, as nasty and brutish as our own, rather than an escapist refuge."
Other scholars have commented on the possible relationship between Tigana and The Fionavar Tapestry. "There is a sense," Spiller writes, "that this novel was intended to be much more closely related to the Fionavar trilogy than it now is." At one point Brandin tells Dianora about a legend he learned as a child, that their world "is but one of many worlds the gods sent into Time. The others are said to be far off, scattered among the stars, invisible to us." One of those worlds is "Finavir or Finair... The nearest of all the worlds to where the true gods dwell." Fionavar was described in The Fionavar Tapestry as the core world from which all the others have sprung, or, as Kuzca describes it, "a kind of Platonic Ideal." Moreover, Brandin continues, "some of us are born over and again into various of these worlds until, at the last, if we have earned it by the manner of our loves we are born a final time into Finavir." And then, towards the end, Brandin tells Dianora "we should have met in Finavir."
"Kay remains among the foremost fantasy writers...," Speller sums up. His work, she concludes, "set a new standard in what could be achieved in original fantasy writing." David Pringle's Modern Fantasy: The Hundred Best Novels was written before Tigana was published, but his comments about The Fionavar Tapestry apply to Tigana as well: "The invented world is clearly conceived and well described... Metaphysics, magic, and morality work together to provide a satisfactory and coherent framework and justification for this enjoyable story."
Not every high fantasy benefits from the gritty touch of realism, but for those readers who like their fantasies re-imagined as they might have been if the stories dealt with real people doing real things, Tigana may be the finest example of its kind.
James Gunn Lawrence, Kansas July 30, 1998
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This is the November 13, 2012 news archive. View today's Twins rumors and news.
Cubs reach one-year contract with ex-Twin Baker
CHICAGO (AP) -- The Chicago Cubs have agreed to a one-year contract with former Minnesota Twins pitcher Scott Baker that guarantees $5.5 million next season.
Sports Columnists
Daily Dime
Nov 13xxxx -
Don Banks: As proven in Week 10, concussion recognition still an inexact s…
Nov 13Week 10 in the NFL saw the vexing issue of concussions raise its ugly (and groggy) head again, with three starting quarterbacks in the NFC going down like so many bowling pins. Michael Vick on the East Coast, Alex Smith on the West Coast and Jay Cutler … -
Peter King: Big Ben injury puts Ravens in AFC North driver's seat; mail
Nov 13In the wake of the Week 10 news: -
Ben Roethlisberger shoulder injury -- How does it affect Pittsburgh Steele…
Nov 13How does Ben Roethlisberger's shoulder injury impact the AFC playoff race? John Clayton assesses the possibilities.

subset: commoncrawl


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I think their three best albums are Illusion of Safety, Beggars, and Major/Minor On the other hand, as a fan, my personal favorite is Vheissu, (which seems to be common) |
my faves in order:
1: alchemy index I 2: vheissu 3: artist in the ambulance. but some of the best songs (in exile; doublespeak) are off beggars. btw, when the hell is this live cd goin to leak????? i have no patience for tuesday to buy. |
It's good to know that they made the records that they wanted to make and not caving to label pressure


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card is really nice....i like it
very nice
very nice i like it..
Very Nice and So Beautiful And Very much
Very Nice and So Beautiful
Very Nice and So Beautiful
Not as fine as I expected
it is very beautiful i love very much da
very nice n cute card
I Love sooooooooo much and i like this hearts touching message.
Wish the lovely couple a lucky married life with this ecard.
Wish the couple a beautiful journey ahead with this ecard.
A beautiful wedding wishes card.
A heartwarming ecard to wish love and joy to your dear ones.
A wedding congratulation card for the couple.
Wish the couple on their wedding with this ecard.
Wish the newly married couple all the happiness and fun in life.
Wish the couple on their special day.
A beautiful message to wish the newlyweds a happy life ahead.
A heartfelt congrats for the newlyweds you know.
Send your best wishes to the couple on their wedding.
Wish the married couple with these beautiful roses.
A beautiful wedding quote for the couple.
Send your wishes with roses!
Give your best wishes to the newly married couple.
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The effect of doxycycline on alcohol consumption and sensitivity: consideration for inducible transgenic mouse models. | |
MedLine Citation:
PMID: 23019604 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE |
Neuroinflammation is known to elicit numerous changes in brain physiology and is associated with various pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases, and behaviors, such as sleep and acute illness. In addition, there is accumulating evidence that the behavioral response to alcohol is affected by perturbations to the neuroimmune system. Recent studies have shown that administration of proinflammatory mediators increases alcohol consumption, while anti-inflammatory drugs, such as minocycline, decrease consumption. Doxycycline is an anti-inflammatory mediator and a tetracycline derivative, and is commonly used in the tetracycline regulatory system, a transgenic approach widely accredited for its inducible and reversible nature. Given the established link between anti-inflammatory agents and response to and consumption of alcohol, and because the tetracycline regulatory system is becoming increasingly employed for genetic manipulations and behavioral phenotyping, we investigated the effect of doxycycline administration on alcohol sensitivity and consumption. Two independent transgenic lines containing a tetracycline transactivator transgene or the tetracycline operator promoter insertion, along with wild-type littermate mice (C57Bl/6J), were used to measure changes in alcohol consumption, alcohol-induced motor impairment and sedation, and blood alcohol concentration with doxycycline administration (40 mg/kg in chow). Using repeated sessions of the drinking-in-the-dark paradigm, we found that doxycycline consistently reduced consumption of 20% alcohol during two- and four-hour access. Doxycycline also increased sensitivity to the motor-impairing effects of alcohol (2 g/kg), and the duration of loss of righting reflex after ethanol injection (3.5 g/kg), without causing a significant alteration in blood alcohol levels. Despite the many advantages of using a tetracycline-regulated transgenic approach, it is important to consider the effects of doxycycline administration in behaviors that may be influenced by neuroinflammation, including alcohol behaviors. |
Sally R McIver; Megan M Muccigrosso; Philip G Haydon |
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Publication Detail:
Type: Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Date: 2012-09-27 |
Journal Detail:
Title: Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) Volume: 237 ISSN: 1535-3699 ISO Abbreviation: Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood) Publication Date: 2012 Oct |
Date Detail:
Created Date: 2012-11-01 Completed Date: 2013-02-05 Revised Date: 2013-09-26 |
Medline Journal Info:
Nlm Unique ID: 100973463 Medline TA: Exp Biol Med (Maywood) Country: England |
Other Details:
Languages: eng Pagination: 1129-33 Citation Subset: IM |
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA. |
Export Citation:
APA/MLA Format Download EndNote Download BibTex |
MeSH Terms | |
Alcohol Drinking
psychology Animals Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / administration & dosage, pharmacology* Behavior, Animal / drug effects Doxycycline / administration & dosage, pharmacology* Ethanol / pharmacology* Mice Mice, Inbred C57BL Mice, Transgenic Promoter Regions, Genetic Tetracycline / pharmacology Trans-Activators / genetics |
Grant Support | |
Chemical | |
Reg. No./Substance:
0/Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; 0/Trans-Activators; 564-25-0/Doxycycline; 60-54-8/Tetracycline; 64-17-5/Ethanol |
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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Taiwan is one of the major markets for medical devices and pharmaceuticals in Asia. Choosing the right business and regulatory strategy for your medical products is the key to being successful in Taiwan. Pacific Bridge Medical has a number of expert partners and strategic affiliates on the ground who can successfully assist American and European medical companies with a number of issues ranging from navigating medical device and/or drug regulations to building a business strategy.
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text: Our 16-year-old daughter was hospitalized with a serious neurological problem in 1997. We live in Vermont, be we are fortunate to live a few miles from Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. We didn't have to find a place to stay while we tended to our daughter. We do, however, know how parents who stay at a Ronald McDonald house feel.I am 100% a volunteer. It is fun (and encouraging) for me to hear comments about the pictures. Let me know what you like and don't like about the pictures. I have changed the settings, and now all these pictures are fully downloadable for free. The only feedback I get now is by e-mail. You should e-mail me and make encouraging noises so that I will continue this labor of love!What's my angle? I simply don't have one. I take all these picture for one reason: it pleases me to do so. I take these pictures as a volunteer. I don't receive compensation directly or indirectly, in any way, shape, or form, for these photographs. Please ask permission (which I freely give) before using these copyrighted pictures in publications or web sites (such as, e.g., Facebook). If you publish any of these pictures, give photo credit to "Dan Grossman/Maple Leaf Photos." I have taken all of these pictures as a volunteer. I don't sell these pictures, and they are printed by the Fotki service. For info on downloading pictures, click on "Welcome" to the left.For information on ordering prints, click on "Welcome" in the blue column to the left. BE SURE TO PREVIEW YOUR PRINTS BEFORE ORDERING. SOME HAVE BEEN CROPPED AND WILL BE CUT OFF IF YOU DON'T PREVIEW. Dan Grossman Thetford, Vermont (If you have trouble with printing, don't write me. Call Fotki at 866-268-3991)


