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Significance and Use
4.1 It cannot be assumed that this test method measures the true shear strength of the adhesive bond. Many factors interfere or bias the measurement including the strength of the wood, the specimen, the shear tool designs themselves, and the rate of loading.
4.1.1 Wood failure is very common in joints made with strong adhesives. Although high wood failure is normally desired, when it occurs the measured strength is lower than the true adhesive bond strength.
4.1.2 Stress concentrations at the notches of the specimen tend to lower the measured strength. In a similar test for the shear strength of solid wood, Test Methods D143, these effects are self correcting so that the measured strength is close to the true shear strength of the wood. By analogy the same may be true in this test method, however, other factors are also involved and may alter the relationship.
4.1.3 The rate of loading affects the strength of an adhesive bond according to the adhesive's rheological properties. The more viscoelastic or plastic the adhesive, the greater effect. Thermosetting adhesives like urea- and phenol-formaldehyde are elastic. Their bond strengths can be measured over a range of loading rate from 0.038 to 1.27 cm/min [0.015 to 0.5 in./min] with no apparent affect. Thermoplastic adhesives like polyvinyl acetate, hot melts, and elastomer-based adhesives exhibit a broad range of elastic, viscoelastic, and plastic behaviors. Their bond strengths will be affected to varying degrees by changing the loading rate. Generally, increasing the rate, increases the measured strength.
4.2 This test method is suitable for product research and development, qualifying adhesives in accordance with certain product or performance specifications, and monitoring bonding process control. This test method may be suitable for comparing and selecting adhesives, however, such comparisons must be made with caution since the measured strength of some adhesives may be different in different types of joints. Strength values obtained by this test method are not suitable as design shear strengths values without adjustment by certain engineering design factors.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the comparative shear strengths of adhesive bonds used for bonding wood and other similar materials, when tested on a standard specimen under specified conditions of preparation, conditioning, and loading in compression. This test method is intended primarily as an evaluation of adhesives for wood.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in brackets are provided for information purposes only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.
ASTM Standards
D143 Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of Timber
D907 Terminology of Adhesives
D5266 Practice for Estimating the Percentage of Wood Failure in Adhesive Bonded Joints
ICS Code
ICS Number Code 83.180 (Adhesives)
UNSPSC Code
UNSPSC Code 31201601(Chemical adhesives)
ASTM International is a member of CrossRef.
Citation Format
ASTM D905-08(2013), Standard Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesive Bonds in Shear by Compression Loading, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2013, www.astm.org
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Preparing for a C-Section Video
One mother talks about her feelings as she is taken to the operating theatre for a C-Section and is given a spinal block.
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Mark Zuckerberg Kicked Off 2015 by Starting a Massive Book Club
It's called "A Year of Books."
READ MORE »It's called "A Year of Books."
READ MORE »He puts his pants on one leg at a time, too; he just doesn't care about which style.
READ MORE »That was close.
READ MORE »The tech pundits battle it out over Zuckerberg's latest buy.
READ MORE »Mark Zuckerberg just made these guys very rich.
READ MORE »The latest Mark Zuckerberg splurge is a mobile messaging app that's very popular internationally.
READ MORE »China says it's allowing Facebook into a small area of Shanghai. But is it for real?
READ MORE »He's announced a plan to help lower the cost of Internet access.
READ MORE »Not even geek chic, just chic.
READ MORE »Dorsey's former intern made him sad.
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READ MORE »How do tech titans vote?
READ MORE »It's called "graph search."
READ MORE »A judge agreed with the need for transparency.
READ MORE »Carbs and things you might like to grill from a Fortune 500 bunch.
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READ MORE »The boy billionaire got his groove back.
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About Paul Davis
Paul Lavon Davis (April 21, 1948 - April 22, 2008) was an American singer and songwriter, best known for his radio hits and solo career which started worldwide in 1970. His career encompassed soul, country, and pop music. Typically, the slower the tempo of a Davis record, the longer it took to reach its peak position. His most successful songs are 1977's "I Go Crazy", a #7 pop hit which once held the record for the longest chart run on the Billboard Hot 100, and 1982's "'65 Love Affair", which at #6 is his highest-charting single. In the mid-1980s, he also had two country #1 hits as a guest vocalist on songs by Marie Osmond and Tanya Tucker. Career: Davis was a member of a local group called the Six Soul Survivors around 1966 and later in another group called the Endless Chain. In 1968 he was a writer for Malaco Records, based in Jackson, Mississippi. Ilene Berns, widow of Bert Berns, signed Davis to Bang Records in 1969, and in 1970, released a cover version of The Jarmels' hit song "A Little Bit of Soap", reaching No. 52 on the Billboard pop charts. His first album, A Little Bit of Paul Davis, was released in 1970. In 1974, he recorded his third album, Ride 'Em Cowboy, and the title track, his first top 40 single, peaked at No. 23 on 18 January 1975. The same song also became a Top 40 Country hit for Juice Newton in 1984. Davis also reached No. 35 with "Superstar", a tribute song not related to any of the 1971 hits by that name, on 25 September 1976. Davis had his first American Top 10 single with the ballad "I Go Crazy," which after 28 weeks on the Hot 100 peaked at No. 7 on 18 March - 1 April 1978. "I Go Crazy" spent 40 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100, which at the time set the single-song record for most weeks, consecutive or not, on that chart. The follow-up, "Sweet Life", also did well, peaking at No. 4 on the Adult Contemporary chart and No. 17 on the Pop chart. The corresponding album Singer of Songs - Teller of Tales was a modest success, peaking at No. 82 on the Billboard pop album chart. Davis peaked at No. 23 with the gospel-tinged "Do Right" on 17 May 1980. He was the last artist active on the Bang Records label when it folded in 1981. After one more album on the Bang label, Davis signed with Arista Records in 1981 and scored two more Top 15 singles, "Cool Night" (which in January 1982 reached No. 11 on the Hot 100 and No. 2 on the Adult Contemporary chart) and "'65 Love Affair" (a major Top 10 hit on both Pop and Adult Contemporary charts). His Arista debut album spawned a third hit with Davis' remake of "Love or Let Me Be Lonely". The single contained a third verse of music which was not included on the album version, and despite its top 40 and AC success, this single version had never been reissued on any CD including the various Davis anthologies that have been released on CD, until Wounded Bird reissued the Best of Paul Davis compilation in 2011. Davis retired from making records for a time, except for two duet singles that went to No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles charts. The first was in 1986 with Marie Osmond singing "You're Still New to Me" while the second, in 1988, was a collaboration with Tanya Tucker and Paul Overstreet singing "I Won't Take Less Than Your Love". Davis also wrote "Meet Me in Montana," which his friend Dan Seals and Osmond took to No. 1 on the Billboard Country chart in 1985, and "Bop", a solo No. 1 Country hit for Seals in early 1986. Davis recorded a duet with Marsha Morgan called "Looking for a Light" which was well received regionally in the southeast. Davis was not touring at the time and it was generally thought that had he been touring and still supported by a record label the song could have been a national hit. Before his death on April 22, 2008 (one day after his 60th birthday), Davis had returned to singing and songwriting by recording two songs, "You Ain't Sweet Enough" and "Today." To date these have not been released. Through the years, Davis was heavily influenced by technology. He owned numerous synthesizers and spent a great majority of his spare time at his home composing music that he hoped would be used for inclusion of future films. Additionally, Davis was very versatile with sampling and using the Synclavier and Fairlight CMI. Personal life: Davis survived a shooting in Nashville, Tennessee on July 29, 1986. He was leaving a hotel on Music Row with a female companion when an unidentified man walked up, demanded his wallet, and shot him in the abdomen. Davis died from a heart attack at the Rush Foundation Hospital in Meridian, Mississippi. Country music singer Charly McClain's song, "Best That Never Was", was specially written and dedicated to Davis on her 1983 album Paradise. Davis was an avid golfer. Davis' father was a preacher. Davis was also an avid billiard enthusiast. As a member of Music City Amateur Billiard Tour in Nashville, he was competitive in the late 1990s.
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Clinical trials can be time-consuming, expensive and intrusive, but they are also necessary. Researchers at the University of Tennessee Space Institute in Tullahoma have developed an invention that makes clinical trials more efficient by moving them into the virtual world.
