text:
DET or TEX — which is the better NYY fit?
Here's an interesting question: If you're the Yankees, do you want to win the American League East?
With the Yankees coming off three straight wins and currently leading their division by a half-game over the Red Sox, I found myself doing something managers and players shouldn't (and wouldn't) ever do: Thinking about playoff matchups with an entire month of the regular season left.
Barring a late charge by the White Sox, Indians and Angels, the playoff picture looks pretty set right now, with the Yankees, Red Sox, Tigers and Rangers making up the slate. What we don't know is who will face who in the two five-game AL Division Series, which comes down to matchups more than anything else.
As of right now, the winner of the AL East would face the Tigers and the winner of the AL Wild Card would face the Rangers. Of course, Detroit and Texas can flip-flop, since only a couple of games separate the two. But that brings me to an interesting question: If you're the Yankees, do you prefer to face the Tigers or the Rangers?
The Rangers are a better all-around team, with a fierce offense, a loaded bullpen and a solid rotation. But with the Tigers, you have to face Cy Young favorite Justin Verlander twice — and we all know how big an impact a staff ace can have on a short series.
Here's a look at how those matchups played out in the regular season …
Season series: Tigers, 4-3 (1-2 at Yankee Stadium, 3-1 at Comerica Park)
Key Yankees pitchers: CC Sabathia (0-1, 4.15 ERA in 2 GS); Freddy Garcia (0-1, 5.14 ERA in 1 GS); Bartolo Colon (5.73 ERA in 2 G, 1 GS); Phil Hughes (11.25 ERA, 1 GS); A.J. Burnett (1-1, 3.75 ERA, 2 GS); Mariano Rivera (0 ER, 2 1/3 IP); Rafael Soriano (0 ER, 1 IP); David Robertson (0 ER, 2 IP); Boone Logan (1 ER, 1 2/3 IP)
Key Tigers pitchers: Justin Verlander (4.50 ERA, 2 GS); Rick Porcello (1-0, 2.57 ERA, 1 GS); Max Scherzer (2-0, 4.15 ERA, 2 GS); Brad Penny (1-1, 6.97 ERA, 2 GS); Jose Valverde (2 ER, 4 2/3 IP); Phil Coke (2 ER, 2 1/3 IP); Joaquin Benoit (0 ER, 2 IP); Daniel Schlereth (1 ER, 4 IP)
Key Yankees hitters: Robinson Cano (.200 BA, 1 HR, 2 RBI); Curtis Granderson (.160 BA, 1 HR, 1 RBI); Alex Rodriguez (.320 BA, 1 HR, 2 RBI); Derek Jeter (.261 BA, 1 RBI, 2 BB); Mark Teixeira (.280 BA, 4 HR, 8 RBI); Brett Gardner (.273 BA, 1 RBI, 4 BB)
Key Tigers hitters: Miguel Cabrera (.417 BA, 2 HR, 8 RBI); Austin Jackson (.167 BA, 1 HR, 2 RBI); Alex Avila (.263 BA, 2 HR, 3 RBI); Victor Martinez (.263 BA, 1 HR, 2 RBI); Jhonny Peralta (.261 BA, 2 RBI, 2 SO); Brennan Boesch (.474 BA, 4 HR, 7 RBI)
Worth noting: The fact the Tigers and Yankees got all their regular-season games against each other out of the way in early May makes it difficult to give these numbers much weight. The Yankees beat up on sub-par pitching, which is what they'll get every time Verlander doesn't toe the rubber against them (minus Verlander, Tigers starters are 38-39 with a 4.84 ERA). Verlander is 4-3 with a 3.97 ERA in his career against the Yankees. But the way he's going right now, two starts in a series for him essentially means two wins for the Tigers, no matter what other factors revolve around him.
Season series: Yankees, 7-2 (5-1 at Yankee Stadium, 2-1 at Rangers Ballpark)
Key Yankees pitchers: CC Sabathia (2-0, 5.12 ERA in 2 GS); Freddy Garcia (1-0, 0.00 ERA in 1 GS); Bartolo Colon (10.38 ERA in 1 GS); Mariano Rivera (0 ER, 5 IP); Rafael Soriano (2 ER, 3 2/3 IP); David Robertson (0 ER, 3 1/3 IP); Boone Logan (2 ER, 2 IP)
Key Rangers pitchers: CJ Wilson (2.25 ERA in 1 GS); Alexi Ogando (0-1, 12.38 ERA in 2 GS); Matt Harrison (1-1, 1.93 ERA in 2 GS); Derek Holland (0-2, 8.62 ERA in 3 GS); Neftali Feliz (4 ER, 3 IP); Darren Oliver (0 ER, 4 1/3 IP)
Key Yankees hitters: Robinson Cano (.270 BA, 4 HR, 10 RBI); Brett Gardner (.381 BA, 2 RBI, 1 BB); Curtis Granderson (.438 BA, 6 HR, 13 RBI); Mark Teixeira (.263 BA, 4 HR, 12 RBI); Alex Rodriguez (.208 BA, 3 RBI, 6 BB); Derek Jeter (.385 BA, 2 HR, 3 RBI)
Key Rangers hitters: Elvis Andrus (.263 BA, 2 RBI, 2 BB); Adrian Beltre (.265 BA, 1 HR, 7 RBI); Ian Kinsler (.111, 1 HR, 4 RBI); Michael Young (.400 BA, 1 HR, 4 RBI); Nelson Cruz (.059 BA, 3 BB, 9 SO); Josh Hamilton (.231 BA, 1 RBI, 2 BB)
Worth noting: The Rangers may be the better all-around team, and they may have beaten them in last year's ALCS, but the Yankees have absolutely dominated the series this year, and their hitters have mashed their good-but-not-great pitching. The Yankees are one of the most difficult teams in baseball to pitch against, because they're loaded with firepower and because they're one of the best at working the count and taking pitches. Last year, the Rangers were able to beat them with a clear-cut ace in Cliff Lee leading their staff. This year, the Rangers' rotation has been very good, but there is no Lee or Verlander in there, which means the Yankees can beat everybody in their rotation.
