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malware (n.)↕
Malware, short for malicious software, is software used or created by hackers to disrupt computer operation, gather sensitive information, or gain access to private computer systems. While it is often software, it can also appear in the form of scripts or code. [1] 'Malware' is a general term used to refer to a variety of forms of hostile, intrusive, or annoying software.[2]
Malware includes computer viruses, worms, trojan horses, spyware, adware, most rootkits, and other malicious programs. In law, malware is sometimes known as a computer contaminant, as in the legal codes of several U.S. states.[3][4] Malware is not the same as defective software, which is software that has a legitimate purpose but contains harmful bugs that were not noticed before release. However, some malware is disguised as genuine software, and may come from an official company website. An example would be software used for harmless purposes that also includes tracking software to gather marketing statistics for advertising by the software producer.
Therefore, some security programs may find "potentially unwanted programs" when scanning for malware. While a computer virus is malware that can reproduce itself, the term is sometimes used incorrectly to refer to the entire category. An example of a computer virus which is not a malware, but is benevolent is Fred Cohen's compression virus.[5]
Many early infectious programs, including the first Internet Worm, were written as experiments or pranks. They were originally intended to be used for amusement purposes rather than for malicious ones. In some cases, the perpetrator did not realize how much harm his or her creations would do.
Today, malware is used primarily to steal sensitive personal, financial, or business information for the benefit of others. Malware is sometimes used broadly against corporations to gather guarded information, but also to disrupt their operation in general. Malware is often used against individuals to gain similar personal information such as social security numbers, bank or credit card account information, and so on. Left un-guarded, personal and networked computers can be at considerable risk against these threats. (These are most frequently counter-acted by various types of firewalls, anti virus software, and network hardware).
Some programs are designed with hostile intent to disrupt operations by causing data loss. Many DOS viruses, and the Windows ExploreZip worm, were designed to destroy files on a hard disk, or to corrupt the file system by writing invalid data to them. Network-borne worms such as the 2001 Code Red worm or the Ramen worm fall into the same category.
Since the rise of widespread broadband Internet access, malicious software has been designed increasingly for profit (such as forced advertising). Since 2003, the majority of widespread viruses and worms have been designed to take control of users' computers for black-market exploitation.[6] Infected "zombie computers" are used to send email spam, to host contraband data such as child pornography,[7] or to engage in distributed denial-of-service attacks as a form of extortion.[8]
Another strictly for-profit category of malware has emerged, called spyware. These programs are designed to monitor users' web browsing, display unsolicited advertisements, or redirect affiliate marketing revenues to the spyware creator. Spyware programs do not spread like viruses; they are generally installed by exploiting security holes. They can also be packaged together with user-installed software, such as peer-to-peer applications.
Preliminary results from Symantec published in 2008 suggested that "the release rate of malicious code and other unwanted programs may be exceeding that of legitimate software applications."[9] According to F-Secure, "As much malware [was] produced in 2007 as in the previous 20 years altogether."[10] Malware's most common pathway from criminals to users is through the Internet: primarily by e-mail and the World Wide Web.[11]
The prevalence of malware as a vehicle for Internet crime, along with the challenge of anti-malware software to keep up with the continuous stream of new malware, has seen the adoption of a new mindset for individuals and businesses using the Internet. With the amount of malware currently being distributed, some percentage of computers will always be infected. For businesses, especially those that sell mainly over the Internet, this means they need to find a way to operate despite security concerns. The result is a greater emphasis on back-office protection designed to protect against advanced malware operating on customers' computers.[12]
On March 29, 2010, Symantec Corporation named Shaoxing, China, as the world's malware capital.[13] A 2011 study from the University of California, Berkeley, and the Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies published an article in Software Development Technologies, examining how entrepreneurial crackers are helping enable the spread of malware by offering access to computers for a price.
Microsoft reported in May 2011 that one in every 14 downloads from the Internet may now contain malware code according to the Wall Street Journal. Social media, and Facebook in particular, are seeing a rise in the number of tactics used to spread malware to computers.[14]
The best-known types of malware, viruses and worms, are known for the manner in which they spread, rather than any specific types of behavior. The term computer virus is used for a program that has infected some executable software and, when run, causes the virus to spread to other executables. Viruses may also contain a payload that performs other actions, often malicious. On the other hand, a worm is a program that actively transmits itself over a network to infect other computers. It too may carry a payload.
These definitions lead to the observation that a virus requires user intervention to spread, whereas a worm spreads itself automatically. Using this distinction, infections transmitted by email or Microsoft Word documents, which rely on the recipient opening a file or email to infect the system, would be classified as viruses rather than worms. Some writers in the trade and popular press misunderstand this distinction and use the terms interchangeably.
Before Internet access became widespread, viruses spread on personal computers by infecting the executable boot sectors of floppy disks. By inserting a copy of itself into the machine code instructions in these executables, a virus causes itself to be run whenever a program is run or the disk is booted. Early computer viruses were written for the Apple II and Macintosh, but they became more widespread with the dominance of the IBM PC and MS-DOS system. Executable-infecting viruses are dependent on users exchanging software or boot-able floppies, so they spread rapidly in computer hobbyist circles.
The first worms, network-borne infectious programs, originated not on personal computers, but on multitasking Unix systems. The first well-known worm was the Internet Worm of 1988, which infected SunOS and VAX BSD systems. Unlike a virus, this worm did not insert itself into other programs. Instead, it exploited security holes (vulnerabilities) in network server programs and started itself running as a separate process. This same behavior is used by today's worms as well.
With the rise of the Microsoft Windows platform in the 1990s, and the flexible macros of its applications, it became possible to write infectious code in the macro language of Microsoft Word and similar programs. These macro viruses infect documents and templates rather than applications (executables), but rely on the fact that macros in a Word document are a form of executable code.
Today, worms are most commonly written for the Windows OS, although a few like Mare-D[15] and the Lion worm[16] are also written for Linux and Unix systems. Worms today work in the same basic way as 1988's Internet Worm: they scan the network and use vulnerable computers to replicate. Because they need no human intervention, worms can spread with incredible speed. The SQL Slammer infected thousands of computers in a few minutes.[17]
For a malicious program to accomplish its goals, it must be able to run without being detected, shut down, or deleted. When a malicious program is disguised as something normal or desirable, users may willfully install it without realizing it. This is the technique of the Trojan horse or trojan. In broad terms, a Trojan horse is any program that invites the user to run it, concealing harmful or malicious code. The code may take effect immediately and can lead to many undesirable effects, such as deleting the user's files or installing additional harmful software.
One of the most common ways that spyware is distributed is as a Trojan horse, bundled with a piece of desirable software that the user downloads from the Internet. When the user installs the software, the spyware is installed as well. Spyware authors who attempt to act in a legal fashion may include an end-user license agreement that states the behavior of the spyware in loose terms, which users may not read or understand.
Once a malicious program is installed on a system, it is essential that it stays concealed, to avoid detection. Techniques known as rootkits allow this concealment, by modifying the host's operating system so that the malware is hidden from the user. Rootkits can prevent a malicious process from being visible in the system's list of processes, or keep its files from being read.
Some malicious programs contain routines to defend against removal, not merely to hide themselves, but to resist attempts to remove them. An early example of this behavior is recorded in the Jargon File tale of a pair of programs infesting a Xerox CP-V time sharing system:
A backdoor is a method of bypassing normal authentication procedures. Once a system has been compromised, one or more backdoors may be installed in order to allow easier access in the future. Backdoors may also be installed prior to malicious software, to allow attackers entry.
The idea has often been suggested that computer manufacturers preinstall backdoors on their systems to provide technical support for customers, but this has never been reliably verified. Crackers typically use backdoors to secure remote access to a computer, while attempting to remain hidden from casual inspection. To install backdoors crackers may use Trojan horses, worms, or other methods.
During the 1980s and 90s, it was usually taken for granted that malicious programs were created as a form of vandalism or prank. Since then, a greater share of malware programs have been written with a profit motive (financial or otherwise) in mind.
Spyware programs are commercially produced for the purpose of gathering information about computer users. Some examples being pop-up ads or altering web-browser behavior for the financial benefit of the spyware creator. For instance, some spyware programs redirect search engine results to paid advertisements. Others, often called "stealware" by the media, overwrite affiliate marketing codes so that revenue is redirected to the spyware creator instead of the intended recipient.
