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Various artists
Red Hot + Bothered: The Indie Rock Guide to Dating
Red Hot + Bothered sounds like "Parents' Day at Indie Rock Academy"--all the alterna-kids are at their sharpest and most likable. And well they should be. Bothered is the latest AIDS-benefit compilation from Red Hot, an organization that raised more than $5 million with Red Hot + Blue and Red Hot + Country.
Every one of Bothered's 18 performers graciously rises to the occasion, and the album exhibits the best qualities of indie rock--from cheeky to melancholy, from rootsy to avant-garde. Some of the artists appear incognito--Guided by Voices and the Deal sisters (of Breeders fame) play under the name Freedom Cruise, and the Magnetic Field's Stephen Merritt shows up as Future Bible Heroes. Others showcase their side projects: Busy bees Jenny Toomey (Tsunami, Simple Machines) and Lou Barlow (Sebadoh) donated tracks from Liquorice and Folk Implosion, respectively.
True to the indie-rock ethos, Bothered also features several small-timers who deserve a big break, including East River Pipe, a one-man band from Queens; Chicago's watery soul-stirrers the Sea and Cake; and Boise, Idaho's Built to Spill, and Caustic Resin.
With all the major-label subsidiaries and affiliates represented here, Bothered is technically not all indie rock. But rest assured--from Lisa Germano's coy sarcasm to Heavenly's jubilant sneering--it's all indie at heart.--Roni Sarig


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Wednesday, May 24, 2006
Just a Little Late
I was going to push out my extra-special, almost post-American Idol piece last night, but my network connection died and I went to bed instead. So, since I'm running just a bit behind this morning, that piece will be showing up in probably an hour or so.
Apologies, but I still think it will be worth the wait.

subset: commoncrawl


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Mackenzie Thiessen speaks behind podium at Catalyst Awards
May 7, 2013 | 9:33 p.m. CDT
Mackenzie Thiessen, a student at MU's Truman School of Public Affairs, speaks at the 15th Annual Catalyst Award Ceremony on Tuesday at Memorial Student Union. Thiessen was one of the recipients of the award for speaking out and often for the LGBTQ community.
RELATED STORIES: MU LGBTQ Resource Center recognizes students, organizations with Catalyst Awards


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The Merlin Entertainments Group owns and operates the UK's top attractions - that's why we can offer such great deals.
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We're ready and waiting to book your visit almost every day of the year from 9am to 5pm (sorry it's not later, but we do need our beauty sleep!). Oh, and the number is 0871 222 4001.
Calls cost 10p per minute plus network extras.
Calls to 0871 numbers are charged at 10 pence per minute at all times from a BT landline. Calls from mobile operators and other networks may vary.
You must book at least 24 hours in advance to qualify for discounted entry. Your discounts are not available on the day at the attraction, even if you have your company code and ID.
However many you like – the more the merrier. There's no minimum or maximum and you can also buy tickets for your family and friends.
You can pay by debit or credit card when you confirm your booking.
You can collect your tickets on the day from the attraction box office. We'll send you an email confirmation and you can collect your tickets from the ticket collection point.
If you have booked within 5-days of your visit or have opted to collect your tickets at the attraction ticket office, yes, to keep things nice and easy, you'll need to collect all tickets in one go from the ticket collection point.
You'll need your booking reference number and the card used to make the payment.
Sorry but once tickets have been purchased we are unable to exchange or refund them.
In this case you can make a provisional booking on 0871 222 4001. Just be sure to confirm final numbers and pay for your booking at least 24 hours before your visit.
Calls cost 10p per minute plus network extras.
Our offers are better than our Standard Group Rates. But, if you're bringing a large number of guests (100+) on a day out to some of our attractions we can offer a bigger discount for you...just give us a call or contact us for more information.
Sometimes we have special offers for some attractions for a limited time. So it's always a great idea to visit www.merlincorporatediscounts.com for all the latest offers and special events.
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Calls cost 10p per minute plus network extras.
See our bulk tickets page for further discounts for large groups.
To find out how you can offer your staff up to 55% discount at 22 of the UK's top attractions contact us.


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BancorpSouth Arena officials fighting scalpers
TUPELO — BancorpSouth Arena's officials have announced a new concert — Eric Church in April — and with that comes the battle to keep concert tickets in the hands of real — and local — music fans.
Ticket scalping has jumped from street corners to shady websites. Scalpers are legally buying tickets and are reselling those tickets at much higher prices or choosing the "print at home" option, and then making copies of one ticket and selling the worthless copies for face value or higher.
"The Internet is a double-edged sword," said arena director Todd Hunt. "It's made for easier distribution of tickets, but now scalpers have access to the same inventory."
One way of identifying and stopping scalpers is by looking at ZIP codes.
Most music fans buying tickets to shows at the arena are from North Mississippi or Alabama or Memphis and buy their tickets at the arena's box office, online, over the phone or at local retailers. Most scalpers, though, are buying tickets online or by phone from places nowhere near Mississippi.
Using ticket sale breakdowns from two recent successful concerts at the arena, Hunt explained at a recent Coliseum Commission meeting how online ticket scalping is growing.
Most of Casting Crowns' tickets were sold at the arena's box office, with just 20 percent of tickets bought online. Most of those buyers were from North Mississippi. At least 12 tickets, bought online from buyers in New Jersey and New York, were probably scalped.
For Reba McEntire's show, 55 percent of tickets were bought online, and 40 percent were bought at the box office. Phone and retail made up the remaining 10 percent. Again, most buyers were from around Tupelo.
However, 98 tickets were sold online to buyers in Connecticut and 71 to buyers in Los Angeles. Four were sold to buyers in Chicago over the phone.
Hunt said he identified less than 150 scalped tickets sold for the sold-out Jason Aldean show in February. One fan told the arena, by way of its Facebook page, she'd found scalped Aldean tickets online for as high as $700 each.
Though the arena sees the problem happening, Hunt can't stop it.
"They bought their tickets legitimately, but we can't go out and void that ticket just because we don't like their ZIP code," he said.
Arena officials came up with a different solution instead: Soon the arena will no longer sell concert tickets to buyers with zip codes thousands of miles away.
"We realize that may cut into a grandma who lives in Utah who wants to buy a ticket for her grandson as a gift. It makes it harder to buy tickets as a gift. It's not a perfect solution, but grandma may have to mail a check to mom to buy the tickets," Hunt said.
Other venues have tried different methods to curb scalping.
At Miley Cyrus' last tour, fans bought paperless tickets and had to show their credit card and a photo ID at the door to get in. At the door, they received a printout showing their seat location.
The problem with the paperless ticket is that the equipment needed to print them is expensive.
"We would have to increase fees or prices elsewhere, and we don't want to increase fees to have that technology," Hunt said.
Scalpers are preying on fans who do not buy many concert tickets, and therefore may not be familiar with what the official ticket sellers' websites look like.
"If you type into Google, 'Jason Aldean, tickets, Tupelo,' you'll get us, but you'll also get 20 other sites, and some of them look like us," Hunt said.
The BancorpSouth Arena website, bcsarena.com, links directly to Ticketmaster's site, and that's the only way to buy face value, non-scalped tickets to arena events online.
Hunt also suggests that fans look into an organization called Stand with Fans, which helps ensure fans get actual tickets at face value. There is a link to Stand with Fans by way of the arena's Facebook page.
"Obviously, we want everybody that pays to pay face value," Hunt said. "Then they're more likely to see more shows. They'll have more money to see more shows."
He said there have been a handful of fans to show up at shows like McEntire's with bogus tickets. Though it's only a few out of the thousands of fans there, it's still a problem, one he hopes to curb with the new restricted ZIP code system.
"Even if it's one time, it's one time too many, from our point of view," he said. "And we're always able to work with the true fans."
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Your choirs will delight in performing this majestic and rhythmic song of joy. Echoes and a contrasting counterpoint "Sing Jubilate Deo" section make it easy to assemble. Download free parts for trumpet and snare drum from the publisher's website.
Select a Product
This item appears on the following festival lists:


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houston - Page 2
Houston Police Say 100-Plus Immigrants Found in Stash House
Girl Scout Cookies Are Coming!
Eight People Held Captive in Houston Home for Up to a Decade
There's another crazy story of captivity and this time it's centered around a house in Houston.
Texas Hotel Honors Guest's Outlandish M&Ms and Bacon Request
Tribute Today in Houston to Honor Fallen Firefighters
Firefighters from across Texas are heading to Houston to honor fellow firefighters killed in the line of duty last week. East Texas firefighters are among those headed south to fill Reliant Stadium today at 10am for the tribute.
We mentioned yesterday that the Houston Astros wore patches on their uniforms to honor the four lives lost. Today, the football stadium will be fill with family, friends, supporters, and members of the Crockett and Lufkin Fire Departments at a public memorial.
Lone Star College on Lockdown After Multiple Stabbings Reported [BREAKING]
Just months after a school shooting led to the North Harris campus evacuation, Lone Star College was struck with another violent tragedy on Tuesday morning.
KHOU reports that at least 14 people were injured on the Cy-Fair campus after witnesses said two males were
School Shooting at Lone Star College in North Houston [UPDATE]
Update 10:00 p.m. (CT)
- Four people were injured today - three of them were from gunfire, one woman from medical issues (supposedly suffered a heart attack).
- Both suspects are being detained and questioned about the altercation, no arrests have been made yet. Names have not been released.
- The campus is scheduled to re-open Wednesday.


