text:
Editors: Steffen Jensen, Ken Thomassen, Peter Bryld and Lisbeth Andersen.
Contact to Euro-Letter:
In this issue:
Next issue: 46
An update of the Survey on the Legal Situation for Gays and Lesbians in
Europe and guides to the structure of the European Union, the Council of
Europe and The Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe can
be found on the home
page of the Gay and Lesbian International Lobby.
BUCHAREST, Romania -- Showing utter contempt for its
obligations under European and international law, Romania's Chamber of
Deputies voted overwhelmingly on 10 September to continue condemning
homosexuals to prison for all consensual same-sex relations, and to
establish stiff new prison terms for members of gay associations.
The Chamber approved the measure despite repeated appeals from Amnesty
International, other leading nongovernmental and intergovernmental
organizations, and hundreds of concerned individuals from around the
world, calling on Romania to end its oppressive treatment of gays and to
assume its place in the modern world. Romania remains the only member
state of the Council of Europe which continues to prosecute consensual
same-sex relations. Several other Council members -- including the
Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Denmark -- have expressed strong
objections in recent months to Romania's ill-treatment of gays and
The anti-gay measures adopted by the Chamber of Deputies are more severe
than those enacted by Romania's former communist regime.
These measures were drafted by Romania's new justice minister, Ion
Predescu, as an effort to revise Article 200 of the penal code (which
specifically criminalises homosexuality) as part of a larger penal code
"reform" process. Mr. Predescu's proposal, presented in the midst of a
heated presidential and parliamentay electoral campaign, received the
support of the ruling Government party (PDSR) and an overwhelming
majority of opposition parties.
The text approved by the Chamber of Deputies reads as follows:
Sexual relations between persons of the same sex, taking place in
public, or producing a public scandal, are punishable by one to five
years imprisonment.
If the act provided for in paragraph 1 is committed against a minor, it
is punishable by two to seven years imprisonment and the denial of
If the act provided for in paragraph 1 is committed under duress or
against a person unable to defend himself (or herself) or to express his
(or her) will, are punishable with three to ten years'imprisonment and
the denial of rights.
If the acts provided for in paragraphs two or three are causing serious
injury to bodily integrity or to health, the penalty is five to fifteen
years imprisonment and the denial of rights. If it is followed by
victim's death or suicide, the penalty is fifteen to twentyfive years
imprisonment and the denial of rights.
Enticing or seducing a person to practise same sex acts, as well as
propaganda, associations or any other forms of proselytizing with the
same aim are punishable by one to five years' imprisonment.
THE PENAL CODE REFORM PROCESS IS NOT YET COMPLETED!! In February, the
Romanian Senate approved a version of Article 200 that is similar, but
not identical, to that passed by the Chamber. Once the Chamber of
Deputies completes action on the entire penal code -- probably next week
-- a mediation Committee comprised of representatives of the two
chambers must meet to work out differences between their versions of
Article 200. Local human rights monitors fear that the Senate will
ultimately adopt the version drafted by the Chamber of Deputies, given
the tremendous political pressure to finish action on the penal code
before general elections in November.
While the Romanian Constitution allows the President of Romania or
members of Parliament to refer draft laws to the Constitutional Court
for review, the Chamber of Deputies has already declared its
determination to overturn any Constitutional Court decision challenging
the constitutionality of the Chamber's anti-gay measures. Members of
Parliament may overturn Constitutional Court decisions with a 2/3 vote
of both chambers.
In October 1993, Romania was accepted as a member of the Council of
Europe on condition that it brought several aspects of domestic law and
practice into line with the European Convention for the Protection of
Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. One of the conditions stipulated
that the Penal Code should be amended so that homosexual acts in private
between consenting adults were no longer penalized.
According to information published by the Ministry of Justice in October
1995, 14 men were imprisoned under Article 200, paragraph 1, in 1993 and
1994. In 1995, Amnesty International called on the Romanian authorities
to release five men who had been detained under this law and who were
considered to be prisoners of conscience. All five were released later
in 1995. Amnesty International has received reports that some of those
detained under Article 200 have been subjected to ill-treatment.
This is the draft resolution that was debated thursday 19 september 1996
in European Parliament Strassburg. The Romanian government tried to stop
this debate and resolution by sending a letter to the Chiarpersons of
the political group, arguing that the legislative process is not ended
pursuant to Rule 47 of the Rules of Procedure
by Mrs d'Ancona and Mr David, on behalf of the PSE Group
replacing the motions by
Mr Vinci and others, on behalf of the GUE/NGL Group (B4-1057/96)
on stiffer penalties for homosexuals in Romania
The European Parliament,
having regard to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
having regard to the European Convention for the Protection of
Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms,
having regard to its previous resolution on Romania,
A. shocked at the decision of the Romanian Chamber of Deputies to
introduce stiffer penalties for any homosexual relations between
consenting adults in the context of a revision of the Romanian Penal
B. whereas homosexuality is now subject in Romania to prison sentences
of between six months and three years and the proposal to amend Article
200 of the Penal Code would make acts of homosexuality punishable by up
to five years' imprisonment,
C. whereas the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, among
others, has called on Romania to decriminalize same-sex relationships,
D. whereas the law will only come into force if a compromise text is
approved by both Chambers and signed by the President of the Republic of
1. Expresses its profound indignation at these decisions by the Romanian
Parliament and condemns any attempt to criminalize sexual relations
between adults of the same sex;
2. Calls on the President of Romania to use all his powers to prevent
the entry into force of the proposed amendments to the Penal Code;
3. Recalls the importance it attaches to respect for human rights and
calls on the Government of Romania to adhere to its undertakings to the
Council of Europe to repeal all laws repressing homosexuality;
4. Calls on the Commission, the Council and the Member States, each
within their respective spheres of responsibility, to exert pressure to
prevent discriminatory provisions from being adopted;
5. Instructs its President to forward this resolution to the Council,
the Commission, the Council of Europe and the President, Government and
Parliament of Romania.
Following an outcry from European officials, Romania's Chamber of
Deputies Sept. 25 deleted a section of an already-passed bill that would
have punished private gay sex between adults with up to three years in
But they retained a section that will punish gay sex that causes "public
scandal" with up to five years in prison and another section that bans
gay "propaganda, associations or ... proselytizing" under threat of
five years in jail.
The remaining proposals advance to the Senate then to President Iliescu
for his signature. An old Communist-era law currently bans all gay sex
in Romania.
While the Romanian government retreated from its recent proposal to make
homosexuality illegal, the new legislation is still problematic. The new
penal code outlaws lesbian and gay associations, as well as the sex
which causes "public scandal". Government officials or police could
easily use such as unclear prohibition to harass lesbians and gay
men. Continued worldwide protest is expected, and ILGA will try to keep
you informed of new developments.
In the meantime, comments made during the debate on the penal code were
reported on in the 4 October issue of Transition from the Open Media
Research Institute (OMRI). Three deputies from the opposition National
Peasant Party Christian Democratic made it clear that Romanian lesbians
and gay men have no possibilities to appeal to elected officials for
The deputies proposed that special control teams be set up to inspect
homes for signs of homosexual behaviour. One of the deputies, Emil
Popescu, said that "incest is preferable to homosexuality," because it
"gives breeding a chance." Another deputy from the same party, Joria
Pascu, claimed incorrectly that homosexual relations are unknown in the
"animal world" with the exception of ducks, "which are known to be the
most stupid among birds."
While no protest so far has been announced by duck-loving organizations,
ILGA member, ACCEPT, in Bucharest, are working out their next strategies
and statements in the fight for the right to love for lesbian, gay, and
bisexual romanians.
The two countries also called for the EU as a body to sign up to the
European Convention on Human Rights and for EU to respect other
international contitutional instruments.
At a joint news conference, Italian Foreign Minister Lamberto Dini and
Austrian Vice Chancellor Wolfgang Schuessel said their proposal was
designed to underline to citizens the benefits of being part of the
"We fell that Europe must become a comprehensive and understandable
process to the citizen," Schuessel said.
The proposal -- which will be presented to the EU's inter-governmental
conference (IGC) that is negotiating a new treaty -- would prohibit
discrimination across the bloc on a broad range of grounds.
"The Union shall ensure that no discrimination on grounds particularly
of race, colour, nationality, sex, language, religion, political or
other opinion, ... disability, (or) sexual preference," a proposed
treaty text said.
It also formally pledged the Union to combatting "racism, anti-Semitism,
xenophobia, intolerance, (and) sexism...."
In what is likely to be among the most controversial aspects of the
proposal, the two countries said any EU member that persistently
breached any of these rights should, after due process, have certain
benefits within the Union suspended.
"If a member state infringes...rights, then there must be penalties,"
Schuessel said.
The two countries said it was also important that the EU sign up to the
Convention on Human Rights and that all EU laws should be completely
accessible to the bloc's citizens.
The European Court of Justice has ruled that the EU currently lacks the
standing to accede as a body to the human rights convention.
lobbying underway in Ireland /
Lobbying is underway for the inclusion of an anti-discrimination clause
that includes sexual preference in the new revision of the Maastricht
treaty. The Irish government, who currently holds the EU presidency, is
in support of such a clause, and ILGA member GLEN (the Gay and Lesbian
Equality Network) of Ireland is working to ensure that this support is
vocal and effective.