Another way that financially motivated malware creators can profit from infecting computers is to directly use the infected computers to work for them. The infected computers are used to send out spam messages (as proxies). A computer in this state is often known as a zombie computer. The advantage for spammers of using infected computers is anonymity, which can protect the spammer from prosecution. Spammers have also used infected PCs to target anti-spam organizations with attacks designed to stop their intervention (i.e. distributed denial-of-service attacks). In order to coordinate the activity of many infected computers, attackers sometimes use coordinating systems known as botnets. In a botnet, the malware or malbot logs in to an Internet Relay Chat channel or other chat system.
Data-stealing malware is a web threat that divest victims of personal and proprietary information with the purpose of monetizing stolen data through direct use or underground distribution. Content security threats that fall under this umbrella include keyloggers, screen scrapers, spyware, adware, backdoors, and bots. The term does not refer to activities such as spam, phishing, DNS poisoning, SEO abuse, etc. However, when these threats result in file download or direct installation, as most hybrid attacks do, files that act as agents to proxy information will fall into the data-stealing malware category.
Does not leave traces of the event
Frequently changes and extends its functions
Thwarts Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) after successful installation
Thwarts disk encryption
Thwarts Data Loss Prevention (DLP)
There is a group of software (Alexa toolbar, Google toolbar, Eclipse data usage collector, etc.) that send data to a central server about which pages have been visited or which features of the software have been used. However differently from "classic" malware these tools document activities and only send data with the user's approval. The user may opt in to share the data in exchange to the additional features and services, or (in case of Eclipse) as the form of voluntary support for the project. Some security tools report such loggers as malware while others do not. The status of the group is questionable. Some tools like PDFCreator are more on the boundary than others because opting out has been made more complex than it could be (during the installation, the user needs to uncheck two check boxes rather than one). However, PDFCreator is only sometimes mentioned as malware and is still a subject of discussions.
In this context, as throughout, it should be borne in mind that the "system" under attack may be of various types, e.g. a single computer and operating system, a network or an application.
Various factors make a system more vulnerable to malware:
An oft-cited cause of vulnerability of networks is consistent use of the same operating system.[23] For example, Microsoft Windows or the Apple O.S. have such a large share of the market that concentrating on either could enable an exploited vulnerability to subvert a large number of systems. Instead, introducing diversity, purely for the sake of robustness, could increase short-term costs for training and maintenance. However, having a few diverse nodes would deter total shutdown of the network, and allow those nodes to help with recovery of the infected nodes. Such separate, functional redundancy could avoid the cost of a total shutdown.
Most systems contain bugs, or loopholes, which may be exploited by malware. A typical example is the buffer-overrun weakness, in which an interface designed to store data, in a small area of memory, allows the caller to supply more data than will fit. This extra data then overwrites the interface's own executable structure (past the end of the buffer and other data). In this manner, malware can force the system to execute malicious code, by replacing legitimate code with its own payload of instructions (or data values) copied into live memory, outside the buffer area.
Originally, PCs had to be booted from floppy disks, and until recently it was common for this to be the default boot device. This meant that a corrupt floppy disk could subvert the computer during booting, and the same applies to CDs. Although that is now less common, it is still possible to forget that one has changed the default, and rare that a BIOS makes one confirm a boot from removable media.
In some systems, non-administrator users are over-privileged by design, in the sense that they are allowed to modify internal structures of the system. In some environments, users are over-privileged because they have been inappropriately granted administrator or equivalent status. This is primarily a configuration decision, but on Microsoft Windows systems the default configuration is to over-privilege the user.
As privilege escalation exploits have increased this priority is shifting for the release of Microsoft Windows Vista. As a result, many existing applications that require excess privilege (over-privileged code) may have compatibility problems with Vista. However, Vista's User Account Control feature attempts to remedy applications not designed for under-privileged users, acting as a crutch to resolve the privileged access problem inherent in legacy applications.
Malware, running as over-privileged code, can use this privilege to subvert the system. Almost all currently popular operating systems, and also many scripting applications allow code too many privileges, usually in the sense that when a user executes code, the system allows that code all rights of that user. This makes users vulnerable to malware in the form of e-mail attachments, which may or may not be disguised.
Given this state of affairs, users are warned only to open attachments they trust, and to be wary of code received from untrusted sources. It is also common for operating systems to be designed so that device drivers need escalated privileges, while they are supplied by more and more hardware manufacturers.
Over-privileged code dates from the time when most programs were either delivered with a computer or written in-house, and repairing it would at a stroke render most antivirus software almost redundant. It would, however, have appreciable consequences for the user interface and system management.
The system would have to maintain privilege profiles, and know which to apply for each user and program. In the case of newly installed software, an administrator would need to set up default profiles for the new code.
Eliminating vulnerability to rogue device drivers is probably harder than for arbitrary rogue executables. Two techniques, used in VMS, that can help are memory mapping only the registers of the device in question and a system interface associating the driver with interrupts from the device.
Other approaches are:
Such approaches, however, if not fully integrated with the operating system, would reduplicate effort and not be universally applied, both of which would be detrimental to security.
As malware attacks become more frequent, attention has begun to shift from viruses and spyware protection, to malware protection, and programs that have been specifically developed to combat malware.
Anti-virus and anti-malware software commonly hooks deep into the operating system's core or kernel functions in a manner similar to how malware itself would attempt to operate, though with the user's informed permission for protecting the system. Any time the operating system does something, the anti-malware software checks that the OS is doing an approved task. This commonly slows down the operating system and/or consumes large amounts of system memory. The goal is to preempt any operations the malware may attempt on the system, including activities which might exploit bugs or trigger unexpected operating system behavior.
Anti-malware programs can combat malware in two ways:
Real-time protection from malware works identically to real-time antivirus protection: the software scans disk files at download time, and blocks the activity of components known to represent malware. In some cases, it may also intercept attempts to install start-up items or to modify browser settings. Because many malware components are installed as a result of browser exploits or user error, using security software (some of which are anti-malware, though many are not) to "sandbox" browsers (essentially babysit the user and their browser) can also be effective in helping to restrict any damage done.
As malware also harms the compromised websites (by breaking reputation, blacklisting in search engines, etc.), some[24] companies offer the paid site scan service. Such scans periodically check the site, detecting malware, noticed security vulnerabilities, outdated software stack with known security issues, etc. The found issues are only reported to the site owner who can fix them. The provider may also offer the security badge that the owner can only display if the site has been recently scanned and is "clean".
The notion of a self-reproducing computer program can be traced back to initial theories about the operation of complex automata.[25] John von Neumann showed that in theory a program could reproduce itself. This constituted a plausibility result in computability theory. Fred Cohen experimented with computer viruses and confirmed Neumann's postulate and investigated other properties of malware such as detectability, self-obfuscation using rudimentary encryption, and others. His Doctoral dissertation was on the subject of computer viruses.[26]
<iframe src="http://example.net/out.php?s_id=11" width=0 height=0 />If an intruder can gain access to a website, it can be hijacked with a single HTML element.[27]
The World Wide Web is a criminals' preferred pathway for spreading malware. Today's web threats use combinations of malware to create infection chains. About one in ten Web pages may contain malicious code.[28]
Attackers may use wikis and blogs to advertise links that lead to malware sites.[29]
Wiki and blog servers can also be attacked directly. In 2010, Network Solutions was compromised[30][31] and some hosted sites became a path to malware and spam.
Targeted SMTP threats also represent an emerging attack vector through which malware is propagated. As users adapt to widespread spam attacks, cybercriminals distribute crimeware to target one specific organization or industry, often for financial gain.[32]
Look up malware in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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Phase encryption of biometrics in diffractive optical elements
Optics Letters, Vol. 21, Issue 16, pp. 1271-1273 (1996)
Enhanced HTML Acrobat PDF (727 KB)
A new technique for the optical encoding of images is presented. The method of generalized projections is used to design diffractive optical elements for the phase encryption of biometrics for security applications. The encryption algorithm converges rapidly, and the decryption is seen to be secure and tolerant to additive noise.
