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Athletes of the Week
Posted November 09, 2012
Anna Zhou
Gunn golf
The sophomore golfer fired a 4-under-par 68 to earn medalist honors and win the CCS individual title while helping the first-year Titans finish second in the team race and qualify for the CIF NorCal Championships.
Sean Lydster
Gunn football
The junior running back carried 32 times for 239 yards and scored TDs on runs of 13, 27, six and the winning one from 14 yards in a 28-27 win that clinched no worse than a co-title in the El Camino Division.
Caroline Anderson
Gunn water poloAashli Budhijara
Palo Alto tennisZoe Enright
Menlo cross countryAlice Li
Gunn tennisAli Spindt
Menlo-Atherton volleyballLiz Yao
Menlo tennisPeter Bouret
Menlo footballHarrison Enright
Sacred Heart Prep water poloJustin Gates-Mouton
Palo Alto footballDaniel Hill
Sacred Heart Prep cross countryWill Latta
Priory footballOwen Lewis
Pinewood football


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Belleguic, V. and Lognonné, P. and Wieczorek, M. (2005) Constraints on the Martian lithosphere from gravity and topography data. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, E11005. DOI: 10.1029/2005JE002437.
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Localized spectral admittances of the large Martian volcanoes are modeled by assuming that surface and subsurface loads are elastically supported by the lithosphere. In order to model the case where the load density differs from that of the crust, a new method for calculating gravity anomalies and lithospheric deflections is developed. The modeled gravity anomalies depend upon the elastic thickness, crustal thickness, load density, and crustal density, and these parameters were exhaustively sampled in order to determine their effect on the misfit between the observed and modeled admittance function. We find that the densities of the Martian volcanoes are generally well constrained with values of 3200 ± 100 kg m−3, which is considerably greater than those reported previously. These higher densities are consistent with those of the Martian basaltic meteorites, which are believed to originate from the Tharsis and Elysium volcanic provinces. The crustal density is constrained only beneath the Elysium rise to be 3270 ± 150 kg m−3. If this value is representative of the northern lowlands, then Pratt compensation is likely responsible for the approximately 6-km elevation difference between the northern and southern hemispheres. The elastic thicknesses of the major Martian volcanoes (when subsurface loads are ignored) are found to be the following: Elysium rise (56 ± 20 km), Olympus Mons (93 ± 40 km), Alba Patera (66 ± 20 km), and Ascraeus Mons (105 ± 40 km). We have also investigated the effects of subsurface loads, allowing the bottom load to be located either in the crust as dense intrusive material or in the mantle as less dense material. We found that all volcanoes except Pavonis are better modeled with the presence of less dense material in the upper mantle, which is indicative of either a mantle plume or a depleted mantle composition. An active plume beneath the major volcanoes is consistent with recent analyses of cratering statistics on Olympus Mons and the Elysium rise, which indicate that some lava flows are as young as 10–30 Myr, as well as with the crystallization ages of the Shergottites, of which some are as young as 180 Myr.
Document Type: | Article | ||||||||
Title: | Constraints on the Martian lithosphere from gravity and topography data | ||||||||
Authors: |
| ||||||||
Date: | 23 November 2005 | ||||||||
Journal or Publication Title: | Journal of Geophysical Research | ||||||||
Volume: | 110 | ||||||||
Page Range: | E11005 | ||||||||
Status: | Published | ||||||||
Keywords: | Lithospheric flexure, Planetary volcanism , Gravitational fields, Volcanism, Mars | ||||||||
HGF - Research field: | Aeronautics, Space and Transport (old) | ||||||||
HGF - Program: | Space (old) | ||||||||
HGF - Program Themes: | W EW - Erforschung des Weltraums | ||||||||
DLR - Research area: | Space | ||||||||
DLR - Program: | W EW - Erforschung des Weltraums | ||||||||
DLR - Research theme (Project): | W - Vorhaben Vergleichende Planetologie (old) | ||||||||
Location: | Berlin-Adlershof | ||||||||
Institutes and Institutions: | Institute of Planetary Research > Planetary Physics | ||||||||
Deposited By: | Nils Müller | ||||||||
Deposited On: | 13 Jan 2006 | ||||||||
Last Modified: | 12 Dec 2013 20:09 |
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subset: commoncrawl


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This is the second book on historical aspects of lunar theory to have been published by Springer within a twelve-month period. The first one (by Stephen Wepster) concerns the work of Tobias Mayer, who devised the most accurate lunar tables for navigational purposes available in the late 18th century. In this second book, Curtis Wilson examines the later improvements to the foundations of lunar theory that were initiated by G. W. Hill in 1878 and completed by E. W. Brown in the period 1892 to 1919.
Between the work of Mayer and the emergence of the Hill-Brown theory, there is an historical gap of 130 years, and developments in lunar theory during that period are summarised in the second chapter of Wilson's book. Included in that brief survey is a summary of the work of Delauny and Hansen, whose theories respectively represent mathematical elegance and empirical assiduity. Consequently, these two Springer publications jointly form a highly detailed history of lunar theory from the time of Newton to the present day.
To put it simply, lunar theory is the application of mathematical techniques for the purpose of defining the Moon's orbit about the earth. The problems in doing this are due to the orbit not being exactly elliptical, because there are perturbations in its motion that are mainly caused by the gravitational effect of the Sun. Another factor is the tidal acceleration of the Moon, which entails a gradual slowing down of the Earth's rotation.
The development of lunar theory came about due to the need to calculate longitude at sea, and its evolution was due to the work of mathematicians such as Newton, Euler, Clairaut, Laplace and Lagrange. Lunar theory was also regarded as a means of validating Newton's inverse square law, which is the basis of his theory of gravitation. From such work arose the notion of the 3-body problem and various mathematical methods, including Euler's use of infinite trigonometric series.
The theory developed by Hill was based upon Euler's lunar theory of 1772 but, in the form in which Brown carried it to completion, it was semi-numerical, and the initial orbit was given by the dynamics of the simplified three-body problem. The numerical input was just the ratio of the mean motion of the Sun to the synodic motion of the Moon. This was used because it was one of the most accurately known constants in the whole of astronomy. The ensuing theory could therefore be based upon it with a higher degree of confidence.
Wilson's book contains short biographies of both Hill and Brown. It describes Hill's ideas on the lunar perigree, his notion of the variational curve and summarises views on his overall lunar theory. Parts I and II of the book give highly detailed information as to how Brown organized the long series of computations that were required to complete this jointly conceived theory. Part III gives further insight into the phenomenon of tidal acceleration and the transition from ephemeris time to the use of atomic clocks — in other words, it explains the demise of lunar tables as a basis for the compilation of nautical almanacs and for accuracy in the measurement of time.
The publisher says that the text is largely accessible without specialist knowledge of its central themes. To some extent, this is true, but there are very many celestial concepts at the heart of lunar theory, and the associated terminology is extensive. Unfortunately, no glossary is included, and the book is contains very few illustrations. This means that it will be hard going for readers with inadequate knowledge of astronomy.
The mathematical content of the book is summarised as being 'some calculus and differential equations'. However, the approach is mainly computational and Brown's treatise, for example, is said to embody '18 years of calculative labour'. Understandably, therefore, making sense of the mathematical dialogue in this book requires painstaking scrutiny.
Nonetheless, the foregoing comments are not meant to be points of criticism. They are made to support the view that this text is mainly one for specialists. I say 'mainly', because there is so much in the book that will inspire an interest among those who are equipped with only rudimentary knowledge of astronomy (myself, for example). In short, Curtis Wilson's coverage of this aspect of the history of lunar theory introduces many fascinating ideas, and it refers very many creative mathematicians and astronomers. Consequently, the reader doesn't have to labour over the mathematical intricacies to extract pleasure from this scholarly historical tome.
Peter Ruane spent most of his working life in the mathematics education of primary and secondary school teachers.
Preface.-Part I: Hill lays the foundation (1877-1878).- 1. George William Hill, mathematician.-2. Lunar theory from the 1740s to the 1870s – a sketch.-3. Hill on the motion of the lunar perigee.- 4. Hill's Variation Curve.- 5. Early assessments of Hill's work on the lunar theory.- Part II: Brown completes the theory (1892-1908), and constructs tables (1908-1919).-6. E.W. Brown, celestial mechanician.-7. First papers and a book.-8. Initiatives inspired by John Couch Adams' papers.-9. Further preliminaries to the systematic development.-10. Theory of the Motion of the Moon.-11.A solution-procedure without approximations.-12. The 'Main Problem' solved.-13. Correcting for the idealizations.-14. Direct Planetary Perturbations of the Moon.-15. Indirect Planetary Perturbations of the Moon.-16. The effect of the figures of the Earth and Moon .-17. Perturbations of order (delta R)2.-18.The Tables.- 19. Determining the Values of the Arbitrary Constants.-20. Ernest W. Brown as theorist and computer.- Part III: Revolutionary developments in time measurement, computing, and data collection.- 21. Introduction .- 22. Tidal acceleration, fluctuations, and the variability of the Earth's Rotation, from the 1690s to 1939.- 23. The quest for a uniform time: from Ephemeris Time to Atomic Time.- 24. 1984: The Hill-Brown theory is replaced as the basis of lunar ephemerides.- 25. The mathematical and philosophical interest in an analytical solution of the lunar problem.- Appendix: "Observations on the Desirability of New Tables of the Moon" (file of George William Hill, Naval Observatory Library).-Index.