If you're New York, do you prefer that matchup, even if it means playing three out of five on the road? Or do you go up against an inferior Tigers team with a superior ace?
That's the question.
— Alden
** Filed this week: Verlander remarkable but not worthy of MVP; NL Cy Young a three-man race; former Yankee Bernie goes into Latino HOF; Moore living proof of UYA's success
- Posted on September 4, 2011 at 12:14 pm
- Permalink
- 1 Comment
- Filed in: Uncategorized
- Tags: A.J. Burnett, Alex Avila, Alex Rodriguez, Austin Jackson, Bartolo Colon, Boone Logan, Brad Penny, Brennan Boesch, Brett Gardner, CC Sabathia, Curtis Granderson, Daniel Schlereth, David Robertson, Derek Jeter, Freddy Garcia, Jhonny Peralta, Joaquin Benoit, Jose Valverde, Justin Verlander, Mariano Rivera, Mark Teixeira, Max Scherzer, Miguel Cabrera, Phil Coke, Phil Hughes, Rafael Soriano, Rangers, Red Sox, Rick Porcello, Robinson Cano, Tigers, Victor Martinez, Yankees
1 Comment
Kershaw has won the pitcher's triple crown; the discussion should end there. But for any doubters, here's the cincher: compare how the top three candidates Kershaw, Halladay, and Kennedy fared against the top twenty NL hitters and the rest of the league. Against the rest of the league: OPS allowed was .548, .547, and .601 for Ker, Hal, and Ken, respectively. Now, against the 20 hitters Hal's was .912, Ken's was .948, and Kershaw… .610!
I included Kennedy instead of Lee because of Lee's 17 wins not being enough to beat Kershaw or Halladay. Although I concede that good arguments can be made to include Lee over Kennedy, it doesn't change the fact that Kershaw should win.


text:
Air Force Bans Greek Yogurt Containing Hemp Seeds
There's a reason why nutrition experts (Men's Fitness included) wax poetic about Greek yogurt and hemp seeds—the former packs twice the protein as regular yogurt, while the latter is chock full of essential amino acids. But the combination of superfoods has caused quite a stir with the Air Force, which had recently banned consumption of Chobani Blueberry Power Flip yogurt, prompting the Greek yogurt company to announce that it'll be removing hemp from that flavor. (Blueberry Power Flip comes with a side of walnuts, chia and hemp seeds meant to be "flipped" into the Greek yogurt.)
So why is the Air Force not high on hemp? According to the service academy, hemp seeds have the potential to affect drug testing results. They contain trace amounts of THC, an active ingredient of marijuana. In an emailed statement to Men's Fitness, Chobani spokesperson Amy Juaristi says: "Recently, we've heard some concerns from the military community about Chobani products containing hemp seeds, and want to set the record straight. Except for Blueberry Power Chobani Flip, no Chobani product contains hemp seeds. However, we're committed to giving our fans what they want and are in the process of removing this ingredient from our Blueberry Power Chobani Flip. We greatly respect our armed forces and take pride in serving our troops."
Chobani also told the Air Force Times that Blueberry Power Flip contains 1/20th the amount of THC that someone would need to consume to exceed the federal limit. In other words, blaming a failed workplace drug test on hemp seeds would likely carry as much weight as a homework-eating dog.
Get Healthy Food & Snacks at GNC Live Well >>>Topics:
- Can Beer Be Made Healthier?Researchers may be on to something that'll make your favorite brew better for you.
- A New Dating App for Healthy EatersYour next girlfriend could be standing beside you at the salad bar. A new app helps you find a date who shares the same ingredient interests.

subset: commoncrawl


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Member Joined May 25 2011
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text:
Check out a new remix from Future Island's recent album, Singles, by Erasure member Vince Clarke.
Future Islands have had one hell of a 2014. Following the Baltimore band's performance on David Letterman earlier this year—which went viral due in large part to Samuel T. Herring's eccentric dance moves—its new LP, Singles, has become Future Islands' breakthrough.
One of the popular cuts off of Singles, "Doves", has now been given a bass drum-heavy remix by Vince Clarke (of Erasure fame).
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text:
Utilities in the United States have recently expressed renewed interest in adding new nuclear power plants to their mix of electricity generation sources. As of July 2009, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) had received 17 applications for combined construction and operating licenses1 for 26 units, and it expects to receive a total of 22 applications for 33 units by the end of 2010.2 The 104 currently operating nuclear plants (largely constructed in the 1970s and 1980s) contribute substantially to the U.S. electricity supply: nuclear power provides 19 percent of U.S. electricity as a whole and about 70 percent of electricity produced without greenhouse gas emissions from operations. These plants provide electricity safely and reliably, and they have operated with capacity factors greater than 90 percent over the last few years.3 Still, hurdles remain, and no new nuclear plants have been ordered in the United States in more than 30 years.