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Please enter a maximum of 5 recipients. Use ; to separate more than one email address.
05.06.2014 |
Canada's National Energy Board has approved two applications for 25-year natural gas export licenses. Issuance of both licenses is subject to the approval of the Governor in Council.
All comments are subject to editorial review. All fields are compulsory.
A searchable database of project activity in the global hydrocarbon processing industry
Engineers and designers are highly skilled individuals. Forcing them to enter design changes using tables, forms and spreadsheets is unproductive and uneconomical, and it increases the likelihood of human error—this is the way that most instrumentation software systems currently work. For too long, software vendors have denied engineers and designers the simple practicality of a graphical visual engineering interface with "drag and drop" capability and inbuilt intelligence, ensuring changes are automatically replicated into all the associated data and databases.
Will previously-planned downstream investments be cut back in 2015 due to lower global oil prices?
Yes 59%
No 10%
Depends how long current prices last 31%


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Consolidation in a wildlife tourism industry: the changing impact of whale shark tourist expenditure in the Ningaloo coast region
Catlin, J., Jones, T., Norman, B. and Wood, D. (2009) Consolidation in a wildlife tourism industry: the changing impact of whale shark tourist expenditure in the Ningaloo coast region. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12 (2). pp. 134-148.
*Subscription may be required
In this paper, we examine the expenditure of whale shark tour participants at Ningaloo Marine Park, Western Australia; the location of the world's first whale shark tourism industry, established in 1989. We demonstrate that in 2006, participants' expenditure in the region was $894 per trip, total expenditure was $6.0 million (all figures are in Australian dollars), and between $2.4 and $4.6 million would have been lost to the region if whale shark tourism did not exist. Our measure of participants' expenditure is substantially lower than the calculation of $2370 per participant from a previous study of whale shark tourists using data collected in 1995. We argue that this is consistent with a change in the types of wildlife tourists that participate in an activity as the industry reaches the point of consolidation. Our results also suggest that using old data to forecast wildlife tourists' expenditure needs to take into account the industry's stage of development.
Publication Type: | Journal Article |
Murdoch Affiliation: | Centre for Fish and Fisheries Research |
Publisher: | John Wiley & Sons |
Copyright: | © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
URI: | http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/4147 |
Item Control Page |


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Retail Price List - Bajaj
<< Previous | Next >> |
- The Prices are Ex-godown and are inclusive of Excis Duty, value Added Tax (VAT)/Sales Tax.
- The Prices are subject to change without notice and those ruling at the time of supply shall be charged.
- The pricelist supercedes all our pervious price and / or Price List(s).


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Vintage Surfboard.net
Gordon & Smith
Buy gordon and smith surfboards see used surfboards like G & S surfboard a fish surfboard. Sell Used gordon and smith surfboards plus vintage G and S surfboards so many vintage surfboards like a Gordon and Smith for sale.
________________________________________________________Description:5'10 G&S Twin Fin, The First G&S Twin Fin DesignConsidering it's 40 years old, this board is in really good condition. You will never see one of these again so its worth alot and super collectable. The board is about as thick as a longboard, and with that wide square tail, it has an interesting ride. It catches waves easily. Riding it feels kind of like you're noseriding a longboard. Very cruisy... A few years ago, I emailed the G&S office to get some info on this board. Larry Gordon himself wrote back to tell me about it. He said that it was their first twinfin design, shaped in the late 60s and early 1970s. The board has had a few small dings over its lifetime. All dings are repaired and board is ready to surf or be admired on your wall.9.5 Condition(On Sale $995.00 + 75 Shipping in USA Mainland Only)
__________________________________________________Description:Mid 70's G&S 6'4 Single Fin Design9.0 Condition($995.00 Free Shipping)
Description:G&S Tri Fin 6'3 With Very Rare Mini Fish Star FinClassic 80s SurfboardAll dings are repaired and board is ready to surf or be admired on your wall.Condition 9.5(SOLD)
Attention: With many surfboards from the 60s to 80s selling for $500 - $10,000 or more. Vintage surfboards are a great investment. Being 2015, anything 25 years or older is now an antique. Boards older than 1983 are skyrocketing in value. Do you know what's happening? 80's boards are now collector's items, not just used boards for sale.


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RICHMOND, Va. (AP) — A Richmond company has received a $300,000 grant from the National Football League to work on research related to concussions.
The grant to ImmunArray stems from a partnership that the NFL has with General Electric.
The Richmond Times-Dispatch reports (http://bit.ly/KP6luc ) that the GE NFL Head Health Challenge aims to improve the safety of athletes, military members and society in general.
ImmunArray hopes to develop a test that determines when it's safe for an athlete to return to the playing field after suffering a concussion.
The company struck a licensing agreement with researchers at Johns Hopkins University last year, giving it access to biomarkers that can be used to measure the body's reaction to brain injury.
Information from: Richmond Times-Dispatch, http://www.timesdispatch.com


