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Made from discarded glass cola bottles in Swaziland. Each hippo is slightly different and as a result has its own personality. Cleverly packaged using local newspapers with a card from the artisan who made the hippo. Height: 8cm. Length: 10cm
Additional Information
Code: | JHIP |
Supplier | Tashinga |
Product Keys | Fair Trade, Recycled |


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Todaysart a international festifal
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Pakistan said on Thursday that it looked forward to a result-oriented engagement with India, and is likely to announce the decision to accept the Indian offer of Foreign Secretary-level talks in the next couple of days.
Unnamed Foreign Office officials have told Pakistani media that once the political leadership gave the final green light, Pakistan Foreign Secretary Salman Bashir is likely to convey the decision directly to his Indian counterpart, Nirupama Rao, with a phone call, or through the Indian High Commission here.
Foreign Minister Shah Mahmood Qureshi had said in an interview on Wednesday that Pakistan preferred to hold the talks on February 25.
At a regular Foreign Office briefing on Thursday, spokesman Abdul Basit declined to confirm that Pakistan had accepted the Indian offer.
"[The Foreign Office] have submitted our recommendations to the political leadership and it is for them to respond. Let us wait and see," he said.
However, in further indication that Pakistan is readying for the talks, the spokesman expressed the hope that the talks would be result-oriented and lead to the resumption of the composite dialogue process. He also indicated, as the Foreign Minister said in his interview, that this was not a pre-condition by Pakistan.
"Let us not get into specifics. It is important that there are no pre-conditions from either side. Pakistan strongly believes that with pre-conditions there can be no dialogue. We look forward to engaging in a result oriented process and hope that the two sides can resolve all issues."
Pakistan would raise all issues "important from our perspective," the spokesman said, when asked if the issue of the alleged Indian hand in Balochistan would also be on the table.
Keywords: India, Pakistan, Indo-Pak talks, Foreign Secretary-level talks, Pakistan Foreign Secretary, Salman Bashir, Balochistan


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Michigan Wolverines Belt, Wallet or Watch at our Wolverines Store.
Express loyalty to the Michigan Wolverines with our extensive lines of UM merchandise and gear at our collegiate store. Find Officially Licensed U of M merchandise and cheeck out our Michigan football, baseball and basketball collectibles. We offer tailgating supplies such as coolers, rugs, tailgating chairs and auto accessories. Get ready for the big game with our Michigan Wolverines logo accessories. Our fan items are sure to be conversational pieces for your game day tradition and Wolverines home decor so you can share your love of the game with the entire family.Michigan Wolverine belts can be found on www.amazon.com


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Mark Rogowsky, contributor for Forbes, wrote that Apple Inc. (AAPL) sales of iPhones have reached a point where it is safe to assume that it has sold its 500 millionth iPhone.
Apple Inc. was able to cross this milestone in less than 7 years, much to the dismay of critics.
In 2007, criticism abound as there were only 717,000 iPhone units sold.
By Feb 2011, iPhone started crushing competition as it sold its 100 millionth iPhone.
The following years were landslide for Apple Inc. (AAPL) - 300 millionth iPhone by 2012; 400 millionth by 2013.
"The 300 millionth iPhone was sold before the calendar closed on 2012, though Apple's fiscal year had moved into 2013 as the company's financial reporting is based on a year ending in September. The big sale was very likely in December that year because while Apple finished with 47.8 million iPhones sold and a cumulative total of 318.8 million, holiday shopping likely makes that quarter "lumpier" than others. It's safe to say Apple had a happy Thanksgiving and a Merry Christmas as it took less than 10 months to sell 100 million iPhones," Mr Rogowsky wrote.
Having these as precedent, the September launch of the rumoured iPhone 6 could propel Apple Inc. (AAPL) to attain its 600 millionth iPhone by the end of its fiscal year.
Mr Rogowsky predicted that Apple's billionth iPhone will likely be sold by 2017.
Already on its way for its billionth sale, Apple senior software engineer Greg Christie remembered how the very first iPhone was 'conceived.'
In an interview with Wall Street, Mr Christie said that his team was in the process of working on a "software vision" for the handheld back in 2005. This was when Steve Jobs gave him the ultimatum of two weeks, up until then the project was going to be assigned to another team.
Pressed with that ultimatum, Mr Christie's team created a design which later became the iPhone OS, and eventually the iOS.
The team pioneered the "swipe to unlock" feature and other innovation that through time shaped the blueprint of all modern smartphone operating systems.
The team devoted months to a project which they secretly dubbed the "purple project." The team was lucky enough to have had brainstorm sessions with Mr Jobs himself.
Mr Christie said that Mr Jobs became intensely excited about the iPhone's software possibilities that he became passionately involved.
"His excitement for it was boundless," Mr Christie reminisced.


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02-09-1999, 02:22 PM #1PhredFirehouse.com Guest
New Feature Requests for Forum System
The WebTeam will hate me for this. Although these forums are well designed and very feature-rich, there are a few things that some of us might like suggest as possible improvements. Can we use this thread to list our ideas as "wouldn't it be nice, if..." suggestions that the WebTeam can review? They can pass the good ideas on to the WebWizards to determine if they can incorporate the ideas into the Forum System.
Here are a couple ideas to get started with:
1) Could you: Add two icons at the bottom of each thread (near 'Post New' and 'Post Reply')possibly labeled "Next Newer Thread or up" and "Next Older Thread or down"? Purpose: to allow quick jump to the next thread without having to back-click to the forum section contents page and having to choose another thread topic.
2) Could we: Get a sphelling checker for replys and new posts? My e-mail has a spell checker option (which I do need); how hard would it be to add one to the Forum System?
Any other ideas?
Phred from Ohio
- Join Date
- Jun 2006
- Posts
- 2,480
Thanks for the suggestions. There is a new version of the Ultimate Bulletin Board (the system we use) coming out sometime this month. We have modified some of the features but we are somewhat constrained by what is possible from the bulletin board provider without spending countless dolllars to customize it. When we first put this site out for bid for some segments, the prices ranged from $500 to $15,000 just for the message forums, so what we are using is absolutely perfect and much less than that...and these forums are in use on several major sites including Warner Brothers. I don't know if spell check will be included, but I'm sure over time modifications will be made, just understand not everything is possible.
If you are writing a lengthly text, it would probably help to write it in Word or something similar first anyway if its going to be long and do all spelling and grammar checks too.
We are going through the forum and replacing icons with text to make some features easier to understand and will continue to make similar improvements.
Thanks again for everyone's comments.
Firehouse.Com WebTean
02-09-1999, 07:46 PM #3iwood51Firehouse.com Guest
Phred, I agree with the spell check (Did you need it for Phred? :-) ) It is not always bad spelling, sometimes just bad typing. I use a computer all day for my not as much fun as this job, and I still can't type.
A few others that irk me a little
1. Anybody that doesn't take the time to re-read their posts before submission, spelling we can live with, typos okay, but missing words?
2. The misuse of there, their and they're, and the use of loose instead of lose, call me anal or blame it on my British education.
4. When viewing the posts 'since yesterday' for example, post them from newest to oldest, so that we can look at just what we missed.
Okay, so 1 and 2 aren't for the Web-Gods, but you gave me a perfect sounding board, thanks and stay safe out there boys and girls.
02-18-1999, 11:55 PM #4PhredFirehouse.com Guest
Hey WebTeam,
Really NICE job on the BBS upgrade!!!!!
The Good just got Better. Nice boarders, and the next newer and older clicks work like gangbusters. You folks must stay up all night thinking up and deveolping these neat features. What are you going to think of next? Thanks from all of us!
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What To Do When Your Puppy Potty Training Plan Fails
2 | Posted 9/11/09
Sophia Yin, DVM, MS. September 11, 2009
OK. By now, most of you know the potty training basic plan. Take the puppy out first thing in the morning and stand around until she does #1 and #2. Then praise her when she does, give her a treat and some play time and water. Then, throughout the day either have her tethered to you or on leash nearby or in her crate where she's not likely to potty. Or keep an eagle eye on her so you can take her out at the first sign she has to potty. That sign may be: she's just eaten, or drunk water, or woken up from a nap, or is now sniffing around. Interrupt accidents and rush the pup to a proper potty place but don't punish her or scare her or she may just learn to sneak off and potty behind your back. And of course clean all accidents up promptly with an enzymatic cleaner.
Every day, thousands of people hear this advice and try to follow it only to be frustrated. The issue boils down to several factors, which can be addressed with a few tips.
Puppy potty training Tip 1: Some dogs are potty geniuses. Others aren't. Some dogs learn virtually by magic. You take them out frequently for a few days and all of a sudden they're potty trained. In fact my parents' last four dogs were like that. Meaning, if you're sort of consistent, the pooch will learn. But in other cases, the dogs seem to be potty training dunces. Realistically, in the wild, feral dogs may keep their immediate sleeping area clean, but areas close by are "in bounds." So it's not that odd that your dog thinks his actual bed should not be a potty spot but the rug right next to it is OK. In these cases, potty training is really just about forming a habit-never giving Rover the opportunity to go in the wrong place. Only give him opportunities to potty in the right places.
Puppy potty training Tip 2: Some puppies will potty even when tethered close to you. For some puppies, tethering them close to you won't prevent them from pottying. It will only give you a better chance to keep an eye on them. And some puppies can potty in the blink of an eye. For these puppies you'll have to rely on keeping them crated in a small den-like crate and then bring them out for potty sessions where you make sure they potty before they are allowed to play. If they don't potty quickly, they go back in their crate for 15 minutes before their next potty opportunity. They must learn to potty automatically when you take them outside and then never get the opportunity to have an accident when you're inside. Once they potty, they can play, but if they've eaten or drunk water, you'll have to bring them outside again after another 10-15 minutes before they go back into their crate. In fact you may be having 15-minute play sessions in the house every few hours and then long play session outside since, otherwise, when they're in the house they are resting in a crate.
Puppy Pottytraining Tip 3: Realize that young puppies have frequently potty urges. Young puppies can potty a lot! Especially if they're only 7-9 weeks old. They can drink water and then seemingly 5 minutes later pee it all out. So just because they pottied outside 5-10 minutes ago doesn't meant they won't do it inside as soon as you look the other way. If you find that you have this problem of pups pottying even shortly after they've pottied outside, instead of saying "But they just pottied outside" or " I just let them play unsupervised for a minute," get a clue! Expect them to potty even right after they've gone outside and whenever you leave them unsupervised and change your behavior accordingly. That is, be ready to crate them or keep your eye on them at all times.
