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COLUMBIA — Warming centers and official shelters will be open to those seeking refuge from the cold this week.
Columbia warming centers are available to the general public during regular business hours, but because of extreme weather conditions some locations may be closed. The public is encouraged to call 2-1-1 for updated information, said Geni Alexander, a public information officer with the city.
- Activity and Recreation Center: 1701 W. Ash St., 874-7700. Monday-Friday, 5:30 a.m.-9:30 p.m.; Saturday, 8 a.m.-8p.m.; Sunday, 11 a.m.-8 p.m. *It will close at 7 p.m. Monday and stay closed through Tuesday. It is undecided if the ARC will open on Wednesday.
- Armory Sports and Community Center: 701 E. Ash St., 874-7466. Monday-Friday, 8 a.m.-5 p.m. *It is closed Tuesday and Wednesday.
- Boone County Government Center: 801 E. Walnut St., 886-4305. Monday-Friday, 8 a.m.-5 p.m. *It is closed as a warming center until further notice.
- Columbia-Boone County Department of Public Health and Human Services: 1005 W. Worley St. Monday-Friday, 8 a.m.-5 p.m. *It is closed Tuesday and Wednesday.
- *Columbia Public Library: 100 W. Broadway, 443-3161. Closed Tuesday; Opening late Wednesday; Friday, 9 a.m.-6 p.m.; Saturday, 9 a.m.-5 p.m.; Sunday, 1 p.m.-5 p.m.
- Salvation Army: 1108 W. Ash St., 442-3229. Monday-Friday, 9 a.m.-4 p.m.
- Salvation Army Harbor House: 602 N. Ann St., 442-1984. 24 hours.
- St. Francis House: 901 Range Line St., 875-4913. Monday-Saturday, 7 a.m.-8:30 a.m. and 6:15 p.m.-9:30 p.m.
Columbia official shelters provide sleeping accommodations and, in some locations, meals. Those seeking shelter are asked to call and check availability.
- New Life Evangelistic Center (men): 901 Wilkes Blvd., 875-0603.
- Rainbow House (children): 1611 Towne Drive, 474-3558.
- Salvation Army Harbor House: 602 N. Ann St., 442-1984.
- St. Francis House (men): 901 Range Line St., 875-4913.
- True North (victims of domestic violence): 875-1369.
- Welcome Home (veterans): 1206 Range Line St., 443-8001.
For more information regarding warming centers and official shelters visit www.gocolumbiamo.com.


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Eileen's Saturday Morning Forecast 2.16.13
UPDATED 5:20 AM PST Feb 16, 2013Mild for now but changes are ahead including rain and snow. Eileen Javora times it out with Futurecast 3.
The views expressed are not those of this site, this station or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to accept our terms of use.blog comments powered by Disqus