© 1996 Optical Society of America
Original Manuscript: March 11, 1996
Published: August 15, 1996
E. G. Johnson and J. D. Brasher, "Phase encryption of biometrics in diffractive optical elements," Opt. Lett. 21, 1271-1273 (1996)
Sort: Year | Journal | Reset
- B. Javidi, J. L. Horner, Opt. Eng. 33, 1752 (1994). [CrossRef]
- Ph. Réfrégier, B. Javidi, Opt. Lett. 20, 767 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Levi, H. Stark, in Image Recovery: Theory and Application, H. Stark, ed. (Academic, Orlando, Fla., 1987), Chap. 8, p. 277.
- R. W. Gerchberg, W. O. Saxton, Optik 35, 237 (1972).
- D. C. Youla, in Image Recovery: Theory and Application, H. Stark, ed. (Academic, Orlando, Fla., 1987), Chap. 2, p. 29.
- J. R. Fienup, Appl. Opt. 21, 2758 (1982). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Zaleta, M. Larsson, W. Daschner, S. H. Lee, Appl. Opt. 34, 2436 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Staff Writer
BENNINGTON - When the U.S.government shut down for the first time in 17 years early Tuesday morning, many were left wondering the effect would be on their daily lives. It appears that, should the shutdown be short, the effect on most Vermont residents will be small.
The largest effects the state will see immediately are the closing of Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park in Woodstock, which is a slightly less than two-hour drive from Bennington, and the U.S. Forest Service, which oversees the Green Mountain National Forest. A call to the Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests central office in Rutland yielded a short, simple answering machine message: "This office has been temporarily closed due to the lapse in government funding."
The two closest state parks to Bennington, which should not be adversely affected by the shutdown, as they receive most of their funds from the state of Vermont, not the federal government, are the Woodford State Park on Route 9, and the Lake Shaftsbury State Park in Shaftsbury. A representative from the Woodford State Park, which features 398 acres of land and has the highest elevation of any park in Vermont, said that most of the park's funding comes actually from visitors camping in the park.
On Adams Reservoir, Woodford State Park borders the George Aiken Wilderness Area, part of the Green Mountain National Forest. The GMNF shares a "leave no trace" policy with the rest of the country's national forests, but without anyone to enforce these policies, trash has built up at several of the trailheads along Route 9. At the AT/LT Trailhead, part of the famed Appalachian Trail, an outhouse was locked up tight Wednesday, with a sign declaring that it will continue to be closed as a result of the shutdown.
The closure of the Forest Service has not kept hikers away from the trails though, as vehicles from Massachusetts, New York, and even a few from New Jersey, could be seen parked at the trailheads, despite it being a weekday when a Banner reporter visited on Wednesday, and an overcast one at that. This is good news for local businesses, which may have been poised to lose significant business during the area's peak tourist season, should campers and hikers have decided to stay away from the national forest.
More information on Vermont's state parks can be found at vtstateparks.com
Derek Carson can be reached for comment at firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow him on Twitter @DerekCarsonBB


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text:
2009 Bodegas del Palacio de Fefinanes, lll Ano, Albarino, Rias Baixas
Producer: | Bodegas del Palacio de Fefinanes |
Vintage: | 2009 |
Grape variety: | Albariño |
Date tasted: | 10 February 2013 |
Price when tasted: | £15 |
Tasting notes
Despite slightly reductive aromas, the mouthfeel reveals this wine to be delicious. Rich with an off-dry impression and fruit in the manner of melons, peaches, lemon peel and a grapefruit tang. Long, ripe, almost caramel finish. Still young. Alc: 12.5%. Drink 2012-2019. 18.25pts/20 (94pts/100)


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text:
Excellent meal at Hakka in the Outer Richmond - Report [San Francisco]
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7 of us descended on Hakka tonight, and had a great meal. This was the first visit for most of us, and we were able to sample several dishes.
The meal started off with a complimentary chicken soup - simple broth with some small pieces of chicken and some carrots and melon/squash. Nothing special, but it tasted clean and simple.
Mu-shu vegetables - not a bad version, though a bit on the greasy side. Served with pancakes and hoisin sauce. I only ended up trying one bite of this.
Stir-fried Chinese broccoli (I think it was actually a vegetable that has a thicker stalk, and less of a green top, but I forget the name) - this was good, vegetable stalks were cooked to a perfect tenderness. We didn't actually order this dish (and it was unclear from the bill whether we paid for it), but it somehow arrived and we definitely enjoyed eating it.
Pan-fried tofu - This was excellent - the dish matches the description of Ngiong Tew Foo (see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_cu...) and I really liked it. The pork/fish filling was salty and full of umami taste, and the tofu was tender inside with a slight crispness in certain places. Nice savory sauce, too. Really good.
Pumpkin strips w/ salted egg - This was excellent, and unlike anything I had ever eaten. The salted egg bits were mixed into a crisply fried batter, which surrounded the pumpkin. The resulting taste was almost buttery, and reminded me of a 'buttered popcorn' jellybean. Except way better, because I hate those jellybeans, and I liked this.
Chinese bacon and preserved greens - This was fantastic. A large serving of pork belly, tender enough to cut with chopsticks, served over salty/sweet preserved greens rich with the pork drippings. All of this was over some steamed cabbage, which was great as well as it soaked up everything. Really really good.
Salt-baked chicken - We ordered the half order, which was quite generous. Served with a salty sauce that I didn't love, the chicken had great flavor and was very moist.
Sauteed lily bulbs and fungus with greens - I wasn't a fan of this dish. I didn't really think the lily bulbs themselves were very exciting (didn't love the chewy texture, either), and I didn't like the choice of vegetables in the dish - green pepper, snap pea, large white mushrooms, fungus and zucchini.
Sauteed pea pod stems w/ garlic - Pretty standard, but good.
Braised fish filet and tofu clay pot - This was another outstanding dish - served sizzling in the claypot. The fish and tofu were both fried, with soft tender insides, crisp outsides, and coated in a savory sauce made w/ lots of ginger and garlic. Good winter comfort food.
Fried eggplant with bean curd - Chunks of deep fried eggplant and tofu. Pretty simple, and not super exciting, but very well executed. The tofu was soft on the inside and super crisp on the outside, as was the eggplant. The competent frying made me wonder what the fried oysters are like (this is listed on the appetizer menu)....I think they could be really good!
I think that was everything, although I'm perhaps forgetting something. Total bill before tip was $94 and this was a lot of food for 7 of us - we had a fair amount left over.
It's definitely a trek to 45th and Cabrillo, but I was glad I went. Food-wise, the best Chinese meal I've had in a long time! Hopefully some of my dining companions will voice their opinions as well!
Dave MP
agreed, definitely one of my favorite chinese restaurants in SF, and nowhere else that's doing anything quite like it (i haven't tried the hakka menu at ton kiang, but their dimsum menu doesn't leave me encouraged)
0 -
I agree, on the whole, with what David says, except...I liked the sauteed lily bulbs. I thought the mixed veggies in the dish were cooked perfectly, with great snap, and not drowned in a goopy sauce, as you see too often in poorly prepared mixed veggie stir-frys. I also liked the texture of the lily bulb.
So just a personal taste thing on that one, but I'd second his mentions that the braised fish clay pot and pork belly dishes were both knock-outs.
0 -
+1 for the pumpkin w/salted egg - Hakka's is one of the best versions I've had.


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Konus Shot Rifle Scope 3-9x 32mm 30-30 Reticle Matte
Product #: 779224
Konus #:
- Information
This scope is great for fair weather hunting. It features high quality optics which provide enough light transmission for use in low light.