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Basic marine deep cycle battery questions
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Re: Basic marine deep cycle battery questions
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Didn't as the question, but this is helpful as I would like to do a night sail across Michigan if it ever stops raining and warms up enought to work on the boat. I am thinking I should have a third deep cycly in "reserve" just for added security.
Should all be part of one large bank vs separate banks
Long detailed explaination. One part of it is battery life. Here as some numbers not exact but should be close enough to explain.
Suffice it to say this- 2 battery bank
1 Battery separate from 2nd battery each 105 ah .... or
2 batteries in one bank at 210 ah
Suppose you run 50 ah in one day. Its 50% of one of the one battery banks or 25% of a battery bank with two batteries in it.
Number of deep cycles a battery gets depends how deeply discharged. Lets say its rated at 250 deep cycles at 50% and 750 at 25%
Two one battery banks you get 500 cycles ( 250 cycles out of each battery)
One two battery bank you get 750 cycles
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Home > Locate Here > Community Amenities > Housing
Sarnia-Lambton is a place where young people starting out can still afford to buy a home. The average single family detached home sale price in Sarnia-Lambton is approximately $200,000 (source: Sarnia-Lambton Real Estate Board, April 2013). Sarnia-Lambton offers a wide range of waterfront homes and condos, urban and rural housing options. There are many communities within Sarnia-Lambton to choose from, ranging from city to villages and countryside locations. Sarnia-Lambton's affordable housing offers opportunity for many to start on the property ladder. For those moving to the area from centres such as Toronto, Burlington, Markham, and Mississauga, Sarnia-Lambton offers a very appealing cost comparision. If you are looking at moving to Sarnia-Lambton check out www.ihatetraffic.ca and Lambton's Newcomers' Portal for lots of good information. Learn more about real estate in Sarnia-Lambton at http://www.mls-sarnia.com/listings.


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Cindy Crawford Snacks for Her Daughter
Filed under: Celeb Kids, Celeb Parents, In The News
Celeb Moms - Before and After Baby
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"I do want my kids to see their mom eating normally," she said. "If we go for ice cream I might get the tiny size but I'll eat it. I don't want my daughter to think she can't eat ice cream." Hey, if a supermodel can eat ice cream, then so can the rest of us.
I remember an interview with Cindy from years back where she admitted to "eating" hot chocolate with marshmallows for breakfast. Yep, that's what she said. Seems to me perhaps she's trying to make up for some bad habits from her past, as well as protect her daughter and son Presley, 9.
Well, Cindy -- good luck. In a world where they make onesies that ask "Does this onesie make me look fat?" Crawford, and all parents, have a serious challenge ahead of them. We're largely responsible for shaping our children's body image and eating style.
All said, though, don't you think it has to be a little hard on a young girl to have the gorgeous Cindy Crawford as her mom?
Ask Us Anything About Parenting
ReaderComments (Page 1 of 1)
Jennifer said...I absolutely DETEST the onsies that say "does this make me look fat" or "does this diaper make my butt look big." DISGUSTING.
barneslr said...Oh, please. Get over yourself. It's just a silly joke and to pretend it makes some big time social commentary is dumb. "Does this diaper make my butt look fat?" on a onesie does not promote anorexia or poor eating habits.
Oh, and having spent my life (I'm now 44) with a mother who has battled anorexia for almost 50 years, I think I can speak with authority on the subject. It was never a onesie-or other dumb joke-that triggered mom's problems.
Jennifer said...I never said the onsies led to anorexia. I simply said I found that they are DISGUSTING. And I struggled with anorexia for many years and still have eating issues so I would think that I, too, understand where it comes from. I think that our culture has fed into this image game and I think dragging infants and children into it is not necessary. Plus, the onsies tend to come in feminine colors/styles so I would say that they are targeting a group who, in the future, will be an at risk group. You will NEVER find my daughter wearing something like that therefor will she ever see a picture of herself in it, joke or not.
smmrgrl719 said...I totally agree with Cindy. You want kids to know there are not good or bad foods, but that all foods can be eaten in moderation. I also have the same fear for both my son and daughter - that is why I try to make sure they eat a fairly balanced diet and are exposed to all different types of foods. I actually got the bib with "does this make me look fat?" along with a pack of other bibs. There was no way I would ever let my child wear that!
dmt said...Are those tatoos on 9 y/o Presley's left arm? He's a good looking kid, why isn't he in the movies already? He'll someday be a "lady-killer," unless.... well he does look a little androgenous...
Dara Chadwick said...I think Cindy's taking a good approach by eating what she likes in front of her daughter. Our girls are watching our behavior toward our bodies and they take our cues from us. But it's also important to mind the language we use, too; in other words, have the ice cream, but don't feel compelled to talk about having "just a tiny size" or having it "just this once." Words like that send a strong message, too.
Roger said...She eats ice crean in front of her child because she is worried about her daughter falling into the trap of sacrificing her health?
That is such a wrong superficial comment.
Does she read the bible in front of her so she does not sacrifice eternal salvation?


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Discover the meaning of your name.
Please confirm that the link referenced below is the one that is broken or needs to be updated. If confirmed, please complete the remaining boxes in the form below, then click on the button to send the update to us.
Title of the LinkBaxter Springs Heritage Center and Museum
URL (address) for the Linkhttp://home.4state.com/~heritagectr


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Talib Kweli: Lauryn Hill Doesn't Owe You Anything
"She is not an iPod nor is she a trained monkey."
READ MORE »"She is not an iPod nor is she a trained monkey."
READ MORE »The rapper answers our signature questionnaire.
READ MORE »As in, he'll do an interview exclusively about the film.
READ MORE »Boff, marry, kill: N'Orleand, NYC, SoCal.
READ MORE »Respect your elders!
READ MORE »He made an appearance last night.
READ MORE »Plus: Clay and Ruben to tour together!
READ MORE »Rappers love Sade.
READ MORE »Banner hung from the rails of the balcony, looming 40 feet above the crowd, but thankfully did not attempt to reenact the finale of Pearl Jam's "Evenflow" video.
READ MORE »Plus: New music from Mates of State and Talib Kweli!
READ MORE »Music from George Clinton and the Simpsons!
READ MORE »Plus industry news on Robert Redford, Martin Scorsese, and Snoop Dogg.
READ MORE »Plus Justin Timberlake, Eve, and Zach Condon!


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No. 21 Creighton 75, Bradley 58
OMAHA, Neb. (AP)
No. 21 Creighton certainly didn't look like the nation's best 3-point shooting team in the first half against Bradley.
Coach Greg McDermott implored his players to try first to score inside after halftime, and that strategy swung the momentum the Bluejays' way and led to a 75-58 victory Saturday.
''The first half Bradley did a great job of muddying stuff up inside and coming at us with double teams,'' McDermott said. ''Normally when teams do that to us, we have a way of making them pay with our ability to shoot from the 3-point line. They just didn't go in.''
The Bluejays trailed by three points at half after launching 21 of their first 29 shots from 3-point range and connecting on seven.
Creighton scored its first four baskets of the second half in the paint to turn a 30-27 deficit into a 35-30 lead.
''That's kind of been our bread-and-butter all year, playing inside-out basketball,'' said Doug McDermott, who scored 25 points.
The Braves closed within a point twice before Creighton went on a decisive 12-0 run, with McDermott scoring the last nine points.
The Bluejays (20-3, 9-2 Missouri Valley Conference), who have won 15 straight over Bradley at home, hit the 20-win mark for the 14th time in 15 seasons. Bradley (13-10, 5-6) lost its fifth straight road game and eighth in a row against a ranked opponent.
McDermott and Jahenns Manigat made 3s to start the game and get the Bluejays out to a quick lead. But the they suddenly went cold from beyond the arc, and the Braves were able to stay close. Tyshon Pickett scored five of his 11 points during a 9-2 run that gave Bradley its three-point lead at the break.
''The second half we wanted to get an inside touch first, whether it was off the drive or the pass into the post,'' Greg McDermott said. ''We just wanted to try to establish something in there. I thought Doug and Gregory (Echenique) worked a little harder the second half to demand the ball, especially at the start.''
Manigat found McDermott alone underneath for an easy two points before Echenique hit a short left-handed hook to start Creighton's 8-0 flurry to start the second half. After the Bluejays missed a couple 3s, Echenique took an entry pass for a third-chance bucket. Then Grant Gibbs threaded the ball into the lane to McDermott, who converted for an easy basket.
''I feel like those four possessions we were trying to get it all back, playing hero ball,'' said Dyricus Simms-Edwards, who led Bradley with 18 points. ''We told ourselves a lot that they're going to make a run. We have to stick to what we do, get the ball moving and keep them off offense.''
Austin Chatman, who had 16 points, drilled a 3-pointer after Bradley had closed to 53-48. Then McDermott went to work, hitting a 3, a layup and four straight free throws to make it 65-48 with 5 minutes to play.
The Bluejays shot 69.2 percent after half and finished with a 33-24 advantage on the boards after outrebounding the Braves 18-4 the final 20 minutes.
Echenique had eight of his 10 points in the second half, and he blocked three shots.
Walt Lemon Jr. added 15 points and Tyshon Pickett 11 for the Braves.