subset: commoncrawl


text:
US 5497369 A Résumé A multicast switch fabric is described wherein blocking of desired signal paths is handled by storing a cell to be transmitted through the fabric at a buffer at an input port to the fabric and attempting to retransmit the cell through the fabric until the cell is successfully transmitted, or a maximum number of retries at transmission is reached. Each switch element in the fabric has a block register which stores information as to whether or not a request path including that element is blocked, the block signals being fed back to the input port to indicate whether or not cell transmission has been successful. A 2×2 switch element is described wherein header information from the cell is decoded in two subfields, one field determining the number of copies to be replicated in the switch and a second field determining if the cell is to be fully replicated at each subsequent stage of the fabric.
Revendications(15) 1. A multicast switch element for connection to a plurality of similar such elements in a matrix to form a multicast switch fabric, said multicast switch element having:
a plurality of inputs, each of the inputs being responsive to cells containing information and associated instructions, the instructions including a first section indicative of quantity of cell information replication to be performed by the switch element and a second section indicative of whether or not the information is to be replicated fully in any subsequent switch element in the matrix; a plurality of outputs; and a switch coupled between said plurality of inputs and said plurality of outputs, said switch including means for decoding the first section and the second section of cell instructions received by the switch to obtain decoded instructions and for providing replicated cell information to the outputs in accordance with the decoded instructions. 2. A multicast switch element according to claim 1, comprising means for indicating at said inputs whether the switch has an ability to successfully transmit said information to the outputs in accordance with said decoded instructions.
3. A multicast switch element according to claim 2 wherein said means for indicating comprises a block register for storing information indicating blockage of a path in the switch or blockage of a path leading from an output of the multicast switch element to any subsequent switch elements to which the multicast switch element is connected in the multicast switch fabric.
4. A multicast switch element according to claim 1 wherein said means for decoding comprises means for decoding header information from each of said cells to obtain said decoded instructions.
5. A multicast switch element according to claim 4 which comprises means for removing the header information relevant to the multicast switch element from each of said cells so that each of said cells is transmitted from the multicast switch element without such removed header information.
6. A multicast switch element according to claim 5 wherein said means for removing comprises means for delaying transmission of each of said cells through the switch so that said header information is lost.
7. A multicast switch element according to claim 1 which additionally comprises means for overwriting the instructions in a cell, if the means for decoding determines from said second section of said instructions that said cell is to be fully replicated in all subsequent switch elements.
8. A multicast switch element according to claim 1 which additionally comprises a fairness register for storing successful requests for outputs in one cycle of operation of the multicast switch element and an arbitration means for determining, based upon the information stored in the fairness register, which input would be granted the output request in the next cycle of operation of the multicast switch element if there is a collision of requests for an output from more than one input.
9. A multicast switch element according to claim 1 in a form of a 2×2 switch element.
10. A multicast switch fabric having an M×M matrix of connected multicast switch elements as claimed in claim 1, an input port and an output port associated with each input and output respectively of the fabric, each said input port having an input buffer for storing a cell for transmission through the fabric, and means for retaining any such cell in said buffer until cell transmission is fully successful, or a maximum number of retries at transmission has been reached.
11. A method of replicating cells containing information and associated instructions in a multicast switch fabric having a plurality of switch elements connected in a matrix, the instructions including a first section indicative of quantity of cell information replication to be performed by the switch elements and a second section indicative of whether or not the information is to be replicated fully in any subsequent switch element in the matrix; comprising the steps, for each switch element of:
decoding the first section of said instructions in a cell entering that switch element to determine the quantity of cell information replication to be performed within that switch element; decoding the second section of said instructions to determine whether or not the information in said cell is to be replicated fully in any subsequent switch elements which said cell subsequently enters in the multicast switch fabric; replicating said information contained in said cell in accordance with said decoding of the first section of said instructions; and determining content of instructions included in any cell exiting that switch element, in accordance with said decoding of the second section of said instructions in said cell entering that switch element. 12. The method of claim 11 including the step of storing in each switch element information indicating blockage of a path in the switch element or blockage of a path leading from an output of the switch element to any subsequent switch elements to which the switch element is connected in the multicast switch fabric.
13. The method of claim 11 including the steps of decoding header information from each cell to obtain said instructions and removing from said each cell the header information relevant to the switch element which the cell is exiting.
14. The method of claim 11 including the step of overwriting the instructions in a cell, if it is determined from the second section of said instructions that said cell entering that switch element is to be fully replicated in all subsequent switch elements.
15. The method of claim 11 including the steps of storing successful requests for outputs in one cycle of operation of the multicast switch fabric and determining, based upon said stored successful requests, which input would be granted an output request in a next cycle of operation of the multicast switch fabric if there is a collision of request for an output for more than one input.
Description This invention relates to multicast switch circuits for use in packet switches operating to transfer data in an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network. With the arrival of optical fibre communication links, broadband packet networks are required to handle and transfer packets of information such as data, voice, and video at high speed from multiple inputs to multiple outputs. Multicast packet switches can be employed in such networks and may consist of two parts--a multicast fabric wherein the number of copies of a packet are created from a single input packet, and a routing fabric wherein the required number of packets as produced by the multicast fabric are received and directed to the correct output addresses. Various multicast packet switches have been proposed in the past, for example those by J. S. Turner (IEEE Transactions on Communications, 36, no. 6, June 1988, pp.734-743) and T. T. Lee (IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 6, no. 9, December 1988, pp.1455-1467). Such switches are normally modular in design and are intended for implementation on a large scale, coupled for example in a delta network, so as to enable large numbers of inputs/outputs to be handled. A problem with such multicast fabrics is how to handle contention at nodes within the fabric, where collisions can occur between cells (packets) contending for the same paths within the fabric. Blocking arises when a cell is unsuccessful in gaining control of a suitable path through the fabric. A means must be provided for enabling the cell to retry transmission so as to complete its passage through the switches. Lee (ibid) describes a particular form of non-blocking multicast circuit, whereas Turner (ibid) handles blocking by providing buffers for the cells at the nodes within the multicast fabric and which hold the cells until a successful retry in transmission through further nodes in the fabric can be made. The present invention is concerned with switches for multicast fabrics which handle cell replication and blocking in a novel way. They can be produced cheaply in small gate arrays, and therefore are suitable for production in modular form to enable multi-input/output packet switches to be produced. According to the invention there is provided a multicast switch element suitable for connection to a plurality of similar such elements in a matrix to form a multicast switch fabric, said element having a plurality of inputs and a plurality of outputs and a switch therebetween for passing through to the outputs cells of information received at the inputs and for replicating copies of the cell information in accordance with instructions associated with the cell information, and means associated with the switch for decoding said instructions in two sections: one section determining the number of times the cell information is to be replicated within the switch, and the other section determining whether or not the cell is to be replicated fully in any subsequent switch elements to which the element may be connected in the multicast switch fabric. According to the invention there is also provided a multicast switch fabric having an M×M matrix of connected switch elements as specified in the preceding paragraph, an input port and an output port associated with each input and output respectively of the fabric, each said input port having an input buffer for storing a cell for transmission through the fabric and means for retaining any such cell in said buffer until cell transmission is successful. Preferably the switch element is constructed as a small modular unit, e.g. as a 2×2 switch, which can be coupled with many similar elements to form a matrix such as a delta network. In accordance with the invention the incoming cell is buffered at an input port of the multicast fabric where it remains until the cell can be successfully transmitted through the network of switch elements, or until a maximum number of retries at transmission is reached. A succession of attempts is made to set up the appropriate path through the fabric. If this cannot be achieved in any one cycle (as a consequence of blocking occurring) then a blocking signal is fed back to the input port from the blocked node in the network. Each switch element preferably has its own blocking register to store information as to whether it, itself, is blocking an incoming cell or if there is another switch element downstream in the attempted transmission path which is blocking the transmission. Preferred features of the invention will now be described by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is an illustration of a simple multicast switch fabric according to the invention in generalised form; FIG. 2 illustrates the format of a packet or cell as employed in the present invention; FIG. 3 illustrates generally how a cell, as in FIG. 2, is switched through the multicast switch fabric of FIG. 1; FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate cell blocking and cell resubmission in the multicast switch fabric according to the invention; FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram in block form of a multicast switch element according to a first embodiment of the invention; and FIGS. 7 to 21 describe in more detail (down to gate level) a second embodiment of the invention. Referring to FIG. 1, the multicast fabric is an input-buffered delta network comprising S stages (3 stages as illustrated) of M×M multicast switch elements 2, where M=2m, m being an integer-1 as illustrated. At each input port, an input port controller 4 buffers incoming cells and submits them to the switch fabric in sequence. The latter operates cell synchronously so that all controllers are synchronised to present cells to the fabric simultaneously. The switch elements 2 are unbuffered and operate in two phases: a set-up phase during which the switch elements interpret cell header information and try to set up a path from the input ports to one or more output ports, and a data phase during which the data is transferred across the previously established paths to the switch fabric outputs. The data paths between the switch elements are shown in solid lines, whereas the feedback paths (the blocking signals) are shown by dotted lines. Referring to FIG. 2, each cell or packet has a header 6 which includes a copy control field which defines the number of times the cell must be duplicated as it passes through the switch fabric. Each element 2 in the switch fabric interprets the copy control fields of the cells that arrive at its inputs, sets up a path from the input to one or more of its outputs, and modifies the copy control field of each cell that appears at its outputs to reflect the number of times that it must be duplicated by the following stages in the switch fabric. The copy control field consists of the desired number of copies, Cs, encoded as s pairs of subfields, [Rs, Ps ]. As a cell proceeds through the switch the copy control field is stripped from the cell, stage by stage, to ensure that the subfield for a given stage is always at the head of the cell when it arrives. Consider a switch element at stage s. Each of its outputs are connected to a switch element at stage s-1. The number of switch fabric outputs that can be reached from each of its outputs is Ms. In the multicast switch this represents the maximum number of copies that can be made of a cell appearing at the output of a switch element by the following stages of the fabric. On entry to a switch element at stage s, the Rs (replicate) subfield defines the number of cells that must be fully replicated at its outputs (i.e. cells that should be copied to every switch fabric output that may be reached from the stage to its right). These cells will produce a total of Rs Ms cells at the outputs of the switch fabric. The Ps (pass-through) subfield defines whether a copy of the cell should also be passed through with its cell header unchanged. This is in addition to the cells that appear at the switch element outputs for full replication by subsequent stages. On entry to a switch element at stage s: C=Rs-1 Ms-1 +Rs-2 Ms-2 + . . . +R1 M +R0 Ps =1 if the replicate field for any of the subsequent stages, Rs-1 to R0, is non zero, and is set to zero otherwise. FIG. 3 illustrates how a cell is routed through a three stage network of 4 port elements (for simplicity, only the top half of the network is shown). Eleven copies of Cell 1 are to appear at the switch fabric outputs. At stage 2 (the first stage) R2 =0, P2 =1, and the cell is passed through unchanged, losing its copy control field for stage 2 on the way. At stage 1, R1 =2 and P1 =1, the cell is again passed unchanged and an addition two copies of the cell are produced, each with R0 =4 to ensure full replication in the final stage. At the last stage, a total of eleven copies of the cell are produced. In the same example, cell 2 requires 17 copies. At the first stage, R2 =1 and P2 =1, producing one fully replicated cell that goes on to produce a total of 16 copies plus one cell that passes through the rest of the fabric to produce the 17th cell. Note that after the first stage, the cells that are to be fully replicated have the subfields in the copy control field changed (or "forced") to 4,0, to ensure 4 copies are produced at each subsequent switch element. The multicast switch fabric as described is a blocking network where collisions can occur between cells contending for the same paths within the fabric. FIGS. 4 and 5 explain how the circuit of the invention handles such blocking and how resubmission of blocked cells arises to enable a subsequent successful transmission to occur. Referring to FIG. 4, cell 1 successfully produces 11 copies, but this time cell 2 starts at a different input to the fabric and its path results in collisions, C, with cell 1 at 11 of the outputs that it needs in the final stage. If the fabric only allowed cells that were successful on all paths to produce output cells, the performance of the fabric would be poor. This problem is addressed in a buffered fabric such as Turner (ibid) by storing cells within the fabric where the blocking occurred and retrying the cell when the blocked output becomes clear. Without buffering within the network, some other technique must be employed to ensure reasonable performance. In accordance with the invention the performance of the unbuffered multicast fabric is improved by allowing any successful path to produce output cells even when some branches of the paths are blocked. The state of unsuccessful paths is preserved within the fabric. Any cell that is blocked on one or more paths is resubmitted by the input port controller to allow previously blocked paths to complete. This maximises the number of cells that can be output in any cycle. This is illustrated in FIG. 5. The input port controller can limit the maximum of times a cell is submitted to the fabric. An extra flag, the L, last-attempt flag can be added to the copy control field to indicate that a cell is being submitted for the last time. When a cell with the L flag set passes through the fabric, the switch elements release all paths for that cell, blocked or otherwise. The multicast switch element feeds the results of contention for outputs back to the preceding stage. The feedback path indicates whether a cell presented at a switch element input has been blocked on any of its required paths. Blocking can occur either internally within the switch element or at a subsequent stage in the fabric. A first embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 6 as a 2×2 switch element. The two data inputs, INPUT 0 and INPUT 1, can provide outputs at OUTPUT 0 and/or 1, thus either passing a cell straight through without replication or by creating one extra copy of the cell. The multicast fabric consists of cell header decoders 8, requestors 10, cell header overwriters 12, selectors 14, and demultiplexers 16. The circuit operates as follows. During the set-up phase, the demultiplexers 