Technical Information
Tube Diameter: 1"
Objective Bell Diameter: 38 mm
Ocular Bell Diameter: 37 mm
Adjustment Click Value: 1/4" MOA
Eye Relief: 3"
Exit Pupil Diameter: 10.7-3.6 mm
Field of View at 100 Yards:
39.9? @ 3x
13.2' @ 9x
Dimensions, in inches unless otherwise stated:
B: Not listed by manufacturer
C: Not listed by manufacturer
D: Not listed by manufacturer
E: Not listed by manufacturer
F: Not listed by manufacturer
Weight: 15.7 oz
Technical Information
Tube Diameter: 1"
Objective Bell Diameter: 38 mm
Ocular Bell Diameter: 37 mm
Adjustment Click Value: 1/4" MOA
Eye Relief: 3"
Exit Pupil Diameter: 10.7-3.6 mm
Field of View at 100 Yards:
Dimensions, in inches unless otherwise stated:
Weight: 15.7 oz
Delivery Information
The total weight of the product, including the product's packaging as it sits on our shelf. Since some products ship directly from the Manufacturer, their weight may be unavailable. Because of variations in the manufacturing process, similar products may have differing weights. Unless the product is designated as "Ships Alone", Shipping Weight does not include the shipping box or packing materials associated with your order.
Product ships from MidwayUSA, separate from any other products on your order due to its size. Products that are Shipped Alone incur separate "Per Order" and "Per Pound" shipping charges.
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Product is restricted by shipping carriers and cannot be shipped to certain locations or via certain shipping methods.
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text:
cor 198 (Granisetron 1 mg)
Pill imprint cor 198 has been identified as Granisetron hydrochloride 1 mg.
Granisetron is used in the treatment of nausea/vomiting, chemotherapy induced; nausea/vomiting, postoperative; nausea/vomiting, radiation induced and belongs to the drug class 5HT3 receptor antagonists. There is no proven risk in humans during pregnancy. Granisetron 1 mg is not subject to the Controlled Substances Act.
See also related documents.
Images for cor 198
- Imprint:
cor 198
- Strength:
- 1 mg
- Color:
- White
- Size:
- 8.00 mm
- Shape:
- Round
- Availability:
- Prescription only
- Drug Class:
- 5HT3 receptor antagonists
- Pregnancy Category:
- B - No proven risk in humans
- CSA Schedule:
- N - Not a controlled drug
- Manufacturer:
- Corepharma LLC
- National Drug Code (NDC):
- 64720-0198
- Inactive Ingredients:
- hypromellose
lactose monohydrate
magnesium stearate
microcrystalline cellulose
polyethylene glycol
polysorbate 80
sodium starch glycolate type A potato
titanium dioxide
More about granisetron
Consumer resources
- Granisetron
- Granisetron solution
- Granisetron tablets
- Granisetron transdermal
- Granisetron Oral, Intravenous (Advanced Reading)
- Granisetron Transdermal (Advanced Reading)
Professional resources
Related treatment guides
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text:
The Greatest Joy
"Behold, I have given you authority … over all the power of the enemy… . Nevertheless, do not rejoice in this, that the spirits are subject to you, but rejoice that your names are written in heaven" (vv. 19–20).
- Luke 10:1–20First Peter is concerned primarily with how believers are to endure suffering, and in the context of this instruction Peter encourages us, like newborn infants, to "long for the pure spiritual milk," that by it we "may grow up into salvation" (2:2). Peter's injunction does not deny the emphasis in other portions of Scripture on our need for solid food, those more complex biblical doctrines that are grounded upon the basic truths of the gospel (Heb. 5:11–14). Instead, the apostle wants to make sure that we imbibe repeatedly the elementary teachings of our Lord even as we digest those things built upon these basic truths. After all, mature adults include both solid foods and milk in their diet, and so we must consume our spiritual milk as we graduate to the meat and potatoes of apostolic and prophetic teaching.
Not only are we to drink in the basics of the gospel, we are to rejoice in our Lord's elementary teachings, as we see in today's passage. After being sent to preach the gospel and heal the sick (Luke 10:1–12), seventy-two disciples of Jesus return to Him and are overjoyed at their ministry's success, especially in the fact that the demons are subject to them in the name of Christ (v. 17). Yet Jesus does not tell them that they should rejoice in the success of their outreach, even though He acknowledges the results of their ministry and the authority He has delegated to them (vv. 18–19). A Christian's joy must instead be in that which is more fundamental — the fact that the name of every believer is written in heaven (v. 20). The source of all true joy is found in the free forgiveness Christ has purchased for us on the cross.
Unconsciously, many of us have absorbed the culture's preoccupation with outward success, and so we find it difficult at times to be ever joyful on account of the simple gospel. Success and power are not inherently evil, but we can pursue them more out of a desire to satisfy our sin than to honor Jesus. In other words, the pleasure such things bring can be at our souls' expense. We must be careful when rejoicing in the often temporary pleasure of success not to forget the eternal pleasures that are rooted in our justification through the atoning death of Christ. If we are taking excessive joy in outward success and not that we are righteous in Jesus, we must return to the cross in repentance and rejoice in His great gift once more (1 John 3:19–24).
Coram Deo
Desiring outward success and growth is not necessarily a bad thing, but it has caused many churches to water down the gospel in the drive to increase attendance. We too can water down the gospel in our everyday lives so that we do not offend anyone and harm our chances of promotions, awards, and other successes. Let us therefore take joy in the fundamental truth of salvation by grace alone so that we stand firm for Christ at all times.
Passages for Further Study
2 Chronicles 6:41
Psalm 35:9
Acts 8:26–40
3 John 4
Permissions: You are permitted and encouraged to reproduce and distribute this material in any format provided that you do not alter the wording in any way, you do not charge a fee beyond the cost of reproduction, and you do not make more than 500 physical copies. For web posting, a link to this document on our website is preferred (where applicable). If no such link exists, simply link to www.ligonier.org.
Please include the following statement on any distributed copy: From Ligonier Ministries, the teaching fellowship of R.C. Sproul. All rights reserved. Website: www.ligonier.org | Phone: 1-800-435-4343


text:
Results for leader
Can Paul Be Redeemed?
Originally Posted: 01/08/2014 - 10:28am | Type: Magazine Article -
Reta Halteman Finger Why some of us love Jesus and don't like Paul. "Jesus was a radical who welcomed ev ...
6 Reasons I Have a Major Crush on Pope Francis
Originally Posted: 09/16/2013 - 5:32pm | Type: Blog -
When I see him smiling on TV or on the cover of a magazine in the checkout line at the grocery store, I get the warm fuzzies. When I see him smiling on TV or on the cover of a mag ...
Tales of a Male 'Preacher's Wife'
Originally Posted: 05/24/2013 - 2:10pm | Type: Magazine Article -
Christian Piatt The stats say that women in the workplace – from seminaries to the boardroom – have become the norm, but being a stay-at- ...
Yoga As a 'Connection to God'
Originally Posted: 05/03/2013 - 4:28pm | Type: Blog -
At the beginning of the year, I embarked on a two-month sabbatical to recover from a rough 2012. I needed to recharge, and resolved to rest, spend time with the people I love most, and find some kind of physic ...


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Availability: Out of stock
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These light and versatile foam core pads are great for cold temperatures or those looking for a comfortable and lightweight self-inflating pad. Utilizing diamond shape, die-cut foam the Two Track pads are available in rectangular and mummy shapes.


text:
34 35th St., Unit 26, Brooklyn, NY, 11232
I had been wondering about this. The NY Government paid for it, so it should theoretically be the property of the so-called people, but they are busy suing other people for using it. Milton Glaser did it pro bono. Oh, copyright…
White House goes CC. From the white house site (right next to George Washington's face):
Pursuant to federal law, government-produced materials appearing on this site are not copyright protected. The United States Government may receive and hold copyrights transferred to it by assignment, bequest, or otherwise.
Mantis: Profits and Prophets
xtine burrough and I just published Digital Foundations: an Intro to Media Design with the Adobe Creative Suite with AIGA Design Press/New Riders under a CC license (a first for the publisher.) The book teaches the formal principles and exercises of the Bauhaus through lessons in the Adobe Creati
14th Street, New York City, January 8th.
I keep hearing of more and more billionaires killing themselves.
End times…
A while ago I wrote Nathan Yergler of the Creative Commons Foundation about the logistics of including (C) work in a CC book? Amazingly I couldn't find any guidance about this on their site, or elsewhere.


text:
A ten-year-old boy dreams of going to Venice. But the Second World War starts and his family hides him in his aunt's home, where he builds a small Venice in the flooded basement. Kolski commented: "Through his eyes, we watch six years of war. His experiences offer a unique perspective, for the war is merely a backdrop to the personal events which shape the boy's imagination and character. We will witness his first love, his first erotic fascinations, his first achievements and disappointments."
