text:
Soft Cup Bra without underwire:
Seamless, pre-molded cups offer support and perfect comfort. The
fabric breathable. The perfect bra is invisible under tight clothing.
Extra support in larger sizes, the straps are wider and still really
soft on your sholder
Silky thong, like a second skin. Every woman should own at least three of this perfect thong.


text:
Green Door Store
Seating Charts Find Tickets
Interactive Seating Charts
Unfortunately, we do not currently have
a seating chart for Green Door Store.
Green Door Store
UndercroftBrighton, UK
Upcoming Events
About Seatgeek
We scour the web's major ticket sites and aggregate inventory into one place. Our Deal Score helps you identify the best ticket deals available for each event.
Learn more about SeatGeek

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Geological Expertise, Infinite Possibilities |
Home |
GeoInfinity Resources (Pty) Ltd is focused on mineral resource mining and exploration activities mainly within Africa. Geo- (jē′ō, -ə) meaning "earth" or "of the earth" The company also becomes involves in large-scale projects in spheres outside the resources space. These activities are guided by GeoInfinity's belief that it may have a competitive advantage in exploiting such opportunities. The firm focuses mainly on geological assessments but also performs financial analyses, due diligence, deal structuring and portfolio management. |
Andreas (Andy) Friese, CEO GeoInfinity Resources E-mail: email@example.com Phone : +27-83-308-6211 |
To contact us: |


text:
Overview The AGA D.C. Liaison program is a wonderful way to stay in
the know about professional development and networking opportunities and to
get to know your colleagues at work better.
By serving as the AGA D.C. liaison for your agency, youll provide an
important link for spreading the word about As an AGA D.C. liaison, youll be up-to-the-minute on whats happening in AGA and have an opportunity to get to know people in all areas of government financial management at the federal, state, and local levels, as well as private sector and academia and in all functional areas of expertise: accounting, auditing, and budgeting to name a few. Thank you for contributing to the AGA D.C. Liaison Programs success! We hope it is a rewarding experience for you. Activities We will host two free luncheon programs during the year for liaisons and those interested in becoming liaisons to provide information regarding the AGA D.C. Liaison program as well as other Membership and chapter activities. Responsibilities ·
Actively promote membership in · Communicate and coordinate outreach opportunities with the AGA D.C. Membership and Agency Liaison Committee ·
Encourage participation in Contacts The AGA D.C. Membership and Agency Liaison Committee Marguerite Nealon, Co-Director (email@example.com) LeAnn Corcoran, Co-Director (email@example.com) Ruth Apelt, Assistant Director (email@example.com |


text:
inematography (from Greek: kinesis κινησις (movement) and grapho γραφω (to record)), is the making of lighting and camera choices when recording photographic images for the cinema. It is closely related to the art of still photography. Many additional issues arise when both the camera and elements of the scene may be in motion, though this also greatly increases the possibilities at the same time.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating — or indoctrinating — citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Brad Pitt, Matt Damon and G.Clooney enjoy a morning laugh prior to their Dec.7tour of Incirlik Air Base.
Choose your Screen Resolution
Halle Berry is an American actress, former fashion model, and beauty queen. Original image by Alexander Horn
Choose your Screen Resolution
© Copyright pluswallpapers.com | All rights reserved


text:
Muslim Brotherhood
The Society of the Muslim Brothers (Arabic: جماعة الإخوان المسلمين), shortened to the Muslim Brotherhood (الإخوان المسلمون al-Ikhwān al-Muslimūn), is a transnational Islamist organization which was founded in Egypt in 1928 by the Islamic scholar and schoolteacher Hassan al-Banna.[1][2][3][4] The motto of the Brotherhood was traditionally "Believers are but Brothers". That was expanded into a five-part slogan: "Allah is our objective; the Qur'an is the Constitution; the Prophet is our leader; jihad is our way; death for the sake of Allah is our wish."[5] It began as a Pan-Islamic, religious, and social movement. The Muslim Brotherhood had an estimated two million members by the end of World War II.[6][7] Evidence of its vast influence was clear, with more than 2,000 branches all over the country and 2,000 societies for charity and social services. It ran health clinics, sports clubs, schools and other educational institutes, mosques and Islamic centres, and had a presence of 10,000 army volunteers in Palestine.[8] Its ideas had gained supporters throughout the Arab world and influenced other Islamist groups with its "model of political activism combined with Islamic charity work".[9] In 2012, it became the first democratically elected political party in Egypt, but it is considered a terrorist organization by the governments of Bahrain,[10][11]Egypt, Russia, Syria, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates.[12][13][14][15] However, the Brotherhood insists it is a peaceful organization, pointing to its democratic elections, and has consistently renounced violence.[16][17] Its top leader is on record as saying that the group "condemns violence and violent acts".[18]
The Brotherhood's stated goal is to instill the Qur'an and Sunnah as the "sole reference point for ... ordering the life of the Muslim family, individual, community ... and state."[19] The movement officially renounced political violence in 1949, after a period of considerable political tension which ended in the assassination of Egyptian Prime Minister Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha by a young veterinary student who was a member of the Muslim Brotherhood.[20][21][22]
The Muslim Brotherhood is financed by contributions from its members, who are required to allocate a portion of their income to the movement. Some of these contributions are from members who work in Saudi Arabia and other oil-rich countries.[23]
The Muslim Brotherhood started as a religious social organization: preaching Islam, teaching the illiterate, setting up hospitals and even launching commercial enterprises. As its influence grew, it began to oppose British rule in Egypt, starting in 1936.[24] Many Egyptian nationalists accuse the Muslim Brotherhood of violent killings during this period.[25] After the Arab defeat in the 1948 Arab–Israeli war, the Egyptian government dissolved the organization and arrested its members.[24] The Muslim Brotherhood supported the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, but after being implicated in an attempted assassination of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser it was once again banned and repressed.[26] The Muslim Brotherhood has been suppressed in other countries as well, most notably in Syria in 1982 during the Hama massacre.[27]
The Arab Spring, first of all, brought a substantial amount of success for the Brotherhood, but as of 2013 it has suffered severe reversals.[28] After some six decades of illegal status, the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood was legalized in 2011 when the government of Hosni Mubarak was overthrown. As the country's strongest political organization, the Brotherhood won several elections,[29] including the 2012 presidential election when its candidate Mohamed Morsi became Egypt's first democratically elected president. However, one year later, on 3 July 2013, Morsi was himself overthrown by the military as a response to civil unrest across the country. Millions of Egyptians demonstrated across Egypt, varying from general anger over poor economic conditions, protests against the government's move to grant Morsi more power, to demanding the resignation of Morsi. As of 2014, the organization is once again suffering a severe crackdown.[30] On 25 December 2013, the interim Egyptian government declared the Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist group as a response to an attack on a police headquarters in Mansoura on 23 December 2013.[12] The same day, Ansar Bait al-Maqdis, a Sinai-based group, declared responsibility for the bombing.[31][32]
The Brotherhood's English language website describes the principles of the Muslim Brotherhood as including firstly the introduction of the Islamic Sharia as "the basis for controlling the affairs of state and society" and secondly, work to unify "Islamic countries and states, mainly among the Arab states, and liberating them from foreign imperialism".[33]
According to a spokesman, the Muslim Brotherhood believe in reform, democracy, freedom of assembly, press, etc.
We believe that the political reform is the true and natural gateway for all other kinds of reform. We have announced our acceptance of democracy that acknowledges political pluralism, the peaceful rotation of power and the fact that the nation is the source of all powers. As we see it, political reform includes the termination of the state of emergency, restoring public freedoms, including the right to establish political parties, whatever their tendencies may be, and the freedom of the press, freedom of criticism and thought, freedom of peaceful demonstrations, freedom of assembly, etc. It also includes the dismantling of all exceptional courts and the annulment of all exceptional laws, establishing the independence of the judiciary, enabling the judiciary to fully and truly supervise general elections so as to ensure that they authentically express people's will, removing all obstacles that restrict the functioning of civil society organizations, etc.[34]
Its founder, Hassan Al-Banna, was influenced by Islamic reformers Muhammad Abduh and Rashid Rida, with the group itself being influenced by Sufism.[35][36] In the group's belief, the Quran and Sunnah constitute a perfect way of life and social and political organization that God has set out for man. Islamic governments must be based on this system and eventually unified in a Caliphate. The Muslim Brotherhood's goal, as stated by Brotherhood founder Hassan al-Banna was to reclaim Islam's manifest destiny, an empire, stretching from Spain to Indonesia.[37] The Brotherhood strongly opposes Western colonialism, and preaches that Islam will bring social justice, the eradication of poverty and corruption, and political freedom (to the extent allowed by the laws of Islam).
On the issue of women and gender the Muslim Brotherhood interprets Islam conservatively. Its founder called for "a campaign against ostentation in dress and loose behavior", "segregation of male and female students", a separate curriculum for girls, and "the prohibition of dancing and other such pastimes ... "[38]
The Muslim Brotherhood is a movement, not a political party, but members have created political parties in several countries, such as the Islamic Action Front in Jordan and Hamas in Gaza and the West Bank and the newly created Freedom and Justice Party in Egypt. These parties are staffed by Brotherhood members but kept independent from the Muslim Brotherhood to some degree, unlike Hizb ut-Tahrir which is highly centralized.[39]
There are breakaway groups from the movement, including the Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya and Al Takfir Wal Hijra.[40] Prominent figures of the Brotherhood include Sayyid Qutb, a highly influential extremist and anti-Semitic thinker of Islamic supremacism, and the author of Milestones.[41]Osama bin Laden criticized the Brotherhood, and accused it of betraying jihad and the ideals of Qutb.[42][43]
The Brotherhood's "most frequently used slogan" (according to the BBC) is "Islam is the Solution" (الإسلام هو الحل).[44] Another well known slogan is "God is our objective. The Prophet is our leader. The Qur'an is our law. Jihad is our way. Dying in the way of God is our highest hope. God is great!"[45][46] On the Brotherhood's green logo is emblazoned وَأَعِدُّواْ ("And prepare") - taken from sūrat l-anfāl ("spoils of war", the 8th "chapter" of the Quran).[47]
From the Transcripts[48] the following hierarchical Organisation structure can be derived:
- The Shura Council has the duties of planning, charting general policies and programs that achieve the goal of the Group. Its resolutions are binding to the Group and only the General Organisational Conference can modify or annul them and the Shura Office has also the right to modify or annul resolutions of the Executive Office. It follows the implementation of the Group policies and programs. It directs the Executive Office and it forms dedicated branch committees to assist in that.[49]
- Executive Office (Guidance Office) with its leader the General Masul (General Guide) and its members, both appointed by the Shura Office, has to follow up and guide the activities of the General Organisation. It submits a periodical report to the Shura Council about its work and of the activity of the domestic bodies and the general organisations. It distributes its duties to its members according to the internal by-laws.