16 at each output are configured to select a cell from one of the inputs. During the data phase, the cell is transferred to the output ports and feedback information ripples back to the input port controller (not shown). The requestor 10 receives Rs and Ps subfields at the head of the copy control field from decoder 8 and determines which output the cell should be sent to. This information is saved in a request register within the requestor. The requestor attempts to reserve each output that it needs by signalling a request to each of the corresponding selectors 14. The selector 14 arbitrates between conflicting requests from different input ports for the same output. Once selected, an output port stays assigned to the same input port until all copies of the cell have been made by subsequent stages. This is indicated by the feedback signal from the following stage indicating unblocked. The selector uses round-robin arbitration to ensure fairness. After completion of a cell transmission, the input that was last selected is given lowest priority during the next set-up phase. The remainder of the cell, including the copy control field for subsequent stages, is passed through the switch element once the data paths have been set up. The copy control fields of each of the copies of the cell that are to be fully replicated by subsequent stages are adjusted by the cell header overwriter 12 so that R=M, P=0. The feedback signal becomes valid after the set-up phase for the entire fabric is complete. This signal ripples back from the final stage to the switch fabric input port controller. In the switch elements of the final stage (which never receive a blocked feedback input as they have no subsequent stage), each selector at the switch element outputs issues an ack signal to each of the requestors that were contending for it to indicate which was allocated to the corresponding output port. The requestors at the switch element inputs receive an ack signal from each of the selectors in the switch element outputs and save these in a blocked register. The feedback signal from the switch element indicates blocked if any of the switch elements necessary for the cell have not yet been allocated (i.e. if any bit that is set in the request register is indicated as blocked by the blocked register). At the preceding stage, the incoming feedback signal indicates blocked if any path on stages to its right has not yet been completed. In this case, the requestor that had successfully reserved the output will still receive a blocked indication on the corresponding ack signal from the selector. It will therefore pass on a blocked feedback signal to the stage that precedes it. If the incoming feedback signal indicates not-blocked, the selector can release the output port at the end of the current cell and participate in the next set-up phase. A second embodiment of the invention is illustrated in more detail in FIGS. 7 to 22. This again is a 2×2 multicast switch element, as in FIG. 6, and although it shares some common features with the latter embodiment, there are also differences. For example, the copy control field of each cell contains no "L" or last-attempt flag. In this embodiment the number of unsuccessful attempts at transmission is counted at the input port. When the count decrements to zero, the switch is reset to abort cell tranmission. A further attempt at retransmission is then subsequently made in the next overall transmission cycle. FIG. 7 shows the multicast switch element 102 generally together with its corresponding input and output ports, 104 and 106. The circuit 102 receives cells on data input lines DIN0 and DIN1 together with a corresponding request for transmission signals on lines RQIN0 and RQIN1. Indications of whether succeeding stages are blocked are received from the output port 106 (BL0 and BL1) and these are passed back to the input ports. A blocking signal will be passed back if either (a) a blocked signal has been received from a succeeding stage or (b) if a block is created within the stage itself. The circuit 102 also receives, and transmits onwardly, a reset signal (input port 104, "RESET") in the event of a last-attempt at transmission, as described above. The reset clears any blocks for the cell whose transmission is aborted. The input and output ports 104, 106 are not part of the multicast circuit per se and the output port 106 is essentially devoid of any circuitry, being basically a straight-through connection to its output. Although the input port is not shown in more detail, it includes an input buffer which receives the incoming cell and stores it until transmission through the multicast circuit is successful, a retry counter which generates the reset signal to abort transmission after a given number of blocked attempts, and a look-up table which appends the copy control field to the cell appropriate for the passage of the latter through the multicast circuit. The multicast circuit 102 is shown in more detail in FIG. 8, and in succeeding FIGS. 9-21. In these Figures, where standard components are shown conventionally illustrated, these will not be explained in more detail. The switch proper which receives data on one or other of two inputs and transmits across to one or other or both of two outputs is a cross-bar switch 108. A similar cross-bar switch 110 correspondingly receives and transmits the request signals. The circuit 102 also includes a request delay circuit 112, a fairness register 114, a reservation register 116, a block register 118, a forcer 120, and an overall control circuit 122. In this embodiment, the copy control field (CCF) of each cell is 2 bits long, one bit (NC) determining the number of copies of the cell to be replicated within the 2×2 switch and the other (FULL) dictating whether or not there is to be full replication of the cell at each subsequent stage in the multicast fabric. Thus: ______________________________________NC FULL______________________________________0 0 no copy to be made, no full replication subsequently0 1 no copy, full replication subsequently,1 0 1 copy, no replication on one port, full replication on the other1 1 1 copy, full replication on both outputs subsequently.______________________________________ A feature of the present switch element is that if full replication is subsequently desired at any output, then "11" is forced into the copy control field of the transmitted outgoing cell. The request delay circuit 112 is shown in FIG. 9 and consists of eight D flipflops FD. The request delay circuit delays the request signal by two clock cycles so as to "strip off" the two bit CCF signal for this particular stage of the switch fabric from the cell signal. The two bit signal is latched to provide NC and FULL signals for both inputs 0 and 1 (NCO, FULL0; NC1, FULL1). Thus, with an S stage multicast fabric and assuming the 2×2 switch is the first stage (stage S) in the fabric then the CCF of the incoming cell would be (NCs, FULLs ; NCs-1, FULLs-1, . . . NC0, FULL0). In this example the request delay circuit would strip off NCs, FULLs and store the values thereof in the appropriate latches. Cross-bar switches 108, 110 are shown in more detail in FIG. 10. The inputs it is desired to switch in the case of switch 108 are the cells or packets themselves (information plus CCF) whereas in the case of switch 110 it is the request signals that are switched. To whichever output port an incoming cell is switched to in switch 108, its corresponding request signal is switched similarly to the same port synchronously through switch 110. Because of the delay introduced by the request delay circuit 112, the cell is transmitted through switch 108 devoid of that part of the CCF for the stage in question. In other words, to return to the example above, (NCs, FULLs) is lost and the CCF is clocked through as (NCs-1, FULLs-1 ; NCs-2, FULLs-2 . . . ) so that the correct two subfields of the CCF are transmitted at the front of the head of the cell for the next stage in the fabric. Both cross-bar switches are switched in accordance with the SEL0 and SELl signals as follows: ______________________________________SEL0 SEL1 I/P O/P______________________________________0 0 0---->0 straight through 1---->10 1 0---->0 2 copies of I/P 0 0---->11 0 1---->0 2 copies of I/P 1 1---->11 1 0---->1 crossover 1---->0______________________________________ The fairness register 114 is shown in more detail in FIG. 11. This consists of a pair of D flipflops which store 1 bit per output, determined by which input used the output during the last data cycle. For example, the flipflop providing signal TOUT0 stores 0 if I/P 0 used O/P 0 last and stores 1 if I/P 1 used O/P 0 last. The result of such store is for use in any arbitration necessary to decide which input gains a particular output in the event of collision of the two incoming signals in the next set-up phase. The reservation register 116 is shown in FIG. 12, and consists of 4 D flipflops. Subsequent to any arbitration made between colliding requests (see below) this stores the granted requests for the cross-bar switches. The topmost flipflop stores a signal relevant to whether or not O/P 0 can be reserved for I/P 0 (i.e. notation "0.0"). The other three flipflops similarly store requests for I/P 0-O/P 1 (0.1), etc. Each flipflop is set if, as a result of arbitration, that particular path can be granted (i.e. it blocks the path so that it cannot be granted again during the set-up phase). Each flipflop is cleared if the output is not blocked. The block registers 118 are shown in FIG. 13 and are similar to the reservation registers 116. Essentially the block registers store the reverse information to that of the reservation registers: each stores for a given input, which outputs that input is blocked on. Thus, the topmost flipflop stores the information concerning whether or not I/P 0 is blocked on O/P 0 (0.0). The other flipflops have similar notation. The flip-flops are cleared on the reset line from the relevant reset signal. The latter originates from an input port in the event of a "last try attempt". Blocking is cleared, whilst the cell transmission is aborted. Forcer 120 is shown in FIG. 14. If, as a result of decoding the CCF, the cell is to be fully replicated in succeeding stages, the forcer overwrites NC=1, FULL=1 into the leading subfield of the CCF of the outgoing cell. The forcing signals FORCE 0 and FORCE 1 are obtained from a force signal generator within the control circuit 122 described below. The control circuit 122 is illustrated in FIG. 15. It includes a request decoder 124, a request arbitrator 126, a reservation register controller 128, a block decoder 130, a reset signal decoder 132, a force signal generator 134, and a finite state machine circuit 136. The request decoder 124 is shown in FIG. 16. This converts the request from the two input ports (RQ 0 and RQ 1) into four request signals (e.g. RQ 0.0 indicates I/P 0 is making a new request for O/P 0) depending upon which outputs the cell on a given input is to be transmitted to. If an input is previously blocked on a given output, signifying that this is a retry for this particular transmission path, a new request is not generated as it will already exist. The request arbitrator 126 is illustrated in FIG. 17 and makes a decision which input should get a particular output in the event both inputs request the same output. It arbitrates based on the values stored in the fairness register 114 and, in the event of a collision, it grants signals to create the opposite request to that granted in the last transmission cycle (as stored by the fairness register 114). Thus, if I/P 0 requests O/P 0 and the reservation register 116 for O/P 0 is not set and if I/P 1 has not requested O/P 0, then I/P 0 is granted O/P 0. Output S0 is then set such that I/P 0 will be granted O/P 0. If both I/P 0 and I/P 1 request O/P 0, then which request is granted is determined by the inputs T0 and T1 from the fairness register 114. This will cause S0 to adopt a state enabling the reverse input-output path to be granted to that of the last transmission cycle. The reservation register controller 128 is shown in FIG. 18. This creates the signals to set up the reservation register 116 based upon the results of arbitration in arbitrator 126, the requests received from the request decoder 124 and blocking signals from the succeeding stages. The block decoder 130 is shown in FIG. 19. This generates the blocking signals to be stored in the block register 118. It receives the requests from the request decoder 124, the result of arbitration in arbitrator 126, and the blocking signals from subsequent stages. The blocking signals (B 0.0 for I/P 0 blocked on I/P 0 etc.) can be generated in two ways. An input can be blocked on a given output if it made a request for that output (the output not being blocked by subsequent stages) but it failed arbitration and therefore the request was not granted in the stage. Alternately, an input can be blocked on a given output if it made a request for that output (this request was granted within the stage) but it was blocked by the blocking signal from subsequent stages. If an input is blocked it will retry on the next cycle. The reset signal decoder 132 is illustrated in FIG. 20. The RESET process occurs when a cell has been blocked more times than the input port 104 cares to retry. The reset signal is generated from the retry counter in the input port. The switch element uses the signals stored in the block register 118 to determine which outputs are blocked and then uses the reset signal to send the reset down the appropriate path. This clears the path in the block and reservation registers 118, 116 and also transmits the reset signal on to the next stage in the fabric. The force signal generator 134 is shown in FIG. 21 and decodes the CCF to determine whether the output CCF for the outgoing cell should be forced to 11 (i.e. full replication). It is timed by a FORCE timing signal from the finite state machine circuit 136 for the first two bits of the outgoing cell. Both are driven to "1" by forcer 120 thus giving "11" at the head of the CCF. The finite state machine circuit 136 is not shown in more detail but consists of a pulse generating circuit to generate the various clock signals to synchronise operation of the other components. The switch operates as follows. Assume that a multicast fabric containing a delta array of the 2×2 switches as just described is arranged in S stages, and that a cell arrives at one of the input ports of the fabric. The cell will contain header information dictating the number of cell copies required. From the look up table at the input port the appropriate copy control field consisting of S subfields NC, FULL will be prepended to the cell. The retry counter at the input port is set. The set-up phase for the fabric now commences. The cell is passed to the first stage 2×2 switch (such as in FIGS. 8 onwards). The cell header information for this stage (stage S), i.e. NCs, FULLs, is stripped from the header by delay 112 (FIG. 9) and this is passed to the request decoder 124 (FIG. 16) which decodes from NCs, FULLs any new requests from the two inputs for the two outputs. This information is sent to the reservation register controller 128 (FIG. 18) and thence stored in the reservation register 116 (FIG. 12). The requests for outputs are also sent to the request arbitrator 126 (FIG. 17) to determine whether or not the requests can be granted based on fairness (the fairness register 114, FIG. 11) and to the block decoder 130 (FIG. 19) so as to set up the blocks, in block register 118 (FIG. 13), bearing in mind that the block can arise within stage S or may already be stored in the register from any of the stages from earlier set-up phases (if not reset). The results of arbitration create signals S0 and S1 which are latched (centre, FIG. 15) as SEL 0 and SEL 1. The latter are the signals which actually switch the cell and request signals through crossbar switches 108, 110 respectively. The fairness register 114 is set to show the paths created by the arbitration. The cell is transferred through the crossbar switch 108. Because of the delay created by the request delay 112, the SEL 0 and SEL 1 signals arrive at the crossbar switch 108 two clock cycles late relative to the RQ (request signals) so that the first two bits of the CCF (i.e. NCs, FULLs) are lost and the cell passes through the switch 108 to one or both outputs with NCs-1, FULLs-1 at the head of the CCF. The request signals similarly pass to the same outputs in crossbar switch 110. The cell is transferred to the forcer 120 (FIG. 14) where NCs-1, FULLs-1 is forced to "1,1" if the CCF for stage S has indicated that there is to be full replication of the cell in each subsequent stage. The cell and its corresponding request signals then pass to stage S-1 in the multicast fabric where the set-up phase repeats. This continues through the remaining stages of the fabric, at which time the set-up phase finishes. If at any stage the cell becomes blocked, the blocking signal ripples back through the preceding stages (and sets the block registers thereof) to the input port. The data phase then commences and, if no blocking exists, the cell is clocked out through the multicast fabric to the appropriate output port(s). In such an event, no blocking signal is received at the input port, which will signal that there has been successful transmission through the switch fabric. The input buffer is then cleared ready to receive another incoming cell and the retry counter is set once more. If blocking arises, this signals to the retry counter at the input port that an unsuccessful transmission took place. The retry counter decrements by 1 and commences the next set-up phase, trying to send the same unsuccessful cell again. As the fairness register 114 can "toggle" the result of arbitration by the arbitrator 126 there is a chance that this retry might be more successful. This does not always follow as the fabric will, by then, possibly be trying to set up paths for new cells that have just arrived at the fabric at this first retry set-up phase. A series of set-up and data phases follow until the cell is successfully transmitted or the retry counter decrements to 0. Once the retry counter has decremented to 0, the RESET signal is generated (reset signal decoder, FIG. 20) which ripples forward through the fabric on the next set-up phase to clear the block registers for the path for the unsuccessful cell. Citations de brevets
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text:
Summary :
Twelve-year-old April has trouble making friends at her new middle school, until her father's friendship with a missing rock star catapults her into the news and suddenly makes her popular. (Card catalog description) A companion novel to Darcy Downstairs.
Original title: April Upstairs Original languages: English Quotes:
Genre: Fiction→ Children & Young Adult→ School