Recently, Italian Foreign Minister Lamberto Dini and Austrian Vice
Chancellor Wolfgang Schuessel spoke on behalf of their governments in
indicating support for such a clause. According to a Reuters report,
they also asked for the European Union to be given the power to penalise
member countries that do not comply, and for the EU as a body to sign up
to the European Convention on Human Rights and for EU to respect other
international constitutional instruments. Their supported human rights
clause specifically mentions sexual orientation, and the two countries
go so far as to say that any EU member that persistently breaches any of
these rights should, after due process, have certain benefits within the
Union suspended.
In Austria's case, this is ironic since they have various anti-gay and
discriminatory legislation still on their books, such as an unequal age
of consent, (18 for gay men, 14 for lesbians and heterosexuals) and two
articles which prohibit "propaganda" for homosexuality, and to "found,
recruit or be a member in a gay and lesbian organization." Long-time
ILGA activist, Kurt Krickler of Vienna said "This comes as a big
surprise for us because Austria has the severest anti-homosexual
legislation in the whole of Europe and Schuessel is the leader of the
Christian Democratic Party which has been strongly opposing the repeal
of these laws for the last 10 years.
Who knows? Maybe the Austrian governent prefers outside pressure to
convince the Austrian public of the need for reform."
Meanwhile, the Dutch national group, COC-NVIH, is preparing to host a
meeting and seminar on the Intergovernmental conference December 7,
1996, in Amsterdam, as part of COC's 50th Anniversary
activities. Members from the European Parliament will be attending
including the two past winners of the EGALITE award (for public figures
who have advanced lesbian and gay rights in Europe) - Peter Pex and
Claudia Roth. Fellow MEP Nel Van Dijk will be chairing the meeting.
Finally, ILGA in conjunction with EGALITE has gathered a list of 67
European groups who have signed a statement demanding of an
anti-discrimination clause including sexual orientation. The list of
signatories and a copy of the statement appears at the end of this
report. EGALITE is a group of over 300 gay men and lesbians working in
and around the European Institutions. Recent success includes the
extension of limited benefits to same-sex partners of Commission
employees. ILGA is an international federation of 450 groups and
individuals from 80 countries. ILGA spoke at a public hearing for the
IGC. Last year, ILGA managed a 211,000 ECU EU-funded project in Eastern
The purpose of the Intergovernmental Conference is to rehaul the
Maastricht Treaty by making it more democratic and effective and
bringing it closer to the ordinary citizen. The inclusion of
anti-discrimination clause that includes sexual orientation would be an
incredible global victory for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender
people. The European Parliament's 1994 Resolution on the Equality of
Rights for Homosexuals and Lesbians in the Community was used by
activists from Bermuda to Latvia to lobby their governments on lesbian
and gay rights. A clear recognition of lesbian and gay human rights by
one of the world's major political and economic power blocs would have
symbolic and practical implications. The next developments for the
Intergovernmental conference will be the Dublin European Council II
meeting, 13 and 14 of December. In June 1997, the Amsterdam European
Council is expected to be the end of the conference.
Such a clause has been recommended by the European Parliament
and is included in the Reflection Group Report that the December
1995 Madrid summit saw as a proper basis for discussion for a
new treaty.
We consider an anti-discrimination clause to be a precondition
for further steps to establish equal treatment of all European
Union citizens."
On September 15, the European Parliament adopted a resolution on human
rights in the European Union that includes a call to banish
discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. The resolution
includes the following statement: "In accordance with the terms of the
February 8 1994 Resolution on the Equality of Rights for Homosexuals and
Lesbians in the Community, the Parliament asks that all discrimination
and/or inequality of treatment must be abolished concerning homosexuals,
especially referring to differences that persist on the age of consent
for homosexuals, and discrimination concerning the right to work, and in
penal, civil, contractual, social and economic law." (freely
Resolution A4-0223/96 is an eight page resolution covering issues as
diverse as prisoners, torture, respect of the family, and more. The
resolution on homosexuality refers to the motion of the commune of
Verone of 14 July 1995 (which condemned the European Parliament's
earlier resolution) and replies to some other petitions from Germany,
Spain and Italy.
Largely by accident, I have discovered a new official European Union Web site which has been set up to
provide a convenient source of information on European NGOs and their
activities with particular connection to the current Intergovernmental
Conference (IGC). So far it has not been publicised effectively, but
that could change. It occurs to me to suggest that you mention it in
the Euroletter, especially if ILGA European Region can organise a
contribution to appear there, eg drawing attention to the EuroParliament
and Reflection Group's calls for a broad non-discrimination Article
explicitly banning discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation.
According to the Chechen and Russian media, Checen separatists are
proposing a new Penal code which includes an anti-sodomy law with
punishment from five years in prison to the death penalty. The Triangle
Centre, a Moscow-based Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual organization, and
member of ILGA, reports that since coming to power, the Chechen
separatists are looking at basing the new penal code on Muslim norms.
Roman Kalinin and Eugenia Debrianskaya, on behalf of Triangle, said
yesterday, "We know that many European countries and European and
Russian democratic organizations supported the Chechnian separatists in
their fight against the Russian army. We did it too. Now, it is obvious
that the price of peace will be paid by thousands of lives of
non-orthodox Chechnian citizens, our brothers and sisters."
They ask for support in protesting these proposals. Keep on the alert
for an ILGA/IGLHRC action alert soon! We'll report as soon as we get
more information and addresses for protest!
On the occasion of Europride '97, which will be held in Paris, the
French association "Homosexualites et Socialisme" (HES), is planning a
meeting of European gay/lesbian socialist groups.
HES is independent from, but related to the Socialist Party (PS). Its
aim is to relay the agenda of the French G&L organizations to the PS,
and to participate, along with them, in the reflection about homosexuals
and society.
If you are a member of such a group, or of a politically-oriented group
which could be interested by this meeting, please contact :
The ILGA World Conference is the important international gathering for
lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender activists. Since the first
meeting in Coventry, England in 1978, ILGA's international conferences
have been held all over the Europe, in North America and in recent
years, in Latin America.
ILGA's last World Conference in Rio in June 1995 bringing together more
than 300 delegates from almost 60 nations.
We're expecting a huge conference. After Rio, for the first time, ILGA
did not hold a conference during the next calendar year, and the name of
the conference changed from Annual Conference to World Conference. Add
to that, the fact that the majority of ILGA's members come from Europe
(over 50% from Western and Eastern Europe), and that this conference
will be in Europe, a closer proximity than Brazil. And that the number
of participants increase at every conference. After two years of no ILGA
World Conferences, we're hoping for and expecting the largest and most
diverse participation ever!
Plan ahead! The conference organizers and ILGA issue this special
invitation to all of you:
The conference sites are directly on the river Rhine and are handicapped
The conference, which has the motto "CHALLENGE & PRIDE", will focus on
the following issues:
In addtion, on June 29 there will be one-day pre-conference with the
topic: "Ideology, Religion and Homophobia".
An attractive social program will accompany the conference: an opening
gala with many stars, a boat tour on the Rhine, and more. The 'grand
finale' will be Germany's biggest Christopher Street Days parade, where
more than 500.000 visitors are expected.
Registration forms are available by mid November in the Internet at
firstname.lastname@example.com, from lglf and in the next ILGA Bulletin.
Suggestions for workshops, as well as questions and
registrations please send to:
lglf ILGA 97
Information is also available on the
ILGA site.
For donations and registration fees please use the following
bank account:
Kreissparkasse Koeln
LGLF and ILGA are looking forward to seeing you in Cologne!
Portugal's Socialist government has no intention of adding homosexuals
to the list of protected minorities in Article 13 of the federal
constitution, spokesman MP Nuno Baltazar Mendez told a Sept. 18 forum
sponsored by the gay group ILGA-Portugal.
The forum was billed as Portugal's "first national debate on homosexual
Baltazar claimed protecting gays from discrimination would lead to legal
gay marriage which, he said, Portugal is not ready to accept.
Meanwhile, the government of Lisbon has given ILGA office space in the
city center and Lisbon City Hall has become a sponsor of the city's
first Lesbian and Gay Film Festival, scheduled for September 1997.
VATICAN CITY (AP) -- With a scathing attack on the European
Union, a Vatican council Friday called for a new campaign of family
values to combat the continent's "demographic winter.',
The Pontifical Council for the Family partly laid the blame for Europe's
falling fertility rates on "the demands of a (consumer) society and
higher costs at raising children." It also cited motherhood's "low
esteem" stemming from too much emphasis on a woman's activities outside
the home.
The council, an advisory body under the authority of Pope John Paul II,
took to task the European Union for funding population control programs
in developing countries as a form of "neo-colonialism." It said the EU
was guilty of introducing ilspurious" rights to reproductive health,
homosexuality and abortion.
"In the face of widespread indifference to reality, Europe's demographic
crisis has been compared to the Titanic, when those on board continued
to order more champagne as the ship steadily sank," the council said.
The council's stance reflected long-standing Vatican policy, most
vigorously pushed by the Holy See at the 1994 U.N. population
conference in Cairo. The document released Friday followed a meeting in
Rome last week on the family and demography in Furope.
