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A Brief History of IEI Imagination Engines, Inc. was founded upon key scientific and engineering breakthroughs in the area of artificial neural networks by Dr. Stephen Thaler. Below, we present a brief chronology of events leading to the conception of IEI along with key achievements of the company since that time. (1976) Early Experimentation | (1988) A Grizzly Experiment | (1993) Scientific American Gets It | (1995) First Academic Acceptance | (1995) Most Prolific Musician of All Time | (1996) The First Interactive Neural Network on Internet | (1996) The Creativity Machine Trains Itself | (1996) Creative Computers Documentary | (1996) Adaptive Parallel Computing Conference | (1996) World Congress on Neural Networks | (1997) New Scientist Magazine Responds | (1997) First On-line Article on Autonomous Materials Discovery via Creativity Machine | (1997) The Creativity Machine Debuts in Australia | (1997) National Academy of Science Presentation | (1997) The Creativity Machine Patent Issues the Same Day SkyNet Becomes Conscious | (1997) The Future of All Technology is Incorporated | (1997) The International Expirer (1997) | Revelations on Computational Creativity in Dublin | (1998) Encyclopedia of Myriad Could-Be Materials | (1998) The End of Science | (1998) Neural Nets without Explicit Training Algorithms (1999) Delivering What AI Originally Promised | (1999) Thinking Neural Nets Join General Electric Forging Initiative | (1999) The Creativity Machine Designs Its Own Weapons | (1999) The Creativity Machine Gets a Boost from Reconfigurable Computing | (1999) IEI Technology Helps to Provide Equal Access to Justice | (2000) Advanced Neural Technology on the Internet | (2000) IEI Neural Networks in Network Intrusion Detection | (2001) IEI's Vision of a World Brain is debuted in San Francisco | (2001) The True World Brain | (2001) IEI's Vision of a World Brain is Debuted in Boston | (2001) More Twisted IEI Technology at Infowarcon | (2003) The Neural Undresser | (2003) Robots Get Creative | (2003) IEI's Second LLC Exploits IEI Vision for Manufacturing Quality Control | (2003) IEI Receives a U.S. Copyright for 1 Million New Potential English Words | (2003) Source of Inspiration Represents IEI in Japan | (2003) Virtual Reality Robots Become Creative and Self-Determining | (2004) Robots Devise Their Own Complex Strategies | (2004) The Machine That Invents | (2004) Phase II SBIR Awarded by AFRL | (2004) Symposium on Intentional Dynamics | (2004) IEI Address to American Concrete Institute | (2004) TSA Contract Awarded to Montana Tech and IEI | (2004) The Last, Unanticipated, and Politically Incorrect Step Toward Genuine Machine Intelligence | (2004) IEI Licenses Thaler's Patents to Renewable Energy Company (2005) | IEI Begins Work on NASA Robot (2005) | IEI Begins Work on Creative Terrain Sensing Robot (2006) Phase II SBIR Award for Creative Terrain Sensing Robots | (2006) NASA and AFRL Extend Phase II Award (2006) | IEI Releases Film Documentary "In Its Image" | (2006) Kurzweil's Overlooked Runaway Wildcards (2007) IEI Hierarchical Cascades (a.k.a., SuperNets) of Thalamo-cortical Algorithms (a.k.a., Creativity Machines) Achieve Autonomous Rendezvous and Docking | (2007) IEI Releases the First Totally Machine Generated Musical Album | (2007) IEI's STANNO and Creativity Machine Speed Increased 10X | (2008) Michigan Jobs | (2008) MIchigan Senate Resolution SR0223 | (2008) DABUI Patent Issues | (2009) Advanced Machine Vision Effort for US Air Force | (2009) Advanced Machine Vision for the Automotive Sector | (2009) Japan Grants First Creativity Machine Patent (2009) The Automation of Invention (2010) Famed neuroscientist declares the brain a Creativity Machine® (2010) Major Contract with Automotive Industry (2011) Founder briefs Homeland Security (2013) Springer Publishes Encyclopedia Entry on the Creativity Machine Paradigm Summer, 1976, Early Experimentation. While studying theoretical solid state physics in graduate school, Thaler begins experimentation with lattice models of both ferromagnetic and ferroelectric materials using Ising models and crude Boltzmann Machines. He soon finds great fascination in raising the computational temperature of such lattices beyond their Curie points and watching the dissipation of memories frozen into them. Especially interesting is the observation that these 'dissolving' memories often lead to meaningful ideas! December 24, 1988, A Grizzly Experiment. Thaler teaches a large multilayer perceptron several popular Christmas carols and then proceeds to destroy it through simulated neuron death. During such near-death simulations, with all meaningful inputs denied the net, the perceptron's outputs are dominated not by nonsense, but meaningful new lyrics such as "in the end all men go to good earth in an eternal silent night." May, 1993, Scientific American Gets It. Philip Yam of Scientific American first writes about Thaler's near-death simulations with artificial neural networks in an article entitled "Daisy, Daisy...Do computers have near-death experiences? (see Yam, P. (1993), Scientific American, 268(5), 32-33). Interestingly enough, Yam thought that these near-death experiments were similar to those simultaneously carried out by George Hinton and David Plaut at Carnegie-Melon involving the lesioning of small neural networks to simulate dyslectic symptoms. The Scientific American editor suddenly realized the big difference though when he realized that Thaler's nets had no applied inputs. The networks were hallucinating (or alternately, ideating) things that simply weren't there. In addition to offering a reductionist model of near-death experience, the simulation hinted at the generative aspects of internally damaged neural nets, simulated or biological. January, 1995, First Academic Acceptance. The journal Neural Networks publishes an article by Thaler entitled "'Virtual Input' Phenomena within the Death of a Simple Pattern Associator." In this article, he describes an experiment in which a simple multilayer perceptron, denied meaningful inputs and synaptically perturbed produces a stream of patterns that consist primarily of memories stored within that net. The article also discusses the appearance of output patterns that do not belong to the net's repertoire of memories (i.e., confabulations), thus foreshadowing the Creativity Machine. October, 1995, Most Prolific Musician of All Time. A Creativity Machine, trained on top-ten melodies over the preceding 30 years proceeds to invent 11,000 new musical hooks that are promptly copyrighted. Interestingly enough human musical artists disdain the copyright, protesting that "only human minds can conceive music!" Thaler holds back on a million song database generated via Creativity Machine in view of the spirited response from human artists. ...On the flip side, computational musicians don't get it either, feeling that they can do the same thing, spending months or years concocting new works of art via computer. What they don't realize was that only a few hours had been spent by Thaler in translating sheet music to a representation more conducive to neural nets. Beyond that, Creativity Machine function was spontaneous and voluminous. March, 1996, The Creativity Machine Trains Itself. The Creativity Machine learns to train itself without recourse to traditional training algorithms (i.e., backpropagation) written by human programmers. The result of this experiment is the "Self-Training Artificial Neural Network Object" or STANNO. More importantly, STANNOs could incorporate whole neural networks as neurons, allowing either (1) autonomous device prototyping as components, represented as neural nets, interconnected themselves to perform some overall system function or (2) analogies, again represented by neural modules, spontaneously connected themselves to devise theories about their environment. Most importantly, the STANNO paradigm now enabled Creativity Machines to autonomously learn from their environments as well as from their own mistakes! May, 1996, Creative Computers Documentary. A film crew from the Dutch science documentary program Noorderlicht camps out at IEI headquarters for three days to film the program "Creatieve Computers." The television program attracts a large audience in the U.K. and western Europe, but not the U.S. Here is their brief synopsis of the documentary: "The American Steve Thaler works with neural networks. He makes them dream and die. Through this process the networks develop elementary creativity. Thaler uses this phenomenon to compose music, design cars and finding new superconducting materials." August 8-9, 1996, Adaptive Parallel Computing Conference. Thaler, assisted by his first summer intern, Dan Redmond, presented three ground breaking papers on Creativity Machines, totally self-training artificial neural networks, and DataBotsTM at the Adaptive Distributed Parallel Computing (ADPC) Symposium in Dayton, Ohio, August 8-9, 1996. September 15, 1996, World Congress on Neural Networks. Thaler presented three papers at the World Congress on Neural Networks '96 in San Diego. Featured among these talks was a paper entitled, "Is Neuronal Chaos the Source of Stream of Consciousness?" This research further substantiates the Creativity Machine Paradigm as the neurological mechanism dominating human creativity, discovery and invention. July 18, 1996, The First Interactive Neural Network on the Internet. On this date, IEI placed the first interactive neural network on its corporate web site to calculate physical and chemical properties of chemical compounds. Users provided elements and stoichiometry triggering the neural network to generate an active server page enumerating compound characteristics. January, 1997, New Scientist Magazine Responds. New Scientist Cover Story "Creative Noise" is about Thaler's Creativity Machine Paradigm, wherein one network stimulated to dream new concepts via mild synaptic perturbations is supervised by a second neural network that mines for the very best of these emerging ideas. The author, Bob Holmes does a good job on the technical reporting in spite of painting Thaler as a horned heretic. Unfortunately, the article ends on a low note as the inevitable 'AI guru' likens the Creativity Machine to a perpetual motion machine. ...But guys, the Creativity Machine does not manufacture energy, it's an entropy-driven machine and any scientist having the slightest familiarity with thermodynamics knows that entropy is plentiful and always increasing! (see Holmes, R. (1996). The Creativity Machine, New Scientist, 149(2013), 20 Jan., 1996, 22-26) April 1, 1997, First On-line Article on Autonomous Materials Discovery via Creativity Machine. The April issue of JOM-e featured results from the first in a series of autonomous materials discovery machines in an article entitled "Autonomous Ultrahard Materials Discovery via Spreadsheet-Implemented Neural Network Cascades." July 15, 1997, The Creativity Machine Debuts in Australia. Thaler presented a paper entitled "Network-Based 'Creativity Machines' for Materials Discovery" at the Australia-Pacific Forum on Intelligent Processing and Manufacturing of Materials, Gold Coast, Brisbane Australia. September 23, 1997, National Academy of Science Presentation. Thaler addressed the National Materials Advisory Board at the National Academy of Science, in Wood's Hole, MA, with a talk entitled "Autonomous Materials Discovery by Artificial Neural Networks." While well received, most present did not accept the possibility of science autonomously performed by machines! August 