text:
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What Does "Copyfight" Mean?
Copyfight, the Solo Years: April 2002-March 2004
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« Apple v Burst, and Bad Reporting | Main | Anyone Have An Opinion on Createspace? »
A friend linked me to Brian Dettmer's "Book Autopsies". Apparently these works of art have been shown in the (US) National Gallery of Art. I love these images and really I can't see much difference between this - which we call "art" - and the use of pre-existing visual or auditory media in a mashup that gets called "piracy". Same point as Lethem made in his essay early this year.
posted by Alan Wexelblat | | # | 0 | 0
1. Crosbie Fitch on September 26, 2007 2:55 PM writes...
There isn't any difference except that one infringes a commercial monopoly over reproduction of copies, and one doesn't.
Are you suggesting that some people think copyright is some kind of authorial right against aesthetic dilution?
Copyright is prized by printers. It attaches to the work. It is only an illusion that it is a natural property of the author. All works belong to their authors of course, but the privilege of copyright has been carved out of the public's liberty by the state for the printer's commercial exploitation.
The privilege of copyright does not determine artistic legitimacy.
2. drwex on September 28, 2007 9:48 AM writes...
"Are you suggesting that some people think copyright is some kind of authorial right against aesthetic dilution?"
I think that's massively evident, in everything from Disney and Mattel stamping out all use of 'their' characters, to the rampant disregard of the parody defense for fair use to the random spasms of attack on various forms of slash fiction.
Are you saying you don't see the parallel here?
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text:
"A Meeting without an Objective is a Chat", so states the Book of Red Gate. In my experience setting a high-level objective for a meeting is easier than getting agreement on the list of actions to reach it. Likewise setting the goals of usability tests seems much easier than forming the prioritised list of development actions or product features afterwards.
At Red Gate we are always keen to use facilitation techniques such as Gamestorming to encourage participation from everyone in a meeting. If you are not familiar with Gamestorming, these are collaborative activities focused on resolving specific issues.
We decided to spend a "Collab Lab" session evaluating two techniques for closing a collaborative session – Dot Voting and Forced Ranking – to establish their relative advantages and get some experience on when we should use one and not the other.
Dot Voting
Dot voting is a simple technique to prioritise a list of items into an agreed solution, these items could be actions or product features. The items are written on a whiteboard or by sticking Post-It notes to a wall. Each participant gets a set number of votes that they can cast on those items – they can even vote for the same item multiple times if they feel strongly about it. Some items may not receive any votes. In this exercise we used a whiteboard and the participants used markers to cast their votes, which makes it easier to remove and re-cast a vote compared to using sticky dots or making a more indelible mark.
In our session the list of 10 items were written on a whiteboard and each participant got 5 votes. All the participants cast their votes at the same time by marking an item with a dot. This is a public activity where participants can see the others' votes being cast. After the votes had been cast they were tallied so that the items would be prioritised.
Force Ranking
Force ranking is also a technique to prioritise a list of items into an agreed solution. Where it differs from dot voting is that every item must be ranked relative to the others. The important consideration for the facilitator is the framing of the question given to the participants – the criteria needs to be very clear. For example, "The most important features for the next software version".
In our session the list of 10 items were printed out and each participant received a copy. The facilitator framed the exercise to target a specific criteria and then the participants were given 6 minutes to rank the items from 1 to 10, where 1 was most important and 10 least important.
After the time had elapsed the ranking of each item was tallied so that the items would be prioritised.
Results Comparison
After both activities were completed the priority scores were compared and the favourite items ranked in order, as below.
Comparing the two activities there was little difference in the overall ranking, but there were variances in the results for 3 items (5, 7 & 8). The participants suggested that this difference was because Force Ranking made them consider the items in relative importance to each other, not just the most important overall. This made them re-evaluate items more thoroughly during Force Ranking.
Although a couple of participants force ranked the items easily in one go, most commented that they changed their minds a lot and wished they had an easier way to shuffle the items into order as they iterated. They suggested that having each item cut out would have made it easier to achieve this.
If you need to get consensus on a list of actions then either Dot Voting or Force ranking are great activities to get all stakeholders involved. The results are broadly similar for the most popular ranked items. Choose Dot Voting when the most popular items need to established; chose Force Ranking when you need every item ranked in relative popularity.
Here's a summary of what we discovered about using the two different techniques:
Dot Voting
- Easy and quick to establish the most popular choices
- Useful where not all choices are necessary
- Voting multiple times for the same item can establish the strength of opinion
- Simultaneous ranking activity – seeing the votes already cast could influence the casting of remaining votes
- Even though participants could change their minds, none of them changed a vote once cast. Even though the marker dots made this easy to do, some commented that they soon forgot where they had voted and were concerned that they risked changing a vote that was not legitimately their own
- Tough choices could be avoided since not all items may get votes. Facilitator should verify that items without votes haven't been missed without reason, so it's worth revisiting these with the participants to check this is the case before settling on the final list of actions to focus on next
Force Ranking
- Takes longer than dot voting – can feel like harder work too
- Individual ranking activity – less likelihood of influencing others
- Tough to sort the middle ranked items
- No direct indication of strength of opinion for specific items other than the overall tally
- Participants reported that they changed their minds at lot when ranking – they suggested having the list as Post-Its or cut out lists that they could easily re-order
- Forces tough choices when ranking unpopular items
- Ranking all items requires more careful consideration of all items