The council took note of Europe's falling number of marriages, growing
number of children born outside of wedlock, more cohabitation and higher
divorce rates and postponed child-bearing.
"The ideological factors behind Europe's `demographic winter' must never
be forgotten," the council said.
"Europe is currently dominated by well-placed minority groups opposed to
the family. The individualistic model of the person can frequently by
linked to the anti-life mentality and anti-life propaganda," it said.
The council also blamed the widespread use of contraception and "a
sterile sexuality ... promoted by the mass media and through
promiscuity, pornography and homosexualism."
It concluded that the Europe's rebirth "depends largely on a rediscovery
of the family," and called for tax reform, better housing, family
subsidies and maternity allowances as practical steps.
The OSCE Lisbon Summit will be the "conclusion" of the Vienna Review
Conference which started recently. The Document prepared here will be
signed at the Summit in Lisbon by all OSCE heads of state/government;
for this purpose, the whole OSCE circus will move from Vienna to
Portugal at the end of this month.
There is no need for ILGA to go to Lisbon for this occasion because
there is not really much to do there as an NGO, the Document will be
prepared here in Vienna, "sexual orientation" is not a topic yet. I
started to talk with some delegations about this (Norway, Austria) but
my first priority was to prepare an oral statement which I delivered in
Working Group 1 on behalf of ILGA (see below). I hope an ILGA
representative (John Clark, Tom Lavell or me again) will be able to give
another statement on Friday (8 Nov.) referring to the general agenda
item "Tolerance and Non-discrimination".
Review of the Implementation of OSCE Commitments in the Human
Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, including
Mr. Chairman, distinguished delegates,
Thank you for giving me the opportunity to speak today on behalf of the
"International Lesbian and Gay Association" (ILGA), which is a
world-wide federation of more than 300 organisations fighting for the
human rights of lesbian women and gay men.
In the context of today's agenda item, the International Lesbian and Gay
Association must constate that the rights and freedoms of expression,
association and peaceful assembly of lesbians and gay men are not fully
respected in all OSCE participating States. Here in Austria, the host
country of this meeting, it is still a criminal offense to spread
positive information on homosexuality or to found, recruit, or be a
member in a lesbian and gay organisation if this organisation causes
"public scandal" which is a very elastic and problematic notion. These
provisions are a clear unjustified restriction of the fundamental
freedom of expression, association and peaceful assembly and therefore a
clear human rights violation. These provisions in the Austrian penal
code provide for sentences of up to six months imprisonment. These
criminal laws are a permanent intimidation of gays and lesbians in
Austria. The law against "advertising homosexuality" is also a severe
impediment to effective AIDS prevention for gay men. On several
occasions, AIDS prevention material imported from Germany has been
confiscated in Austria because this material was considered to
"advertise homosexuality".
Moreover, this ban on positive information and on lesbian and gay
organisations in Austria was just recently used as a justification by
the mayor of a big city in Austria to refuse to rent out the city's
convention hall for an all-Austrian gay and lesbian conference. This
conference, which eventually took place last weekend, had to rent
meeting facilities in a private hotel.
This Review Conference should also be alarmed about the fact that one of
the government parties has introduced a Bill in Austrian Parliament to
even tighten up these provisions. This Bill will be voted upon on 27
November 1996. We, therefore, appeal to all OSCE participating States,
and especially to the other member states of the European Union, to
exert pressure on the Austrian Government and Parliament not to sharpen
these laws but, instead, to completely repeal them. This would be in
line with Recommendations and Resolutions of both the Council of Europe
and the European Parliament which, on 17 September 1996, has confirmed
in Resolution A4-0223/96 its earlier Resolution of 8 February 1994
(which, by the way, is included in ILGA's Written Presentation to this
Review Conference) demanding that all discrimination against homosexual
women and men be abolished and all inequality of treatment of gays and
lesbians be eliminated.
Unfortunately, Austria is not the only OSCE country that violates the
freedom of expression and association of gays and lesbians. We have to
mention that Liechtenstein has the same articles in its penal code,
directly taken from the Austrian one. Romania, on the occasion of
repealing the total ban on homosexuality this Fall, has also introduced
new anti-homosexual legislation in its penal code which also constitutes
a severe and heavy human rights violation. The new Romanian legislation
prohibits "propaganda, organizing, associating and any other forms of
proselytism" in the context of homosexuality and provides for up to 5
years imprisonment for this offence. "Proselytism" should here only be
used with quotation marks because today we have enough scientific proof
that homosexuality cannot be subject for proselytism. Modern science has
obviously not yet made its appearance in Romanian Parliament.
Unfortunately, we have also to report a severe incidence of violating
freedom of expression and association that occured in Bulgaria last July
when the police raided the office of "Flamingo", a gay group in Sofia
which publishes a gay magazine and runs a book and video shop there. The
brutal police attack against this group also involved the confiscation
of files, correspondance, merchandise, computers and other technical
equipment. According to the reports we receive from Bulgaria, there is a
systematic harrassment of gays and lesbians going on in this country.
Before I conclude, I want to focus on one aspect which we consider very
important in the discussion about freedom of expression and religion and
which are the tensions and conflicts involved with these two
freedoms. We think there must be limitations to the freedom of
expression and religion. Invididuals, religious or other groups who
express hate speeches or even call for violence against certain groups,
who reinforce prejudice and hatred against certain minorities should be
restricted in their anti-democratic action by anti-discrimination
provisions protecting vulnerable groups from such verbal violence. Such
limitations must also be valid for the dominating religions in one
country. Again, I have to give an example from the host country: A few
weeks ago, the Catholic Church in one of the Austrian provinces issued
an incredibly discriminating "Document" against homosexuality which
reminded people of the medieval pogroms against Jews or the witchhunt of
the Inquisition.
Hate speeches which violate the human dignity of individuals or groups
are a clear abuse of the freedom of expression. Any attempt to misuse
freedom of religion to sow hate against certain groups must also be
strictly rejected. Such irresponsible abuse cannot be tolerated in a
society which respects human rights and fundamental freedoms.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Acknowledging non-discrimination based on sexual orientation as a human
rights issue
The pioneer in this respect was the Parliamentary Assembly of the
Council of Europe which adopted - as early as in 1981 - Recommendation
924 condemning all legal and social discrimination against homosexuals.
On three occasions, the European Court of Human Rights ruled the
prohibition of homosexuality among consenting adults to be a violation
of the European Convention on Human Rights. Since 1993, the Council of
Europe has made it a precondi-tion for the admission of a new member to
change any such legislation. Moldova, Albania, and Russia, for example,
decriminalized homosexuality before being admitted to the Council,
Romania and Macedonia committed themselves to repeal their total ban on
homosexuality in due time after their admission to the Council of Europe
- an obligation which Romania, by the way, has failed to honour even
three years after agreeing to it.
In 1994, the United Nations Human Rights Committee ruled (in Toonen
vs. Australia) that the rights of lesbians and gay men to privacy and
equality were guaranteed by the provisions of the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The Committee ruled that
criminal laws prohibiting homosexuality among consenting adults violate
Article 17 of the ICCPR. Additionally, the UN Human Rights Committee
noted in its decision that "the reference to 'sex' in articles 2 (1) and
26 [of the ICCPR] is to be taken as including sexual orientation". For
us in the lesbian and gay rights movement, this is the most important
decision to date in international human rights law.
Another recent landmark achievement was the adoption of the "Resolution
on equal rights for homosexuals and lesbians in the EC" by the European
Parliament in February 1994. In this Resolution, the EP calls on all
Member States to repeal all anti-homosexual law provisions and to end
any discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, and calls on the
Commission of the EU to present a draft Recommendation on equal rights
for lesbians and homosexuals which should, as a minimum, seek to end,
among other things such as the discrimination by criminal law
provisions, "the barring of lesbian and homosexual couples from marriage
or from an equivalent legal framework, and any restriction on the right
of lesbians and homosexuals to be parents or to adopt or foster
In the framework of the deliberations of the Intergovernmental
Conference, the EU member states are at present negotiating the
inclusion of a non-discrimination clause in a new EU Treaty which would
also list "sexual orientation" as a non-discrimination category.
Achievements on the national level In the last few years, we have also
witnessed considerable progress and remarkable improvements in the
recognition of the human rights of lesbians and gay men in a series of
OSCE member states.
National anti-discrimination legislation explicitly including "sexual
orientation" was recently adopted in Finland, Spain and Iceland which
brings the number of OSCE member states with such legislation to eleven
(including also Norway, France, Denmark, Sweden, Ireland, the
Netherlands, Slovenia, and Canada). This year, the Canadian Human Rights
Act was amended in order that "sexual orientation" be added as a
non-discrimination category. The new Finnish Constitution also covers
this category. Proposals to include "sexual orientation" as a
non-discrimination category in the new constitutions are also being
debated in Poland and Germany.