It has the following divisions (not complete): – Executive leadership – Organizational office – Secretariat general – Educational office – Political office – Sisters office
The Muslim Brotherhood aimed to build a transnational organization, founding groups in Lebanon (in 1936), Syria (1937), and Transjordan (1946). It also recruited among the foreign students in Cairo where its headquarters became a center and meeting place for representatives from the whole Muslim world.[citation needed]
In each country there is a Branch committee with a Masul (leader) appointed by the General Executive leadership with essentially the same Branch-divisions as the Executive office has. To the duties of every branch belong fundraising, infiltrating and overtaking other Muslim organisations for the sake of uniting the Muslims to dedicate them to the general goals of the Muslim Brotherhood.[citation needed]
In Egypt
Hassan al-Banna founded the Muslim Brotherhood in the city of Ismailia in March 1928 along with six workers of the Suez Canal Company, as a Pan-Islamic, religious, political, and social movement.[50] The Suez Canal Company helped Banna build the mosque in Ismailia that would serve as the Brotherhood's headquarters, according to Richard Mitchell's The Society of Muslim Brothers.[51] According to al-Banna, contemporary Islam had lost its social dominance, because most Muslims had been corrupted by Western influences. Sharia law based on the Qur'an and the Sunnah were seen as laws passed down by God that should be applied to all parts of life, including the organization of the government and the handling of everyday problems.[citation needed]
Al-Banna was populist in his message of protecting workers against the tyranny of foreign and monopolist companies. It founded social institutions such as hospitals, pharmacies, schools, etc. Al-Banna held highly conservative views on issues such as women's rights, opposing equal rights for women, but supporting the establishment of justice towards women.[38] The Brotherhood grew rapidly going from 800 members in 1936, to 200,000 by 1938 and 500,000 in 1948.[citation needed]
Post–World War II
In November 1948, following several bombings and assassination attempts, the Egyptian government arrested 32 leaders of the Brotherhood's "secret apparatus" and banned the Brotherhood.[52] At this time the Brotherhood was estimated to have 2000 branches and 500,000 members or sympathizers.[53] In succeeding months Egypt's prime minister was assassinated by a Brotherhood member, and following that Al-Banna himself was assassinated in what is thought to be a cycle of retaliation.
In 1952, members of the Muslim Brotherhood were accused of taking part in the Cairo Fire that destroyed some 750 buildings in downtown Cairo – mainly night clubs, theatres, hotels, and restaurants frequented by British and other foreigners.[54]
In 1952 Egypt's monarchy was overthrown by a group of nationalist military officers (Free Officers Movement) who had formed a cell within the Brotherhood during the first war against Israel in 1948.[55] However after the revolution Gamal Abdel Nasser, the leader of the 'free officers' cell, after deposing the first President of Egypt, Muhammad Neguib, in a coup, quickly moved against the Brotherhood, blaming them for an attempt on his life. The Brotherhood was again banned and this time thousands of its members were imprisoned, many being tortured and held for years in prisons and concentration camps. In the 1950s and 1960s many Brotherhood members sought sanctuary in Saudi Arabia.[56]
In the 1970s after the death of Nasser and under the new President (Anwar Sadat), the Egyptian Brotherhood was invited back to Egypt and began a new phase of participation in Egyptian politics.[57] Imprisoned Brethren were released and the organization was tolerated to varying degrees with periodic arrests and crackdowns until the 2011 Revolution.[citation needed]
During the Mubarak era, observers both defended and criticized the Brotherhood. It was the largest opposition group in Egypt, calling for "Islamic reform", and a democratic system in Egypt. It had built a vast network of support through Islamic charities working among poor Egyptians.[58] According to ex-Knesset member and author Uri Avnery the Brotherhood was religious but pragmatic, "deeply embedded in Egyptian history, more Arab and more Egyptian than fundamentalist." It formed "an old established party which has earned much respect with its steadfastness in the face of recurrent persecution, torture, mass arrests and occasional executions. Its leaders are untainted by the prevalent corruption, and admired for their commitment to social work."[59] It also developed a significant movement online.[60][61]
In the 2005 parliamentary elections, the Brotherhood became "in effect, the first opposition party of Egypt's modern era." Despite electoral irregularities, including the arrest of hundreds of Brotherhood members, and having to run its candidates as independents (the party being technically illegal), the Brotherhood won 88 seats (20% of the total) compared to 14 seats for the legal opposition.[62]
During its term in parliament the Brotherhood "posed a democratic political challenge to the regime, not a theological one," according to one The New York Times journalist,[62] while another report praised it for attempting to transform "the Egyptian parliament into a real legislative body", that represented citizens and kept the government "accountable".[62][63]
But fears remained about its commitment to democracy, equal rights, and freedom of expression and belief—or lack thereof.[64] In December 2006, a campus demonstration by Brotherhood students in uniforms, demonstrating martial arts drills, betrayed to some such as Jameel Theyabi "the group's intent to plan for the creation of militia structures, and a return by the group to the era of 'secret cells'".[65] Another report highlighted the Muslim Brotherhood's efforts in Parliament to combat what one member called the 'current US-led war against Islamic culture and identity,' forcing the Minister of Culture (Farouk Hosny) to ban the publication of three novels on the ground they promoted blasphemy and unacceptable sexual practices.[66] In October 2007, the Muslim Brotherhood issued a detailed political platform. Amongst other things it called for a board of Muslim clerics to oversee the government, and limiting the office of the presidency to Muslim men. In the "Issues and Problems" chapter of the platform, it declared that a woman was not suited to be president because the post's religious and military duties "conflict with her nature, social and other humanitarian roles." While proclaiming "equality between men and women in terms of their human dignity," the document warned against "burdening women with duties against their nature or role in the family."[67]
Internally, some leaders in the Brotherhood disagreed on whether to adhere to Egypt's 32-year peace treaty with Israel. A deputy leader declared the Brotherhood would seek dissolution of the treaty,[68] while a Brotherhood spokesman stated the Brotherhood would respect the treaty as long as "Israel shows real progress on improving the lot of the Palestinians."[69]
2011 revolution and after
Following the 2011 Egyptian revolution and fall of Hosni Mubarak, the Brotherhood was legalized[70] and was at first very successful, dominating the 2011 parliamentary election and winning the 2012 presidential election, before the army overthrew President Mohamed Morsi a year later, and cracked down on the Brotherhood again.
On 30 April 2011, it launched a new party called the Freedom and Justice Party, which won 235 of the 498 seats in the 2011 Egyptian parliamentary elections, far more than any other party.[71][72] The party rejected the "candidacy of women or Copts for Egypt's presidency", but not for cabinet positions.[73]
The Muslim Brotherhood's candidate for Egypt's 2012 presidential election was Mohamed Morsi, who defeated Ahmed Shafiq—the last prime minister under Mubarak's rule—with 51.73% of the vote.[74] Some high level supporters[75][76] and former Brotherhood officials[77] have reiterated hostility toward Zionism,[78] although during his campaign Morsi himself promised to stand for peaceful relations with Israel.[79]
Within a short period, serious public opposition developed to President Morsi. In late November 2012 he 'temporarily' granted himself the power to legislate without judicial oversight or review of his acts, on the grounds that he needed to "protect" the nation from the Mubarak-era power structure.[80][81] He also put a draft constitution to a referendum that opponents complained was "an Islamist coup."[82] These issues[83]—and concerns over the prosecutions of journalists, the unleashing of pro-Brotherhood gangs on nonviolent demonstrators, the continuation of military trials, new laws that permitted detention without judicial review for up to 30 days,[84] and the seeming impunity given to Islamist radical attacks on Christians and other minorities[85]—brought hundreds of thousands of protesters to the streets starting in November 2012.[86][87]
By April 2013, Egypt had "become increasingly divided" between President Mohammed Morsi and "Islamist allies" and an opposition of "moderate Muslims, Christians and liberals". Opponents accused "Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood of seeking to monopolize power, while Morsi's allies say the opposition is trying to destabilize the country to derail the elected leadership".[88] Adding to the unrest were severe fuel shortages and electricity outages—which evidence suggests were the result of Morsi's mismanagement of the economy.[89]
On 3 July 2013 Mohamed Morsi was arrested and detained by the military, following a popular uprising of millions of Egyptians[85][90][91][92][93] demanding the resignation of Morsi. There were also limited counter-protests in support of Morsi.[94]
On 14 August, the military declared a month-long state of emergency and commenced raids against Brotherhood protest encampments. Violence escalated rapidly and led to the deaths of over 600 people and injury of some 4,000,[95][96] the worst mass killing in Egypt's modern history.[97] In retaliation Brotherhood supporters looted and burned police stations and dozens of churches.[98] The crackdown that followed has been called the worst for the Brotherhood's organization "in eight decades".[99] By 19 August, al Jazeera reported that "most" of the Brotherhood's leaders were in custody.[100][101] On that day Supreme Leader Mohammed Badie was arrested,[102] crossing a "red line", as even Hosni Mubarak had never arrested him.[103] On 23 September, a court ordered the group outlawed and its assets seized.[104]Prime Minister, Hazem Al Beblawi on 21 December 2013, declared the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organisation after a car bomb ripped through a police building and killed at least 14 people in the city of Mansoura,which the government blamed on the Muslim Brotherhood, despite no evidence and a Sinai based terror group claiming responsibility for the attack.[105]
On 24 March 2014, an Egyptian court sentenced 529 members of the Muslim Brotherhood to death.[106] By May 2014, approximately 16,000 people (and as high as more than 40,000 by one independent count),[107] mostly Brotherhood members or supporters, have been imprisoned since the coup.[108]
The New York Times reported that "Leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood, which became the leading political movement in the wake of Egypt's 2011 popular uprising, are languishing in prison, unfairly branded as terrorists. ... Egypt's crushing authoritarianism could well persuade a significant number of its citizens that violence is the only tool they have for fighting back."[109]
Before and during its time in power, the Muslim Brotherhood (Ikhwan) and its allied Freedom and Justice Party (FJP) were the subjects of controversy, which continued after the July 2013 military coup. Many attempts to undermine the organization began following the strong performance of Muslim Brotherhood allied MPs during the 2005 parliamentary elections, when the Mubarak government's state media called the Brotherhood secretive and illegal.[110] These controversies would continue during Morsi's time in power. For example, the Muslim Brotherhood took a number of steps that were very controversial, and also acquiesced to or supported crackdowns by the military during Morsi's presidency.[111]
During the Muslim Brotherhood's time in power, oftentimes the organization's actions appeared to play into the negative stereotypes that many Egyptians had of the organization. For example, before the revolution, the Muslim Brotherhood's supporters appeared at a protest at Al-Azhar University wearing military style fatigues, and the Mubarak government criticized the organization for starting an underground militia.[112] During its time in power, the Muslim Brotherhood did indeed try to establish armed groups of supporters and sought official permission for its members to be armed.[113] Therefore, many of the actions of the Muslim Brotherhood contributed to the image that critics of the organization were trying to convey. However, it should also be noted that there was significant media coverage from stations such as OnTv that could be argued to have been part of a significant effort – whether coordinated or uncoordinated – to vilify the organization.[114]
General leaders
- Founder and first G. leader: (1928–1949) Hassan al Banna
- 2nd G.L.: (1949–1972) Hassan al-Hudaybi