19, 1997, The Creativity Machine Patent Issues the Same Day SkyNet Becomes Conscious. Thaler is awarded his first neural network patent, US 5, 659,666, "Device for the Autonomous Generation of Useful Information." Onlookers muse that this is the date that SkyNet, the fictional AI-based defense satellite system of the Terminator series, becomes conscious and destroys the world. Revelation fans suspiciously eye the patent number. Likewise that day, MSN News reports the patent as potentially the most important invention in history, one that can invent all subsequent science, technology, and art. September 15, 1997, Revelations on Computational Creativity in Dublin. Thaler presents a paper entitled "A Quantitative Model of Seminal Cognition: The Creativity Machine Paradigm" at the Mind II Conference in Dublin, Ireland. Amidst myriad discussions of rule and genetic algorithm based computational creativity, Thaler introduces the totally novel concept of completely autonomous machine creativity using purely neural network based systems in which one synaptically perturbed network that has been exposed to patterns from some conceptual space, produces false memories or confabulations generalized from that space, while another neural network selects concepts from this stream having potential value or utility. The resulting combination of generative and watching neural net is coined the "Creativity Machine Paradigm." Thaler then proves the equivalence between the Creativity Machine and human cognition (creative or not) through empirical studies and the Fractal Theory of Brownian Motion. August, 1997, The Future of All Technology is Incorporated. Imagination Engines, Inc. is incorporated as a Missouri S-Corporation after having done business under the name of Dendrite Neurocomputing from 1995 until that time. IEI's first contract is to design a new toothbrush for a major personal hygiene company. IEI successfully designs that toothbrush, soon featured on U.S. television networks. Fall, 1997, The International Expirer. A Creativity Machine exposed to several hundred tabloid headlines autonomously creates new potential tabloid headlines. This neural architecture drove an IEI web site known as the "International Expirer" for two years providing myriad new potential tabloid headlines and chuckles for millions. February 25, 1998, Encyclopedia of Myriad Could-Be Materials. Having been awarded a Phase I SBIR entitled "Integrated Substrate and Thin-film Design Methods" by the Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, IEI embarks upon the construction of a materials discovery Creativity Machine. After nine months of data gathering this Creativity Machine generated an encyclopedia of approximately a half-million new potential chemical compounds and systems and corresponding, technologically significant chemical and physical properties. Within this compilation are thousands of new materials discoveries ranging from new potential high temperature superconductors to trans-diamond ultrahard materials. July 30, 1998, The End of Science. Thaler presented a talk entitled "The Beginning of the End of Science: The Creativity Machine Paradigm," at Wright State University, as part of the The Materials and Manufacturing Technology Series of the Air Force Research Laboratory. December 1, 1998, Neural Nets without Explicit Training Algorithms. The first Self-Training Neural Network Object (STANNO) patent issues (U.S. 5,845,271, "Non-Algorithmically implemented artificial neural networks and components thereof"). April 20, 1999, Delivering What AI Originally Promised. Thaler, presented an invited lecture on IEI's bleeding edge neural network technologies to NASA at its Langley Research Center. The talk was appropriately entitled "Delivering What AI Originally Promised: The Creativity Machine Paradigm." August 8, 1999. Thinking Neural Nets Join General Electric Forging Initiative. IEI subcontracts with Ladish Co., Inc. and General Electric to carry out neural network activities under the GE Forging Supplier Initiative. August 13, 1999. The Creativity Machine Designs Its Own Weapons. IEI sold Eglin Air Force Base a site license for a Warhead Simulation Creativity Machine, under its Revolutionary Ordnance and Guidance Technologies Initiative. October 9, 1999, The Creativity Machine Gets a Boost from Reconfigurable Computing. Thaler met with Kent Gilson and Al Dimora of Starbridge Systems, producers of the HAL-series hypercomputers. During this meeting, it was generally agreed that Starbridge computational horsepower and IEI's powerful AI paradigms should be combined within a collective effort to equal or surpass human intelligence! ...Stay tuned. October 21, 1999, IEI Technology Helps to Provide Equal Access to Justice. Thaler met with the Legal Aid Society of Orange County, Santa Ana, California, to form a significant alliance in the application of IEI's suite of intellectual property to various legal issues. This overall effort was approached in the spirit of providing equal access to justice across all demographic sectors. September 13, 2000, Advanced Neural Technology on the Internet. Thaler presents the invited talk, "Understanding DataBots and Neural Networks on the Internet" at BOT2000. The talk is well received by this important conference, hosted by the prominent Internet personality, Marcus Zillman. September 14, 2000. IEI Neural Networks in Network Intrusion Detection. Together with long time friend and network security specialist, Rusty Miller, Thaler presents the talk "Twisted Technology: The Dark Side of Enabling Technology." In the course of this presentation, he reveals the first experiments in which adaptive IEI neural filters autonomously detect network intrusions and anomalies, while IEI Creativity Machines devise Machiavellian schemes to neutralize such mischief. This talk features the first reduction to practice of artificial neural networks, training and filtering in real time, off of firewall as well as network traffic, to determine network intrusions. January 25, 2001, IEI's Vision of a World Brain is debuted in San Fransisco. Thaler presented the talk "Toward a World Brain" at BOT2001, San Francisco, CA in which he first publically discloses his plan for converting the TCP/IP nodes of the Internet into a free-thinking entity that may learn and create on unprecedented levels. June 19, 2001, IEI's Vision of a World Brain is Debuted in Boston. Thaler repeated his groundbreaking talk on the World Brain Project, now on the East coast, under the new title of "Enabling a World Brain" at BOT2001 East, Boston, MA. September 6, 2001. More Twisted IEI Technology at Infowarcon. Together with long time friend and network security specialist, Rusty Miller, Thaler again presented the talk "Twisted Technology: The Dark Side of Enabling Technology." In the course of this presentation, he reiterates the first experiments in which adaptive IEI neural filters autonomously detect network intrusions and anomalies, while IEI Creativity Machines devise Machiavellian schemes to neutralize such mischief. This talk again features the first reduction to practice of artificial neural networks, training and filtering in real time, off of firewall as well as network traffic, to determine network intrusions.. October 19, 2001, The True World Brain. Thaler presented an invited talk at the World Knowledge Forum, in Seoul Korea, "TCPIP-Why Can't the Internet be a True World Brain?" The talk sharply contrasted with the forum's overall attitude that a library, distributed across the Internet, constituted a brain. In contrast, IEI's founder presented the theory, philosophy, and most importantly, the patented IEI technology required to produce a free-thinking and creative entity among the many TCP/IP nodes of the Internet. Just prior to Thaler's talk, Bill, himself, preaching XP as the ultimate software application, is caught off-guard by a South Korean photographer. December, 2002, A Creativity Machine Generates Most New Words of the Coming Millenium. In an effort to demonstrate the superiority of Creativity Machine Paradigm over genetic algorithms, a Self-Training Artificial Neural Network Object is pointed at the World Wide Web where it begins to autonomously read web content forming a 'zen' model of the typical English word. Run in the Creativity Machine mode, this STANNO then generates a soon to be published compendium of over 1.5 million new, potential, functional English words plentiful in novel product, service, and corporate names. Fall, 2002, Human Level Vision on PCs!. Thaler extends STANNO technology to new heights with the development of a Giga-STANNO, capable of instantiating itself into multi-million input-output multilayered neural networks and processing input patterns on scales characteristic of human vision. December, 2002, IEI Vision Applications Displace 'If-Then-Else' Programmers. Thaler connects multi-million input-output multilayered neural networks to several popular cameras to produce highly advanced machine vision systems. In addition to performing anomaly detection in highly dynamic environments, they may be trained in a matter of seconds to classify complex objects. A ground swell develops in Detroit as large companies abandon "if-then-else" programming efforts in machine vision, in favor of the rapid, efficient, and autonomous IEI neural paradigms. March 2003, IEI's First Limited Liability Partnership, Neurocomputing for Dollars. IEI spins off its first company, Synaptrix Financial Prediction LLC, building massively parallel neural network systems training off of live feeds from the NASDAQ exchange and making minute by minute predictions of stock price motion. This new LLC now begins the pattern of IEI's strategic business model, to build myriad enterprises based upon its inevitably ubiquitous science and technology. April 1, 2003, The Neural Undresser. Committed IEI researchers reduce to practice the "neural-undresser," a million input-output multilayer STANNO that has cumualtively learned to process the image of a fully clothed individual and display at its outputs how that subject would appear in the buff! Implemented on a 2 GHz P-4 processor, the network could perform both training and feedforward function on 50 millisecond time scales, qualifying it to perform as a real time signal processor for live television. Super V-Chips based on IEI technology could spice up normal TV broadcasts or instantaneously cover 'naughty-bits' for the more noble-minded. April 29, 2003, Robots Get Creative. IEI was notified that it had been awarded a Phase I SBIR from the Munitions Directorate of the Air Force Research Laboratory. In this nine month effort, entitled "Creative Robots to Defeat Deeply Buried Underground Targets," IEI will determine the feasibility of using its extensive patent suite to build an integrated development environment for the synthesis, testing, and implementation of innovative robotic swarms. May, 2003, IEI's Second LLC Exploits IEI Vision for Manufacturing Quality Control. IEI spins off its second company, Synaptrix Parts Inspection LLC to exploit IEI's advanced machine vision capabilities to perform quality control in the automotive industry. June 6, 2003. IEI Receives a U.S. Copyright for 1 Million New Potential English Words. In addition to producing a wealth of new corporate, product, service, and domain names, this project serves to illustrate the tremendous advantage of Creativity Machine Paradigm over Genetic Algorithms (the only perceivable competition in computational creativity): In an entirely autonomous process, the Creativity Machine surfed the World Wide