This chapter discusses the prospects for the future use of nuclear power in the United States, including an assessment of future technologies, deployment
1 |
Previously, the licensing process had two steps, construction and operation, each of which required a different license to be issued. The Combined Construction and Operating License is a part of the USNRC's new "streamlined" application process. |
2 |
The USNRC's lists of received and expected applications are available at www.nrc.gov/reactors/new-reactors/col.html and at www.nrc.gov/reactors/new-reactors/new-licensing-files/expected-new-rx-applications.pdf, respectively; accessed July 2009. |
3 |
The net capacity factor of a power plant is the ratio of the actual output of a power plant over a period of time and its projected output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time. |
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 445
8 Nuclear Energy
tilities in the United States have recently expressed renewed interest
in adding new nuclear power plants to their mix of electricity genera-
tion sources. As of July 2009, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
(USNRC) had received 17 applications for combined construction and operating
licenses1 for 26 units, and it expects to receive a total of 22 applications for 33
units by the end of 2010.2 The 104 currently operating nuclear plants (largely
constructed in the 1970s and 1980s) contribute substantially to the U.S. electricity
supply: nuclear power provides 19 percent of U.S. electricity as a whole and about
70 percent of electricity produced without greenhouse gas emissions from opera-
tions. These plants provide electricity safely and reliably, and they have operated
with capacity factors greater than 90 percent over the last few years.3 Still, hurdles
remain, and no new nuclear plants have been ordered in the United States in more
than 30 years.
This chapter discusses the prospects for the future use of nuclear power in
the United States, including an assessment of future technologies, deployment
1Previously, the licensing process had two steps, construction and operation, each of which
required a different license to be issued. The Combined Construction and Operating License is a
part of the USNRC's new "streamlined" application process.
2The USNRC's lists of received and expected applications are available at www.nrc.gov/
reactors/new-reactors/col.html and at www.nrc.gov/reactors/new-reactors/new-licensing-files/
expected-new-rx-applications.pdf, respectively; accessed July 2009.
3The net capacity factor of a power plant is the ratio of the actual output of a power plant
over a period of time and its projected output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the
entire time.
OCR for page 445
446 America's Energy Future
costs, and the barriers to and impacts of increased nuclear power plant deploy-
ments by 2020, by 2035, and by 2050.
Interest in new nuclear construction has also been growing around the globe,
and with a new element: interest among countries that do not currently have
nuclear plants. According to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA),
in excess of 40 new entrant countries have expressed interest, of which 20 are
actively considering construction (IAEA, 2008a).
In addition, the IAEA has recently estimated that 24 of the 30 countries with
existing nuclear plants intend to build new reactors—a departure from policies of
the past few decades in many countries (IAEA, 2008a). Following the Chernobyl
accident in 1986, Italy banned construction of new nuclear reactors; the govern-
ments of Sweden and Germany pledged to phase out their own nuclear plants;
resistance to new construction in the United Kingdom was strong; and Spain put
in place a moratorium on new construction. These attitudes are now changing,
likely as a result of subsequent uneventful nuclear operations and growing con-
cerns about climate change and future energy needs.
Thus, Italy has announced plans to build nuclear plants; Sweden, after shut-
ting down two plants, intends to reverse the planned phase-out and construct new
nuclear plants; and the Labor government in the United Kingdom has recently
announced plans to replace 18 nuclear plants retiring by 2023 with new ones.4
But this new outlook is not universal. The current head of the Spanish government
remains opposed to nuclear power, and the current government in Germany still
intends to shut down its 17 remaining nuclear plants. Meanwhile, new construc-
tion is planned or under way in Finland, France, and Japan, countries that never
wavered in their support of nuclear power.
Overall, the IAEA projects that by 2030, world nuclear capacity could
4Press articles discussing these developments in more detail include "Recalled to half-life,"
The Economist, Feb. 12, 2009 (www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_
id=13110000); "What Sweden's nuclear about-face means for Berlin," Der Spiegel, Feb. 6,
2009 (www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,605957,00.html); "Italy seeks nuclear
power revival with French help," Reuters, Feb. 24, 2009 (uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUK-
LO72469220090224); "Spain must reconsider nuclear energy,"La Vanguardia, Feb. 25, 2009
(www.eurotopics.net/en/search/results/archiv_article/ARTICLE458-0); "Governments across
Europe embrace nuclear energy," ABC, Mar. 4, 2009 (www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2008/
s2507565.htm); and "Europe looking set for a Nuclear Revival," Your Industry News, Mar. 6,
2009 (www.yourindustrynews.com/europe+looking+set+for+a+nuclear+revival_26046.html).
These articles were accessed in July 2009.
OCR for page 445
Nuclear Energy
increase by 27 percent under business-as–usual conditions, or in the agency's
"high case,"5 to nearly double, after accounting for retirements (IAEA, 2008b).
Nonetheless, even in the high-case projections, nuclear power would rise only
slightly as a percentage of total electricity generated worldwide—from 14.2 per-
cent in 2007 to 14.4 percent in 2030—assuming business as usual for construction
of fossil-fueled plants.
The handful of plants that could be built in the United States before 2020,
given the long time needed for licensing and construction, would need to over-
come several hurdles, including high construction costs, which have been rising
rapidly across the energy sector in the last few years, and public concern about
the long-term issues of storage and disposal of highly radioactive waste.6 If these
hurdles are overcome, if the first new plants are constructed on budget and on
schedule, and if the generated electricity is competitive in the marketplace, the
committee judges that it is likely that many more plants could follow these first
plants. Otherwise, few new plants are likely to follow.