Called "digital Eye Bank," the computer software eye modeling program includes data from people's eyes for researchers to use when testing their inventions. Developed by Ying-Ling Chen, research assistant professor of physics and Jim Lewis, professor emeritus in physics, Eye Bank can take data from eyes of patients' and build it into models from the commercial optics program to be used for researchers' virtual clinical trials.
A video about the invention can be viewed by visiting http://bit.ly/Osuxia.
"The idea of Eye Bank is to use existing clinical data and build in realistic and personalized eye models stored in a ready-to-use tool kit like a group of volunteers," said Chen. "Then we can call on any specific eye to test a newly designed optical instrument on the computer and see what kind of performance the design gets. This testing can be done repeatedly without hurting real human subjects."
Currently 35 eyes with various demographics and conditions from Wang Vision Center in Nashville are included in Eye Bank. This variety, combined with the researchers' control of conditions, may allow results of testers' finished product to be more refined before advancing to the real clinical trial phase, which is administered by a third-party.
"Being able to mathematically and computationally describe the visual response of normal and abnormal eyes and sub-groups of the population allows for optimal results of designing the technology," said Chen.
In most clinical trials used today, the types and conditions of eyes that are studied are not as varied as desired because it is difficult and expen
Contact: Whitney Heins firstname.lastname@example.com 865-974-5460 University of Tennessee at Knoxville Source:Eurekalert |


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ACIM Podcasts
{acimaudio LS-2008-07-29-ACIM-Gather.MP3 }
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Topic: What if there were no bodies? Teaching: Awakenings - What if there were no bodies? Host: Larry Seyer Class: http://www.acimgather.org Copyright: © A Course in Miracles |
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An Online Almanac for Journalists and Filmmakers
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As the refuge system prepares to celebrate its centennial anniversary on March 14, 2003, refuges from Maine to Hawaii and Alaska to the Caribbean are gearing up--hosting special events, partnering with conservation organizations and private corporations, bolstering volunteerism and reinforcing public support for their wildlife conservation mission.
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Deg Mouthpiece Shank Repair Tool
Mouthpiece Trueing Tool Designed for quick and easy repair of any damaged brasswind mouthpiece shank, our repair tool removes dents in all mouthpieces from French horn to tuba. Tool is machined from stainless steel and features rubber coated T handle for comfortable grip. Durable and compact-a must for all repair technicians or band directors.


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Ann Thomas has thirty years of experience in bank accounting and control. She received a BA in Accounting from the University of Houston in 1982. From 1982 through 1997 she worked with Judith Alexander Jenkins, as Alexander & Associates and subsequently Alexander & Leavelle, providing planning, financial reporting, regulatory reporting, and operational and compliance auditing services to over ninety independent banks.
In 1998, she organized Thomas Consulting. At Thomas Consulting she now prepares bank plans, monthly financial reports, performs regulatory compliance audits and training and internal control audits for several banks. Additionally, she prepares and reviews Call Reports for several banks. Ms. Thomas has taught numerous call report seminars for state banking associations.
She has presented the Call Report Seminar to and has responded to questions from thousands of bankers in over 16 states. Her experience in working with a broad range of independent financial institutions is of unique value in understanding Call Report questions and in communicating with bankers in their language.
This 4 part webinar series will be held on March 5, 12, 19, and 26 from 11am-1pm ET.
This four part webinar is designed for bankers who are new to call report preparation and also OTS bankers who will have to file a Call Report starting in 2012. The series will cover recent changes to the Call Report, basic reporting requirements, schedules that can be prepared using the general ledger and investment reports, loan schedules, maturity and repricing, and risk based capital. There will be exercises designed to reinforce the classification of balance sheet and income statement items, as well as classification requirements for loans.
The first webinar will review the proposed changes to the Call Report, which primarily affect the lending side of the call report. General reporting requirements will also be reviewed, including consolidation rules, filing deadlines, procedures, and call report resources. Finally, the income statement schedules, RI and RI-E, which can be prepared using the general ledger, will be covered. At the end of the session an exercise on the income statement classifications will be provided.
The second webinar will cover the reporting requirements for the balance sheet schedules that can be prepared using the bank's general ledger and investment reports, including RC, RC-B, RC-E, RC-F, RC-G, RC-K, parts of RC-M, and RC-O. An exercise on the balance sheet and income statement schedules will be provided.
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The final webinar will cover interest rate risk reporting, risk based capital, and the remaining call report schedules, RC-Q, RC-S, RC-T, RC-U, and RC-V.
This series is designed for bankers who have a year or less experience in call report preparation experience as well as bankers currently in an OTS supervised financial institution who will be converting to the call report in 2012.
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Texans Talk Football talk only please. Keep it to the game, the players, the coaches and management. |
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01-12-2008 | #21 | |
Hall of Fame
Join Date: May 2004
Location: Katy, Texas
Age: 59
Posts: 6,644
Rep Power: 142
Re: Gibbs and the O-line
Baker is an option. He is not prototypical, but he'll work. What I'm thinking is that if they play it right they can have two holes banged with the one and the three. I think you give the new guy his guy. Whether that is in the first round or not I dunno. I don't like taking FS in the first out of hand. You save that roster spot for a corner whos on the back side of his career. Bennit is going to make a prety fair free safty six or seven years down the road.
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01-12-2008 | #22 |
All Pro
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Re: Gibbs and the O-line
Yep Gibbs will make a big difference and we only gave up 22 sacks last year he will definately help our running game and they said it was more so on the runnning backs so we will need to draft a good running back and possibly bring in another free agents running back. Ahman Green is a huge liability and Ron Dayne is only a 3rd string back at best.
01-13-2008 | #23 | |
Hey Koolaid
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Re: Gibbs and the O-line
Guys like Gibbs and Forrest Greg will tell players ... if your not willing to chop block ... I'll find someone who is . That's where the tough / nasty attitude comes in . That's why he can get a 6th round pick who will do anything to stay in the league and make him a player . The byproduct is ... a DB may think twice before he jacks up your QB .
I wanted to write something big . Round Dan |
01-13-2008 | #24 |
Hey Koolaid
Join Date: Jan 2005
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Re: Gibbs and the O-line
Falcons | Forney complains about ex-coach's rules Sat, 14 Apr 2007 09:39:25 -0700 Steve Wyche, of The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, reports Atlanta Falcons OG Kynan Forney was critical of former offensive line coach Alex Gibbs' policy of making offensive lineman weigh less than 300 pounds. Forney said the rule resulted in some players drastically cutting weight a night or two before weekly weigh-ins. "Everybody's glad that you don't have to be sitting around and stressing about starving yourself all week to make some weigh-in on Friday morning because somebody likes the way it looks on paper. They would tell you that you have to weigh 295 [pounds] so you'd be sitting up Wednesday and Thursday night starving sometimes. Sometimes you've got 330-pound, 340-pound [defensive tackles] across from you and as the season goes on, that can weigh on you. You had different guys starving themselves. That's crazy to me. We're not naturally sleek and lean. We were made to be sleeker and leaner," Forney said. Forney added that nobody raised issue because the Gibbs-taught zone-blocking scheme resulted in the Falcons leading the league in rushing for three consecutive seasons.
I wanted to write something big . Round Dan |
01-13-2008 | #25 | |
Join Date: Jul 2007
Age: 34
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Re: Gibbs and the O-line
Here's to a season where we piss off Albert Haynesworth, rather than the other way around! |
01-13-2008 | #26 |
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Join Date: Apr 2007
Age: 32
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Re: Gibbs and the O-line
Played O-Line in a ZBS in high school and loved it. Though, it is pretty much a bunch of cheapshots put together, and you are making more than a conscious effort to intentionally hurt opposing player, which a lot of guys have problems with.
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Before having triplets in 2003, Amy went to graduate school, had a career, read voraciously, and traveled through three continents, but she doesn't remember any of it. She currently spends her time chasing after her triplet daughters, creating in her studio, and trying to think of clever Facebook status updates. She is in her third year of a picture-a-day project and can't imagine stopping any time soon.