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COLUMBUS, Ohio -- Jared Sullinger could sit out again Wednesday night as Ohio State hosts South Carolina-Upstate, which means Deshaun Thomas could again not only play a bigger role, but play like a big man.
In Saturday's loss to Kansas, Thomas, a 6-foot-7 sophomore, not only played all 40 minutes for the first time in his career (his previous high was 32) and scored 19 points, the fourth-highest total of his career and by far his best game against tough competition, he did it while acting like a center for much of the game.
On defense, he primarily defended 6-10 Kansas star Thomas Robinson, not always successfully, but there was something valiant in the attempt. Thomas' back-to-back 3-pointers in the first half sparked the offense, but prior to that, on 14 of the Buckeyes' first 18 possessions that included any kind of set offense, Thomas was posting up or maneuvering in the lane, coming outside only to set screens for ball-handlers.
He was a big guy, not a shooter. Then when he was a shooter, he was a scorer, scoring 15 of Ohio State's 29 first-half points.
"I thought Deshaun was terrific," OSU coach Thad Matta said. "He hit some big shots to cut the gap for us. ... We've seen he can do that in bunches, and I think the biggest thing was his shot selection was right on par with what our team needed at the time."
What the Buckeyes need right now, if Sullinger misses his third straight game while dealing with back issues brought on by an aggravated disc, is Thomas helping to fill the hole Sullinger leaves inside. What they need long-term is for Thomas to be that versatile power forward, along the lines of David Lighty, Ivan Harris and Matt Sylvester, that has been a staple of Matta's teams.
"He's a hard matchup for us," Kansas coach Bill Self said Saturday after the Jayhawks' 78-67 win. "The first half, the way we wanted to guard them, we were going to make Thomas make those shots, and he made us pay."
Matta would like Sullinger to play Wednesday, which would be his first game action in more than two weeks, since the Duke win on Nov. 29. But he also wants to continue to be cautious, and he is waiting to see how Sullinger bounces back from Tuesday's practice. Matta said Sullinger can run and jump and shoot, but nothing will be rushed.
"I think it's the progression we're trying to take," Matta said. "As opposed to running the full marathon, we're going to warm up with a 5K and then get to a 10K."
So Thomas could remain in his greater role. In last year's season-ending NCAA loss to Kentucky, Thomas was scoreless in three minutes of action. This season he has scored in double figures in eight of nine games, and in the Buckeyes' three biggest games, against Florida, Duke and Kansas, he's averaging 17.3 points, 5.3 rebounds and shooting 53 percent from the field and 40 percent on 3-pointers.
The defense is getting better, and he's better inside now than he is chasing players on the perimeter. Matta would like to see him be as versatile on defense as he was on offense, but for now, he at least tried to make it tough on Robinson.
"You just can't make it too easy for him," Thomas said.
Offensively, Thomas prefers the perimeter, unable to suppress a grin while saying, "I like to shoot." He can be dangerous coming out of the paint to set a high screen and then immediately taking a pass and shooting, or drifting out of the paint when a guard penetrates, setting Thomas up for a corner 3-pointer.
But he likes to get easy stuff inside when he can as well, and he's a pretty solid offensive rebounder. In practice, he works with both the big men and the wing players, and that won't be changing.
"I mix it up," Thomas said.
As long as Sullinger is out, he'll have a less of a choice. The Buckeyes will need him inside. And they'll need him to keep it up.
Ross back: Freshman LaQuinton Ross could see his first collegiate action after enrolling late because of academic issues. Seen as a potential early contributor before his setback, Ross is now behind his teammates, Matta said Tuesday, and any kind of real contribution may have to wait a while.


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I call you from the car to say I'll be there in a while
A short plane ride and I will get to see your pretty smile
There's nothing on the radio- I fiddle with the dial
Then I see a sign- the airports just another mile
I check my bags and think about how much I hate to fly
And as I near security I almost start to cry
Well I hope that law enforcement agents can't tell from my face
I've got 3 balloons of coke in an uncomfortable place
I'm sweating and I'm nervous and I need a little air
Cause with 4 balloons of heroin it's getting crowded up in there
Crowded up in there
My mind is all a jumble and my blood is cold as ice
I dread the thought of having to unload this merchandise
Relax, I say, it's not so bad- it might feel kinda nice
Besides, who hasn't had a finger up there ince or twice?
I must remember don't leave any drugs inside the host
I did that once and a girl who tossed my salad overdosed
Well I say a little prayer- Hail Maria, Full of Grace
I've got 3 balloons of coke in an uncomfortable place
I'm sweating and I'm nervous and I need a little air
And I swear I'm farting lines of blow into my underwear
From my derriere
I was a little eager when I loaded up my stash
5 balloons of ecstasy, 6 balloons of hash
8 balloons of L. S. D, 9 of sensi mild
A box of chinese fireworks- a Guatemalan Child
I've made it to the gate now and my joy I can't contain
I board the aircraft; take my seat in the cockpit of the plane
As I taxi down the runway, I get a smile on my face
I've got 3 balloons of coke in an uncomfortable place
Flight crew prepare for takeoff as I lift us into air
And by the way, does anyone want to buy a Guatemalan child?
From my derriere
Lyrics taken from http://www.lyricsmode.com/lyrics/s/stephen_lynch/3_balloons.html


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GARRETT— A young girls basketball team trying to get its bearings on the first night out ran into a hot scorer, and team.
Churubusco's girls basketball team fell to Garrett Tuesday, 69-40.
The Lady Railroaders were led by senior Brandi Dawson, who scored 31 points overall, including 14 in the first quarter.
The defeat spoiled the coaching debut for Churubusco's Dustin Beucler, who had his first game at the helm of the Lady Eagles' varsity squad.
"We're trying to get better as a team, we're trying to do the little things, and it's hard to open up against a team like Garrett," he said.
A flurry of Lady Railroader baskets put 'Busco behind early. With just more than three minutes left in the first quarter, Garrett had a 16-1 lead, and Dawson was already in double-digits with points.
Churubusco went into halftime behind 37-15, but the team did not fold.
The Lady Eagles rallied with 25 second-half points, and kept hustling until the final moments, a fact not lost on their coach.
To read the rest of this story, see the Nov. 13 issue of The Post and Mail. Don't have a subscription? Call (260) 244-5153 or subscribe to our e-edition. For breaking news, sports updates and additional coverage, bookmark the homepage and find us on facebook and twitter.
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RECAP: A Champagne Reception @ Lomography Gallery Store East London
Share TweetLomography Gallery Store East London hosted a very swank champagne reception to celebrate the release of the two beautiful La Sardina clones. Cast in luxurious gold metal, these new La Sardinas deserved nothing less than the absolute finest!
East London got decked out in its finest for the launch of the exquisite La Sardina Metasl Editions! Oh we celebrated in style! Guests enjoyed champagne, strawberries and some yummy Ferrero Roche, why ambassador..you really are spoiling us!
Check out some of the luxury below!
Lomography Gallery Store East London
117 Commercial Street, London, E1 6BG.
Don't forget to like our facebook, follow our twitter and befriend our lomohome!
written by ibiza_hippie on 2011-10-19 in #events #champagne #east-london #caviar #uk #party #la-sardina #gold #czar #clone #blue-hour #beluga #metal