The Bluejays, shooting a nation-leading 45 percent on 3s coming into the game, made 15 of 28 from long range against Missouri State on Wednesday. Greg McDermott said he didn't want his shooters to shut down when they started struggling Saturday.
''I'm not going to tell Ethan Wragge not to shoot, Jahenns Manigat and Doug and guys that have shot the ball over the test of time at almost a 50-percent clip for their careers,'' the coach said. ''When they've got rhythm 3s with nobody on their side of the floor, they've got to let it fly.''
Doug McDermott said: ''Our shooters have short memories. Ethan, Jahenns, myself, we're all looking to the next shot, not thinking about the last shot we took.''
The Bluejays didn't hesitate to shoot more 3s once they took control. Wragge and Chatman hit a couple in a row before McDermott struck from long range to start his 9-0 run that all but finished off the Braves.
Creighton wore jerseys with pink trim and pink shoes as part of its third annual Creighton vs. Cancer Pink Out, and the first 14,000 fans received pink T-shirts. A jersey auction raised $24,444, with $5,002 bid for McDermott's No. 3.
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NCAA BK Headlines
No. 3 Michigan State beats Indiana with Payne sidelined again
Buffett, Gilbert team to offer $1 billion for perfect bracket
Holmes beats buzzer with 3-pointer to send Texas over K-State
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text:
Jau Bai Jorat written and directed by Purshottam Berde was successfully staged first ten years back and created stars out of Nirmitee Sawant and Makarand Anaspure.
Now it returnss with a more refined version with an all new cast and only Nirmitee Sawant leading the cast from the earlier troupe.
The play is based on the lives of the wives of the ministers in the state of Maharashtra and in a funny rib tickling way depicts their lives behind the public life of the ministers. Berde utilised the set piece of a bus going for a picnic with a crowd of ladies accompanied by a male driver and a cleaner, an idiom he tried in his earlier successful play Tur-Tur.
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For my opinions I stick to both. If I stick to the facts Ill let you know, and if I state people's experiences Ill let you known. So discernm them. You got it
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For my opinions I stick to both. If I stick to the facts Ill let you know, and if I state people's experiences Ill let you known. So discernm them. You got it
the sickonomist
then stick to the facts, and not to rumors
To Marie Claude.
You have to understand you are entitled to your opinion as most of us here. There is no need to be offended or let these comments crawl into your skin. I can see this has affected you. I have nothing to prove to you. I just merely stating an opinion based on other people's experience, opinions, documentaries and others. It is a matter of opinion. You should understand it is your right to disagree with my comments. To disagree with my comments is not a problem Marie Claude:). Actually I welcome it. I am always open to opinions. But yet it would be preferable to disagree in an manner of civility which obviously in your case prove to be a little bit challenging. Thats the very least you can do. Anyway Have a nice day.
PS: If you have any comments whatsoever, please feel free to share.
the sickonomist
"the fact that France is one of the countries where racism is strong"
Have a look pages: 156, 160, 162, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181,
So, it appears that racism in France is below the Germanic and Viking countries' ones, and UK + Ireland !!!!
It is almost Muslims' racism vs Jews, following the Intifada wars Israel vs Palestinians, our muslim community is siding the Palestinian cause.
Now, what do you want to gain in spreading your BS? but a certificate of Foolness !
"The furor surrounding the refusal to admit Oprah Winfrey and her longtime companion to Hermes in Paris after store hours has escalated to the next level. "Oh, it's on," her spokesperson was quoted as saying. "What is 'Hermes' French for? 'Ku Klux Klan'?"
Hermes, which is actually French for 'Really, Really Rich People Only,' turned the Winfrey party away when she tried to gain entry after the close of its business day."
My friend, it seems that there are discrepencies between what I say and what you say. I mainly take the examples of African and Asian immigrants and you seem to be mainly focused on Muslims. I fail to see how you are trying to prove a point. I focus on two different backgrounds, you are specifically focusing on a religion.
Talking about racism - Racism exists in every country in the world, but it is a lot less in the More liberal Europe then it is in any Islamic country.
Well, this discussion about racism between Europe and Islamic countries, was not one of my topics. However while we are in it, I might as well give an opinion. Basically, let me ask you something. Have you ever been to Islamic countries?? If so where??? You will be surprised. To tell you the truth I was.
My friend :),the fact you suppose that racism is a lot less in the more liberal Europe then it is in Islamic countries is purely unfounded and many who have been to Islamic countries would also agree. I agree that there are some countries in Western Europe where there is a lot less racism. However hiding behind European cloack, will not change the fact that France is one of the countries where racism is strong. Most people wont admit it. But yes it is indeed strong. Many of my friends back in the US coming from diffrent backgrounds who have been to France all admit to this sad truth. Try ask anyone who's been in France? You will be surprised. Oprah Winfrey who has been to France, was victim of racism. In the US, racism exists but it is not something that you really can feel it compare to France. Racism is something that exists. Why?? Who knows the answer to a such complex answer. Maybe for historical reasons, societal factors, economic factors, etc. We can drive ourselves nuts trying to answer these questions. Nevertheless you are right about one thing, racism is everywhere and you cant change it. Also it can be a drive for victims whether to do better to teach the racist a valuable lesson. Racism is all part of human beings complex nature.
Anyway it has been interesting discussing about these topics. This is my last post on this particular subject. You are all welcome to post your comments and provide your insighths on any topic. Anyway Take Care
The fact you suppose that a vast majority of immigrants are uneducated is unfounded. . However many of the immigrants with African and Asian descents with their high education find it difficult to find jobs, and even when they do, they end up changing jobs because managers wont make them climb up the ladder.
your 'facts' have no basis in figures. When you look at Msulim immigrants only, and their progeny born in Europe... the fact is that their educational levels are abysmal. This comes from an upbringing where education is not a valuable commodity.
In fact if you read the report on Islamic education, in this very magazine , printed sometime last year , you would realise that low education levels are a cultural problem.
Talking about racism - Racism exists in every country in the world, but it is a lot less in the More liberal Europe then it is in any Islamic country.
Moreover, in my experience, racism is a positive for the victims. It is because of racism, that the victims get a drive to do better and want to prove themselves.
You don't think that the Jews were victims of racism throughout the last 2000 years ?
It comes back to the culture you are born in, my freind, and nothing else.
I know that you don't live in France any more, but if you did, who would you vote for ?
Replying to theseekconomist
I have been reading this "France is going to fall, soon" for years in the British-American press. I am not saying that there is nothing wrong in France but most of the problems it faces are shared -unfortunetly- with the rest of Europe/world.
-"An increasing number of French immigrating to Asia, America"
France has one of the lowest rate of Emmigration in Europe, with a very small portion of its citizens living abroad; the UK is the country with the highest number of expats and an increasing number of people leaving every year.
France has one of the lowest rate of poverty in Europe, the lowest bare the Scandinavian countries. There is indeed a problem of housing in Paris, a city with one of the highest density population in the world, but it is not representative of the rest of the country. Meanwhile, it is also the third country in the world for the number of millionaire (after the US and Japan, so the first in Europe). So much for the "The French don't like money" cliche.
-education system
France's schools and university have an average ranking (cf PISA test, Shangai ranking and FT Busness school ranking), not an excellent one, but not a very bad one either, with a few very good results in medical research and mathematics (Fields medal for example).
Indeed, that's because the trade unions are extremists and therefore only a small portion of the workers are a part of a trade union; I am optimistic about this, this is going probably to improve (not tomorrow of course, but in a few years).
-Racism since the colonial times
Racism since the colonial times ?
I the 50s Gaston Monerville from Guyana, a Black man, was the president of the senate, the second most important function in the French state. Minorities were, in a whole, well integrated in French sociey untill recently. The problems started with mass immigration from the third world, then if you think this problem is to be found only in France you are mistaken.
-"Broken financial system"
De facto, the problem of the broken global financial system is global I am afraid, French banks are among the safest in Europe.
-Cost of living
Cost of living is indeed high in Paris but fine outside of Paris.
-"A burdensome Social Security System"
Indeed. The AME (free medical care for anyone living here, even illegally!) is a non sens, Marine Le Pen is the only one who points out this absurdity and proposes a change. The current government do nothing against illegal immigration by the way. You can guess why she is popular with an increasing number of "mainstream" French who don't identify with the traditionnal French far right but simply want more "common sens" in the way the country is run. The mass immigration, the tolerance toward illegals, the generosity towards the newcomers, the dislike of the EU and the feeling that the traditionnal elites are useless are the key -reasons of the sucess of Marine Le Pen. She is not racist of even xenophobic either; she is a very conservative right-wing woman.
To Lavieenrose:
"A different picture from Seekonomist, who would have us believe the immigrant population is overflowing with bright young university graduates victimised by cruel capitalist employers"
Never did I mention that the immigrant population is overflowing with bright university graduates. :). You need to read again and get your facts straight. But anyway I am tired of the nonesense you put online. Suggestion: Read carefully before you write. Dont put words in order people's mouth. OK??/:).I can see your true colours. Anyway I got nothing much to say.
To Marie Claude
There is no need to feel offended. We are merely trying have a civilized exchange of ideas.I was merely trying to point out that 7 % unemployment rate is considered high. It was just to correct a mistake. Nothing much nothing less. So there is no need to get offended and let these comments get to you. Anyway take care will you ?:)
To lavieenrose
You wrote "50% of the population are exempt from income tax altogether, while 10% of the population pays the bulk of what is collected." Exactly right: the principle of a fair income tax system, in my opinion, is that it's "progressive", ie the more you earn, the greater fraction of your salary is taken from you as income tax.