Puppy Pottytraining Tip 4: Some puppies need to learn to hold their #1 urge a little bit. Some puppies need to learn to hold their pottying. I'm talking primarily about pee. These pups seem to just potty whenever they get a slight urge as if pottying is a pastime. These puppies need to be crated for longer periods for at least several days. In general, during the day they can be crated the same amount of time as their age in months. So an 8-week old puppy can be crated for about 2 hours and a 12 week old can be crate for around 3 hours during the day. Once your vet has assured you that the frequent piddling is not due to a urinary tract infection, start crating the puppy for longer hours. For instance, start crating the 12 week old for 2-3 hours at a time so she learns to hold it. When you take her out, reward her with long play sessions so she gets enough interaction, play, and training time too. But when finished, put her back in the potty-safe crate area.
Get the idea? For some dogs, you can't cut any corners. You can't let them wander out of sight for 2 seconds or expect that they will hold it if they've just gone potty outside and had a drink of water. For these dogs, you can try a doggie diaper. Maybe they won't potty in that. Or you can try an indoor potty system where you place them in an exercise pen with a sleeping area and a fake grass potty system or pee pad potty area and no other type of surface. They can learn that the different substrates are for different purposes. But chances are you'll have to just get realistic and alternate between strict crating, safe potty times outside, and eagle-eye supervision when they are getting their playtime. That means you'll have to make a special effort to be sure they get enough playtime too which adds even more planning to your puppy care. But that's the joy and pain of having a puppy. And the reward of having the house as a potty free zone is priceless.


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Britain's election campaign: April 18th: Ed Miliband maintains momentum
Russia helps Iran start a nuclear reactor, India decides on a BlackBerry ban and the Finns hold some silly competitions
Reader comments are listed below. Comments are currently closed and new comments are no longer being accepted.
This blog provides an archive of The Economist's audio podcasts, video stories, slideshows and videographics up to June 2011. Multimedia items produced after that date can be found on the relevant subject-area blog.
Britain's election campaign: April 18th: Ed Miliband maintains momentum
Mike Huckabee and 2016: Leap of faith
Democracy in America
Political decapitation: Get Clegg
Fighting an American election: Nasty, brutish and long
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Parliaments and prayer: A delicate invocation
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GIRL SCOUT TRIP PLANNING Welcome!
Girl Scouts Heart of Central California is pleased to offer this Girl Scout Trip Planning online training to you.
Questions or concerns about this course can be emailed to the Adult Development Specialist by using the email icon (lower left sidebar) on any page or by calling the council office at (800) 834-9899.
Whether you are planning travel in California or a future international adventure, the process is exciting and fun so continue on and learn more.
© 2010 Girl Scouts Heart of Central California. All rights reserved. Prev Next


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Meet and Communicate with Fun Singles Near You on BBW Personals Plus
Register now to search thousands of members and post your FREE profile!
I'm pretty shy about meeting new people. I've always been self-conscious about my weight & it's made it harder for me to meet peopl...
120122078 is a 35yr-old single woman in Angier, North Carolina
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Hey guys...
Hi everyone, my name is Kevin Johnson and am brand new to the Little River board. I know absolutely nothing about fly fishing, except that it looks so removed from what I do for a living as an airline pilot that, just maybe the solitude of nature, and the travel to do some fishing will be so enjoyable, that I will forget all about terrorists, and bomb threats, and hijacking, and flying into----well you get the idea. I really do want to learn, so keep the tips flowing.
If you need travel advice or tips---let me know, maybe I can help. kj |
Re: Hey guys...
hey kj.......welcome aboard. You will find that fly fishing is absolutely a major stress relief activity. May sound wierd, but I seem to find the perfect cast to be as exciting as catching fish sometimes....too each thier own...anyways, you picked a perfect forum to learn from as there are many very knowledgable folks on this site and should you get to the Townsend area and in Little River Outfitters, you will find yourself revisiting your early childhood stages (walking around with no idea where you are going, drooling, wanting to touch everything you see on the shelves, etc.....) anyways this is a great store with wonderful owners who know thier stuff and readily share the knowledge. BTW, they also do classes for fly fishing and fly tying.....
hope you are able to pic up the information you need good fishing & God Bless Buckeyetrouter
Heaven seems a little closer .........on a Smoky Mountain stream....... Jeremiah 29:13 |
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Family food work: lessons learned from urban Aboriginal women about nutrition promotion. | |
MedLine Citation:
PMID: 20815998 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE |
This article reports on ethnographic study of urban Aboriginal family food and implications for nutrition promotion. Data were collected over 2 years through in-depth interviews and participant observation in groups conducted through Indigenous organisations in a suburb of Brisbane. Issues when organising family food include affordability, keeping family members satisfied and being able to share food, a lack of cooking ideas, the accessibility of nutrition information, additional work involved in ensuring healthy eating, and a desire for convenience. Many different health professionals provide nutrition advice, often directing it towards individuals and not providing adequate guidance to facilitate implementation. The easiest advice to implement worked from existing household food practices, skills and budget. Cooking workshops helped to provide opportunities to experiment with recommended foods so that women could confidently introduce them at home. Aboriginal women are concerned about healthy eating for their families. Disadvantage can limit dietary change and the complexity of family food work is often underestimated in nutrition promotion. Household, rather than individual, framing of nutrition promotion can lead to more sustainable healthy eating changes. |
Wendy Foley |
Related Documents
25324648 - Dietary pattern and nutrient intake of korean children with atopic dermatitis. 18628118 - Environmental variation at the onset of independent foraging affects full-grown body ma... 2853348 - Anti-nutritional and toxic factors in food legumes: a review. 14501578 - Barriers to nutrition as a health promotion practice for women with disabilities. 15222538 - Influence of several methodological factors on the growth of clostridium perfringens in... 6866998 - Sweetness of diet and food consumption by infants. |
Publication Detail:
Type: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
Journal Detail:
Title: Australian journal of primary health Volume: 16 ISSN: 1448-7527 ISO Abbreviation: Aust J Prim Health Publication Date: 2010 |
Date Detail:
Created Date: 2010-09-06 Completed Date: 2010-11-30 Revised Date: 2011-02-14 |
Medline Journal Info:
Nlm Unique ID: 101123037 Medline TA: Aust J Prim Health Country: Australia |
Other Details:
Languages: eng Pagination: 268-74 Citation Subset: IM |
Inala Indigenous Health Service, Inala, Australia. firstname.lastname@example.com |
Export Citation:
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MeSH Terms | |
Cooking* Family Health Female Food Habits / ethnology* Health Promotion* Humans Oceanic Ancestry Group* Queensland |
Comments/Corrections | |
Comment In:
Aust Occup Ther J. 2011 Feb;58(1):54-5
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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Eldorado head coach setting out what he wanted in holiday tournament
Norris City-Omaha-Enfield 66, Union County 63
From auspicious debuts (hey, Jane the Virgin, The Affair and Transparent) to gut-wrenching twists (why, Hannibal, why?), we were spoiled with fantastic hours of television in 2014. TVGuide.com has compiled...
Betty Jean Glover, 58, Eldorado, died Saturday, Dec. 27, 2014, at Deaconess Gateway Hospital in Newburgh, Ind.
Helen Marie Cannon, 97, Harrisburg, died 9:55 p.m. Wednesday, Dec. 24, 2014, at Saline Care Center in Harrisburg.
Kermit A. McCormick, 79, Wayne City, died Thursday, Dec. 25, 2014, at Crossroads Hospital in Mt. Vernon.
Mamie Lois Milligan, 67, Herod, died Wednesday, Dec. 24, 2014, at Hardin County General Hospital in Rosiclare.
Rita Mae Rushing Kingston, 79 of Shawneetown, passed away 9 a.m. Sunday, Dec. 28, 2014, at the Ferrell Hospital in Eldorado.
Wayland "Bud" Perkins, age 78 of Harrisburg, passed away at 2:45 a.m. Saturday, Dec. 27, 2014, at the Carrier Mills Nursing Home.
Brittany P. Richardson, age 17 of Norris City and formerly of New Haven, gained her wings after long battle with cancer on Tuesday, Dec. 23, 2014, at her home surrounded by her family.
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The Seattle Fire Department says a refrigerator ignited butane gas, sparking a two-alarm fire in Seattle's Beacon Hill neighborhood.
Six units were destroyed, leaving several tenants without homes. All 32 residents of the Skyline Apartments have been accounted for.
The fire started around 5:30 a.m. Wednesday in the 1100 block of South Massachusetts Street.
Tenants woke up to a loud boom and had very little time to get to safety.
The resident in the unit where the fire started told a neighbor he was asleep -- not cooking -- when the gas ignited.
The Red Cross is helping the displaced residents.
Read or Share this story: http://www.king5.com/story/news/local/seattle/2014/08/04/13274060/


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Imagine a device so sophisticated it combines digital cable channels and the world's most advanced DVR with the best entertainment from the web—all together in one box. Step up to the most advanced and innovative DVR ever built, TiVo Premiere.
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TiVo Premiere replaces your ordinary cable box with something extraordinary: the most advanced and innovative DVR ever built. Intuitive, easy-to-use features like pause, slo-mo and fast-forward give you complete control. TiVo-only features like Suggestions, WishList® searches and Season Pass® recordings ensure you never miss another show.
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Download the FREE TiVo app for iPad, iPhone and Android and you can take total control of your TiVo experience from virtually anywhere. Search, browse and schedule on the couch without interrupting the show you're watching. Or browse and schedule recordings when you're on the road. Puts the power of TiVo at your fingertips.
No matter what you're in the mood for, TiVo Premiere has you covered. You'll enjoy virtually endless entertainment, all brought together for you in one place. Best of all, it's all made simple and searchable. You won't get this anywhere else. All the shows, movies, web videos and music you want, whenever you want them.† It's the world's largest video store at your fingertips. It's millions of videos from YouTube™ and millions of songs from Pandora and Rhapsody®—all on your HDTV. It's being delighted by intelligent suggestions for new shows, and discovering great things to watch through collections of shows you can't find on cable.