Following the screening: Closing of the Festival. Reception at the Rochester Club Ballroom.


text:
To embed, copy and paste the code into your website or blog:
Can your employer file you for Facebook and Twitter post? Section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) gives employees the right to engage in concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining and other mutual aid or protection. This right includes communicating with other employees regarding terms and conditions of employment. When the NLRA was enacted in 1935 social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter were unthinkable. However, in today's internet-driven world, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) has recognized the need to address how these new avenues of communication affect labor and employment law.
On August 18, 2011, The NLRB's Office of the General Counsel issued a report concerning how federal labor law will adapt to the widespread growth of social media websites like Facebook and Twitter. The report highlights a number of recent decisions involving employees who were either disciplined or terminated from work for comments they posted on these sites. While the Board has not gone so far as to let employees say anything, it has ruled that some Facebook and Twitter comments are protected under Section 7 of the Act.
Please see full article below for more information.
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Share your thoughts
What do you think of the
ExOfficio Give-N-Go Boy Cut Brief - Women's
? Share a...
Here's what others have to say...
Keith Reis
Give-N-Go Boy Cut Brief
Keith Reis
Give-N-Go Boy Cut Brief
Keith Reis
Give-N-Go Boy Cut Brief
Keith Reis
Give-N-Go Boy Cut Brief
Keith Reis
Give-N-Go Boy Cut Brief
Grey Eagle
Perfect to backpacking or multiple days.
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
Purchased 2 pairs for use on an extended backpacking trip and they worked perfectly. Easy to wash and quick to dry, weight almost nothing and take no space in the pack. Odor free (well almost) after wearing several days and the fit was just right for me and I hike in a kilt.
Granny short.
Not very impressed, they feel big in the body, yet cut in at thigh area.Fabric is not as soft as imagined. I'm sold with Icebreaker ans Ibexboy shorts .
Keith Reis
ExOfficio Give-N-Go
When you?re on the go from one campsite to another, or one country to the next, you don?t have time to wait around for cotton underwear to dry; take along the Ex Officio Women's Give-N-Go Boy Cut Brief instead. The stretchy, comfortable nylon-spandex blend dries quickly and resists odors, so you can travel with fewer pairs and make room in your pack for other essentials.
First of all, these are not a traditional boy short as the picture misconstrues, more of a full coverage panty.
Second of all, they rock! No odors, they dry really fast and are super comfy. These are my 'active' panties for the no-sweat factor. After testing out several pairs of undies, these were my favorite for fit and functionality.
Keith Reis
Women's Give-N-Go? Boy Cut Brief
On Body Shot!
ok undies
For the price I wanted these to not ride up the rear. But they do. Not terribly, but still--- they ride a bit. They are more of low-cut briefs than boy-short style. They are decent; I just expected more for paying so much.
little large
Underwear was the same great quality that you would expect from Ex-Officio: stays in place on body, no lingering odor after 12 hour rigorous hikes, washes perfectly - still look like new. However, it is in my personal opinion that this underwear offers too much coverage between the waist and bum. For myself I ordered a medium (Im and athletic 5'10.5'' 150lbs) and they are VERY full coverage on the rear - almost more true shorts not boy-cut shorts underwear. I gain all my weight on my lower half and have a very hmm...developed rump shall we say, and these went clear into my thigh- still snug and comfortable but more fabric than I would have desired. Be aware if you have ultra thin legs and a less than round bottom- you may want to order a size down.
My entire underwear collection for last summer consisted of three of these underwear. I was a river guide living out of my vehicle and camping for three months straight, constantly getting wet and not having much access to laundry facilities. These underwear were perfect; they dried fast, didn't acquire an oder as most poly-pro clothing does on the river and pack super light.
dries quick/packs small
very little ride up. I use these for a ultra light swim/river bath on backpacking trips. I like a little coverage for the front & back and Since I don't carry a razor I don't have to be embarrased to swim/bath w/others around on day 3 or above. (if you get my drift ladies). I also love that it takes very little room, dries in about 2 hours in 80% humidity, and a size large (dry) weighs in at just under 2oz.


text:
( Originally Published Early 1900's )
IN OFFERING to come here to speak on this subject to you, I knew that I should speak to some who have knowledge of me such as to cause them to think it worth while to listen to what I might have to say. Others have not that knowledge, and, after the fashion which I, as an engineer, have had at times to do in qualifying myself to give evidence as an expert witness, I should perhaps begin my remarks by stating what right I have to speak on this subject, in order that you may judge to some extent what weight my expressions of opinion and statements of fact should carry.
I have been continuously, with the exception of two days when, as I said to a member of this Convention a minute ago, I didn't like my job and refused to work, for thirty-three continuous years, since I was a very small boy, engaged in the operation and management of public service corporations and the municipal operation of public utilities, a class of work on which this question most immediately touches. Essentially an engineer and operating man, I have become of necessity a business manager, to some extent, a director of investments—that is to say, I have had to take the general business management and also the financial management of many properties. At the present time, I am the managing director of investments in the " State of Michigan in public service corporations, principally electric light and power corporations, which represent an actual cash in-vestment in physical properties of about eight million dollars. I still retain a certain amount of engineering business and still have a certain standing as an engineer. I am, by grace of the members of that society, Vice-President of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and Vice-President of the National Electric Light Association, and member of numerous other engineering societies. My status there is high private, and gives me a certain standing in the community. I am still, as I say, carrying on a certain amount of consulting business. One retainer which I hold at the present time being for the City of Toronto in connection with that City's project to purchase Niagara power and distribute it in the City of Toronto. In that connection my advice has been asked not only on the engineering and technical problems, but on the possible financial and commercial developments of the project. In fact, it was on that line rather than on the other that I was called into consultation, having been for a great many years the occasional consultant of the engineers of the City of Toronto.
I give you these statements to show the length and breadth, as it were, of my continuous knowledge of the subject in question.
The immediate question before you, upon which I am asked to speak, is: "Shall there be in this State a commission controlling public utilities," which carries with it the collateral question: "Shall this be a constitutional body and not a body to whom is delegated certain powers of the Legislature?" and the further question: "Shall such a commission have charge of all public services or shall it confine itself to those services not commission-controlled at the present time?" To put it concisely: "Shall such a commission control railroads as well as the public utilities not now controlled by commission, telephone, telegraph, electric light, gas, etc.?"
Limitations of Jurisdiction of the Municipality
The first question, "Should there be such a body," I think turns upon the question of its necessity. If it be necessary, there should be such a body. As to the necessity, at the present time a public utility corporation—let us say for conciseness, in speaking to the point where my knowledge is most exact; an electric light and power or gas company--such a corporation undertaking to do business in any municipality secures the consent of the municipality to its entering upon the streets, and may agree with that municipality upon reason-able conditions including the rate or price to be paid for its product or service. Please note that there is no delegation to the municipality of the power to fix a price for electric light service or gas service, and it is even a question whether a municipality can bind individuals by entering into an agreement with a corporation. That is to say, there is a question even now before the Supreme Court as to whether a municipality entering into a contract in the form of an ordinance with a gas company, under which the gas company is permitted to charge a certain price, thereby estops an individual from contesting that price, declaring it to be unreasonable. That is a question that is now in the courts. Nevertheless, there is in many agreements entered into with municipalities—so-called franchise ordinances—a clause fixing the maximum price or even a scale of prices which stops the company from charging any higher price.