According to its website, the Avon Heritage Duct Tape Festival "celebrates duct tape, its enthusiasts and its wacky and fun uses." The festival takes place in the Duct Tape Capital of the World, Avon, Ohio—the home of Duck brand duct... READ ON
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Winnipeg Free Press - PRINT EDITION
'Educated, devoted' reply to 'arrogant, uninformed' letter
Mr. Lehmann, the DED Program employs a number of university graduates whose degrees run the gamut from forest ecology and biochemistry, to law and engineering. This disparity in education orientation is overcome by a superior on-the-job training program which ensures that new employees gain the ability to easily discern deciduous (elm) from coniferous (tamarack) piles of firewood. The pairing of experienced employees with new hires maintains the integrity of field training, while explaining why there were four people in the truck that you saw at the beginning of our season. Please do keep in mind that the City of Winnipeg's urban forestry department does not have an infinite budget which would allow a truck for every employee, and that one truck per employee would not be environmentally responsible in the least.
Further, the storing of elm firewood is a major contributor to the transmission of Dutch elm disease. We hand out hundreds of firewood notices to citizens every season.
Your arrogant, uninformed and condescending letter obviously attempts to undermine a program which continues to receive a great deal of positive feedback from the public on its proactive and pioneering approach to Dutch elm disease control. On behalf of your educated, passionate and devoted municipal employees, we of the DED control crew are extremely proud of what we do. And if you think we don't work hard enough, Mr. Lehmann, we'd be pleased to have you come along for riverbank surveillance in August.
Dana Tucker
City of Winnipeg
Urban Forestry Dept.
Republished from the Winnipeg Free Press print edition June 27, 2009 A17
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Gibraltar is located at the entrance of the Mediterranean. It is connected to the Spanish mainland by a sandy isthmus, and by ferry to Morocco. The subject of repeated conquest and sieges, Gibraltar has been a British Territory since 1704. It was ceded under the Treaty of Utrecht. Since 1973 it is part of the European Union under the British accession. The legal system is based on English common law with comparable business formation types, the private company limited by shares, private company limited by guarantee, general and limited partnerships, sole proprietor, Foundations and Trusts and there are offshore entities: the Exempt Company, the Qualifying Company and the Gibraltar1992 Holding Company.
Advantages of the Gibraltar Offshore Business Formation
Gibraltar is an attractive offshore location for investment fund management, trust management, shipping, and investment holding companies because of its established cost and tax-effective base. There are no income or capital gains taxes and no exchange controls. Branches of foreign companies in Gibraltar can apply for special exempt tax status. A company can be incorporated within five days. Offshore Formation Formalities Offshore formations can take several types. Exempt Private Companies, which can be resident or non-resident in Gibraltar and are used for the avoidance of tax. The only liability is a yearly registration fee. Branches of Foreign incorporated companies which are created to allow dividend payments to be deferred from one EU member state to another without any withholding taxes. Qualifying Companies that pay income tax on profits at a rate form 0%-35%. Non Resident Companies that are liable for tax in income arising or receive through local agents and Trusts. The Exempt Company is the most popular offshore vehicle in Gibraltar and is generally used for holding bank accounts and investments (since capital and interest earned is tax-free); yacht/ship and property ownership; the management of ships and cargo; for operating businesses; invoicing so that payments received in Gibraltar are tax-free; re-invoicing so that tax liabilities in other jurisdictions are minimised and for the holding of family assets using trust structures. To qualify for tax exempt status the company must adhere to certain stipulations:
Trust management, particularly for wealthy UK individuals, has been a traditional business for Gibraltar. Gibraltar has a well-developed legal and financial infrastructure for trust management. With a large established base of trusts, and a growing reliance on corporate work, the volume of trust litigation is becoming significant. Trust income is exempt from tax. Under the Income Tax Interest, income received from a Gibraltar bank is normally exempt from taxation Trustees are required to be licensed by the Financial Services Commission. Taxation Gibraltar is one of the cheapest European offshore jurisdictions and one of the first of the British dependent territories to develop tax-exempt corporate forms for offshore business. It has quite high internal income taxes, but offers low-tax regimes to both companies. Exempt Companies are exempted from all taxes; Qualifying Companies are liable for tax on worldwide income at rates between 2% and 35% and 1992 Holding Companies subject to 35% tax on profits but the liability to withholding taxes on distributed dividends is limited to no more than 1 %. Banking The banking sector is well established in Gibraltar in both the offshore and local market with assets in the vicinity of G£6.5 billion. The advantages of offshore banking in Gibraltar include its attractive tax status, the lack of exchange controls, excellent communications, stable government, and EU membership. Much of the banking activity in Gibraltar is directed to asset management for high-net-worth individuals, not least because Gibraltar has tried hard to attract such people with special tax regimes. Employment law Gibraltar's employment legislation largely mirrors that of the UK. there is legislation which permits statutory determination of wage levels in the event of an impasse between management and workers. The statutory minimum of holidays is 2 weeks, rising to 3 weeks after 5 years, in addition to public holidays. There are also Industrial Tribunals to deal with cases of unfair dismissals Businesses in Gibraltar are required to register their and their employees' details with the Employment and Training Board - details of the business within 3 months of commencement, and details of employees within 14 days of engagement. Job vacancies must also be notified to the Board, since it administers the work permit system. This is no mere bureaucratic form-filling exercise: the Board's stamped and signed Notice of Terms of Engagement is needed for an employee to obtain a Registration Card from the Immigration Department, or a Social Insurance Card from the Department of Labour and Social Security. An employer pays G£26 per employee per annum to the Board's Employers' Insolvency Fund, which compensates the employees of insolvent enterprises for unpaid wages, etc. Social security contributions are compulsory for employed persons, but voluntary for the self-employed. There is a normal range of benefits, but access to them is tied to contribution record in many cases. Insurance contributions are payable at a standard flat rate for each week of employment. The standard rate is £42.69, of which £18.87 is paid by the insured person and £23.82 is paid by the employer. As Gibraltar is part of the EU, EU nationals have the right of free movement of labour and should have no difficulty in obtaining a resident's card.
Geography, People, and Culture The population estimated at July 2004 was 27,833. The climate is Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers. The terrain narrow coastal lowland borders the Rock of Gibraltar. The ethnic groups are Spanish, Italian, English, Maltese, and Portuguese. English is the official language, but more commonly spoken is what sounds to an outsider like perfect Andalucian Spanish. It is in fact llanito, an Andalucían dialect with borrowed words that reflect its diverse origins. Immigration and Residency Nationals of EU member states have the right to enter, live and work in Gibraltar. Initially a six-month visa is given, and then a 5-year renewable residence permit, provided that they have found suitable employment or have started a business. Work permits cannot be denied to EU citizens. Other nationals have to apply for residency under the Immigration Control Ordinance and permission is issued by the Governor. Government guidelines indicate that an applicant for residency must be ready and able to purchase a property of sufficient size to accommodate his dependents, must be in good health, and must have adequate financial resources. The Government looks more favourably on those applicants who purchase luxury property in Gibraltar. If Non-Gibraltarians need work permits, they are issued under the Control of Employment Ordinance. A work permit cannot be refused to an EU national. Legal and Political System Queen Elizabeth II is the Head of State and is represented in Gibraltar by the Governor and Commander-in-Chief Sir Francis Richards (since 27 May 2003). Following elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed chief minister for a four year term by the Governor A Council of Ministers is appointed from among the 15 elected members of the House of Assembly by the governor in consultation with the chief minister. The last held elections were on 27 November 2004. The current ruling party is the Gibraltar Social Democrats which received 58% of the vote. The opposition party is Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party. Economy The currency is the Gibraltar pound which is at par with the British pound. Gibraltar benefits from an extensive shipping trade, offshore banking, and its position as an international conference centre. The financial sector, tourism (almost 5 million visitors in 1998), shipping services fees, and duties on consumer goods also generate revenue. The financial sector, the shipping sector, and tourism each contribute 25%-30% of GDP. Telecommunications accounts for another 10%. In recent years, Gibraltar has seen major structural change from a public to a private sector economy, but changes in government spending still have a major impact on the level of employment. Legislation relating to offshore and non-resident business If you require more information on any particular statute please contact us. Banking (Accounts Directive) Regulations 1997 Banking (Auditors and Information) Ordinance 1997 Banking Ordinance 1992 Bankruptcy Ordinance Companies Ordinance as amended Companies (Taxation and Concessions) Ordinance Deposit Guarantee Scheme Ordinance 1997 Development Aid Ordinance Estate Duties Ordinance Financial Institutions (Prudential Supervision) Ordinance 1997 Financial Services (Accounting and Financial) Regulations Financial Services (Collective Investment Schemes) Regulations 1991 Financial Services (Conduct of Business) Regulations 1991 Financial Services Ordinance 1998 Immigration Control Ordinance Income Tax Ordinance 1984 as amended Income Tax (Allowances, Deductions and Exemptions) Rules 1992 Income Tax (Qualifying Companies) Rules 1992 Insurance Companies Ordinance 1987 Limited Partnership Ordinance as amended Partnership Act 1890 (UK) Perpetuities and Accumulations Ordinance 1986 Private Foundation Ordinance 1999 Qualifying (High Net-Worth Individuals) Rules 1992 The Registered Trust Ordinance 1999 Trust Recognition Ordinance EU Directives having direct effect in Gibraltar: Directive 78/660/EEC (The Fourth Directive) as amended Directive 83/349/EEC (The Seventh Directive) as amended Directive 83/350/EEC (sharing of confidential banking information) Second Banking Co-ordination Directive 89/646/EC (passporting)


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The hearings will take place at City Hall on Mar. 9 and 23 at 7 p.m. The dates were set at last night's city council budget and finance committee meeting.