text:
The 25 Best Films of 2013: A Video Countdown
30 Gloriously Defaced Movie Posters
The 50 Greatest Last Shots in Film History
Every Movie Poster that Saul Bass Ever Made
Review: Scream 4 is Not Too Shabby
Laremy Legel April 14, 2011
Scream 4 is clearly better than Scream 3. There, that's out of the way. Now we can discuss the pertinent issues that matter, such as the housing market and one's personal safety standards. Let's do this.
The first thing that throws me about the entire Scream franchise is the houses. They are always perfectly clean, modeled, and lovely. There's never anything amiss, no laundry anywhere, the floors are all wood, the appliances all stainless steel. I suppose the thought that "Hey, these people are being murdered in Suburbia!" should terrify me all the more than someone dying in a dingy back alley, but I can never emotionally get there. I just see these terrifically saccharine and tidy houses and figure they are going to have a tough time moving those units post-slaying, especially in this housing market. I can't imagine murder depreciation is anything to scoff at.
Here's the other thing. By this point Sidney Prescott should be America's most finely honed human weapon. Can you imagine having survived the dozens of attacks she has? Wouldn't you treat yourself to a little Jujitsu training, the occasional light Krav Maga tutorial, and be basically strapped to the gills with automatic weapons? Had I been through a quarter of what Ms. Prescott has endured I'd make Rambo look like a charity case. And who would blame me?
Person 1: Who is that person? And why is she carrying an arsenal with her?
Person 2: Oh, that's just Sidney Prescott. She's a bit concerned for her safety.
Person 3: That's Sid Prescott?? The poor dear! I wonder if she'd want my bokken to carry with her too?
Yes, in this hypothetical the pairing is practicing Kendo.
Still, the point is a valid one, and although in this iteration of Scream Ms. Prescott seems to have largely mastered the art of not being too afraid, like a fighter pilot who has faced constant danger, she doesn't seem to have taken her studies to the next level in the way I'd expect. So that was bothersome, though not unexpected.
Now then, as for the film itself, Scre4m, or Scream 4, or Scre-four-em, it starts out with what might just be the most most meta beginning ever, because it starts with the Stab franchise. Yep, that's the fictional franchise within the Scream universe which is of course modeled after Sidney Prescott's fictional life within the film. Regardless of the "in" ardor, the entire opening works, appealing to both our short attention spans and a predilection to like the series.
Also working? The clever dialogue, brisk pacing, and frenetic music. The killer still generally calls on a landline, but they throw in references to Facebook and Twitter, weaving in occasional cell phone stalking for good measure. No, they don't bother to deal with the prominence of caller ID, as then you'd have no movie. And yes, you'll definitely have that moment where you question the logic of, well, everything, before realizing that it hardly matters.
The premise and updating of Sidney Prescott as a character is also well formulated. She's back in town to sell a book while advocating an "I'm not going to be a victim anymore!" message. David Arquette is still bumbling as a town sheriff and Courteney Cox reprises her scheming and plotting take on Gale Weathers. The murder count is high, the blood flows continually, and the film does well to keep your guesses and suppositions off-balance. A perfectly acceptable Friday night, Scream 4 delivers plenty of scares without consequences, murder without depth, and a flood of legacy laughs. Though loftier philosophical messages are broached and then largely ignored (the idea that We Live in Public) it's hard to fault Scream 4 for not taking things too seriously. This isn't a film that matters in any real sense, but it's also not poorly done, and as such deserves a smallish amount of praise.
Grade: B-
Categories: Reviews
Tags: Movie reviews, Scream 4Previous article Eric's Bad Movies: Johnny Mnemonic (1995) Next article Blu-ray Review: White Material — Criterion Collection