In my opinion, most of those who have high salaries are lucky enough to have a job that they enjoy. In other words, I don't accept the "incentive" effect that you talk about.
It's true that the total tax+soc soc take (prélèvements obligatoires) is high in France, compared to many other countries. In my opinion, you generally get what you pay for: most people think that the health system in France is pretty good, that the system of child care (crèches) is pretty good, etc etc.
If you prefer a country in which the "social wage" is lower, then there are lots of places to choose from.
Hellooo everyone,
Does anyone here know what is required from, let us say an african person, to have a visa and come to france?
I have the feeling you do not.
To the people saying that our borders should be closed , let me tell you this. They already are.
NB: "Regroupement familial" is non-sense I agrre, shouldn't be a right, especially not many times a year.
the seekonomist
so what?
"Do you also think that the other candidate will be a representative of the UMP? Or of the PS? Or a Green/Ecologist?"
of course, a UMP, a socialist (they still don't know who)
and Marine Lepen
well I would prefer that a man like Chevenement would get more attention, but as he is not a EU global government worshipper, he is put aside by the political corrected press !
Though he got a "die Welt" article yesterday,
is the German Establishment worried by the results of our last polls? anyway, seems that it would bet on the horse that would meet their expectations on the eurozone aftermaths, a EU with more autonome states !
"Do you know that income tax in France represents only 2.6% of the GDP (the figures were produced last Friday by the Cour des Comptes, a very respectable source)? Do you know that in Germany income tax represents 9.6% of GDP"
vidéo - si nous adoptions la fiscalité Allemande.. les mensonges de l'UMP (et des élites) http://t.co/8xwuqbv
"Muslims have a tendency to become welfare cheats, they don't seem to have a tendency to do better economically. Their overall educational levels are abysmal." (Liveinhope)
A different picture from Seekonomist, who would have us believe the immigrant population is overflowing with bright young university graduates victimised by cruel capitalist employers ...
Being educated/qualified doesn't necessarily involve a university education, you know. There is nothing wrong in starting life as a skilled worker - and more jobs available at that level too. But it is a sad statistical fact that half of young Muslims in France leave school semi-literate with no qualifications whatsoever. They reject "the system" (i.e. working for a living) and live off whatever social allocations they can get, while dealing and trafficking on the side.
Incidentally, Seekonomist, if life is so unbearable in "racist" France, why do hundreds of thousands of immigrants break their necks to get here every year ? Seems to me they know more about the benefits of living in La Douce France than you ...
To Vive_Chimie : Income tax revenue would be much higher if everyone contributed. 50% of the population are exempt from income tax altogether, while 10% of the population pays the bulk of what is collected. This is what I meant by disincentivising hard work and success. By a confiscatory tax system I was referring to the sum total of all taxes paid, including social contributions, property tax, rates, wealth tax etc. By this measure France is the second most confiscatory country in Europe after Sweden.
If Marine were to become president and do what she says, she'll split France in two and light the touch paper for civil war.
Torched cars will be one sign of this beginning again.
All these years of right-wing governance in France and the response is NEVER to look at the inadequacy of the political figures responsible for devising and implementing solutions, but to blame others.
Incompetent politicians with no clear vision other than self-interest are symptoms of the decline and will be the ruin of the regime, just as they were in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries.
Jeremy Paris:
"I'm glad i've left France, like about 2Million of us."
So Liveinhope was right when he wrote: "Are we talking about the 'Islamic Republic of France' ?", because 2 million of Jeremys are replaced in Paris by zillions of North African.... hm... rebels.
I mean, they'll stage rebellions when in France, and use the riots in the Arab world as a pretext to get into the country. They already do, and socialists of all colours just watch and mumble politically correct nonsense...
So Marine Le Pen will continue to gain clout, and you know what? When (if?) she becomes President, she'd certainly ACT on the French people concerns. That's the difference.
Sounds like a European Palin to me.....
titidu01 wrote:
Mar 10th 2011 3:25 GMT
Hello everyone,
If France accepts foreigners, that is because france needs them. Not only because among them are some (though few)highly qualified workers (that france lacks, I am talking about engineers, doctors, lawers..)
Let us forget the fact that Islam is a problem as a culture.
However Europeans often forget that some of the p;rosperity they have achieved is from immigration.
It seems to me that at times of recession these people are despised.
HAving said that, Islam does need to put it's house in order. Muslims have a tendency to become welfare cheats, they don't seem to have a tendency to do better economically.
Their overall educational levels are abysmal.
All this from revering the Imams and Mullahs. These preachers can only survive and thrive if they can keep their flock uneducated.
Uneducated people will never question the qords in the Koran, nor the interpretation from the Imams.
LAstly I have to say - The worst thing one can do to a community is to Marginalise them. This will make them even more insular and inward looking then ever.
Good for Marine Le Pen! The French are finally saying, like a number of other European nations, "Stop! we don't want our country to be colonized!" Better to be "far right" than "far wrong". If I want to visit a muslim country, I have a wide range to choose from; France should not be one of them.
Can't children just find their own careers? Daddy's way is not always best.
vive_chimie, all this pressure for offspring to replace their parents in politics in France!
Sounds like there is a yearning for the country to become a monarchy once again.
Perhaps not so bad an idea if 'a l'anglaise'.
As pointed out to MC, the Queen can be criticised openly in Britain and she NEVER answers back, let alone is rude to anyone in public.
Nor are her children ever touted as brilliant intellects and political saviours, hyperactively turning the country round single-handed, though evidently they do work pretty hard.
After all, Liz still puts in a full-time job at 84, and her oafish husband similarly, if perhaps a bit less, as he starts his 90th decade.
Her son hasn't even started his main job yet, as he approaches the age that most retire!
No-one could accuse the British monarchy of the sleazy sorts of corruption that is so shamelessly protected and excused as minor foible in France! Maybe silliness in their choice of friends and interests - but then who claimed that they were the greatest of intellects that the UK had to offer? Anyone?
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Shake well. Gently massage onto dry skin and rinse off. Avoid eye area.
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AP Photo/Denis FarrellYesterday, the Institute for Economics and Peace released their annual Global Peace Index (GPI), ranking 158 nations based on their levels of peacefulness.
The good news is that, for the first time since 2009 the world has improved its levels of peacefulness and it's nice that Sub-Saharan Africa is no longer the least peaceful region.
There was bad news for the USA, which ranks way down the list at 88 (below places like Greece, Serbia and Cuba), and for Syria, who saw the biggest fall, dropping more than 30 spots.
NOTE: The rankings and GPI scores were calculated using 23 qualitative and quantitative indicators. To achieve a low score (and thus a lower ranking), the index looked for low levels of internal conflict, cohesive integrated populations, efficient and accountable governments, high levels of regional integration, high enrollment and attendance in primary and secondary schools, low levels of corruption, freedom of the press, and respect for human rights.
Take a wild guess where comes first.
What's cool in tech has changed drastically from the 1980s to today
More "Tech" »
11 tax breaks available only to military families
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These are the best credit cards with the longest 0% APR period
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Hawker Accommodation, Hotels, Tours & Information
Places nearby Hawker
- Arkaroola
- Baroota
- Beltana
- Blinman
- Bruce
- Cadney Park
- Carrieton
- Cockburn
- Coober Pedy
- Copley
- Cradock
- Flinders Ranges
- Fregon
- Frome Downs
- Glendambo
- Hammond
- Innamincka
- Innaminka
- Kingoonya
- Leigh Creek
- Lyndhurst
- Mambray Creek
- Manna Hill
- Marla
- Marree
- Melrose
- Merty Merty
- Mingary
- Mintabie
- Nectar Brook
- Olary
- Olympic Dam
- Oodnadatta
- Parachilna
- Peterborough
- Pimba
- Port Augusta
- Port Augusta North
- Port Augusta West
- Port Germein
- Quorn
- Regional SA
- Roxby Downs
- Stirling North
- Tarcoola
- Telowie
- The Ranges
- William Creek
- Willowie
- Willsden
- Wilmington
- Wilpena
- Wilpena Pound
- Witchelina
- Woomera
- Yunta
Tagged the 'great little outback town', Hawker is a central hub for forays into the Flinders Ranges.
Sitting astride the junction of roads from Port Augusta, Orroro and Leigh Creek, Hawker is the ideal base for half-day and full-day trips to such tourist icons as Wilpena Pound, the Flinders Ranges National Park and the Moralana scenic loop.
Yourambulla Caves feature significant Aboriginal art while the historic Kanyaka ruins can be seen on the road to Quorn. Jarvis Hill features a walking trail and lookout.
The once-a-year Hawker races are staged in May and the annual Art Exhibition in September attracts visitors from far and wide.
But if you want to park the car for a couple of days, Hawker has its own rewards in a range of heritage buildings that include fascinating examples of corrugated iron pioneer shops and buildings.
An Elder Terrace tour also presents surprises in the form of rock carvings mounted in a number of gardens. The rocks were carved in 1997 during the Opera in the Outback week of functions in Hawker, Quorn and Blinman.
Find out more about the Flinders Ranges and Outback region of South Australia.
Great deals on hotels in Hawker...
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text:
Command Line Switches
The shebang line
Almost every Perl program starts out like this:
This is a UNIX construct, which tells a shell that executes the file directly what program to pass the rest of the input to.