*CableCARD required for receipt of digital cable service. Additional fees may apply from your cable provider. **Broadband internet connection required for receipt of third-party content. Additional fees may apply. Netflix unlimited membership required. See Netflix.com for details. † New TiVo service plan required. Terms and conditions apply. TiVo service is required and sold separately. You will choose your plan when you activate your TiVo Premiere DVR at tivo.com/activate. No functionality is represented or should be expected without a paid subscription to the TiVo service. ††Multi-service discount pricing available for select customers. Log into tivo.com to see if you qualify. ‡TiVo and the TiVo logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of TiVo Inc. or its subsidiaries worldwide. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners.


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PACKET RAT: Know thyself? Not without the proper paperwork, pal
By R. Fink
Jul 18, 2005
The Rat
Michael J. Bechetti
The Rat spent his 4th of July vacation doing more than flipping burgers and dogs on the family hibachi. He was also flipping out, over a combination of recent events in the world of identity.
'Real ID?' the whiskered one whined regarding legislation attached by Congress to a military spending package back in May. 'So what is this driver's license I have now, Fake ID?'
The Real ID Act'which puts driver's license standards in the hands of the Homeland Security Department and gives states two years to meet whatever standards DHS comes up with for licenses and other state-issued identifications'may be a well-intentioned effort to help prevent terrorists from obtaining credentials with which to do evil.
But states that have rushed ahead to implement their end of the law have found it, at minimum, to be a boon to fee collections and long lines at the DMV.
One hapless soul, reporting on an e-mail list the Rat frequents, described his attempt to exchange an Illinois driver's license for a Missouri license. Even though he had previously been a licensed Missouri driver, he fell into a bureaucratic morass straight out of a Joseph Heller novel (or perhaps something by Kafka).
Need a license? You need a birth certificate or a passport. To get a passport, you need to have a birth certificate. To get a copy of your birth certificate, you need ... ahem, a passport or your original birth certificate.
The reaction among civil libertarians to this new national ID law masquerading as a driver's license standard has been, if anything, predictable. The word 'Gestapo' is getting used with great frequency to describe the law, which according to bill author Rep. James Sensenbrenner (R-Wis.), will 'assist in our war-on-terror efforts to disrupt terrorist operations and help secure our borders.'
A group of self-proclaimed 'Real ID Rebels' have set up a blog at < href="http://realidrebellion.blogspot.com">realidrebellion.blogspot.com to promote resistance to the legislation. Among the points they make is that the act amounts to another monster of an unfunded mandate for the states. Unless, of course, they figure to pay for it with all the fees they collect for copies of birth certificates and other vital records bought to get new driver's licenses.
On the other end of the spectrum, Sun Microsystems Inc. CEO Scott McNealy'the same guy who declared once upon a time, in regard to Internet privacy, 'You have zero privacy anyway. Get over it!''is looking forward to providing the electronic national ID cards of the future.
The Java Card standard, which Sun promotes and the Java Community Process oversees, is part of the new electronically readable passports that you'll need to go get a copy of your birth certificate. And at the JavaOne conference, McNealy proposed its use as part of what he sees as the answer to the growing health care crisis'a national health care identification network.
'I don't want to call it a national ID card,' McNealy said. But then he added, 'I wouldn't mind having a card that, because I had consented to (being put in a database of prescreened people), would mean I wouldn't have to take my shoes off every time I go to the airport.'
'Well, happy Independence Day to you, too, Scott!' the Rat raved.
The Packet Rat once managed networks but now spends his time ferreting out bad packets in cyberspace. E-mail him at
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Appendix C. Expanded methods for digital data acquisition and processing.
Aerial Photography
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) supplied unprojected panchromatic aerial photography from July 1953 at a spatial resolution of ~1.5 m. There were unfortunately little metadata available for the photography to supplement orthorectification procedures (e.g., flight and camera specifications).
Aerial Photography |
Acquisition Date |
25 July 1953 |
Spatial Resolution (m) |
~1.5 |
Flight Altitude (m) |
6096 |
Focal Length (mm) |
153.69 |
Resolution (dpi) |
1200 |
Image Size (cm) |
22.9 |
Image Type |
Panchromatic |
Agency |
US Airforce |
IKONOS Satellite Imagery
The National Park Service (NPS) supplied orthorectified pan-sharpened IKONOS satellite imagery from July 2005. The imagery has a spatial resolution of 1 m and horizontal accuracy of +/- 15 m, which are similar to the specifications of most USGS DOQs widely used by ecologists as base imagery in a GIS. IKONOS panchromatic imagery has a spatial resolution of 0.82 m, whereas the multispectral imagery has a spatial resolution of 4 m. The process of combining these two images with pan-sharpening procedures results in imagery with a spatial resolution of 1 m.
Acquisition Date |
15 July 2005 |
Spatial Resolution (m) |
1 |
Orbital Altitude (km) |
681 |
Swath Width (km) |
11.3 |
Image Type |
Pan-sharpened |
Agency |
GeoEye |
Digital Elevation Model
The USGS supplied a 60-m digital elevation model (DEM). We preferred a DEM with a finer spatial resolution and improved accuracy, but potential options for DEMs are limited in the remote locations of Interior Alaska. Nonetheless, the 60-m DEM generally has acceptable vertical and horizontal accuracies of at least +/- 30 m and +/- 30 m respectively. We applied standard processing procedures to the 60-m DEM with the ArcInfo 9.2 software package from ESRI (200×) in order to fill several sinks and smooth out any remaining systematic errors (e.g., Stueve et al. 2009). Then, we used the flow direction and flow accumulation functions in ArcInfo 9.2 to delineate stream networks.
Image Processing Procedures
We geometrically tied the stream networks generated from the DEM with ArcInfo 9.2 to the 2005 IKONOS imagery to ensure precise alignment in a GIS. We used a 2nd order polynomial transformation (superior in mountainous terrain) and 35 points evenly distributed across the imagery (including edges) to obtain a root mean squared error (RMSE) below 0.5 pixels (< 30 m) (Jensen 2005). Then we subjected the 1953 aerial photography to orthorectification procedures and used the 2005 IKONOS image as a reference to collect ground control points. We were only able to employ a topographic correction by using the DEM to model topography because necessary metadata for flight and camera specifications were not available. To compensate for this lack of metadata and associated photography distortions resulting from varying angles between the camera in the airplane and disparate ground locations, we performed a series of orthorectification procedures at restricted spatial extents (i.e. 400 × 400 m) across the study site. This enabled us to achieve RMSEs near or below one pixel in every case (~1.5 m or less). In each series, we selected 25 widely distributed control points with several placed along the periphery of the photography, and used orthorectification procedures similar to those discussed by Stueve et al. (2009). We applied the same orthorectification procedures to the entire study area and could not lower the RMSE below 18 pixels. In this case, visual observations indicated some of the high elevations (i.e., > 1500 m) displayed horizontal errors exceeding 50 m. Conversely, it was difficult to discern any discrepancies between the 1953 photography and 2005 imagery when comparing the series of orthorectifications (Figure 3 from the main text). Thus, we are confident in the accuracy of our data at both the upper and lower altitudinal extremes.
Jensen, J. R. 2005. Introductory Digital Image Processing: A Remote Sensing Perspective. Third edition. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA.
Stueve, K. M., D. L. Cerney, R. M. Rochefort, and L. L. Kurth. 2009. Post-fire tree establishment patterns at the alpine treeline ecotone: Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, USA. Journal of Vegetation Science 20:107120.


text:
Here's Looking at Hoo - Owl
Great Gray Owl framed in a refinished window frame (estimated to be at least 75 years old, possible century old) Please hang on a windowless wall (curtains optional) and enjoy the view. Please know that computer pictures do not do paintings justice and that the lettering across image is an Rtist watermark. Thanks for looking. Cheers, Lisa Charlton
Added: 09/10/2010
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Acrylic on Birch Panel - Heritage Window Frame
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WINTER, art, Original art, original painting, owl, fine art, realism, realistic, original fine art, orginal, Lisa Charlton, Lisa Charlton Gallery, Wild Bird, , Great Gray Owl, Great Grey Owl, Great Gray, Great Grey, Gray Owl, Grey Owl, Owl Painting, Strix nebulosa, Great Gray Ghost, Phantom of the north, Cinerous Owl, Spectral Owl, Lapland Owl, Spruce Owl, Bearded Owl, Sooty Owl, Winter Owl, Raptor
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period from to
Negotiations remain stalled following main Tuareg armed coalition Coordination of Movement of Azawad's (CMA) refusal to initial 1 March peace agreement. Govt and international mediation continued to pressure CMA to sign: CMA 31 March-5 April consulted with Algerian FM Ramtane Lamamra and UNSG SR Mongi Hamdi. PM IBK 9 April announced CMA willing to sign agreement in Algiers 15 April; CMA denied, reiterated position against current agreement. Attacks on military personnel, peacekeepers and civilians persisted in north, including: 1 April attack on MINUSMA camp near Ansongo by Movement for Oneness and Jihad (MUJAO), in which one child killed and two peacekeepers wounded; booby-trapped vehicle detonated in MINUSMA camp neat Ansongo 15 April, three civilians and nine peacekeepers killed. Violence spread to central regions including: national armed forces (FAMA) attacked 1 April in Boulkessi; two soldiers killed when FAMA vehicle hit IED in Segou region 12 April. Pro-unity Self-Defence Group of Imrad Tuareg and Allies (GATIA) militants 27 April captured National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA)-controlled Ménaka in NE after brief fighting; CMA said attack constituted breach of Feb ceasefire. CMA 29 April launched attack on Goundam, 80km from Timbuktu, two soldiers, one child killed.
Main Tuareg armed coalition Coordination of Movement of Azawad (CMA) 16 March published "Final Declaration Following Kidal Meetings", stating refusal to sign preliminary peace deal agreed 1 March between rebels and govt, willingness to pursue further negotiations in context of international mediation. Terrorist attack in Bamako 6 March killed three Malians, one Belgian, one French citizen; claimed by jihadi group Al Mourabitoun. FM Abdoulaye Diop 9 March met French counterpart, requested support to neutralise jihadi networks. Insecurity in north continued: 8 March attack on UN camp in Kidal killed one peacekeeper, ten civilians; two soldiers killed 13 March when army vehicle hit IED on Diabaly-Nampala axis, Segou region; ICRC truck attacked 30 March on route to Niger, driver killed.