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508 posts found | |
[Preview] The Elder Scrolls Online: The Comprehensive Preview
News & Features Discussion « General Discussion 10/22/12 6:08:16 PM
This actually sound spretty good. I really like how your choices impact the world at least in your eyes. If they can nail the exploration feel of Skyrim then i will be happy.
Smedley: "EverQuest Next will be the world's largest sandbox-style MMO ever made"
The Pub at MMORPG.COM « General Discussion 10/19/12 4:18:44 PM
Originally posted by phantomghost Being let down doesnt mean i didnt like the games (i loved both EQ and SWG). The point is SOE ruined EQ and ruined SWG in the end. Wasnt clear in my post sorry. The point is SOE ruins everything by the end. Let me make it more clear Matric online - terrible game SWG - we all know it was ruined EQ - WoW'd it up EQ2 - bad game Vangaurd - should have let it die instead of rot. DCOU - boring shallow garbage On top of all these let downs ther F2P model is TERRIBLE. |
Smedley: "EverQuest Next will be the world's largest sandbox-style MMO ever made"
The Pub at MMORPG.COM « General Discussion 10/19/12 12:04:08 PM
This is Smedley talking...... So I will chalk this one up to "we will wait and see" I have played MMO's for over a decade now and 1 thing has stayed constant ....SOE ALWAYS lets me down. Matrix online? let down SWG? let down EQ? let down EQ2? let down Vangaurd? huge let down DCOU? let down |
[Review] Torchlight 2: Kudos on a Job Well Done
News & Features Discussion « General Discussion 10/01/12 11:44:59 AM
Torchlight 2 is the BEST hack and Slash i have ever played period.
[Review] Vanguard: Saga of Heroes: The F2P Review
News & Features Discussion « General Discussion 10/01/12 11:42:14 AM
SOE F2P deserves 0/10 but Vangaurd deserves 7.5/10 imho
X-post from Reddit: You are all destroying the MMO genre, and you don't even know why you act the way you do.
The Pub at MMORPG.COM « General Discussion 9/20/12 1:02:52 PM
OP is missing a major point I do not play MMO's for gear or addiction I do not play MMO's because i think they are that fun I play MMO's for the PEOPLE i meet. EVE online and Vangaurd are not that fun but i met great people and we had an amazing time. These people are what kept me playing much more then the game itself. |
Why are you not playing Vanguard?
General Discussion « Vanguard: Saga of Heroes 9/18/12 7:47:07 PM
Terrible free 2 play model Silius is terrible |
Can't play this game because of terrible mouse lag/camera smoothing/acceleration
General Discussion « Guild Wars 2 9/17/12 5:53:54 PM
At first i hated it too....but somehow i got use to it.
I am still really liking it. I am getting bored with the weapon skills system but im still addicted to crafting, exploring and pvp so definently my monies worth.
I think "go back to WoW"really fits nicely here even though i usually think its a worthless comment. All those things you said about pvp can be found in WoW and THE VERY REASON why I love GW2 pvp is because it moves away from all the terrible pvp flaws WoW has.
Mini Ptaches and Market items instead of hard work at Vanguards content ??
General Discussion « Vanguard: Saga of Heroes 9/13/12 3:46:50 PM
they have stated several times over the years that the code they inhereted from Sigil was in TERRIBLE shape. And who knows how many people on the team can even work with it. Not really defending SOE staff because they still make terrible disiscions about there games. |
So how much money have you spent in the Cash Shop?
General Discussion « Guild Wars 2 9/04/12 12:36:06 PM
I have bought nothing. I might buy more bank slots though. |
[Editorial] The Secret World: Musing on Funcom
News & Features Discussion « General Discussion 8/29/12 2:28:09 PM
200k is pretty dissapointing. I thought there was enough interest for 500k tbh. I really like TSW but i also really like GW2 and GW2 doesnt cost me 15 a month so........
Let's do this -- Guess GW2's final CRITIC metacritic score
General Discussion « Guild Wars 2 8/03/12 2:50:50 PM
i am going to say 90 seems like a fair bet. edit - anyone who chose under 70 is trolling. i would be EXTREMELY suprised if GW2 had a meta score under 80 tbh this is NOT my opinion on the game this is what i think the critics numerical representation of there opinion will be. From beta i would give the game 85 but i know its not fair to rate a beta but screw it! |
[Review] The Secret World: Funcom's Magnum Opus
News & Features Discussion « General Discussion 8/02/12 10:09:44 AM
bad biased review i like TSW but terrible pvp terrible ui shallow crafting average combat this game deserves a 7 and no higher |
I have come to the conclusion that pvp sucks.. my rant on the TSW forums.
General Discussion « The Secret World 7/25/12 1:56:22 PM
I can honestly say that pvp is Secret World is the worst i have ever played. THERE IS NEVER AN EPIC FIGHT. Its just run in and die or run in and kill a bunch then die all in teh span of 30 seconds. I am really enjoying the pve but the pvp is terrible. |
There is nothing wrong with the cash shop in TSW ..
General Discussion « The Secret World 7/19/12 11:58:13 AM
My 2 cents I dont care about Vanity crap. Some people do...i get it But for me If people want to give money to Funcom to fund development of the game through vanity items i am VERY happy since it will be more development and less staff cuts etc. If funcom starts selling in game advantages without going F2P i will be gone in a second. Simple. |
Zenimax Matt Firor latest interview......TESO is an online RPG
General Discussion « Elder Scrolls Online 7/19/12 11:50:41 AM
Originally posted by Valentina where did i say that Skyrim would be a good MMO? i didnt. I was just making the point that this IP was NOT the reason why 10 million people bought this game. I have a huge group of friends who game. They all loved Skyrim....most didnt even know about ES before Skyrim....now they are all playing oblivion and Morrowind. When I told them about Elderscrolls online they laughed in my face and said it looked terrible.......this IP wont save this gamr if its a boring WoW clone....which it looks like it will be. |
SWTOR is a fundamently flawed game. I played through the story of the Assassin. This story was bland, shallow as hell and fragemented. IT was terrible. Atmospher Terrible dungeons Terrible crafting Terrible PVP actually kind of fun but shallow and boring after a couple weeks This is by far the worst thing Bioware has ever done.....o wait Dragon Age II |
Zenimax Matt Firor latest interview......TESO is an online RPG
General Discussion « Elder Scrolls Online 7/19/12 11:30:15 AM
I will be shocked if this game is not a complete failure. It is NOTHING like skyrim. Skyrim sold 10 million because Skyrim is AWESOME....not because they used the elderscrolls universe. |


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Simrad DX64S 24" Radome With Processor
Key Features
4kW digital radar
Presents targets clearly
Eliminates screen clutter in any weather
Adjusts color gradients on distant targets
Our Price $2,149.99
Availability: Sold Out
- Please note: This item can only be shipped to U.S. addresses.
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Product Description
The new 4kW Simrad HD Digital radar ensures exceptional detection of small or distant targets, using advanced Digital Signal Processing (DSP). The radar presents targets more clearly and rejects clutter using 10-bit digital radar video sampling and Sensitivity Time Control (STC). Screen-clutter in any weather is virtually eliminated allowing a clear, accurate, and easy to interpret image. Includes 15-meter cable.Chart Overlay Adding a heading input from an autopilot system or dedicated sensor will allow the radar image to be overlaid on the chart. Targets can be interpreted instantly with respect to chart information such as navigation aides and coastlines. Color Palettes Different color palettes are provided to suit users tastes as well as improve viewing in different lighting conditions. In addition, Simrad's HD Digital radars automatically adjust color gradients on distant targets for better target definition. This is especially useful when looking at storm centers. Guard-Zone Alarms Easy to use guard zone areas can be defined by the user. This allows the mariner to maintain a radar watch in specific zones. Any radar return or target in that area will trigger an alert on the radar system. |


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Academics| Admissions| Athletics| Schools & Colleges| Campus Life
July 12 - 17 If you are a creative, free-thinker who is unafraid to take risks, then you're already on your way to becoming an entrepreneur. Enroll in LIU's Summer Honors Institute and learn to harness that attitude and turn your ideas into profits. Write a business plan, pitch ideas, build a team, and market your business as you work in our high-tech business incubator. You'll also have the chance to tour our student-run businesses, where LIU students learn how to operate and manage detailed operations. So, bring your ideas and drive, and we'll help you discover the entrepreneur within you.


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A new lower bound approach for single-machine multicriteria scheduling
Hoogeveen, J.A. and Velde, S.L. van de (1992) A new lower bound approach for single-machine multicriteria scheduling. Operations Research Letters, 11 (1). pp. 39-44. ISSN 0167-6377
439kB |
Abstract: | The concept of maximum potential improvement has played an important role in computing lower bounds for single-machine scheduling problems with composite objective functions that are linear in the job completion times. We introduce a new method for lower bound computation; objective splitting. We show that it dominates the maximum potential improvement method in terms of speed and quality. |
Item Type: | Article |
Copyright: | © 1992 Elsevier Science |
Link to this item: | http://purl.utwente.nl/publications/32286 |
Official URL: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6377(92)90060-G |
Export this item as: | BibTeX EndNote HTML Citation Reference Manager |
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Metis ID: 144540


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View Our Catalog | Language Policy and Planning for
Sign Languages
The 16th Volume in the Sociolinguistics in Deaf Communities Series This volume addresses the burgeoning need for language policy and language planning for the sign languages used by deaf people. Author Timothy Reagan writes for two audiences in his new book, those who know language policy and language planning but not the Deaf World, and those well-versed in the Deaf cultural community but unfamiliar with language planning studies. To begin, Chapter 1 presents an overview of the Deaf World and a brief introduction to sign language in general. The second chapter outlines a broad overview of language policy and language planning studies both as an academic discipline and an applied type of social engineering. In Chapter 3, Reagan examines the specifics of American Sign Language in terms of the history of language policy and planning from the nineteenth century to the post-Congress of Milan period and its form in recent years. The fourth chapter critically examines the creation of manual codes used in deaf education in the U.S. and elsewhere. Chapter 5 analyzes language policy and planning in settings around the world, and the final chapter recommends steps and methods for future language policy and planning efforts for sign languages. The cohesive rationale offered in Language Policy and Planning for Sign Languages will prove to be invaluable to all administrators and educators working with populations that use sign languages. Timothy G. Reagan is Dean, Graduate School of Education, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan. ISBN 978-1-56368-462-3, ISSN 1080-5494, 6 x 9 casebound, 296 pages, figures, illustrations, references, index $85.00s To order by mail, print our Order Form or call:
TEL 1-800-621-2736; (773) 568-1550 8 am - 5 pm CST |