Existing federal incentives7 for the first few nuclear plants may hasten initial
construction. Even if this occurs, nuclear power's share of U.S. electricity genera-
tion is likely to drop over the next few decades. In fact, for nuclear power to
maintain its current share—19 percent of U.S. electricity—the equivalent of 21
5The IAEA's high estimates (IAEA, 2008b) "reflect a moderate revival of nuclear power de-
velopment that could result in particular from a more comprehensive comparative assessment of
the different options for electricity generation, integrating economic, social, health and environ-
mental aspects. They are based upon a review of national nuclear power programmes, assessing
their technical and economic feasibility. They assume that some policy measures would be taken
to facilitate the implementation of these programmes, such as strengthening of international co-
operation, enhanced technology adaptation and transfer, and establishment of innovative fund-
ing mechanisms. These estimates also take into account the global concern over climate change
caused by the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and the signing of
the Kyoto Protocol."
6Both nuclear plants and coal plants with carbon capture and storage (CCS) present intergen-
erational issues: nuclear plants because of the very long-lived radioactive waste, and coal with
CCS because of the need for stored CO2 to remain underground for long periods. However, the
timescales differ by orders of magnitude. For radioactive waste, this timescale is on the order of
a million years; for CO2 it is likely significantly less because of the availability of natural mecha-
nisms for removing CO2 from the atmosphere (see Ha-Duong and Keith, 2003; Hepple and
Benson, 2005).
7In addition to federal incentives for construction, the first few nuclear plants benefit from
incentives for operation, such as the production tax credit. This is discussed in more detail in
Box 8.5 in this chapter.
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448 America's Energy Future
new 1.4 GW plants would need to be built by 2030 (not including new plants
built to replace any that may be retired during this period), according to the
reference-case projections of the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA,
The amount of new U.S. nuclear generating capacity that could reasonably
be added before 2020 is limited; however, if the first handful of new evolution-
ary plants (about 5 plants) are constructed and are successful, the potential for
nuclear power after 2020 will have much increased. Thus, deployment of the first
few nuclear plants would be an important first step toward ensuring a diversity of
sources for future electric supply. It may prove to be important to keep the option
of an expanded nuclear deployment open, particularly if carbon constraints are
applied in the United States in the future.
The existing nuclear plants in the United States were built with technology devel-
oped in the 1960s and 1970s. In the intervening decades, ways to make better use
of the existing plants have been developed, as well as new technologies that are
intended to improve safety and security, reduce cost, and decrease the amount of
high-level nuclear waste generated, among other objectives. These technologies
and their potential for deployment in the United States are explored in the follow-
ing sections.
Improvements to Existing Nuclear Plants
Over the last few decades, there have been significant technical and operational
improvements in existing nuclear power plants. These improvements have allowed
nuclear power to maintain an approximately constant share of U.S. electrical
capacity, even as demand has grown and no new plants have been constructed.
This trend of increasing output from current plants is likely to continue over the
coming decades and, before 2020, could result in additional nuclear capacity
comparable to what could be produced by new plants. The potentials for improve-
ments are focused in the following three areas:
8According to the EIA, U.S. electricity demand could rise by as much as 29 percent between
2008 and 2030. The reader is referred to footnote 14 of Chapter 7 of this report ("Fossil-Fuel
Energy") for a discussion of uncertainty in EIA projections.
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Existing plants can be modified to increase their power output;
Existing plants' operating lives can be extended; and
Downtimes (periods when the plant is not producing power) can be fur-
ther reduced.
Such improvements, which are far less expensive than constructing new
nuclear plants and can be implemented comparatively rapidly, are discussed below.
Power Uprates
A plant's power output can be significantly increased (uprated) by replacing the
fuel with higher-power-density/longer-lived fuel and by modifying major plant
components. The latter includes, for example, replacing turbines and major
heat exchangers with more efficient versions. Uprates are a cost-effective way to
increase energy production: they typically cost hundreds of dollars per added kilo-
watt (kW) of capacity, compared to as much as $3000–6000 (overnight cost9) per
kilowatt of electricity for new nuclear plants (see section on "Costs"). To date,
7.5 gigawatts-electric (GWe)10—amounting to about 7.5 percent of the current
U.S. nuclear generating capacity—have been added through uprates.11
Many plants have already planned capacity additions. In 2008 alone, the
USNRC approved 10 upgrades to existing plants, adding a total generating
capacity equivalent to about half of one new nuclear plant. Eleven applications
are pending, and the USNRC expects 40 more applications through 2013.12 If
9Overnight cost is the cost of a construction project if no interest was incurred during con-
struction, as if the project was completed "overnight." All costs are expressed in 2007 dollars.
10The electric power output of a nuclear power plant is often described in gigawatts-electric
(or simply gigawatts [GW]). Similarly, the thermal power output of a nuclear plant is stated in
gigawatts-thermal (GWt). The thermal power output is typically about three times the electric
power output. This is because the thermal efficiency of nuclear plants (the efficiency of convert-
ing heat to electricity via a steam turbine generator) is typically around 33 percent.
11The USNRC's list of approved uprate applications is available at www.nrc.gov/reactors/
operating/licensing/power-uprates/approved-applications.html; accessed July 2009.