- 3rd G.L.: (1972–1986) Umar al-Tilmisani
- 4th G.L.: (1986–1996) Muhammad Hamid Abu al-Nasr
- 5th G.L.: (1996–2002) Mustafa Mashhur
- 6th G.L.: (2002–2004) Ma'mun al-Hudaybi
- 7th G.L.: (2004–2010) Mohammed Mahdi Akef
- 8th G.L.: (16 January 2010) Mohammed Badie
In West Asia
In Bahrain, the Muslim Brotherhood is represented by the Al Eslah Society and its political wing, the Al-Menbar Islamic Society. Following parliamentary elections in 2002, Al Menbar became the largest joint party with eight seats in the forty-seat Chamber of Deputies. Prominent members of Al Menbar include Dr Salah Abdulrahman, Dr. Salah Al Jowder, and outspoken MP Mohammed Khalid. The party has generally backed government-sponsored legislation on economic issues, but has sought a clampdown on pop concerts, sorcery and soothsayers. It has strongly opposed the government's accession to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights on the grounds that this would give Muslim citizens the right to change religion, when in the party's view they should be "beheaded".[115]
In March 2009, the Shi'a group The Islamic Enlightenment Society held its annual conference with the announced aim of defusing tension between Muslim branches. The society invited national Sunni and Shi'a scholars to participate. Bahraini independent Salafi religious scholars Sheikh Salah Al Jowder and Sheikh Rashid Al Muraikhi, and Shi'a clerics Sheikh Isa Qasim and Abdulla Al Ghoraifi spoke about the importance of sectarian cooperation. Additional seminars were held throughout the year.[116]
In 2010, the U.S. government sponsored the visit of Al-Jowder, described as a prominent Sunni cleric, to the United States for a three-week interfaith dialogue program in several cities.[117][118]
The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria was founded in the 1930s (according to lexicorient.com) or in 1945, a year before independence from France, (according to journalist Robin Wright). In the first decade or so of independence it was part of the legal opposition, and in the 1961 parliamentary elections it won ten seats (5.8% of the house). But after the 1963 coup that brought the secular Ba'ath Party to power it was banned.[119] It played a major role in the mainly Sunni-based movement that opposed the secularist, pan-Arabist Ba'ath Party. This conflict developed into an armed struggle that continued until culminating in the Hama uprising of 1982, when the rebellion was crushed by the military.[120]
Membership in the Syrian Brotherhood became a capital offence in Syria in 1980 (under Emergency Law 49, which was revoked in 2011), but the headquarters of the Muslim Brotherhood-linked Palestinian group, Hamas, was located in the Syria's capital Damascus, where it was given Syrian government support. This has been cited as an example of the lack of international centralisation or even coordination of the Muslim Brotherhood.[121]
The Brotherhood is said to have "resurrected itself" and become the "dominant group" in the opposition by 2012 during the Syrian Civil War according to the Washington Post newspaper.[122] But by 2013 another source described it as having "virtually no influence on the conflict".[123] Syrian President Bashar al-Assad welcomed the fall of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and remarked that "Arab identity is back on the right track after the fall from power of Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood, which had used religion for its own political gain."[124]
The Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan originates from the merging of two separate groups which represent the two components of the Jordanian public: the Transjordanian and the West Bank Palestinian.[125] On 9 November 1945 the Association of the Muslim Brotherhood (Jam'iyat al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin) was officially registered and Abu Qura became its first General Supervisor.[125] Abu Qura originally brought the Brotherhood to Jordan from Egypt after extensive study and spread of the teachings of Imam Hasan al-Banna.[125] While most political parties and movements were banned for a long time in Jordan such as Hizb ut-Tahrir, the Brotherhood was exempted and allowed to operate by the Jordanian monarchy. In 1948, Egypt, Syria, and Transjordan offered "volunteers" to help Palestine in its war against Israel. Due to the defeat and weakening of Palestine, the Transjordanian and Palestinian Brotherhood merged.[125] The newly merged Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan was primarily concerned with providing social services and charitable work as well as with politics and its role in the parliament. It was seen as compatible with the political system and supported democracy without the forced implementation of Sharia law which was part of its doctrine.[126] However, internal pressures from younger members of the Brotherhood who called for more militant actions as well as his failing health, Abu Qura resigned as the leader of the Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood. On December 26, 1953, Muhammad 'Abd al-Rahman Khalifa, was elected by the movement's administrative committee as the new leader of the Transjordanian Brotherhood and he retained this position until 1994. Khalifa was different than his predecessor and older members of the organization because he was not educated in Cairo, he was educated in Syria and Palestine. He established close ties with Palestinian Islamists during his educational life which led him to be jailed for several months in Jordan for criticizing Arab armies in the war.[125] Khalifa also reorganized the Brotherhood and applied to the government to designate the Brotherhood as "a comprehensive and general Islamic Committee, instead of the previous basis of operation under the "Societies and Clubs Law." This allowed the Brotherhood to spread throughout the country each with slight socioeconomic and political differences although the majority of the members were of the upper middle class. The radicalization of the Brotherhood began to take place after the peace process between Egypt and Israel, the Islamic Revolution of Iran, as well as their open criticism towards the Jordan-US relationship in the 1970s. Support for the Syrian branch of the Brotherhood also aided the radicalization of the group through open support and training for the rebel forces in Syria. The ideology began to transform into a more militant one which without it would not have the support of the Islamic radicals.[127]
The Jordanian Brotherhood has formed its own political party, the Islamic Action Front, which has the largest number of seats of any party in the Jordanian parliament.[128] Its radicalization which calls for more militant support for Hamas in Palestine has come into direct conflict with its involvement in the parliament and overall political process. The Brotherhood claimed its acceptance of democracy and the democratic process but only within their own groups. There is a high degree of dissent amongst Brotherhood leaders who do not share the same values therefore undermining its acceptance and commitment to democracy (Rummam).
The Muslim Brotherhood is playing an active role in the unrest in several Arab countries in January 2011. For example, at a rally held outside the Egyptian Embassy in Amman on Saturday, 29 January 2011 with some 100 participants, Hammam Saeed, head of the Muslim Brotherhood of Jordan and a close ally of the Hamas's Damascus-based leader, Khaled Meshaal, said: "Egypt's unrest will spread across the Mideast and Arabs will topple leaders allied with the United States." However, he did not specifically name Jordanian King Abdullah II.[129]
As of late 2013, the movement in Jordan was described as being in "disarray".[130] The instability and conflict with the monarchy has led the relationship between the two to crumble. This is mainly due to its support for the toppling of political governments in the region which they did not agree with.[131]
Although Iran is a predominately Shia Muslim country and the Muslim Brotherhood is Sunni in doctrine, Olga Davidson and Mohammad Mahallati claim the Brotherhood has had influence among Shia in Iran.[132]Navab Safavi, who founded Fada'iyan-e Islam, (also Fedayeen of Islam, or Fadayan-e Islam), an Iranian Islamic organization active in Iran in the 1940s and 1950s, "was highly impressed by the Muslim Brotherhood".[133] From 1945 to 1951 the Fadain assassinated several high level Iranian personalities and officials who they believed to be un-Islamic. They included anti-clerical writer Ahmad Kasravi, Premier Haj Ali Razmara, former Premier Abdolhossein Hazhir, and Education and Culture Minister Ahmad Zangeneh.[134]
At that time Navab Safavi was now based in the UK where associates and allies of Ayatollah Khomeini who went on to become a figure in the Iranian Revolution of 1979.[134] Khomeini and other religious figures in Iran worked to establish Islamic unity and downplay Shia-Sunni differences.[citation needed]
The Iraqi Islamic Party was formed in 1960 as the Iraqi branch of the Brotherhood,[135] but was banned from 1961 during the nationalist rule of Abd al-Karim Qasim. As government repression hardened under the Baath Party from February 1963, the group was forced to continue underground. After the fall of the Saddam Hussein government in 2003, the Islamic Party has reemerged as one of the main advocates of the country's Sunni community. The Islamic Party has been sharply critical of the U.S.-led occupation of Iraq, but participates in the political process.[136] Its leader is Iraqi Vice-President Tariq Al-Hashimi.
Also, in the north of Iraq there are several Islamic movements inspired by or part of the Muslim Brotherhood network. The Kurdistan Islamic Union (KIU) holds seats in the Kurdish parliament, and is the main political force outside the dominance of the two main secularist parties, the PUK and KDP.[137]
Israel and the Palestinian Territories
'Abd al-Rahman al-Banna, the brother of the Muslim Brotherhood founder Hasan al-Banna, went to Mandatory Palestine and established the Muslim Brotherhood there in 1935. Al-Hajj Amin al-Husseini, eventually appointed by the British as Grand Mufti of Jerusalem in hopes of accommodating him, was the leader of the group in Palestine.[138] Another important leader associated with the Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine was 'Izz al-Din al-Qassam, an inspiration to Islamists because he had been the first to lead an armed resistance in the name of Palestine against the British in 1935.[139] In 1945, the group established a branch in Jerusalem, and by 1947 twenty-five more branches had sprung up, in towns such as Jaffa, Lod, Haifa, Nablus, and Tulkarm, which total membership between 12,000 to 20,000.[citation needed]
Brotherhood members fought alongside the Arab armies during the 1948 Arab–Israeli war, and, after Israel's creation, the ensuing Palestinian refugee crisis encouraged more Palestinian Muslims to join the group. After the war, in the West Bank, the group's activity was mainly social and religious, not political, so it had relatively good relations with Jordan, which was in control of the West Bank after 1950. In contrast, the group frequently clashed with the Egyptian government that controlled the Gaza Strip until 1967.[140]
In the 1950s and 1960s, the Brotherhood's goal was "the upbringing of an Islamic generation" through the restructuring of society and religious education, rather than opposition to Israel, and so it lost popularity to insurgent movements and the presence of Hizb ut-Tahrir.[141] Eventually, however, the Brotherhood was strengthened by several factors:
- The creation of al-Mujamma' al-Islami, the Islamic Center in 1973 by Shaykh Ahmad Yasin had a centralizing effect that encapsulated all religious organizations.
- The Muslim Brotherhood Society in Jordan and Palestine was created from a merger of the branches in the West Bank and Gaza and Jordan.
- Palestinian disillusion with the Palestinian militant groups caused them to become more open to alternatives.
- The Islamic Revolution in Iran offered inspiration to Palestinians. The Brotherhood was able to increase its efforts in Palestine and avoid being dismantled like militant groups because it did not focus on the occupation. While militant groups were being dismantled, the Brotherhood filled the void.[142]
After the 1967 Six Day War, Israel may have looked to cultivate political Islam as a counterweight to Fatah, the main secular Palestinian nationalist political organization.[143][144] Between 1967 and 1987, the year Hamas was founded, the number of mosques in Gaza tripled from 200 to 600, and the Muslim Brotherhood named the period between 1975 and 1987 a phase of 'social institution building.'[145] During that time, the Brotherhood established associations, used zakat (alms giving) for aid to poor Palestinians, promoted schools, provided students with loans, used waqf (religious endowments) to lease property and employ people, and established mosques. Likewise, antagonistic and sometimes violent opposition to Fatah, the Palestine Liberation Organization and other secular nationalist groups increased dramatically in the streets and on university campuses.[143]
In 1987, following the Intifada, the Islamic Resistance Movement, or Hamas[142][146] was established from Brotherhood-affiliated charities and social institutions that had gained a strong foothold among the local population. During the First Intifada (1987–93), Hamas militarized and transformed into one of the strongest Palestinian militant groups.
The Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip in 2007 was the first time since the Sudanese coup of 1989 that brought Omar al-Bashir to power, that a Muslim Brotherhood group ruled a significant geographic territory.[147] However, the 2013 overthrow of the Mohammad Morsi government in Egypt significantly weakened Hamas's position, leading to a blockade of Gaza and economic crisis.[123]
Saudi Arabia
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia helped the Brotherhood financially for "over half a century",[23][148] but the two became estranged during the Gulf War, and enemies after the election of Muhammad Morsi. Inside the kingdom, the MB was called a group whose "many quiet supporters" made it "one of the few potential threats" to the royal family's control, before the crushing of the Egyptian MB.[149]
The brotherhood first had an impact inside Saudi Arabia in 1954 when thousands of Egyptian brethren sought to escape president Gamal Abdun-Nasser's clampdown, while (the largely illiterate) Saudi Arabia was looking for teachers—who were also conservative pious Arab Muslims—for its newly created public school system.[150] The Muslim Brotherhood's brand of Islam and Islamic politics differs from the strict Salafi creed, Wahhabiyya, officially held by the state of Saudi Arabia, and MB members "obeyed orders of the ruling family and ulama to not attempt to proselytize or otherwise get involved in religious doctrinal matters within the Kingdom. Nonetheless, the group "methodically ... took control of Saudi Arabia's intellectual life" by publishing books and participating in discussion circles and salons held by princes.[151] Although the organization had no "formal organizational presence" in the Kingdom[152] (no political groups or parties are allowed to operate openly[148]), MB members became "entrenched both in Saudi society and in the Saudi state, taking a leading role in key governmental ministries".[153] In particular, many established themselves in Saudi educational system. One expert on Saudi affairs (Stephane Lacroix) has stated: "The education system is so controlled by the Muslim Brotherhood, it will take 20 years to change—if at all. Islamists see education as their base" in Saudi Arabia.[154]
Relations between the Saudi ruling family and the Brotherhood became strained with Saudi opposition to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and the willingness of Saudi government to allow US troops to be based in the Kingdom to fight Iraq.[153] The Brotherhood supported the Sahwah "Awakening" movement that pushed for political change in the Kingdom.[155] In 2002, the then Saudi Interior Minister Prince Nayef denounced the Brotherhood, saying it was guilty of "betrayal of pledges and ingratitude" and was "the source of all problems in the Islamic world".[23] The ruling family was also alarmed by the Arab Spring and the example set by the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, with president Muhammad Morsi bringing an Islamist government to power by means of popular revolution and elections.[156] Sahwa figures published petitions for reform addressed to the royal government (in violation of Wahhabi quietist doctrine). After the overthrow of the Morsi government in Egypt, all the major Sahwa figures signed petitions and statements denouncing the coup and the Saudi government support for it.[153]
In March 2014, in a "significant departure from its past official stance" the Saudi government declared the Brotherhood a "terrorist organization", followed with a royal decree announced that, from now on,
"belonging to intellectual or religious trends or groups that are extremist or categorized as terrorist at the local, regional or international level, as well supporting them, or showing sympathy for their ideas and methods in whichever way, or expressing support for them through whichever means, or offering them financial or moral support, or inciting others to do any of this or promoting any such actions in word or writing"
will be punished by a prison sentence "of no less than three years and no more than twenty years."[153]
The Muslim Brotherhood in Kuwait is represented in the Kuwaiti parliament by Hadas.[157][158]
The Muslim Brotherhood is the political arm of the Yemeni Congregation for Reform, commonly known as Islah. Former President Ali Abdullah Saleh made a lot of effort to entrench the accusations of being in league with Al Qaeda, but he failed to present evidence to support his claims.[159]
Elsewhere in Africa
The Justice and Development Party was the largest vote-getter in Morocco's 2011 election, and as of October 2013, held the office of Prime Minister.[28] It is historically affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood,[160] however, despite this, the party has reportedly "ostentatiously" praised the King of Morocco, while "loudly insisting that it is in no sense whatsoever a Muslim Brotherhood party"[28]—a development one source (Hussein Ibish), calls evidence of how "regionally discredited the movement has become."
The Muslim Brotherhood reached Algeria during the later years of the French colonial presence in the country (1830–1962).[citation needed] Sheikh Ahmad Sahnoun led the organization in Algeria between 1953 and 1954 during the French colonialism.[citation needed] Brotherhood members and sympathizers took part in the uprising against France in 1954–1962, but the movement was marginalized during the largely secular FLN one-party rule which was installed at independence in 1962. It remained unofficially active, sometimes protesting the government and calling for increased Islamization and Arabization of the country's politics.[citation needed]
When a multi-party system was introduced in Algeria in the early 1990s, the Muslim Brotherhood formed the Movement for the Society of Peace (MSP, previously known as Hamas), led by Mahfoud Nahnah until his death in 2003 (he was succeeded by present party leader Boudjerra Soltani). The Muslim Brotherhood in Algeria did not join the Front islamique du salut (FIS), which emerged as the leading Islamist group, winning the 1991 elections and which was banned in 1992 following a military coup d'état, although some Brotherhood sympathizers did. The Brotherhood subsequently also refused to join the violent post-coup uprising by FIS sympathizers and the Armed Islamic Groups (GIA) against the Algerian state and military which followed, and urged a peaceful resolution to the conflict and a return to democracy. It has thus remained a legal political organization and enjoyed parliamentary and government representation. In 1995, Sheikh Nahnah ran for President of Algeria finishing second with 25.38% of the popular vote. During the 2000s (decade), the party—led by Nahnah's successor Boudjerra Soltani—has been a member of a three-party coalition backing President Abdelaziz Bouteflika.
Until the election of Hamas in Gaza, Sudan was the one country were the Brotherhood was most successful in gaining power, its members making up a large part of the government officialdom following the 1989 coup d'état by General Omar Hassan al-Bashir.
In 1945, a delegation from the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt visited Sudan and held various meetings inside the country advocating and explaining their ideology.[citation needed] Sudan has a long and deep history with the Muslim Brotherhood compared to many other countries. By April 1949, the first branch of the Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood organization emerged.[citation needed] However, simultaneously, many Sudanese students studying in Egypt were introduced to the ideology of the Brotherhood. The Muslim student groups also began organizing in the universities during the 1940s, and the Brotherhood's main support base has remained to be college educated.[citation needed] In order to unite them, in 1954, a conference was held, attended by various representatives from different groups that appeared to have the same ideology. The conference voted to establish a Unified Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood Organization based on the teachings of Imam Hassan Al-banna.[citation needed]
An offshoot of the Sudanese branch of the Muslim Brotherhood, the Islamic Charter Front grew during the 1960, with Islamic scholar Hasan al-Turabi becoming its Secretary general in 1964. The Islamic Charter Front (ICM) was renamed several times most recently being called the National Islamic Front (NIF). Turabi has been the prime architect of the NIF as a modern Islamist party. He worked within the Institutions of the government, which led to a prominent position of his organization in the country. NIF supported women's right to vote and ran women candidates. The Muslim Brotherhood/NIF's main objective in Sudan was to Islamize the society "from above" and to institutionalize the Islamic law throughout the country where they succeeded.
The Brotherhood penetrated into the ruling political organizations, the state army and security personal, the national and regional assemblies of Sudan. They also launched their own mass organizations among the youth and women such as the shabab al-binna, and raidat al-nahda, and launched educational campaigns to Islamize the communities throughout the country.[citation needed] At the same time, they gained control of several newly founded Islamic missionary and relief organizations to spread their ideology. The Brotherhood members took control of the newly established Islamic Banks as directors, administrators, employees and legal advisors, which became a source of power for the Brotherhood.[citation needed]
The Sudanese government has come under considerable criticism for its human rights policies, links to terrorist groups, and war in southern Sudan and Darfur.
The conservatism of at least some elements of the Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood was highlighted in an 3 August 2007 Al-Jazeera television interview of Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood leader Sheikh Sadeq Abdallah bin Al-Majed. As translated by the Israeli-based MEMRI, Bin Al-Majed told his interviewer that "the West, and the Americans in particular ... are behind all the tragedies that are taking place in Darfur", as they "realized that it Darfur is full of treasures"; that "Islam does not permit a non-Muslim to rule over Muslims;" and that he had issued a fatwa prohibiting the vaccination of children, on the grounds that the vaccinations were "a conspiracy of the Jews and Freemasons".[161]
Somalia's wing of the Muslim Brotherhood is known by the name Harakat Al-Islah or "Reform Movement". Nonetheless, the Brotherhood, as mentioned earlier, has inspired many Islamist organizations in Somalia. Muslim Brotherhood ideology reached Somalia in the early 1960s, but Al-Islah movement was formed in 1978 and slowly grew in the 1980s. Al-Islah has been described as "a generally nonviolent and modernizing Islamic movement that emphasizes the reformation and revival of Islam to meet the challenges of the modern world", whose "goal is the establishment of an Islamic state" and which "operates primarily in Mogadishu".[162] The organization structured itself loosely and was not openly visible on the political scene of Somali society.
Like their counterparts elsewhere in the Islamic world in general, the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood has influenced the Tunisian Islamists. One of the notable organization that was influenced and inspired by the Brotherhood is Ennahda (The Revival or Renaissance Party), which is Tunisia's major Islamist political grouping. An Islamist founded the organization in 1981. While studying in Damascus and Paris, Rashid Ghannouchi embraced the ideology of the Muslim Brotherhood, which he disseminated on his return to Tunisia.