You can add any of Perl's command line switches to this line, and they will be treated as if they were part of the command line after the switches provided there. That is, if you had a program containing
#!/usr/bin/perl -T
as its first line, and executed it as
perl -l program.pl
both the -l
and -T
switches are used, but -l
is used first. (This can matter in certain circumstances.)
Perl's command line switches are documented in perlrun. Here are some of the most useful.
perl -T
Perl allows you to run in a special mode, called "taint" mode. While in taint mode, variables are expected to be sanitized ("untainted") before being used for an "unsafe operation".
What is unsafe?
- Running a program
- Writing a file
- Making a directory
- ...basically, anything that modifies the system.
If you have not "untainted" your data, these operations will be fatal errors in your program.
How do you untaint? Use a regular expression to match valid values, and then assign that match to a variable.
my ($ok_filename) = $filename =~ /^(\w+\.log)$/;
You should have the goal of making your programs taint safe.
perl -c file.{pl,pm}
This command-line switch allows you to check the given file for syntax errors. It also runs any code in BEGIN blocks and will check any modules you have use
d in your program.
You should check your code's syntax with -c
after every change.
perl -e 'code'
This command-line switch allows you to run code from the command line, instead of having to write your program to a file and then execute it.
$ perl -e 'print "1\n"' 1
This is highly useful for small programs, quick calculations, and in combination with other switches.
-n, -p, -i
Perl's -n
switch allows you to run a program (usually specified with -e
) against every line on standard input. These are equivalent:
$ cat /etc/passwd | perl -e 'while (<>) { if (/^(\w+):/) { print "$1\n"; } }' root ... $ cat /etc/passwd | perl -n -e 'if (/^(\w+):/) { print "$1\n" }' root ...
The -p
switch is the same as -n
, except that it prints whatever is in $_
after every line.
If you combine the -i
switch, Perl will edit your file in place. So, to convert a bunch of files from DOS to UNIX line endings, you can do this:
$ perl -p -i -e 's/\r\n/\n/' file1 file2 file3
perl -M
Perl's -M
switch allows you to use a module from the command line. There are several modules that prefer to be run this way (such as CPAN and Devel::Cover). It's also a convenient shortcut with -e
if you need to include a module:
$ perl -e 'use Data::Dumper; print Dumper( 1 );' $VAR1 = 1; $ perl -MData::Dumper -e 'print Dumper( 1 );' $VAR1 = 1;
Figure out if you have a module installed
Try to load the module from the command line. The -e1
is just an empty program that exits immediately. If you get an error, the module must not be there:
$ perl -MWWW::Mechanize::JavaScript -e 1 Can't locate WWW/Mechanize/JavaScript.pm in @INC... BEGIN failed--compilation aborted. $
Returning without an error means it's installed.
$ perl -MWWW::Mechanize -e 1 $
While you're at it, check the version:
$ perl -MWWW::Mechanize -e'print $WWW::Mechanize::VERSION'
Not all modules have a $VERSION
variable, so this may not always work.
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If we can improve perl101.org in any way, please let us know with this form.


text:
The Conjunction Of Art And Science Is The Topic Of A Talk By Art Historian Anne Collins At The University Of Virginia
March 14, 2000 -- A specialist in imaging and technological advances that have brought science and art together in the postmodern era, Anne Collins, visiting assistant professor at U.Va.s McIntire Department of Art will give a lecture on Wednesday, March 22 at 5:30 p.m. in Campbell Hall, Room 160. Her lecture is titled "Nine Evenings of Theater and Engineering: On the Failure and Success of Art and Technology." A reception will follow in Fayerweather Hall.
For more information contact Sylvia New Strawn at (804) 924-6122.
Contact: Jane Ford, (804) 924-4298
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: please contact the Office of University Relations at (804) 924-7116. Television reporters should contact the TV News Office at (804) 924-7550. SOURCE: U.Va. News Services
Top news site edited by Jane Ford (firstname.lastname@example.com); maintained by Karen Asher (email@example.com); releases posted by Suzanne Raileanu (email@example.com). Last Modified: Tuesday, 14-Mar-2000 15:36:45 EST © 2000 by the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia Topnews Information: (804) 924-4298.


text:
Brief Summary
Comprehensive Description
Miscellaneous Details
Range Description
Although historically present, there are no reliable recent records of occurrence in Sudan, Eritrea, or Somalia in Africa, or in Qatar, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Pakistan, or Afghanistan in the Asian range (Hofer and Mills 1998a). Although the latter authors could find no recent records for Syria, there are recent records from the Palmyra area and elsewhere (Masseti 2004; G. Serra pers. comm.). Kasparek et al. (2004) discuss the recent distribution of the species in Turkey.
Northern and Eastern Africa, the Middle East, India, and Asia extending north to the Caucasus and southern Siberia.
Biogeographic Regions: palearctic (Native ); oriental (Native ); ethiopian (Native )
Physical Description
Height: 65-80 cm The average length of the striped hyena from head to tail is one meter. Males and females do not differ in average height or length, but males do tend to be slightly heavier. They are a long-haired hyena with large, pointed ears. The striped hyena can erect the long hair on its mane and appear 38% bigger, which it does when it feels threatened. They are gray to straw-colored with a black muzzle and black stripes on their head, torso, and legs.
Range mass: 25 to 45 kg.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Average basal metabolic rate: 31.954 W.
The striped hyena lives in arid, mountainous regions with scrub woodland. It dens in rocky hills, ravines, and crevices. It also inhabits open savannah areas with dense grassland in some regions. In Africa, it is outcompeted by the spotted hyena in open areas and is thus relegated to other habitats.
Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; scrub forest
Habitat and Ecology
- Terrestrial
Trophic Strategy
The striped hyena is predominantly a scavenger; its diet consisting mainly of carrion and human refuse. It scavenges large and medium-sized mammals, such as zebras, wildebeests, gazelles, and impalas, even eating bones from carcasses if the meat has been picked off. It supplements its diet with fruit, insects, and occasionally by killing small animals like hare, rodents, reptiles, and birds. The striped hyena forages principally at night, individually travelling throughout its home range searching for food in no apparent pattern. Travelling speeds average 2-4 km/h, occasionally increasing to 8 km/h when trotting. Wind direction is not used to determine direction of travel, but the striped hyena will respond quickly to the scent of carrion brought by the wind. It also visits established food sites, such as garbage dumps around human settlements, fruit trees, and temporary sites of large kills. Water is consumed every night if it is available, but the striped hyena can survive without water for long periods and live under desert conditions.
Threatened Vertebrate Associates in the Hindu Kush Alpine Meadow Ecoregion
The Hindu Kush alpine meadow has an expanse of some 10,900 square miles, situated in northeastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan. Most of the lands lie within the Hindu Kush Mountain Range in the altitude bracket between 3000 to 4000 meters, and correspondingly most of the precipitation is in the form of snow. This ecoregion is classified within the Montane Grasslands and Shrublands biome.
This ecoregion manifests a low rate of vertebrate endemism; however there are ten special status mammals found here, ranging from the status of Endangered to Near Threatened. The Hindu Kush alpine meadow ecoregion consists of higher elevation terrain of moderate to severe slopes. Vegetation is often sparse or almost lacking, with resulting pastoral usage of low intensity grazing of goats and sheep in some areas. Soils are largely leptosols, but many areas are covered by large expanses of rock outcrop or rocky scree. In the limited areas of arable soils, wheat is sometimes farmed, although growing of opium poppies is the only cash crop. Most of the water available for plant and animal life is supplied by snowmelt. The Helmand River, Afghanistan's largest watercourse, represents the chief catchment within the ecoregion, with headwaters rising in the Hindu Kush Range, and eventual discharge to the endorheic Sistan Basin.
Special status mammals found in the Hindu Kush alpine meadow are: the Near Threatened argali (Ovis ammon), the Vulnerable Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus), the Near Threatened European otter (Lutra lutra), the Near Threatened leopard (Panthera pardus), the Endangered markhor (Capra falconeri), the Near Threatened mountain weasel (Mustela altaica), the Near Threatened Schreiber's long-fingered bat (Miniopteris schreibersi), the Endangered snow leopard (Uncia uncia), the Near Threatened striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) and the Endangered Moschus leucogaster. Special status birds in the Hindu Kush alpine meadow are represented by the Endangered Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopteris).
- C.Michael Hogan & World Wildlife Fund. 2013. ''Hindu Kush alpine meadow. Encyclopedia of Earth, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC ed. Peter Saundry
Known prey organisms
Ammodorcas clarkei
Papio papio
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
- Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed February 16, 2011 at http://animaldiversity.org. http://www.animaldiversity.org
Life History and Behavior
Life Expectancy
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 24.0 years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 24.0 years.
Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
Breeding is nonseasonal, beginning at two to three years. One to six cubs are born per litter, after a 88-92 day gestation. No detailed studies of sexual behavior in the striped hyena have been published. Based on observations in captivity, estrus lasts one day, with the female mating several times at 15-25 minute intervals throughout the day. The mother brings food to the den for her cubs after they are one month old, but continues to nurse for approximately 12 months.
Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual
Average birth mass: 700 g.
Average gestation period: 90 days.
Average number of offspring: 2.5.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male: 800 days.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female: 800 days.
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Hyaena hyaena
No available public DNA sequences.