Only the Legislature Can Fix Rates
But the question as to whether any rate or price charged is or is not reasonable is a question which can at the present time only be decided by a suit, an action by an individual who says that he is aggrieved by a certain rate and who claims that the same rate is unreasonable. That action must be brought in the proper court and may be carried up to the Supreme Court. At no stage of the proceedings does the power lie in the hands of any court to make an order that a certain rate shall be reasonable. The only question before the court is, "Is the disputed rate reasonable or not reason-able?" The court holds the rate is reasonable or is not reasonable. If it holds it is reasonable, that settles it, provided, of course, the matter has gone to the Supreme Court. If it holds it is not reasonable, the whole blessed process has to begin again. If it holds it is not reasonable, it is open to the gas company or the electric light company to make another rate, and open to the party aggrieved to dispute that rate, begin a new suit and go through the whole process again. By chance the new rate may be held to be reasonable and by chance it may not. Consider how ridiculous and yet how absolutely according to law the process would be if an electric light company under my charge should decide to charge 50 cents for a given class of service. A customer who feels that that price is too much, too high, brings suit and judgment is declared in the lower court, con-firmed by the Supreme Court that 50 cents is an unreasonable rate, being too high. Very good. I promptly make a rate of 49 cents and he begins again, and we keep on down—48 cents, 47 cents, 46 cents. Now that, of course, is possibly a reduction to an absurdity, but if the reasonable rate might be 20 or 25 cents, I can actually require the person who claims that I shall give him what is a reasonable rate, to sue me in two courts and get judgments in two courts on every cent of that reduction. That is the status of affairs just now. The courts might find some short way of stopping that, might construe the litigation vexatious, but there is no power short of the Legislature that can say off-hand and promptly, after hearing the evidence, that a reasonable rate is thus and so, and that such a rate and no other shall be lawful.
There Is No Redress for Inferior Service
Let us consider another class of questions that come up. "Is the service good?" I heard—it was not this year, it was years ago—very serious complaints in this hall against the lighting that was then being given. I think, myself, it was bad. I suppose my opinion is not evidence in a six-year-old question, but it struck me as being bad. However, the question whether bad or good was a matter for argument and a matter upon which the argument would, in the ordinary course of events, continue during the whole legislative session. There was absolutely no authority to whom the proper officers of the Legislature or the proper authorities in charge of the capitol building could submit the question "Is the service being given to us reason-able service, sufficient service such as it ought to be? Is the electric light pressure good; is our gas pressure ample; is the quality of the gas such as it should be for proper burning?" The matter was a matter for argument, dispute, trade and dicker. It would have been very difficult to get that into the court, and yet the injustice to a customer of giving him inferior service is just as great as the in-justice of charging him too high a price for good service. My personal observation is that the two sometimes go together, that sometimes too high a price is charged for very bad service; but there is no authority to whom appeal can be made. It is a matter for personal dispute. It is just as much a personal matter to be settled as an argument about the cut of a coat by a custom tailor. And yet it may be a service affecting thousands of people. The largest electric light company of which I am managing director has 19,000 customers; 10,000 of these are residences. Take the 10,000 alone, take the average of five and one-half people per family per residence; that means that 55,000 people may suffer from bad service and there is no redress. You may write to the newspapers or complain to the municipal council but you have no direct redress; and the question whether the service is good or bad is one which cannot be brought before any court excepting in the form of an action for breach of contract, and I can assure you that I have no contract that requires me to furnish them any specific kind of service.
The Safety and Propriety of Line Construction
There is another question; the question that comes up frequently, more frequently than ever: The question of the reasonableness, safety, propriety of the street construction upon which electric light wires are suspended, or of the class of construction which is put underground by gas companies. There, in many cases, the police powers of the municipality are ample. There is no doubt whatever that the municipalities have full authority to reasonably regulate constructions placed upon their streets, and that they are the judges and that the municipal council is judge prima facie of the reasonableness and propriety of these constructions. But the question gets to be a question of fact. And the fact is often one which can only be proven or disproven by expert testimony of the most intricate kind. The redress there, of course, is in the courts, but it is the same slow process. Beyond question, the local municipal council can harass, badger and bait a local public service corporation into doing what it ought to do or perhaps a great deal more than it ought to do, but the process is not direct. Even a specific service ordinance, one calling for a certain service, may or may not be followed, and is usually subject to interruption by injunction.
The Effect of the Utility's Attitude
The condition of affairs so far in this State has not been so bad as it has been in other states. To some extent, this has been due to a somewhat enlightened policy on the part of the greater number of the public service corporations of the State. To a greater extent, however, it has been due to the still somewhat primitive condition of the greater part of our country. Our towns and villages are most of them new, most of them glad to get anything that is better than what they had before and none of them are inclined to be critical. There has been comparatively little friction heretofore, but there is now more. Of course, in Detroit we have a constant instance of friction in the matter of relations between the City and the street railway company. In Detroit, eight or nine years ago, we had a very hot time between the gas company and the City. Within the last year we have had investigations of the gas service in Detroit and have had investigations of the electric light service, in both of which the management of the public service corporations met the City in a friendly way and the result has been, I believe, as largely as such things can be, to the general satisfaction. Let me point out, however, that in these investigations, the City had prima facie no power to investigate. All investigations were made by consent and not of right. The enlightened policy, of which I have spoken, granted the right, believing that publicity was the best policy; but there was no power short of the Legislature which could compel these corporations to give an accounting and to give the information which they gave to the investigators appointed by the City Council or by the Mayor. Just consider for a moment what that means. Had there been a disposition to quarrel, the question at issue, instead of being settled promptly in a friendly spirit, might have dragged out ad infinitum. I need not tell you that there are just such instances right under our eyes of disputes which, when approached from both sides in a friendly spirit, could be settled promptly, and which seem to be dragged out ad infinitum.
Some Advantages of a Public Utilities Commission
Pointing out, then, that while there has been no great trouble so far, that while there has been a remarkably reasonable frame of mind in most cases throughout the State between the so-called public utility corporations, other than the railroads, and to a large extent between the railroads and the public, it must be obvious to you that a condition exists which could be met and met quickly, and in the interests of right and of comfort, in the interests of not only justice but of straightforward going ahead and tending to our own business without waste of time, by the establishment of a competent body whose business it would be to deal with such matters. It would have quasi-judicial powers; its decisions would be prima facie lawful and subject only to dispute, with the condition that the burden of proof should be upon the person raising the issue and not upon the commission. Such a commission would have a wide field of usefulness. It would tend to keep many questions out of the courts. It would form a tribunal to which at once could be referred questions of rates or prices and of service; questions of methods of construction; questions of public necessity for certain extensions; questions of all kinds that may come up could be referred to a competent commission familiar with such matters and dealt with by a decision which should be prima facie the law. In ninety-nine times out of a hundred, the rulings of a capable, able commission would be final, would not be disputed.
Local and Interregional Aspects
Perhaps the suggestion may be made that the Home Rule idea requires that the local authorities shall govern such matters. Should they? It is contrary to our whole ideas that parties interested in a suit should judge that suit. No judge upon the bench and no jury in the jury box is qualified to act on a matter in which he is a party in interest. Shall the municipal council of any municipality be the party to fix the just and reasonable price for the electric lighting of the streets in which they are all interested officially and personally, or for the gas lighting of their homes or for the supply of gas for their cook stoves or the fare which they shall pay on the street cars? Shall they whose pockets (either official pockets or their personal pockets) are touched by the question, be the judges? I think not.
There is still another phase to it. Very many of the public utility corporations of the state are in the same position as the railroads. They are not as a rule interstate corporations as carriers or other-wise, but they are intermunicipality, intercounty corporations. Their interests are practically identical, having an identical policy and an identical management, and those which have their centers in Detroit and which I personally manage do business in four cities and in four counties and in more townships than I can "shake a stick at." Is each city, each township and each village to set its own rule? Is it going to be so that the man who can drive the hardest bargain shall get the best terms—that the council which is the best bargainer gets the best rates; and the one further up the line where they are easy is to get worst rates? There must be some unity of rate system. There must be some basic principle that will take account of such conditions as will exist between localities and which will not permit a material difference in the price to be paid for the execution of a given service in two adjacent townships or in neighboring cities. The question is too large for one municipality to handle separately from others, independently from others following different rules and trading on a different basis. It is one which must be handled consistently. In any other way, the lowest price that any one municipality can get will become the price for all. That may be good and, again, may be bad. Of course the converse of that might be said—that the high price might be made the basis of argument. But the thing itself is inconsistent. It would be very inconsistent if a rail-road charging 2 cents a mile by agreement with one township were to charge 2 1/2 cents by agreement with the next township. I don't think that our public, educated to wide ideas, would consent to that for a minute. And yet these electric systems, these gas systems extending through several townships and cities, or street railways extending through several townships and cities, would be put into that very position unless there be some general controlling state-wide body which will lay down a uniform rate, varying the result of that rule only in accordance with actual conditions in certain places.