The Libyan branch of the Muslim Brotherhood was founded in 1949, but it was not able to operate openly until after the 2011 Libyan Civil War. It held its first public press conference on 17 November 2011, and on 24 December the Brotherhood announced that it would form the Justice and Construction Party (JCP) and contest the General National Congress elections the following year.[163][164]
Despite predictions based on fellow post-Arab Spring nations Tunisia and Egypt that the Brotherhood's party would easily win the elections, it instead came a distant second to the National Forces Alliance, receiving just 10% of the vote and 17 out of 80 party-list seats.[165] Their candidate for Prime Minister, Awad al-Baraasi was also defeated in the first round of voting in September, although he was later made a Deputy Prime Minister under Ali Zeidan.[166][167] A JCP Congressman, Saleh Essaleh is also the vice speaker of the General National Congress.[168]
Changes to the demographic and political makeup of Mauritania in the 1970s heavily contributed to the growth of Islamism within Mauritanian society. Periods of severe drought resulted in urbanization, as large numbers of Mauritanians moved from the countryside to the cities, particularly Nouakchott, to escape the drought. This sharp increase in urbanization resulted in new civil associations being formed, and Mauritania's first Islamist organisation, known as Jemaa Islamiyya (Islamic Association) was formed by Mauritanians sympathetic to the Muslim Brotherhood.[169]
There was increased activism relating to the Muslim Brotherhood in the 1980s, partially driven by members of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood.[169]
In 2007 the National Rally for Reform and Development, better known as Tewassoul, was legalized as a political party. The party is associated with the Mauritanian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[169]
Other states
Russian Federation
The Muslim Brotherhood is banned in Russia as a terrorist organisation.[170]
As affirmed on 14 February 2003 by the decision of the Supreme Court of Russia, the Muslim Brotherhood coordinated the creation of an Islamic organisation called The Supreme Military Majlis ul-Shura of the United Forces of Caucasian Mujahedeen (Russian: Высший военный маджлисуль шура объединённых сил моджахедов Кавказа), led by Ibn Al-Khattab and Basaev; an organisation that committed multiple terror-attack acts in Russia and was allegedly financed by drug trafficking, counterfeiting of coins and racketeering.[170]
According to the above-mention decision of the Supreme Court:
Muslim Brotherhood is an organisation, basing its activities on the ideas of its theorists and leaders Hassan al-Banna and Sayyid Qutb with an aim of destruction of non-Islamic governments and the establishment of the worldwide Islamic government by the reconstruction of the "Great Islamic Caliphate"; firstly, in regions with majority of Muslim population, including those in Russia and CIS countries. The organisation is illegal in some Middle East countries (Syria, Jordan). The main forms of activities are warlike Islamism propaganda with intolerance to other religions, recruitment in mosques, armed Jihad without territorial boundaries. The Supreme Court of Russia[170]
United States
According to The Washington Post, U.S. Muslim Brotherhood supporters "make up the U.S. Islamic community's most organized force" by running hundreds of mosques and business ventures, promoting civic activities, and setting up American Islamic organizations to defend and promote Islam.[171] In 1963, the U.S. chapter of Muslim Brotherhood was started by activists involved with the Muslim Students Association (MSA).[23] U.S. supporters of the Brotherhood also started other organizations including: North American Islamic Trust in 1971, the Islamic Society of North America in 1981, the American Muslim Council in 1990, the Muslim American Society in 1992 and the International Institute of Islamic Thought in the 1980s.[23] In addition, according to 'An Explanatory Memorandum on the General Strategic Goal for the Group in North America,' the "Understanding of the Role of the Muslim Brotherhood in North America," and the goal of the Muslim Brotherhood in North America is identified as the following: "Establishing an effective and a stable Islamic movement led by the Muslim Brotherhood which adopts Muslims' causes domestically and globally, and which works to expand the observant Muslim base, aims at unifying and directing Muslims' efforts, presents Islam as a civilization alternative, and supports the global Islamic state wherever it is." Ikhwan meaning brothers or brotherhood.[172][173]
United Kingdom
In 1996, the first representative of the Muslim Brotherhood in the UK, Kamal el-Helbawy, an Egyptian, was able to say that "there are not many members here, but many Muslims in the UK intellectually support the aims of the Muslim Brotherhood."
In September 1999, the Muslim Brotherhood opened a "global information centre" in London.
In April 2014, David Cameron, United Kingdom's prime minister, launched an investigation into the Muslim Brotherhood's activities in the UK and its alleged extremism activities.[174] Egypt welcomed the decision. After Cameron's decision, the Muslim Brotherhood reportedly moved its headquarters from London to Austria attempting to avoid the investigation.[175]
Several parties and organizations in Indonesia are linked or at least inspired by the Muslim Brotherhood, although none has a formal relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood. One of the Muslim Brotherhood linked Parties is PKS (Prosperous Justice Party) with 10% seats in the parliament based on the Indonesian legislative election, 2009. The PKS relationship with the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood was confirmed by Yusuf al-Qaradawi, a prominent Muslim Brotherhood leader.[176] PKS was a member of President SBYs government coalition with 3 ministers in the cabinet.
The Brotherhood was criticised by Ayman al-Zawahiri in 2007 for its refusal to advocate the violent overthrow of the Mubarak government. Issam al-Aryan, a top Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood figure, denounced the al-Qaeda leader: "Zawahiri's policy and preaching bore dangerous fruit and had a negative impact on Islam and Islamic movements across the world."[177]
Dubai police chief, Dhahi Khalfan, accused Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood of an alleged plot to overthrow the UAE government. He referred to the Muslim Brotherhood as "dictators" who want "Islamist rule in all the Gulf States".[178]
See also: Jihad
Numerous officials and reporters question the sincerity of the Muslim Brotherhood's pronouncements. These critics include, but are not limited to:
- According to FrontPage Magazine, a conservative publication, former U.S. White House counterterrorism chief Juan Zarate said: "The Muslim Brotherhood is a group that worries us not because it deals with philosophical or ideological ideas but because it defends the use of violence against civilians."[179][180]
- Miles Axe Copeland, Jr. -a prominent U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) operative who was one of the founding members of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) under William Donovan- divulges the confessions of numerous members of the Muslim brotherhood that resulted from the harsh interrogations done against them by Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, for their alleged involvement in the assassination attempt made against Nasser (an assassination attempt that many believe was staged by Nasser himself[181]), which revealed that the Muslim Brotherhood was merely a "guild" that fulfilled the goals of western interests: "Nor was that all. Sound beatings of the Moslem Brotherhood organizers who had been arrested revealed that the organization had been thoroughly penetrated, at the top, by the British, American, French and Soviet intelligence services, any one of which could either make active use of it or blow it up, whichever best suited its purposes. Important lesson: fanaticism is no insurance against corruption; indeed, the two are highly compatible."[182]
- Former U.S. Middle East peace envoy Dennis Ross, who told Asharq Alawsat newspaper that the Muslim Brotherhood is a global, not a local organization, governed by a Shura (Consultative) Council, which rejects cessation of violence in Israel, and supports violence to achieve its political objectives elsewhere too.[183]
- The Interior Minister of Saudi Arabia, Prince Naif Ibn Abdul Aziz has stated that the Muslim Brotherhood organization was the cause of most problems in the Arab world. 'The Brotherhood has done great damage to Saudi Arabia,' he said. Prince Naif accused the foremost Islamist group in the Arab world of harming the interests of Muslims. 'All our problems come from the Muslim Brotherhood. We have given too much support to this group..." "The Muslim Brotherhood has destroyed the Arab world,' he said. 'Whenever they got into difficulty or found their freedom restricted in their own countries, Brotherhood activists found refuge in the Kingdom which protected their lives... But they later turned against the Kingdom...' The Muslim Brotherhood has links to groups across the Arab world, including Jordan's main parliamentary opposition, the 'Islamic Action Front,' and the 'Palestinian resistance movement, 'Hamas." The Interior Minister's outburst against the Brotherhood came amid mounting criticism in the United States of Saudi Arabia's longstanding support for Islamist groups around the world..."[184]
- Aljazeera reported on the Muslim Brotherhood's efforts to slander opposition leader and Nobel peace prize laureate Mohammad ElBaradei as "an American agent", and observed that the Muslim Brotherhood controlled Parliament's support of the slander demonstrated a lack of commitment to democracy.[185]
Status of non-Muslims
- In 1997 Muslim Brotherhood Supreme Guide Mustafa Mashhur told journalist Khalid Daoud[186] that he thought Egypt's Coptic Christians and Orthodox Jews should pay the long-abandoned jizya poll tax, levied on non-Muslims in exchange for protection from the state, rationalized by the fact that non-Muslims are exempt from military service while it is compulsory for Muslims. He went on to say, "we do not mind having Christian members in the People's Assembly... [T]he top officials, especially in the army, should be Muslims since we are a Muslim country... This is necessary because when a Christian country attacks the Muslim country and the army has Christian elements, they can facilitate our defeat by the enemy."[187] According to The Guardian newspaper, the proposal caused an "uproar" among Egypt's six million Coptic Christians and "the movement later backtracked."[188]
Response to criticisms
According to authors writing in the Council on Foreign Relations magazine Foreign Affairs: "At various times in its history, the group has used or supported violence and has been repeatedly banned in Egypt for attempting to overthrow Cairo's secular government. Since the 1970s, however, the Egyptian Brotherhood has disavowed violence and sought to participate in Egyptian politics."[189] Jeremy Bowen, BBC Middle East editor, called it "conservative and non-violent";[190] The Brotherhood has condemned terrorism and the 9/11 attacks.[191][192]
The Brotherhood itself denounces the "catchy and effective terms and phrases" like "fundamentalist" and "political Islam" which it claims are used by "Western Media" to pigeonhole the group, and points to its "15 Principles" for an Egyptian National Charter, including "freedom of personal conviction ... opinion ... forming political parties ... public gatherings ... free and fair elections ..."[33]
Similarly, some analysts maintain that whatever the source of modern Jihadi terrorism and the actions and words of some rogue members, the Brotherhood now has little in common with radical Islamists and modern jihadists who often condemn the Brotherhood as too moderate. They also deny the existence of any centralized and secretive global Muslim Brotherhood leadership.[193] Some claim that the origins of modern Muslim terrorism are found in Wahhabi ideology, not that of the Muslim Brotherhood.[194][195]
According to anthropologist Scott Atran, the influence of the Muslim Brotherhood even in Egypt has been overstated by Western commentators. He estimates that it can count on only 100,000 militants (out of some 600,000 dues paying members) in a population of more than 80 million, and that such support as it does have among Egyptians—an often cited figure is 20 percent to 30 percent—is less a matter of true attachment than an accident of circumstance: secular opposition groups that might have countered it were suppressed for many decades, but in driving the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, a more youthful constellation of secular movements has emerged to threaten the Muslim Brotherhood's dominance of the political opposition.[196] This has not yet been the case, however, as evidenced by the Brotherhood's strong showing in national elections. Polls also indicate that a majority of Egyptians and other Arab nations endorse laws based on "Sharia".[197][198]
Foreign relations
On 29 June 2011, as the Brotherhood's political power became more apparent and solidified following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, the United States announced that it would reopen formal diplomatic channels with the group, with whom it had suspended communication as a result of suspected terrorist activity. The next day, the Brotherhood's leadership announced that they welcomed the diplomatic overture.[199]
In September 2014, Brotherhood leaders have been expelled from Qatar. The New York Times reported: "Although the Brotherhood's views are not nearly as conservative as the puritanical, authoritarian version of Islamic law enforced in Saudi Arabia, the Saudis and other gulf monarchies fear the group because of its broad organization, its mainstream appeal and its calls for elections."[200]
Designation as a terrorist organization
Countries and organizations below have officially listed the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization.
Country | Date | References |
Russia | 12 February 2003 | [201][202] |
Syria | 21 October 2013 | [203] |
Egypt | 25 December 2013 | [204][205] |
Saudi Arabia | 7 March 2014 | [206] |
United Arab Emirates | 15 November 2014 | [15] |
Outside the Middle East
On February 2003, the Supreme Court of Russia banned the Muslim Brotherhood, labelling it as a terrorist organization, and accusing the group of supporting Islamist rebels who want to create an Islamic state in the North Caucasus.[207][208]
In media
See also
- ^ Kevin Borgeson; Robin Valeri (9 July 2009). Terrorism in America. Jones and Bartlett Learning. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-7637-5524-9. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
- ^ "The Muslim Brotherhood and the Egyptian State in the Balance of Democracy". Metransparent. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
- ^ "Islamic Terrorism's Links To Nazi Fascism". Aina. 5 July 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
- ^ "Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood is not to be trusted". Old Post-gazette. 22 January 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
- ^ Helbawy, 2009, p65 & Ikwanonline, 2013
- ^ Bruce Rutherford, Egypt After Mubarak (Princeton: Princeton UP, 2008), 99
- ^ Hallett, Robin. Africa Since 1875. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press (1974), p. 138.