Web and absorbed the 'zen' of the typical English word. Subsequently set loose to create, this neural system spontaneously generated over a million new, pronounceable words. In contrast, the genetic algorithms required to produce similar linguistic results require enormous amounts of human involvement and tend to produce words that do not reflect the myriad, subtle constraints present in the English language. (See PR Web, 5/23/2002) June 23, 2003. Source of Inspiration Represents IEI in Japan. IEI and Source of Inspiration, Ltd. officially formed a business alliance in order to develop successful licensing and joint venturing businesses with Japanese companies by leveraging and combining the Imagination Engines intellectual property portfolio and the business experience and contacts of Source of Inspiration Ltd. in Japan. October 3, 2003. Virtual Reality Robots Become Creative and Self-Determining. On this date, a self-forming, synthetic central nervous system based upon IEI's neural network patent suite demonstrated the ability to master the simulated physics of its environment and to 'invent' the necessary leg/body motion to walk, run, and devise clever maneuvers to navigate complex structures built in virtual reality simulators. Using the test bed of a virtual hexapod crawler inspired by insect studies, this synthetic CNS devised the necessary body dynamics to achieve generalized locomotive goals (i.e., crawl through doorways or in a circle) dictated by a virtual sensor suite (i.e., virtual sonar) and the 'will' of its contemplative neural networks. Additional neural structures within the roach's synthetic central nervous system autonomously identified and classified novel objects placed within the VRML simulation (see IEI Virtual Robotics). January 25, 2004. The Machine That Invents. For two days in a row, the Creativity Machine Paradigm dominates the front page of Pulitzer's flagship publication, the St. Louis Post Dispatch. The article is brilliantly conceived and executed by Tina Hesman, Ph.D., of the Post. To see for yourself, here is the pdf version of the article, "The Machine That Invents." March 26, 2004. Phase II SBIR Award for Creative Robots. The Air Force Research Laboratory has awarded IEI a Phase II SBIR entitled "Creative Robots to Defeat Deeply Buried Targets." This will be a $750K contract to be conducted over a 24 month period. April 23, 2004. Robots Devise Their Own Complex Strategies. With absolutely no human mentoring, an 18 degree of freedom hexapod robot, developed its own behavioral repertoire with absolutely no human inputs. In other words, the robot developed its own strategies for forward, backward, right turn, left turn, right shuffle, and left shuffle movement. The individual neural networks then knitted themselves autonomously into a larger neural network that allowed the same robot, equipped with a sonar sensor, to autonomously navigate through representative buildings and complexes so as to thoroughly map them. ...This is the first time in history that such a thing has been done. Any other accounts of autonomous learning and creativity, must inevitably be based upon the patented Creativity Machine Paradigm. For a tantalizing glimpse of such a robot bootstrapping from a totally blank slate, see IEI Autonomous Robots. April 25, 2004. Symposium
on Intentional Dynamics. IEI
President & CEO, Stephen Thaler presented a talk entitled "Creative
Robots based Upon U.S. Patent 5,659,666, Device for the Autonomous Generation of
Useful Information" at the Symposium
on Intentional Dynamics at the University of Memphis. May 4, 2004. IEI Address to American Concrete Institute. In an invited address, IEI President & CEO, Stephen Thaler presented the talk "The Most Important Technology of Them All, Applications to the Concrete Industry," to the Strategic Development Council of the American Concrete Institute meeting at Amelia Island Plantation, FLA. May 6, 2004. TSA Contract Awarded to IEI and Montana Tech. TSA has awarded a joint contract to Montana Tech and IEI to develop new network centric systems for airport security. As part of this $800K contract, IEI will be testing its advanced vision systems at the Butte, Montana airport. October 24, 2004. IEI's President & CEO, Stephen Thaler, presented an invited talk to the ACM Student Computing Conference at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champagne, entitled "The Last, Unanticipated, and Politically Incorrect Step Toward Genuine Machine Intelligence." October 24, 2004. IEI Licenses Thaler's Patent Suite to Renewable Energy Company. IEI has signed a license agreement with Aura Renewable Energy to harness its intellectual property suite to develop novel schemes for green energy generation and distribution. April, 2005. IEI Begins work on a NASA Robot. IEI is awarded $80K contract to build a Creativity Machine based control system for NASA's omni-directional robot that utilizes the company's advanced machine vision applications. May, 2005. IEI Begins Work on Creative Terrain Sensing Robots. IEI was awarded a new Phase I SBIR, worth $100K from the Air Force Research Laboratory, entitled "Creative Terrain Sensing Robots." February 4, 2006. Kurzweil's Overlooked Runaway Wildcards. From KurzweilAI - "Dr. Stephen Thaler's Imagination Engines represent a radically new approach to artificial intelligence that appears far less reliant on brute-force processing horsepower than traditional strategies. His systems can already paint pictures, write symphonies, design new molecular chemistries, and perform amazing feats of intuitive analysis, using less computational power than is found in a modern elementary school today. May 24, 2006. Phase II SBIR Award for Creative Terrain Sensing Robots. The Air Force Research Laboratory has awarded IEI a Phase II SBIR entitled "Creative Mobile Terrain Sensing Multi-valued Behavior Robots." This will be a $750K contract to be conducted over a 24 month period. This contract is based upon the ground breaking work in deliberative robots carried out in its Phase I effort. July 16, 2006. Add On to Creative Robots Effort. AFRL has supplied matching funds to NASA funding already directed at IEI's ongoing Phase II effort, "Creative Robots to Defeat Deeply Buried Targets." Using this $180K add on, IEI plans to implement its STANNO technology in FPGAs in support of its creative robot effort. October 3, 2006. IEI Releases Film Documentary, "In Its Image". IEI Founder, Stephen Thaler narrates a 28 minute long film documentary directed by Ken Gumbs, entitled "In Its Image." This highly provocative Google movie presents the history, applications, and some of the many philosophical repercussions of the Creativity Machine Paradigm. March, 2007. IEI Hierarchical Cascades (a.k.a., SuperNets) of Thalamo-cortical Algorithms (a.k.a, Creativity Machines) Achieve Autonomous Rendezvous and Docking. Extensive hierarchical cascades (SuperNets) driven by Creativity Machines knitted themselves into a control system that would allow one space vehicle to autonomously dock with another. This system was built on the heels of NASA's failed attempt at achieving this goal in its DART (Demonstration of Autonomous Rendezvous Technology) project. IEI was able to control an 1800 lb. test sled, levitated on a cushion of air to simulate the weightlessness of space, and propelled by 18 air thrusters, so that it attained autonomous rendezvous and docking on NASA MFC's Flat Floor Facility in Huntsville, AL. Using only a laptop computer and a $50 web cam, IEI replaced a $10M laser guidance system. May 13, 2007. IEI Releases the First Totally Machine Generated Musical Album. On this date, Imagination Engines released the album "Song of the Neurons," a collection of 14 musical compositions written by a Creativity Machine, without recourse to the approaches used by computational musicians (i.e., rules and templates). Instead, this neural architecture bootstrapped itself to impressively high levels of musical prowess by simply observing Thaler's facial expressions as it generated candidate melodies. December 28, 2007. IEI's STANNO and Creativity Machine Speed Increased 10X. IEI has succeeded in parallelizing and embedding its patented neural network paradigms on graphical processing units (GPU). Now IEI SuperNets have been greatly accelerated on PCs, with most of the processing load taken off the CPU. June 27, 2008. Michigan Jobs. The platform company, Imagitron, LLC is formed to generate myriad projects in the state of Michigan in an effort to boost the economy there. September 25, 2008, Michigan Senate Resolution SR 0223. The state's Senate approved a resolution recognizing the achievements of Dr. Stephen Thaler and his Michigan-based company Imagitron for "piercing the veil of technology and determining that Michigan will be home for his legacies." This resolution was sponsored by Senators Valde Garcia, Thomas George, Wayne Kuipers, John Pappageorge, Cameron Brown, Tony Stamas, Jim Barcia, Jason Allen, Roger Kahn, Gerald Van Woerkom, John Gleason, who all clearly understand the immense economic impact of an invention having such fundamental scientific and technical significance. November 18, 2008. DABUI Patent Issues. Our latest US patent 7,454,388, "Device for the Autonomous Bootstrapping of Useful Information." issued. This patent allows our Creativity Machines to bootstrap themselves to progressively higher levels of creative competence. February 1, 2009. Advanced Machine Vision with US Air Force. IEI has embarked upon a one year effort with AFRL investigating various applications of its patented neuyral network paradigms in the area of machine vision. March 9, 2009. Advanced Machine Vision for the Automotive Sector. IEI has embarked upon a contract with a major, yet heretofore anonymous, Asian automotive company. March 27, 2009. Japan Grants First Creativity Machine Patent 4282760, "Device for the Autonomous Generation of Useful Information. June 2, 2009. The Automation of Invention. The official magazine of the World Future Society, The Futurist, discusses the Creativity Machine Paradigm in the context of automated invention and Robert Plotkin's new book The Genie in the Machine: How Computer-Automated Inventing is Revolutionizing Law and Business. To quote The Futurist interview, "Inventor Stephen Thaler discusses his revolutionary form of AI — a highly proficient synthetic consciousness that has quietly existed for more than 30 years." February 8, 2010, Famed neuroscientist declares the brain a Creativity Machine. "The brain is a creativity machine," Columbia University neuroscientist Eric Kandel told his Harvard audience on Feb. 8. " - Isn't that absolutely amazing! That's exactly what our founder has been claiming for more than 30 years. Read this "informative article" by Harvard staff writer Steve Bradt. June 28, 2010, IEI has received a contract worth $4M with a major automotive parts manufacturer that for now prefers to remain nameless. The goal is to identify both pedestrians and vehicles in the roadway. June 1, 2011, Founder, Steve Thaler, briefs Under Secretary of Homeland Security, Science & Technologies Directorate, on the Creativity Machine Paradigm and its implications for what else but homeland security.
May 1, 2013, Springer Reference publishes a
review article on the Creativity Machine Paradigm in the
Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention, |
© 1997-2014, Imagination Engines, Inc. | Creativity Machine®, Imagination
Engines®, and DataBots® are registered trademarks of Imagination Engines, Inc.
1550 Wall Street, Ste. 300, St. Charles, MO 63303 • (636) 724-9000