There is another feature that comes in here. It is excellent good law and good sense that now requires a public utility corporation to obtain the consent of a municipality before undertaking to do business in that municipality. But a condition arises even now where the application of that rule brings about a wrong condition of affairs. These utility corporations, as I say, have become more than merely local organizations. They extend through several cities, villages and townships. Assume that one village prefers to operate its own public utilities, that it does so under a right granted to it, that it does not desire to have a corporation now doing business in a city south of it engage in business within its limits. Beyond doubt, the refusal to grant consent to the doing of business within its limits is within a reasonable measure of home rule, but the refusal to permit the construction of a line of that corporation across this municipal area to reach another on the north thereof which it is desired to do business with, is doing an injustice both to the corporation and to the municipality on the north. There is a question where some capable controlling body having a wide knowledge of the matter at issue should be able to act upon and declare the necessity of desirability of a right-of-way being given under reasonable conditions. Re-member, I don't say for a moment and would not ask for a moment that in such a case any state body should have the right to say to a municipality, "You shall permit this corporation to enter within your limits and do business." All that I say is that the state body should have the permission to say this : "You shall permit this corporation, which is desired by your northern neighbor, to cross your limits to reach that neighbor." There is a question which becomes a question affecting several communities, not only one.
Appeals from the Commission
I believe, gentlemen, in fact I am quite certain of it, that very many disputes, much litigation, much unnecessary hard feeling may be avoided and that many present strained conditions between the public of various communities and the corporations serving them can be eliminated and a voided—to' the saving of time, to the saving of money and to the better service of that public—if such questions as those I have described and stated can be referred promptly to a body fully authorized to deal with them; a body authorized to require that public utilities, be they municipally owned or corporation owned, shall charge reasonable rates and not other than reason-able rates, and shall give reasonable service and not other than reasonable service and shall, when required, furnish adequate facilities of the class which it is their business to furnish. Such a commission will give prompt decisions, thus not requiring a display of the matter to an unknowing jury or to a judge who is ignorant of the matter, and such a commission will deal with these cases promptly and will surely arrive at the desirable result. I pointed out to you that ninety-nine out of every hundred such questions will be promptly settled, and settled to the satisfaction of both parties and will not be carried to a higher court. That there should be an appeal to a higher court is a matter of necessity. It is alien to our ideas and traditions that decisions of such a class by an appointive body should be final. But that the appeal should carry with it the stipulation that the burden of proof shall be, not upon the commission, but upon the body or corporation or the individuals re-fusing to accept the ruling of the commission, is only reasonable and will tend even there to minimize the troubling of the courts with matters which can be infinitely better decided, and decided to the satisfaction of all by such a commission. Such a commission will in time come to be an acceptable and permanent board of arbitration.
A Commission by Constitutional Provision
Now, "Shall that body be a constitutional body?" Yes, I think so. I think so because its functions, as I have pointed out, are quasi-judicial. It is not necessary that these functions should be broadly laid down in a constitutional provision. Such a provision need merely say there shall be a commission appointed as you think best in possibly the old time-respected way by the Governor with the advice and consent of the Senate or otherwise as you think best; of not less than three members, able, disinterested men; who shall have power to require of every public utility in this state the giving of adequate service; and who shall have the power to prohibit the making or charging by such utility of any rate or price which shall not be reasonable—just and reasonable—or the establishment or carrying on of any practices by a public utility which shall not be just and reason-able. Such a provision, I believe, could be cut down to a matter of forty or fifty words, and would give that body the status that it ought to have.
As to the manner of carrying out the several rulings which will go up, undoubtedly the Legislature will have much to say. Upon such a body undoubtedly there should fall the enforcement of all laws made by the Legislature to meet specific cases; the constitutional pro-vision, that no acts shall be unjust or unreasonable, is ample.
A Single Commission for All Utilities
As to the further question, "Should this commission control all public utilities or only the public utilities now not under control of the railroad commission?"—there I am less clear. But I favor—I am inclined to favor—subject to very full consideration, the idea of one public utilities commission. My reason for so thinking is this—chiefly this: The men to be appointed on that commission must be strong men; they must be big men. It is not a commission whose duties can be satisfactorily performed by three young men who are respectively recent graduates, (a) of the engineering course at the University of Michigan, (b) of the Detroit Law School, and (c) a bookkeeper promoted from a bank. Those men are the right kind of men : You do want a man with some engineering or technical knowledge; you certainly do want a first-class lawyer; and you certainly do want a good business man. But they will have to be big men, strong men, otherwise you will not arrive at that so much to be desired result, namely, that there shall be a minimum of appeals from the rulings of that body to clutter up the courts.
The Caliber of the Personnel
I have never yet feared to put the operations of any property of which I was responsible openly and squarely before a man of broad ideas and wide experience and sufficient knowledge. I have hesitated and even refused to open my accounts, explain my methods, describe my ideals in the carrying on of these properties, to men who were purely theorists with no experience or to men whose public acts, had committed them to policies from which their departure would be in the line of a renunciation of their previous records. You want big men there, men whose names will carry respect throughout the community. To get those men you must make it worth while, you must give them a reasonably long term in office, assure them of that. You must make the position a position not only of honor but of reasonable profit. You must pay good salaries. You
must pay a good deal better salaries than you pay throughout the state to your circuit judges. You cannot get the right kind of men unless you do. You must pay high salaries, as salaries have gone heretofore in the constitutional offices of this State. For these reasons, and remembering that the high standard of the commission depends upon its executive heads, it depends upon the men who control its operations, it depends upon the men to whom as individuals an appeal may be made against the acts of subordinates —I think that three exceedingly capable, strong men might serve as the executive heads of a commission—might serve as the commissioners and would control all of the public utilities of the State.
As It Is in New York
There is good precedent for that. The New York law recognizing the peculiar conditions of New York—Greater New York so-called—the exceedingly peculiar conditions and the vastness of the questions involved therein, separated its commission into two commissions—two public utilities commissions controlling all public utilities, one within Greater New York and the adjacent boroughs, and the other the rest of the State. They have not separated along the line of separating railroads from other public utilities. More and more the line of separation between one public utility and another is becoming vague. That a gas and electric light company should operate under the same management, should be the same corporation, has been permitted for a long time by our laws and is exceedingly common; that a gas, electric light and railway should all be the same corporation is exceedingly common. That the interurban railway should be interlaced and interlocked with the city railway until you cannot tell the difference is the natural state of affairs, and we are rapidly coming to the condition when you cannot tell which is the electric division of a steam railroad and which is the long distance express division of the interurban electric railway. Down the Mohawk valley, in New York State, it is difficult to tell where the urban rail-ways end and the electrified division of the West Shore begins, the more so as the ownership is the same. That will come inevitably in this State. That the public utility corporations of this State will be more and more interlaced and intertwined until it will be hard to say to which commission a given question belongs. Just take the proposition in New York State which is one of the ideas put before the drafters of the Hughes Utility Law: Whose duty is it to determine as to the operations of the electrified division of the West Shore Railroad on which both steam trains and electric cars run? No one can answer. The answer given by the State was to make one public utilities commission control all.
As It Is in Wisconsin
The State of Wisconsin has done the same thing. The public utilities of the State, telephone, electric light, gas, heat supply, have been placed under control of the Railroad Commission, which retains its name of Railroad Commission. Its duties have been widened. In each of these instances, the governing idea has been not only one of separating these utilities along any definite line, but the recognition of the fact that the right kind of men to govern the one class of service were the right kind of men to govern the others. That the broader or bigger those men were, the less trouble there would be with their rulings, the less work for the courts, the less disputes, the less questions, the less delay in the settlement of matters in which the public were interested. The big men could only be had by giving them great responsibilities, by giving them control over sufficiently capable subordinates to deal with minor matters, and leaving the broad executive questions to men big enough to deal with them and deal with them so as to secure the confidence not only of the public and community at large but of the corporations whose operations their first duty was to control, regulate and check.