The meetings will focus on different departments, although the exact agenda for each meeting has not been defined yet.
"We want to make sure that the public is heard on the budget and that whatever eventually comes out of the council will represent their best interests," said third ward councilman Michael Russo. "The budget is the most telling document from the administration. It tells us where the mayor's priorities are, and it's our job as council members and as members of the public to make sure that we are heard."
"I urge all residents to come to the meetings or to tune them in," he said.


text:
Additional CostsThe curricula of most degree programs in the school involve expenses not covered by tuition for the academic year. These may include the cost of summer tuition, liability insurance, books, off-campus housing, transportation, and equipment. Such costs apply to summer internships, which may be elected by students in clinical exercise science, exercise science, outdoor adventure leadership, recreation management, sport management, sport media, and therapeutic recreation.
For more information on student expenses, see "Student Information." |
A. Ozolins, Office of Creative Services, 15. July, 2005 |


text:
Drupal.org Excerpt:
Screenshots Description It syncs the node reference between two node types which have a nodereference to each other, so double editing nodes is no more needed. If one node has a reference the other node receives also a reference to the saved node if it is referenced in that node. Updates Release 6.x-4.0... [More...]
Maintainer: | domidc |
Links: | |
Categories: | Administration, Content, Content Construction Kit (CCK), Content display, Fields, Utility |


text: Vinod suryawanshi wrote:First Thank you James Boswell for your reply... When i run program, half of the jsp page is display, suppose, i have three text box with label indicating what value is in text box. When program run i get only 1 text box with there label. Other text box and label are missing from the output


text:
A 5-year-old boy went to visit his grandmother one day. Playing with his toys in her bedroom while grandma was dusting, he looked up and said, "Grandma, how come you don't have a boyfriend now that Grandpa went to heaven?" Grandma replied, "Honey, my TV is my boyfriend. I can sit in my bedroom and watch it all day long. The religious programs make me feel good and the comedies make me laugh. I'm happy with my TV as my boyfriend." Grandma turned on the TV, and the reception was terrible. She started adjusting the knobs, trying to get the pic ture i n focus. Frustrated, she started hitting the backside of the TV hoping to fix the problem. The little boy heard the doorbell ring, so he hurried to open the door, and there stood Grandma's minister. The minister said, "Hello, son, is your Grandma home?" The little boy replied, "Yeah, she's in the bedroom bangin' her boyfriend." The minister fainted.
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text:
4th Plateau
Credits & Info
- Date
- 02/27/2008
- File Info
- Song
- 4 min 18 sec
- Score
- 3.66 / 5.00
Licensing Terms
- Attribution:
- You must give credit to the artist.
- Noncommercial:
- You may not use this work for commercial purposes unless you make specific arrangements with the artist.
- Share Alike:
- If you alter, transform, or build upon this image, you may distribute the resulting creation only under a license identical to this one.
- Score:
- Rated 3.66 / 5 stars
- Plays & Downloads:
- 829 Plays | 118 Downloads
- Share Links:
- Genres:
- Electronic - Ambient
- None
Author Comments
Cool ambient piece, just experimenting with some new VST's
Rated 5 / 5 stars
He does ambient music too?!?!?!?!?!? wow... tis very well done, sir! you really are a musical genius! sure the song may get repeditive... but most ambient peices normally do. its good chill-out music. if i'm ever angry or had a bad day... i usually listen to stuff like this... cheers me up right away. good work!
Hahaha thanks mang :D
Rated 5 / 5 stars
thebeginnings a little weird but it getsbetter. good job
Haha yeah, I tried to make it glitchy and weird on purpose :D
Rated 4 / 5 stars
Nice man only the tune get's repeative very fast
The background sounds were the nicest part
The drumloop was smooth and cold like it
Good job man!
Gr. DJ Martcore
Thanks mate, I appreciate the review!


text:
On April 29, 2015, EVERY CANADIAN WILL WATCH A CANADIAN FILM! (Okay, maybe not every Canadian will – but thanks to REEL CANADA, every Canadian can.) We've got the complete list of screenings near you Atlantic Canada, plus on line and on TV options too!
Latest Reviews | Visit each province page for more
Feature Video Vignette
SABStv Production Report
Join host Stephanie Beaumont for the latest scoop on film and TV from Canada's East Coast . We'll preview what's getting set to screen, what's ready to stream and those projects just getting underway. We'll talk returning favourites, celebrate some award winners and dole out some TV Free Stuff Too.
SABStv SPRING SHOW 2015
Join host Stephanie Beaumont as SEA AND BE SCENE TV celebrates spring with everything from what to wear to garden care, floral design to home decor & more. Plus we toast to the season with a spirited recipe from The Carleton & TV Free Stuff too! Featuring Niki Jabbour, Neville MacKay, Foreign Affair & Relove Halifax
Read More »


text:
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Limited-time feature
38 year old man | Lithonia, GA, USA | Seeking women 28-42 within 5 miles
A real developing king looking for queen i am
I am a self sufficient man looking for a woman who knows what love truly is and is not afraid to let someone show her if she doesn't. I am a sponge for knowledge but still would love to have a "woman" who knows a good man when she sees one and is willing to work with him even if he has gone off track. I am starting all over unfortunately so if you don't want or can't deal with it please don't waste either one of our times. I am a very passionate,understanding,loyal,loving man who just is in need of a real queen for marriage. That is probably my biggest dream to have a family and that special one to share ups and downs with. If you are weak minded,weak hearted or bigger then me please don't contact me. Just being real. If your only ambition in life is just to be here i don't want you either. I am attracted to women who want to do more in life then just watch tv and collect a check. I love to be intellectual about life and learn about everything i can. Cultures,religion,politics,arts,and especially music are big with me. I am not a work in progress i am a progress at work so again if you don't want or can't handle that PLEASE DO NOT WASTE EITHER ONE OF OUR TIMES!!! I am looking to get married not have booty calls.
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Business networking , Cooking , Dining out , Fishing/Hunting , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Performing arts , Playing cards , Playing sports , Political interests , Religion/Spiritual , Travel/Sightseeing , Video games , Watching sports
Basketball, Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Football, Other types of exercise, Walking / Hiking
I exercise 1-2 times per week.
I like Dogs, Exotic Pets, Fish
Some other viewpoint
Him | What he is looking for | |
Appearance | ||
Height: | 5'7" (170cms) | 4'10" (147cms) to 5'10" (177cms) |
Body type: | Heavyset | Slender, About average, Curvy, Athletic and toned, Full-figured, Heavyset |
Eyes: | Brown | Black, Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel |
Hair: | Dark brown | Auburn / Red, Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Salt and pepper, Silver, Dark blonde, Grey, Platinum |
Lifestyle | ||
Smoke: | Yes, but trying to quit | Occasionally, Yes, but trying to quit |
Drink: | Moderately | Never, Social Drinker, Moderately |
Occupation: | Labor / Construction | No preference |
Income: | Less Than $25,000 | No preference |
Relationship: | I'll tell you later | Never Married, Widow / Widower, Currently Separated, Divorced |
Have kids: | Yes, and they live away from home (3) | Yes, and they sometimes live at home, No, Yes, and they live at home |
Wants kids: | Someday | Definitely, Someday, Not sure, No, but it's OK if my partner has kids |
Background | ||
Ethnicity: | Black / African descent, Native American | Black / African descent, Latino / Hispanic, Native American, White / Caucasian |
Faith: | Spiritual but not religious | Spiritual but not religious, Christian / Other |
Languages: | English | English |
Education: | Some college | No preference |


text:
The Office Recap: Triforce
"Bloggers are gross, bloggers are obese, bloggers have Halitosis."