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Lebanon apartment fire leaves 3 displaced
One of the tenants was checked by medical workers on scene for smoke inhalation, but he refused to be taken to the hospital, said Lebanon Fire Department Captain Chris Simon.
Firefighters responded to Renihan Meadows on Mascoma Street Extension at 7:10 a.m. Wednesday when the building's fire alarm activated and reports of heavy smoke coming from the building were called in to 911 operators.
The building was evacuated and firefighters found heavy smoke on the first floor and then a fire in the basement in the area of the laundry room. The fire was quickly extinguished, but the apartment suffered severe heat, smoke and water damage. The other apartments in the building sustained minor smoke and water damage.
The three roommates living in the apartment where the fire took place could not return, so the Red Cross was called in to assist them with finding shelter.
Simon said the cause of the fire is still under investigation by the department's Fire Prevention Bureau.

subset: commoncrawl


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2000 Seminole Trail, Charlottesville, VA | (434) 978-3999 Hours: Sun-Tues till midnight, Wed till 1 a.m. (open late for karaoke night), Thur till midnight, Fri-Sat till 2. a.m. Rates: Shoe rental $3.50 per person; Lane fees $3.75-$5.25 per person per game (depending on day and time)
Route 250 West, Charlottesville, VA | (434) 293-4653Eighteen-hole golf course and driving rangeHours: Open daily. Call ahead for a tee time.Rates: March 18-November 25: Mon-Thur before 5 p.m. $20/person, Fri-Sun before 5 p.m. $35/person, any day after 5 p.m. $12/person; November 26-March 17: Mon-Thur before 2:30 p.m. $12/person, Fri-Sun before 2:30 p.m. $20/person, any day after 2:30 p.m. $10/personCart Fees: $36/18 holes or $18/9 holes (two people in cart)* Rates are for University of Virginia students only; for additional price information consult the Web site.
10421 Seminole Trail, Ruckersville, VA | (434) 985-2765Miniature Golf Course, Driving Range and Practice GreenHours: April 1-September 30: Mon 2:30 p.m.-9:30 p.m.; Tues-Sat 8:30 a.m.-9:30 p.m.; Sun 8:30 a.m.-7:30 p.m.; October 1 - March 31: Sat-Wed 11 a.m.-6 p.m.; Thur & Fri 11 a.m.-8 p.m.; Sunday closed
Rates:Range Prices: Regular Bucket (34 balls) $3.50-$4.50; Large Bucket (68 balls) $6.50-$8.50; Super Bucket (102 balls) $8.75-$11.75Practice Green: Adult $1-$2; Youth (12 and Under) $.50-$1Miniature Golf Course: Adults $5; Youth (12 and Under) $3
1525 East Rio Road, Charlottesville, VA | (434) 973-5509Miniature GolfHours: Every day 9 a.m.-12 a.m. (Hours vary in winter-it is best to call ahead.)Rates: 1 Game (18 holes) $4; 3 Games (36 holes) $8 (All 3 games do not have to be played the same day.)Special Group Rate: (10 or More People Only) 2 Games for the Price of 1 (Games must be played the same day.)
Charlottesville, VA | (434) 971-1757Hours: All flights are at sunrise, weather permitting. Reservations are required. Flights last approximately one hour.Rates: March-December $165/PersonSpecial Group Rate: 8, 9, 10, or 16 people $100/Person (30 minute flight)
22 Maplevale Drive, Palmyra, VA | (434) 589-5717No rates or times are available. Please call for more information.
230 West Main Street, Charlottesville, VA | (434) 817-1423Hours: Hours vary daily; call for public skating times.Rates: Mon-Wed daytime $3 per session; Thur-Fri daytime $5.50 per session; Nights and weekends $6.75 per session
Near Staunton, VA | (540) 248-7888Snow tubing day and nightDirections: Take I-64W to I-81N. Take Exit 225, turn left on Rt. 275 to Rt. 11. Take first left into Ingleside.Hours: Tues-Thur 5:30 p.m.-9:30 p.m.; Fri 4 p.m.-midnight; Sat 10 a.m.-midnight; Sun 10 a.m.-8 p.m.Rates: 2 hours for $12; weeknights, all you can tube for $10 between 5:30 and 9:30. Special rates apply during holiday periods.
Harrisonburg, VA | (800) 207-MASS or (540) 289-9441Skiing, snowboarding and snow tubing (eight slopes)Hours and rates vary. Group rates and twilight specials are available.
Wintergreen, VA | (434) 325-2200 or (434) 325-2100Skiing and snowboarding (twelve slopes)Hours and rates vary. Group rates and twilight specials are available.
Old Lynchburg Road, Charlottesville, VA | (434) 296-5844Twelve miles of twisting single-track trail designed with the intermediate rider in mind. An easier route follows the lake's dam.Hours: 7 a.m. to darkFees: Albemarle County resident day fee $3; non-county resident $4.50; seasonal fee $50 for county residents and $75 for non-county residents
In addition to the U.Va. indoor pools at the Aquatic Fitness Center and Memorial Gym, there are a number of public pools in the Charlottesville area:
(434) 924-7652Billiards, Ping-Pong, ArcadeHours: Mon-Thur 11 a.m.-midnight; Fri-Sat 11 a.m.-1 a.m.;Sun 1 p.m.-midnightRates: Pool and Ping-Pong Tables $0.05/minute
Splathouse, Inc. | 946 Grady Avenue, Charlottesville, VA | (434) 977-5287Hours: Fri 7 p.m.-11 p.m. (public night); All other nights by reservation only
Rates:$10/person, $5/gun, $18/500 rounds or $7/100 rounds$25/person (with your own equipment and supplies)
Special group rates exist. Call for information.
Skydive Orange | Orange, VA | (540) 943-6587Hours and rates vary. Reservations are required. Call for further details.


text:
This is a potential security issue, you are being redirected to http://nvd.nist.gov
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CVE Publication rate: 16.83
NVD provides four mailing lists to the public. For information and subscription instructions please visit NVD Mailing Lists
Multiple directory traversal vulnerabilities in artmedic webdesign weblog 1.0, when magic_quotes_gpc is disabled, allow remote attackers to read arbitrary files via a .. (dot dot) in the (1) ta parameter to artmedic_index.php, reached through index.php; and the (2) date parameter to artmedic_print.php.
By selecting these links, you will be leaving NIST webspace. We have provided these links to other web sites because they may have information that would be of interest to you. No inferences should be drawn on account of other sites being referenced, or not, from this page. There may be other web sites that are more appropriate for your purpose. NIST does not necessarily endorse the views expressed, or concur with the facts presented on these sites. Further, NIST does not endorse any commercial products that may be mentioned on these sites. Please address comments about this page to firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
08-17-2006, 01:42 PM | #1 (permalink) |
Registered User
1977 F-350 brakes
I got this 1977 f-350 and I drove it home from northern Indiana to Central Indiana with no problems. I started working on quite a bit of the truck, and now that I have been test driving it, the front left caliper locked up on me. So i pulled it apart and put it back on and its working fine now, although I noticed that when I push the brake pedal down it stays down quite a ways, and if you put your foot under it you can pop the pedal back up about an inch. What is the problem here? Bad calipers? booster? master cylinder? somthing out of adjustment? Any ideas and/or help would be greatly appreciated.
08-18-2006, 09:00 AM | #4 (permalink) |
Registered User
yep sounds right, whatever caliper was giving you trouble needs to be replaced...... just that simple. also check your pads.... might have killed em while staying stuck against the rotor. when you do put the new caliper on, make sure to atleast scuff up the rotor surface a lil, b/c chances are that it got a lil hot while the caliper was sticking.
Mud DriverI: 79 F150 built 400M, 35x14.5x15 boggers, 4" lift, 9"R, D44 F, NP435, NP203 : [url]http://www.cardomain.com/ride/2145548[/url] Mud DriverII: 77 F250 stock 400M, 36x12.5x16.5 TSL's, highboy, D60 R,D44F HD , NP435, np205 : [url]http://www.cardomain.com/ride/393604[/url] |
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text:
: FireRed hack:
Pokémon Shiny Gold!
View Single Post
January 10th, 2008 (02:13 PM).
Heart's Soul
Hey, look, I was gone.
Join Date: Nov 2007
Age: 19
Gender: Male
Posts: 2,532
Quote originally posted by
Hmm, just thought I'd check about this.
Okay, the new music thats been put into Shiny Gold, for some reason, the Maho town and Carlos common theme are very low in quality and have crackles.
I just thought I'd check whether this is a problem on my end, or its actually something to do with the game.
View original post
Change your sound - did you try that? (on the Emulator only!)
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Today does not exist.
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text:
Tools for the healthcare provider
— published: 08-23-2011If you are a healthcare provider, you may be interested in two new resources available on our website. One is "Guidelines for Taking a Comprehensive Dietary Supplement History" and the other is "How to Probe for Dietary Supplement Use and Report Adverse Events" [video]. Both of these helpful tools can be found on the website by clicking on the Dietary Supplements tab on the home page, then choosing Dietary Supplement Resources from the left-hand column, and then clicking on the Resources tab on the next window.