This year, Iceland joined Denmark, Norway, Greenland, and Sweden in
enacting "registered partnership" laws recognizing same-sex
relationships. Similar laws have been proposed and are being debated in
Finland, Spain, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Switzer-land, Belgium,
Germany, Italy, France and other OSCE countries. In May 1996, the
Hungarian Parliament voted to open common-law marriage to same-sex
Unfortunately these positive advances in national and regional practice
are only part of the story. Discrimination against lesbian and gay
people continues in all parts of the world, also in the member states of
the OSCE:
The penal laws of Bosnia-Hercegovina, Macedonia, Romania, most of the
non-European former Soviet republics as well as more than 20 states of
the United States still prohibit consenting homo-sexual activity;
The penal codes of Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Finland, Hungary,
Liechtenstein, Serbia, and the United Kingdom provide for a
discriminatory higher age of consent for homosexual acts than for
heterosexual acts;
Austria, Finland, and Liechtenstein violate the fundamental right to
freedom of speech and/or freedom of assembly: they prohibit the founding
of gay and lesbian organisations and/or any positive information on
In most states gay men and lesbians face discrimination in civil laws
dealing with inheritance, retirement insurance, medical insurance,
parenting, housing, and immigration.
"Participants pointed out to groups which were not "national minorities"
but which none the less suffered discrimination, including women,
homosexuals, migrant workers, and conscientious objectors...
It was pointed out that CSCE commitments in the area of
non-discrimination cover homosexuals as well. Suggestions were made that
discriminatory State policies against homosexuals, and criminalizing
legislation, should be eliminated."
In July 1995, the Parliamentary Assembly of the OSCE, in its 4th
(annual) session in Ottawa, adopted a Resolution which calls on member
"...to ensure that all persons belonging to different segments of their
population be accorded equal respect and consideration in their
constitutions, legislation and administration and that there be no
subordination, explicit or implied, on the basis of ethnici-ty, race,
colour, language, religion, sex, sexual orientation, national or social
origin or belonging to a minority..."
However, these texts adopted within the OSCE process are not included in
binding OSCE documents. In view of the developments on the national and
international level as described above, it seems important and adequate
to us that the OSCE take an even firmer stand on this issue and
pronounce a clear commitment of non-discrimination based on sexual
orientation - a statement that is both binding within the OSCE process
and at the height of these international developments. OSCE standards
should in no way and area trail behind the standards set forth by other
international human rights platforms and bodies such as the United
Nations and the Council of Europe. It would be disappointing if the OSCE
were the only major European and international human rights platform
that did not speak out against discrimination based on sexual
orientation in a binding document.
The International Lesbian and Gay Association, therefore, calls upon the
OSCE and all its member states
The following text for such a clause has been proposed by our
association on earlier occasions:
The expression "sexual orientation" shall mean sexual attraction
towards a person of the same sex or the opposite sex, whether
this is manifested in a physical or emotional form";
In 1996 Canada amended the Canadian Human Rights Act so as to include
sexual orientation; the law forbids discrimination based on sexual
orientation by federally regulated employers, landlords and services.
The law applies to the federal government, banks, broadcasters, the
telephone and telecommunications industry, railways, airlines, shipping
and inter-provincial transportation. Federal constitutional protections
are provided by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms; the Supreme
Court has recognized sexual orientation as a ground analogous to those
specifically protected in Section 15 of the Charter. Provincial human
rights laws provide protection based on sexual orientation in all
Canadian provinces with the exception of Alberta, Newfoundland, and
Prince Edward Island. However, the Newfoundland Supreme Court has ruled
that the human rights of sexual minorities are also protected under the
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
In November 1995 Spain ratified a new Penal Code which declares the
right to express one's sexual orientation a fundamental freedom and bans
discrimination in housing, employment, public services, and professional
activities based on sexual orientation. The new Penal Code also
criminalizes hatred and violence directed against homosexual persons and
Since January 1995 Article 141 of the Penal Code of Slovenia has
sanctioned anyone who "denies someone his human rights or fundamental
freedoms recognized by the international community or set by the
Constitution or a law" because of difference "in nationality, race,
colour, religion, ethnic background, gender, language spoken, political
or other persuasion, sexual orientation, material status, birth,
education, social status or any other personal circumstance".
In 1995 the Penal Code in Finland was amended to include sexual
orientation among the grounds protected from discrimination in offering
public or commercial services or giving access to public meetings. The
law also bans agitation against protected groups and prohibits
discrimination in hiring and working conditions based upon sexual
orientation and other grounds. The Finnish Constitution bans
discrimination on the basis of sex, age, origin, language, opinion,
health, disability or "other reason characteristic of an individual."
Government documents have referred to sexual orientation as a ground
protected as an individual characteristic.
Since February 1, 1994, New Zealand has protected sexual minorities from
discrimination by including sexual orientation as a protected category
in its Human Rights Act (along with sex, marital status, religion, race,
ethnicity, age, disability, political opinion, employment status, and
family status). Protection is granted in employment, education, access
to public places, provision of goods and services, and housing and
In 1992 the Netherlands amended Section 429 of its Penal Code to ban
discrimination on the basis of "hetero- or homosexual orientation."
Article One of the Constitution also prohibits discrimination, and
sexual orientation is considered a protected ground under the clause "or
any other ground whatsoever." Individuals can seek redress from
discrimination through the Equal Treatment Commission based on the
grounds of religion, personal convictions and views, political
orientation, race, gender, nationality, sexual preference, and marital
status. Unequal treatment is illegal in any area related to work, in
offering goods and services, and in receiving advice about educational
and career opportunities.
In 1987 Denmark added sexual orientation to the anti-discrimination
clause of its Penal Code (Article 266, which also prohibits hate speech)
and to its Anti-Discrimination Act of 1971. Protections have been
provided since that time in public employment, and on July 1, 1996 new
legislation extended protections to the private labor market.
In 1987 Sweden passed laws forbidding commercial organizations from
discriminating on the grounds of homosexuality, and forbidding hate
speech on those grounds. The private labor market is not covered by
these protections.
In 1985 France amended its Penal Code to prohibit discrimination based
on sexual orientation. The Code of Labor law was amended in 1986 and
1990 to prohibit such discrimination in the work place, including in the
civil service and armed forces.
In 1981 Norway amended Paragraph 349a of its Penal Code to prohibit
discrimination based on sexual orientation in the provision of goods or
services and in access to public gatherings. In the same year Paragraph
135a of the Penal Code was amended to prohibit hate speech directed at
sexual minorities. The private labor market is not covered by these
Hong Kong and Poland are currently considering legislation that would
protect sexual minorities from discrimination.
Many municipalities and states within nations extend legal protections
to sexual minorities. While examples of such local legislation are too
numerous to list exhaustively, two prominent countries often mentioned
in this regard are Australia and the United States.
The parliament in Australia is considering federal legislation to
prohibit discrimination based on sexuality including heterosexuality,
homosexuality and transexuality. Protections against employment
discrimination based on sexual orientation are already provided for
under federal law (the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Act
of 1986). The Australian Federal Sexual Privacy Act protects consenting
adults from legal censure of sexual acts performed in private, but is
currently being challenged in the High Court by the Tasmanian
government, joined by the Victorian government. Several states maintain
anti-discrimination legislation: New South Wales provides protection
based on homosexuality, bisexuality, and transexuality; South Australia,
Northern Territory, and Capital Territory base protections on
"sexuality"; Queensland and Victoria maintain a protected ground of
"lawful sexual activity."
Nine states within the United States (California, Connecticut, Hawaii,
Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Vermont and
Wisconsin) have civil rights laws that include sexual orientation. Some
other states have executive orders banning discrimination based on
sexual orientation. For more information about anti-discrimination laws
in the U.S. contact the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, 2320
Seventeenth Street NW, Washington DC 20009, phone (202) 332-6483, fax
(202) 332-0207, e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com.
On May 20, 1996 the United States Supreme Court ruled that an amendment
to the Colorado state constitution that would have banned
anti-discrimination laws based on sexual orientation violated the equal
protection clause of the U. S. constitution and hence could not become
law. The majority decision in Romer vs. Evans reads, in part, "Central
both to the idea of the rule of law and to our own Constitution's
guarantee of equal protection is the principle that government and each
of its parts remain open on impartial terms to all who seek its
assistance." The court concluded that "Amendment 2 classifies
homosexuals not to further a proper legislative end but to make them
unequal to everyone else. This Colorado cannot do." This ruling is a
landmark victory for equal rights in the United States, and may provide
an important precedent for future anti-discrimination cases in the
United States.
Please request a copy of the IGLHRC
fact sheet on international jurisprudence and policy precedents
regarding sexual orientation.
The information contained in this fact sheet is drawn from The Third
Pink Book (1993), Index on Censorship, 24(1) Jan/Feb 1995, the ILGA
Euroletter and the ILGA Annual Report
1996, and IGLHRC files. Please contact IGLHRC with any new information that
can be used to update this fact sheet. IGLHRC, 1360 Mission Street, San
Francisco, CA 94103, tel. 415-255-8680, fax 415-255-8662, email:
Copyright ILGA, Gais et Lesbiennes Branchés,
© 1996
Page d'accueil
In the past two months the legal situation for lesbians and gay men in
Romania has changed twice. The following five articles show the
By Ion Iacos
Sexual relations between persons of the same sex are punishable by six
months to three years' imprisonment.