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(American, 1939, 117 minutes, b&w, 16mm) Directed by George Stevens Cast: The
following film notes were prepared for the New York State Writers
Institute by Kevin Jack Hagopian, Senior Lecturer in Media Studies
at Pennsylvania State University: The presence of this anachronistic community-within-a-community made it possible to make 'British' movies in America more self-consciously British than those made in London's studios. THE RAINS CAME, THE LIVES OF A BENGAL LANCER, DISRAELI, CAVALCADE, CLIVE OF INDIA, THE LIGHT THAT FAILED, CAPTAINS COURAGEOUS, FOUR SONS, SUSPICION, DAVID COPPERFIELD, LITTLE LORD FAUNTLEROY, THE CHARGE OF THE LIGHT BRIGADE, ANTHONY ADVERSE, WEE WILLIE WINKIE, THE ADVENTURES OF ROBIN HOOD… The list is virtually endless. The catalog of every British author from Dickens through Noel Coward to J.B. Priestley was ransacked for stories of British pluck, wit, and grace. Hollywood producers rarely read anything other than their own scripts in those days, but if there was a single British author they were likely to treasure, it was Kipling. His stories of adventure, dash, and boyish camaraderie in colonial lands, especially India, vividly captured their own adolescent fantasies and framed them in an orderly world of action and pomp, where the lower castes always stood by faithfully to serve their masters, and everyone had an equal opportunity to die gloriously for Queen and Empire. Of all Kipling's works, none was more beloved by Hollywood than the critically-despised "Gunga Din," Kipling's long poem depicting the childlike loyalty and surpassing bravery of a native water carrier for the British army in India. A version of GUNGA DIN had been produced as early as 1911. In 1929, a newly matured Hollywood film industry turned again to "Gunga Din," and the first of a series of attempts to bring the story to the screen began with Irving Thalberg at MGM organizing the project, which came to nothing. So did several other concepts for "Gunga Din," notably independent producer Edward Small's, which included the services of novelist William Faulkner as screenwriter. The quest to bring "Gunga Din" to the screen foundered on the problem of story: there simply wasn't enough of it in the Kipling poem to furnish fodder for a big-budget Hollywood production. Frustrated, Small sold his version to RKO studios in 1936. When RKO bought "Gunga Din," the studio put director-producer Howard Hawks on the project, and assigned A-list screenwriters Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur to it, they of THE FRONT PAGE fame. They quickly beefed up the story by cribbing from Kipling's collection of stories called SOLDIERS THREE, adding the memorable and essentially comic characters of three British infantrymen in foreign service ("Ballantine," "Cutter," and "MacChesney"), as a foil to the tale of the valiant water bearer, Din. Hawks, MacArthur, and Hecht made a rollicking team, as antic as the three soldiers they were creating for the screen. The three sent an exuberant wire to RKO's front office announcing that they'd tackled the story at last: HAVE FINALLY FIGURED OUT TALE INVOLVING TWO SACRIFICES, ONE FOR LOVE, ONE FOR ENGLAND, WHICH… CONTAINS SOMETHING LIKE TWO THOUSAND DEATHS, THIRTY ELEPHANTS AND A PECK OF MAHARAJAHS STOP WE HAVE THIS NOW IN A COCKTAIL SHAKER AND HAVE POURED OUT SOME THIRTY-FIVE PAGES OF GLITTERING PROSE WHICH LOOK GOOD. The film was eventually reassigned to RKO contract director George Stevens, and other screenwriters were brought in to substantially revise the work Hecht and MacArthur had done. One of them, Joel Sayre, added the often objectionable (and inaccurate) depictions of the Thugee cult. Still, much of GUNGA DIN retains Hecht and MacArthur's masculine humor and physical comedy, while the alternately funny and tragic 'band of brothers' sensibility is vintage Howard Hawks. The cast was straight from the playing fields of Beverly Hills, with British and Commonwealth expatriates (and their American auxiliaries) playing most of the leading roles. Victor McLaglen, Cary Grant, and Douglas Fairbanks Jr. play the rowdy and sentimental trio of Tommies. For the role of Din, the studio had wanted Sabu, but when he proved unavailable, cast versatile character actor Sam Jaffe. Eduardo Cianelli played the sinister Thugee leader. The film's carefully choreographed physical comedy, breathtaking action sequences and epic production values were costly; at nearly $2,000,000, the film was far and away the most expensive of its day. Location shooting at the venerable cowboy movie setting of Lone Pine, more than 200 miles from Los Angeles in the foothills of the Sierras, was torturous and long, with the huge company sweating out 100 degree days for weeks on end. In the end, it all proved to be escapism at its best, an image of a thrilling, well-ordered, romantic life in an exotic clime, a far cry from the shaky, post-Depression America into which the film was released. And if Americans of the time did not find the film's crude ethnic and racial stereotyping at least bizarre, perhaps this was because the kind of big, splashy, no-holds-barred fun that the film delivered simply overwhelmed more serious concerns. Director Stevens recognized GUNGA DIN as the wonderfully preposterous adolescent fantasy it was, and called the film "The Rover Boys in India." The Hollywood Raj was never more faithfully served by its handsome, brave, fun-loving men-at-arms. Just a year after the release of GUNGA DIN, the Raj would begin to break up, as several of its members, including David Niven, went home to fight for England. But GUNGA DIN remains evergreen, a memento of a decade when England ruled not just the waves, but the hearts of moviegoers as well. — Kevin Hagopian, Penn State University For additional information, contact the Writers Institute at 518-442-5620 or online at http://www.albany.edu/writers-inst. |


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- Tickets >
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Fish Eyes Tickets
Get ready for Fish Eyes, all the way live. Fish Eyes is playing this year in many cities . Buy premium Fish Eyes tickets and experience the thrill of a live concert with Fish Eyes at affordable prices.
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Fish Eyes News
Bighead carp snagged in St. Croix River
The 34-inch Bighead before the trough of bloody ice headquarters alive Wednesday eye-catching definitely enough. Was arrested Monday in a commercial fishermen in the St. Croix River near Highway 10 bridge in Prescott. Fish alive.
April 2011
NH doctor gives away free fish
Doctors say eat a balanced diet of vegetables, meat and fish could be better for the body. Natkil said "good food cooked well without good plan being fried. A good plan and Geffen records hoped would be easy for the eyes.
April 2011
Wyo. man helps compile exhibit showing how corneal transplants have changed lives
Many capturing scenes outdoors like a bird perched on a snowy branch at Star fish or tide pool. Three matif ' s photographs contained in the project. He hopes to demonstrate the change ' transplants km people s life.
April 2011
Wolf River walleye run sees big numbers
According to Ron No. fisheries biologist in the Department of natural resources with State "I expect the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (newly hatched fish) to start hatching (this) week." "Given our excellent water inflow this spring, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia should not be a quarter inch.
April 2011
Whole fish for Easter
When you buy fish, says Lockwood you should check to see that clear eyes. Should be red gills inside, clean smell should be; never should be fish smell fishy or like ammonia. Can you touch the fish flesh for sure.
April 2011