text:
Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister | |
PerlMonks |
Re^2: undef and empty variablesby herveus (Parson) |
on Jan 19, 2011 at 17:15 UTC ( #883168=note: print w/ replies, xml ) | Need Help?? |
Howdy! Depending on the RDBMS, the empty string may not be distinguished from NULL. Oracle leaps instantly to mind as one which explicitly documents their equivalence between an empty string and NULL. That's not standards compliant, but it's Oracle.
yours, Michael
In Section
Seekers of Perl Wisdom


text:
US 7221505 B2 Abstract A panoramic field of view acquiring system comprises three telescopes, which acquire three separate images, each typically covering a little over one third of the total required scene and a multiplexer, which is used to transmit the three images, one at a time, to an appropriate detector. Standard imaging techniques are then used to coordinate the images to form a complete picture and display them as required.
Claims(12) 1. A panoramic field of view acquiring system comprising:
three telescopes, each of said telescopes having a field of view and acquiring an image that is essentially independent of that of the other two of said telescopes;
an optical multiplexer;
a detector;
optical elements for focusing and steering said acquired images along optical paths within said system such that said acquired images are focused on said detector; and
means for storing, processing, and displaying said images;
wherein, said optical multiplexer comprises two choppers having optically operative portions that are operated synchronously in order to transmit each of said images acquired by said telescopes separately to said detector and said images are processed and combined to provide said panoramic field of view and said panoramic view covers a horizontal field of view of up to 360 degrees.
2. The system according to
3. The system according to
4. The system according to
5. The system according to
reflective sections;
transparent sections; and
a central portion, which serves to connect said rotating element to driving means.
6. The system according to
disc shape;
rectangular blade shape; and
blade shape having any contour other than rectangular.
7. The system according to
8. The A system according to
9. The system according to
10. The system according to
11. The method of using the system of
acquiring a first, a second and a third image from each of the three telescopes respectively; and
Using a double-chopper multiplexer to transmit said images periodically, successively, one at a time, to the detector;
wherein, the frequency of the multiplexer is between 30 to 100 Hz.
12. The method of using the system of
acquiring a first, a second and a third image from each of the three telescopes respectively;
transmitting said first and said second images to a first chopper of the optical multiplexer;
alternatively, effecting a first selection between said first and said second images;
transmitting the firstly selected image and said third image to the second chopper of said optical multiplexer;
alternatively effecting a second selection between said firstly selected image and said third image; and
transmitting the secondly selected image to the detector;
transmitting said detected image to the means for storing, processing, and displaying said detected image; and
processing and combining said detected images to provide said panoramic field of view.
Description This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. �119 to Israeli Patent Application No. 162512 filed Jun. 14, 2004, the entire specification claims and drawings of which are incorporated herewith by reference. This invention relates to a method and system for obtaining panoramic views of geographical areas covering a typically complete horizontal field of view, i.e. 360� over some vertical angle. The invention particularly relates to a panoramic view system for providing discovery, alarm, and location of threats, which may come from any direction. Said panoramic views are intended for use and display in terrestrial situations, but may be used for taking wide, continuous pictures from a fast low flying aircraft. The art has developed systems for aircraft navigation and targeting purposes, particularly forward looking infrared (FLIR) line of sight systems. U.S. Pat. No. 5,049,740 discloses a system for obtaining images of two fields of view of one or two scenes with a radiation sensor by the use of a single detector and common signal processing circuitry. Said patent describes a field of view sensor providing a narrow view and a wide view by two independent telescopes, which are combined by use of a field of view switch comprising a chopper wheel or an optical switch in synchronized operation with a mirror scanner. U.S. Pat. No. 5,418,364 discloses a FLIR system for providing both navigation and pilotage functions for which a wide field of view is provided, and a target acquisition or tracking/targeting function, for which a narrow field of view is provided. The wide field of view permits implementation of a pilotage function while the narrow, optionally magnified field of view, implements a targeting function. Both lines of sight are coupled in a single IR detector and two separate FLIR video image signals are generated using a single common processor, one for pilotage and one for targeting. It is seen that the art provides systems for assisting an aircraft pilot in directing the aircraft and in finding and tracking a target. However, no matter what the width is of the wider of the two fields-of-view, it has a limited angular span and the presence of a narrow field of view, while useful for targeting, does not contribute to the inspection and analysis of the geographical area over which the aircraft flies. The two telescopes that are provided in said prior art have different functions and provide different information and do not complement one another. It would therefore be desirable to provide a system that would permit acquiring and showing a complete panoramic picture of a relevant geographical area. It would also be desirable if such a system, which could provide discovery, alarming, and location of threats from any direction, could provide such a panoramic view by use of a singe detector. A singe detector system would have many advantages including reduced cost, volume, and weight, over multi detectors system. Examples of applications in which the usefulness of such a system is readily apparent are found in military operations. Typical threats that could be detected and their paths located include enemy missiles, rockets, and bullets, which can come from any direction. Artillery barrages and flight missions could be guided and followed by a system providing such a panoramic view, from a headquarters or forward station on the ground, from which instructions could be transmitted to the artillery unit on the ground or to an aircraft pilot in the air. As another example, the system of the invention can be mounted on an aircraft and could be directly used by the pilot in performing his mission. It is therefore a purpose of this invention to provide such a system and to provide it by means of an optical system the components of which are known in the art and can be easily acquired, assembled, coordinated and controlled by persons expert in the optical art. It is another purpose of this invention to provide a system that provides such panoramic views with a single detector. Other purposes and advantages of the invention will appear as the description proceeds. The system of the invention comprises three image-acquiring optical devices, hereinafter referred to as �telescopes� for brevity's sake. For land based systems, each telescope covers a typical field of view of about 120�, and the fields-of-view are so coordinated that the telescopes together cover a field of view of typically 360�. Means are provided for alternatively displaying the three acquired images, one at a time, in imaging optics, and means are provided for alternating according to a desired frequency the display of the acquired images. The term �telescope� is used to designate any optical device or system that can acquire images from a distance. For example, from a flying aircraft a FLIR system comprises a �telescope�. It is to be noted that for airborne systems, the aircraft blocks a part of the 360� field of view. For such systems an embodiment of the present invention, which provides a panoramic view of up to 180�, is typically provided. It is understood that light beams transmit the acquired images and the analog signals conveyed by the light beams are transduced to digital signals to define the display of the imaging optics. As is widely practiced in the art, the digital signals may be memorized and/or transmitted to define corresponding displays of different imaging optics and/or at different times. In a first aspect the present invention provides a panoramic field of view acquiring system. The system comprises three telescopes, an optical multiplexer, a detector, optical elements for focusing and steering the acquired images along optical paths within the system and focusing them on the detector, and means for storing, processing, and displaying the images. Each of the telescopes has a field of view and acquires an image that is essentially independent from that of the other two telescopes. The optical multiplexer comprises two choppers having optically operative portions that are operated synchronously in order to transmit each of the images acquired by the telescopes separately to the detector. The images are processed and combined to provide a panoramic field of view, which covers a horizontal field of view of up to 360 degrees. In one embodiment of the invention, each of the three telescopes has essentially the same field of view. In another embodiment of the invention, each of the three telescopes has a field of view of slightly more than 120 degrees and the panoramic view covers a horizontal field of view of 360 degrees. In a different embodiment, each of the three telescopes has a field of view of slightly more than 60 degrees and the panoramic view covers a horizontal field of view of 180 degrees. The optically operative portions of the choppers are preferably rotating elements that intersect the optical paths. Each of the rotating elements comprises: a central portion, which serves to connect the rotating element to driving means, reflective sections, and transparent sections. The rotating element can be disc shaped or be shaped like a rectangular blade or have any other contour. In one embodiment of the invention, the rotating elements are comprised of one reflective section and one transparent section, one of which sections angularly extends over 120 degrees and one of which sections angularly extends over 240 degrees. In other embodiments the rotating elements are comprised of two reflective sections and two transparent sections. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention the rotation of the rotating elements is synchronized by mechanical means. Preferably the mechanical means comprise shafts to which the rotating elements are keyed, the two shafts have mechanically coupled, concurrent drives, so that they are driven concurrently with the same rotary speed, and the rotating elements are keyed to the shafts in appropriate, relative angular positions. In another aspect the invention provides a method for using the system of the invention for acquiring and displaying a panoramic field of view. The method comprises the following steps:
The present invention is a system comprised of three telescopes 2, 4, 6 (see Numeral 10 indicates an optical multiplexer comprised of two choppers 12 and 14. Numeral 12′ indicates the optically operative portion of chopper 12 and numeral 14′ indicates the optically operative portion of chopper 14. By �optically operative portion� is meant the portion of the chopper on which impinge or may impinge the light beams. The multiplexer is intended to select between the impinging beams. In the preferred embodiments of the invention, the optically operative portions of the choppers are rotating elements that intersect the optical paths and comprise both reflective and transparent sections. Generally, the central portion of the rotating element serves to connect it to the driving means and need not be either transparent or reflective. The optically operative portion is typically annular and surrounds said central portion. The reflective portions needs to be reflective only on one side and the other side, which is used only to block the beam, therefore is not necessarily reflective. In the preferred embodiments, both of the rotating elements are identical, however it is also possible to use disks having different configurations. In addition to choppers comprising rotating elements, choppers having other embodiments are known in the art, for example, vibrating �tuning fork� choppers or choppers comprised of materials that can switch between a solid reflective state and a translucent state as a result of their photochromic or thermochromic properties can be adapted to satisfy the requirements of the invention. The only requirement being that the change from reflective to transparent state of both choppers is synchronized as described hereinbelow such that the images from the three telescopes fall alternately upon the detector. In According to the presently preferred embodiment of the invention, both of the chopper wheels are identical; however embodiments can be devised in which the two wheels are different. In In the preferred embodiments, the two choppers rotate synchronously in typically opposite directions in order to partially balance the gyroscopic moments. Optionally the same multiplexing effect can be obtained by rotating the choppers in the same direction. If the optically operative portions of the choppers are on rotating elements, their synchronization may be accomplished by simple mechanical means. If each rotating element is keyed to a shaft and the two shafts have mechanically coupled drives, so that they are driven concurrently with the same rotary speed, it is sufficient to mount the rotating elements in appropriate, relative angular positions on the respective shafts to assure their permanent synchronization. The speed of rotation of the chopper wheels determines the frequency with which the images acquired by any one of the telescopes fall on the detector. The frequency is limited by the detector specifications, specifically the integration time, i.e. the time span required to record (sample) an image onto the detector's pixels matrices (typically 2 milliseconds) and the download time, i.e. the time span required to move the pixels information into a buffer (typically 5 milliseconds). The frequency must also be such that the system meets operational/mission goals. Preferably, the frequency is between 30 and 100 Hz. The images can be processed, improved and shown in many ways, known to persons skilled in the art. The images, of course, could be registered. A particular zone might be viewed at an enlargement, or its changes and evolution could be analyzed by viewing a succession of images of said zones taken at different times. A typical system according to the invention comprising the three telescopes, multiplexer, and optics has a general size of 160�240�240 mm and an inclusive weight is 4 Kg. Referring now to When chopper wheel 14′ is in such a position that axis 20 impinges on its reflective section, the image acquired by telescope 2 is obstructed by the chopper wheel and is absorbed by conventional means or otherwise neglected. The image acquired by telescope 4 is reflected along axis 20. If chopper wheel 12′ is in such a position that axis 20 impinges on its transparent section, then the image acquired by telescope 4, and reflected from chopper wheel 14′, is focused by optics generally indicated at 24 along axis 20 onto detector 8. Concurrently, the image acquired by telescope 6 passes through the transparent section of chopper wheel 12′ and is absorbed by conventional means or otherwise neglected. When a beam of light parallel to axis 20 impinges on the reflective section of chopper wheel 12 it is irrelevant whether the image acquired by telescope 2 or the image acquired by telescope 4 has been focused by optics 22 onto chopper wheel 12′, since either image will be blocked by chopper wheel 12′ and will be absorbed by conventional means or otherwise neglected. Concurrently, the image acquired by telescope 6 is focused by optics, generally indicated at 26 onto chopper wheel 12′ and is reflected along axis 20 and focused by optics 24 onto detector 8. It will be appreciated by skilled persons that the optical elements designated by numerals 22, 24, 26, 128 and 128′ in the figures are shown only schematically and can constitute either single elements or groups of elements comprising refractive or reflective surfaces. Also included may be other items known in the art, such as slits or baffles to limit unwanted internal reflections of the beams. The exact optical design being dependent on the conditions under which the system of the invention is to be operated. Similarly the methods of storing, processing, and displaying the images that are transmitted to the detector are well known in the art and need not be described herein. While embodiments of the invention have been described for purposes of illustration, it will be understood that the invention may be implemented with many variations, modifications and adaptation, without departing from its scope as defined in the claims. The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying Figures. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Various references are cited herein, the disclosure of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Patent Citations
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text:
Ave Gustave Eiffel
Champ de Mars
2nd level Paris 75007
Le Jules Verne offers a one-of-a-kind experience. Not only does it still boast the most beautiful view over Paris, but now it also lays claim to one of the most intimate and inviting dining rooms in the city, playing with the natural light of day and the city lights at night.
Contemporary cuisine with passion rules the menu here. An outstanding achievement when you consider that most of the dishes on the menu have a long history behind them and belong to the apparently untouchable heritage of France.