Amnesty International considers individuals imprisoned solely because of
their practice of consensual homosexual acts between adults in private
to be prisoners of conscience. Article 200, paragraph 1, of the Romanian
Penal Code adopted in 1968, was reviewed by the Constitutional Court of
Romania in 1994. The court ruling allowed for the prosecution of only
those acts which were "committed in public or produced public scandal".
However, the ruling did not provide guidelines for applying these
standards, nor did it define "public scandal". Therefore the enforcement
of the law continued to lead to imprisonment of adults solely for
engaging in consensual homosexual relations in private.
By Hein Verkerk
18 September 1996
Mr Vinci, Mr Pettinari, Mr Paillier, Mr Gutierrez Diaz and Mr
Svensson, on behalf of the GUE/NGL Group
Mr Ripa di Meana, Mrs Roth and Mr Müller, on behalf of the V
Mr Dupuis and Mr Dell'Alba, on behalf of the ARE Group
Mr Ripa di Meana, on behalf of the V Group (B4-1063/96)
Mr Dupuis and Mr Pradier, on behalf of the ARE Group (B4-1081/96)ROMANIA ALTERS ANTI-GAY LEGISLATION
By Rex WocknerRIGHT-WING ROMANIANS RANT
ILGA press releaseITALY AND AUSTRIA CALL FOR SWEEPING EU RIGHTS CLAUSE
LUXEMBOURG, Oct 1 (Reuter) -- Italy and Austria called on
Tuesday for a sweeping human rights clause to be incorporated in the
European Union treaty and for the bloc to be given the power to penalise
member countries that do not comply.
Let the lobbying begin:
By Andy Quan, ILGA Coordinator.
Austrian support causes confusion /
IGC seminar planned in Amsterdam /
EGALITE and ILGA campaign for signatures
"The European gay and lesbian organizations that have signed
this statement demand that the follow-up treaty to the
Maastricht Treaty on European Union include an
anti-discrimination clause covering sexual orientation.
ILGA press releaseNEW EUROPEAN WEB SITE: Grand Place
By Alan ReekieDEATH PENALTY FOR HOMOSEXUALITY IN CHECHNIA?
ILGA press release
By René Lalement
BP 414, 75527 Paris cedex 11, France
Tel : 33 + (0)1 46 59 01 00
Web: FQRD:HES
email : HES
ILGA press release
Dear friends,
Coinciding with its 25th anniversary, the group, Lesbian and Gay
Liberation Front (LGLF), Cologne will be organizing the next ILGA World
Conference, ten years after it successfully held the 1987 ILGA World
Conference. From June 29 to July 5, 1997 ILGA World Conference will take
place in Cologne,Germany, the city which is number four of the lesbian
and gay capitals of the world.
..and much more.
Kartaeuserwall 18
D-50678 Koeln
Tel./Fax: +49-221-93 18 80 16
e-mail: email@example.com or: firstname.lastname@example.com
Konto-Nr. 20491
By Rex WocknerVATICAN COUNCIL CONDEMS EUROPEAN `DEMOGRAPHIC WINTER'
By Daniel J. Wakin, Associated Press WriterOSCE LISBON SUMMIT
By Kurt KricklerORAL STATEMENT to the OSCE REVIEW CONFERENCE, Vienna, November
delivered by the International Lesbian and Gay Association
(ILGA) [Kurt Krickler] in WORKING GROUP 1(c)
(5 November 1996)
WRITTEN PRESENTATION to the OSCE REVIEW CONFERENCE, Vienna,
November 1996
submitted by the INTERNATIONAL LESBIAN AND GAY ASSOCIATION (ILGA)
By Kurt KricklerDiscrimination on the Basis of Sexual Orientation is a Violation
of Human Rights
In past years, non-discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation as
a human rights obligation has received increasing attention at the
international level and has been acknowledged as a relevant issue at
several international and regional human rights platforms and bodies. It
has been discussed, for example, both at the 2nd United Nations World
Conference on Human Rights which took place here in Vienna three years
ago, and at the 4th United Nations World Conference on Women in Beijing
last year.
"Sexual orientation" in the OSCE process
Also within the work of the OSCE, the issue of non-discrimination based
on sexual orientation was discussed on several occasions, such as the
Follow-Up Meeting in Helsinki (1992), the Human Dimension Seminars on
"Tolerance" (1992), "Free Media" (1993), and "Building Blocks for Civic
Society - Freedom of Association and NGOs" (1995), as well as in the
Budapest Review Conference (1994) and the joint OSCE/Council of Europe
International Seminar on Tolerance in Bucharest in May 1995. This topic
was also discussed at the two OSCE Implementation Meetings on Human
Dimension Issues in 1993 and 1995, the first one eventually included the
following paragraph in its Report which was unanimously adopted in the
Final Plenary by all delegations:
"The Member States consider the right of any person to live in
accordance with her or his sexual orientation a fundamental
human right and will take measures to eliminate and to prevent
discrimination against persons based on their sexual orientation.
Fact Sheet:
Prepared by the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights
Commission, August 1996
Where in the world are lesbians, bisexuals, and gay men legally
protected from discrimination?
Currently, eleven countries have nationwide legislation which protects
sexual minorities from discrimination: Canada, Denmark, Finland, France,
The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, and
What kinds of protection are offered?
On May 8, 1996 South Africa became the first country in the world to
include sexual orientation as a protected category in its constitution.
Section Nine "the Equality Clause" of the Bill of Rights in the new
constitution reads, in part, "The state may not unfairly discriminate
directly or indirectly against anyone on one or more grounds, including
race, gender, sex, pregnancy, marital status, ethnic or social origin,
colour, sexual orientation, age, disability, religion, conscience,
belief, culture, language, and birth." In addition to banning
government discrimination the Equality Clause bans private-sector
discrimination, specifying "No other person may unfairly discriminate
directly or indirectly against anyone on one or more [of the above]
Don't other countries extend equal rights protections based on sexual
Some nations offer protections in employment only. For example, in 1992
the Knesset in Israel approved a law prohibiting employers from
discriminating against employees and job applicants because of sexual
preference, and in Ireland there are legal protections against dismissal
from employment based on sexual orientation (Employment Discrimination
Law, 1991), and against hate speech (Prohibition of Incitement to Hatred
Act, 1989).
What about freedom from discrimination in family life and immigration?
Please request copies of the IGLHRC
fact sheets on domestic partnership legislation and on immigration. Does international human rights law provide protections for sexual
ILGA Euroletter


text:
Barbour Vintage Quilted Jacket
Barbour jackets can vary depending on style. Heritage Fit is tailored. Please email firstname.lastname@example.com or check the Size Guide for further information.
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Add a refined country heritage approach to your seasonal wardrobe with the vintage quilted jacket from the new Barbour collection. Mixing comfortable with contemporary, this Barbour jacket is ultra lightweight to layer up on fresh summer days. Complete with a corduroy collar and trim, this jacket is an effortless choice for sophisticated layering.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
2010 Complete Election Coverage: Al Gore sets April deadline for climate bill
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- Al Gore gives a speech at the Copenhagen summit. AP Photo
Former Vice President Al Gore called on President Barack Obama to pass a climate bill by April 22 — the next Earth Day – in a Tuesday speech at the international climate talks in Copenhagen.
"As a citizen of the United States, and no more, I will ask those among my fellow citizens who share my sense of urgency to join in asking President Obama and the leadership of the United States Senate to set a deadline of April 22, 2010—the 40th anniversary of Earth Day—for final action on U.S. legislation," Gore said.
Democratic supporters of the bill would like to take up the climate bill this spring but have noted that long list of issues will take priority, including finishing health care, passing a financial regulation bill and moving a jobs bill.
Coal, rural and manufacturing states remain skeptical about taking up the bill in the midst of a recession, fearing that it will raise electricity costs for consumers and businesses.
Gore also called on the international community to finalize whatever agreement comes out of the Copenhagen talks several months earlier than currently planned.
"I would ask those of you here who share my sense of urgency to join me in asking for an early date for the next meeting of ministers and heads of state," he said. "We cannot wait until next November. I propose that we meet in July in Mexico City."


text:
Does it have a floor?
Swim Time Sno Fort Inflatable Igloo
Made for intense winter fun, this brightly colored inflatable igloo from Swim Time doubles as a huge snow fort or play lodge. The heavy-duty PVC stands up to cold, and the front window panel lets kids peer out from their insulated haven.
- Details
- Shipping & Returns
- Reviews
Have some fun during winter time with this inflatable PVC igloo designed by Swim Time. Featuring a front window panel and an insulated dome structure, this multicolored snow tube is exactly what you need for a winter adventure. Constructed from a heavy-duty material, this one-of-a-kind igloo ensures a comfortable and pleasant experience.- Brand: Swim Time
- Color: Yellow/multi
- One-of-a-kind igloo hideout
- Front window panel and insulated dome structure
- The warm sunlit interior is perfect as a play lodge or snow fort
- Materials: Heavy-duty PVC material
- Dimensions: 57 inches high x 60 inches wide x 72 inches long
- Model: NW912
Features | |
Color | Multi |
Material | Other |
Dimensions | See description |
Warranty | 90 day Limited Distributor |
Materials | PVC Construction |
Model Number | NW912 |
Product Reviews
Questions & Answers
Hello nancyyoung0831, thank you for your inquiry. Unfortunately, the information you have requested is currently unavailable. We will continue to try and answer this for you. You will receive an email notification once an answer is posted. Have a great day.