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Protected: Love Letter #21
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The processing of materials is crucial for achieving quality and efficiency in any technological enterprise. Processing, like synthesis, deals with the control of atoms and molecules to produce useful materials. However, processing also includes control of structure at higher levels of aggregation and may sometimes have an engineering aspect. The way in which materials are transformed—that is, "processed"—to form bulk materials, components, devices, structures, and systems is a major factor in determining the success of efforts in areas as diverse as the electronics and construction industries. Competence in materials processing is essential for the conversion of new materials into successful products, and for the continued improvement of products made from currently available materials.
Today's needs and opportunities for research in the processing of materials call for contributions from, and close interactions between, universities, industry, and the national laboratories:
An integrated and interdisciplinary approach to education in materials processing is required in order to take advantage of new opportunities. The role of materials processing as an integral part of manufacturing technology has not received adequate emphasis in academic curricula, probably because it draws upon several disciplines and is a complicated mix of science, engineering, and empiricism.
The development of commercial materials processing technology is the special and indispensable province of industry. A strong industrial capability
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
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OCR for page 224
Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s: Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials
The processing of materials is crucial for achieving quality and efficiency in any technological enterprise. Processing, like synthesis, deals with the control of atoms and molecules to produce useful materials. However, processing also includes control of structure at higher levels of aggregation and may sometimes have an engineering aspect. The way in which materials are transformed—that is, "processed"—to form bulk materials, components, devices, structures, and systems is a major factor in determining the success of efforts in areas as diverse as the electronics and construction industries. Competence in materials processing is essential for the conversion of new materials into successful products, and for the continued improvement of products made from currently available materials.
Today's needs and opportunities for research in the processing of materials call for contributions from, and close interactions between, universities, industry, and the national laboratories:
An integrated and interdisciplinary approach to education in materials processing is required in order to take advantage of new opportunities. The role of materials processing as an integral part of manufacturing technology has not received adequate emphasis in academic curricula, probably because it draws upon several disciplines and is a complicated mix of science, engineering, and empiricism.
The development of commercial materials processing technology is the special and indispensable province of industry. A strong industrial capability
OCR for page 224
Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s: Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials
for carrying out research relevant to materials processing will be essential for achieving high quality and cost effectiveness in all industrial sectors.
The national and federal laboratories, with their extensive technical resources and special facilities, are well positioned to make major contributions to research in materials processing.
Recent scientific and technological developments have provided a remarkably diverse range of challenges and opportunities for research in the processing of materials. Among these opportunities are the following:
Process modeling and simulation: High-speed computing capabilities coupled with improved theoretical understanding provide opportunities for improvements in materials processing technologies.
Ceramics: Improvements in the technologies for processing of ceramic materials will be required in order to fabricate the new high-temperature superconductors, as well as to exploit the potential of ceramics in a broad range of electronic and structural applications.
Optoelectronic materials: Advances in an array of processing technologies will be necessary in order to realize the opportunities present in optoelectronics. These technologies include crystal growth, molecular beam epitaxy, and physical and chemical vapor deposition.
Rapid solidification: The continued development of this processing technology should lead to a wide range of applications and products.
Metals: The processing technologies of the metals industries require a major infusion of resources, with an emphasis on areas such as automation and recycling of materials.
Polymers: Processing techniques such as reaction injection molding, melt spinning, and polymer forging offer significant potential for further development.
Technological challenges in the processing of materials, such as those listed above, bring with them needs for improved understanding at more basic scientific levels. Areas in which new needs for fundamental research are emerging include the following:
Interfaces: Much of materials processing consists of manipulating and controlling the interfaces that separate various components of complex substances. New experimental methods and characterization techniques should lead to significant advances in understanding interfaces.
Nonequilibrium materials: Materials processing technologies generally deal with materials in states that are very far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Experimental and theoretical advances in understanding the thermodynamics and kinetics of nonequilibrium states are now within reach and should lead to improvements in processing technology.
OCR for page 224
Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s: Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials
The compelling theme of national economic competitiveness leads directly to a strong focus on materials processing. Processing and fabrication of materials—that is, the transformation of raw materials or synthesized substances into components, products, devices, structures, or systems—is an essential activity throughout U.S. technology. This is true for industrial sectors as diverse in nature and size as construction, computers, steelmaking, aerospace, electronics, and transportation.
The term materials processing refers to an enormously wide range of technologies. A very incomplete list includes refining of metals, rolling of sheet steel, shaping of metals by machining, thermomechanical processing of alloys, growth of gallium arsenide crystals, zone refining of silicon, pressing and sintering of ceramic powders, ion implantation in silicon, formation of artificially structured materials by molecular beam epitaxy, spinning of high-strength polymeric fibers, gradient doping of glass fibers, sol-gel production of fine ceramic powders, modification of concrete by addition of polymers, and lay-up of composite materials. Some of these processing technologies are quite new and may, in time, lead to major technological advances and industrial growth. Others are well embedded in established industries but require continual improvement to maintain competitive positions.
The nation's eroding competitive position in some industries stems largely from national weaknesses in materials processing technologies. The essential difficulty seems to be that, with increasing frequency, industries abroad are bringing the results of R&D, or of innovative design, to production and thence to the marketplace in considerably less time than is the present practice in this country. In too many instances the new products produced elsewhere are more innovative in design and more reliable in function, and are produced at a lower cost than in the United States. The Japanese in particular have developed a formidable capability in manufacturing and the related materials processing technologies in a diverse set of industries, ranging from steel-making, automobiles, and shipbuilding to dynamic random access chips and video cassette recorders. Other nations, such as South Korea and Brazil, are now following the same path.
For about four decades, the United States has been accustomed to holding a dominant position in virtually every important industrial sector. This situation was one of many inheritances from the Second World War, and it could not have been expected to continue indefinitely. Technological developments in transportation and communications have accelerated the trend to a globalization of technology and trade. In the young and rapidly evolving international economy the proper balance between the technological strengths of the U.S. and foreign economies is not yet evident.
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Although the nature, diversity, and scale of materials processing technologies differ markedly among industrial sectors, there is a universal need to improve technological competence and efficiency in all aspects of materials synthesis, processing, and fabrication. Increased competence and sophistication in manufacturing and the accompanying materials processing technologies are necessary to produce high-quality and reliable products in an efficient and cost-effective manner. Competence in materials processing is also essential to the efficient incorporation into technology of advanced materials such as structural ceramics, composite materials, and high-temperature superconductors.
Materials processing is probably the oldest of human technological activities, extending back in time to far before the advent of recorded civilization. For many centuries, materials processing was an empirical activity. Progress depended upon careful observation, extensive trial and error, and, no doubt, shrewd insight. There was no guidance, however, from what would now be regarded as soundly based scientific understanding. Nevertheless, by this empirical approach, a substantial variety of materials—metals, alloys, ceramics, glasses, concrete, and so on—were developed in useful compositions and shapes for both functional and artistic purposes. It was not until the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when a sound understanding of both chemistry and mechanics began to emerge, that materials processing under-went a transition from a craft to a science-based technology. Iron processing and steelmaking were among the first areas to benefit from the new knowledge.
In present times, the infrastructure of our society has come to depend strongly on the existence of highly diversified and sophisticated materials technologies. The technological foundations of sectors such as agriculture, transportation, manufacturing, communications, construction, and national security are dependent upon the ability to process materials into a variety of compositions and shapes and to do this with accurate control of properties. An enormous proliferation of diverse materials—from stone and bronze, to steel and ceramics, and, most recently, to composites and high-temperature superconductors—has been driven by the demands of our technological infrastructure. The associated technologies for processing these materials are equally diverse. The growth in the materials base has been explosive in the decades following the Second World War, and there is every sign that this growth will continue well into the twenty-first century.
The processing of materials is an enabling activity, one that is essential to the practical realization of the ideas generated by scientists, engineers,
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and designers in all fields, and one that can greatly expand the potential for performance of materials.
In many instances, materials processing is a critical step in the development of an entire technology. Electronics is an outstanding example of an industry that depended from its beginning on the invention of processing techniques—in this case, the growth and purification of semiconductor crystals. In other instances, new materials processing techniques may lead to materials sub-stitutions in existing technologies with striking improvements in performance and reductions in cost. Examples of the latter situation are the substitution of optical glass fiber for copper wire in long-distance communication systems and the replacement of some metallic components in aircraft and automobiles by composite materials. In all cases, materials processing draws upon the results of research and design and also relies upon empirical investigations and extensive testing programs.
The birth and rapid growth of the electronics and computer industries required an extensive series of interacting developments in basic research, materials processing, and design. An early and key step was the invention of the transistor in the late 1940s. This has been celebrated, and justly so, as a triumph of basic research. The enabling fundamental studies were strongly knowledge driven, although they were carried out in the context of a search for radically new communications technologies. In the course of the basic studies, both experimental and theoretical, wholly new patterns of electronic behavior were discovered and interpreted.
The invention of the transistor was the first step, albeit the most important, in a long series of discoveries and technical developments that were necessary to transform the discovery of electronic amplification in solids into the modern electronics and computer industries. Many of those still dynamic and evolving technologies are materials processing techniques that were developed specifically to exploit the new scientific discoveries for practical purposes. These were application- or market-driven developments, in contrast to the invention of the transistor, which was knowledge driven.
An excellent example of application-driven research is the development of the zone refining method for purifying silicon, which followed shortly after the invention of the transistor. This research was application driven in the sense that silicon and germanium semiconductors required impurity levels that were far below those obtainable by existing technologies at that time. In zone refining, purification is achieved by the passage of a thin molten zone, which removes the impurities, through the otherwise solid material. This invention was essential to the successful production of homogeneous high-purity crystals at reasonable cost.
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A third major innovation was the design concept that culminated in the invention of the chip, that is, the circuit on silicon. The chip became the focus of integrated circuit technology, which required many new processes, such as patterning, photolithography, and metallization.
It is evident from this brief description that the birth of the electronics industry required major contributions from fundamental knowledge, applied research, and innovative design. The further explosive development of the electronics and computer industries has been paced by continuous improvements in the interactive technologies for silicon processing, circuit design, and manufacture of integrated circuits. For example, it has continued to be necessary to improve crystal growth procedures in order to provide larger substrates for production of chips. New techniques have also been developed for doping silicon with the appropriate electrically active solutes, first by diffusion processes and then, more recently, by ion implantation. These are but a few of the many developments in materials processing technology that have been required for the rapid growth of the electronics industry.
An important but often overlooked aspect of advances in materials processing is the development of new instrumentation for both processing and characterization. Examples from the electronics and computer industries include crystal growers, optical steppers, deposition systems, photolithographic and electron beam machines, and Rutherford backscattering systems for elemental analysis. Effective, state-of-the-art instrumentation is essential for improvements in the materials processing component of any industry.
Optical Glass Fibers