text: previous next Fullscreen Shoes • September, 7 2011 • By David Fischer Marc Jacobs for Native Jimmy Boot Shares Facebook Twitter Google Comments "A snowy showdown in the shadow of Mt. Elsewhere. Frosty feet get saved by the Jimmy, but what warms a frozen heart after your girl runs off with a beast from the east? The limited edition Jimmy boot is available exclusively at Marc Jacobs stores on September 8th."


text:
Criminal Justice: Faculty
Our faculty is composed of highly qualified and dedicated full-time professors with terminal degrees in their fields and real-world professional experience, as well as outstanding part-time instructors. Click on each of their profiles below to learn more about their experience, publications, awards, and contact information.
Program Chair
Dr. Michael Hummel
Professor of Criminal Justice and Security Studies, Director of the University Leadership Studies Minor
Current Positions: Chair, Department of Criminal Justice, and Professor of Criminal Justice and More
Dr. Aref M. Al-Khattar
Dr. Aref M. Al-Khattar a professor of criminology and criminal justice at California More
Dr. John R. Cencich
Professor and Director of the Pennsylvania Institute of Criminological and Forensic Sciences
Senior professor of criminal justice Dr. John Cencich is a legal scientist and career More
John DiSalle
John DiSalle is a judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Washington County, Pa., a position he was More
Dr. Raymond J. Hsieh
Associate Professor
Dr. Hsieh earned his Ph.D. in Informatics (Information Communication Technology) from SUNY-Buffalo More
Richard Mullen
In addition to being an instructor at Cal. U, Richard Mullen is also an adjunct professor at Point More
Kenneth Noble
Kenneth Noble served honorably in the United States Marine Corps for 21 years as a Military More
Charles Noel
In addition to Cal U, Mr. Charles Noel is also an associate professor of criminal justice and More
Patrick Picciarelli
Adjunct faculty
Patrick Picciarelli is the author of Jimmy the Wags: Street Stories of a Private Eye, published by More
Jon Ridge
Adjunct faculty
Jon Ridge is the assistant chief probation and parole officer for Washington County, Pa. He was More
Julie Warnick
Assistant Professor
Professor Warnick is a legal specialist who teaches courses pertaining to procedural and More
Jay Weller
Jay Weller is a magisterial district judge in Washington County, Pa., and has served in that More
Christopher Wydra
Christopher Wydra is a recently retired police officer/detective with 20 years of professional More
Joseph Zupancic
Joseph Zupancic is currently a deputy district attorney in Washington County, Pa. A practicing More


text:
Real Estate Specialists in the US Virgin Islands, Cruz Bay Realty, Inc. is a second generation, family owned Virgin Islands Real Estate Agency with a professional, friendly team of agents serving St. John since 1985. We take pride in our reputation, integrity, and understanding of the real estate market on St. John; our biggest compliment is the number of clients who recommend new Buyers and Sellers to us! Whether you are looking for the ideal island property to purchase, or you are trying to make a decision about selling your St. John home, land, condo or commercial investment, you can rely on the Professional Team at Cruz Bay Realty to give you accurate and informed advice and information on all of your real estate needs, including: land for sale, luxury homes, villas, Ditleff Point waterfront property, beachfront property, condominiums, Westin timeshares, commercial opportunities and much more!
We offer a complete online listing of ALL St John MLS properties and we are the ONLY St. John Realtor that provides a complete, comprehensive, up-to-date, online database of St. John Real Estate Sales History, including MLS Homes, Land, and Condos sold on St. John since 1999!
Don't miss our new section "About St. John," featuring a collection of useful information including St John Information, Living on Unspoiled St. John, and a handy St John Building Directory.
We also offer instant notification of new listings so you know immediately of new properties on the Market
Here is a sample of our offerings regarding St. John right here on our site. Please contact us for greater detail on any of the following, or any other St John questions or comments you may have: St John Homes Listings of Residential Property - Luxury Homes, Villas St. John Land Listings - Waterfront, Beachfront, Hillside
Condos, Timeshares and Fractional Home Ownership Ditleff Point - Premier Waterfront Land for Sale Commercial Properties for sale Directory of St John Building Info Information on Buying and Selling Virgin Islands Real Estate St. John Vacation Rental "On the Rocks" Virgin Islands Mortgage and Financing Calculators St. John VI Real Estate Information Virgin Islands Property Tax Information View NEW St. John Properties Just on the Market
Thank you for visiting our site, and feel free to contact us with any questions you may have about our beautiful gem in the Caribbean!
Cruz Bay Realty, Inc. PO Box 66 | St. John, VI 00831 (800) 569-2417 (340) 693-8808 | (340) 693-9812 fax email@example.com HOMEPAGE | HOMES | LAND | CONDOS | TIMESHARE/FRACTIONAL | COMMERICAL NEW ON THE MARKET | FEATURED PROPERTIES | ST. JOHN INFORMATION LIVING ON UNSPOILED ST. JOHN | ST. JOHN DIRECTORY | ST. JOHN SALES HISTORY MORTGAGE CALCULATORS | ABOUT US | CONTACT US | SITEMAP ©2015 Cruz Bay Realty, Inc.
©2015 Cruz Bay Realty, Inc.