How does this product inflate?
Hello sozosha, this product inflates with standard electric pumps, shop vac, wet vac, leaf blowers, and vacuums with a 2-way switch for fast inflation/deflation. If you have any additional questions please feel free to let us know. Thank you for shopping with us!
Shopping Guides
FAQs about Inflatable Mattresses
If your memory of inflatable mattresses has you cowering and dodging trips to avoid them, then it's time to revisit this innovative form of bedroom furniture. Inflatable mattresses have come a long way since the days of sagging plastic and squeaky construction. Once you have the answers to some frequently asked questions about inflatable mattresses, you'll be ready to buy one and put it to use!
Tips on Winter Storm Snow Removal
Winter has its perks, but snow removal is not one of them. At the best of times, snow removal is a necessary evil, but it can become downright backbreaking when a big winter storm blows through. However, it doesn't have to be so difficult. If you own the right snow removal equipment, like a quality snow blower and a good ice scraper, snow removal can be a simpler process, saving you hours of time and lots of discomfort.
How to Walk in Snowshoes
While many consider winter a time to stay indoors and "hibernate," there's no reason for a little cold and snow to stop you from exercising outside. Snowshoeing is an excellent snow sport and a great way to explore the beauty of snow-covered landscapes. While it'll take a little getting used to, once you get a little practice, walking in snowshoes will become second nature.
Popular Accessories for Swimming Pools
There's nothing quite like relaxing in a cool swimming pool when summer hits its peak. Whether you have young kids who love to play in the water or you like lounging on a pool float soaking up the sun yourself, swimming pools are wonderful additions to any home. However, pool maintenance isn't as simple as picking leaves off the surface of the water, and it can take up a lot of time if you don't have the right swimming pool accessories. Pool accessories can help you maintain the quality of your pool with less effort and time on your part and can even increase how much you enjoy your pool. Keep reading for information on popular swimming pool accessories.
Women's Swimwear Buying Guide
When it's time for fun in the sun, it's time for new women's swimwear. For some women, though, shopping for a swimsuit is torture. If you need to learn how to buy swimwear without stress, then this buying guide is for you. Whether your version of fun includes sunbathing in a bikini, swimming in a sporty swimsuit, or playing beach volleyball in a tankini, here's how to find the women's swimwear you'll love.  Shop Women's Swimwear ▸
How to Properly Roll a Coleman Air Mattress
The time has finally come. After an enjoyable, relaxing and ironically tiring camping trip, it is time to roll up your Coleman air mattress. Don't panic quite yet. Although some of us have learned to look forward to the rolling of an inflatable air mattress with dread, it doesn't have to be so difficult. Here are some steps to make sure rolling up your Coleman air mattress isn't the ordeal you've been anticipating.
Top 5 Women's Hats for Winter
When the wind blows and the snows come your way, it's time to pull out your winter hats. Women's hats come in many styles, including beanies, women's schoolboy caps and wool bucket hats, and the right hat can change the look of your outfit instantly. Read on to find the top five women's hats for winter and tips on wearing them.
Best Gloves for Winter
Winter means it's time for cool temperatures, snow and ice -- and it's also time to pull out warm gloves and brave the cold. Whether smooth driving gloves, leather gloves or fingerless gloves fit your style best, you can find stylish gloves that keep your fingers warm in every situation. Read on to discover the best gloves for winter weather.
Travel Accessories Buying Guide
If your checklist of must-have travel accessories is limited to a tiny tube of toothpaste and an extra pair of socks, it may be time to take a better look at your options. Travel can be rewarding, refreshing and fun, but having the correct luggage and travel accessories at your disposal will take your trips to another level. This travel accessories buying guide will assist you in figuring out how to buy travel accessories that will help you get where you're going and allow you to enjoy yourself once you get there.
Ski Accessories Buying Guide
Your active outdoor lifestyle doesn't have to come to a screeching halt when the snow starts flying. It's time to get geared up in ski accessories and hit the slopes. If you're an avid skier, winter is the best time of year for outdoor action. Besides your skis, you will need a few ski accessories to enjoy your snowy adventures. Whether you're a downhill or cross-country skier, you will need to stock up on ski accessories, such as ski poles, ski boots, bindings, helmets, goggles and ski clothing. This ski accessories buying guide will show you how to buy ski accessories that will offer top performance, durability and value for your money.
How to Buy Ski Equipment
Buying proper ski equipment is essential if you want to really enjoy your time skiing. The seemingly endless supply of equipment available today can be confusing, but don't immediately assume that the most expensive is also the best. The best news is that knowing what to look for in ski equipment is fairly basic, and as long as you look for what you need instead of what's trendy, you'll be just fine. As with buying equipment for any snow sport, it's always wise to know what to look for as you shop.
Snowboard Bindings Buying Guide
Whether your terrain of choice is park or powder, there is almost nothing that compares to snowboarding on good snow. And good snowboarding gear is essential for your best performance. You might have some new snowboarding boots with the boa lacing system and a new snowboard with reverse camber, but if you don't have good snowboard bindings, your board and boots can't communicate to carve the way they should. Spend a little time getting more familiar snowboard bindings, so you can buy a set to take your riding to the next level.
How to Choose Ski Pants
A good pair of ski pants can mean the difference between a fun, comfortable day on the mountain or a cold and wet skiing experience. While many snow pants are marketed as waterproof, knowing what to look for when choosing ski pants will help you find quality men's pants and bibs and women's pants and bibs. You'll reap the rewards next time you hit the slopes in your new ski clothing.
How to Travel with an Air Mattress
Packing a portable air mattress can be a lifesaver next time you're on a vacation. Whether traveling alone or making it a family affair, bringing an air bed can save you money during a hotel stay or provide a comfortable night's rest on camping expeditions. Although some may worry about traveling with a bulky inflatable mattress, you have nothing to fear. Air mattresses take up little space in the car during long road trips and can even be folded small enough to pack in your suitcase or carry-on. Whether you plan on sleeping under the stars or crashing on the floor of a friend's house, this guide will help you figure out how to travel with an air mattress.
Sleds Buying Guide
Nothing is quite as enjoyable as gliding to the bottom of a snowy hill on some brand-new sleds, no exceptions. Sleds range from simple and inexpensive to fancy and pricey, but most hills are free, and what kid or adult doesn't enjoy an evening of sledding? Winter sports for the whole family are a great way to include your kids in the winter fun. Learn how to buy snow sleds that you and your kids can enjoy.