12In 2008, applications were approved for capacity additions of about 2178 MWt. This
would result in about 720 MWe of new electric generating capacity. New plants are assumed to
have a capacity of 1.35 GWe. Pending applications represented a total of 973 MWe of capacity
additions as of July 2009, and applications expected at that time represented 2075 MWe of ca-
pacity additions. The USNRC's lists of pending and expected applications are available at www.
nrc.gov/reactors/operating/licensing/power-uprates/pending-applications.html (pending) and
www.nrc.gov/reactors/operating/licensing/power-uprates/expected-applications.html (expected);
accessed July 2009.
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450 America's Energy Future
approved and undertaken, these uprates would add about 3 GWe—the equivalent
of about 2 new nuclear plants—in the near term.
Operating License Extensions
More power can be also be generated over the lifetimes of existing plants by
extending their operating licenses. In the United States, the initial license term for
a nuclear power plant—40 years—is subject to extensions in increments of up to
20 years.13 In the 1990s, the USNRC established a regulatory system to assess
applications for such extended licenses.
In the majority of cases, the owners of the currently operating U.S. plants
will seek to extend plant licenses for an additional 20 years, to 60 years' service in
total. As of July 2009, 56 plants had received 20-year extensions, 16 plants were
in the queue for approval, and 21 more had announced their intent to seek license
extensions.14 The original 40-year limit was not technically based, but some tech-
nical challenges are involved in extending operating licenses because some struc-
tures and components may have been engineered assuming a 40-year operating
life. This limitation will be avoided in new plants, which are being designed to
ensure that components with expected lifetimes of less than a projected plant life
of 60 years can be replaced readily.
The industry has begun to assess whether it would be technically feasible
and economic to extend current plant operating licenses for an additional 20-
year period beyond 60 years (to 80 years). The plant modifications that might be
required for another 20-year extension are potentially more difficult and expensive
than those for the first 20-year extension. Degradation phenomena that affect the
performance of plants operating for as long as 80 years are not well understood
at a fundamental level, and further research is needed prior to decisions about
further license extensions. At this point, it is not clear whether the option will be
practical, although there will be strong economic incentives to pursue it.
The USNRC, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), and industry are con-
sidering what research and development (R&D) will need to be done to prepare
for the possibility of extending plant operating licenses beyond 60 years. Although
participants in an USNRC/DOE workshop held in February of 2008 "did not
13This was provided for in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954.
14The USNRC's list of current and expected operating life extensions is available at www.nrc.
gov/reactors/operating/licensing/renewal/applications.html; accessed July 2009.
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believe there is any compelling policy, regulatory, technical or industry issue pre-
cluding future extended plant operation" (USNRC/DOE, 2008), many areas were
identified where R&D should begin soon. They included irradiation effects on
primary structures and components (such as the reactor vessel, reactor coolant
system piping, steam generators, pressurizer, and coolant pumps), aging effects on
safety-related concrete structures, aging effects on safety-related cable insulation,
and inspection capabilities for aging mechanisms.
Much of the equipment that is of concern is embedded in the structure of
the plant and would be expensive and time-consuming to replace. Thus many of
the issues imposed by plant lifetime extensions and materials aging require ways
of nondestructively assessing the status of operating plants. New scanning systems
are being developed, but further research is needed, particularly in light of the
regulatory decisions that could rely on these inspections.
Decreasing Downtimes
Finally, more power can be generated over the course of a year by reducing the
periods when the plants are not producing electricity. Existing plants have been
operated with increasing efficiency over time, and average plant capacity factors
(averaged across all operating nuclear plants) have increased markedly, from 66
percent in 1990 to 91.8 percent in 2007 (NEI, 2008). Nuclear plant operators
in the United States have succeeded in reducing downtimes primarily through
increased on-line maintenance as well as through efforts to plan outage times so as
to ensure that necessary work is done quickly and efficiently.
As a result of such improvements, refueling outages—which are also used to
perform necessary maintenance on the reactor—were reduced to an average of 40
days in 2007 (averaged across all currently operating U.S. plants) from 104 days
in 1990. Based on the accomplishments of the best-performing plants to date, in
the future these downtimes may be reducible to an average of 25–30 days while
maintaining currently high levels of safety and reliability.
Nuclear Reactor Technologies15
A nuclear reactor generates heat by sustaining and controlling nuclear fission, and
that heat is converted to electricity. The dominant use of nuclear reactor technol-
15For a more thorough treatment of many of the issues reviewed briefly in this section, see
Annex 8.A.
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ogy is in commercial nuclear power plants, which contribute baseload16 electric
power generation.17 Nuclear plants can each include one or more nuclear reactors.
The waste heat18 from nuclear reactors can be utilized as well. For example,
several countries, including Russia and the Ukraine, use nuclear reactors for
cogeneration (or combined heat and power [CHP]). Particularly effective in cold
regions, CHP uses waste heat from nuclear reactors to create steam, which is
piped to heat surrounding areas. Such systems in nuclear plants have been dis-
cussed in the United States, but they are not currently deployed. In other countries
(for example, Japan, India, and Pakistan), waste heat from nuclear plants is used
for desalinization of seawater.
The majority of reactors used for electricity generation around the world are
pressurized water reactors (PWRs) and boiling-water reactors (BWRs), reactors
that are collectively referred to as light-water reactors (LWRs)—that is, they are
thermal reactors (see Box 8.1) that use ordinary water both as the coolant and
as the neutron moderator. These are the only reactor technologies currently used
in the United States for commercial power production, where 69 PWRs and 35
BWRs are currently in service.