- ^ Helbawy, 2009, pp62-63, 74
- ^ Ghattas, Kim (9 February 2001). "Profile: Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood". BBC.
- ^ "Bahrain News Agency - Bahrain backs Saudi Arabia, UAE, Foreign Minister says". Retrieved 3 November 2014.
- ^ Anadolu Ajansı (c) 2011. "Bahrain FM reiterates stance on Muslim Brotherhood". Retrieved 3 November 2014.
- ^ a b "Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood declared 'terrorist group'". Bbc.co.uk. 25 December 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
- ^ "Resolution of the State Duma, 2 December 2003 N 3624-III GD "on the Application of the State Duma of the Russian Federation" on the suppression of the activities of terrorist organizations on the territory of the Russian Federation" (in Russian). Consultant Plus.
- ^ "Saudi Arabia declares Muslim Brotherhood 'terrorist group'". BBC. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
- ^ a b Alaa Shahine and Glen Carey, Bloomberg News (9 March 2014). "U.A.E. Supports Saudi Arabia Against Qatar-Backed Brotherhood". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
- ^ "Muslim Brotherhood Rejects Al-Sisi As True Tyrant; Vows to Continue Peaceful Protest Action - Ikhwanweb". Retrieved 3 November 2014.
- ^ "Pro-Democracy National Alliance Vows Escalated Peaceful Protests Across Egypt - Ikhwanweb". Retrieved 3 November 2014.
- ^ "Muslim Brotherhood Leader Badie Reiterates: Group Denounces Violence - Ikhwanweb". Retrieved 3 November 2014.
- ^ Kull, Steven (2011). Feeling Betrayed: The Roots of Muslim Anger at America. Brookings Institute Press. p. 167.
The Muslim Brotherhood's stated goal has been to instill the Quran and sunnah as the `sole reference point for ... ordering the life of the Muslim family, individual, community ... and state.`
- ^ Mitchell, Richard Paul, The Society of the Muslim Brothers, Oxford University Press, 1993, p. 68–69
- ^ THE WORLD AFTER 9/11 : The Muslim Brotherhood In America. The Washington Post.
- ^ Lia, Brynjar. The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt: The Rise of an Islamic Mass Movement 1928–1942. Ithica Press, 2006. p. 53
- ^ a b c d e Mintz, John; Farah, Douglas (10 September 2004). "In Search of Friends Among The Foes U.S. Hopes to Work With Diverse Group". The Washington Post. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
- ^ a b Delanoue, G., Encyclopaedia of Islam (Brill Publishers) Missing or empty
ignored (help) - ^ Chamieh, Jebran, Traditionalists, Militants and Liberal in Present Islam, Research and Publishing House, 1995, p. 140.
- ^ "Egypt opposition wary after talks". BBC. 9 February 2011.
- ^ Ghattas, Kim (15 May 2005). "Syria cracks down on 'Islamists'". BBC.
- ^ a b c Ibish, Hussein. "Is this the end of the failed Muslim Brotherhood project?". October 5, 2013. The National. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
- ^ Wade, Nicholas (30 August 2013). "Egypt: What poll results reveal about Brotherhood's popularity". 29 August 2013 (BBC News). Retrieved 8 October 2013.
the Brotherhood won Egypt's five democratic votes,
- ^ Lars Inge Staveland (23 September 2013). "Egypt forbyr all aktivitet fra det muslimske brorskap – Aftenposten". Aftenposten.no. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
- ^ David Barnett (25 December 2013). "Ansar Jerusalem claims responsibility for Mansoura suicide bombing". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
- ^ "Sinai's Ansar Beit Al-Maqdis claim responsibility for Egypt's Mansoura blast". Al-Ahram. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
- ^ a b "The Principles of The Muslim Brotherhood".
- ^ "interview w/Dr. Mohamed El-Sayed Habib". Ikhwan Web. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
- ^ Paulo G. Pinto, "Sufism and the religious debate in Syria." Taken from Public Islam and the Common Good, pg. 184. Volume 95 of Social, economic, and political studies of the Middle East and Asia. Eds. Armando Salvatore and Dale F. Eickelman. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2004. ISBN 9789004136212
- ^ Carl W. Ernst, Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World, pg. 180. Part of the Islamic Civilization and Muslim Networks series. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003. ISBN 9780807875803
- ^ Davidson, Lawrence (1998) Islamic Fundamentalism Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn., ISBN 0-313-29978-1 pp. 97–98;
- ^ a b "Toward the Light" in Five Tracts of Hasan Al-Banna, trans. by Charles Wendell (Berkeley, 1978), ISBN 0-520-09584-7 pp. 126f.
- ^ The Future of Political Islam, Graham E. Fuller, Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p. 138.
- ^ The Salafist Movement, Frontline (PBS)
- ^ *Mura, Andrea (2014). "The Inclusive Dynamics of Islamic Universalism: From the Vantage Point of Sayyid Qutb's Critical Philosophy". Comparative Philosophy 5 (1): 29–54.
- ^ "Muslim Brotherhood vs Al Qaeda" 19 January 2010
- ^ "MB Chief Criticism" 30 December 2007
- ^ "Profile: Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood". 25 December 2013. BBC. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
- ^ Political Islam: Case studies : Africa, Iran, Europe, Asia|Barry M. Rubin|Routledge| 2007 text behind paywall, link to google search
- ^ Ayaan Hirsi Ali (18 February 2011). "'The Quran Is Our Law; Jihad Is Our Way'". WSJ. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
- ^ "Verse (8:60), Word 1 - Quranic Grammar". CorpusQuran.com. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
- ^ Zeid al-Noman, "Ikhwan in America", pp. 15–16.
- ^ Mishal Fahm Sulami (2003). The West and Islam: Western Liberal Democracy Versus the System of Shura. Psychology Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-415-31634-7. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
- ^ *Mura, Andrea (2012). "A genealogical inquiry into early Islamism: the discourse of Hasan al-Banna". Journal of Political Ideologies 17 (1): 61–85. doi:10.1080/13569317.2012.644986.
- ^ London: Oxford University Press, 1969, p. 9
- ^ Chamieh, Jebran, Traditionalists, Militants and Liberal in Present Islam, Research and Publishing House, 1995, p.140
- ^ Wright, Robin, Sacred Rage 1985, p.179
- ^ Wright, Lawrence (2 June 2008)."The Rebellion Within, An Al Qaeda mastermind questions terrorism". The New Yorker
- ^ Hussein Mohamed Ahmed Hamouda, Asrār Ḥarakat aḍ-Ḍubbāṭ al-ʾAḥrār wa l-Ikhwān al-Muslimūn, al-Zahrā' al-i'lām al-'arabī (1994), Chapter 6, section 4: see http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/9434122
- ^ Commins, David, The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia, I. B. Tauris, 2006, p.152
- ^ Kepel, Gilles, Jihad: the Trail of Political Islam, p. 83
- ^ "ISocial programs bolster appeal of Muslim Brotherhood". IRIN. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
- ^ 'Our Muslim Brothers,'. CounterPunch, 22–24 June 2012.
- ^ Courtney C. Radsch. "Arab Media & Society". Arab media society. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
- ^ Lynch, Marc (5 March 2007). "Brotherhood of the blog". The Guardian (London).
- ^ a b c Traub, James (29 April 2007). "Islamic Democrats?". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 September 2011
- ^ "The Brotherhood Goes to Parliament" at the Wayback Machine (archived October 1, 2006). Samer Shehata from Georgetown University and Joshua Stacher from the British University in Egypt Middle East Report. Fall 2006. 29 November 2009
- ^ Fawzi, Sameh (8 December 2005). "Brothers and Others". Al Ahram Weekly. Retrieved 6 September 2011
- ^ The Brotherhood's Power display Dar Al-Hayat (18 December 2006)
- ^ Bradley, John R., Inside Egypt: The Land of the Pharaohs on the Brink of a Revolution by John R. Bradley, Palgrave MacMillan, 2008, p. 62
- ^ Bradley, John R., Inside Egypt, Palgrave MacMillan, (p. 65).
- ^ "Muslim Brotherhood seeks end to Israel treaty". The Washington Times.
- ^ "Live Blog: Egypt in Crisis, Day 8". CBS News. 1 February 2011. [dead link]
- ^ "'Shariah in Egypt is enough for us,' Muslim Brotherhood leader says". Hürriyet Daily News. 23 May 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
- ^ Interactive: Full Egypt election results, aljazeera.com, 1 February 2012
- ^ Souaiaia, Ahmed. "Egypt and the Islamists". FPIF. Foreign Policy in Focus. Retrieved 2 June 12. Check date values in:
(help) - ^ Freedom and Justice Party Open to Copt as Deputy, 11 May 2011
- ^ All Things Considered (19 June 2012). "A Look at Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood Candidate". NPR. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
- ^ Egyptian cleric Safwat Hegazi spoke at the announcement rally for the Muslim Brotherhood's candidate Morsi and expressed his hope and belief that Morsi would liberate Gaza, restore the Caliphate of the "United States of the Arabs" with Jerusalem as its capital, and that "our cry shall be: 'Millions of martyrs march towards Jerusalem.'"
- ^ "Egyptian Cleric Safwat Higazi Launches MB Candidate Muhammad Mursi's Campaign: Mursi Will Restore the "United States of the Arabs" with Jerusalem as Its Capital". 1 May 2012.
our cry shall be: 'Millions of martyrs march towards Jerusalem.'
- ^ from the organization's 15-member Guidance Council
- ^ "Brotherhood of Hate: Muslim Brotherhood's Hatred for Jews and Israel Flourishes in "New" Egypt – Introduction,". Anti-Defamation League. 12 December 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
- ^ "Islamic presidential candidate promises democracy in Egypt". CNN. 15 June 2012.
- ^ Hendawi, Hamza (28 November 2012). "Egyptian courts suspend work to protest Morsi decrees". Salon. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ Dina Bishara (28 November 2012). "Egyptian Labor between Morsi and Mubarak". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ El Rashidi, Yasmine (7 February 2013). "Egypt: The Rule of the Brotherhood". New York Review. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
The Islamists' TV channels and press called the completion of the draft constitution an "achievement," "historic," "an occasion," "another step toward achieving the goals of the revolution." The independent and opposition press described it as "an Islamist coup."
- ^ "Egypt's Mursi annuls controversial decree, opposition says not enough". Al Arabiya. 9 December 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
The two issues – the decree and the referendum – were at the heart of anti-Mursi protests that have rocked Egypt in the past two weeks.
- ^ Williams,, Daniel (15 August 2013). "Muslim Brotherhood abuses continue under Egypt's military". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
- ^ a b El Rashidi, Yasmine (26 September 2013). "Egypt: The Misunderstood Agony". New York Review. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
- ^ David D. Kirkpatrick (26 April 2012). "President Mohamed Morsi of Egypt Said to Prepare Martial Law Decree". The New York Times (Egypt). Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ McCrumen, Stephanie; Hauslohner, Abigail (5 December 2012). "Egyptians take anti-Morsi protests to presidential palace". The Independent (London). Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- ^ "Coptic pope's criticism of president marks trend in Egypt, where no one is above the fray". Associated Press. 9 April 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013. [dead link]
- ^ Sudden Improvements in Egypt Suggest a Campaign to Undermine Morsi| By BEN HUBBARD and DAVID D. KIRKPATRICK| nytimes.com| 10 July 2013
- ^ "Counting crowds: Was Egypt's uprising the biggest ever?". BBC News. 16 July 2013
- ^ Protesters across Egypt call for Mohamed Morsi to go| World news. The Guardian.