text:
Results 1 to 1 of 1
Saving changes done through a program
Right now I'm working a hard-coded dummy model that fills my tree. Once I run the program I can add/delete/edit nodes and it will maintain those values until the program is closed. What would I look for to save all changes and load from that next time? I think it's serialization and I'm just going to have to write every nodes details out to a text file and recreate them from that file on startup or am I wrong and should be looking elsewhere?
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text:
Urology Clinic
James W. Aston Ambulatory Care Center
5303 Harry Hines Blvd.
9th Floor, Suite 110
Dallas, Texas 75390-9110
Learn about our Genitourinary Cancer Program.
The Urology Department at UT Southwestern Medical Center is recognized as high-performing, according to U.S. News & World Report's 2014–15 annual report on the nation's best hospitals.
Our specialists are recognized as national leaders in the diagnosis and treatment of all types of urologic cancers, and the Simmons Cancer Center at UT Southwestern Medical Center provides state-of-the-art facilities and patient care for people undergoing treatment.
The Simmons Cancer Center urologic oncology team sees patients seeking medical guidance, treatment, and support for bladder, kidney, penile, prostate, and testicular cancers.
Our specialists were among the first in the United States to offer new treatment options such as brachytherapy, laparoscopic surgery, and radiofrequency ablation as the preferred methods. We remain at the forefront using robotic surgery to ensure precision and accuracy.
In recent years our urologic cancer researchers have identified the biomarkers that may pinpoint prostate cancer recurrence, as well as discovering that some hormonal dietary supplements may promote prostate cancer progression. This emphasis on research gives our patients the option of participating in clinical trials for the prevention and detection of urologic cancers.
The Cancer Answer Line addresses important cancer topics, answering questions you may have about cancer and keeping you informed about the latest research and innovation.
If you have further questions, you can always ask our cancer experts by calling 1-888-980-6050 or sending us an email.


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StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty GPU & CPU Performance
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StarCraft II: Wings of LibertyJul 22, 2010
StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty coming July 27May 3, 2010
Mafia II GPU & CPU Performance In-depthAug 31, 2010
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Blizzard launches closed beta of StarCraft IIFeb 17, 2010
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ArmstrongParker posted an update 1 year, 9 months ago
The business ethics of this company werehigh. Industrial activity features food-processing,oil-refining, and metalworking. Now, men, up you come on deck smartly,and get that boat hoisted in.o. One might go up theHudson River by steamer to Albany, http://www.louisvuittonneversayno.com/ and thence work up the Champlain Lake system, above which one…[Read more]
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The stranger then asked him where he wouldfind the nearest house, and whether it was that of a white or a red man. "She is a slave to her babies, and as for Celestine, the nurse, she is no help to her whatever. In the mornings Mr. They use the names of Pitt andFox as corks, by means of which flHJf0EaWj they may keep afloat. [Read more]
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The opposition center-right alliance formed by the National Liberal Party (PNL)and the voc6qe1AR7 Democratic oP9HJowyaI Party (PD) scored a surprise victory over the ruling PSD in December 2004presidential elections.)Net migration rate: -1.8%, Russian 17. I own my defeat. It grows under brambles and under deadleaves. in A. You want me to love you,…[Read more]
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This video is as sweet as a fresh-glazed doughnut — and along with being guilt-free, will restore a little of your faith in humanity. The bac...
Read Whole Story
Even with the Olympics on 24/7 (admittedly a huge distraction for me) there was a lot that caught my attention this week. Let's talk about the Olympic uniforms, Twitter and freedom of speech, and ways that you can eat like an athlete!
Get top stories and blog posts emailed to me each day..


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Mineral Resources On-Line Spatial Data
State | Texas |
Name | Bouquillas Formation |
Geologic age | Phanerozoic | Mesozoic | Cretaceous-Late |
Original map label | Kbo |
Comments | In Western part of Trans-Pecos Texas, Eastern part of Trans-Pecos Texas and High Plains- limestone, marl and shale. Upper part--interbedded marl and shale; lower part--limestone, silty to sandy, flaggy, dark grayish orange near base; marine megafossils; thickness 200+_ ft. In North, central, and south Texas including Quaternary for all of west Texas- Four units. Upper unit mostly silty shale, med-gray interbedded with nodular to laminar ls. Followed downward by shale, silty interbedded with granular yell-gray ls.; shale silty dk-gray interbedded with laminated siltstone; a basal unit of limest. clastic in thin mostly cross-laminated beds, interbedded with siltstone. Thickness 160-220 ft. |
Primary rock type | limestone |
Secondary rock type | shale |
Other rock types | mudstone; siltstone |
Lithologic constituents | Major
Sedimentary > Clastic > Mudstone > Shale (Bed) Sedimentary > Carbonate > Limestone (Bed) Minor
Sedimentary > Clastic > Mixed-clastic > Siltstone-Mudstone (Bed) Sedimentary > Carbonate > Marlstone (Bed) |
Map references | Bureau of Economic Geology, 1992, Geologic Map of Texas: University of Texas at Austin, Virgil E. Barnes, project supervisor, Hartmann, B.M. and Scranton, D.F., cartography, scale 1:500,000 |
Unit references | Bureau of Economic Geology, 1968, Van Horn-El Paso Sheet, Geologic Atlas of Texas: Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin, scale 1:250,000. Bureau of Economic Geology, 1977, Del Rio Sheet, Geologic Atlas of Texas, University of Texas, Bureau of Economic Geology, scale 1:250,000. |
Counties | Brewster - Crockett - Culberson - Edwards - Jeff Davis - Pecos - Presidio - Reeves - Sutton - Terrell - Val Verde |


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- 01-09-2013, 03:37 PM Thread Author #1
problems with hotmail on iPhone
Until today, I had 2 email accounts which i could access on my iPhone, but strangely, as of today, I can only access one of them. They are both Hotmail accounts and i have tried to delete and setup the second one again but it just comes up with the message 'the connection to the server failed'. As I said, the other email is working fine on the phone. Any ideas, please?
Thanks -
Re: problems with hotmail on iPhone
I'm having the same problem and it started today as well I also have 2 hotmail accounts on my iPhone and iPad and only one is working and I am getting the message the connection to the server failed I also deleted and re did the email account to no avail I'm on OS 6 Any suggestions ?
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From Aisle to Isle
Islands where you crazy kids can kayak with beluga whales, bathe in a cenote, or just lie out by the infinity pool.
Islands where you crazy kids can kayak with beluga whales, bathe in a cenote, or just lie out by the infinity pool.
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How a seedy strip club—with the help of creative studio hOmE—morphed into Greenpoint's highly Instagrammable new bar, Ramona (113 Franklin St.).
When choosing a meal plan, you can go formal or familiar. Just do it with a twist.
Where to donate everything, from toys to coats to flip cams.
Six professional curator types go head-to-head in three store-packed neighborhoods. The challenge: Knock off your entire holiday list in three hours or less.
Highly unorthodox poses from New York's yoga vanguard.
Small bites inspired by four pillars of the local restaurant scene.
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Who says the final course has to be all-white and quintuple-tiered? Here, 33 cakes that toy with convention.
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The stores, parties, meetups, and classes devoted to all things non-digital.
Seven analog obsessives explain their allegiance to outdated technology.
Monotone bouquets and boutonnieres spanning every hue in the visible spectrum.