Download FASTA File
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Hyaena hyaena
Public Records: 1
Specimens with Barcodes: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
Conservation Status
It seems to be rather compatible with human populations, and its habitat is readily available and not in danger of disappearing.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: near threatened
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Year Assessed
As noted, Striped Hyaenas occur at low population densities. A large study in Laikipia District, central Kenya, estimated the minimum regional density at 0.03 adults/km² (Wagner 2006), while van Aarde et al. (1998) more than 0.016/km² in the Negev Desert (see also Table 5.1 in Hofer and Mills 1998b).
Population Trend
Conservation Actions
Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
There are not many negative benefits. They rarely attack livestock or people and are unaggressive, often allowing dogs to attack them without attempting to defend themselves.
The striped hyena has some benefit in that it consumes unwanted human refuse. In some instances, villages in Africa leave their garbage outside at night for the striped hyenas to feed on. It is not hunted for food purposes nor for its pelt.
Striped hyena
The striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) is a species of true hyena native to North and East Africa, the Middle East, the Caucasus, Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent. It is listed by the IUCN as near threatened, as the global population is estimated to be under 10,000 mature individuals which continues to experience deliberate and incidental persecution along with a decrease in its prey base such that it may come close to meeting a continuing decline of 10% over the next three generations.[1]
It is the smallest of the true hyenas and retains many primitive viverrid characteristics lost in larger species,[4] having a smaller and less specialised skull.[5][6] Though primarily a scavenger, large specimens have been known to kill their own prey,[7] and attacks on humans have occurred on rare instances.[8] The striped hyena is a monogamous animal, with both males and females assisting one another in raising their cubs.[9] A nocturnal animal, the striped hyena typically only emerges in complete darkness, and is quick to return to its lair before sunrise.[10] Though it has a habit of feigning death when attacked, it has also been known to stand its ground against larger predators such as leopards in disputes over food.[11]
The striped hyena features prominently in Middle Eastern and Asian folklore. In some areas, its body parts are considered magical, and are used as charms or talismans.[12] It is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, where it is referred to as tzebua or zevoa, though the species is absent in some English translations.[13]
The species may have evolved from H. namaquensis of Pliocene Africa. Striped hyena fossils are common in Africa, with records going back as far as the Middle Pleistocene and even to the Villafranchian. As fossil striped hyenas are absent from the Mediterranean region, it is likely that the species is a relatively late invader to Eurasia, having likely spread outside Africa only after the extinction of spotted hyenas in Asia at the end of the Ice Age. The striped hyena occurred for some time in Europe during the Pleistocene, having been particularly widespread in France and Germany. It also occurred in Montmaurin, Hollabrunn in Austria, the Furninha Cave in Portugal and the Genista Caves in Gibraltar. The European form was similar in appearance to modern populations, but was larger, being comparable in size to the brown hyena.[4]
Physical description[edit]
The striped hyena has a fairly massive, but short torso set on long legs. The hind legs are significantly shorter than the forelimbs, thus causing the back to slope downwards. The legs are relatively thin and weak, with the forelegs being bent at the carpal region. The neck is thick, long and largely immobile, while the head is heavy and massive with a shortened facial region. The eyes are small, while the sharply pointed ears are very large, broad and set high on the head. Like all hyenas, the striped hyena has bulky pads on its paws, as well as blunt but powerful claws. The tail is short and the terminal hairs do not descend below the calcaneal tendon.[14] The striped hyena lacks the enlarged clitoris and false scrotal sack noted in the female genitalia of the spotted hyena.[15] The female has 3 pairs of teats.[16] Adult weight can range from 22 to 55 kg (49 to 121 lb), averaging at about 35 kg (77 lb). Body length can range from 85 to 130 cm (33 to 51 in), not counting a tail of 25 to 40 cm (9.8 to 15.7 in), and shoulder height is between 60–80 cm (24–31 in).[17][18][19][20] The male has a large pouch of naked skin located at the anal opening. Large anal glands open into it from above the anus. Several sebaceous glands are present between the openings of the anal glands and above them.[21] The anus can be everted up to a length of 5 cm, and is everted during social interaction and mating. When attacked, the striped hyena everts its rectum and sprays a pungent smelling liquid from its anal glands.[22] Its eyesight is acute, though its senses of smell and hearing are weak.[23]
The skull is entirely typical of the genus, having a very high sagittal crest, a shortened facial region and an inflated frontal bone.[24] The skull of the striped hyena differs from that of the brown[6] and spotted hyena by its smaller size and slightly less massive build. It is nonetheless still powerfully structured and well adapted to anchoring exceptionally strong jaw muscles[5] which give it enough bite-force to splinter a camel's thigh bone.[23] Although the dentition is overall smaller than that of the spotted hyena, the upper molar of the striped hyena is far larger.[5] The dental formula is:
Dentition |
188.8.131.52-1 |
220.127.116.11 |
The winter coat is unusually long and uniform for an animal its size, with a luxuriant mane of tough, long hairs along the back from the occiput to the base of the tail. The coat is generally coarse and bristly, though this varies according to season. In winter, the coat is fairly dense, soft, and has well-developed underfur. The guard hairs are 50–75 mm long on the flanks, 150–225 mm long on the mane and 150 mm on the tail. In summer, the coat is much shorter and coarser, and lacks underfur, though the mane remains large.[14]
In winter, the coat is usually of a dirty-brownish grey or dirty grey colour. The hairs of the mane are light grey or white at the base, and black or dark brown at the tips. The muzzle is dark, greyish brown, brownish-grey or black, while the top of the head and cheeks are more lightly coloured. The ears are almost black. A large black spot is present on the front of the neck, and is separated from the chin by a light zone. A dark field ascends from the flanks ascending to the rear of the cheeks. The inner and outer surface of the forelegs are covered with small dark spots and transverse stripes. The flanks have four indistinct dark vertical stripes and rows of diffused spots. The outer surface of the thighs has 3–4 distinct vertical or oblique dark bands which merge into transverse stripes in the lower portion of the legs. The tip of the tail is black with white underfur.[14]
Geographic variation[edit]
As of 2005[update],[3] no subspecies are recognised. The striped hyena is nonetheless a geographically varied animal. Hyenas in the Arabian peninsula have an accentuated blackish dorsal mane, with mid-dorsal hairs reaching 20 cm in length. The base colour of Arabian hyenas is grey to whitish grey, with dusky grey muzzles and buff yellow below the eyes. Hyenas in Israel have a dorsal crest which is mixed grey and black in colour, rather than being predominantly black.[17] The largest striped hyenas come from the Middle East, Asia minor, central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, while those of east Africa and the Arabian peninsula are smaller.[7][25]
Social and territorial behaviours[edit]
The striped hyena is a primarily nocturnal animal, which typically only leaves its den at the onset of total darkness, returning before sunrise.[10] Striped hyenas typically live in groups of 1–2 animals, though groups of up to seven animals are known in Libya. They are generally not territorial animals, with home ranges of different groups often overlapping each other. Home ranges in the Serengheti have been recorded to be 44 km2 (17 sq mi)-72 km2 (28 sq mi), while one in the Negev desert was calculated at 61 km2 (24 sq mi). When marking their territory, striped hyenas use the paste of their anal pouch (hyena butter) to scent mark grass, stalks, stones, tree trunks and other objects. In aggressive encounters, the black patch near the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae is erected. When fighting, striped hyenas will bite at the throat and legs, but avoid the mane, which serves as a signalling device. When greeting each other, they lick the mid-back region, sniff each other's noses, extrude their anal pouch or paw each other's throats.[26] The species is not as vocal as the spotted hyena, its vocalisations being limited to a chattering laugh and howling.[23]
Reproduction and development[edit]
The striped hyena is monogamous, with the male helping the female to establish a den, raise young and feed her when cubs are born. The mating season varies according to location; in Transcaucasia, hyenas breed in January–February, while those in southeast Turkmenia breed in October–November. In captivity, breeding is non-seasonal. Mating can occur at any time of the day, during which the male grips the skin of the female's neck.[9]
The gestation period lasts 90–91 days. Striped hyena cubs are born with adult markings, closed eyes and small ears. This is in marked contrast to newborn spotted hyena cubs which are born almost fully developed, though with black, unmarked coats.[27] Their eyes open after 7–8 days, and the cubs leave their dens after one month. Cubs are weaned at the age of 2 months, and are then fed by both parents. Despite the males' assistance, female hyenas are very protective of their cubs, and will chase their mates away from the cubs if they approach too closely. By autumn, the cubs are half the size of their parents. In the wild, striped hyenas can live for 12 years, while in captivity they have been known to reach 23.[9]
Burrowing behaviours[edit]