- ^ "Top Weekend Links: Millions protest in Egypt to oust Morsi". MSNBC. (1 July 2013).
- ^ "Egyptians Want Morsi Removed as Massive Protests Continue in Tahrir Square". US News and World Report, (1 July 2013).
- ^ Morsi Supporters Protest In Egypt's Capital. Huffington Post.
- ^ "Death toll from Egypt violence rises to 638: Health ministry". Al-Ahram. 15 August 2013. Archived from the original on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
- ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (15 August 2013). "Islamists Debate Their Next Move in Tense Cairo". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
- ^ "Memory of a Mass Killing Becomes Another Casualty of Egyptian Protests". The New York Times. 13 November 2013.
- ^ Allam, Hisham. "As Egypt Smoulders, Churches Burn". Inter Press Service. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
- ^ Kirkpatrick, David; Mayy El Sheikh (20 August 2013). "An Egypt Arrest, and a Brotherhood on the Run". New York Times. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
- ^ "More top Brotherhood members arrested by Egypt prosecutors". Ahram Online. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
- ^ "Egypt police arrest top Brotherhood leaders". The Jerusalem Post. 3 July 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
- ^ "Egyptian military police arrest Brotherhood supreme guide". Egypt Independent. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
- ^ "Egypt arrests Muslim Brotherhood's top leader". Al Jazeera English. 20 August 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
- ^ Egypt Shuts Down Muslim Brotherhood Newspaper| AP|25 September 2013
- ^ "Egypt PM labels Brotherhood 'terrorist' group after bomb kills 14". Dawn. AFP. 24 December 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
- ^ "Egyptian Court ordered Death sentence to 529 Members". Dawn. 24 March 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
- ^ A coronation flop: President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi fails to bring enough voters to the ballot box, economist.com.
- ^ "Egypt sentences to death 529 supporters of Mohamed Morsi". The Guardian. 24 March 2014.
- ^ "Reining In Egypt's Military Aid". The New York Times. 4 October 2014.
- ^ Wickham, Carrie (2013). The Muslim Brotherhood: Evolution of an Islamist Movement. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 55.
- ^ Iskandar, Adel (2013). Egypt in Flux: Essays on an Unfinished Revolution. Cario: AUC Press. p. 114.
- ^ Wickham, Carrie (2013). The Muslim Brotherhood: Evolution of an Islamist Movement. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 121.
- ^ Mekela, Juna (2014). "The Arab Spring's Impact on Egypt's Securitocracy". International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligenc 27 (2): 227. doi:10.1080/08850607.2014.872531.
- ^ Elmasry, Mohamed (28 June 2013). "Unpacking Anti-Muslim Brotherhood Discourse". Jadaliyya.
(help) - ^ "Gulf Daily News". Gulf Daily News. 9 March 2009. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
- ^ International Religious Freedom Report 2009, U.S. Department of State, 26 October 2009
- ^ International Religious Freedom Report 2010, U.S. Department of State, 17 November 2010
- ^ Bahrain: The Political Structure, Reform And Human Rights, Kenneth Katzman, Eurasia Review, 18 February 2011
- ^ Wright, Robin, Dreams and Shadows: the Future of the Middle East, Penguin Press, 2008, p. 241.
- ^ Tore Kjeilen (20 September 2000). "Muslim Brotherhood of Syria". Looklex encyclopedia. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
- ^ Wright, Robin, Dreams and Shadows : the Future of the Middle East, Penguin Press (2008), p. 248.
- ^ Syria's Muslim Brotherhood is gaining influence over anti-Assad revolt By Liz Sly, The Washington Post 12 May 2012
- ^ a b Ibish, Hussein. "Is this the end of the failed Muslim Brotherhood project?". October 5, 2013. The National. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
The Syrian Brotherhood was the most influential political force in the opposition after the uprising against the Damascus dictatorship began. But now they seem to have virtually no influence on the conflict or its likely outcome.
- ^ Horovitz, David. (11 July 2013) Assad applauds fall of egypt. The Times of Israel.
- ^ a b c d e Bar, Shmuel (1998). "The Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan".
(help) - ^ Freij, Hanna (2000). Jordan: The Muslim Brotherhood and the Kings of Jordan 1945-1993. Washington.
(help) - ^ Leiken, Robert; Brooke, Steven (2007). "The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood". Foreign Affairs 86 (2): 107–121.
(help) - ^ Tore Kjeilen (20 September 2000). "Muslim Brotherhood / Jordan". Looklex Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
- ^ Commentator (30 Januaey 2011). "Jordan's opposition: Arabs will topple tyrants". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 January 2011. Check date values in:
(help) - ^ Ibish, Hussein. "Is this the end of the failed Muslim Brotherhood project?". October 5, 2013. The National. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
The Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood, which seemed to be growing from strength to strength a mere year ago, is in utter disarray.
- ^ Amis, Jacob (2013). "The Jordanian Brotherhood in the Arab Spring". Current Trends in Islamist Ideology 14.
(help) - ^ "Middle East Roundtable". bitterlemons-international.org. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
- ^ "The Iranian Revolution Echoes in Egypt", M.J.Toten in Interview with Dr. Abbas Milani
- ^ a b The Spirit of Allah: Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution by Amir Taheri, Adler and Adler c1985, pp. 107–109.
- ^ Alan Godlas (17 July 1968). "The Muslim Brotherhood in Iraq". Uga.edu. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
- ^ John Pike (13 May 2010). "Iraqi Islamic Party". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
- ^ "Profile: Kurdish Islamist movement". BBC News. 13 January 2003. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
- ^ "The Muslim Brotherhood, Nazis and Al-Qaeda". FrontPage. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
- ^ Cohen, 1982, p. 144.
- ^ Shadid, Mohammed K (Apr 1988). "The Muslim Brotherhood Movement in the West Bank and Gaza". Third World Quarterly 10 (2): 658–682. doi:10.1080/01436598808420076. JSTOR 3992661.
- ^ 0253208661
- ^ a b Ziad Abu-Amr (Summer 1993), "Hamas: A Historical and Political Background", Journal of Palestine Studies 22 (4): 5–19, doi:10.1525/jps.1993.22.4.00p00027, JSTOR 2538077
- ^ a b How Israel Helped to Spawn Hamas, by Andrew Higgins The Wall Street Journal 24 January 2009
- ^ How Israel brought Gaza to the brink of humanitarian catastrophe, by Avi Shlaim Guardian UK 7 January 2009
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Hamas Charter". Mideastweb.org. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
- ^ "The Talibanization of Gaza: A Liability for the Muslim Brotherhood". by Jonathan Schanzer. 19 August 2009. Current Trends in Islamist Ideology vol. 9
- ^ a b Dreyfuss, Bob (13 July 2012). "Saudi Arabia and the Brotherhood: What the 'New York Times' Missed". The Nation. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
- ^ "No satisfaction". The Economist. February 1, 2014.
Long fearful of the Muslim Brotherhood, whose many quiet supporters in the kingdom represent one of the few potential threats to their own control, the Al Sauds strongly backed their removal from government in Egypt.
- ^ House, Karen Elliott (2012). On Saudi Arabia: Its People, past, Religion, Fault Lines and Future. Knopf. p. 144.
In the 1960s, when Faisal became king, he championed the creation of public schools across the kingdom for boys—and also girls. The largely illiterate nation had few qualified teachers, so the government dispatched emissaries abroad, mostly to Egypt and Jordan, to recruit teachers with substantive skills who also were devout Muslims. A hallmark of King Faisal's reign was an effort to create an Islamic alliance in the Middle East to counter the Arab nationalism of Egypt's president, Gamel Abdel Nasser. When Nasser, a nationalist strongman and sworn enemy of Saudi Arabia, turned on his country's conservative Muslim Brotherhood, King Faisal welcomed those religious conservatives into Saudi Arabia as scholars and teachers, reinforcing the fundamentalist hold on the young Ministry of Education, founded in 1954 under his predecessor and half-brother, King Saud.
- ^ Kepel, Gilles (2006). The War for Muslim Minds: Islam and the West. Belknap Press. pp. 173–74.
- ^ "The Muslim Brotherhood In Saudi Arabia (comments by Thomas Hegghammer)". GlobalMB.
- ^ a b c d Lacroix, Stéphane. "Saudi Arabia's Muslim Brotherhood predicament". Washington Post. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
- ^ House, Karen Elliott (2012). On Saudi Arabia: Its People, past, Religion, Fault Lines and Future. Knopf. p. 156.
- ^ McCants, William (17 March 2014). "Islamist Outlaws". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
- ^ Brian Katulis. "Qatar Saudi Arabia Diverge in Battle to Shape Changing Middle East". The Paths of the Arab Spring. World Politics Review.
- ^ The Future of Political Islam, Graham E. Fuller, Palgrave MacMillan, 2003, p. 39.
- ^ "Charting the Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood".
- ^ "Yemen's President Saleh Speaks: The Interview Transcript". Time. 29 September 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
- ^ Justice and Development Party, Ikhwanweb, the Muslim Brotherhood's official English language website.
- ^ "Al-Jazeera Interviews – Muslim Brotherhood Leader in Sudan".
- ^ "International Religious Freedom Report 2004. Somalia". State.gov. 1 January 2004. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
- ^ "Muslim Brotherhood goes public with Libya summit". Reuters. 17 November 2011.
- ^ "Muslim Brotherhood to Contest Libyan Elections as Independent Party". The Tripoli Post. 24 December 2011.
- ^ "National Congress party results". Libya Herald. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
- ^ Wahab, Ashraf Abdul; Cousins, Michel (12 September 2012). "Abushagur elected as Prime Minister". Libya Herald. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
- ^ "Libyan Prime Minister Nominates His Government Line-Up". Tripoli Post. 30 October 2012.
- ^ "National Congress elects two vice speakers". Libya Herald. 10 August 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
- ^ a b c Mauritania's Islamists-Carnegie Middle East Center. Carnegie-mec.org.
- ^ a b c Решение ВС РФ о признании террористическими ряда иностранных организаций (in Russian). Справочно-информационный интернет-портал RELIGARE ("РЕЛИГИЯ и СМИ"). Retrieved 13 April 2011.
- ^ In Search Of Friends Among The Foes. The Washington Post.
- ^ "Muslim Brotherhood". Retrieved 3 November 2014.
- ^ http://www.txnd.uscourts.gov/judges/hlf2/09-25-08/Elbarasse%20Search%203.pdf
- ^ "David Cameron orders inquiry into activities of Muslim Brotherhood". Retrieved 1 April 2014.
- ^ "Muslim Brotherhood moves headquarters from London to Austria after Cameron announces terror investigation". Daily Mail. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
- ^ Qaradhawi, DR. Yusuf (2001), Umat Islam Menyongsong Abad ke-21, Era Intermedia, Solo, ISBN 979-9183-56-1 pp. 92;
- ^ Jones, Seth G. (2012). "Think Again: Al Qaeda". Foreign Policy (May/June 2012). Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ Muslim Brotherhood subversion in Gulf States. The Jerusalem Post.