READ MORE »"Bloggers are gross, bloggers are obese, bloggers have Halitosis."
READ MORE »Show-runner Paul Lieberstein (Toby!) reveals all.
READ MORE »He confirmed that he won't return next season.
READ MORE »"If anyone is going to have sex with Nellie for personal gain, it's going to be me."
READ MORE »"So stop looking at my breasts, and start looking at my penis."
READ MORE »The b*tch is back (David Koechner, that is). Also, Catherine Tate.
READ MORE »"Well done, me!"
READ MORE »Blowing our minds right now.
READ MORE »Scarfaces, Heat Strokes, Theme Parks, Brooke Hogan, Sink Holes, Morbidly Obese People, Geriatric Capital of the World.
READ MORE »Can Mariska Hargitay dance, or can Mariska Hargitay dance?
READ MORE »Including: The Voice, Smash, 30 Rock.
READ MORE »Both 30 Rock and Parks and Rec featured inappropriate pizza phone calls.
READ MORE »First they cause Jim to skip work, and then they could throw Angela and Dwight back together.
READ MORE »Tilda Swinton looks ... different.
READ MORE »Dwight Schrute? How about Lafayette from True Blood?
READ MORE »A belated Valentine's Day present from NBC.
READ MORE »Uh-oh.
READ MORE »The beet farm is about to hit the big time.
READ MORE »"Let's say no food."
READ MORE »Sure looks like it.


text:
Source: FOOTYMAD
Pardew Blames The Board For Holding Back On Deals
Alan Pardew made a strange demand following Newcastle United's deadline-day disappointment . by banning talk among his players of what might have been in the transfer window. Pardew had said before the window closed: "My job is to put options in front of the board who I think will take us forward. "Then it is a matter for the people who do the finance to get them here. "I'm not involved in that." The Chronicle understands that there was an air of despondency at the club's Benton base following the Magpies' failure to land a new No 9 last week. Reading between the lines, Pardew seems to suggest Ashley could have done more than he did to bring in the new players, by trying to undercut EVERY deal. However, the Chronicle claims Pardew had words to say to the board after Wednesday's fiasco. Evening Chronicle: Pardew is understood to be "devastated" by United's lack of progress in the window on the centre-forward front, and he has made it clear in no uncertain terms to his board that he was furious that United did not get the striker they wanted before the window slammed shut.


text:
Latest environment news
It's cyclone by any other name
Peter Hannam 3:56 PM Perhaps it's no surprise that the massive storm that dumped the most rain on Sydney in a single day in more than 13 years, blew over huge trees and scoured beaches would in some parts of the world be defined as a cyclone.
Sydney weather: rain, damaging winds to batter NSW for second day
Kate Aubusson 4:49 PM A severe weather warning remains in place on Tuesday for damaging and destructive winds, heavy rainfall and damaging surf in the Metropolitan, Mid North Coast, Hunter and Illawarra forecast districts on Tuesday evening.
Deep carbon emission cuts possible and inevitable, reports find
Peter Hannam 12:00 AM Australia's abundance of renewable energy resources leaves it well-placed to exit fossil fuels altogether by 2050 at a manageable cost of the economy, according to an Australian National University report.
China challenges Australia on climate
Adam Morton and Tom Arup The world's biggest greenhouse gas emitters, including China and the US, have questioned the credibility of Australia's climate change targets and "direct action" policy in a series of queries to the Abbott government.
Mud and ice flowing like lava
Peter Hannam 6:24 PM Remarkable video has emerged of an earthflow on April 1 in Russia that shows ice and mud flowing like lava off a mountain.
Hunter Valley village at risk as Rio Tinto scopes out expansion
Peter Hannam Residents of Bulga in the upper Hunter Valley already threatened by the expansion of a nearby Rio Tinto coalmine may have even more to fear with the mining giant hiring consultants to survey an expansion of the open-cut pit to within about 500 metres of the town.
Shrinking Antarctic has us skating on thin ice
Matt King Antarctic ice is now melting faster than ever, raising sea levels. But the degree of risk to our coastline and economy is still a big unknown.
Sydney weather: Another wild night predicted
Peter Hannam 4:54 PM Sydneysiders are in for another wild night as the deep east coast low that battered the city on Monday night makes an unwelcomed return.
Three people dead in flash flooding in NSW township of Dungog
Nick Ralston, Lisa Visentin 4:53 PM Three people have been killed in flash flooding in the Hunter Valley township of Dungog.
'The rain comes in sideways': concerned Sydneysiders donate to help homeless exposed to storm
Su-Lin Tan 3:51 PM Sydneysiders concerned for the plight of homeless people exposed to the savage weather striking the city have been moved to contact charities in an effort to help.
Mike Baird calls on workers to head home ASAP before storm gets worse
Lucy Cormack 3:32 PM Premier Mike Baird is warning commuters to start heading home from work as soon as possible, ahead of expected worsening storm conditions.
Cats curtailed as council curfews rein in marauding moggies
Benjamin Preiss 1:50 PM Cats, and cat owners, you have been warned: the roaming moggie's right to fight, feed and fornicate at night may be a thing of the past.
Carnival Spirit cruise ship stranded outside Sydney Harbour
Lisa Visentin 12:57 PM As gale force winds continue to wreak havoc across Sydney, spare a thought for those aboard the cruise ship Carnival Spirit whose final leg into Sydney has all the nausea-inducing features of a carnival ride, sans the spirit.
Sydney weather: Wild weather with more to come
Kate Aubusson and Peter Hannam 7:46 AM Sydney's commuters and students returning from holidays on Tuesday can expect another wintry battering with a second day of heavy rains and strong winds predicted for the city.
Winds, rain to hit Sydney peak hour traffic
Kate Aubusson 8:25 PM Severe weather is playing havoc for Sydneysiders this evening with the Bureau of Meteorology warning of damaging winds and heavy rainfall for the Metropolitan, Mid North Coast, Hunter and Illawarra forecast districts.
Growing mounds of e-waste prompt calls to boost recycling scheme
Lucy Cormack 7:11 PM The rubbish heap of last season's televisions and computers is growing faster than ever, prompting calls for an increase to the intake targets of the National Television and Computer Recycling Scheme.
Powerful winds, heavy rain sweep in
Peter Hannam If you thought it was wet on the way into work this morning, it's likely you'll be in for a shock on the way home.
Rain, hail and wind as cold front brings wintry blast
Anna Whitelaw Melburnians are fond of saying the city can experience four seasons in a single day, and on Sunday the city lived up to its reputation.
The hidden cost of Hazelwood
Tom Arup and Adam Morton The Hazelwood brown coal power plant is a survivor. A large emitter of greenhouse gases, it has been the target of two unsuccessful government attempts to pay for its closure and outlasted carbon price laws.
Cold snap, rain to wash away autumn warmth
Peter Hannam Sydney's balmy mid-autumn will be a fading memory as a strong cold front moves in and a developing east coast low brings heavy rain over much of eastern NSW from early next week.
March global temperatures set new highs, US agency NOAA says
Peter Hannam Global temperatures continued to climb last month, with combined land and sea-surface temperatures setting fresh records amid prospects of more to come as El Nino conditions form in the Pacific, the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said.
Call for Pyne's resignation over $4 million funding to climate contrarian
Kate Aubusson Revelations that the Federal Government allocated $4 million in funding to climate contrarian Dr Bjorn Limborg for a "consensus centre" has sparked calls for Education Minister Christopher Pyne's resignation.
AGL vows to exit coal-fired power plants as sun shines on solar
Peter Hannam AGL, the country's largest greenhouse gas emitter, has vowed to close all its existing coal-fired power stations by 2050 and will not build or buy new conventional plants in the meantime.
Plenty of prangs on Canberra's wet roads
Georgina Connery Cloudy weather and showers predicted for the week ahead, but it won't all be wet weather.
Warming of the Arctic will have global consequences
Chris Mooney We often hear that climate change is radically reshaping the Arctic, a place many of us have never visited. As a result, it can be pretty hard to feel directly affected by what's happening up in a distant land of polar bears, ice floes and something odd called permafrost.