Govt and rebel groups 1 March signed preliminary peace deal; main Tuareg armed coalition, including National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) and Arab Movement of Azawad (MAA) same day requested delay for further consultations before signing agreement. Fifth round of peace negotiations began 16 Feb in Algiers, ceasefire signed 19 Feb between govt and six armed groups despite tensions following string of clashes between pro-govt and rebel groups, including: Gatia 3 Feb launched attack on Coordination of Movement of Azawad (CMA) forces near Tabankort, some ten killed; CMA 13 Feb clashed with pro-govt forces at Takazkaza, 40km from Tabankort. Mopti region also suffered attacks: group of armed men 14 Feb attacked Gathi-Loumo, clashed with govt troops, four assailants and two soldiers killed.
Attacks in north continued to threaten Algiers peace process. Heavy fighting resumed 16-18 Jan between pro-govt and pro-Azawad groups in Tilemsi valley near Tabankort; clashes 27-28 Jan left 10 dead in Tabankort region; clashes 31 Jan in Kano village, near Timbuktu left one dead, twenty kidnapped. PM Moussa Mara 8 Jan resigned, replaced by former PM and high representative for inter-Malian inclusive dialogue Modibo Keita; new govt includes former presidential candidates Dramane Dembélé, Shoguel Kokal Maiga. MINUSMA forces 20 Jan fired on northern rebel groups near Tabankort; UN forces alleged rebels shot first, MNLA claimed MINUSMA initiated clash. Tuareg rebels 23 Jan suspended coordination with UN mission. Anti-MINUSMA demonstrations erupted in Gao 6 Jan after agreement between MINUSMA, rebels leaked online; clashes 27 Jan between anti-MINUSMA protesters and UN peacekeepers left 3 dead; UNSG said will launch inquiry, President Keita (IBK) 29 Jan visited Gao in bid to reduce tensions. Rebel attacks on MINUSMA continued with several wounded and one killed during month. Malian army also suffered attacks including 5 Jan attack by AQIM in Nampala city, near border with Mauritania, that left eight dead.
Third round of Algiers peace talks suspended 1 Dec, set to resume Jan.Both parties early-Dec criticised provisional peace agreement; disagreements persisted over formal status of north, Azawad Movement Coalition's federalism demands. Attacks multiplied in Gao, Kidal regions early-Dec: French army vehicle hit 17 Dec on road to Tessalit; Chadian soldier vehicle hit near Aguelhok MINUSMA camp in north; rockets 29 Dec fired at MINUSMA and French camps in Tessalit, jihadi rebel group Ansar Eddine claimed responsibility for attack. Rockets fired at Tessalit camp 31 Dec, no one killed. Pro-govt forces 26 Dec clashed with pro-Azawad group over Bamba, Gao region. French forces 11 Dec announced death of Ahmed al-Tilemsi, key military figure from Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO) rebel group.
Algiers talks between govt and rebel armed groups resumed 20 Nov after 23 Oct suspension to allow Malian parties to discuss draft document with constituencies; Azawad Movements Coalition said document ignored key issues, 1 Nov released "counter-proposal" defending federalism. Algiers talks concluded 28 Nov, parties did not reach agreement; continued disagreement over federalism, next round of talks planned Jan 2015. Limited violations of ceasefire continued throughout month: 2 Nov clashes between govt forces and troops tied to High Council for Azawad Unity (HCUA) in Boulkessi resulted in arrest of twenty militants; explosion in Almoustarat killed two Malian troops same day. Landmine attack 7 Nov against MINUSMA in Almoustarat killed three civilians, another hit a ministerial convoy north of Gao 26 Nov killing two Malian soldiers.
Inter-Malian peace talks resumed 15 Oct in Algiers; international mediation team 15-17 Oct finalised "mid-term summary", endorsed 18 Oct by "G5+" regional states and submitted to Malian parties for three day discussion 20 Oct; FM Abdoulaye Diop 25 Oct expressed satisfaction with most recent round of talks, Azawad Movements Coalition (alliance of northern rebel groups formed mid-Sept) late-Oct expressed strong disappointment. Armed violence in north continued to threaten peace process: violation of ceasefire reported 16 Oct following clashes between rival Tuareg groups in Tillit, south of Gao. Azawad Movements Coalition 28 Oct announced united military effort to stem insecurity in north; agreed to abide by May ceasefire. Jihadi attacks on MINUSMA troops continued: nine Nigerian peacekeepers killed in ambush on Menaka-Ansongo road, 3 Oct; three Senegalese peacekeepers injured 25 Oct in Kidal. FM Diop 8 Oct demanded UNSC create rapid intervention force to "efficiently fight terrorist elements". French Defence Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian 24 Oct announced strengthened military presence in northern Mali; 29 Oct reported heavy fighting between French force Barkhane and AQIM-related group in Kidal region.
Pro-Azawad groups late Aug met in Ouagadougou to harmonise positions ahead of 1 Sept negotiations in Algiers; MNLA, MAA 28 Aug agreed to end hostilities, keep Azawad part of Mali, support secular govt. New pro-unity Self-Defence Group of Imrad Touareg and Allies (GATIA) created mid-Aug, requested seat in negotiations; move opposed by other Tuareg organisations. New MAA splinter group, Popular Movement for the Salvation of Azawad (MPSA), announced 15 Aug. Amid shifting alliances, 2 MAA factions 9 Aug clashed around Lerneb; tensions between MNLA and MAA reported early Aug. French army 1 Aug officially launched Operation "Bharkane" in Sahel; 10 Aug launched airstrike on extremist groups around Essakane; arrested suspected jihadis near Timbuktu; rockets fired near Gao Barkhane base 12 Aug. Jihadi Ansar Dine leader Iyad Ag Ghali 5 Aug expressed support for AQIM in Youtube video, threatened attacks on French "crusaders". 2 MINUSMA peacekeepers killed, 4 wounded in jihadi suicide attack on Ber camp 16 Aug.
First phase of Algerian-led negotiations between govt and 6 rebel armed groups started 16 July; rebel MNLA-HCUA-MAA coalition refused to meet with rebel CPA, CM-FPR and MAA splinter group, 24 July signed 2 separate yet almost identical roadmaps, next round of negotiations to start 17 Aug. FM Abdoulaye Diop 16 July reiterated govt's willingness to make concessions, though firmly rejected rebels' bid for independent state of Azawad. 45 Malian soldiers and 41 detained rebels exchanged 15 July ahead of talks. Fighting continued despite negotiations: govt 11 July reported increased jihadi infiltrations and rebel movements in north; dozens reported killed in clashes between MNLA and MAA splinter group around Anefis and Tabankort 11 and 13 July. New ceasefire – third since fighting erupted last May – signed 24 July; jihadi group Al-Mourabitoune 14 July killed French legionnaire in suicide attack north of Gao; various clashes reported around Tabankort, Akaskaza and Tabricha 21-24 July, including MNLA assault on Tuareg camp 21 July. Former jihadi MUJAO leader arrested 29 July. French Defence Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian 13 July announced end of SERVAL operation, to be replaced by broader Barkhane operation against radical Islamist movements in the Sahel; 16 July signed new defence cooperation treaty with Malian govt. Air Algeria flight crashed 24 July around Gossi, 118 onboard killed; investigations ongoing.
Algeria hosted various meetings 5-17 June, secured pro-govt and rebel armed groups' commitment to peace talks; efforts welcomed by French FM Laurent Fabius 8 June. After Kidal military rout and rebel strategic victories late May, country again divided north/south; no major armed clash in June but 4 peacekeepers killed, 10 wounded in 11 June suicide attack on Aguelhok MINUSMA camp; 1 peacekeeper killed, 6 wounded by landmine in Timbuktu region 30 June. Opposition 13 June put forward censure motion against PM Mara and govt over incapacity to resolve country's urgent problems, especially insurgency; motion rejected 18 June. Ex-Defence Minister Maïga 2 June called for parliamentary investigation into May Kidal disaster, urged other leaders to take responsibility. Authorities 5 June arrested group of "red berets", charged them with attempting to destabilise state authority. UNSC 25 June extended MINUSMA mandate to June 2015, urged greater presence in north. IMF 19 June, World Bank 25 June delayed aid over purchase of $40mn presidential plane and controversial $140mn military contract.
National Reconciliation Minister Ould Sidy Mohamed 3 May reiterated govt's willingness to engage in dialogue, warned that discussions must respect national territorial integrity, regional stability and principle of inclusion. High Council for Unity of Azawad (HCUA) 11 May expressed desire to hold dialogue outside Mali; FM and Minister for Reconciliation 22 May travelled to Algiers to discuss offer to facilitate talks; not all rebel groups accepted. Mauritanian President Ould Abdel Aziz 24 May visited Kidal, secured ceasefire agreement; UNSC 29 May exhorted govt, rebels to uphold ceasefire. MNLA informant killed 2 May in Kidal by unidentified gunmen; French soldier killed 8 May near Tessalit; Serval forces 11 May arrested "Mortalla" Al-Housseini ag Ahayare, former political commissioner of Ansar Dine. PM Mara 17 May visited Kidal, prompting deadly clashes between Tuareg armed fighters and security forces: 8 soldiers killed and 25 injured; 28 Tuareg fighters killed and 62 wounded. MNLA early May abducted 4 civil servants and 24 Malian soldiers, blamed govt's failure to advance peace talks; hostages released 18-19 May after negotiations; PM Mara said govt "officially at war with rebels". Following 17 May death of 8 govt hostages in Kidal, President IBK said "cannot understand" why France pressuring govt to negotiate with MNLA.
Month saw limited progress in peace talks; overlapping external facilitation attempts highlighted lack of coordination. President IBK 14 April repeated govt ready to negotiate but cautioned against MNLA's "duplicity". Security operations in north ongoing. MUJAO 23 April announced death of hostage Gilberto Rodrigues Leal, abducted Nov 2012, said "France is MUJAO's enemy"; France next day vowed to punish MUJAO. PM Tatam Ly 6 April resigned, Moussa Mara appointed as replacement; Mara 11 April formed new cabinet with 31 members but only 8 newcomers. President 23 April appointed former PM Modibo Keïta high representative for inter-Malian dialogue; PM Mara 29 April pledged to revive peace talks, did not give timeframe.