Just 20 years ago it was realized that glass fiber, as a replacement for copper wire, offers a considerable advantage as a communication medium at optical frequencies. Both improved performance and reduced costs were predicted. Following a period of intensive development of methods for processing glass fibers, the conversion of most long-distance communication in the United States to optical frequencies is now complete. An optical fiber cable has been laid across the Atlantic Ocean; conversion of the long-distance network in Europe from copper to glass is under way; and it is expected that distribution networks and short-distance links in the United States will be converted to optical fiber in the next decade. It is a matter of perspective whether this is regarded as merely the result of a materials substitution or as the development of a wholly new technology for the communications industry. It is certainly a major development in terms of improved performance and reduced costs.
The production of hundreds of thousands of miles of glass fibers of uniform properties suitable for optical transmission of information required development of a new materials processing technology. This technology included
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a sound choice of material composition, vapor deposition techniques for the elimination of optically absorbing impurities, careful chemical and mechanical design to eliminate optical leakage, and appropriate fiber-drawing techniques.
The important phenomena for optical transmission are scattering loss, absorption loss, and dispersion. In the new silica glass fibers, absorption loss has been eliminated by reducing the concentration of optically absorbing impurities to below 1 ppb. Propagation losses for fused silica fibers are now at an intrinsic minimum of approximately 0.1 dB/km, caused by Rayleigh scattering from density fluctuations. To achieve even lower losses, which would allow greater distances between repeater stations, wholly different glass compositions must be considered.
The development of optical glass fiber was application driven. It was not derived from new basic research, as was the case for the transistor, but rather from a careful engineering, systems, and economic analysis. The development of the new glass fiber processing technologies was carried out in industrial laboratories, with relatively little input from universities or the national laboratories.
Rapid Solidification Technology
Rapid solidification is an emerging technology. Its roots are in the universities and national laboratories as well as in industry, but most processing development currently is being carried out in industrial laboratories. There has been good interaction between the communities. It is probable that in the case of rapid solidification basic scientific progress has been accelerated because of the excitement generated by the potential for commercialization.
Rapid solidification is an advanced example of nonequilibrium processing of materials from the liquid state and therefore is the latest in a long line of metallurgical developments that probably started with the accidental melting and casting of native copper many centuries ago. Although there were several experimental and theoretical precursors to the technology of rapid solidification, the critical experiment was probably the demonstration in a university laboratory some 26 years ago that metallic glasses—noncrystalline solid solutions of metallic components—could be produced by extremely rapid quenching from the melt. This powerful demonstration of the utility of rapid cooling in producing unexpected nonequilibrium structures was shortly followed up in many university and industrial laboratories. It opened a new realm in the study of materials, microstructures, and properties.
In conventional or ingot processing, the cooling rates from the liquid state are of the order of 1 K/s or less, and may be as small as 10–3 K/s. The cooling rates in rapid solidification processing, however, may vary from
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102 K/s to as high as 108 K/s. These rates are so high that thermally driven diffusive rearrangement of atoms during cooling is impeded or wholly prevented. Highly nonequilibrium structures are then produced, often with unique properties. At sufficiently high rates, many alloys can be produced with an amorphous, or glasslike, atomic structure. At somewhat slower but still quite high rates, very fine grained crystalline structures are obtained, often in composition regimes that are not accessible to conventional processing.
Very high cooling rates require rapid extraction of heat. Therefore at least one dimension of the solidified material must be small so that the whole sample can be in close thermal contact with a cold substrate. Consequently, rapid solidification technology cannot be used at present to produce large, monolithic objects.
Rapid solidification technology has led to materials with new and useful combinations of magnetic properties. Attempts now under way to exploit their unique soft magnetic properties should lead to applications in electronics, power distribution, motors, and sensors. New permanent magnets recently produced by rapid solidification should be useful in building compact, powerful, electric motors.
Direct ribbon casting is a version of rapid solidification that has much promise for producing thin sheets of materials with unusual combinations of properties. Among the present applications where this technology has led to improved performance and lower costs is the production of brazing filler alloys, solder alloys for electronic packaging, and thin stainless steel sheet.
Rapid solidification also has been used to produce fine-grained and homogeneous crystalline—as opposed to amorphous—materials with much-improved properties and performance. The materials that have responded well to this processing technology include high-strength aluminum and magnesium alloys, tool steels of high toughness, and nickel-based superalloys.
Rapid solidification recently played a key role in the remarkable discovery of the so-called quasi-crystalline phases. These phases were first produced accidentally during rapid solidification of aluminum-manganese alloys. The scientific interest in these phases arises from the fact that they display long-range order—they are not amorphous or glassy—but the symmetry of the order is not consistent with the heretofore accepted rules defining the allowable symmetries of crystals. The discovery of quasi-crystals has led to an ongoing reexamination of the basic principles of crystallography, a science that now will have to be reformulated in a more general framework. It is not known at present whether these new phases will have interesting and useful properties, but this entirely new phenomenon clearly calls for intense investigation. It is surely interesting and instructive that a study of structure and properties through rapid solidification processing should lead to a major discovery in crystallography.
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The production of iron and steel is materials processing on a wholly different scale from that of the production of the high-technology materials discussed in the previous examples. The annual production of most high-technology materials is in the range of thousands of pounds per year, whereas the current annual output of U.S. steel mills is about 70 million tons. Furthermore, the production rate in the steel industry is extraordinary in comparison with that in other materials industries. Such volumes and rates require process technologies that are, in important ways, as complicated and sophisticated as those that are found in the processing of high-technology materials.
For example, with a modern basic oxygen furnace, approximately 300 tons of steel are produced in about 30 minutes from molten iron containing 4 percent (by weight) carbon. Twenty minutes later, this steel is decarburized with vacuum degassing to less than 0.003 percent by weight carbon. In another 40 minutes, the steel is continuously cast into 9-in.-thick slabs. Such a complex materials processing technology requires a fundamental and detailed understanding of a whole series of complicated materials phenomena, including interactions in gas-metal, metal-slag, and metal-refractory systems. An equally deep understanding of fluid flow and heat transfer in complicated geometries over a wide range of temperatures is required. Process control is maintained by an array of computers operating on programs developed from detailed simulation and modeling of each step in the process. An expert system decides if the slabs produced meet the designated specifications. Further processing of the steel requires equally detailed modeling and process control technology. Still, continual and extensive process development will be required in the future to produce steel at a competitive quality and price.
Steel remains the most versatile of the materials of the technological infrastructure. In contrast to most ceramics and composite materials at their present stage of development, steels are tough and their properties are both predictable and reproducible to a high degree of precision. Steels can be processed to exhibit a wider range of useful combinations of mechanical properties than any other material. Steels are unique in their sensitivity and range of response to variations in process technology, including composition, mechanical deformation, heat treatment, and thermomechanical processing.
In recent years, however, the in-house capability of the U.S. steel industry for developing new technology has steadily eroded. This erosion is closely tied to the problems of competition and profitability that the industry has experienced. Some U.S. steel companies have improved their positions through the purchase of Japanese materials processing technologies, but that tactic is at best a catch-up game, one that cannot lead by itself to a position of technological strength. It is true that the purchase of technology from abroad
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was one component of the Japanese drive to technological leadership. However, the Japanese steel industry also put a high priority on developing an in-house capability for R&D and, as a consequence, was able immediately to absorb the new technology purchased from abroad and to effect further improvements in a timely and efficient manner.
An important but not often noticed consequence of the decline of the U.S. steel industry is that, in the area of materials processing, there has been a marked decrease in interactions between the industry and the universities. This situation has developed steadily over the last 15 to 20 years as R&D in the industry has declined. Up to the mid-1960s, there were many flourishing interactions through technical societies and a myriad of personal contacts. A steady stream of students went from university graduate programs, usually in metallurgy, to stimulating and technically productive careers in the steel industry. However, career opportunities in the industry for materials scientists with graduate degrees are now sharply diminished, and consequently so are the university graduate programs that relate to steelmaking technology and, indeed, to the metals industry in general. This situation will not be turned around easily.
High-Modulus Polymer Fibers
The recent development and commercialization of high-modulus polyethylene (PE) fibers well illustrates the interplay between industrial and academic laboratories, as well as the transfer of knowledge and technology between laboratories in the United States and abroad. High-modulus and high-strength polymer fibers require that the molecules be aligned along the axis of the fiber. It was first noticed in a European university laboratory that, upon stirring a PE solution, fibrous crystals formed on the stirrer. This was in contrast to the usual appearance of folded chain crystals in solution. These fibrous crystals could be processed to form fibers with a high modulus.
It was then shown in a second European university laboratory that PE could be drawn to a high-modulus fiber in the solid state. Special drawing conditions—slow drawing rates at temperatures above those at which molecular segments could move through the crystals—were required to produce high-modulus fibers. In that processing regime, the modulus of the fibers increased with draw ratio. Molecular chain entanglements are an important consideration in that they are responsible for holding the fibers together laterally. The resulting modulus may be as large as one-fourth the modulus of diamond.
The solid-state process was developed further in an American university laboratory, where a hydrostatic extrusion technique was developed to produce high-modulus PE fibers. Very high modulus fibers were produced by ap-
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propriate combinations of temperature and extrusion ratio. The extrusion technique was somewhat faster than the drawing method.
The importance of the entanglements was emphasized by the next development, which occurred in a European industrial laboratory. The density of entanglements and the morphology were optimized by converting the polymer solution to a gel before solid-state processing. Gelling sets the molecular topology of the chain entanglements. High-modulus fibers are produced when the gel is drawn to a high ratio.
The gel-and-draw technique has been commercialized by an American corporation, following an extensive in-house development program. A new polymer fiber with distinctive properties has appeared in the marketplace. The starting material is cheap, the process technology is relatively inexpensive, and the modulus and strength are superior. The fundamental information developed early in academic laboratories was essential to the industrial research, which led to successful development and commercialization of the fibers.
The final section of this appendix is devoted to some selected areas in which research in materials processing might have a significant impact in the not-too-distant future.
Computers, Modeling, and Simulation
The rapid development of fast and versatile computers provides opportunities for significant improvements in materials processing technologies. On-line computational control of process parameters can lead to major improvements in product quality and performance as well as to increased efficiency and reduced costs. The union of computers and processing technology already has appeared in some industrial sectors, and greater effort is anticipated in the future. Processing technologies as different as steelmaking, crystal growth, fabrication of integrated circuits, near-net-shape forming, and rapid solidification might benefit greatly from full use of this capability.
To take advantage of this opportunity, major advances will be required in modeling and simulation, characterization of materials behavior during processing, and sensor technology to monitor process inputs and material response. Materials processing typically involves unusual and sometimes extreme conditions of temperature, pressure, strain rate, flow velocity, or other material or system parameters. The phenomena that occur during materials processing are generally complex and highly nonlinear; they must be modeled with considerable precision in order for the numerical results to be meaningful.
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Improved process control requires a detailed knowledge of material and system parameters during processing. Thus improved real-time sensing capabilities are required to monitor parameters such as temperature, composition, and flow speed at many locations in the processing system. A sensor development program is under way in the steel industry at present, but a much larger effort and one directed also to other processing technologies is needed.
Advanced numerical schemes for optimizing materials processing may ultimately be able to include not just the process parameters themselves but also criteria relating to performance and life prediction. Fully integrated simulations of this kind will require better understanding of the relations between processing and performance, and also will require improved methods for nondestructive evaluation and testing.
High-Temperature Superconductors
The unexpected discovery of high-temperature superconductors in some ceramic oxides will surely spark a major new effort in materials processing. In fact, this effort is already under way. At this writing, the knowledge base relevant to these new superconducting materials is growing rapidly, and there may well be further surprises in the months ahead. In any event, the processing of these brittle ceramic superconductors to form useful devices will be a high priority for the materials processing community.