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I love cheese…all types, all flavors, all forms. My husband loves meat…all types, all flavors, all forms. What better way to appease both palates than by serving up a Cheese & Charcuterie spread?! That's what we did over the summer, and this is how it turned out.
There's something for everyone and there's also something so "romantic" about eating food this way…you know – small bites, eating with your hands, mixing and matching flavors. It also reminds me of the time we spent in France and Italy many years ago. Although nothing can compare to the freshness of the food we had there, the combinations we prepared were delicious none the less. Here are some tips for putting together your own spread…
Ideas & Tips
- Use craft paper as a "table cloth" and serve the food right on it. Use a marker to label each item, writing directly on the paper. I did this digitally in the top photo because my handwriting is BAD and I wanted the photo to look pretty, but otherwise I would have just written on the paper. I also added a couple of theme-appropriate rub-on transfers to the paper – just for some added detail.
- Serve a variety of meats and cheeses and don't get too hung up on what's "proper" and what's not – just have fun with it. I chose to serve brie {a soft cheese}, Gorgonzola {an Italian blue with a mild flavor}, Havarti with dill {semi-hard cheese}, and white cheddar {a classic choice & a hard cheese}. The meats were summer sausage and sliced salami from my favorite deli {Whole Foods}.
- This spread was all about savory flavors so I served cornichons {tiny sweet pickles – okay, was that a contradiction?}, olives {spiced & plain with pits}, and mixed nuts. I was lucky enough to be sent a sample pack of Verdi olives and used them here. Yes, they were scrumptious and I even used the juice from the plain ones to make a dirty martini!
- You have to serve items that will serve as a base for your cheese and charcuterie. My favorite choice is French baguette and flat bread crackers. These are almost flavorless so they are the perfect vehicles to allow the flavors of the meats and cheeses to shine through.
- The real fun in serving up a table like this is trying different combinations of meats and cheeses together. Just when you think you've found your favorite combo you try another and love it even more. I happen to love the cornichons served on top of the salami and white cheddar. Who would have thought those little sweet pickles would go so well?!
- IMPORTANT TIP: Be sure to let your cheese come to room temperature {while covered} before serving. That way you get the full flavor.
So, that's how we roll on a Friday night. How about you? Do you love cheese and charcuterie – what's your favorite flavor?
Have a great day!
For more inspiration, follow me on Pinterest, Twitter and Facebook. Cheers!


text:
Tenure and Promotion
Goodman School of Business
Tenure and Promotion
As per Article 21 of the BUFA Collective Agreement effective July 1, 2014 to June 30, 2017.
2014/15 Tenure and Promotion Faculty Committee
2014/15 T & P Application for Tenure Form
2014/15 T & P Application for Promotion to Professor Form
2014/15 T & P Application for Promotion to Associate Professor Form
2014/15 T & P Department Checklist
2014/15 T & P Electronic Submission Process
2014/15 T & P BrockBox Instructions
2014/15 T & P Instructions for Applicants
Congratulations to those faculty members who received tenure and/or promotion in 2014.
- Darlene Bay, Dept. of Accounting (Promotion to Professor)
- Ernest Biktimirov, Dept. of FOIS (Promotion to Professor)
- Teju Herath, Dept. of FOIS, (Tenure & Promotion to Associate Professor)
For further information on the Tenure and Promotion process, please refer to the Office of the Provost and Vice-President, Academic


text:
A judge has decided that Apollo Nida is going to spend nearly a decade behind bars for fraud.
After months of drawing out court proceedings in his case and booking appearances like it was going out of style, the "Real Housewives of Atlanta" star finally learned his fate today. Phaedra Parks won't be seeing her husband for a very long time.
According to HLN, the "Real Housewives of Atlanta" husband has just been sentenced to eight years in prison for fraud and identity theft. That's a lot longer than he thought he'd be put away for. He told us in the May 2014 issue of Sister 2 Sister that he thought it would be a relatively brief sentence. "We'll just say a couple months," he estimated.
Apollo's sentence will begin upon his voluntary surrender at a later date. It's not clear when he'll be turning himself in.
Neither Phaedra nor Apollo have spoken out on the sentencing at this time.
You might also like:
Apollo Nida loses Georgia home
T.I. confronts Apollo Nida at S2S Ladies' Night
Apollo Nida tries to reduce maximum sentence


text:
Former Maldivian president Mohamed Nasheed, who defied an island-confining arrest issued by a magistrate, was arrested on Monday morning from a southern island, where he was conducting a mass contact programme.
Life has come a full circle for the Amnesty International Prisoner of Conscience in hardly half a decade: he was among the longest-serving political prisoners released ahead of the 2008 elections. He won the first-ever democratically held presidential elections with the help of a combined opposition. Less than four years hence, he was out of office, and back under the custody of the Maldivian National Defence Forces (MNDF), to stand trial for the "unlawful" arrest of a judge during his last days in power.
Speaking to The Hindu from the southern island of Fares-Maathoda, Hamid Abdul Ghafoor, Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP) spokesperson for international affairs, said that masked personnel of the MNDF descended on island early on Monday morning, and arrested the former president. "They just dragged him away to their mother boat. They came in about 5 boats to the island," he said.
He and his party leadership were in urgent consultations over the next steps to the adopted. "We are proceeding towards Male. We have to decide on our next steps soon," he added.
Just early on Monday morning, the party that Mr. Nasheed belongs to, the MDP, said that it was "deeply disturbed and worried by the court warrant issued to arrest the party's presidential candidate and the Maldives' first democratically elected president, Mohamed Nasheed, and produce him to a widely disputed court."
"The court order was issued by the Hulhumale' Magistrate Court on October 7, while Mr. Nasheed had appealed the legality of the Hulhumale' Magistrate Court with the High Court on Sunday and the appeal process has not yet been exhausted," the party said.
The MDP urged the international community, and Maldivian development partners to immediately engage in dialogue with President Waheed Hassan to maintain "maximum restraint" and to not do anything that would disrupt peace and stability of the country.
"We are currently on presidential campaign trail by boats in the southern atolls. This trip has been organised for months and immediately after the dates of the trip were announced, the courts decided to summon our candidate to a court that is unlawfully established. Leading experts and lawyers have questioned the legitimacy of this court" said Mr. Hamid said.
"This is not about justice. This is a politically motivated trial to invalidate our candidate's candidacy and to deliberately disrupt the MDP's presidential campaign. We are in the largest voting centres and it is very clear who will win the elections. They can only win the elections by invalidating his candidacy. We are deeply disturbed by the developing situation. We do not believe he will have a fair trial," he added.
Keywords: Mohamed Nasheed, Maldives politics


text:
team Åre bikepark episode 2 2012
Ein MTB Video von NiklasWallner - 17,453 views
Finally we have some good weather here in Sweden, so we invited Jakob to stay at our house and do some training and riding with us.
Hope you all enjoy our edit!
Was meinst du?
Hier bekommst du die Mpora Top 10 direkt in dein Postfach!!!


text:
See our store section for gifts by different stores
See our top gift ideas section for most popular items.
Create your own personal gift registry. Register for any item, from any store, for any occasion. Find the gift registries of your family and friends.
Ever find the perfect gift idea for someone, but their birthday was months away? We make it easy to remember your gift ideas.
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Personalized Eat Drink and Be Irish Welcome Slate Plaque
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text:
Melody began metal detecting in 1990 with her husband Arthur Tallis, and began mining for gold in 2002 when she joined a prospecting club in Arizona. In 2008 she met Minnesota miner Elmer Dahl while on vacation. He was in the process of purchasing a gold claim in Alaska and invited Melody to join him at the claim the following summer. She's been working Alaska claims ever since. She has the distinction of finding a nugget weighing 11.6 oz. while holidaying at the Ganes Mining Camp; this is the largest nugget a woman has ever found there.
Melody was an avid viewer of the show and thought it was about time to see a woman miner represented. Melody wants to let the world know that women do play a large role in what is considered a man's world. "I am living the dream. I would like to share it with those women who need a nudge to pursue their ambitions." In fact, she would like to start her own line of women's mining accessories - starting with a pink mining pan - to make women miners feel more a part of the mining world.
In her spare time Melody plays several instruments - the flute, guitar, piano, saxophone, and piccolo. She also enjoys woodworking, sewing, and fishing but her favorite hobby is gold mining.