Rolex FAQ
FAQs about Pre-Owned Rolex Watches | Overstock™ <meta property="og:image" content="img/mxc/150401_rolex-watches-from-Overstock-FB.jpg" data-pin-nopin="true" /> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="img/mxc/150401_rolex-watches-from-Overstock-TWIT.jpg" data-pin-nopin="true" /> FAQs about Pre-Owned Rolex Watches by Shawna Edwards Published April 28, 2010 | Updated April 29, 2015  Shop Pre-Owned Rolex Watches ▸ I've never made a large purchase online. Why pick Overstock™?Overstock™ is one of the largest retailers of high-end jewelry and watches. We have taken the time to create a Web environment allows you to comfortably shop for wristwatches online. We offer a wide variety of timepieces at the most competitive prices available. In addition to this, we want you to feel secure purchasing from us. We are one of a handful of online high-end watch merchants that are capable of processing your credit card for your entire purchase. This allows "first-time buyers" to feel more secure in making a large purchase because they have an added layer of security via their credit card company. Do all your Rolex watches come with their serial numbers?Every pre-owned Rolex watch sold by Overstock™ will have its unique Rolex serial and reference numbers in place and viewable by removing the watch band from the six o'clock and twelve o'clock ends. What is meant by "Perfect Like New Condition?""Perfect like new (day one) condition" watches are pre-owned Rolex timepieces that are purchased by Overstock™ in pristine, mint, and immaculate condition. This is the case cosmetically and mechanically. Every timepiece is thoroughly inspected to ensure that they are authentic and meet our quality standards. These luxury watches are so pristine that, in most cases, they are indistinguishable from new watches. Our men's watches and women's watches may have miniscule markings, and the watch bracelets will have miniscule amounts of stretch. Will my watch come with documentation?Every watch will come with detailed documentation stating a full watch description, serial number, and model number. Being that the manufacturer's warranty has expired, you will receive a limited one-year warranty from our vendor. Will my watch be covered by a warranty, and what about post warranty service?Being that the manufacturer's warranties on these timepieces have expired, our vendor issues a one-year limited warranty on every watch. The warranty work is done by expert watchmakers who use only original manufacturers' parts and have decades of experience working with Rolex watches. After the one-year limited warranty has expired, you may continue to request service through our vendor who will service the watch when needed at industry cost prices. How can I be sure that the watch will fit my wrist?All our watches will fit up to a 6-and-a-half-inch wrist for a woman and for a man will fit up to a 7-and-a-half-inch wrist (extra links are available for additional charges). Rolex watches can be easily resized to fit any wrist by your local jeweler. How do I measure for my wrist size?You can get an approximate measurement of your wrist by using a soft measuring tape or measuring the inside of your best fitting watch. If you don't have a soft measuring tape, you can wrap a ribbon or a piece of string around your wrist at the wrist bone, mark the spot where it meets, and measure it against a ruler to determine your approximate wrist size. To get the best fit, measure fairly snug at the wrist bone. This is approximate sizing not a 100 percent guarantee of prefect sizing. If the watch is a gift and you do not know the recipient's wrist size, you can use the following as a guide (as with all products, the standard sizes depend on the manufacturer): Men's Standard Bracelet Sizes Inside, including watch face while bracelet is closed Adult Small 5½" to 6½" Adult Average 6½" to 7½" Adult Large 7½" to 8½" Adult X-Large 8½" to 9½" Women's Standard Bracelet Sizes Inside, including watch face while bracelet is closed Adult Small 4½" to 5½" Adult Average 5½" to 6½" Adult Large 6½" to 7½" Adult X-Large 7½" to 8½" Will the watch be fully water-resistant? And can I go swimming or shower with my watch?Every Rolex watch is fully tested for water resistance; the total depth rating is listed with every model. Drawing on years of experience, it is our recommendation that, though Rolex watches are water resistant, because of the fine nature of the timepiece, we discourage our customers from making a practice of taking them in the shower or pool. If for some reason the stem, which is the round mechanism found on the side of the case, which is unscrewed to set the time, is not completely screwed down, water could leak into the movement and damage the watch. (Please refer to your warranty card regarding water damage.) How does Overstock™ offer such great prices when my local jeweler has a similar piece for considerably more?Overstock™ has built the best connections in the business, affording us the ability to buy from dealers at the highest level of the industry. Through these connections, we can buy in the largest quantities while getting the best pricing. Being that we are not an authorized dealer of Rolex or affiliated with Rolex, USA, we are able to offer our customers rock bottom pricing without being subject to any manufacturer's price controls or policies. Do I need to be present to sign for the package?For your safety, you will need to sign for the package that contains your watch. If you are not present when it arrives, the package will not be left at your door. A door tag will be left to inform you when the courier will come to redeliver your package. Alternatively, you can call the courier to arrange a better delivery time or pick-up (with photo identification) at the local hub. What is the benefit of buying a pre-owned Rolex over a new one?Unlike new Rolex watches, pre-owned Rolex watches do not depreciate in value immediately after purchase. Therefore, buying a new Rolex watch is like buying a brand new car: The moment you drive it off the lot it has lost 20 to 30 percent of its value. With buying a pre-owned watch, you have effectively cut out any value depreciation and retail markup. Rolex watches hold their value over time; in most cases, a pre-owned Rolex can be resold at a price very close to your purchase price. How do I determine the age of my watch?You are guaranteed to receive a desirable modern watch with a fully automatic self-winding (or quartz movement depending on your purchase), with quickset date feature. Due to the fact that Rolex models are manufactured for a number of years, the year of your watch will be circa 1980s or 1990s. Every Rolex watch sold by Overstock™ will have its unique Rolex serial number, which determines the year of manufacture. Overstock™ and our Rolex Vendors are not affiliated with Rolex or Rolex, USA Inc., and are not an authorized Rolex dealer. Third party One-Year Warranty. Shop Men's Pre-Owned Rolex Watches Shop Women's Pre-Owned Rolex Watches Shop All Pre-Owned Rolex Watches See All Guides Read More Watch Guides Learn More about Watch Brands
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Riding bikes is a hobby that adults and children share. Cycling provides good exercise, and bicycle commuting is an environmentally friendly way to travel. If you spend any time on a bike, you should know how to change or patch a bike tire so you don't get stranded somewhere.
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With winter rolling in and the snow piling up outside, snow boots can save you from a set of frozen toes. Warm, dry and stylish, the right pair of cold weather boots will keep you and your feet happy all winter long. How do you know which boots are for you? The following tips will help you understand winter boots so you can shop with confidence.
Top 5 Towables
If you've ever ridden behind a boat, legs stretched out behind you, gripping the handles of a tube, you know riding towables is an adventure. With the right towables, it's possible to entertain everyone from experienced boaters to rank beginners. This guide features information about top-selling towables, how many people they hold and what styles best fit different skill levels.
What to Take to the Beach
The perfect list of what to take on a trip to the beach depends on who is coming and how long you'll be staying. For example, if you and your significant other are going to the beach alone, you will most likely bring far less than if you were bringing your entire family. Packing more things in your luggage than you think you'll need will ensure that your beach trip never has a dull moment.
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Membership of Northern Star Publication Board
Student members shall serve one-year terms.
Non student voting members shall serve three-year staggered terms.
Two faculty members appointed by the president: one from the Journalism area of the Department of Communication and one from the College of Business faculty;
One administrator appointed by the president;
Two members from the Student Association, selected by the Student Association;
Two members from the Northern Star selected by the staff;
One member from the student body elected by the board upon petition by students;
Three members appointed by the president from the community-at-large who are not students, faculty, or staff members at Northern Illinois University, nominated by the University Council. These members shall be selected on the basis of their knowledge and expertise in business or publication, or both, without ties to local media.
The board shall elect its own chair.
2004-2005 |
2005-2006 |
Administrator | Michael Malone | Michael Malone | ||
@University Legal Services, Representative | Ken Davidson | Ken Davidson | ||
Dept. of Communication, Journalism Area | Brian Thornton | Brian Thornton | Brian Thornton | Brian Thornton |
College of Business | Dan Weilbaker | Dan Weilbaker | Dan Weilbaker | Dan Weilbaker |
SA Representatives (2) | Allison
Thompson Britany Gilmer |
Allison Thompson Brittany Gilmer |
Northern Star Representatives (2) | Brent
Renken Mark Bieganski |
Mark Bieganski Amy Sherwood |
At-large student | Nicole Fulton | Javed Husain | ||
At-large community (3) | Mary Butler | Mary Butler | ||
Rich Schovanec | Rusty Anglin | |||
Mark Brown | *Mark Brown | |||
@Northern Star Advisor | James Killam | James Killam | ||
@Northern Star Supervisor of Advisor | Bert Simpson | Bert Simpson |


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- This is in answer to:
- What change, big or small, would you like your blog to make in the world? See all answers
- November 11, 2012 by ArloJamesBarnes
- Blogjam
Like the good blogs I read, I would like my blogs to convey the aspects of my person clearly to a reader. They are not there yet.


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6 ways to make your workday pass by faster
Struggling to get through the day? We've got your back
April 29, 2015 12:20Register for our free newsletter
Oil hits 2015 high as traders look beyond ample supply
Bahrain cabinet approves 3.571 bln dinar budget for 2015
Saudi Aramco to cut jet fuel prices domestically
Oman March bank loan growth 19.4 pct y/y, fastest since June 2012
Gold rebounds from 6-week low but dollar recovery caps gains
MIDEAST STOCKS-Dubai extends losses on profit
Kuwait's Burgan Bank Q1 net profit rises 2 pct, misses estimates
MIDEAST STOCKS-UAE may remain under pressure; Saudi awaits foreign investment rules
Airliner diverted to UAE airbase after blast warning
UAE's ADIB Q1 profit up 10.1 pct on higher revenues
Saudi Arabia, Iraq may help plug immediate supply gap; Refinery maintenance to reduce prompt crude demand; Companies eye Latin American oil -Reuters
July 25, 2011 12:52 by Reuters
India's immediate strategy to deal with the loss of crude from Iran in August is to buy more from Saudi Arabia and Iraq, while inventories and plant maintenance give refiners breathing space as they seek to establish new supply lines.
Iran has cut supply as it tries to put pressure on Indian refiners to settle $5 billion in debt for oil supplied, and to find a way to pay for future shipments.
The halt has given regional rival and U.S. ally Saudi Arabia an opportunity to grab a bigger share of the market in Asia's third-largest oil consumer. If Saudi Arabia fills the gap, tension on oil policy between Riyadh and Tehran could worsen.
"For meeting immediate needs and even longer term, Saudi Arabia would be the main source," said Paul Tossetti, senior advisor for oil markets at PFC Energy. "They have offered to supply extra crude to Asian refiners… Looking beyond 2011, Iraq production should see a major increase in late 2012 and that would be another opportunity."
Iran-led opposition defeated a Saudi proposal for a coordinated supply rise at an OPEC meeting in June. Saudi Arabia said it would boost supply anyway, a move Iran has criticised.
Iran has cut sales of 400,000 barrels per day (bpd) of crude to India, near 12 percent of the nation's demand of 3.46 million bpd, because New Delhi has failed to find a way around U.S. sanctions that make paying Tehran for oil difficult.
Indian refiners Bharat Petroleum , Hindustan Petroleum and Essar have contacted state oil firm Saudi Aramco to secure supplies to plug the gap in supply from Iran, an Aramco source said on Wednesday.
Additional cargoes from Kuwait, the UAE and possibly further afield, as well as inventories held by refiners in India should prevent any supply squeeze, analysts said.
"I don't think that the availability of crude is an issue." said Sushant Gupta, an analyst with Wood Mackenzie. "There will be alternatives from the Middle East and West Africa. They have the flexibility to reschedule crude cargoes and have some inventories as well."