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December 7, 2012
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Improved Dirichlet-to-Neumann map method for scattering by circular cylinders on a lattice |
JOSA A, Vol. 29, Issue 9, pp. 1999-2004 (2012)
Enhanced HTML Acrobat PDF (333 KB)
A simple model for two-dimensional photonic crystal devices consists of a finite number of possibly different circular cylinders centered on lattice points of a square or triangular lattice and surrounded by a homogeneous or layered background medium. The Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DtN) map method is a special method for analyzing the scattering of an incident wave by such a structure. It is more efficient than existing numerical or semianalytic methods, such as the finite element method and the multipole method, since it takes advantage of the underlying lattice structure and the simple geometry of the unit cells. The DtN map of a unit cell is a relation between a wave field component and its normal derivative on the cell boundary, and it can be used to avoid further computation inside the unit cell. In this paper, an improved DtN map method is developed by constructing special DtN maps for boundary and corner unit cells using the method of fictitious sources.
© 2012 Optical Society of America
OCIS Codes
(000.4430) General : Numerical approximation and analysis
(290.4210) Scattering : Multiple scattering
(050.1755) Diffraction and gratings : Computational electromagnetic methods
ToC Category:
Original Manuscript: May 15, 2012
Revised Manuscript: July 17, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: July 18, 2012
Published: August 30, 2012
Shichang She and Ya Yan Lu, "Improved Dirichlet-to-Neumann map method for scattering by circular cylinders on a lattice," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 29, 1999-2004 (2012)
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- J. D. Joannopoulos, R. D. Meade, and J. N. Winn, Photonic Crystals: Molding the Flow of Light (Princeton University, 1995).
- A. Taflove and S. C. Hagness, Computational Electrodynamics: The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method, 3rd ed. (Artech House, 2005).
- J. M. Jin, The finite Element Method in Electromagnetics, 2nd ed. (Wiley, 2002).
- V. Twersky, "Multiple scattering of radiation by an arbitrary configuration of parallel cylinders," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 24, 42–46 (1952). [CrossRef]
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- J. Yonekura, M. Ikeda, and T. Baba, "Analysis of finite 2-D photonic crystals of columns and lightwave devices using the scattering matrix method," J. Lightwave Technol. 17, 1500–1508 (1999). [CrossRef]
- P. A. Martin, Multiple Scattering (Cambridge University, 2006).
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- A. Coatanhay and J.-M. Conoir, "Scattering near a plane interface using a generalized method of images approach," J. Comp. Acous. 12, 233–256 (2004). [CrossRef]
- F. Frezza, L. Pajewski, C. Ponti, and G. Schettini, "Scattering by dielectric circular cylinders in a dielectric slab," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 27, 687–695 (2010). [CrossRef]
- Z. Hu and Y. Y. Lu, "Efficient analysis of photonic crystal devices by Dirichlet-to-Neumann maps," Opt. Express 16, 17383–17399 (2008). [CrossRef]
- Z. Hu and Y. Y. Lu, "Improved Dirichlet-to-Neumann map method for modeling extended photonic crystal devices," Opt. Quantum Electron. 40, 921–932 (2008). [CrossRef]
- J. Yuan and Y. Y. Lu, "Dirichlet-to-Neumann map method with boundary cells for photonic crystal devices," Commun. Comput. Phys. 9, 113–128 (2011).
- F. Zolla, R. Petit, and M. Cadilhac, "Electromagnetic theory of diffraction by a system of parallel rods: the method of fictitious sources," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, 1087–1096 (1994). [CrossRef]
- Y. Huang and Y. Y. Lu, "Scattering from periodic arrays of cylinders by Dirichlet-to-Neumann maps," J. Lightwave Technol. 24, 3448–3453 (2006). [CrossRef]
- S. Li and Y. Y. Lu, "Computing photonic crystal defect modes by Dirichlet-to-Neumann maps," Opt. Express 15, 14454–14466 (2007). [CrossRef]
- H. Xie and Y. Y. Lu, "Modeling two-dimensional anisotropic photonic crystals by Dirichlet-to-Neumann maps," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 26, 1606–1614 (2009). [CrossRef]
- Y. Wu and Y. Y. Lu, "Dirichlet-to-Neumann map method for analyzing crossed arrays of circular cylinders," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 26, 1984–1993 (2009). [CrossRef]
- S. Li and Y. Y. Lu, "Efficient method for computing leaky modes in two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides," J. Lightwave Technol. 28, 978–983 (2010). [CrossRef]
- L. Yuan and Y. Y. Lu, "Dirichlet-to-Neumann map method for analyzing hole arrays in a slab," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 27, 2568–2579 (2010). [CrossRef]
- J. Yuan and Y. Y. Lu, "Computing photonic band structures by Dirichlet-to-Neumann maps: the triangular lattice," Opt. Commun. 273, 114–120 (2007). [CrossRef]
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Watchdog group puts colleges on notice over First Amendment
Last September, a Modesto Junior College student was stopped by a campus police officer for circulating copies of the U.S. Constitution on campus without a permit.
"You need permission from the student development office," the officer told him in the Sept. 17 videotaped encounter.
The action then shifted to an administrative office where a woman offered to help him schedule time in the the "free speech zone" — a 25 square-foot piece of concrete on a corner of campus set 30 yards off the nearest walkway. The zone needed to be scheduled days or weeks in advance, she said.
The conflict in Modesto is just one pixel in a nationwide picture as public colleges and universities around the country struggle to balance conflicting demands. On one side, many students and faculty want the campus to be a safe space, free from insults and discord. On the other, is the argument that a public campus is not a private club but more like a city street where robust debate and even insulting speech are strictly protected.
"I think there is a lack of understanding on college campuses about what the First Amendment requires," said Robert Corn-Revere, a Washington, D.C.-based First Amendment expert and a partner at Davis Wright Tremaine, one of the nation's most prominent law firms.
Estimates of significant restrictions on campus speech vary, but the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education currently puts 58 percent of the 400 campuses they survey in "red light" status, meaning they have policies the foundation says restrict free speech in a way that's unconstitutional.
Speech restrictions come in a wide assortment of flavors. Recently, at Chicago State University, an anti-bullying policy was used to suppress a faculty blog. At Iowa State a student was told not to wear a T-shirt with a marijuana leaf. At Ohio University, a student got in trouble for wearing a T-shirt with an off-color pun.
Corn-Revere has been working with FIRE, which sued Modesto Junior College last fall over the incident and the policies that drove it. In February of this year, the school settled, paying $50,000 in legal fees and damages and dropping all "speech zone" restrictions.
At least one observer was not surprised at the outcome: "FIRE picks winners, and they are always legally precise on First Amendment issues," said Brett Sokolow, President & CEO of the NCHERM Group, a law firm that works with over 50 colleges and universities to craft codes and policies.
But FIRE grew tired of playing Whac-a-Mole. The group announced last month that lawsuits will now be their first resort, to be filed against public colleges in each federal judicial circuit. After each victory or settlement, FIRE will sue another school in the same circuit.
To launch the new initiative, FIRE filed four lawsuits last week by targeting colleges in California, Iowa, Hawaii and Illinois. Davis, Wright, Tremaine will play key roles in this offensive, and the schools they target can expect, Corn-Revere said, to be paying legal fees and damages.
The very week that FIRE made its announcement, a student group at Boise State University in Idaho was forced to pay a special "security fee" for bringing a pro-gun rights speaker to campus. FIRE promptly notified the school that if the fee were not refunded it would file suit.
Avoiding offense
The rise of speech restrictions on campus appears to be closely tied to greater diversity on campus, blended with an impulse to create a safe environment where historic offenses and degradations are curbed. The urge to protect against offense thus runs head-on against the constitutional mandate not to regulate speech.
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Thirsty and Miserable
Why?A place to feel at home in when drinking alone.
If drinking in dark bars, alone, seems like your idea of a good time, Kensington's Thirsty and Miserable should be high on your watering-hole list. This place is definitely casual -- it makes the Rhino and Raw Bar look like the Ritz. But they serve good, cheap beer -- cheap enough to enjoy many, which is important, especially when contemplating the end of the world or why you spend time in places as uplifting as this. Doors open at 6:00. Their beer selection is too long to list.
- Thirsty and Miserable
- 197 Baldwin Street
- Toronto
- 647-607-0134
- www.thirstyandmiserable.ca
- $ Inexpensive Gem
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From: | Zach Weil |
Has anyone been able to succesfully stain hamster brain tissue for activated microglia? I have tried the Serotec anti-OX42 antibody with no success. Thanks, Zach --------------------------------- Do you Yahoo!? Get on board. You're invited to try the new Yahoo! Mail Beta. _______________________________________________ Histonet mailing list email@example.com http://lists.utsouthwestern.edu/mailman/listinfo/histonet


text:
The Flight Computer
At this moment not working on iOS8 but I'm working on an update!
This is a real moving 100% functional digital version of the classic flight computer.
On top of that, this app looks like just another flight computer app but is in fact very different. It is a training app, designed to help you master the flight computer by solving it over and over again until you get it right.
Improve your flight computer skills!
= Solves wind problems AND teaches you how to use the flight computer =
- Find TH & GS
- Find TH / TAS
- Find TT / GS
- Find Wind
An E6B flight computer is the circular slide rule calculator on the opposite side of your wind computer.
There are already many E6B apps out there and they all allow you to convert everything.
This app is very different.
It can solve track and heading problems like many others but it is also a teaching tool:
It replaces that list of practise questions in your study book.
How? It generates those questions for you and then points out on the E6B how to solve them!
This is meant to be a supplement to your own metal flight computer and show you how to read it.
What this app DOES:
* Move like a real E6B flight computer
* Generate practice questions for all those tricky conversions like CAS-TAS, MACH-TAS and True Altitude
* Show you how exactly to solve a conversion on the E6B itself!
* For the wind side of the flight computer: Generate practice questions and answers
What this app does NOT do:
- Calculate your CAS-TAS/MACH conversions for you. It is a training tool for the E6B!
- You can choose the type of question
Are you training for your PPL, CPL, ATPL exam?
Experience learns that most candidates run out of time if they are not quick enough with the Flight Computer.
* This app will help you master your flight computer and develop those mad E6B skills.
* Use it to generate practise questions for yourself or your students
- Find TH & GS
- Find TH / TAS
- Find TT / GS
- Find Wind
These are all the cases you must master for your ATPL exam.
What's new
NEW: You can now zoom the wind computer to full size
NEW: You can move the wind plot by sliding it with your finger
Fix: Wind was calculated 180 deg off in the training mode.
Share with Others
- Last changed:
- Feb 09, 2013
- Category:
- Navigation
- Developer:
- Rent-a-Pilot.nl
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- All Versions Average Rating:
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DaMarques Johnson goes one-on-one with http://MMAWeekly.com after his KO of Clay Harvison at UFC on Fox 1. watch video >>
Alex Careers, following his UFC on Fox 1 victory, went one on one with http://MMAWeekly.com. watch video >>
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Download our iPhone app here http://www.mmafighting.com/iphone-download For more check out http://www.mmafighting.com watch video >>
Two white-hot rising stars in the featherweight division guarantee a show on Saturday night - see Dustin "The Diamond" Poirier take on Pablo "The Scarecrow" Garza at UFC® on Fox. watch video >>
UFC On Fox Post Fight Review watch video >>
MMA H.E.A.T. brings you complete coverage of the UFC on FOX post-fight press conference featuring UFC President Dana White and fighters Junior dos Santos, Cain Velasquez, Benson Henderson, Clay Guida watch video >>
MMA H.E.A.T.'s Karyn Bryant talks with UFC featherweight Rani Yahya about his submission victory over Josh Grispi at UFC on FOX 4, which took place at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California on watch video >>