text:
Tarte Multipleye Primer
Tarte Multipleye Primer Reviews
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I'm never sure how cosmetic companies determine the percentages by which increases are made, but this DOES have a dramatic effect on length and volume! A HydroPlant Peptide™ complex forms a base that nourishes and fortifies lashes. Cellulose (plant-derived thickening agent), amino acid protein, and soy protein help to bolster lashes, while Vitamin C works as an antioxidant. The end result? Lashes that can pass for false ones. — 1 year, 11 months agoThis review is: Helpful | Not helpful | Inappropriate | 0 of 0 people said helpful
Mascara primer
I love this primer. It really gives a good base for the Buxom mascara I am currently using. It makes the mascara not flake and gives strength to the lashes. — 3 years agoThis review is: Helpful | Not helpful | Inappropriate | 6 of 6 people said helpful
I always use this before my Lights Camera Lashes mascara and it makes a Huge difference in the length of my lashes and keeps the mascara put! I will caution that only one coat is all it takes. Don't overdue with this! — 3 years, 1 month agoThis review is: Helpful | Not helpful | Inappropriate | 2 of 2 people said helpful


text:
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OCR for page 91
National-Urban Relations
in Foreign Federal Systems:
Lessons for the United States
Harold L Wolman
This paper examines the nature of the relationship
between national governments and large urban governments
in countries with political structures relatively simi-
lar to that of the United States. The United States has
always viewed itself as a unique country with distinct
problems and solutions. Yet the economic transformation
the advanced Western nations appear to be undergoing has
created similar problems for all of them, not the least
in terms of its impact on their urban areas. Thus, the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) in its report, Managing Urban Change, cited a
list of problems affecting urban areas in the more
advanced OECD countries that would seem quite familiar
to most Americans. The OECD (1983a:50) made the follow-
ing observation:
Many cities of the OECD countries are exhibiting
social and economic problems of concern to policy-
makers which, when concentrated in certain areas,
are indicative of urban decline. Symptoms are
evident in the daily experience of their inhabi-
tants and in the newspaper headlines and evening
television programs:
� high levels of unemployment, low paid or irreg-
ular employment, closure of factories, shops and
� deteriorating housing conditions, the physical
decay of the built environment and infrastruc-
ture, vacant land and abandoned buildings;
OCR for page 91
� severe social problems including low educa-
tional achievement, isolated elderly people,
single parent families, poverty and hopelessness;
� concentrations of ethnic minorities, often en-
countering discrimination in finding homes and
� crime and vandalism, the occasional outbreak of
riots, and a general breakdown of law and order.
The economic forces underlying these problems appear
to be nearly universal (see Table 4-1).
TABLE 4-1 National Employment by Industrial Sector
1973 1982
1973 1982
Australia 23.9% 18.8% 49.5% 56.1%
Austria 35.7 31.0 43.5 49.1
Belgium 31.8 24.1
Canada 22.4 18.2 43.8 49.2
France 27.9a 24.7a 45.0 50.5
Japan 27.4 24.5 42.7 49.0
Netherlands 25.Ql 20.5a 53.3 60.0
New Zealand 25.0 24.0C 44.3 47.
Norway 23.5 19.7 44.8 52.9
Sweden 27.4 22.4 49.5 57.0
Switzerland 35.0 32.~ 42.4 47.3b
United Kingdom 32.2 25.4 48.0 56.3
United States 24.8 20.4 43.8 47.6
West Germany 36.4 35.0b 39.1 43.2
NOTE: ~Manufacturing. excludes construction. ~Ser-
vices. include trade, restaurants, and hotels; finance,
insurance, and real estate; and community social and
personal services.
al975 data.
b~g80 data.
C]981 data.
SOURCE: International Labor Organization (1983)
Yearbook of Labor Statistics.
OCR for page 91
Western economies are transforming from specialization
in routine manufacturing processes to more complex
manufacturing and advanced services economies.
In all of the more advanced OECD countries, manufac-
turing employment is declining as a percentage of total
employment and service employment is increasing; this
~ the major urban
Manufacturing jobs
no longer are sufficient to employ the lower skilled
labor force that tends to be concentrated disproportion-
ately in central city areas. The OECD (1983a:62) con-
cludes that The consequences for the remaining inner
city residents may be prolonged unemployment or irreg-
ular and low paid employment..
The similarity of problems suggests that there may be
something to be learned from examining the relationship
of national government to urban government and the prob-
lems of urban areas in these countries. However, given
the distinctive structure of the American political sys-
tem and the inevitable difficulties of interpreting the
meaning of experience grounded in a specific foreign
context, it is desirable to limit the comparison to
those systems most similar to the U.S. system. Since
the United States is a federal political system, the
temptation to simply compare national-urban relations in
other federal systems is strong.
Before acceding to this temptation, however' some
further consideration is in order. Although scholars
have disagreed quite substantially on the proper defini-
tion of federalism, nearly every definition assumes the
existence of a regional level of government interposed
between national and local governments, with the re-
gional government having at least some spheres of
activity in which it is able to make final decisions
(i.e., it is not merely an administrative unit of cen-
tral government). Thus, Riker (1975:101) defines fed-
eralism as:
process is occurring more rapidly in
areas than in the nation as a whole.
� _ ~
A political organization in which the activities
of government are divided between regional gov-
ernments and a central government in such a way
that each kind of government has some activities
on which it makes final decisions.
The United States, Australia, Canada, Germany, Aus-
tria, and Switzerland all meet this definition, for all
have regional (state, provincial, etc.) bodies of gov-
ernment that have power to make final decisions in some
OCR for page 91
spheres. Accordingly, all of those countries are in-
cluded in this comparison. But our concern is with
national-urban relations. Does the nonexistence of an
intermediate-level regional government in many countries
inevitably render the experience of those nations irrel-
evant to the United States?
In the United Kingdom, a country in which the sub-
stance of urban problems is close to our own, the cen-
tral government conducts relations with local govern-
ments, which have the ability to make final decisions
about important issues of urban policy. Central govern-
ment relations with local authorities are direct, be-
cause an intermediate government layer does not exist.
However, in the United States, where an intermediate
layer (states) does exist, the federal government also
conducts some relations directly with city governments.
As defined by Richard Bird (1980:12):
Systems in which there is some degree of autono-
mous decision making at different levels . . .
are considered to be federal systems. The es-
sence of federalism in this perspective is thus
not the extent to which the rights of subnational
governments are, in some sense, constitutionally
entrenched. Rather, it is that local or state
governments, are, in some relevant fashion, ef-
fective decision-making bodies.
Bird's argument is persuasive,-at least with respect to
the purpose of this study, which is to examine national-
urban relationships. Accordingly, while accepting as
federal the six major systems with intermediate levels
of government cited above, I have also included the
United Kingdom as a relevant nation for this analysis.
Choosing to focus primarily on federal systems, even
given this expanded definition, does have some conse-
quences. First, the urban problems identified earlier
are not as dramatic or as advanced in some of the coun-
tries, in particular, Canada and Australia, as they are
in others, in particular the Federal Republic of Ger-
many, the United Kingdom, and the United States* (see
Table 4-2). Other countries with urban problems similar
*Thus, large Canadian urban areas actually gained em-
ployment in the manufacturing sector between 1971 and
OCR for page 91
to those of the United States, i.e., the Netherlands,
Belgium, and Sweden, are not included. In addition,
Austria has few large cities other than Vienna, which is
both a city and a state, and Australia's local govern-
ments perform few important functions. However, these
variations in country circumstances and structure can be
viewed as strengths of the analyses rather than as weak-
nesses, for they provide an additional range of experi-
ence and practice.
With the exception of the United Kingdom, all of the
countries under consideration are federal in terms of
Riker's definition, in that they they have regional
levels of government that possess policymaking rather
than solely administrative responsibilities.* As with
the U.S. Constitution, the Australian, Austrian, Swiss,
and German constitutions enumerate the powers of the
federal government and leave residual powers to the
states. The Canadian constitution, on the other hand,
leaves residual powers to the federal government. The
United Kingdom is, by contrast, a unitary state in which
all powers reside with the central government.
The German and Austrian federal systems differ mark-
edly from the others in that they divide governing func-
tions as well as powers among levels of government.
Thus, as Bernd Reissert (1980a:50) explains with respect
to the German system:
In general, responsibilities are divided not by
policy areas but by functions in the policymaking
process. On the one hand, the bulk of legisla-
tive powers, except in the field of education,
lies with the federation, and the federation is
1980, while Australian urban areas remained relatively
stable. However, losses in urban manufacturing employ-
ment were substantial in Germany' the United Kingdom,
and Switzerland (see Table 4-2).
*States in Australia, provinces in Canada, lands in Aus-
tria and the Federal Republic of Germany, and Cantons in
Switzerland. These regional levels of government are
referred to as states throughout the discussion. ^
OCR for page 91
TABLE 4-2 Urban Employment and Population Change
Percent Percent
Change, Change, Percent
Total Manufacturing Change,
Unit Period EmPloYment Employment PoPulation