New nuclear reactor designs have been developed in the decades since these
plants were deployed. In the sections that follow, the committee discusses these
new designs, which are grouped into two categories:
Evolutionary reactor designs, which are modifications that have evolved
from LWR designs currently operating in the United States
Alternative reactor designs, which range from more significant modifi-
cations of currently deployed designs to entirely different concepts
16Baseload power is the minimum power that must be supplied by electric generation or
utility companies to satisfy the expected continuous requirements of their customers. Baseload
power plants generally run at steady rates, although they might cycle somewhat to meet some
variation in customer demand. Typically, large-scale nuclear, coal, or hydroelectric power plants
supply baseload power.
17Nuclear reactors are also used for propulsion (particularly for naval vessels), for materials
testing, and for the production of radioisotopes for medical, industrial, test, research, and teach-
ing purposes. In the past, nuclear reactors have also been used in space missions (primarily by
Russia, but also by the United States) and for nuclear weapons materials production. Nuclear re-
actors dedicated to the production of nuclear materials have been shut down in the United States.
This report focuses on nuclear reactors used for commercial electricity generation.
18A significant amount of the heat generated in a thermal power plant is not used to generate
electricity; rather, it is vented through a cooling system to the outside environment.
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BOX 8.1 Fast Reactors and Thermal Reactors
Nuclear reactors are often classified as "fast" or "thermal" reactors. This
nomenclature refers to the energy of the neutrons that sustain the fission reac-
tion. In fast nuclear reactors, the fission reaction is sustained by neutrons at higher
energies ("fast" neutrons); in commonly deployed thermal reactors, such as light-
water reactors, the fission reaction is sustained by lower-energy ("thermal" neu-
trons). Fast and thermal reactors are distinguished by the presence or absence of a
material known as a "neutron moderator," or simply "moderator." This material is
present in thermal reactors but not in fast reactors. Collisions with the moderator
slow the neutrons emitted by fissioning nuclei to thermal energies.
In the next few decades, the majority of the new nuclear plants constructed
in the United States will be based on evolutionary reactor designs. In most cases,
alternative reactor designs will require significant development efforts before they
can be ready for deployment.
Evolutionary Reactor Designs
Any new nuclear plants constructed before 2020 will be evolutionary designs
that are modifications (often significant) of existing U.S. reactors. These designs
are intended to improve plant safety, security, reliability, efficiency, and cost-
effectiveness. Some evolutionary designs include passive safety features that rely
on natural forces, such as gravity and natural circulation, to provide cooling in the
case of an accident. These features are intended to reduce capital cost while fur-
ther enhancing safety margins.
Several evolutionary reactor designs will be ready for deployment in the
United States after the USNRC completes design certification.19 In some cases, this
could occur as soon as 2010 or 2011. Evolutionary reactors have already been
built in Japan and South Korea, and they are under construction in India, France,
and Finland. U.S. utilities have expressed potential interest in building plants with
the following designs in the United States: the U.S. evolutionary power reactor
(USEPR), the economic simplified boiling-water reactor (ESBWR), the advanced
boiling-water reactor (ABWR), the AP-1000, and the advanced pressurized water
19Before a nuclear plant of a new design can be constructed in the United States, the design
must first be certified by the USNRC.
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reactor (APWR). These designs are all modifications of current-generation LWR
Because construction of new nuclear plants is likely to require a long lead
time, the first deployment of evolutionary nuclear reactors in the United States is
unlikely to be until after 2015. Typical construction times for foreign plants have
ranged from 4 to 7 years for plants that began construction in the last decade
(IAEA, 2008c). Lead times for licensing and large component fabrication can also
run to years. Current plans (as of July 2009) suggest that about 5–9 new nuclear
plants could be on line in the United States by 2020, and a more substantial
deployment of these plants may occur after 2020 if these first plants built in the
United States meet cost, schedule, and performance targets. Moreover, actual con-
struction will also depend on many other factors, including comparative econom-
ics and electrical demand.
Further R&D over the next decade could lead to efficiency improvements
both in existing reactors and in evolutionary LWRs. Some of the key areas for
continuing research include the following:
Improved heat transfer materials, such as high-temperature metal
alloys, are being developed to improve efficiency by allowing for higher
operating temperatures. Some of these materials may be available after
2025. Widespread application is likely between 2035 and 2050.
Coolant additives, such as very dilute additions of nanoparticles, can
improve the heat transfer capabilities of the coolant in current and evo-
lutionary LWRs. Twenty years or more are likely needed to develop the
additives and redesign current reactors for their use.
Annular fuel rods could allow plants to produce significantly more
power than traditional cylindrical fuel rods do. At least 10 years of
work will be needed for regulatory approval and commercial-scale
deployment in existing LWRs.
20The ABWR and AP-1000 designs are currently certified by the USNRC, but applications for
amendment have been received for the AP-1000 and are expected for the ABWR. The USNRC
is currently reviewing design certification applications for the ESBWR, the USEPR, and the
US-APWR designs. The review of the amended AP-1000 design and the ESBWR is targeted for
completion in 2010, and for the USEPR and US-APWR in 2011. Available at www.nrc.gov/
reactors/new-reactors/design-cert.html; accessed July 2009.