A wide variety of shapes and properties will be required if these new superconducting materials are to play their anticipated roles in microelectronics, power transmission, and transportation. Thin films, interconnects, wires, and cables are a few of the configurations that are of interest. Novel processing techniques may be needed, perhaps analogous to those developed earlier for the A15 superconductors, which, because they are intermetallic compounds, are also brittle materials.
It will be necessary to integrate processing studies with structural determinations and property measurements. The high-temperature superconductors under intense study at present are complex oxides of the perovskite family. Their superconducting properties are strongly influenced by the oxygen concentration and the corresponding concentration and spatial distribution of oxygen vacancies. Processing studies of some subtlety will be required in order to establish the relations between processing parameters, oxygen concentration, oxygen defect characteristics, and optimum superconducting properties.
Ceramic Processing
Ceramics, in general, have been the subject of renewed scientific interest because of their potential advantages for use in microelectronic, structural,
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and sensing applications. The new superconducting ceramics discussed above are just one part of this picture. The problems that will need to be solved in order to realize these advantages are largely in the area of processing.
The unique properties of ceramics stem from the strong ionic (and, in some cases, partially covalent) bonds between the constituent atoms. This kind of bonding leads to unique combinations of properties, specifically: high strength, light weight, retention of strength and shape at high temperatures, and resistance to corrosion and erosion.
The major use-limiting characteristic of ceramics is their brittleness. The strong bonding and complex crystal structures of ceramics cause them to be essentially unable to undergo plastic deformation by motion of dislocations. Consequently, stress concentrations at natural or artificial flaws cannot be relieved by dislocation plasticity, and catastrophic brittle fracture may ensue. This flaw sensitivity of ceramics is responsible for a severe lack of reliability and reproducibility in their mechanical properties.
The synthesis and consolidation of powders is the usual processing technology for ceramics, although the use of techniques such as sputter deposition and chemical vapor deposition for thin-film ceramics is now an active area. Conventional melting methods, widely used for metals, glasses, and polymers, are generally not useful for bulk ceramics because their stability often leads to vaporization before melting, and substantial volume changes accompany melting when it does occur.
Major developments in processing technology will be required in order to improve the toughness of ceramic materials. New methods of producing fine, pure, mono-size powders should lead to improved sintering characteristics and lower sintering temperatures. In ceramics such as zirconia, phase transformations can be exploited to improve toughness through microstructural manipulation. Improved toughness may also be achieved in ceramic-ceramic composites, where strong ceramic fibers are embedded in a brittle ceramic matrix. The strong fibers act as bridges across cracks in the brittle matrix, thereby increasing toughness. There are many processing technologies that can be explored with the goal of improving the toughness of ceramic materials.
Artificially Structured Materials
The recent development of new materials and materials systems structured on an atomic scale should have many important applications. For example, the processes used for producing artificially structured materials make it possible to combine optically active materials with electronic circuitry in ways that should lead to qualitatively new kinds of optoelectronic devices. Artificially structured materials can be produced by a variety of techniques including molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE), chem-
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ical vapor deposition (CVD), vacuum evaporation, sputter deposition, ion beam deposition, and solid-phase epitaxy.
Techniques for growing thin films epitaxially, such as MBE, have been used to produce artificially structured materials with levels of purity and structural perfection that seemed impossible only a few years ago. Layered semiconductor systems with layer thicknesses down to atomic dimensions and with atomically smooth interfaces are now grown. The GaAs-GaAlAs system has received the most attention to date, with structures of widely varying electronic properties produced by control of composition. Carrier mobilities in excess of 106 cm2/V-s have been achieved in systems with layer thicknesses of the order of 10–6 cm.
An artificially structured material generally can be expected to exhibit novel and useful properties when the length scale of the structure is comparable to the characteristic length scale of the physical phenomenon of interest. Examples of interesting microscopic length scales include the de Broglie wavelengths of electrons, the wavelengths of phonons, the mean free paths of excitations, the range of correlations in disordered structures, characteristic diffusion distances, and the like. These distances can vary from a few atomic spacings to microns. The least explored area, and the one with the greatest potential interest for processing technology, lies between the atomic and the macroscopic sizes.
To date, most interest in the field of artificially structured materials has been focused on semiconductors, but there are many opportunities for new and useful combinations involving metals, insulators, and even polymers. The processing technologies now available are capable of producing both equilibrium and novel nonequilibrium phases, including amorphous structures and extended solid solutions. The range of possibilities in this area is truly remarkable.
Metals Industry
The problems of the metals industry are generally well known. The technical infrastructure of the industry has eroded in recent years, to the extent that the technical knowledge that exists within the industry is not fully used, and the transfer of technology into the industry from outside sources is gravely impeded. As an example, the titanium and nickel industries lack the resources to implement innovative new processes such as electro-refining of titanium and advanced ingot production methods for nickel-based superalloys.
The needs of the metals industry for research in materials processing center on the goal of becoming economically competitive in international markets. In particular, the steel, lead, and zinc industries need new processes that will allow them to take better advantage of their North American ore reserves;
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the steel industry is trying to develop a strip casting technology that will circumvent continuous casting operations and hot strip mill complexes; and the lead and zinc industries need extraction processes that will enable them to recover the silver and other minority constituents of their ore deposits.
The most pressing long-term need of the metals industry, however, is the development of processes for recovering metals from waste materials, and for upgrading vast quantities of currently unusable scrap to allow separation and economical recycling. With the exception of steel, there is a general shortage of high-quality raw materials available to the industry from within North America. Technology for efficiently recycling scrap emerges as the most important process area for R&D in the next 15 years.
In the near term, secondary processing operations such as rolling and shaping need attention throughout the metals industry. Process simulation, modeling, sensing, and control improvements are needed to upgrade quality and reduce costs.
For long-term improvements in product quality, truly innovative research is needed to develop predictive models of metallurgical phenomena and to simulate the properties and performance of finished products. This is a potentially important area for collaboration between industry, universities, and national laboratories.
Specific processing areas of interest to the steel industry include the following: the roles of fluid dynamics, heat transfer, and diffusion in determining the mechanism of hot dip coating; optimization of batch anneal heating processes through the development of models that incorporate nitrogen pickup, energy input, and productivity; application of computer-based expert systems to process control; three-dimensional fluid flow analyses of gas distribution in batch annealing, steel flow inside a tundish or mold, and gas flow inside a blast furnace or a basic oxygen furnace; and solidification models for simulating near-net-shape casting.
Polymer Processing
The remarkable growth of the synthetic polymer industry over the last half-century has been due as much to the development of processing technology as to polymer chemistry. Materials processing will continue to be a key to the development of new polymeric systems with unusual properties.
The properties of polymeric materials depend on organization at all levels—atomic, molecular, supermolecular, and macroscopic. Atomic organization is determined in the chemical reactions in which polymers are grown from small molecules. The organization of the polymer molecules themselves, that is, their state of folding or extension, is determined largely by processing. Molecular organization also depends on the chemistry of polymerization, which determines the molecular weights of individual molecules
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and the ways in which they are branched and cross-linked. At the supermolecular level, polymers interact to form crystalline, liquid crystalline, or amorphous arrays, or mixtures of those forms. Supermolecular organization also emerges from the ways in which different molecules behave when mixed with each other to form, for example, solutions or dispersions. Macrostructure is determined in shaping and finishing operations. Spinning of fibers, extrusion of films, and various molding operations determine macrostructure and often have a profound influence on the lower levels of organization in the bulk material.
The importance of both polymer chemistry and processing on organization and, consequently, on aggregate properties is well illustrated by the new polyethylene fiber. It is prepared by drawing the ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene from dilute (but supersaturated) solutions. The individual molecules are predominantly extended, rather than folded as is the case with polyethylene processed by conventional spinning or molding techniques. Success in making strong fibers by gel spinning has led to efforts to produce strong films by shear spinning, in this case to produce a material with most of the molecules extended in the plane of the fiber.
Important last stages of reaction chemistry often occur during processing. Much effort is now directed toward controlling and using, rather than avoiding, these late chemical changes. In reaction injection molding (RIM), chemicals are mixed immediately before extrusion as films or fibers, or injection into a mold, with the consequence that polymerization occurs concurrently with the formation of the shaped product. This allows the use of polymers that are not easily processed if they are prepolymerized and can also improve process economics. The control procedures needed with a RIM process are very stringent. Good modeling of the reaction kinetics in a moving stream in which temperature, composition, and viscosity are changing rapidly is a tremendous challenge, but, if well done, such models would be enormously useful for production.
Self-organizing polymers, such as those that form liquid crystals in melts or in solutions, are of increasing interest industrially. Objects made by solidifying liquid crystals tend to be strong and stiff. It is expected that they will be important structural and optical materials, but optimization of their properties will require a detailed understanding and control of processing technology.
A new area of polymer processing is based on a classic metallurgical procedure. It has been found that mechanical working (forging) of polymers at elevated temperatures followed by controlled cooling can increase molecular orientation and therefore increase strength markedly. This emerging field promises to be an arena of intense international competition.
A long-term goal is a process for extrusion of thick polymeric objects with high degrees of internal order and uniform properties. If successfully de-
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veloped, such a process might produce thick sheets, blocks, and shaped objects with strengths now seen only in fibers and films.
Processing of composites involves all of the problems encountered in processing monolithic materials along with a number of new ones. In particular, the organization of reinforcing material in a polymeric matrix may be both critical and difficult to accomplish by economical practices.
Fiber-reinforced composites are a good example. The term reinforced plastics often refers to resin-based materials made stiffer by the inclusion of strong, high-modulus fibers, which raise the modulus and strength of the composite by load transfer from the matrix to the fiber. Chopped fibers are widely used because the processing conditions are then similar to those used for monolithic plastics. A continuous filament is much more effective in reinforcement if it can be arranged properly in the matrix.
The simplest process for manufacturing continuous fibers is hand layup. The fibers are arranged in a mold, and a thermosetting resin is poured in. In forming the very high quality laminates used in the aerospace industry, the mixture of fiber plus resin is then cured under pressure. An open-mold process is reasonable for production of large parts that do not require optimum properties, e.g., boat hulls or building panels. In either case, the process is labor intensive and not suitable for economic mass production.
The expanded use of composites in applications such as automobile components is contingent upon major improvements in processing technology. Various processes, including injection molding, are suitable for continuous operation, but the reinforcing materials are restricted to short fibers or particles. Continuous processes that use continuous fibers are under development but require much more effort. In the winding of filaments, continuous strands are impregnated with resin and wound onto a mandrel. The pattern of the "fabric" can be designed to produce strength tailored for the desired application. "Pultrusion" is another continuous process and combines pulling and extrusion. The fibers, in the form of strands, mats, or tapes, are pulled through a resin, through a preformer, and then into a die, where the final product is cured.
The electrical properties of composites also depend on the organization of the matrix and the included material. Polymer-based composites are often filled with metals or ceramics whose electrical properties—conductivity, piezoelectric coefficients, dielectric constant, and so on—differ greatly from those of the matrix. The aggregate electrical properties of the composite are complicated functions of the organization of the included or filler material. Important parameters include the interparticle spacing, the connectivity, and the chemical nature of the interfaces. The theory of these structure-property relationships is primitive, and so is the science of controlling the organization of the electroactive particles by controlled processing.
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The science that underlies polymer processing often lags behind technological developments. It would be most useful for further progress if good dynamic process models could be developed based upon chemical kinetics, material properties, and mass transport. The systems are complicated, usually inhomogeneous, solids, viscous liquids, or suspensions of solids in viscous liquids. These systems seem difficult to analyze quantitatively, but the potential rewards for developing a systematic understanding of polymer processing are great.