Increasing fears peace talks may be compromised as several armed groups, including MNLA and wing of Arab Movement of Azawad (MAA), 13-14 March and 20-21 March refused to attend workshops co-organised by MINUSMA and national reconciliation ministry, denouncing govt's unwillingness to comply with provisions of June 2013 Ouagadougou agreement (including release of prisoners and freedom of movement for armed groups). Former MNLA leader Ibrahim ag Mohamed Assaleh 9 March announced creation of new dissident movement Coordination of People of Azawad, deepening leadership and legitimacy crisis affecting Tuareg and Arab armed groups. Security situation in north continued to deteriorate: Mourabitoune jihadi group affiliated to Mokhtar Belmokhtar 2 March claimed responsibility for attacks on Timbuktu and Gao; group of unidentified armed men 4 March shot at local MNLA commander; rockets fired at Gao 7 March; military vehicle near Ansongo hit landmine 9 March; 4 Chadian peacekeepers wounded when MINUSMA vehicle hit landmine between Aguelhok and Tessalit 16 March. French army 5 March announced 10 jihadis killed early month in north, including former MUJAO leader Omar Ould Hamaha; 20 March said at least 40 killed in recent operations. Investigators 2 March discovered body of Colonel Youssouf Traoré, former member of junta, possibly killed late Sept 2013 after clash with former junta leader General Sanogo. National Assembly 27 March voted to create High Court of justice to try cases of high treason for heads of state and ministers; court expected to indict former President Touré.
Talks between govt and armed groups, stalled since Nov 2013, resumed 13 Feb in Bamako; parties 15 Feb reached agreement on cantonment but no precise timeframe yet; Arab Armed Group (MAA) left negotiations. Insecurity remained high: rockets launched on Gao 13 Feb, Timbuktu 16 Feb. 31 Tuareg civilians killed 6 Feb near Tamkoutat, Gao region; MNLA claimed responsibility. MUJAO affiliate Yoro Abdousalam claimed responsibility for 10 Feb abduction of 4 ICRC staff. Further fighting reported in Tin-Hama near Ansongo 10 Feb. Court mid Feb ordered arrest of prominent military figures connected to former junta. Médecins du Monde* vehicle 26 Feb ran over landmine in Kidal, leaving 2 injured.
* Correction: this was originally stated incorrectly as a Médecins Sans Frontières vehicle. The text was corrected to Médecins du Monde on 5 March 2014.
Security in North remained volatile: gunmen 11 Jan attacked military camp in Aguelhok, repelled by MINUSMA peacekeepers; 5 peacekeepers injured by landmine 20 Jan near Kidal. French forces 23 Jan killed 11 jihadis north of Timbuktu; 2 bombs exploded 24 Jan in Kidal. Despite incidents, France pressed for reducing contingent in N Mali; following popular discontent govt and France postponed signing new military agreement initially planned 22 Jan. MNLA spokesperson 8 Jan reiterated 22 Dec statement by MNLA, HCUA and MAA accusing govt of not respecting 18 June Ouagadougou agreement, called for organisation of inclusive peace talks. Algerian authorities mid Jan organised meeting with armed groups and govt ahead of President IBK's official visit to Algiers, concluding with agreement to establish bilateral N Mali committee; MAA and MNLA declined to attend, accused Algiers of inviting "wrong" pro-govt MAA representatives. Ruling "Rally for Mali" (RPM) candidate Issaka Sidibé elected president of National Assembly 22 Jan where, following Supreme Court's 31 Dec release of legislative election results, President IBK's RPM has 66 of 147 seats.
Legislative elections held 15 Dec without major incidents but with low turnout (37%); president and allies retained comfortable majority in parliament. Violence and insecurity in north continued; 3 Fulani herders killed in Goundam 4 Dec; 6 ethnic Arabs allegedly abducted Feb by Malian army in Timbuktu found dead 9 Dec. Militants launched several attacks including bombings in Menaka 1 Dec against MINUSMA Nigerien contingent, 1 killed. French troops 10 Dec killed 19 Islamist militants near Timbuktu; car bomb in Kidal killed 2 MINUSMA Senegalese soldiers 14 Dec. Authorities 4 Dec found mass grave in Diago near Bamako, believed to be "red beret" soldiers who participated in April 2012 counter-coup. Govt 27 Dec announced plans to investigate former president Touré for high treason. Chadian, French MINUSMA soldiers 28-29 Dec discovered nearly 6 tonnes of explosives in arms cache 150km SE of Tessalit. French Defence Minister 31 Dec visited Gao, said Mali almost secure, but pockets of fragility remain in Libya, N Niger and Chad.
MNLA VP Mahamadou Djeri Maïga 29 Nov announced end to 5-month-old ceasefire, return to war following 28 Nov clash between security forces and several hundred Tuareg demonstrators blocking Kidal airport to prevent PM Tatam Ly visit; MNLA's military branch rejected call for war. Legislative elections held 24 Nov in relative calm despite minor incidents: Tuareg separatists in Gao demonstrated, seized electoral material to prevent voting; Tuareg separatists in Kidal threw stones at voters arriving to cast ballots; unidentified assailants stole ballots in Goundam. Clashes between Tuaregs and Peuls in Gao 23 Nov left at least 16 dead; officials said clashes unrelated to elections. 2 RFI journalists abducted and killed 2 Nov near Kidal; drug trafficker and AQIM member Baye Ag Bakabo named as main suspect. Former junta leader Captain Sanogo arrested 27 Nov to face charges of complicity in kidnapping and murder.
Security in north deteriorated: first-ever suicide attack on MINUSMA peacekeepers 23 Oct near Tessalit killed 7; 1 killed in MUJAO mortar attacks on Gao 7 Oct. Demonstrators gathered in Gao 10 Oct to protest insecurity, weak state presence. France, MINUSMA, Malian army 24 Oct launched joint military operation "Hydre" "to avoid revival of terrorist movements" in north. Govt 2 Oct released 23 war prisoners; MNLA 5 Oct announced 3 main armed groups resumed participation in peace talks; IBK 29 Oct lifted arrest warrants against 4 Tuareg leaders in name of "national reconciliation". Political situation in Bamako remained tense: govt 3 Oct launched Operation Saniya to retake control of barracks in Kati, following late Sept mutiny; bodies of 4 soldiers, including General Sanogo's head of security, found at barracks; court 31 Oct summoned Sanogo over alleged violence involving men under his command.
President Ibrahim Boubacar Keita (IBK) inaugurated 4 Sept, 5 Sept named Oumar Tatam Ly new PM. Tatam Ly 8 Sept named new cabinet, including former cabinet director of coup leader Captain Sanogo, Gen Moussa Sinko Coulibaly, as new interior minister; opposition leaders protested against Sinko Coulibaly keeping position in new govt. Tensions in north increased: 29 Sept suicide attack in Timbuktu left at least 2 civilians and 4 jihadis dead, as well as 6 Malian soldiers injured. President IBK 26 Sept called for Sahara countries to create regional multilateral rapid reaction force to respond to ongoing Islamist threat across region. Armed clashes 15 Sept near Léré between Malian army and MNLA, reasons unclear. Following MNLA suspension of participation in peace process 26 Sept, grenade attack 27 Sept wounded 2 soldiers in Kidal. 29-30 Sept clashes between MNLA and Malian army in Kidal left at least 3 injured. Delegation of ministers visiting Kidal 15 Sept pelted with stones. Arab Movement of Azawad (MAA), High Council for Unity of Azawad (HCUA), Coordination of Patriotic Resistance Forces and Movements (CM-FPR) and MNLA 17 Sept agreed on joint public statement; also agreed to meet regularly to discuss grievances and make progress toward settlement of final peace agreement.
Second round of presidential polls took place 11 Aug in positive climate despite minor incidents; Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta (IBK) declared winner 16 Aug with 77.6% of vote, 46% turnout. Interim President Traoré 15 Aug promoted April 2012 coup leader Captain Sanogo to 4-star general; Minister of Territorial Administration Colonel Sinko Coulibaly and Colonel Dacko, who headed military operations in north, also promoted to rank of general; unclear whether President-elect IBK approved decision. Govt 28 Aug announced Sanogo no longer in charge of army reform committee.
Presidential elections held 28 July without major incidents, 50% turnout despite Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO) threat to attack election offices and polling stations; former PM Boubacar Keïta leading in results, possibility of outright first-round victory; supporters of Soumaïla Cissé's URD 30 July accused other parties of "ballot stuffing"; PARENA candidate Tiébilé Dramé 18 July withdrew from race after his request to postpone polls denied. Army re-deployment in north continued: Waraba battalion arrived in Tessalit, Aguelhok 27 July. Ongoing tensions in Kidal region: 11 July visit to Kidal town by regional governor aborted for security reasons, took place 15 July; at least 1 killed 18 July in intercommunal clashes; authorities 20 July reported several election workers kidnapped by unknown gunmen. Mixed commission bringing together army, MNLA/HCUA, Operation Serval and ECOWAS representatives 4 July agreed to set up cantonment camp for MNLA forces near Kidal. Nigerian govt 18 July announced withdrawal of troops from UN mission (MINUSM) citing need for troops at home. French hostage Philippe Verdon, abducted Nov 2011 in Hombori, found dead.
Direct talks between govt and Tuareg MNLA (National Movement for Liberation of Azawad)/HCUA (High Council for Unity of Azawad) began 8 June; preliminary agreement signed 18 June, included provisions for immediate ceasefire, stationing and disarming of armed groups in Kidal region, and facilitation of elections. Overall level of violence and armed attacks decreased throughout month but military operations still ongoing. Communal tensions also remain high; Amnesty International highlighted serious human rights abuses committed by security forces and different armed groups since beginning of Operation Serval in Jan 2013. MNLA 2 June arrested several alleged spies, expelled dozens of "black Africans" from Kidal. UNSC report 10 June expressed worries about enduring insecurity in north and limited progress toward reconciliation and extension of state authority; 26 June authorised deployment of UN peacekeeping force beginning 1 July. In bid to promote reconciliation between opposing factions in security forces President Traoré 26 June said all soldiers incarcerated since 30 April will be released. Electoral commission (CENI) president 27 June expressed doubts over feasibility of holding elections 28 July.