Stony faces in the landscape around Canberra
Tim the Yowie Man The Parliamentary Triangle isn't the only place in Canberra where you can find stony faces. Here's five of the natural kind. Have you seen them?
New Zealand 'a rock in the stream'
Peter Hannam A striking satellite photograph of New Zealand shows how south-westerly winds transform the Land of the Long White Cloud into islands of sunshine surrounded by a barrier of cloud.
Here are 13 remarkable animals facing extinction in NSW ... and there are hundreds more
It's an incredible statistic - in NSW around 59 per cent of all mammals, 40 per cent of all reptiles and 30 per cent of all birds are threatened with extinction.
Climate change blamed as shifting flood plains plague Mozambique
Tom Bowker Over the last seven years the Mozambican village of Guguruni has housed hundreds of people whose homes elsewhere were destroyed by floods. This year it succumbed.
Miriam Margolyes stands up for the threatened tiger quoll
Lucy Cormack Harry Potter actor Miriam Margolyes fell in love with a vulnerable little Australian who changed her life.
Doctors tend to orangutan at Melbourne Zoo
Julia Medew If you could look past her long wiry red hair and thick black skin, Suma looked very similar to the human patients Dr Kevin Moriarty and Dr Marinis Pirpiris usually care for.


text:
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Direct HireWe offer a flexible and personal approach to filling HR positions across all sectors. Our highly talented and dedicated HR team members - many of whom have worked in senior and board-level positions - can create innovative solutions for even the most demanding resourcing challenges. We work in close partnerships with you through the entire resourcing process. During the initial consultation, we take the time to understand your company, the position, and your organizational culture. This insight assists us in sourcing, screening and placing the right candidate. But we don't stop there. We put a great deal of effort into our post-placement care. It's important for us to know that everything is working out. During the important first three months of employment, we keep in contact with you and your candidate. This allows us to monitor progress and identify potential issues. We work closely with you to proactively retain your talent and give your new employee the best possible opportunity to succeed in a new role. We work with a variety of customers, from small businesses to global corporations, across sectors that include:
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text:
You are hereCumbria
Lowther Hall
The ruined castle and the grounds of this old estate, are said to be haunted by the spirit of Lord Lonsdale. All that remains now is an empty shell of a relatively recent castle on the site of the old hall. Read More »
Mayburgh Henge (aka Mayborough Henge)
In 'Rude Stone Monuments In All Countries, Their Age And Uses' (1872) (which was later retitled 'Old Stone Monuments'), James Fergusson(1808-1886) gives the following description of Mayborough Henge. Read More »
Muncaster Castle
I would have to say Muncaster Castle IS haunted. It has been the subject of a long term scientific study headed by Dr Jason Braithwaite and, I have been closely involved with the case throughout its 20 years+ history. Read More »
Muncaster Paranormal Conference 2009
The UK-Skeptics 2009 conference at Muncaster Castle was held over the weekend of 19 September and I must say was very enjoyable. Read More »
Naworth Castle
Haunted by a 'White Lady', the spirit of a girl who was seduced by Lord Dacre without knowing his identity. She became pregnant and upon discovering Lord Dacres rank and social standing, she realised they would never be together as she was of a lower class. She through herslf into a stream and drowned. The body was discovered by Lord Dacre, his bride to be and the dead girls mother. Read More »
New Books Published on Fairies and Boggles in Cumbria
A SERIES of hand-crafted booklets on the folklore and legends of Cumbria has been published. Read More »
Pendragon Castle
Pendragon Castle is associated with an Arthurian legend. It is said that Arthur's father, Uther Pendragon tried to re-route the river Eden to create a moat for the castle.
The ruin dates to the 1100's and was built by Hugh de Morville one of the knights who killed Thomas of Cantebury, so is out of the time scale for King Arthur. Read More »
The Phantom Of Croglin Grange
The phantom of Croglin Grange is one of the best known vampire stories in Britain. It is as famous in the annals of vampire lore as Whitby and its Dracula associations. The actual story bears the marks of fiction and first appeared in a book called 'In My Solitary life' by Augustus Hare. What follows is an adapted and shortened version of his story. Read More »
Rawthey Bridge Stone Circle
Stones used in the construction of the 1822 Rawthey Bridge over which the A683 passes were plundered from a stone circle described in The History and Antiquities of the Counties of Westmorland and Cumberland, 1777 by J Nicolson & R Burn. "A circle of large stones, supposed to be a monument of druid worship". According to Rev. Read More »
The Renwick Cockatrice
In 1733 a cockatrice terrorized Renwick when the church was being demolished. The beast was slayen by John Tallantire with a rowan branch. The creature was described as resembling a bat. Apparently the cockatrice was again reported as having been seen in 1959. Read More »
Scales Tarn
Scales Tarn can be found below Tarn Crags and Sharp Edge on Blencathra (Saddlebeck). It has a local tradition of being bottomless and its position was thought to be so overshadowed that sunlight would never reach it. Read More »
Shap A6 Black Dog
A Phantom Black Dog was said to haunt the A6 around Shap Pass, roughly nine miles south of Penrith. In his book Ghosts of the North, Jack Hallam states 'Many drivers reported seeing, in the beam of their headlights, a big dog loping along for 200 to 300 yards, before disappearing over a stone wall at a place where there is a 300ft sheer drop'. Read More »
The Solway Ghost Ships
The Cumberland News 18/02/2000, featured an article by Ruth Berry and Gill Hands about ghosts on the Solway.
Read More »
Song, at the Feast of Brougham Castle by William Wordsworth
High in the breathless Hall the Minstrel sate.
And Emont's murmur mingled with the Song.--
The words of ancient time I thus translate,
A festal Strain that hath been silent long.
From Town to Town, from Tower to Tower,
The Red Rose is a gladsome Flower.
Her thirty years of Winter past;
The Red Rose is revived at last; Read More »
Souther Fell, Mungrisdale
A phantom army was witnessed on Souther Fell by a farm hand on Mid-Summers-Eve in the year 1735. The army took the form of mounted troops with infantry marching in a column. One year later on the same date the army was seen again by William Lancaster who was a local farmer. Read More »
The Spital Inn And The Hand of Glory
A Hand of Glory was used by a gang of thieves in an attempt to rob the long gone Spital Inn, North Stainmore in 1797. Read More »
St Bees Priory
The atmospheric church at St Bees is all that remains of a small Benedictine monastery closed down during the reformation. The priory is associated with the legend of St Bega, who is said to have fled here to escape an arranged marriage in Ireland. Read More »
St Cuthbert's Churchyard, Carlisle
The graveyard of this old church was the scene of grave robbing, along with other sites in Carlisle during the 1820s.
St Michael and All Angels Parish Church, Arthuret
Though the current Gothic style church dates from 1609, the parish had a church dating from 1150, served by Jedburgh Abbey's monks and it is thought that there was a church on the site as early as the 6th century. Back in the 16th century this area on the border of Scotland between the Solway Firth and Langholm was known as the debatable lands and populated by the Border Reiver families. Read More »
St Patrick's Well
Around 450AD St Patrick, patron saint of Ireland is supposed to have preached on the banks of Ullswater in Cumbria. The whole Patterdale area is named after him. In Glenridding a Holy Well dedicated to St Patrick can still be found roughly one mile outside of the village of Glenridding. Read More »
The Stainton Ghost
The Cumberland News, 30/06/1999 had an article by Ruth Berry and Gill Hands about the Stainton Ghost. According to the story, a church or abbey once stood near the village and human bones were found among the ruins. During the reformation the land upon which this holy building stood fell into the hands of a certain baron, now nameless. Read More »
Swinside Stone Circle
A beautiful solitary stone circle, the stones are said to be uncountable, there is also a legend which suggests a church buried beneath the stones. It is sometimes referred to as the Sunkenkirk for this very reason. The circle is also referred to as the 'grey cobbles'. Read More »
The Bridal of Triermain (1813) by Sir Walter Scott
Come Lucy! while 'tis morning hour
The woodland brook we needs must pass;
So, ere the sun assume his power,
We shelter in our poplar bower,
Where dew lies long upon the flower,
Though vanish'd from the velvet grass.