Brisbane M 1971-76 14.1% 1. 7% 27. 5%
Vienna M 1971-81 NA NA - 3. 2
Linz M 1971-81 NA NA 10. 7
Montreal M 1971-80 3.9 6.9 21.4
Toronto M 1971-80 15.7 22.3 6.7
Vancouver M 1971-80 0.1 1.7 7.8
Zurich M 1970-75 5.2 -15.3 -2.8
Basel M 1970-75 8.9 1.0 - 5.1
Gene~ra M 1970-75 6.4 - 5.4 2.6
United Ringdom
London M 1975-77 - 3. 5 - 1.5 -10.1
Manchester M 1975-77 - 6.8 - 4.2 - 4.9
Liverpool M 1975-77 - 4.6 - 6.8 - 8.7
Baltimore M 1970-80 18.3 -18.0 5.0
Chicago M 1970-80 9.6 -12.4 1.8
Detroit M 1972-80 6.7 -12. 1 - 1.8
West Germany
Munich M 1970-78 3.0 - 8.8 11.6
Bamburg M 1970-78 - 4.6 -16. 6 0.8
Duisberg M 1970-78 - 8.9 - 8.1 - 8.1
NOTE: Figures on percentage change in population are for 1970-1980 for Switzerland; for
1971-1980, for United Kingdom; and for 1970-1980, for United States.
C ~ Central city.
M ~ Metropolitan area.
NA ~ Not available.
SOURCE: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
OCR for page 91
also responsible for most tax legislation and for
the allocation of taxes among different tiers of
government. State governments, however, have a
voice in the framing of federal legislation via
the Bundesrat (upper house of parliament), where
all federal laws affecting the interests of the
states require the approval of a majority of
state government votes. On the other hand,
policy implementation and spending are the domain
of the states and local government because the
federation does not have an administration of its
own to administer federal laws. Under the con-
stitution only foreign policy, the federal fi-
nances, the federal railways, the federal postal
service, the federal waterways, and the federal
armed forces are subject to direct federal admin-
istration. In all other policy areas, there are
no federal field agencies and all nonlegislative
functions are carried out by the states and local
government employing their own financial re-
sources, with the federal government having no
further say in the matter.
In all but one of the countries being examined, local
governments, as in the United States, are the creatures
of the state (intermediate) level of government; the one
exception is, again, the United Kingdom, where local
governments are creatures of the central government.
However, in Germany and Austria local governments have
constitutional recognition--that is, they are provided
with specific powers and standing by virtue of the fed-
eral constitution. In both countries local authorities
are given the power to deal with all matters of a purely
local nature not circumscribed by federal or state law.
By contrast, in Australia, local governments may do only
what they are expressly permitted to do by state author-
ity, the same situation that exists in the United King-
dom with respect to central-local relations.
Local governmental systems vary considerably among
the countries. Australia and Canada look much like the
United States in terms of their mixture of overlapping
general-purpose authorities and special districts, while
Germany, Austria, and Switzerland have more orderly
systems of local government. However, both Austria and
Germany also have city-states, a structural arrangement
that has, from time to time, been suggested for large
OCR for page 91
U.S. cities, but never implemented. Vienna, the only
large urban area in Austria, functions as both a city
and a state, and, in Germany, Hamburg, Bremen, and
Berlin are city-states. These cities are thus treated
constitutionally and legislatively as states as well as
cities, and they perform state functions and receive
state tax-sharing and grant-equalization payments not
available to other cities. In both countries the city-
state arrangement appears to result from a continuation
of historic arrangements rather than from any well-
thoughtout, recent determination to treat these cities
Local governments play an important role in service
delivery in all of these countries with the exception of
Australia, where many of what are normally considered
local functions are performed by the state. The weak
role of Australian localities is reflected in Table 4-3,
which sets forth local government expenditures as a
percentage of total public sector general government
expenditure. Australian localities accounted for only
6.8 percent of total general government expenditure,
while localities in the other countries accounted for 20
percent or more.
TABLE 4-3 Local Government Expenditure as a
Percentage of General Government Expenditure
United Kingdom
United States
West Germany
SOURCE: organization for Economic
Co-operation and Development (1983a); plus
data from the United States and United
Kingdom derived by author.
OCR for page 91
With the exception of the United Kingdom, direct
national-local relations of the sort that are prevalent
in the United States are rare; the federal government
interacts with urban governments primarily through state
governments. The constitutional division of powers is
between federal and state governments (although, as
noted, in Austria and Germany local authorities are
constitutionally given responsibility for ~local. mat-
Relationships Through the Grant System
In Australia, Austria, and Germany some federal taxes
are shared automatically with local as well as state
governments. Tax-sharing relationships involve guaran-
teed transfers rather than sustained national-local
relationships; there is no national effort to influence
local government policy or activity.
The provision of general grants also represents, in
formal terms, a financial transfer with no attempt to
affect local government activity (except spending lev-
els). Direct general grants from national to local gov-
ernments, such as the U.S. revenue sharing program,
occur only in the United Kingdom. However, in Germany,
Australia, and Austria, the federal government requires
that state governments distribute some of their tax
revenue in the form of grants to local authorities. In
the United Kingdom the Thatcher government has struc-
tured its general grant system to include incentives to
reduce local authority spending from local sources.
Specific or conditional grants represent a more
activist national government role. In Australia,
Canada, Austria, and the United Kingdom, some special-
purpose grants are made directly from the national gov-
ernment to local authorities, although not nearly to the
extent as in the United States. In Germany and Switzer-
land all federal grants must be made to the state rather
than local governments.
In the United Kingdom, central government may di
OCR for page 91
rectly legislate with respect to the nature and level of
services that local government provides. In essence,
the same situation exists in Germany and Austria, where
local autonomy is guaranteed, except where federal in-
terest is concerned. In the United States, federal di-
rection of local activity occurs primarily through the
use of conditions attached to the ~voluntary. receipt of
federal grants. This method is not utilized substan-
tially in any of the countries examined, although the
attachment of conditions to state grants is not uncommon
Relationship through Negotiations
Local government associations play an important and
quasi-formal role in consultations and, in some cases,
negotiations with the national governments in Germany,
Austria, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom, but much
less so in Australia and Canada. In effect, these more
formal consultative arrangements with local government
associations substitute for the more direct federal
relationships with individual local governments in the
United States. In the United States, the role of local
government associations with respect to the federal gov-
ernment is less formal and more that of lobbying than of
consultation and negotiation. However, in both Austria
and the United Kingdom local government associations are
involved in formal negotiations with the national gov-
ernment over the distribution of tax sharing and general
grants, respectively. In Germany, according to the OECD
The Deutsche Stadtetag (Associations of Large
Towns) plays a definite role in work leading to
government and federal parliament decisions
liable to affect cities. Association representa-
tives must be consulted on all federal proposals
in regard to town planning, land use, local fi-
nance, and regional and local transport, and the
Association representatives sit on several minis-
terial committees with Bund and Lander ministers,
e.g. the finanzplanungsrat (Financial Planning
In both Canada and Australia, local government asso-
ciations play a minor role with respect to the federal
, �
OCR for page 91
government, but a much more important and formal role,
particularly in Canada, in grant negotiations with the
state government.
In none of the countries in this study is there an
explicit national urban policy nor periodic national
urban policy reports, such as in the United States.
Nor, except in the United Kingdom, has the national
government accepted an important role in coping with the
problems brought about by changes in the structure of
the urban economy. To a large extent this is due to the
long-standing concern in these countries with the lag-
ging economies of peripheral regions, to which a variety
of regional development policies have traditionally been
addressed. Problems in large urban economies are rela-
tively recent and, in many of these countries, only
beginning to be perceived.
All of the national governments, however, are in-
volved to some extent with urban problems through pro-
grams addressed to specific urban concerns. Typically,
these programs are in housing, urban renewal, infra-
structure, and local transport. In most cases these
national programs are provided indirectly to local gov-
ernments through state governments. In general, how-
ever, with the exception of the United Kingdom, national
government concern with urban areas has not been nearly
so strong as in the United States.
In the United Kingdom, sinner cities. policy is aimed
explicitly at the regeneration of the inner areas of
cities. The Turban program. provides 75 percent match-
ing funds to local authorities for economic development
and social services in inner city areas. The central
government also provides cities with housing and trans-
port grants.
The German federal government provides urban renewal,
transportation (both streets and public transport), and
hospital construction aid for local governments and sets
the framework within which the funds may be used. How-
ever, the funds cannot be provided directly to local
governments. Instead, they are provided to the state
governments, which determine the distribution of funds