Low-frequency attacks continued in north. MUJAO 6 and 10 May claimed responsibility for attacks, bombing attempts in Gao, Gossi (Timbuktu region) and Hamakouladji (Gao region). Clashes between Tuareg and Arab communities reported in Ber (60km from Gao) and Anefis (90km from Kidal); French forces reportedly intervened 18 May to remove Arab Movement of Azawad (MAA) from Anefis. Govt 2 May appointed Colonel Adama Kamissoko as new governor of Kidal. Sons of Ifogha Amenokal (traditional leader) 19 May created new Tuareg movement Higher Council for Unity of Azawad (HCUA) and dissolved Islamic Council of Azawad (MIA). International donor conference in Brussels pledged €3.25bn for Mali; China 24 May said it wants to contribute 500 troops to newly-created UN peacekeeping mission. Burkinabé President Compaoré 27 May began mediation to resolve Kidal crisis; MIA said it would join talks in Ouagadagou; govt special envoy Tiebilé Dramé 29 May met with MAA delegation in Nouakchott. 1 French soldier injured during attack on convoy in Kidal 28 May.
Suicide attacks in northern towns continued. French/Malian troops 1 April killed 3 alleged jihadis in Timbuktu; 10 April arrested Tarkint mayor Baba Ould Cheikh near Gao for suspected links with Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO) and drug trafficking; 6-11 April led Operation Gustav to comb areas near Gao. Suicide attack in Kidal killed 3 Chadian soldiers 12 April; roadside bomb killed French soldier 29 April. EUTM-Mali 2 April started operations in Koulikoro; expected to last 15 months. UNSC 25 April approved deployment of force comprising 11,200 military personnel, 1,440 international police, to take over from 6,000-member African Union mission AFISMA on 1 July, security permitting. French and Chadian troops early-month began drawdown; France said would reduce forces on the ground to 2,000 by July and 1,000 by year-end; Chad indicated it may redeploy troops as part of UN-led force. MNLA 24 April said group rejects elections and disarming before talks with Bamako.
Military operations targeting Islamist militant groups in north intensified, including fierce clashes in Gao as Islamist rebel attack repelled 24 March; clashes ongoing in Timbuktu following suicide bomb attack on army checkpoint 30 March. Chadian army 2 March said ex-AQIM emir Mokhtar Belmokthar killed. French joint chiefs of staff head Guillaud 4 March said AQIM "Sahara emir" Abou Zeid "probably" killed in airstrike late Feb; media 6 March reported Ansar Dine leader Iyad ag Ghali likely killed during fighting in Tigarghar mountains. French Defence Minister Le Drian 7 March visited forces in Ametettai valley, said French forces "dismantled AQIM base", killed more than 150 rebels in Gao vicinity since Feb; President Hollande 6 March said final phase of military intervention, troop drawdown to begin in April. French FM Fabius 14 March called on UNSC to deploy peacekeepers; UNSG Ban 26 March report to UNSC proposed 11,000-strong multidimensional integrated stabilization mission. Regional states confirmed plans to send troops to join regional force. MNLA 5 March called on ICC to investigate army crimes; UN OHCHR 12 March issued communiqué accusing Malian army of reprisals against Tuareg, Arab and Peul communities, increasing fears of inter-ethnic backlash. Journalist Boukary Daou arrested for publishing article criticising coup leader Captain Sanogo's salary; arrest prompted media strike, concern over junta influence in Bamako. Govt 6 March announced creation of Dialogue and Reconciliation Commission.
Military operations against Islamic militants in north continued: French air force 3 Feb bombarded arms caches and suspected Islamist training camps in Kidal area; clashes in Ifoghas mountain range near Kidal left 1 French soldier, 20 suspected militants dead 18 Feb; 23 Chadian soldiers, 93 militants killed in clashes near Tessalit 22-24 Feb. Suicide bomber killed at least 7 in Kidal 26 Feb. Senior AQIM commander Abu Zeid, 40 other militants, reportedly killed 25 Feb in Tigargara. Situation in Bamako also remained tense: green beret soldiers loyal to coup leader Captain Sanogo 8 Feb clashed with red beret soldiers loyal to ousted President Touré leaving at least 3 dead, 13 injured; PM Cissoko 15 Feb said red beret corps will be restructured. Car bomb exploded near French military camp in Kidal 21 Feb; MUJAO claimed responsibility for 8 and 10 Feb suicide attacks on Malian soldiers in Gao. Fears of inter-ethnic backlash increased following reports ethnic Tuareg and Arabs summarily executed by Malian army; Human Rights Watch urged govt to prosecute soldiers suspected of rights violations. French President Hollande 2 Feb visited country, said terrorism has been pushed back but not defeated; 6 Feb asked UNSC to deploy UN peacekeepers. French FM Fabius 6 Feb said French forces may begin pull-out in March. EU 16 Feb said it will disburse €20 million in addition to €250 million already earmarked; approved deployment of mission to train Malian army.
France 11 Jan launched "Operation Serval" intervention to oust Islamists in northern Mali, backed by African-led mission (AFISMA) deployed 17 Jan, prompted hopes area will return to govt control, but also fears military approach will divert attention from political process in Bamako and risk further detabilisation, regional spillover, and possible backlash. French forces quickly advanced north: at least 100 Islamists, 60 Malian troops, 1 French soldier, 10 civilians killed in battle of Konna; at least 50 Islamists, 3 soldiers reportedly killed 14-21 Jan in battle of Diabaly. French/Malian forces 26 Jan took control of Gao, 27 Jan captured Timbuktu, 30 Jan captured last rebel stronghold of Kidal. U.S. air force 22 Jan began airlift of French mechanised infantry units; several EU states pledged logistical/material support; French ground troops expected to swell to 3,700 total. UN 31 Jan said considering deploying up to 5,000 peacekeepers when Operation Serval is over. Rights groups late-month accused Malian troops of executing several Tuaregs and Arabs in Sévaré. Leader of Ansar Dine dissident faction, Algabass Ag Intallah, 24 Jan announced creation of Islamic Movement for Azawad; said group ready to engage in peace talks and fight Ansar Dine.
UNSC 20 Dec unanimously authorised deployment of International Support Mission in Mali (MISMA) troops but urged more efforts toward political reconciliation, elections, army training. Junta 10-11 Dec reportedly forced PM Cheick Modibo Diarra to resign; interim President Traoré 12 Dec appointed Diango Sissoko as new PM. Sissoko 15 Dec named new govt but military still in charge of defence, justice, interior ministries. Foreign Minister Tieman Coulibaly said elections not possible until north regained and Islamists defeated. French Defence Minister Le Drian 24 Dec said military intervention could happen early 2013; Le Figaro reported General François Lecointre will head EU training mission (EUTM Mali) set to be deployed early 2013. Representatives of MNLA Tuareg rebels met with ECOWAS mediator Nigerian president Goodluck Jonathan 14 Dec as part of regional tour by group, 21 Dec signed deal with Ansar Dine in Algiers agreeing to start negotiations with govt. Head of al-Qaeda in Islamic Maghreb's (AQIM) Moulathamine brigade, Mokhtar Belmokhtar, 8 Dec announced creation of new "blood signatories" group (see Algeria); AQIM emir Abou Zeid 25 posted video accusing France of blocking negotiations to release hostages. Islamists, reportedly comprised of Libyan extremists and Mali-based jihadis, 9 Dec announced creation of new "Ansar al-Sharia" group in Gao. U.S., UN mid-month listed MUJAO as terrorist movement. MUJAO 21 Dec reportedly amputated 2 people in Gao, 27 Dec took control of Halil town in Kidal region; Ansar Dine 23 Dec destroyed 3 mausoleums in Timbuktu.
ECOWAS heads of state 11 Nov agreed to deploy 3,300 troops for one year to take back Islamist-held north, 26 Nov sent plan to UNSC for approval; UNSG Ban 29 Nov urged caution, said military intervention should be last resort. AU acting president Yayi Boni 30 Nov said disappointed with UNSG Ban's report, urged immediate action. UN Special Envoy for Sahel Romano Prodi 19 Nov said intervention unlikely before Sept 2013. AFRICOM Gen Carter Ham 14 Nov said U.S. ready to consider requests for military support; EU FMs 19 Nov agreed to send 250 military advisors to support African-led intervention. Diplomatic efforts to resolve crisis continued: rebel Ansar Dine (AD) delegation 4 Nov met with Burkinabè FM and mediator Bassolé in Ouagadougou, 6 Nov met with President Compaoré and MNLA Tuareg rebels delegation, said ready to cease hostilities, renounce terrorism; transitional govt expected to meet with MNLA delegation in Ouagadougou 3 Dec. Conflicting statements throughout month on intention to implement Sharia in territories under AD control suggested internal divisions within group. Media 4 Nov reported representatives of key AD leader Iyad Ag Ghali in Algiers to negotiate "rupture with AQIM" (Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb) with Algerian govt. Fighting continued: following 16-19 Nov clashes between MNLA and Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO) near Gao, MUJAO 20 Nov seized Ménaka. MNLA 27 Nov withdrew from Leré, near Mauritanian border; AD 28 Nov reportedly took town. MUJAO 20 Nov abducted French national in Diema, near Mauritania-Senegal border. AQIM's Sahara emirate 28 Nov announced creation of 6th brigade composed mainly of Tuaregs to be led by El Kairouani Abu Abdelhamid al-Kidali, expected to be active in area surrounding Kidal Aguelhok and Tigherghar mountain range.