Curbing the stream, this stony ridge Read More »
The Monition of Cursing, Archbishop Gavin Dunbar of Glasgow
"Gude folks, heir at my Archibischop of Glasgwis letters under his round sele, direct to me or any uther chapellane, makand mensioun, with greit regrait, how hevy he beris the pietous, lamentabill, and dolorous complaint that pass our all realme and commis to his eris, be oppin voce and fame, how our souverane lordis trew liegis, men, wiffis and barnys, bocht and redeimit be the precious blud Read More »
The Somnambulist by William Wordsworth
List, ye who pass by Lyulphs Tower
At eve; how softly then
Doth Aira-force, that torrent hoarse.
Speak from the woody glen!
Fit music for a solemn vale!
And holier seems the ground
To him who catches on the gale
The spirit of a mournful tale,
Embodied in the sound. Read More »


text:
US 5729427 A Abstract Electrodes for electrochemical capacitor are modified with a metal macrocyclic complex made up of phthalocyanine or porphyrin ligands bound to a transition metal to achieve improved conductivity, reversibility, and charge storage capacity. The electrode is formed from a metal base and coated with an oxide, nitride or carbide of a transition metal or with a conductive polymer. This coating is modified with the metal macrocyclic complex. Suitable metal macrocyclic complexes are iron phthalocyanine (FePc), iron meso-tetra(N-methyl-4-phenyl)porphyrin (FeTPP) or cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP).
Claims(9) 1. A surface modified electrode for a electrochemical capacitor, comprising:
an electrically conductive base selected from the group consisting of Al, Ta, Ti, Zr, Bi, W, Fe, Ni, Cu and alloys thereof, and graphite; a portion of said base having a coating of one or more materials selected from the group consisting of Ru, Ir, Pt, Co, W, V, Fe, Ni, Mo, Ag, Zn, Pb, Mn, alloys thereof, oxides thereof, nitrides thereof, carbides thereof, conductive polymers and combinations thereof; and said coating modified with a metal macrocyclic complex comprising phthalocyanine or porphyrin ligands bound to a metal selected from the group consisting of Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Ti, Ru, Al, Ag, Cd, Cr, In, Mg, Pd, Pt, Rh, Si, Sn and V. 2. The surface modified electrode as described in claim 1, wherein said metal macrocyclic complex is iron phthalocyanine, iron meso-tetra(N-methyl-4-phenyl)porphyrin, cobalt protoporphyrin, or nickel protoporphyrin.
3. The surface modified electrode as described in claim 1, wherein the conductive polymer is polyaniline, polypyrolle, or poly(o-anisidine).
4. The surface modified electrode as described in claim 1, wherein said porphyrin ligands are selected from the group consisting of phthalocyanines, porphyrins, or dibenzotetraazoannulenes.
5. A surface modified electrode for a electrochemical capacitor, comprising:
an electrically conductive base selected from the group consisting of Al, Ti, Ni and stainless steel and alloys thereof; a portion of said base having a coating of ruthenium dioxide; and said coating modified with a metal macrocyclic complex comprising iron phthalocyanine, cobalt phthalocyanine, iron protoporphyrin cobalt protoporphyrin, or nickel protoporphyrin. 6. An electrochemical capacitor having a surface modified electrode, comprising:
first and second symmetric electrodes selected from the group consisting of Ru, Ir, Pt, Co, W, V, Fe, Ni, Mo, Ag, Zn, Pb, Mn, oxides thereof, nitrides thereof, carbides thereof, alloys thereof, conductive polymers, carbon material, and combinations thereof; the surface of at least one electrode modified with a transition metal macrocyclic complex to enhance the reversibility of a redox reaction occurring at the surface of the electrode; and an electrolyte disposed between and contacting the first and second symmetric electrodes. 7. The capacitor as described in claim 6, wherein the electrolyte is a solid electrolyte or a gel electrolyte.
8. The capacitor as described in claim 6, wherein the electrolyte is an acidic liquid electrolyte or a basic liquid electrolyte.
9. An electrochemical capacitor having a surface modified electrode, comprising:
first and second symmetric ruthenium dioxide electrodes; the surface of the electrodes modified with iron meso-tetra(N-methyl-4-phenyl)porphyrin; and a polymer electrolyte comprising PBI/H3 PO4 or PVA/H3 PO4 disposed between and contacting the first and second symmetric electrodes. Description This invention relates in general to electrochemical capacitors, and more particularly, to electrodes employing metal macrocyclic complexes. Electrochemical capacitors are a new type of energy storage system for providing high energy density and high power density. Most of the known electrochemical capacitor active materials are based on activated carbon; metals such as platinum, iridium, ruthenium, cobalt, nickel and their alloys; or conductive polymers such as polyaniline and polypyrrole. Porous electrodes made from these active materials can have high energy density. The higher the electrode porosity, the higher the energy density, but there is always a trade off. Electrodes with high porosity usually have poor conductivity. In the prior art, high power density could only be provided at the expense of sacrificing electrode reversibility and conductivity. Previously, we have attempted to improve the performance of electrochemical capacitors by adding water-soluble macrocyclic complexes to the electrolyte (U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,046, "Modified Electrolyte for Electrochemical Cells and Cells Using Same"). While this provided a significant improvement, the performance of the capacitor remains limited by the electrodes. An improved electrode that could deliver high energy density along with good conductivity would be a welcome addition to the art. FIG. 1 is an exploded schematic view of an electrochemical capacitor in accordance with the invention. FIG. 2 is a cyclic voltammogram of a five cell device containing RuO2 electrodes in accordance with the invention. FIG. 3 is a cyclic voltammogram of a 1 molar poly(o-anisidine) electrode in accordance with the invention. FIG. 4 is a cyclic voltammogram of a 1 molar polyaniline electrode in accordance with the invention. FIG. 5 is a cyclic voltammogram of a cobalt-nickel alloy electrode in 30% KOH in accordance with the invention. Many of the transition metal macrocyclic complexes such as porphyrins, phthalocyanine, etc., have substantial catalytic activity for O2 reduction, and thus have traditionally interested enzyme chemists. The macrocyclic ligands involve highly conjugated organic structures with delocalized pi electrons, and in their solid form, many of the macrocyclics possess very good electronic conductivity. Thus, these catalysts also interest electrochemists, as demonstrated by the previous use of metal macrocyclic complexes to modify carbon electrodes for oxygen reduction (B. E. Conway et al, "Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry", Vol. 7, pp. 380, 1983 Plenum Press, New York). Our invention uses these compounds as modifiers in the electrochemical redox capacitor materials for performance improvements. Metal macrocyclic complexes such as iron phthalocyanine (FePc), iron meso-tetra(N-methyl-4-phenyl)porphyrin (FeTPP) or cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP) are used to modify the capacitor active electrode materials to achieve improved conductivity, reversibility, and charge storage capacity. ##STR1## This surface modified electrode provides significantly improved energy and power density. The electrode is formed from an electrically conductive base made of materials such as Al, Ta, Ti, Zr, Bi, W, Fe, Ni, Cu or graphite. Alloys for these materials can also be used. A portion of this base is coated with a compound of Ru, Ir, Pt, Co, W, V, Fe, Ni, Mo, Ag, Zn, Pb, Mn (for example, oxides, nitrides or carbides), or a conductive polymer. Examples of useful conductive polymers include, but are not limited to, polyaniline, polypyrolle, polyfluorophenylthiopene (PFPT) and polyanisidine, and those skilled in the art will appreciate that other conductive polymers are also suitable. This coating contains a metal macrocyclic complex made up of phthalocyanine, dibenzotetraazoannulenes or porphyrin ligands bound to Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Ti, Ru, Al, Ag, Cd, Cr, In, Mg, Pd, Pt, Rh, Si, Sn or V. While the specification concludes with claims defining the features of the invention that are regarded as novel, it is believed that the invention will be better understood from a consideration of the following description in conjunction with the drawing figures, in which like reference numerals are carried forward. Referring now to FIG. 1, there is illustrated an energy storage device such as an electrochemical capacitor fabricated from a pair of electrode assemblies 10 and 11, which may be the anode and the cathode of the device. In the instance in which the electrodes are fabricated of the same material, they are referred to as "symmetric electrodes". Conversely, if they are made from different materials, they are referred to as "asymmetric electrodes". Each electrode assembly includes a substrate 12 which is electrically conducting. Regardless of whether or not the electrodes are asymmetric or symmetric, the active material 13 on the substrate 12 comprises one or more materials selected from the group consisting of oxides, nitrides or carbides of Ru, Ir, Pt, Co, W, V, Fe, Ni, Mo, Ag, Zn, Pb, Mn. Alternatively, these electrodes may be fabricated of conducting polymers or activated carbon. The active material 13 also contains a metal macrocyclic complex made up of phthalocyanine or