to local authorities and the specific purposes for which
they can be used. State implementation of the program
OCR for page 91
capita equalization grants to local communities. These
grants make up 30 percent of the difference between fis-
cal need (calculated giving greater weight to cities
with larger populations) and fiscal capacity.
In Switzerland, federal tax sharing and special-
purpose grants are provided on an equalizing basis to
the states. Equalization is based on fiscal capacity
rather than need. States, in turn, make both general
and conditional grants on an equalizing basis to munici-
palities. Several states have horizontal equalization
schemes whereby municipalities with a high fiscal capac-
ity transfer part of their tax capacity to poorer munic-
The lack of direct federal-local grant relationships
is a striking difference between the United States and
other federal nations. In Austria, for example,
Pernthaler (1983:37) notes, folly a few direct federal
grants are made directly to communities. . . . An
attempt by the federal government to extend the range
was vehemently rejected for the states.. In Germany,
there are no direct federal-local grants. A 1975 sup-
reme court decision held that while the federal govern-
ment could define the broad proposal of grants for local
government--in particular urban renewal, transportation,
and hospital construction--the grants themselves had to
be provided to the states with both the specifics of the
grants and the distribution mechanism left at that level
of government. German urban programs are thus more
similar to U.S. block grants to the states for small-
city community development than to the community devel-
opment block grants that go directly from the federal
government to entitlement cities. In Canada, there are
almost no direct federal-local programs and the effort
to establish a federal agency for coordinating urban
affairs was ultimately scrapped as a result of provin-
cial opposition. In Australia, there are a small number
of direct federal grants to local governments, primarily
for social service purposes, but a 1974 national refer-
endum that would have greatly expanded federal govern-
ment grants to local governments was defeated.
The utility of comparing the United States with for-
eign countries frequently is seen to lie in the poten-
tial for transferring the policies or practices of those
OCR for page 91
countries to the United States. While the possibility
of such transfers does exist, the difficulty inherent in
transplanting across systems of divergent political,
social and economic characteristics should not be under-
Perhaps a more valuable benefit to be gained from
comparative analysis is that such analysis can both
broaden the sense of the possible and provide a frame-
work for better understanding our own behavior. The
process of comparative analysis should lead to question-
ing what frequently is simply assumed without question.
Thus, the most valuable lessons derived may well be les-
sons about ourselves rather than lessons about other
countries. In order to provoke the introspection re-
quired, it is useful to focus on the areas of greatest
difference between national-local relations in the
United States and in the other countries examined here.
First, the most striking difference is the relative
absence of equalization as an important objective of the
intergovernmental fiscal system in the United States
compared with the other countries. It is not probable
that this reflects a more equal distribution of income
among the states or among the major urban areas in the
United States than in other countries. More likely, it
reflects a strong U.S. aversion to redistribution as a
political goal as opposed to redistribution as an inci-
dental side effect, which of necessity, occurs in the
pursuit of other objectives. In fact, the U.S. grant
system, while mildly redistributive, is not equalizing.
Davis and Lucke (1982:350) found a correlation of .154
between the per capita state distribution of federal
grants in 1980 and state revenue capacity (that is,
those states with higher fiscal capacity received, on
average, more aid per capita than did states with lower
capacity). As a result, fiscal disparities among states
or among cities are much greater in the United States
than in the other countries. The lesson the United
States needs to learn is not how to set up equalizing
intergovernmental transfers; it is how to develop the
political will to do so.
Second, direct national-local relations through the
grant systems are much more prevalent in the United
States than in the other federal countries, where the
pattern is for federal grants to the state level and
state grants to the local level. To some extent this
reflects the U.S. history of relatively weak state
governments and underrepresentation of urban interests
OCR for page 91
in state politics. The unwillingness of states to
address themselves to urban concerns during the 1950s
and 1960s, when urban problems began to emerge, led to
direct federal-local relationships, which continue to
exist (although President Reagan's block grants lead in
the other direction), even in an era in which states are
much more active and representative. However, to the
extent that city problems are concentrated in states
with low fiscal capacity, the lack of a strong system of
intergovernmental fiscal equalization among the states
reinforces the continued existence of direct national-
local grant relations.
Third, formal negotiations or consultations between
local government associations and the national government
--particularly with respect to grant arrangements--exist
in many of the other countries. In the United States
individual city governments and local government associ-
ations lobby the federal government, but they are rarely
brought so overtly into the governmental process.
To some extent this reflects another difference
between the United States and other federal countries.
Federalism is a much more formal and legalistic set of
arrangements in other federal countries, whereas in the
United States it is more the institutional structure
through which intergovernmental politics occurs.
Fourth, categorical or conditional grants are much
more prevalent in the United States, while general
grants are more prevalent in other countries. The
utilization of categorical grants in the United States
reflects the U.S. response to the problem of how to
pursue national objectives in a country with diverse
local political objectives. The problem does not arise
as much in countries with less regional political diver-
sity than the United States, such as Germany, Austria,
and Australia. (In countries with greater regional
political diversity, such as Canada, the federal govern-
ment has selected a much more limited set of national
objectives to pursue.)
The pursuit of national objectives is also dealt with
more directly in some countries. The U.K. central gov-
ernment, for example, simply mandates local government
to carry out what it deems to be local objectives; there
is no need to attach conditions to grants. In Germany
and Austria, the federal constitution gives local gov-
ernments autonomy, except where the federal government
defines a federal interest (i.e., posits national objec-
OCR for page 91
Lives). In addition, in both countries constitutional
arrangements require state and local governments to
administer federal law.
Finally, state governments play a much stronger role
with respect to their urban areas in other federal coun-
tries than in the United States. This observation, the
explanation for which has already been touched on, sug-
gests that any national urban policy in the United
States should pay particularly close attention to the
role of the states. In particular, the problem of how
best to expand state responsibilities and actions for
urban areas within the context of national objectives
must be resolved. Reducing direct national-local grants
and moving from categorical to block grants will not
suffice if states do not themselves accept a more active
role. In many of the countries examined, the lower
direct federal government role in dealing with urban
areas was accompanied by federal inducements or require-
ments for states to pursue a more active urban role.
Perhaps this is a direction worthy of examination for
U.S. national urban policy.
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text:
Across the Burning Sands of Tatooine
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Across the Burning Sands of Tatooine is a short story originally published in the Galaxy Guide 1: A New Hope.
In Rebel Alliance historian Voren Na'al's personal account of his arrival on Tatooine to research the events that occurred there leading up to the Battle of Yavin, he encounters a group of Jawas at the Mos Eisley Cantina who sell him R5-D4 and a power droid. Initially upset upon discovering the R5 droid's faulty motivator, he is pleased to learn that they were present for the sale of C-3PO and R2-D2 to Owen Lars and Luke Skywalker. After retrieving the information he needed from the droids, Na'al gave the power droid to a moisture farmer and sold R5-D4 to the Imperial Prefect's assistant administrator. He intends for the R5 droid—which he nicknames Red—to serve as a spy for the Alliance, a fact known only to Momaw Nadon.
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Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.
Help us make it rightBe the first AL.com user to add photos or videos of Labor Local Union 559
Does anyone out there know of a hall hiring laborers PLEASE HELP
The hall has very little experience and people skilles.they have there picks and chooses of who they want to work and who they will have on the out of work list. They're very disrespectful, too all thats not apart of the favorites. There is money that is unaccounted for as well as money that comes out of our check that if asked about, noone at the hall including the ba can explain where it's...
Labor Local Union 559 is located at 1229 22nd St N, Birmingham, AL. This location is in the Druid Hills neighborhood. This business specializes in Other Organizations and has 2 review(s) with a star rating of 3.7.


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This site has great prices on hand-knitted baby stuff. Regretably, none of it comes with the cute redheaded kid.
$52 at FabSweaters.com | Buy
A reader recommended this excellent balancing toy for kids who aren't quite ready for bikes, but aren't interested in their tricycles. If your little one is jealous of an older sibling's two-wheeler, Rolli-Rider could maintain the peace. Thanks, Rocky!
$149 at Rolli-Rider | Buy