Planning for military intervention in Islamist-held north continued as UN 12 Oct gave ECOWAS, AU 45-day deadline to set out "means and modalities" for intervention. AU appointed former Guinean transitional president and military strongman Gen Sekouba Konaté to make proposed West African force "operational"; international experts met in Bamako 31 Oct to discuss intervention plans. Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO) 29 Oct vowed to "take Bamako in 24 hours" if international forces deployed. Diplomatic efforts to resolve crisis also continued: AU 26 Oct named former Burundian president Buyoya as High Representative for Mali and Sahel, 24 Oct lifted Mali's suspension from organisation; UN 10 Oct named former Italian PM Romano Prodi as Special Envoy for Sahel. Burkinabè FM and mediator Djibril Bassolé 9 Oct presented new National Movement for Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) political platform now claiming "right to self-determination" instead of "secession". EU FMs 15 Oct commissioned plan to deploy some 150 military personnel to train Malian army. 4,000 United Front for Safeguarding Democracy and Republic (FDR) supporters demonstrated in Bamako to demand liberation of northern Mali; 2,000 Coordination of Patriotic Organisations in Mali (COPAM) supporters 18 Oct staged counter-protests against plans for foreign intervention. Armed men in military fatigues reportedly killed several Tuareg civilians near Diabaly 24 Oct; MNLA demanded explanation from Bamako. Guinean govt 17 Oct authorised arms shipment bound for Mali, previously blocked because of security concerns.
Security situation continued to deteriorate, prompting fears of renewed conflict. President Traoré 4 Sept formally requested ECOWAS military intervention to secure transitional institutions, reclaim north; ECOWAS, transitional govt 23 Sept agreed to deploy 3,300-strong force. Demonstrators in Bamako 28-29 Sept protested against foreign intervention; international community remained divided on military intervention at UN special session on Mali 26 Sept. Security forces 8 Sept killed 16 unarmed Muslim preachers in Diabali; Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO) swore to take revenge. MUJAO 1 Sept took Douentza town in central region Segou, sparking fears UNESCO-listed city Jenné could be next; 2 Sept executed Algerian diplomat Tahar Touati kidnapped in Gao (see Algeria). Human Rights Watch accused Islamists in north of becoming "increasingly repressive" in enforcement of Sharia. Islamists 15 Sept destroyed Cheikh el-Kébir mausoleum 330km north of Gao. AQIM leader Nabil Makloufi, in charge of north Mali/Sahara region, killed 8 Sept in car accident between Gao-Timbuktu. ICC Chief Prosecutor Fatou Bensouda early Sept said mission sent to investigates war crimes/crimes against humanity. Military coup leader Captain Sanogo 26 Sept promoted to Commander; same day shoot-out in Bamako police barracks between officers reportedly upset at colleagues perceived as too close to junta injured at least 2.
ECOWAS military chiefs 16 Aug agreed to send high-level political mission to Mali, Algeria, Mauritania to "facilitate" deployment/operations of 3,000-strong ECOWAS Mission in Mali (MICEMA); several countries including Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Burkina Faso and Nigeria pledged to contribute troops. ECOWAS 22 Aug urged govt to "re-establish territorial integrity". UNSC 12 Aug called on military to refrain from interfering in political process, 10 Aug encouraged appointment of unity govt, expeditious holding of elections, expressed concern over increased terrorist threat, abuses. Negotiations over unity govt continued; 33 ministers appointed to date, including figures from previous regime; increasing worries over "Islamisation trend" following 21 Aug creation of religious affairs ministry. Burkinabé mediation team 7 Aug visited Gao, Kidal to meet MUJAO, Ansar Dine respectively. 6 convicted 28 Aug of May attack on interim President Traoré. Tensions within army continued as green berets loyal to junta leader Sanogo 2 Aug arrested elite red beret members loyal to ousted President Touré. MUJAO 5 Aug violently dispersed youth demonstrating in Gao against MUJAO intention to chop off suspected thief's hand, 10 Aug declared itself in charge of imposing Sharia in Gao, 22 Aug announced banning of "profane music". Niafunké residents protested mid-month against MNLA/Ansar-Dine rebels accused of setting up extortion rackets, restrictions on freedom, at least 2 injured. ICC team 31 Aug arrived to investigate possible war crimes.
Interim President Dioncounda Traoré 27 July returned to Bamako, announced creation of new transitional institutions; PM Cheick Modibo Diarra 28 July refused to resign. Islamist rebel groups now control north after 11 July ousting of MNLA Tuaregs from last stronghold; MNLA said no longer seeking independent state but rather "Quebec-style autonomy". Self-defence groups Liberation Forces of North Mali (FLN), Ganda-Koy/Ganda-Izo militias, Alliance of Timbuktu Region Communities, Armed Forces Against Occupation (FACO) and Circle for Reflection and Action (CRA) 21 July announced creation of new front to liberate North. U.S. Asst Sec for African Affairs Carson 19 July met with transitional authorities, urged authorities to accept ECOWAS intervention force. Transitional govt 9 July announced creation of 1,200-strong elite corps to safeguard institutions. Algerian security forces 23 July killed 20 suspected MUJAO militants near Tinzawaten; MUJAO 19 July freed 3 Western hostages abducted 10 months ago, still holding 4 Algerian hostages. Director of daily L'Indépendent, Saouti Haidara, arrested 12 July.
Support and follow-up group meeting in Abidjan 7 June demanded immediate dissolution of military junta. ECOWAS, AU 14 June called for UN military intervention; UNSC 18 June said willing to discuss backing of African intervention force. Following failure of negotiations MNLA, Ansar Dine clashed 7-8 June near Kidal, 13 June near Timbuktu. MNLA 27 June lost Gao HQ to MUJAO, Timbuktu base 29 June to Ansar Dine. Ansar Dine 18 June met with Burkina Faso president and regional mediator Blaise Compaoré, agreed to talks on crisis, 30 June destroyed several mausoleums in Timbuktu. Govt 9 June announced creation of committee for army reform incorporating junta elements.
ECOWAS refused to accept decision by convention of pro-junta associations and parties naming Captain Sanogo as interim president at end of 40-day transition period prompting pro-junta demonstrators to storm presidential palace 21 May, wounding interim President Traoré; ECOWAS reached deal giving Sanogo status of ex-president in exchange for his acceptance of Traoré as interim president for one year. Algeria 1 May launched airstrike against Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO) convoy near Tinzawaten, killed 20. New armed group, Republican Movement for Restoration of Azawad (MRRA), reportedly formed 19 May, composed of Songhai, Fulani, Tuareg and Arabs; stated aim to recover Azawad from rebels. MNLA spokesman 1 June said negotiations with Islamist militant rebel group Ansar Dine to establish Azawad Republic failed. AQIM/Ansar Dine started enforcing Sharia in Timbuktu, attacked holy Muslim Sufi site; foreign, including South Asian, fighters reportedly joined AQIM ranks mid-May. Dispute over land/grazing rights between Fula and Dogon ethnic groups along Burkina Faso border left at least 25 dead 24 May.
Following widespread condemnation of March military coup, military junta 7 April transferred power to civilian govt headed by Parliament Speaker Traoré in exchange for amnesty for mutineers; confusion over who is in charge as junta mid-April arrested several high-level political figures, continued to exercise control over state media. Soldiers loyal to deposed President Touré 30 April attempted counter-coup, foiled by junta soldiers; several dead. ECOWAS 27 April announced deployment of 3,000 troops, one-year transition instead of 40 days initially agreed with junta; Captain Sanogo 29 April said violation of agreement; fears of further unrest at Kati military garrison. National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) 5 April announced end of military operations, 6 April proclaimed liberation of Azawad state; AU rejected declaration of independence; Traoré 12 April threatened to launch "total war" on Tuareg rebels and Islamist militias in North, hundreds of northern youths gathered in Bamako 6 April to demand weapons to fight rebellion; UNSG Ban 16 April said urgent action needed to address "cascading crisis in Sahel". Following fall of Timbuktu to Islamist militia Ansar Dine and al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) early April, newly-formed National Front for the Liberation of Azawad (FLNA) Arab militia 27 April said it took Timbuktu but 29 April exited city following threat of "bloodbath" by AQIM. Algerian army 29 April launched airstrike against AQIM splinter group Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO) responsible for 5 April abduction of Algerian diplomats in Gao, 20 dead.
President Touré overthrown in army coup 22 March, constitution suspended; coup followed 20-21 March mutiny in Kati garrison, Feb-March protests demanding better weapons for soldiers fighting rebellion in north; Captain Amadou Sanogo named head of military junta. AU, EU condemned coup, World Bank suspended aid; political parties 24 March ordered renegade soldiers back to barracks; ECOWAS 27 March suspended Mali, heads of state visit initially scheduled 29 March postponed following pro-junta protests in Bamako. Sanogo 1 April said constitution would be reinstated. MNLA Tuareg rebels 10-11 March took strategic town of Tessalit, 31 March took Kidal, 30 March took key garrison town of Gao aided by new rebel group Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO), 1 April took Timbuktu; army activated Peul/Songhai self-defence militias Ganda Koy, Ganda Izo to fight rebels; Ganda Izo leader Amadou Diallo and dozen fighters killed in Tinahama late March. Govt troops reportedly beaten back at Tinzawaten, Aguelhok, Kidal by Islamist rebel group Ansar Dine, headed by 1990 Tuareg rebellion leader Iyad ag Ghaly and accused of links with al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). MNLA mid-March distanced itself from Ansar Dine, said only seeking independence of Azawad, following 11 March video showing Ansar Dine assault on Aguelhok, Ansar Dine declaration of intent to impose Sharia law. Mauritanian air force 11 March launched air strike against suspected AQIM convoy near Timbuktu following exchange of hostages 10 March, 2 civilians injured.
Tuareg rebellion intensified as National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) fighters 7 Feb attacked military outpost in Tinzawaten, 19 Feb attacked Hombori town, leaving 1 dead. Army 10 Feb bombarded rebels in Kidal, 14 Feb bombarded Tessalit; MNLA 29 Feb led assault to take back Tessalit. UN said over 130,000 displaced by rebellion; crisis prompted calls for postponement of presidential election scheduled 29 April. Suspected MNLA alliance with Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Mahgreb confirmed following summary executions of 95 govt fighters in Aguelhok 24 Jan; MNLA reiterated it has no links with terrorist group. Tuareg/Arab populations in South, Bamako fled throughout month as clashes exacerbated intercommunal tensions. France, Algeria early Feb called for immediate ceasefire, dialogue; MNLA refused.
Fears regional spillover from Libyan conflict could spark new Touareg rebellion as National Movement for Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) Touareg rebels reportedly backed by Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and fighters who served in Libyan army staged series of attacks mid-late Jan on towns in north/north-east: govt responded by bombarding rebel position in Menaka 17 Jan; army said 45 rebels killed, 2 soldiers dead, 2,300 people fled into Mauritania. AQIM 12 Jan warned France, UK, Holland, Sweden not to attempt rescue operation for hostages in Mali, said seeking peaceful solution. Former PMs Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, Modibo Sidibe, and Mountaga Tall, announced candidacy in 29 April presidential poll.