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Higher burn-up fuel would allow a larger percentage of the fissionable
content of the fuel to be used. Thus operating cycles could be pro-
longed, and the heat load21 and total amount of used nuclear fuel22 to
be stored or disposed of could be reduced.23 This is a program of con-
tinuous improvement, but for significant breakthroughs, basic research
will be required, particularly on fuel-rod swelling due to buildup of fis-
sion products and the resulting risk of cladding breach.
Digital instrumentation and control (DI&C) research offers opportuni-
ties to improve control systems and to enhance control-room designs so
as to facilitate appropriate operator action when needed. New LWRs
will have fully integrated DI&C, and more research will be needed
on the safety implications of an increased reliance on digital systems.
Understanding the full implications of DI&C is likely to prove to be a
long-term effort, despite the reliance on DI&C in the near term.
These types of R&D could improve both current and evolutionary reactors.
However, evolutionary reactor technology is technically ready for deployment, and
no major additional R&D is needed for an expansion of nuclear power through
2020, and likely through 2035.
Alternative Reactor Designs
In addition to the evolutionary reactor designs just discussed, alternative nuclear
reactor designs are being developed (and, in some countries, have been used).24
21When nuclear fuel is removed from the reactor after use, it not only is highly radioactive,
but also emits heat. This amount of heat emitted is known as the "heat load" of the fuel.
22"Used nuclear fuel" (also referred to elsewhere as spent nuclear fuel, or SNF) refers to fuel
that is removed from a nuclear reactor after use. As discussed later in this chapter, only a small
fraction of the energy potentially available in the fuel is used.
23The total amount of used fuel to be disposed of would be reduced with higher burn-ups be-
cause fewer fuel assemblies would need to be used to produce the same power output. Although
high burn-up decreases the amount of nuclear fuel remaining in the fuel assemblies after use, for
the first century or so, heat and radioactivity are the major challenges for used fuel disposal. This
initial heat and radioactivity are dominated by fission products, isotopes produced as a result of
the fission of a massive atom such as U-235.
24For example, as mentioned previously, sodium-cooled and gas-cooled reactors have been in
operation around the world for decades. These designs are significantly different from the light-
water reactor (LWR) designs currently in use in the United States, and new U.S. deployments of
these reactors are considered here as "alternative" designs.
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60 years.)64 Given the current impasse on used fuel disposal, it should be antici-
pated that any new plant will be constructed with an eye toward the possibility
that extended on-site storage of fuel may be required. This suggests that such stor-
age could be incorporated into the design of new plants.
In contrast, technologies such as advanced fuel cycles may produce waste
forms that are different from those produced by current U.S. plants. For advanced
fuel cycles, various waste streams emerge from the separations processes. These
can include separated strontium and cesium, technetium, claddings, and hulls,
along with the remaining fission products. These waste streams will require spe-
cialized waste forms. For example, in the UREX+ process, the technetium isotope
that is separated from used fuel would be relatively mobile if emplaced in the
Yucca Mountain geologic setting unless placed in a specially designed waste form.
Separation of technetium allows it to be separately handled in a specially designed
waste form. The cesium and strontium isotopes in the used fuel have compara-
tively short half-lives and, if separated from the high-level waste for the repository,
could potentially be stored in less costly aboveground or near-surface sites. These
isotopes will have essentially decayed away in a few hundred years. In general,
waste form certification is at the proof-of-principle stage (DOE, 2007).
64For new plants, operators have to sign a contract with the DOE to take title to used fuel.
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The primary impact of concern in the event of an accident or an intentional attack
on a nuclear power plant is the same: major off-site releases of radioactive mate-
rial. This section examines potential safety65 and security66 impacts arising from
the operation of nuclear power plants in the United States. The following discus-
sion is drawn from a recent National Research Council report on the safety and
security of commercial spent nuclear fuel storage (NRC, 2006).
There are two potential sources for off-site radioactive releases: the nuclear
fuel in the reactor core and in used fuel storage. An accident or terrorist attack
that disrupts cooling of the fuel could damage the fuel and release radioactive
material to the environment. The fuel in the reactor core of a nuclear plant gener-
ates substantial quantities of heat and radioactivity. The plant's cooling system is
designed to remove this heat from the core so it can be used for electricity genera-
tion. A loss of coolant would cause temperatures in the core to increase, even after
the reactor is shut down.67 At about 1000oC, the fuel cladding68 would begin to
oxidize rapidly in the presence of air or steam (if the core did not remain covered
with water). This exothermic reaction releases large quantities of heat that would
further raise temperatures. At about 1800oC, the cladding and fuel would begin
to melt, releasing radioactive gases and aerosols into the core. These radioactive
materials could be released to the surrounding environment if the reactor pressure
vessel69 and the containment70 were to fail. Such releases could endanger local
populations and contaminate the environment.
An accident or terrorist attack on a used-fuel pool could have similar con-
65"Safety" is defined here as measures that would protect nuclear facilities against failure,
damage, human error, or other accidents that would disperse radioactivity into the environment.
66"Security" is defined here as measures to protect nuclear facilities against sabotage, attacks,
or theft.
67This "heat" is the product of radioactive decay in the fuel.
68"Fuel cladding" is a thin-walled metal tube that forms the outer jacket of a nuclear fuel rod.
It prevents corrosion of the nuclear fuel and the release of fission products into the coolant.
69The "reactor pressure vessel" is a thick-walled cylindrical steel vessel enclosing the reactor
core in a nuclear power plant.