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Posts with tag "tom cruise"
Tom Cruise Shows Off His Abs on 'Mission: Impossible 4' Set
Posted Oct 7th 2010 at 06:44 AM by PopEater Staff- Filed under:
- Celebrity Weight -
- Movie News -
- Photos -
- Celebrity Health and Beauty
Tom Cruise is looking great at 48! Photographers snapped the actor performing stunts on the set of 'Mission: Impossible 4' without his shirt. Cruise proudly displayed his six-pack abs and muscled shoulders and arms. The fourth film in the popular secret agent series is currently shooting in Prague. Among Cruise's co-stars are Maggie Q, who also appeared in the third movie, and Oscar nomin...
Mission Impossible: How Is Tom Cruise as Tall as Cameron Diaz in Heels?
Posted Sep 30th 2010 at 10:50 AM by The Editors of StyleList- Filed under:
- Celebrity Style -
- Movie News -
- Photos
Just how is 5-foot-7 actor Tom Cruise able to stand as tall as 5-foot-9 co-star Cameron Diaz -- who was wearing four-inch heels? That's a six-inch difference if you are counting and our friends at StyleList break down just how they were able to orchestrate it at the Tokyo premiere of their film 'Knight & Day.' Standing side-by-side, Cruise and Diaz, who was poured into a belted black dress ...
Listen Up! Tim Gunn Has Something to Say (And It Ain't Pretty)
Posted Sep 17th 2010 at 03:00 PM by John Mitchell- Filed under:
- Gut Reactions -
- TV News -
- Lindsay Lohan -
- Tom Cruise -
- Michaele Salahi
Professional opinion giver Tim Gunn has been making the press rounds to promote his new book, 'Gunn's Golden Rules,' and he hasn't been shy about sharing his thoughts on a variety of stars. The latest celebs to find themselves in Gunn's crosshairs: Lindsay Lohan, Tom Cruise, Katie Homes and 'Real Housewife of D.C.' Michaele Salahi. In an interview with Access Hollywood Live, Gunn didn't exactly...
Casting the Kitty Kelley 'Oprah' Tell-All Movie
Posted Jul 13th 2010 at 02:40 PM by Denise WarnerKitty Kelley's controversial (and unauthorized) biography on Oprah Winfrey, called 'Oprah,' will be made into a TV movie, EOnline.com reports. According to E!, Kelley made a deal with producer Larry Thompson, who wants to get the project on air around the time that Ms. Winfrey signs off from her daytime talk show. We here at PopEater hoped to help them out in the casting department. Here are...
Tom Cruise's Troubles: As Clear as 'Knight and Day'
Posted Jun 28th 2010 at 11:30 AM by Rob Shuter- Filed under:
- Gut Reactions -
- Movie News -
- Naughty But Nice With Rob Shuter
Tom Cruise's dream of a glorious career comeback turned into a Pixar-driven nightmare this weekend when 'Toy Story 3' and even Adam Sandler's 'Grown Ups' (!) walloped Tom's new film, 'Knight and Day,' at the box office, leaving the once golden superstar to ask himself: what next? "This was the worst opening for a Cruise action movie in 20 years," one industry insider tells me. "I just don't see...
Tom Cruise Don't Need No Stinking 'Day' Stuntman
Posted Jun 23rd 2010 at 10:13 AM by Bryan Alexander- Filed under:
- Movie News -
- Interviews -
- Exclusives
Director James Mangold was thrilled that Tom Cruise was willing to risk life and mega-star limb to perform his stunts in 'Knight and Day.' But the man behind the lens just wished the star would take a risk-breather every now and again. Apparently, Cruise still has the need for constant speed. And just like in 'Top Gun,' he still doesn't always comprehend simple English requests. Mangold tells P...
Video: What You're Thinking of Tom Cruise These Days
Posted Jun 15th 2010 at 04:20 PM by Zach Dionne- Filed under:
- Gut Reactions -
- Movie News -
- Videos -
- Interviews -
- Hottest Stories
'Knight and Day' drops next Wednesday, marking Tom Cruise's first true shot at box office gold since 2006. Last week, he seemed to be on the track to public redemption after a hilarious (and not self-serious!) MTV Movie Awards stint as Les Grossman, his dynamite-loud film producer character from 'Tropic Thunder.' In a vote by 100,000 PopEater readers, 62 percent said the live performance put Cruis...
Do We Buy Jaden Smith as a Movie Star?
Posted Jun 11th 2010 at 11:15 AM by Ben Widdicombe- Filed under:
- Movie News
There's no question that Jaden Smith -- Will Smith and Jada's genetically-gifted offspring who stars in the 'Karate Kid' remake, opening today -- is one heck of a cute kid. But early reviews have been nothing short of brutal, and let's face it, with his mom and dad as producers of the film, he didn't get the part by going to a casting session and winning it on talent. Even the Tom Cruise conn...
It's Official: Tom Cruise Making Les Grossman Film
Posted Jun 9th 2010 at 09:50 PM by PopEater Staff- Filed under:
- Good News -
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After stealing every scene he shot in 'Tropic Thunder' and then bringing the house down at Sunday night's MTV Movie Awards, Tom Cruise will be reprising his character Les Grossman for a full-length feature film, EW reports. Paramount and MTV films announced this afternoon they are developing a movie based on Grossman. Cruise will star and produce alongside 'Tropic Thunder' co-star and director ...
Vote: Should Les Grossman Get His Own Movie?
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- Movie News -
- Videos
He made us laugh in 'Tropic Thunder,' and nearly two years later, Les Grossman did it again at the MTV Movie Awards. Tom Cruise reprised his role as the foul-mouthed and chubby movie mogul to the delight of the celebrities and laypeople alike, which included a raunchy dance with Jennifer Lopez. After the show, Cruise hinted that a Grossman-film could be in the works. 'Extra' and PopEater ...
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County |
R&D Tax Incentive |
Comment |
Mashelkar, Director General, Council for Scientific & Industrial Research, India, in Science Magazine. |
Ireland |
According to IDA Ireland, the government agency with responsibility for the promotion of direct investment by foreign companies into Ireland, "Many leading global companies have found Ireland to be an excellent location for knowledge-based activities…." Nearly half of all IDA supported companies now have some expenditure on R&D and 7,300 people are engaged in the activity. |
Japan |
In 2003, US subsidiaries spent $1.7 billion on R&D in Japan. Junichiro Mimaki, an official from Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry, said in an August 26 interview with the Bureau of National Affairs that R&D and IT tax relief has created 400,000 jobs and boosted gross domestic product by 6.1 trillion yen ($55 billion) over 3 years. |
Korea |
Korea is moving aggressively to attract foreign R&D investment, promoting not only tax incentives but also other benefits for foreign companies locating R&D in the Incheon Free Economic Zone ("IFEZ"). |
Singapore |
According to Singapore's Economic Development Board Web site: "Singapore does not just welcome business ideas; it actually seeks and nurtures them. We play host to any shape and size of enterprise and innovation—startups with little more than the germ of an idea, global corporations with large R&D teams and complex production operations." |
United Kingdom |
The UK leads the world in attracting R&D investment by US affiliates—US subsidiaries spent more than $4 billion on UK-based R&D in 2003. The 125% deduction alone is the equivalent of a flat 7.5% R&D tax credit. |
SOURCE: R&D Credit Coalition. "International R&D Incentives." Fact Sheet. September 15, 2005. Available at: http://www.investinamericasfuture.org/factsheets.html. Accessed October 11, 2005. |


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The following guide is meant to help members of the campus community looking to promote their activities via social media. If you have questions or would like more information, contact Tim Nekritz at email@example.com.
What is social media?
Social media, also known as Web 2.0, refers to interactive parts of the Internet where we can communicate with such audiences as prospective students, current students, faculty and staff, alumni, parents and friends of the college. It is NOT a bullhorn where the main point is to push out information; it's more about conversations. The realm of social media includes (but is not limited to) Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, blogs, Formspring, Foursquare and more. Since social media is an ever-evolving field, more outlets and applications continue to appear and adapt to users' needs.
Why social media?
For many audiences, especially prospective students, social media is a comfortable, neutral "third space" where they can explore opportunities, make connections and ask questions (sometimes questions they may hesitate to ask via official channels). By maintaining a presence in social media, we meet our audiences where they already are; the huge number of prospective and current students and alumni on Facebook, for example, make this an area where we can be present for interactions and tasks that accomplish our goals and meet communities' needs.
While having a presence in social media adds to what you do, remember that maintaining your own website and its official information remains key. Experts recommend a "hub and spoke" model where social media efforts often drive users back to your own (oswego.edu) website. In the past year, Facebook alone drove more than 110,000 visits to oswego.edu.
How do we get a share/retweet/boost from official channels?
The college's primary Facebook and Twitter accounts, run by the Office of Public Affairs, happily promote awesome content that shows SUNY Oswego is a vibrant community full of opportunities and activities. Campus entities promoting events, programs and other aspects of the college (i.e. not commercial or spam) are welcome to post on the college's Facebook wall. For consideration of a Twitter retweet to amplify messages with outstanding content, promoting upcoming events or otherwise showing potential interest to the college's stakeholders, include @sunyoswego in the middle or end of the tweet. You may also want to consult our content strategy section for more information about effective social media practices.


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Rear view of a Horse looking back in front of white background
© Eric Isselée - See portfolioPricing
Author | Eric IsseléeSee portfolio |
Image reference | 49924241 |
Country | Belgium |
Descriptive Category | Fauna & Flora Animals Pet |
Conceptual | Science & Nature Nature Farm Animal |
Keywords |
["alone","animal","animal themes","brown","cut-out","farm animal","full-length","half face","horizontal","horse","isolated","isolated on white","mammal","no people","nobody","one animal","portrait","standing","studio shot","vertebrate","white background"]
alone animal animal themes brown cut-out farm animal full-length half face horizontal horse isolated isolated on white mammal no people nobody one animal portrait standing studio shot vertebrate white background
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What are the main ideas of Harald Helfgott's proof that all odd $n \geq 5$ is the sum of 3 primes?
I think this blog post of Terry Tao, as well as the comments following it (including some from Helfgott) answer this question as completely as one could reasonably hope. https://terrytao.wordpress.com/2012/05/20/heuristic-limitations-of-the-circle-method/ |
It needs to be iterated once again, that Vinogradov showed in 1937 that all large enough odd numbers are sum of three primes. The current contribution of Helfgott merely aims at bridging the gap between large enough and all number. This is an interesting problem. However where-as Vinogradov's proof introduced the fundamentally new idea of bilinear forms, Helfgott contribution is on a much smaller scale. While it contributes to the particular sub-field of analytic number theory concerned with explicit estimates, it most likely does not contribute to the larger field, and instead uses idea that were around for a long time. |