Most Indian refiners can process regional Middle East and West African grades, said Gupta. MRPL, HPCL, IOC, BPCL and Essar between them buy already about two-thirds of their oil from the Middle East.
Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Ltd. , Iran's biggest Indian buyer with around 150,000 bpd, was already in talks to boost supply from Saudi Arabia and Gulf ally the UAE.
The company had started looking for alternative suppliers even before Iran halted shipments to India this week as the dispute that rose in December over payment between New Delhi and Iran dragged on. MPRL struck its first ever supply deal with Kuwait earlier this year to buy 20,000 bpd.
HPCL plans to open talks to boost supply from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the UAE and Iraq, K. Murali, the company's head of refining, said on Wednesday.
Essar, too, has been busy bringing in supplies from other sources. It raised oil imports from Iraq five fold in the first six months of the year and from the UAE by about 70 percent, according to refining data obtained by Reuters.
India and Iran have struggled since December to find ways for New Delhi to pay for imports, after India's central bank stopped payments through the Asian Clearing Union (ACU) mechanism. There is no ban against buying Iranian crude, but sanctions have made financing the deals difficult.
The central bank's move won praise from Washington and came close on the heels of a visit to India by US President Barack Obama last year. Obama has endorsed India's bid for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council.
Indian refiners have some breathing space to seek more oil supply as they undertake planned maintenance at plants.
Essar, Iran's second-largest buyer in India, plans to shut its 280,000 bpd Vadinar refinery in September. Indian Oil Corp plans to take down its 160,000 bpd Mathura plant in August, when MPRL will also shut a crude unit at its sole refinery.
That should limit any need for Indian refiners to seek prompt cargoes.
"I don't think there will be an immediate need to tap spot markets," an Asian oil trader said.
Indian refineries on average keep crude stocks equivalent to about 10 days' throughput, an oil ministry source said. Ships en route to India at any time hold about another 8-10 days of refinery needs, the source added. Refineries also have around 30 days of stocks of oil products such as diesel and gasoline stocks to cushion any supply disruption, he said.
Refiners could pool import needs together to hire the largest crude carriers to bring oil shipments, he said.
In the longer term, India's smaller refiners could follow the trail blazed by Reliance Industries in Latin America.
Reliance, which runs the world's biggest refining complex, raised imports from mainly Venezuela and Colombia after it stopped buying from Iran in 2010, under US pressure. Brazil, too, is a potential source of future supplies as it ramps up output from its massive deep sea reserves.
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1 Comment
Wait a minute…whatever happened to following rules of OPEC?
Since both KSA & Iran are members, if one halts supplies to any consumer, does it mean that the other could just as easily fill the gap?
Something isn't quite right!
Renting instead of selling…at a time like this? No way!
July 25 2011
Male (Shopper) Interrupted
July 25 2011


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Daughter tells Israeli journalist: Saddam won't have Jewish lawyer
Former Iraqi president Saddam Hussein's daughter, Raghad, gave an interview to an Israeli journalist, in which she spoke of plans to hire an American lawyer, "as long as he's not Jewish". Raghad added she was "proud of my father's appearance in court".
"My only request is that my father get a fair trial", Raghad Hussein told Dafna Barak in an interview published Tuesday by the Arabic-language daily al-Sharq al-Awsat.
Raghad, 36, now residing in the Jordanian capital of Amman, was prompted to cooperate with journalists in order to avoid embarrassing her Jordanian hosts. Barak, an independent reporter, said she contacted Raghad over the Internet with the assistance of Raghad's children – especially her 15-year-old son, named Saddam. Until recently, their contact had been cut off by someone blocking Barak's messages.
Raghad, in the interview, complained that her father's lawyers were requesting exorbitant fees, and she expressed a desire to hire an American lawyer.
Barak then suggested a few names, one of them Jewish-sounding. "Excellent, but he's Jewish", responded Saddam's daughter. "You must understand that my father would never allow it. I don't judge people, but I cannot cooperate with Jews".
"I am proud of my father's appearance in court", Raghad added, "the way he showed no fear, and the way he spoke. He's a brave hero. I saw him in court, and he doesn't look well. We tried to get information from the Red Cross, but we didn't succeed".
Meanwhile, Raghad also praised her two brothers, Uday and Qusai, who were killed by American forces about a year ago in the northern Iraqi city of Mosul. She said that her younger sister, Hala, has yet to recover from their death. "They fought till the last moment. I am proud of them".
She told Barak, "I cannot answer personal or political questions. I am the daughter of Saddam. You wouldn't understand. I have a commitment since I carry his name and he needs my help now. After the death of my brothers, I am the only who can do it. My friends expect me to help him".
Raghad together with her five children and her younger sister and her four children live in a house given to her by the Jordanian authorities in the upscale neighborhood of Abdun in Amman.
According to Raghad, she does not have money as many people believe. "We left with nothing. I am not ashamed that I don't have money. I am the daughter of Saddam and I don't want money from anyone". (Albawaba.com)
© 2004 Al Bawaba (www.albawaba.com)
Top Headlines
- British Labour MP George Galloway tells <i>Al Bawaba</i> Arab movement mobilizing for his defense
- Two Palestinian Killed, Four Injured by Explosion in Gaza City
- The coup attempt that started a war: Israel's invasion of Lebanon, its causes and consequences
- Obama in Egypt: Cairo University speech (full text)


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SDCC2014: Goonies Never Say Die Panel Cancelled
The planned reunion panel at the 2014 Comic Con in San Diego for cast members of "The Goonies" was cancelled due to schedule conflicts. The "Goonies Never Say Die" panel had been scheduled for Thursday, July 24, with Clare Kramer ["Buffy, The Vampire Slayer"] set to moderate. Two "Goonies" cast members, however, will still be appearing at Comic Con to promote other shows – Sean Astin ["The Strain"] and Josh Brolin ["Sin City: A Dame To Kill For"].
"The Goonies" was a 1985 cult film written by Steven Spielberg that was both Astin and Brolin's feature film debut.
Source: Comic Con International
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Sebastian Spence |
Kincaid Lawrence "Cade" Foster |
Rod Wilson |
Dr. Oldham/Mabus |
Guest Star |
Sandra P. Grant |
Katherine Hutchinson |
Guest Star |
Stacy Grant |
Hannah Foster |
Guest Star |
Rob LaBelle |
"Crazy" Eddie Nambulous/Larry Pisinski |
Recurring Role |
Traci Lords |
Jordan Radcliffe |
Recurring Role |
Roger R. Cross |
Joshua |
Recurring Role |
Dr. Oldham is Mabus
As the Second Wave is nigh
Four must be chained strong as one.
Hammer can smite victory
If honor is granted to Xevallah.
-Omega Quatrain 5
Mabus: (trying to trick Cade into thinking he is Gua) What do you think you know, 117? I'll tell you. You know nothing. Operative Cade Foster, Osmosist 117, infiltration expert. One of our best. Until you started believing your cover.
Cade: No, I know who I am.
Mabus: Think about it. Tear the lies away. We gave you an identity. Standard for an osmosist. A seamless past. On mission to gain followers, to become a false Messiah, chosen for Operation Twice-Blessed. You played the part to perfection. But I always knew, somewhere inside that husk, you knew who you were, because you believe in Gua!
Foster (seeing Eddie has been lobotomized): Oh, Eddie.
Eddie: Don't call me crazy!
User Score: 776
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This article is part of or related to the Knights Templar series
Modern associations
Since the mid nineteenth century myths, legends and anecdotes connecting the Templars to the Battle of Bannockburn have been created. Degrees in Freemasonry, such as the Royal Order of Scotland, allude to the story of Rosslyn and the Scottish Knights Templar. This theme was repeated in the pseudohistory book The Temple and The Lodge by Michael Baigent and Richard Leigh, first published in 1989. On the subject of a possible Bruce connection, Masonic Historian D Murray Lyon wrote "The fraternity of Kilwinning never at any period practiced or acknowledged other than the Craft degrees; neither does there exist any tradition worthy of the name, local or national, nor has any authentic document yet been discovered that can in the remotest degree be held to identify Robert Bruce with the holding of Masonic Courts, or the institution of a secret society at Kilwinning."
In journalism, a human interest story is a feature story that discusses a person or people in an emotional way. It presents people and their problems, concerns, or achievements in a way that brings about interest, sympathy or motivation in the reader or viewer.
Human interest stories may be "the story behind the story" about an event, organization, or otherwise faceless historical happening, such as about the life of an individual soldier during wartime, an interview with a survivor of a natural disaster, a random act of kindness or profile of someone known for a career achievement.
Finance is the allocation of assets and liabilities over time under conditions of certainty and uncertainty. A key point in finance is the time value of money, which states that a unit of currency today is worth more than the same unit of currency tomorrow. Finance aims to price assets based on their risk level, and expected rate of return. Finance can be broken into three different sub categories: public finance, corporate finance and personal finance.
Richard the Lionheart goes to jail
Richard the Lionheart defeats Saladin: the Battle of Arsuf (1191)
Paul Giamatti Wears England's Crown in Ironclad
'Breivik the crusader' claims allegiance to the Knights Templar
Breivik: How I met 'Richard the Lionheart' in London cafe to plot 'how to seize power in Western Europe'