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41 year old man | Peoria, AZ, USA | Seeking women 27-39 within 50 miles of Glendale, AZ
Not looking for perfect, just perfect for me!
I am a fun, witty, out-going guy who LOVES to laugh and make others laugh too. I am probably most proud of being a "good" dad for my kids (joint custody with my ex). I am friendly with my ex-wife and her new man, and try to find the silver lining in life. I love to laugh, love to work out, love music, and love life. I am an entrepreneur, love sports, love to be around people, and frequently perform at nursing homes for the elderly (sing and play the guitar) as a volunteer. Overall, I'm looking for someone that wants to live a happy life, and enjoy what it brings our way! i do like to go out, dance and have fun, but am just as happy staying at home, cuddling on the couch and watching a movie. Oh yeah, and I LOVE to cook and SPOIL the hell outta my girl. Ok, now, for the BRUTAL honesty :-) I LOVE my kids, and enjoy being a HUGE part of their lives. If you don't like kids, then we won't be right for each other. That being said, I'd be welcoming and accepting of yours. I'm kind of a risk taker. No, I don't basejump, but I like to heli-ski, try new things, etc. I know what I want and need in a soulmate...and hope you do too. I WILL make you laugh. I think laughter is one of life's greatest treasures! I have a good heart. I'm a good person, that happens to also be wild and crazy at times. Go ahead and say "hello!" After all, isn't that what we're all on here for anyway? :-)
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Business networking , Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Performing arts , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Volunteering , Watching sports
Basketball, Cycling, Dancing, Football, Golf, Other types of exercise, Running, Skiing, Soccer, Swimming, Weights / Machines
I exercise 5 or more times per week.
Don't display my sign
I have Dogs
3-year old English Lab - she's my baby!
Middle of the Road
Anywhere, really. I can be just as comfy at the Vig or clubbing at The Wild Knight as I am at Sandbar or the movies.
Singing and playing the guitar, my kids, soccer, skiing, boating, business, laughing, cuddling, a good movie/book, clubbing/dancing, etc...
Love going to sporting events, concerts, etc...with friends, or my kids. I love diong things with my kids too...whether it's taking them to the movies, or skiing, or the dogpark. I enjoy working out, and have done a few triathlons in the past.
The last book i read fully was 1792, about the Declaration of Independance and early American History. Yep, I'm kind of a nerd like that!
Him | What he is looking for | |
Appearance | ||
Height: | 5'11" (180cms) | 5'2" (157cms) to 5'8" (172cms) |
Body type: | Athletic and toned | Slender, Athletic and toned |
Eyes: | Brown | No preference |
Hair: | Dark brown | Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Dark blonde, Platinum |
Lifestyle | ||
Smoke: | No Way | No Way |
Drink: | Social Drinker | Never, Social Drinker |
Occupation: | Self-Employed / Entrepreneur | No preference |
I own a couple of businesses (one in CA), but am also currently re-entering the "regular" workforce since my other businesses are run by partners. |
Income: | I'll tell you later | No preference |
Relationship: | Divorced | Never Married, Widow / Widower, Divorced |
Have kids: | Yes, and they sometimes live at home | Yes, and they sometimes live at home, No, Yes, and they live away from home, Yes, and they live at home |
Wants kids: | No, but it's OK if my partner has kids | No, but it's OK if my partner has kids |
Background | ||
Ethnicity: | Latino / Hispanic, White / Caucasian, Other | Latino / Hispanic, White / Caucasian, Other |
My mom is from Peru, and my dad is from Guatemala, but I was born and raised in the States...and am as American as they come. |
Faith: | Christian / Other | Christian / Catholic, Christian / LDS, Christian / Protestant, Spiritual but not religious, Other, Christian / Other |
Languages: | English, Spanish | English |
Education: | Bachelors degree | No preference |