The striped hyena may dig its own dens, but it also establishes its lairs in caves, rock fissures, erosion channels and burrows formerly occupied by porcupines, wolves, warthogs and aardvarks. Hyena dens can be identified by the presence of bones at their entrances. The striped hyena hides in caves, niches, pits, dense thickets, reeds and plume grass during the day to shelter from predators, heat or winter cold. The size and elaboration of striped hyena dens varies according to location ; dens in the Karakum have entrances 0.67–0.72 m wide and are extended over a distance of 4.15–5 m, with no lateral extensions or special chambers. In contrast, hyena dens in Israel are much more elaborate and large, exceeding 27 m in length.[26][28]
The striped hyena is primarily a scavenger which feeds mainly on ungulate carcasses in different stages of decomposition, fresh bones, cartilages, ligaments and bone marrow. It crushes long bones into fine particles and swallows them, though sometimes entire bones are eaten whole.[29] The striped hyena is not a fussy eater, though it has an aversion to vulture flesh.[30] It will occasionally attack and kill any animal it can overcome.[11] It hunts prey by running it down, grabbing its flanks or groin and inflicting mortal wounds by tearing out the viscera.[31] In Turkmenistan, the species is recorded to feed on wild boar, kulan, porcupines and tortoises. A seasonal abundance of oil willow fruits is an important food source in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, while in the Caucasuses, it is grasshoppers.[29] In Israel, the striped hyena feeds on garbage, carrion and fruits. In eastern Jordan, its main sources of food are feral horse and water buffalo carcasses and village refuse. It has been suggested that only the large hyenas of the Middle East, Asia minor, central Asia and the Indian subcontinent attack large prey, with no evidence of their smaller Arabian and east African cousins doing so.[7] Because of its scavenging diet, the striped hyena requires more water to survive than most other carnivores.[29] When eating, the striped hyena gorges itself until satisfied, though hyenas with cubs will transport food to their dens.[30] Because of the high content of calcium in its diet, the faeces of the striped hyena becomes white very rapidly, and can be visible from long distances.[28]
Relationships with other predators[edit]
The striped hyena competes with the gray wolf in the Middle East and central Asia. In the latter area, a great portion of the hyena's diet stems from wolf-killed carcasses. The striped hyena is dominant over the wolf on a one to one basis, though wolves in packs can displace single hyenas from carcasses.[26] Both species have been known to share dens on occasion.[32] Red foxes may compete with striped hyenas on large carcasses. Red foxes may give way to hyenas on unopened carcasses, as the latter's stronger jaws can easily tear open flesh which is too tough for foxes. Foxes may harass hyenas, using their smaller size and greater speed to avoid the hyena's attacks. Sometimes, foxes seem to deliberately torment hyenas even when there is no food at stake. Some foxes may mistime their attacks, and are killed.[33]
The species frequently scavenges from the kills of felids such as tigers, leopards, cheetahs and caracals. A caracal can drive a subadult hyena from a carcass. The hyena usually wins in one-to-one disputes over carcasses with leopards, cheetahs and tiger cubs, but is dominated by adult tigers.[11][26]
Range and population[edit]
The striped hyena's historical range encompasses Africa north of and including the Sahel zone, eastern Africa south into Tanzania, the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East up to the Mediterranean shores, Turkey, Iraq, the Caucasus (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia), Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan (excluding the higher areas of Hindukush) and the Indian Subcontinent. Today the species' distribution is patchy in most ranges, thus indicating that it occurs in many isolated populations, particularly in most of west Africa, most of the Sahara, parts of the Middle East, the Caucasus and central Asia. It does however have a continuous distribution over large areas of Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania. Its modern distribution in Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan is unknown with some sizable large number in India in open areas of Deccan Peninsula.[34]
Country | Population | Status | Threats/Protection |
Afghanistan | Unknown[35] | Data Deficient[36] | Striped hyenas are caught, either for hyena-baiting or for medicinal purposes[36] |
Algeria | 50–100[35] | Threatened[36] | Although protected by décret no. 83-509, striped hyenas are declining in Algeria due to poaching, forest fires and the disturbing of den sites[36] |
Burkina Faso | 100-1,000[35] | Data Deficient[36] | Burkina Faso's striped hyena population is low but stable, with hunting only being permitted outside national parks and in retaliation to livestock losses[36] |
Cameroon | 100-1,000[35] | Data Deficient[36] | Cameroon's striped hyenas are afforded no protection or special attention[36] |
Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaidjan, Georgia) | 150–200[35] | Threatened[36] | Declining in all three countries due to hunting for fur and in retaliation to attacks on humans.Other factors include habitat loss, a reduction in large herbivore populations and changes in livestock management[36] |
Chad | Unknown[35] | Data Deficient[36] | |
Egypt | 1,000–2,000[35] | Data Deficient[36] | Striped hyenas are offered no protection, and are hunted and poisoned as pests. There is also a reduced availability of animal carcasses for them to feed on[36] |
Ethiopia, Djibouti, Eritrea | Unknown[35] | Lower Risk in Ethiopia and Data Deficient in Eritrea, with no records in Djibouti[36] | Ethiopian hyenas are specially protected under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife Conservation Amendment Regulations (1974), though they may be hunted under special permit for EtBirr 40 (equivalent to US$20) for science, education or zoology[36] |
India | 1,000–3,000[35] | Data Deficient[36] | Although India's hyenas are protected, this is given only within conservation areas, and the population is in decline due to poaching, competition with leopards over shelter and diminishing food stocks[36] |
Iran | Unknown[35] | Data Deficient[36] | Striped hyenas are protected by law[36] |
Iraq | 100-1,000[35] | Threatened[36] | Iraqi hyena populations are decreasing, though wildlife laws regulate their hunting[36] |
Israel | 100–170[35] | Threatened[36] | Although hyenas have largely recovered from the strychnine poisoning campaigns of 1918–1948, and are protected by law, the current nature reserves housing them may be too small to ensure viable populations. Road accidents are their most serious threat[36] |
Jordan | Unknown[35] | Threatened[36] | Hyenas are actively hunted, as they are considered threats to human life[36] |
Kenya | 1,000–2,000[35] | Lower Risk[36] | Striped hyenas are likely to decrease in Kenya because of accelerated habitat destruction and poaching[36] |
Kuwait | 0[35] | Probably extinct[36] | |
Lebanon | Unknown[35] | Data Deficient[36] | |
Libya | Unknown[35] | Data Deficient[36] | |
Mali | Unknown[35] | Data Deficient[36] | |
Mauritiana | Unknown[35] | Data Deficient[36] | |
Morocco | 50–500[35] | Threatened[36] | Though protected by law, the hyena population is in drastic decline, with the remaining individuals now having withdrawn to the southern mountains[36] |
Nepal | 10–50[35] | Data Deficient[36] | Although a small population of hyenas is confirmed, it is not considered a priority for protection by the government[36] |
Niger | 100–500[35] | Threatened[36] | Declining due to officially sanctioned hunting and persecution campaigns, as well as habitat loss and overgrazing[36] |
Nigeria | Unknown[35] | Threatened[36] | |
Oman | 100-1,000[35] | Threatened[36] | Although not protected, striped hyenas are not officially persecuted, and are considered useful scavengers[36] |
Pakistan | Unknown[35] | Data Deficient[36] | |
Saudi Arabia | 100-1,000[35] | Threatened[36] | Though not officially persecuted, Arabian hyenas are not offered protection, and are severely poached[36] |
Senegal | 50–100[35] | Threatened[36] | |
Somalia | Unknown[35] | Data Deficient[36] | |
Sudan | Unknown[35] | Data Deficient[36] | |
Syria | Unknown[35] | Data Deficient[36] | |
Tajikistan | Unknown[35] | Threatened[36] | |
Tanzania | Unknown[35] | Data Deficient[36] | Striped hyenas can be hunted, though they are not usually a target species. Road accidents are the most frequently recorded cause of mortality[36] |
Tunisia | Unknown[35] | Data Deficient[36] | |
Turkey | Small isolated populations[37] | Threatened[38][39][40] | |
Turkmenistan | 100–500[35] | Threatened[36] | Declining from hunting, though listed in the Red Data Book of Turkmenia[36] |
United Arab Emirates | 0[35] | Probably extinct[36] | |
Uzbekistan | 25–100[35] | Threatened[36] | Striped hyena populations have declined over decades from active hunting and habitat loss, though they are listed in the Red Data Book of Uzbekistan and are protected[36] |
Western Sahara | Unknown[35] | Data Deficient[36] | |
Yemen | Unknown[35] | Data Deficient[36] |
Relationships with humans[edit]
In folklore and mythology[edit]
Striped hyenas are frequently referenced in Middle Eastern literature and folklore, typically as symbols of treachery and stupidity.[41] In the Near and Middle East, striped hyenas are generally regarded as physical incarnations of jinns.[12] Arab writer Al-Quazweeni (1204–1283) spoke of a tribe of people called Al-Dabeyoun meaning "hyena people". In his book Aajeb Al-Makhlouqat he wrote that should one of this tribe be in a group of 1000 people, a hyena could pick him out and eat him.[41] A Persian medical treatise written in 1376 tells how to cure cannibalistic people known as kaftar, who are said to be "half-man, half-hyena".[12] Al-Doumairy in his writings in Hawayan Al-Koubra (1406) wrote that striped hyenas were vampiric creatures that attacked people at night and sucked the blood from their necks. He also wrote that hyenas only attacked brave people. Arab folklore tells of how hyenas can mesmerise victims with their eyes or sometimes with their pheromones.[41] In a similar vein to Al-Doumairy, the Greeks, until the end of the 19th century, believed that the bodies of werewolves, if not destroyed, would haunt battlefields as vampiric hyenas which drank the blood of dying soldiers.[42] The image of striped hyenas in Afghanistan, India and Palestine is more varied. Though feared, striped hyenas were also symbolic for love and fertility, leading to numerous varieties of love medicine derived from hyena body parts. Among the Baluch and in northern India, witches or magicians are said to ride striped hyenas at night.[12]