Army 20 Dec announced Algerian troops crossed into northern Mali to assist in counterterrorism operations against groups affiliated to Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). AQIM claimed responsibility for 23-25 Nov abductions of 5 Europeans which left 1 dead. Following raid by Western-Sahara Polisario separatists that saw 1 killed, 3 kidnapped, govt 17 Dec said Polisario incursions on Malian territory would no longer be tolerated. Touareg rebels 22 Dec met President Touré, said ready to work with govt.
Army Chief Pousiougou 21 Nov insisted on need for joint Mali, Algeria, Mauritania and Niger action against Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) at meeting of country chiefs of staff. EU aid commissioner Piebalgs 23 Nov promised govt €62mn aid to improve security in north. 2 French citizens abducted 24 Nov by suspected AQIM gunmen in Hombori, first such kidnapping south of Niger river; 3 tourists kidnapped, 1 killed 25 Nov in Timbuktu.
Supreme Court 13 Oct ruled against opposition Solidarity for Democracy and Independence request that it act to redress lack of opposition representation in election commission. Concern over possible Tuareg rebellion stoked by reported return of over 400 fighters from Libya, coinciding with series of rebel attacks in North.
Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Magreb reported 9 Aug to have returned to Wagadou forest near Mauritanian border. Hundreds of Tuaregs reportedly returning to Mali and Niger from fighting in Libya, raising fears of destabilisation.
17 killed 24 June as Malian, Mauritanian forces raided al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) camp in Wagadou, near Mauritanian border. Raid followed 13 June announcement of increased cooperation with Mauritania in fight against AQIM.
President Touré 4 Apr appointed country's first female PM, Cisse Mariam Kaidama, following late-March resignation of Modibo Sidibe. France 19 Apr warned of "very elevated" risk of hostage-taking by al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), particularly in southeast. Security services 21 Apr said AQIM building new base near Mauritanian border, promised increased vigilance.
Self-proclaimed al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb member 5 Jan attacked French embassy with explosive device, fired shots at building; 2 Malians injured.
Continued focus on 7 hostages including 5 French nationals captured in Niger Sept by al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), held in Mali. France reportedly rejected 17 Nov AQIM demands for immediate withdrawal of French forces from Afghanistan; French defence minister Alain Juppe 23 Nov confirmed govt contact with AQIM kidnappers. Joint military operations launched 8 Nov in Mali-Mauritania border areas to control drug trafficking, increased Islamist activity.
President Touré 4 Oct stated govt not involved in any negotiations to free 7 hostages, including 5 French nationals, captured 15 Sept by al-Qaeda in Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) in Niger and believed to be in Mali. Reports 27 Oct cited Osama Bin Laden claiming abductions were response to France's treatment of its Muslim minority, troops in Afghanistan.
Govt 20 Sept said 2 civilians killed in Mauritanian airforce raids on suspected al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) militants in north; followed clash between AQIM, Mauritanian troops on border (see Mauritania). Mauritania 27 Sept extradited AQIM suspects to Mali.
View CrisisWatch as an interactive map.


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Reviews for Chevrolet Malibu years:
Owners' Reviews
2001 Chevrolet Malibu Reviews and Owner Comments
2001 Chevrolet MalibuVisitor, Chandler, AZ, February 13, 2013 17:31A little over 2 years ago I bought a 2001 Chevy Malibu from a franchised Chevy dealer. It had 98,000 miles on it, and I thought I got a good deal, especially with it being a dealer. I was wrong. I now have 125,000 miles on it, and have had the following issues. Replaced radiator due to broken drain. Replaced intake manifold gaskets due to coolant leak. Was told it was because of DexCool. Replaced serpentine belt tensioner due to bearing failure, left me stranded. Engine has an intermittent knocking noise. Replaced all 4 struts, suspension was out of alignment, not adjustable. A/C works when it wants to. Both rear door power window regulators failed. I bolted the windows in the closed position. Starter jammed up flywheel, broke starter housing. Windshield washer quit working. I would buy another car, but I have so much money tied up in this one I will just have to keep my fingers crossed and keep it a couple more years.Flag ThisLike0
2001 Chevrolet MalibuVisitor, Birmingham, AL, January 25, 2013 16:50I have experienced problems with this car since purchasing it used. It does not even have 80,000 miles on it yet. I am 62 years old, retired female and seldom drives it now, but when I do, there is something wrong with it. I have repaired the lights, where it rained around the parking lights. Ignition sticks and I have to jiggle it to make it turn. The horn, locks, lights all were blinking at once; had this repaired. Now, it needs a fuel pump (01-24-13). When I put it in drive after taking my foot off the break, it makes a very loud scary thumping sound. However, whenever I had everything repaired, it ran for a few months. Since I am now retired and live on a fixed income, I can't afford to get it repaired all the time, or trade it off for a new car. Honestly, I like the car, but it has given me so much heartache. Oh yes, the heating and air does not work either.Flag ThisLike | 1 person likes this1
2001 Chevrolet MalibuVisitor, York, PA, November 11, 2012 19:55good car all around it can take a beating and yet runs good,picks up speed really good, all and love this car.Flag ThisLike0
2001 Chevrolet MalibuVisitor, Saint Louis, MO, July 22, 2011 16:12gm should be ashamed to sell junk like this to the public... PERIOD!Flag ThisLike | 4 people like this4
2001 Chevrolet Malibubeckaboo, Minneapolis, MN, February 22, 2011 13:56Replaced brakes twice and I am an easy driver. Multiple electrical and control problems..they just keep coming. ABS light, Anti theft problems-car won't start, horn honking, blinkers blink constantly.Also door locks don't respond, window motors going out. And fuses go out often, air flow control malfunctions. Engine has been good for me. Exhaust replaced at 85,000 miles. Heating and air not very strong. Steering has been good for me, suspension ok.RookieFlag ThisLike | 4 people like this4
2001 Chevrolet MalibuVisitor, Antioch, CA, August 13, 2010 18:232001 Chevrolet Malibu CURRENT MILEAGE: 66,000 I have owned this vehicle new and have always found problems with it. When it had about 25,000 miles the Warning lights kept showing up many times (the lights were on unpredictable times!) I had spent $2500 just trying to fix those lights. Then last year the Smog Failure caused me to spend another $1500; and, now another $3003 is estimated to fix the suspension struts, alignment, brake pads and new tires. My friend tells me to THROW THIS CAR IN THE GARBAGE!!!!! Government people: please give another "CASH FOR CLUNKERS PROGRAM" SOOOON!!!!!Flag ThisLike | 3 people like this3
2001 Chevrolet MalibuBalaji M, Cedar Rapids, IA, July 26, 2010 11:23Body, Interior : Worst, no fancy, and seats gets punched inside wihtin few months, no sturdy seats. Interior is very bad/common, nothing special though Dasjboard is good. Drive Train is ok Brakes are also ok Electrical and ligths: tye worst developer/design engineered, Auto Light Mode is fine but no off switch ? this pains when we wait for 10mins to disable anti theft system, lights goes on and on and ahve to hld the breath for battery not coming down after anti theft non-sense is disabled. Enigne: ok, but not great. A/C, just sucks Suspension and steering is ok One bad thing is dont turns on everytim. Anit theft system gettignactiavte for no reason for the owner itself. how many time s need to change the keys ? and GM not worried about fixing them. and Dealers cost $350 for fixing, whats the real prupose of ANit Theft system? to lay te owners in the middel of road and parking lots ?RookieFlag ThisLike | 3 people like this3


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Paull, John (2008) Trophobiosis Theory: A Pest Starves on a Healthy Plant. Journal of Biodynamic Agriculture Australia (76), pp. 51-54.
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Trophobiosis Theory is a thesis proposed by Francis Chaboussou, an agronomist of the France's National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA), in "Healthy Crops: A New Agricultural Revolution". After two decades, this important book is finally available in English. Trophobiosis has been characterised by the former Minister for the Environment in Brazil, Jose Lutzenberger, as: "a pest starves on a healthy plant" (1995). The essence of Trophiobiosis theory is that pests shun healthy plants, pesticides weaken plants, and weakened plants are more open to pests and disease, and hence pesticides precipitate pest attack and disease susceptibility and thus induce a cycle of further pesticide use.
EPrint Type: | Journal paper |
Keywords: | trophobiosis theory, plant health, healthy plants, organic farming, organic agriculture, pests, pesticides, herbicides, side effects, Francis Chaboussou, trophikos, National Institute of Agricultural Research, INRA, France. |
Subjects: | Environmental aspects Crop husbandry > Crop health, quality, protection "Organics" in general Soil Farming Systems Crop husbandry |
Research affiliation: | Australia > Australian National University |
Deposited By: | Paull, Dr John |
ID Code: | 14750 |
Deposited On: | 01 Oct 2008 |
Last Modified: | 12 Apr 2010 07:38 |
Document Language: | English |
Status: | Published |
Refereed: | Peer-reviewed and accepted |
Repository Staff Only: item control page


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31 Mystic View Rd ( )
Everett, MA 02149-2428
31 Mystic View Rd ( )
Everett, MA 02149-2428
October 13, 2008
5.0The steaks and ribs here are the best! The fresh baked hot rolls with honey butter are excellent. Meats and potatos can be ordered "smothered" with caramelized onions, peppers, cheese etc. The atmosphere is fun, great for celebrating special times. Line dancing can break out at anytime. Warning: peanuts/shells are everywhere.
The best steak I have had in a long time. Tender, juicy and cooked to perfection.
January 6, 2010
4.0i wont lie and say i had the best service but i also wont complain because they are very busy and i seen how hard the poor waitresses were working!!!the food is really good and the people there are fun they arent grumpy acting like they hate their job sooo my advice to you is to go there …
nice and juicy very tasty meal :-) omgggg not to mention the bread and this sweet butter they give u and if u like peanuts u got a basket in ur table
perfect made mash ….and trust me on this one because i am totally crazy about mash potatoes
These dishes from the Texas Roadhouse menu are contributed by Menuism users directly, as part of a restaurant review, or as part of an image upload.