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Commentator Gary Joiner pays tribute to Barksdale Air Force Base on its 80th anniversary this month.
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Online edition of India's National Newspaper Wednesday, December 20, 2000 |
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Masjid site not for sale: BMCC
By Our Special Correspondent
NEW DELHI, DEC. 19. The Babri Masjid Coordination Committee has
rejected the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh's formula, suggesting
payment of compensation to Muslims for acquiring the disputed
site at Ayodhya. ``The disputed land, including the Babri Masjid
site, is not for sale at any price,'' said Syed Shabuddin, its
In a hard-hitting statement today, Mr. Shabuddin said: ``Any
construction activity for the proposed `mandir' anywhere in the
disputed area, whether outside the Babri Masjid site or
otherwise, will be unlawful so long as the site plan subsumes the
Babri Masjid and covers any part of the disputed area.''
The Centre could not release or gift any part of the acquired
land against the existing status quo order of the Supreme Court,
and before the special bench of the Allahabad High Court
delivered its judgment in the suit on the title of the disputed
land, which included the masjid site.
Mr. Shabuddin called on the VHP trust to revise the site plan for
the `mandir' to exclude the disputed land, particularly the
masjid site.
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text:
Jennifer DiSanza
Assistant Dean for Student Life
- firstname.lastname@example.com
- Phone: 502-852-8956
- Fax: 502-852-0862 (Law School Main)
- Office: 216
I am the Assistant Dean for Student Life, responsible for student counseling, orientation, graduation, study abroad, transient students, and international students. Student Life comprises Academic Success, Student Records, and general Student Services. Together, we assist all students from orientation to graduation.
I started working in Law School Student Services in 2000. I received my law degree from the University of Maryland in 2002, a Master degree from Johns Hopkins University in 2005 and my undergraduate degree is in Business from Miami University in Ohio.
When I joined the UofL, I recently left Capital
University Law School in Columbus, Ohio after eight years as Assistant Dean of
Student Administration, where I oversaw Student Affairs, Multicultural
Affairs, Records and Registration and Health and Wellness. While at Capital, I chaired a committee to
create the school's first LRAP (Loan Repayment Assistance Program) as well
several other committees dedicated to Student Life. Most recently, I was the 2013 Chair of the
Association of American Law School's Student Services Section.
Prior to Capital, I was at the University of Maryland for six years as the
Director of Student Affairs. I was
actively involved in all aspects of student services. I was the advisor to the SBA, and liaison
to all student organizations and actively planned both orientation and
commencement. I oversaw the Peer
Advisor program, which I also instituted at Capital University.
In both my previous higher education
roles, I was the main academic advisor to all students. I have met with students for all types of
counseling issues and works closely with university and outside resources to
ensure students are getting the best services possible while in law school.
Prior to law school, I worked
for two large manufacturing companies, in both human resources and production
If you are a student and are unsure of where to go, please stop by my office (216). I will either have the answer, or direct you to the correct department. I have an open door policy, so feel free to come by. If you would rather schedule an appointment, just email me and we can work something out. I look forward to working with you!


text:
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Imperial Candlewick Pickle Tray browse these categories for related items... All Items: Vintage Arts:Decorative Art:Glass:American:Depression Glass: Pre 1940: item # 1009584 Please refer to our stock # EG460 when inquiring.
The Glass Cupboard Albertson New York Guest Book $40.00 |
Imperial Glass Company's Candlewick pattern is perhaps the most easily recognized of the elegant glass patterns. Offered for sale here is the #400/217 10 inch pickle tray in excellent condition. See my other listings for more pieces in this pattern - including the matching celery tray (see picture 2). |


text:
Man claims Ayotte had relationship with defense attorney
UPDATED 6:15 PM EST Dec 12, 2013A man convicted of raping and killing a 6-year-old girl is demanding a new trial, in part because he claims his defense attorney was having a relationship with then-prosecutor Kelly Ayotte.
Video TranscriptDEFENSE ATTORNEY WAS HAVING A RELATIONSHIP WITH AN PROSECUTOR KELLY AYOTTE. NICK SPINETTO HAS THE RESPONSE. HE IS IN JAIL FOR MORE THAN 100 YEARS FOR THE RAPE AND MURDER OF A GIRL. ACCORDING TO A BRAND-NEW MOTION HE SAYS THERE WAS A CONFLICT OF INTEREST THAT LED TO HIS CONVICTION. IT WAS FEBRUARY, 1990 NINE, JAMES DRELL ON -- DALE FOUND ON TRIAL FOR THE MURDER OF ELIZABETH KNAPPS. A JURY FOUND HIM GUILTY OF SECOND-DEGREE MURDER. DALE HAS ALWAYS SAID HE WAS INNOCENT AND NOW HE IS ASKING FOR A NEW TRIAL FOR WHAT HE CALLS A CONFLICT OF INTEREST. THE ACCUSATION IS THE MOST EXPLOSIVE. HE COVERED HER MOUTH, HE SUFFOCATED HER. DALE ALLEGES TRIAL COUNSEL WAS INVOLVED IN A RELATIONSHIP WITH KELLY AYOTTE. ADDING HIS LAWYER'S RELATIONSHIP ESTABLISHED AN ACTUAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST THAT VIOLATED HIS SIXTH AMENDMENT RIGHTS WHERE HIS ATTORNEY DID NOT PURSUE A POWERFUL STRATEGY. HE PROVIDES NO BASIS FOR HIS BELIEVES. KELLY AYOTTE WAS NOT MARRIED OF THE TIME AND STRONGLY DENIES THE ACCUSATIONS. HER SPOKESPERSON SAYS THE CHARGE IS 100% FALSE. THIS IS A DESPERATE ATTEMPT TO GET OUT OF JAIL FROM A RAPIST AND MURDERER PROSECUTED OVER 14 YEARS AGO. THIS IS A COMPLETE FABRICATION. THE ATTORNEY DECLINED TO COMMENT. THE SENIOR ATTORNEY GENERAL ALSO WOULD NOT COMMENT ON THE ISSUE SAYING THE REBUTTAL WILL COME OUT IN COURT. DALE'S MOTION MAKES OTHER ALLEGATIONS AGAINST HIS COUNSEL FOR NOT CALLING WITNESSES. AND FOR NOT PUTTING, DISPUTING DNA EVIDENCE. HE IS DEMANDING AN IMMEDIATE HEARING ABOUT THE ISSUE.
The views expressed are not those of this site, this station or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to accept our terms of use.blog comments powered by Disqus