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Are there modded versions of Empire Defense 2,Cartoon Wars 2,Samurai vs Zombie and Defender 2 wherein you are given coins to begin the game or maybe you get unlimited crystals etc?I've seen some games with modded version but haven't seen any for those games PS: I just got my phone for a week and still haven't rooted my phone so that's why I'm choosing the modded version vs using cheat engines for now
We don't allow the redistribution of apps that are on Google Play. Even if they're free games, as it's often without the developer's permission and modified games could contain malware. I'm going to close this thread to prevent any further discussion on the topic, but if you (or anyone else) feels that I've acted inappropriately, I'd be more than happy to discuss it with you in PMs. Thank you.


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Below is the poem entitled His secret which was written by poet Kerrie Sursely. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by Kerrie Sursely
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In tears his body frozen a still He whispered "A secret for you I must, if you will"? His eyes possessed by fire & fear For this...no one must hear! A vision a Goddess you must be? A blinding aura... Your sweet scent washes over me. Your eyes of seduction green they shine... My dear angel, You are not broken, just confined! An explanation for you I'm Afraid not... Tortured has been my soul, To live without you I fear I cannot! A gift I thought? Or feared it could be, A demon sent to test and Break me! Lifeless I am - desire a loss With no care for what this may cost. A shift in their attentions A love was built to comfort- to listen. Covered in a blanket by a world To busy to see... The forces of nature were sent To make this be! In this restraint "I will not say goodnight!" My dear goddess... May I kiss you & melt into your Light? The angel's silence had finally Been broken... Her aura sang words never Meant to have been spoken! I am now yours as you had wished This to be... "My Dear, Your kiss is everywhere & Only where I want to be set free!" There it was as if her senses Could see-in his kiss... Invisible melodic images burst From the trees!