- ^ Ehrenfeld, Rachel and Lappen, Alyssa A., (16 June 2006) "The Truth about the Muslim Brotherhood", FrontPage Magazine, citing Sylvain Besson, La Conquête De L'Occident: Le Projet Secret Des Islamistes, as quoted in Guitta, Olivier, (20 February 2006), "The Cartoon Jihad,". The Weekly Standard. Retrieved 1 March 2007.
- ^ Poole, Patrick, (26 March 2007). "Mainstreaming the Muslim Brotherhood". FrontPage Magazine. p. 39. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
citing Sylvain Besson, La Conquête De L'Occident: Le Projet Secret Des Islamistes
- ^ "Revolutionary leader". Gulf News. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
- ^ Miles Axe Copeland, Jr., "The Game of Nations: The Amorality of Power Politics", New York: Simon & Schuster, 1970
- ^ Lufti, Manal (14 March 2007). "The Brotherhood and America Part III". Asharq Alawsat.
- ^ MEMRI, the Middle East Media Research Institute posted this at their website, [2] introducing it with the following: "On November 29, 'Ain-Al-Yaqeen, a weekly news magazine published online by the Saudi royal family, released an English translation of an interview with Saudi Minister of Interior Prince Nayef Ibn Abd Al-Aziz; the interview originally appeared in the Kuwaiti newspaper Al Siyasa. The following are excerpts from the translation[1] as it appeared in the Saudi weekly."
- ^ Mousa, Sarah. "Egypt's parliamentary hypocrisy". Aljazeera. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
- ^ article printed in Al Ahram Weekly 5–9 July 1997, quoted in Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience by Caryle Murphy, pp. 241, 330.
- ^ Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, by Caryle Murphy, Simon and Schuster, 2002, pp. 241, 330.
- ^ Shenker, Jack; Whitaker, Brian (8 February 2011). "The Muslim Brotherhood uncovered". The Guardian.
- ^ Crane, Mary. "Does the Muslim Brotherhood Have Ties to Terrorism". Council on Foreign Relations.
- ^ "Egypt unrest: What if Mubarak goes?". BBC News. 31 January 2011.
- ^ "Muslim Brother Hood Condemns 9/11 attack".
- ^ "Morsi: 9/11 a global calamity, not only for U.S.".
- ^ "The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood". Archived from the original on 25 May 2012.
- ^ "The root of terrorism is Wahabism".
- ^ "The root of terrorism".
- ^ Atran, Scott (2 February 2011). "Egypt's Bumbling Brotherhood". The New York Times.
- ^ Want Shariah, End of Israel Treaty, Pew Poll Shows date: 26 April 2011
- ^ Arab Women As Likely As Men To Support Islamic Law In Middle East After Arab Spring, Says Survey. Huffington Post, 25 June 2012
- ^ "Egypt's muslim brotherhood welcomes idea of U.S. contacts". Reuters. 30 June 2011.
- ^ "Muslim Brotherhood Says Qatar Ousted Its Members". The New York Times. 13 September 2014.
- ^ http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=EXP;n=257852 (Russian)
- ^ "Russia names 'terrorist' groups". BBC. 28 July 2006. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
- ^ "Assad says 'factors not in place' for Syria peace talks". Hurriyet (AFP). 21 October 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
- ^ Shadia Nasralla (25 December 2013). "Egypt designates Muslim Brotherhood as terrorist group". Reuters. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
- ^ Salma Abdelaziz & Steve Almasy (25 December 2013). "Egypt's interim Cabinet officially labels Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist group". CNN. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
- ^ Staff Writer, Al Arabiya News (7 March 2014). "Saudi Arabia declares MB a terrorist group". Al Arabiya News. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
- ^ Russia's Reaction on the Egypt Crisis Indian Council of World Affairs, 29 October 2013
- ^ Hicham Mourad (23 April 2013). "What next for Egypt and Russia?". Al-Ahram. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
- Abdullahi, Abdurahman (Baadiyow) (October 2008) "The Islah Movement: Islamic moderation in war-torn Somalia" Hiiraan Online Mogadishu, Somalia
- Ankerl, Guy (2000) Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. INUPRESS, Geneva. ISBN 2-88155-004-5
- Baer, Robert (2002). See No Evil: The True Story of a Ground Soldier in the CIA's War on Terrorism. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-1-4000-4684-3.
- Cohen, Amnon (1982). Political Parties in the West Bank under the Jordanian Regime, 1949–1967. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-1321-6.
- Cohen, Nick (9 July 2006) "The Foreign Office ought to be serving Britain, not radical Islam" The Observer London
- Dreyfuss, Robert (2006). Devil's Game: How the United States Helped Unleash Fundamentalist Islam. Owl Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-7652-3.
- Mallmann, Klaus-Michael and Martin Cüppers (2006) Halbmond und Hakenkreuz: Das 'Dritte Reich', die Araber und Palästina Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt. ISBN 978-3-534-19729-3
- Mayer, Thomas (1982) "The Military Force of Islam: The Society of the Muslim Brethren and the Palestine Question, 1945–1948" In Kedourie, Elie and Haim, Sylvia G. (1982) Zionism and Arabism in Palestine and Israel Frank Cass, London, pp. 100–117, ISBN 0-7146-3169-8
- Mura, Andrea (2012). "A genealogical inquiry into early Islamism: the discourse of Hasan al-Banna". Journal of Political Ideologies 17 (1): 61–85. doi:10.1080/13569317.2012.644986.
- Mura, Andrea (2014). "The Inclusive Dynamics of Islamic Universalism: From the Vantage Point of Sayyid Qutb's Critical Philosophy". Comparative Philosophy 5 (1): 29–54.
- Zahid, Mohammed (2012) The Muslim Brotherhood and Egypt's Succession Crisis: The Politics of Liberalisation and Reform in the Middle East I. B. Tauris ISBN 1780762178
- Leikrn, Robert S. and Steven Brooke (2007) The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood, Foreign Affairs.
- "The Nazi Roots of Palestinian Nationalism and Islamic Jihad," by David Meir-Levi (2007).
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Muslim Brotherhood |
- Media related to Muslim Brotherhood at Wikimedia Commons
- Ikhwan Web official site
- "Revolution in Cairo: Interview with Shadi Hamid". Frontline (PBS). Feb 2011.
- "Egyptian democracy and the Muslim Brotherhood" European Union Institute for Security Studies
Related (this is an automatic service):
RSS 2.0 feed | Trackback


text:
SATURDAY, JANUARY 26, 2013BATTLESTAR GALACTICA: BLOOD & CHROME ON SYFY, BLU-RAYSyfy has released seven clips from Battlestar Galactica: Blood & Chrome, the movie that will premiere on the network on Sunday, Feb. 10 at 9 p.m. (ET/PT), with an unrated edition from Universal Studios Home Entertainment available on DVD, Blu-ray and digital download on Tuesday, Feb. 19.
For the "Dear Dad" clip, CLICK HERE.
For the "Yo, Rook" clip, CLICK HERE.
For the "Husker" clip, CLICK HERE.
For the "Mission Prep" clip, CLICK HERE.
For the "Must've Been An Ambush" clip, CLICK HERE.
For the "Better Than That" clip, CLICK HERE.
For the "Cylon Attack" clip, CLICK HERE.
Blood & Chrome originally debuted as a weekly web series on YouTube's premium channel Machinima Prime, drawing upwards of 8 million total views. On Feb. 10, fans will get to see the movie for the first time in its film version entirety, including additional scenes not included in the online release.
Here's how the movie is described:
"Blood & Chrome takes place in the midst of the first Cylon war. As the battle between humans and their creation, the sentient robotic Cylons, rages across the 12 colonial worlds, gifted fighter pilot, William Adama (Luke Pasqualino), finds himself assigned to one of the most powerful battlestars in the Colonial fleet: the Galactica. Full of ambition and hungry for action, Adama quickly finds himself at odds with his co-pilot, the battle-weary officer Coker (Ben Cotton). With only 47 days left in his tour of duty, Coker desires an end to battle as much as Adama craves its onset."
The movie leverages cutting-edge CGI and virtual set technology.
Blood & Chrome is produced by Universal Cable Productions, a division of NBCUniversal, and the producing team of Battlestar Galactica. David Eick is executive producer, along with Michael Taylor who wrote the teleplay from a story by Taylor, Eick, Bradley Thompson and David Weddle. Blood & Chrome was directed by Jonas Pate.
E-mail the Continuum at firstname.lastname@example.com
Copyright © 2012, The Comics Continuum |


text:
41 search results for sirius
Sam Smith totally owns Whitney Houston's 'How Will I Know': Listen
Type: Post | Date: Friday, Jun 20, 2014
It's a new classic to go with the original classic -
5 dumb questions for Jake Fogelnest
Type: Article | Date: Tuesday, May 21, 2013
On the sexiness of Gossamer -
Howard Stern re-ups with Sirius for another five years of satellite radio
Type: Article | Date: Thursday, Dec 9, 2010
Did the shock jock make the right move? -
TV On The Radio - "Seeds"
Type: Event | Date: Monday, Nov 17, 2014
The band's first record since the death of bassist-producer Gerard Smith -
Harry Potter Half Blood Prince - Who Killed Sirius Black?
Type: Video | Date: Sunday, Jul 12, 2009
Bellatrix Lestrange and her friends pay a visit to the Weasleys. -
Listen: CulturePop No. 27 - Guest Jim Colucci, 'Real Housewives,' 'Hostages'
Type: Post | Date: Friday, Sep 27, 2013
Listen: CulturePop No. 27 - Guest Jim Colucci, 'Real Housewives,' 'Hostages' -
Listen to Conan O'Brien's spoken word single 'And They Call Me Mad?'
Type: Article | Date: Monday, Aug 23, 2010
Dr. Frankenstein and his beast love lattes -
Lana Del Rey literally swims in 'Shades of Cool' music video
Type: Article | Date: Tuesday, Jun 17, 2014
On-the-nose video features He Who Drives A Chevy Malibu -
Sony, Warner and Universal sue Pandora over older songs
Type: Article | Date: Friday, Apr 18, 2014
Streaming service is not paying license fees on songs recorded before 1972 -
Shocking truth exposed: The Atacama humanoid is actually Beavis
Type: Article | Date: Thursday, May 9, 2013
Pipe down, science, we've got a better theory


text:
Integrate the remarkable Gravity Forms plugin with Infusionsoft.
Easily add contacts into Infusionsoft when users submit a Gravity Forms form.
Map your Gravity Forms form fields to Infusionsoft data, and have contacts automatically updated if the contact already exists.
When the Entry is created, a link to the Contact's page in Infusionsoft is shown inside WordPress.
Forget manually adding the Infusionsoft Web Forms into your WordPress site. Use Gravity Forms, and you'll be on your way with a beautiful, smart form in minutes.
If this plugin garners much interest, there will be some seriously cool stuff coming, including:
If you're interested in having this functionality, leave us a note in the support forum →!
Requires: 3.3 or higher
Compatible up to: 4.0.3
Last Updated: 2014-9-18
Active Installs:
0 of 12 support threads in the last two months have been resolved.
Got something to say? Need help?