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Gora Swietej Anny rankings
Difficulty ranking world: 11125 (all)
Ranking Poland: 57 (all)
Ranking Bardzkie Mountains : 6 (all)
Difficulty score: 16.57 what?
Gora Swietej Anny ratings
(rate it)
The Gora Swietej Anny is situated in Dolnoslaskie
and belongs to the
Bardzkie Mountains
Starting from Zdzieszowice,
the Gora Swietej Anny ascent is 5.54 km long. Over this distance, you climb 167 heightmeters.
The average percentage thus is 3 %.
Look for other sides to climb the Gora Swietej Anny.
Click here to open detailed route.
Find all information on climbs and cycling in Dolnoslaskie and find all climbs in Dolnoslaskie on a map. |
Other climbs close to the Gora Swietej Anny: within 10 km - within 20 km - within 50 km |
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Evan Rachel Wood Blazer
Evan Rachel Wood went the androgynous route in an iridescent red Moschino Cheap & Chic blazer when she attended the Art of Elysium's Heaven Gala.
Brand: Moschino
Brand: Moschino
Evan Rachel Wood Skinny Pants
Evan Rachel Wood chose black skinny pants by Moschino Cheap & Chic to complete her menswear-inspired outfit.
Brand: Moschino
Brand: Moschino
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To embed, copy and paste the code into your website or blog:
I learned recently some rather extraordinary news: my firm is currently the only mortgage risk management firm in the country offering testing of a Residential Mortgage Lenders and Originator's (RMLO's) Anti-Money Laundering Program. This situation struck me as exceedingly odd, inasmuch as testing is a statutory requirement.
Testing annually is recommended, but not later than every eighteen months. In this first year, most companies are testing prior to the Financial Crimes and Enforcement Network's (FinCEN's)statute's anniversary date in August. An audit of the procedures detailed in an RMLO's policy and procedures must be conducted either an internal auditor, in accordance with FinCEN guidelines, or, in accordance with FinCEN guidelines, by an independent external auditor.
How is it that we are the first mortgage risk management firm to offer the independent auditing requirement? Maybe, even at this late date, the industry itself is still trying to absorb the AML compliance implementation, while struggling to integrate a multitude of other new regulations.
Many residential mortgage industry participants have run the Elizabeth Kubler Ross spectrum of denial to acceptance at a pace that leaves in its wake the sentiments of high dudgeon, middling dudgeon, intermediate dudgeon, towering dudgeon, lofty dudgeon - and, finally, recognition that the tide of change is actually upon us!
I have tried to make it clear in previous articles, that the AML program is quite different than other policy statements and procedures!
For two of my analyses on this matter, read my articles entitled Anti-Money Laundering Program - Preparation is Protection (8/2012), or Anti-Money Laundering Debuts for Nonbank Mortgage Companies (3/2012).
Over the years, we have conducted AML audits for banks. Now we conduct them for nonbanks and their Suspicious Activity Report (SAR) filing compliance. Soon enough, I expect another cottage industry to arise, chock full of firms that will promote such external auditing, bringing about yet another feeding frenzy!
In this article, I will offer some of the basics to AML testing for RMLOs, so that you have a high-level set of bullets that may offer some insight into the audit process. There are many moving features to such an audit. In constructing your own procedures, be aware that the time to learn about how to properly test and report audit results is most certainly not during an examination.
Elements of Testing
Internal or External Auditing
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DISCLAIMER: Because of the generality of this update, the information provided herein may not be applicable in all situations and should not be acted upon without specific legal advice based on particular situations.
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text:
Authors: | Jan de Leeuw, Patrick Mair |
Title: | [download] (10469)Gifi Methods for Optimal Scaling in R: The Package homals |
Reference: | Vol. 31, Issue 4, Aug 2009 Submitted 2008-11-06, Accepted 2009-07-23 |
Type: | Article |
Abstract: | Homogeneity analysis combines the idea of maximizing the correlations between variables of a multivariate data set with that of optimal scaling. In this article we present methodological and practical issues of the R package homals which performs homogeneity analysis and various extensions. By setting rank constraints nonlinear principal component analysis can be performed. The variables can be partitioned into sets such that homogeneity analysis is extended to nonlinear canonical correlation analysis or to predictive models which emulate discriminant analysis and regression models. For each model the scale level of the variables can be taken into account by setting level constraints. All algorithms allow for missing values. |
Paper: | [download] (10469)Gifi Methods for Optimal Scaling in R: The Package homals (application/pdf, 841 KB) |
Supplements: | [download] (1011)homals_1.0-0.tar.gz: R source package (application/x-gzip, 390.4 KB) |
[download] (1029)v31i04.R: R example code from the paper (application/zip, 1.2 KB) |
Resources: | BibTeX | OAI |


text:
Charles G. Reames
Published 2:34pm Wednesday, November 21, 2012Funeral Services for Charles G. Reames of Dadeville, AL will be at Langley Funeral Home Chapel, Friday, November 23, 2012, at 2 pm.
Burial will be in the Dadeville City Cemetery. Rev. Floyd Carmack will officiate.
Visitation from 12 noon – 2 pm on Friday, November 23, 2012, at Langley Funeral Home.
Mr. Reames was born on August 7, 1931, to the late Lawrence Bruno and Evelyn L. Sayers Reames and passed away on November 20, 2012, at the age of 81. He was preceded in death by his wife Camilla Reames and brother Rex Reames. Having served the public for 25 years with the Alabama Department of Conservation and retired as a Game Warden in Tallapoosa County, he shared his humor and built relationships of goodwill through his story-telling and mentoring others. Through his actions and words, friends and strangers knew him to be honest, helpful and fair. He was also a former Montgomery Police Officer.
He is survived by daughter Renee Reames of Montgomery, AL; son Cody Reames of Dadeville, AL; granddaughter Ashley Collins Cousins of Deatsville; and sister Ramona Davidson Lackey of East Tallassee, AL.
In lieu of flowers donations may be made to the Faternal Order of Police, Jackson's Gap, AL 36861 or Tallapoosa Longbeards, % Clark Burton 6353 Lovelady Rd. Dadeville, AL 36853
Langley Funeral Home of Camp Hill is handling arrangements. www.langleyfuneralhome.com


text:
Before the first Indy race is run at Barber Motorsports Park on April 11 the track has to install debris fencing.
The fence is designed to keep cars and fans separated in case of a wreck. The fencing, however, is temporary and will be removed and stored after the race.


text:
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Her Enormous Son Ch. 02
— After Cynthia catches them, she makes it a three way.Nurse With a Curse Ch. 4
— The security guard joins in.Cynthia Ch. 5
— A sexy shower, then a meeting with the neighbors.Please, separate your tags with comma: anal orgasm, oral sex.
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Shopping Cart
"First class…riveting…I made the mistake of opening it and I didn't get a lick of work done until I'd finished it."
–Jack Whyte, Internationally Best Selling Author.
"…[a] thrilling story…a page-turner right to the end. Tyner Gillies presents his debut novel with a fresh voice—an exciting new Canadian talent!" – kc dyer, Author and Director of the Surrey International Writers' Conference
Will the Guardian Awake before the Demon Rises?
Resolution Cove was a small, sleepy tourist town, or so Constable Quinn Sullivan thought when he transferred there after spending five years in a crime infested city. It was to be the perfect place to consider his future career; low crime, nice people, easy shifts, and finding the girl of his dreams. What more could he ask for?
Something is happening in Resolution Cove.
Violent crime, committed by sane, reasonable people is on the rise. There is no discernible connection between the crimes except for insane ramblings of 'eyes in the dark.'
In a house, in the south end of the city, stirs an ancient darkness that threatens to destroy the tranquility of Resolution Cove. Feeding upon its victims' terror, it must eliminate the emerging Guardian or else be banished into the netherworld to await a new time and place to strike.
Autumn Donnelly knows what is plaguing the city. Her family has helped previous Guardians destroy the beast in times past. Now she must convince Quinn of the truth before evil blankets Resolution Cove, destroying the sleepy town in a confluence of Hell on Earth.
You can read this item using any of the following Kobo apps and devices:


text:
Immigration Regulations - (CFR) 2013 Ed.
Your Price:
Immigration Regulations - (CFR) 2013 Ed.
AILA's Immigration Regulations (CFR) two-volume set is an easy-to-use primary-source reference used by practitioners and judges alike. Title 8 covers Aliens and Nationality in one volume with the second volume covering immigration portions of Titles 6, 20, 22, 28, and 42.
The 2013 edition* of the CFR includes:
- Provisional Unlawful Presence Waivers of Inadmissibility for Certain Immediate Relatives
- Removal of Job Training Partnership Act Implementing Regulations
- Repeal of Regulations on Marriages
- Designation of Taiwan for the Visa Waiver Program
- Wage Methodology for the Temporary Non-Agricultural Employment H-2B Program; Delay of Effective Date
- Exchange Visitor Program--Summer Work Travel
- And many more!
*20 CFR Parts 655.1–655.99 are scheduled to change per 77 FR 10038 (2/21/12) eff. 4/1/13; see back of book for updated sections, plus Title 29 related sections.
This book is also available at a discount when bought in combination with Immigration and Nationality Act, 2013 Ed. - save when you buy the two together.
April 2013
Vol. 1 (984 pages); Vol. 2 (688 pages)
Ratings & Reviews
All reviews will be reviewed by AILA prior to appearing on this page.
Be the first to review Immigration Regulations - (CFR) 2013 Ed.!