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Gouda, Ham, and Apple Bagel Thins® Sandwich
1 Servings
8 Prep Time
5 Cook Time
Melted cheese and chilled apple slices. What's not to love?
1 Thomas'® 100% Whole Wheat Bagel Thins® bagel
3 to 4 slices ham
1 slice smoked gouda, or semi-soft cheese
2 to 3 slices apple
Toast 1 Thomas' 100% Whole Wheat Bagel Thins® bagel. Place 3 to 4 slices of ham and 1 slice of smoked gouda (or semi-soft cheese) onto one half of the Bagel Thins® bagel and place under broiler until cheese is melted. Top with 2 to 3 slices of apple and other Bagel Thins® slice.


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Feeding the Region From Our Doorstep
Golden Bay organic grower Debbie Campbell is passionate about people growing food locally.
Once a jetsetting businesswoman, she now sees a fossil fuel crisis as an impetus for local production.
It's four years since she did "a crazy thing" and threw in her well-paid job as a business analyst in Canada and, burnt out, headed back to New Zealand.
She put her energy into converting a Nelson house into a bed-and- breakfast but still felt something was missing.
Now she has found her passion in an organic farm near Takaka.
"I am passionate about people growing food locally and sharing it locally," she said.
She bought Bay Subtropicals three years ago, taking on the certified organic orchard with more than 4000 trees and hydroponics with a capacity for 16,000 plants.
Getting in rhythm with the land has been a challenge she is still meeting with the help of her mentor, consultant Sol Morgan.
"We have struggled, it's certainly not been easy. It's been a passionate struggle, not a hardship struggle," she said.
The 7ha property mainly produces avocados and mandarins, as well as hydroponic lettuce, herbs and sprouts that she sells to supermarkets in Takaka, Motueka and Nelson, sending the surplus to Christchurch.
The property also grows, limes, tamarillos, oranges, loquats and asparagus, and this year she will convert half the hydroponics area to tomatoes, capsicums and cucumbers to meet demand.
She is active in Golden Bay's slow-food movement, Feed the Bay, which is working to increase the food grown in the district.
It sprouted last October from a forum of 300 people that focused on bringing the bay together as a community. "We have a challenge because so much land is in dairy," she said.
The idea is to help residents grow food but also make use of surplus produce by selling it or preserving it.
"Here in the bay there is a lot of food that falls on the ground," she said.
They are in the process of buying a commercial chiller, working with growers and will put up a website.
"It's really trying to hopefully inspire people to convert back to growing produce and ideally without herbicide, pesticide or nitrogen-based fertiliser, which kills micro-organisms."
She believes change is happening. "The one thing about this fossil fuel crisis is it's making us look at what we do where we didn't in the past."
One of the issues the group is concerned about is the impact of freight costs on food prices.
"Supermarkets price most of their products nationally. What happens when they stop doing that, what is it going to do in this community where wages are not big?
"We say let's be proactive rather than reactive and do something now before it happens. "We have beautiful soils, weather we can grow all year around in – and yet we buy food in."
The food group is working on a structure so its growers don't all put in the same crops.
"We are working together, that way everybody becomes a local food hero," she said.
"Buying local is being a local food hero – and all the food tastes so good."
rRD's Local Food Heroes: Nominate a local food producer who is passionate about providing quality food. Contact rural reporter Laura Basham, (03) 546 2877, or email@example.com
(c) 2008 Nelson Mail, The. Provided by ProQuest Information and Learning. All rights Reserved.


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Grower Review- A Must WatchYou will be happy when you decide to try Golden Tree. Turn your trees to gold with Golden Tree today. Grower Review - Colorado Commercial Grower Grower Review
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In Flower: Add 5ml per gallon of Golden Tree into your reservoir. Then, add base nutrient into your reservoir until your PPM levels of the reservoir mixture gets reaches about 1300 (Hanna Scale, which is 2.6 in EC.) Remember that this is a rough estimate. Strains vary, some will enjoy higher PPM's and some lower.
To make growing simple, exciting, and easier to succeed at. We will succeed as a fertilizer company if you can succeed as a grower. 20 Years Of Success20 years of trial and error have translated into Golden Tree Our team of scientists, chemists, and old-school Humboldt growers formulated Golden Tree. What Does Golden Tree Do?-Golden Tree stimulates and enhances the development and growth in plants by enhancing nitrogen assimilation and basal metabolism. -Enhances photosynthesis and cell division while also increasing protection against fungal, bacterial, and viral infections in plants by accumulating several phenylpropanoid compounds (PPCs) with antimicrobial activity. -Induces an increase in the level of essential oil and cellulose content. -Enhances pathogen defense -Accelerates root and plant growth -Improves the health and strength of plants -Fruits become fuller -Increases oil production -Practically all aspects of the plant are enhanced by the combination of organic compounds present in Golden Tree. The Best Hydro NutrientRather than having a dozen nutrient additives such as silica, root stimulators, carbohydrate loaders, accelerators, enhancers, and more, we give the opportunity to the grower to use just one - Golden Tree. Additional additives can still be used. Amazon Reviews10/10 Would Buy Again "I chose to give this product a 5 star review as it really did what it was advertised to do. I have been growing for 5+ years and using Golden Tree led to my best harvest yet. It also replaced my Bud Candy, Canna Boost, and Roots Excelurator. I recommend this product to all growers, and have turned a few friends on it as well." "Definitely did everything it was advertised to do, and I wouldn't spend my money on anything else after the results I got." |


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Chef for busy pub kitchen in Brighton
Lewes Road- Contract type
- Permanent
- Posted
- 1070 days ago
Experienced chef required for a busy pub kitchen. To work approximately 30 hours a week. Mainly to cover head chefs day off and weekends.
Must have 1. At Least 3 years experience in a similar position/kitchen
2. Able to work on your own and manage your time efficiently
3. Have a good understanding of stock levels and food ordering
4.Must be clean and presentable.
5. Contribute to food menu ideas
6. Understand the costing of dishes
7. Good communicator with a excellent command of the English language.
Rate of pay £7.00/hour
This would be a great position for someone who has a love for food and enjoys working in a small team.
Ad ID: 103459788


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Department | EDUTL |
Course | 7316 |
Title | Language Arts in the Early and Middle Childhood Program |
Description | Process and support for language development in the early years. Problems, research, and current teaching method in the major areas of language arts: listening, speaking, reading, writing, viewing, and constructing images. Prereq: Not open to students with credit for 860. |
Credits | 3 |


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Evernote is the modern workspace that helps you be your most productive self. You're on the path to something big — Evernote is where you do the work to achieve it.
- Write notes of all types, from short lists to lengthy research, and access them on any device.- Collect web articles, handwritten notes, and photos to keep all the details in one place. - Find your work quickly with Evernote's powerful search.- Present your work as it takes shape for better collaboration in meetings. Move projects forward with Evernote:- Take notes: write in a clean, distraction-free workspace.- Get organized: create notebooks and add tags to wrangle projects.- Access anywhere: keep your work in sync across devices.- Find anything fast: text in notes, photos, and PDFs is searchable.- Share ideas and resources: create a workspace for collaboration with shared notebooks.- Keep up with to-do's: make to-do lists and check items off as you go.- Harness creativity: capture ideas while they're fresh, wherever you are.- Prepare for meetings: draft agendas and to-do's for next time.- Manage expenses: organize receipts, bills, and invoices to keep expense reports in check.- Plan business travel: save reservations and tickets for simple trip planning.- Make connections: turn business cards into rich digital contacts. Accomplish even more with Evernote Premium: - Take notebooks offline to access them anytime- Annotate PDFs and notes to focus attention on key points- Create rich contacts from photos of business cards- Present your work on a big screen in a single tap with AirPlay- Lock the app when not in use and unlock with Touch ID or a passcode- Rediscover content from your account in the related notes sectionEvernote is available for all your computers, phones, tablets, and on the web! Find your notes anywhere you've installed the app.New York Times 'Top 10 Must-Have App', Winner: TechCrunch Crunchies, Mashable Awards and the Webbys. Evernote is free to download and use. Evernote Premium adds the great features above and is available by subscription.Two subscription options: - Evernote Premium monthly for $5 - Evernote Premium annually for $45 Price may vary by location. Subscriptions will be charged to your credit card through your iTunes account. Your subscription will automatically renew unless cancelled at least 24 hours before the end of the current period. You will not be able to cancel the subscription once activated. Manage your subscriptions in Account Settings after purchase.


text:
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Summary: IEEE Communications Magazine · February 2011 S330163-6804/11/$25.00 © 2011 IEEE INTRODUCTION As one of the major fiber to the home/curb/cabi- net/and so on (FTTx) technologies, Ethernet passive optical network (EPON) is developed based on Ethernet technology, and enables seamless integration with IP and Ethernet tech- nologies [1]. Due to the advantages of fine scala- bility, simplicity, and multicast convenience, as well as the capability of providing full-service access, EPON has been rapidly adopted in Japan and is also gaining momentum with carriers in China, Korea, and Taiwan since the IEEE rati- fied EPON as the IEEE 802.3ah standard in June 2004. On the other hand, video-centric applications and services such as HDTV are growing and emerging in the network [2]. As compared to traditional voice and data traffic, these multime- dia applications are more bandwidth-hungry. For
Source: Ansari, Nirwan - Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology
Collections: Engineering