The Arab word for striped hyenas, dhubba, is alluded in a valley in Israel known as Shaqq-ud-Diba (meaning "cleft of the hyenas") and Wadi-Abu-Diba (meaning "valley of the hyenas"). Both places have been interpreted by some scholars as being the Biblical Valley of Zeboim mentioned in 1 Samuel 13:18. The Hebrew word for hyena is tzebua or zevoa, which literally means "howling creature". Though the Authorized King James Version of the Bible interprets this word (which appears in Jeremiah 12:9) as referring to a "speckled bird", Henry Baker Tristram argued that it was most likely a hyena being mentioned.[13]
In gnostic thought, the Archon Astaphaios is depicted with a hyena face.[43]
Livestock and crop predation[edit]
The striped hyena is sometimes implicated in the killing of livestock, particularly goats, sheep, dogs and poultry. Larger stock is sometimes reportedly taken, though it is possible that these are cases of scavenging mistaken for actual predation. Although most attacks occur at low densities, a substantial number reputedly occur in Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Iraq, and possibly Morocco. In Turkmenistan, they kill dogs, while they kill dogs, sheep and other small animals in the Caucasus. Striped hyenas were recorded to kill horses and donkeys in 1950s Iraq. Dogs, sheep and goats are occasionally at risk in Africa. Sheep and goats are also preyed upon in North Africa, Israel, Iran, Pakistan, and India, donkeys in North Africa, Israel, Iran, Pakistan, and India, horses in Iran and dogs in India.[44]
Striped hyenas also cause damage on occasion to melon fields and to date palms in date plantations in Israel and Egypt, and to water and honey melon plantations in Turkmenistan.[44]
Attacks on humans and grave desecration[edit]
In ordinary circumstances, striped hyenas are extremely timid around humans, though they may show bold behaviours toward people at night.[10] On rare occasions, striped hyenas have preyed on humans. In the 1880s, a hyena was reported to have attacked humans, especially sleeping children, over a three-year period in the Erivan Governorate, with 25 children and 3 adults being wounded in one year. The attacks provoked local authorities into announcing a reward of 100 rubles for every hyena killed. Further attacks were reported later in some parts of Transcaucasia, particularly in 1908. Instances are known in Azerbaijan of striped hyenas killing children sleeping in courtyards during the 1930s and 1940s. In 1942, a sleeping guard was mauled in his hut by a hyena in Golyndzhakh. Cases of children being taken by hyenas by night are known in southeast Turkmenia's Bathyz Nature Reserve. A further attack on a child was reported around Serakhs in 1948.[8] Several attacks have occurred in India ; in 1962, nine children were thought to have been taken by hyenas in the town of Bhagalpur in the Bihar State in a six-week period[13] and 19 children up to the age of four were killed by hyenas in Karnataka, Bihar in 1974.[45] A census on wild animal attacks during a five-year period in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh showed that hyenas had only attacked three people, the lowest figure when compared to deaths caused by wolves, gaur, boar, elephants, tigers, leopards and sloth bears.[46]
Though attacks on live humans are rare, striped hyenas will scavenge on human corpses. In Turkey, stones are placed on graves to stop hyenas digging the bodies out. In World War I, the Turks imposed conscription (safar barlek) on mount Lebanon. People escaping from the conscription fled north, where many died and were subsequently eaten by hyenas.[41]
Striped hyenas were hunted by Ancient Egyptian peasants for duty and amusement along with other animals that were a threat to crops and livestock.[47] Algerian hunters historically considered the killing of striped hyenas as beneath their dignity, due to the animal's reputation for cowardice.[48] A similar attitude was held by British sportsmen in British India.[11] Although striped hyenas are capable of quickly killing a dog with a single bite,[32] they usually feign death when escape from hunting dogs is impossible, and will remain in this state for long periods, even when badly bitten.[23] On some rare occasions, hyenas were ridden down and speared by men on horseback. Although hyenas were generally not fast enough to outrun horses, they had the habit of doubling and turning frequently during chases, thus ensuring long pursuits. Generally though, hyenas were hunted more as pests than sporting quarries; their scavenging damages skulls, skins and other articles from hunter's camps, which made them unpopular among sportsmen.[49] In the Soviet Union, hyena hunting was not specially organised. Most hyenas were caught incidentally in traps meant for other animals.[50] Some hunters in southern Punjab, Kandahar and Quetta, catch striped hyenas to use them in hyena-baiting. The hyenas are pitted against specially trained dogs, and are restrained with ropes in order to pull them away from the dogs if necessary.[12] In Kandahar, hunters locally called payloch (naked foot) hunt striped hyenas by entering their dens naked with a noose in hand. When the hyena is cornered at the end of its lair, the hunter murmurs the magic formula "turn into dust, turn into stone," which causes the animal to enter a hypnotic state of total submission, by which point the hunter can slip a noose over its forelegs and, finally, drag it out of the cave.[12] A similar method was once practised by Mesopotamian Arab hunters, who would enter hyena dens and "flatter" the animal, which they believed could understand Arabic. The hunter would murmur "You are very nice and pretty and quite like a lion ; indeed, you are a lion". The hyena would then allow the hunter to place a noose around its neck and pose no resistance on being dragged out of its lair.[48]
The fur is coarse and sparse pelage, with the few skins sold by hunters often being marketed as poor quality dog or wolf fur. Hyena skins were however once used in preparing chamois leather. The selling price of hyena pelts in the Soviet Union ranged from 45 kopeks to 1 ruble, 80 kopeks.[50]
Striped hyenas as food[edit]
A mural depicted on Mereruka's tomb in Sakkara indicates that Old Kingdom Egyptians forcefed hyenas in order to fatten them up for food, though certain scholars have argued that the depicted animals were really aardwolves. Striped hyenas are still eaten by Egyptian peasants, Arabian Bedouins, Palestinian laborers, Sinai Bedouins and Tuaregs.[47] In the Muslim regions of Sistan, Kohat, Bannu, and Cholistan, striped hyena meat is considered halal under the Shafiite school, and can therefore be consumed. This represents an exception to the rule that predatory animals are not to be eaten, due to their being haraam. This stems from the fact that the striped hyena is an omnivore, rather than a purely carnivorous animal. Among the Bedouin of Arabia, the striped hyena is permitted for human consumption, though hyena meat is generally considered more as a medicine than as food.[12]
Striped hyenas in folk magic[edit]
The Ancient Greeks and Romans believed the blood, excrement, rectum, genitalia, eyes, tongue, hair, skin, and fat, as well as the ash of different parts of the striped hyena's body, were effective means to ward off evil and to ensure love and fertility. The Greeks and Romans believed that the genitalia of a hyena "would hold a couple peaceably together" and that a hyena anus worn as an amulet on the upper arm would make its male possessor irresistible to women. In West and South Asia, hyena body parts apparently play an important role in love magic and in the making of amulets. In Iranian folklore, it is mentioned that a stone found in the hyenas body can serve as a charm of protection for whoever wears it on his upper arm. In the Pakistani province of Sindh, the local Muslims place the tooth of a striped hyena over churns in order not to lose the milk's baraka. In Iran, a dried striped hyena pelt is considered a potent charm which forces all to succumb to the possessors attraction. In Afghanistan and Pakistan striped hyena hair is used either in love magic or as a charm in sickness. Hyena blood has been held in high regard in northern India as potent medicine, and the eating of the tongue helps fight tumors. In the Khyber area, burned striped hyena fat is applied to a man's genitals or sometimes taken orally to ensure virility, while in India the fat serves as a cure for rheumatism. In Afghanistan, some mullahs wear the vulva (kus) of a female striped hyena wrapped in silk under their armpits for a week. If a man peers through the vulva at the woman of his desire, he will invariably get hold of her. This has led to the proverbial expression in Dari of kus-e kaftar bay, as well as in Pashto of kus-e kaftar which literally mean "it happens as smoothly as if you would look through the vulva of a female striped hyena". In the North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan, the Pakhtun keep the vulva in vermilion powder, itself having aphrodesic connotations. The rectum of a freshly killed striped hyena is likewise used by homosexuals and bisexuals to attract young men. This has led to the expression "to possess the anus of a [striped] hyena" which denotes somebody who is attractive and has many lovers. A striped hyena's penis kept in a small box filled with vermilion powder can be used for the same reasons.[12]
The striped hyena is easily tamed and can be fully trained, particularly when young. Although the Ancient Egyptians did not consider striped hyenas sacred, they supposedly tamed them for use in hunting. When raised with a firm hand, they may eventually become affectionate and as amenable as well trained dogs,[47][51] though they emit a strong odour which no amount of bathing will cover.[52] Although they kill dogs in the wild, striped hyenas raised in captivity can form bonds with them.[23]
- ^ a b Arumugam, R., Wagner, A. & Mills, G. (2008). Hyaena hyaena. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 22 March 2009. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of near threatened
- ^ Linnæus, Carl (1758). Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I (in Latin) (10 ed.). Holmiæ (Stockholm): Laurentius Salvius. p. 40. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
- ^ a b Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). "Hyaena hyaena". Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b Kurtén 1968, pp. 66–68
- ^ a b c Rosevear 1974, p. 348
- ^ a b Heptner & Sludskii 1992, p. 16
- ^ a b c Mills & Hofer 1998, p. 22
- ^ a b Heptner & Sludskii 1992, p. 46
- ^ a b c Heptner & Sludskii 1992, pp. 40–42
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