The Control of Municipally Owned Utilities
Such a commission should have control of municipally operated public utilities. Most emphatically the control should be there, if any place. In that case you have to deal with the minority which does not approve of such things. The commission will have to, in the matter of a municipally owned public utility, assume the functions of the minority representation on the board of a private corporation. Let me call your attention to that feature. Any municipally owned utility, unless in the very smallest kind of a town, is always a lien upon the assessable property of a number of people who would have very much preferred that the utility had not been owned by the municipality. There is always the objecting minority. The case is the same as if a private corporation had chosen to extend its powers to any other kind of business which its original organization did not contemplate. Let me make that clear: A municipality is originally incorporated for protection, self-protection; the police function of a municipality is the first; the vigilance committee is the earliest form of organization, the committee that protects itself against outside foe and inside crime. Following that, other municipal activities come, which are the result of municipal conditions. Crowd a lot of people together, one, two, three, four or five thousand and they cannot each of them provide his own sanitation and his own water supply by a properly dug well in one corner of his property and his sanitation by a properly dug well in the opposite corner. Municipal conditions prevent the provision for individual water and sanitation; they impose upon the trails or roads a burden of traffic which the ordinary surface will not bear; they require sewer-age and water supply which the individual cannot furnish. And the things follow at once: the paving of the roads; the lighting of the roads follows of sheer necessity. It would be ridiculous to expect each person to tote his own lantern as a farmer would do in a community where the farms were a full section apart. The lighting of the streets is merely the reduction of expense to the community and the avoidance of carrying a lantern. These things are the initial basic functions of a municipality. When you go beyond these, you get into trading. You get into things as to the wisdom of which there is a possible question. Take water supply; there is no argument, it is a sheer necessity of life. Death results from the lack of water. Sewerage is on the same basis. The lighting of the streets follows as I have said. These things are inevitable, there is no argument about them.
But you begin to go into the operation of further utilities and you at once enter into questions concerning which there can be argument, and I mean honest, serious, well considered differences of opinion. I don't mean fractious argument. Especially if they are trading propositions, especially if they are propositions where the output of the utility is to be sold to customers who may or may not take it. The question as to whether a municipality shall enter upon the ownership and operation of a utility, so-called, is exactly the same question which comes before a private corporation when it is proposed to amend its by-laws or articles of incorporation to permit it to engage in a line of business not originally contemplated. If I take control of a company to manufacture saws, and decide it would be a good thing for this crowd to go into the business of dealing in cattle, I have to amend my articles of incorporation. Some of them don't want to. It takes a two-thirds vote, and then I still have my minority that voted against me, my quarter or fifth. They cumulate their votes and put representatives on the board to see that I don't make too big a fool of myself. All right. The municipality goes into the ownership of a utility. It may or may not be a two-thirds vote. There is no cumulative voting for representation. Who represents the minority in that case? Nobody. If the thing is a success, the minority disappears. If the thing is a failure the minority increases and becomes the majority, but the loss is there just the same. In the meantime there has been a watchful minority representation on your corporation board. The people who didn't want that line, have cumulated their votes and got their one or two or three directors on my board and these fellows are watching every step that I take. What representation has your minority in the municipality that goes into the gas business? Not a blessed bit. That is where your state commission comes in, to see that that city does not over-extend or do impossible things, to see that that city doesn't (in order that the present control of the city may gain a little temporary publicity) undertake to sell the product of the city gas works under cost. That is what Philadelphia did.
The commission is needed, more than any place else, in the matter of control of municipally owned public utilities, and these municipally owned utilities, if they go into trade, cannot be successful in any but the smallest villages where public opinion is most effective. If they go into trade, unless there is uniform accounting and close supervision by a competent supervising authority, they cannot be successful. To that authority must be given the powers of close supervision, the right to question and the right to challenge in the manner of minority representation in a private corporation which undertakes to extend its operations beyond its original intent. The same thing prevails, even if public sentiment is very much in favor of such matters. I have watched a great many public utilities. Some of them are great successes operated by municipalities. Long ago my duties for the time being were those of supervising and constructing engineer for a corporation which sold very much electric light machinery to private parties and to municipalities. I noticed that among the many places which I visited over some eight states, the municipal plants—gas and electric—which were successful were those in the small towns where everybody knew everybody else; where public opinion, even though it might find its mouthpiece through a small council, was just as effective as in the old Saxon days where every man over the age of twenty-one had the right to speak and vote; where there was close economic management and everybody took an interest in the public utilities of the place. These were successful. The places where they were failures were the places where the professional politician gets in his work and the bigger the place, the bigger the professional politician and the bigger the failure. Philadelphia offers an example. The utilities in which a town does not trade, or practically does not trade, are on an entirely different footing. Take the supply of water. The supply of water is a municipal necessity. Yet there may be a certain amount of water for purposes of sanitation but not for drinking purposes. The great controlling factor in the public health is the water supply. I cannot question it. That is a proper municipal function. But suppose that a municipality has granted the right to a water company to do business in the city and the water company is actually serving the citizens. Suppose in consequence of a dispute, the city decides to regulate the water supply in that most foolish way, by competition, and goes into the water supply business itself. Your water supply proposition becomes a trading proposition. Just consider this. Assume that there is a water company in there; assume it has been charging too much; assume that the village undertakes to compete—could you depend upon the people of that municipality, man for man, to shift their services and their contracts for water to the city as a matter of public spirit? No, you could not. All that would be necessary for the water company to do to hold business would be to make its rates 1 per cent lower than the published rates of the city. In order to prevent its becoming absolutely uncontrollable, you need the supervision of a capable state commission.
The same condition may prevail elsewhere in other matters that are not so necessary as water, but it needs the supervision of a body which required proper accounting and reasonable service and adequate extension of that service, and able to impose all these obligations upon the municipality undertaking them.
Regulation and Competition
The best possible service to any municipality in the line of any public utility is by a single body, be that the municipality or a private corporation. For two organizations to construct works and undertake to furnish the same service is competition, which may appear to be a profit to the individual, but which is inevitably to the loss of the individual in the long run. Remember that, after all, we are here to please the public, not to give it exactly what is good for it, but to give it what it will believe to be good for a long time. If you have no competition you must, to please the public, have a satisfactory substitute, and that is efficient, intelligent regulation by a body which will hold the respect not only of the public but of the municipalities and corporations which it undertakes to regulate.
The Selection of the Personnel
I believe I have covered the ground. The organization of the commission I have suggested should represent three different classes of effort and three different classes of education. It would be well that one man were a trained engineer. He need not be a so-called electrical, mechanical or civil engineer. Nowadays you will find that a great many men, like myself, are recognized as full members and properly qualified for membership in all three of the societies which go by those names, electrical, mechanical and civil. There is no question whatever as to the necessity of a man on the commission whose training is legal and whose thoughts or habit of mind is judicial. And that there should be a business man is of great importance. It is of great importance for the reason that such a commission, to do its work smoothly, truthfully and with a fine regard to justice, must have an understanding of the investor. The study of the investor was forced on me late in life; as an engineer and as manager of properties earlier in life, the investor was a distant matter to me. I supposed he was a man that knew what he was doing when he put his money into these things. I learned later that the investor in such properties is very largely the small, the very small capitalist, whose capital represents the savings of a lifetime and whose investment is largely influenced by his opinion of the personality of the management; his investment is largely influenced by his opinion of the general business conditions of the country in which that property operates and by the showing that is made to him of its existing earnings. He does not go in there with any wish to take the risks and play the game; but with a wish to secure a certain safe although small return on the money which he has to invest. The way of the investor, the habits of thought of the investor, are matters that should be at least understood by such a commission. Remember that money cannot be got into a public utility unless on that money there is a profit to be paid. It cannot even be got into it by taxing unless you can show the people at large that it is worth their while to let the money go in. The profit that such enterprise must carry is that which will bring the money to the enterprise and keep it in it willingly, and only business men who understand these ideas can fully deal with the questions which will come before such a commission. Therefore, I say that it is equally important that a business man whose habits of thought and experience are those of the large business operator must be represented on the commission.
In Conclusion
I suggested three members for the commission; there is no reason why it should not be five. Three, I think, should be ample. Five would be better. Seven is not impossible. And as to the general proposition of what such a commission should be, I think I have stated my case fully. As to its make-up, as to the general question whether it should be a commission controlling all utilities, I have stated my preferences. They are not absolute, they are subject to correction. And I will leave the matter in your hands, gentlemen.


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