porphyrin ligands bound to Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Ti, Ru, Al, Ag, Cd, Cr, In, Mg, Pd, Pt, Rh, Si, Sn or V. The substrate 12 is preferably chemically inert in the electrolyte 15, which lies between the electrodes. This structure thus affords free and unobstructed movement to the ions through the electrolyte. Optionally, a separator (not shown) can be used to prevent contact between the opposing electrode assemblies, since such a condition would result in a short circuit and malfunction of the electrochemical cell. A seal 14 is normally used in conjunction with the capacitor to retain the electrolyte within the capacitor. The reader will appreciate that other types of structures can also be employed to form a capacitor, and the scope of the invention is not intended to be limited by the structure of the capacitor produced with our electrodes, but only by the appended claims. Electrodes 10 and 11 and capacitors containing these electrodes were fabricated in accordance with the invention using FePc, FeTPP and CoPP. Dichloromethane (Cl2 C2 H4) was used to prepare 0.01% (by weight) solutions of FePc, FeTPP and CoPP. Samples of the various active materials were deposited on different types of substrates, and then impregnated with the metal/ligand complexes. RuO2 was deposited on a thin titanium foil (hereinafter referred to as the `MB electrode`), poly(o-anisidine) (also known as poly(2-methoxyaniline)) was deposited on a thin graphite sheet (hereinafter referred to as the `polymer electrode`), and polyaniline was deposited on a thin titanium foil (hereinafter referred to as the `polymer electrode`). In addition, cobalt-nickel alloy foil was also used as a substrate. To make the poly(o-anisidine) film on the graphite substrate, a solution of 0.2M poly(o-anisidine) in 0.5M H2 SO4 was potential cycled. The range of the cycling voltage was -0.035 to 1.1 Volts. The polyaniline film was deposited on the titanium substrate using the same technique, after soaking the titanium foil for 5 minutes in a solution of 0.1% aqueous Zonyl� FSN fluorosurfactant sold by the Dupont Company (a mixture of 40% Telomer B monoether in polyethylene glycol, 30% isopropanol and 30% water). The coated substrates (electrodes) were then modified by soaking them in metal macrocyclic complex/dichloromethane solutions for 10 minutes and then air drying. Heat-treatment of the modified electrodes in nitrogen atmosphere for 1 hour was carried out for further performance improvement. We have previously determined that metal macrocyclic complexes were partially decomposed after heat-treatment and had much higher conductivity and better electrocatalytic performance for oxygen reduction (Changming Li, "Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Reduction with Porphyrins, MS. Thesis, May 4, 1983, Wuhan University). The heat-treatment temperature, which could be up to 1000� C. under nitrogen atmosphere, depends on the stability limitation of electrode materials. MB electrodes, polymer electrodes, and the Co--Ni foil electrodes were heat treated in a nitrogen atmosphere at 370�, 140�, and 200� C., respectively. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to characterize the performance of the polymer electrodes in 1M H2 SO4, using a Ag/AgCl reference electrode and a titanium fiber counter electrode. The Co--Ni foil electrode was tested in 31% KOH using a HgO reference electrode and a nickel mesh counter electrode. Bipolar capacitors were assembled from the electrodes, using a gel electrolyte. (Alternatively, solid electrolytes could also be used.) The poly(benzimidazole) (PBI) gel electrolyte acts as a matrix to contain an ion conducting species such as H3 PO4. This and other polymer gel electrolytes containing H2 SO4 are taught in commonly assigned, co-pending patent application Ser. No. 08/547,821 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,872 in the names of Lian, et al and Ser. No. 08/629,174 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,688,613 in the name of Li, et al, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. PBI electrolyte-coated MB electrodes with and without metal macrocyclic complexes were laminated to make bipolar devices according to FIG. 1. A potentiostat and a milliohmmeter were used to conduct the CV and conductivity measurements, respectively. The MB material was tailored to 2.0�3.3 cm electrode sheets. Thirty-five samples were prepared and divided into 7 groups (5 samples per group). The first group was a control MB electrode that did not contain any metal/macrocylic complexes. The other six groups were modified by three different macrocyclic compound solutions. Three of these groups were heat treated. Electrode resistance measurements are shown in Table I (Thin copper foil was used to protect the RuO2 electrode surface during the measurements. The resistance introduced by the copper foil was only 0.6 mΩ and is negligible.) These results demonstrate that the modification of MB electrodes with metal macrocyclic complexes improved conductivities (i.e. resistance decreased); after heat-treatment, the conductivity was further improved. The FeTPP-modified electrode with heat-treatment improved the resistance the most (reduced by about 50%). TABLE I______________________________________Electrode Resistance (mΩ)______________________________________MB (Control) 93.5 � 2.8MB with FeTPP 80.2 � 2.5MB with FePc 85.4 � 2.0MB with CoPP 82.5 � 2.0MB with FeTPP heat-treated 50.2 � 2.0MB with FePc heat-treated 67.2 � 2.0MB with CoPP heat-treated 58.2 � 2.0______________________________________ To demonstrate the performance of macrocyclic compound-treated electrodes and their devices, two 5-cell capacitor devices were made from the heat-treated FeTPP-modified and plain electrodes, respectively. The thickness of the PBI electrolyte was about 0.1 mm. The equivalent series resistance (ESR) measured for both devices with and without FeTPP modification were 86 and 158 milliohms, respectively. The surface area of each devices was 2.75 cm2. The equivalent unit resistances for these devices are 47 and 87 milliohms/cm2 /cell, respectively. Additionally, the CV curves for the device made from heat-treated FeTPP-modified electrodes were very well shaped (FIG. 2). The device capacity made from the macrocyclic-modified electrodes 25 was 20% greater than that of the unmodified 20 electrode. We believe that the ESR reduction for the modified device was due to both electronic and electrocatalytic properties of the heat-treated FeTPP. The products from the heat-treatment of the FeTPP form a coordination network of electrochemical reaction centers for enhanced conductivity and electrochemical reversibility. This treatment is especially useful for capacitor electrodes in pulse power applications, which require electrochemical cells with high reversibility and low ESR. The capacity increase for the capacitor device may be due to the partial decomposition of the FeTPP. Gases generated from the decomposition during heat-treatment reconstruct the porous structure to produce, for example, more electrolyte accessible pores and less dead-end pores. Conductive polymer electrodes, poly(o-anisidine)/graphite sheet substrate, were tested in 1M H2 SO4. CV curves for electrodes with and without modification of FeTPP are shown in FIG. 3. The charge storage capacity of the poly(o-anisidine)/graphite electrode 35 after macrocyclic modification increased by 20% over the unmodified 30 electrode. Generally, the peak potential differences between reduction waves (Re1, Re2, and Re3 in FIG. 3) and their corresponding oxidation ones (Ox1, Ox2, and Ox3) for the modified electrode should be larger than that of the non-modified one, since the larger peak current for the former could cause higher IR drop. These results show that the peak potential differences after modification was even smaller, for example, the peak potential difference between Re2 and Ox2 after modification decreased by approximately 20 mV, indicating the FeTPP modification improved both the reversibility and conductivity of the polymer electrode. Polyaniline/Ti electrodes were tested in 1M H2 SO4. CV curves for electrodes with and without modification of FeTPP are shown in FIG. 4. The charge storage capacity of the polyaniline electrode after modification 45 increased by 62% over the unmodified 40 electrode. The peak potential difference between reduction and oxidation waves for the modified electrode should be larger than that of non-modified one, indicating the FeTPP modification improved both reversibility and conductivity of the polymer electrode. Co--Ni alloy electrodes were tested in 31% KOH. The peak current of the electrode 55 after modification with FeTPP and heat treatment was dramatically increased over the control 50, resulting in a capacity increase of 58% (FIG. 5). The results also demonstrate that the reversibility and intrinsic resistance of the electrode after modification was improved, since the peak potentials for both reduction and oxidation waves with much greater peak currents after modification did not change. In summary, metal macrocyclic complexes such as FeTPP, FePc and CoPP with or without heat-treatment have been shown to be useful for modifying capacitor electrode materials. The devices made from these modified electrodes have the significantly lower ESR and improved reversibility. While the preferred embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, it will be clear that the invention is not so limited. Numerous modifications, changes, variations, substitutions and equivalents will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims. Patent Citations
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