70A "containment building" is a steel or reinforced concrete structure enclosing a nuclear
reactor. The containment building is typically an airtight steel structure enclosing the reactor,
sealed off from the outside atmosphere and attached to a concrete shield. In the United States,
the design and thickness of the containment and the shield are governed by federal regulations
(10 CFR 50.55a).
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554 America's Energy Future
sequences. After its removal from the reactor, used fuel continues to generate
heat and must be actively cooled. Fuel is stored in water-filled pools that have
active cooling systems to remove this heat and water filtering systems to remove
radioactive contamination. An accident or terrorist attack that results in the loss
of coolant from the pool could raise fuel temperatures, possibly resulting in clad-
ding oxidation and fuel melting with a consequent release of radioactive gases and
aerosols. These processes would likely unfold more slowly than would the events
following a disruption of core coolant, because the used fuel stored in pools gener-
ally has lower rates of heat generation. Consequently, plant operators would have
more time to implement backup cooling measures.
The pools themselves are constructed with thick reinforced concrete walls
and stainless steel liners. A 2006 National Research Council report concluded that
successful terrorist attacks on used-fuel pools would be difficult, and "an attack
that damages a power plant or its spent fuel storage facilities would not necessar-
ily result in the release of any radioactivity to the environment" (NRC, 2006,
p. 6). The report also noted that used fuel in dry cask storage poses considerably
less risk.
Nuclear plants have backup systems and procedures designed to prevent or
mitigate the consequences from the accidental disruption of coolant flow to the
reactor core or used-fuel pool. For example, the reactor containment is designed
to limit the release of any radioactive material from the reactor core in the event
of an accident. Plants have multiple backup supplies of cooling water as well as
emergency cooling systems that can flood or spray the fuel in the core with water.
They also have backup sources of water for the used-fuel pools, and water sprays
could be deployed to cool the fuel even if the pool could not be refilled (NRC,
2006). In addition to these backup systems, plant operators are required to per-
form probabilistic analyses to understand and mitigate the consequences of acci-
dental disruptions of core cooling, as well as to develop and implement plans to
notify authorities and residents living near their plants in the event of emergencies.
Efforts to improve safety in U.S. plants have focused in part on reducing the
probability of the most likely sequences of events or failures that could result
in a radioactive release. Most early nuclear plants were designed to conform to
particular design rules, such as an insistence that the design incorporate multiple
barriers and provide the means to prevent an event from resulting in a radioac-
tive release to the public, as well as conservative engineering assumptions as to the
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capabilities of materials and equipment. Over time, an analysis technique termed
probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) was developed that allows the systematic eval-
uation of the various sequences of events or failures that could result in a release
and the determination of the probability that any given sequence might arise.
PRAs suggest that the likelihood of an accidental release in the United States from
the currently operating reactors is small. According to the Reactor Safety Study
undertaken by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission in 1975, the probability of
such an occurrence was estimated at one in 17,000 per reactor per year (USNRC,
1975). However, more recent studies have concluded that the core damage fre-
quency is between 10–5 and 10–6 events per reactor per year for current plants
(Sheron, 2008).71 Extensive efforts have been undertaken by the USNRC and the
licensees to consider the accident sequences presenting the greatest risk and to
implement measures to thwart them.
Some critics contend that safety problems continue to arise associated with
nuclear reactors in the United States due to inadequate enforcement of standards
by the USNRC (UCS, 2008), pointing to 36 instances that have occurred since
1979 where individual reactors have been shut down for more than a year to
restore safety standards (Lochbaum, 2006). However, it should be noted that these
shutdowns to restore standards were initiated by the USNRC.
In addition to reactor accidents, after the attacks of September 11, 2001, terrorist
threats to nuclear power plants have become a concern. As noted above, the pri-
mary concern is that a terrorist attack on a nuclear reactor might result in a radio-
active release to the surrounding area.
Every U.S. nuclear plant has a security plan that must be approved by the
USNRC to respond to an attack at the level of the Design Basis Threat (DBT)72 or
below. The details of the DBT are not available to the public, but it is described
as an attack carried out by a well-armed land force aided by a knowledgeable
insider. The plants defend against this threat primarily through the use of a
71These results are attributed to the USNRC State of the Art Reactor Consequence Analysis
assessment. Final results from this study are planned for release in 2009 (Sheron, 2008).
72The DBT is a profile of the type, composition, and capabilities of an adversary. The USNRC
and its licensees use the DBT as a basis for designing safeguards systems to protect against acts of
radiological sabotage and to prevent the theft of special nuclear material. The DBT is described in
Title 10, Section 73, of the Code of Federal Regulations [10 CFR 73].
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556 America's Energy Future
layered security system involving access controls and requirements, physical bar-
riers (including standoff protection for bombs), armed guards, and armored firing
Attacks that are beyond the DBT are also a concern, including, in particular,
air attacks. The industry and its regulator (the USNRC) have stated that defending
against these types of attacks is the federal government's responsibility,73 not that
of the plant operator.
Since the September 11, 2001, attacks, the USNRC and the nuclear industry
have undertaken analyses of existing plants to determine their vulnerability to air-
craft attacks and have made modifications to the designs and operations to miti-
gate the consequences of such attacks. In addition, the DBT has been increasd in
severity, with the result that the capacity to withstand terrorist attacks of all types
has been enhanced. U.S. plant operators report that they have spent in excess of a
billion dollars on physical upgrades and security since September 11, 2001 (www.
nei.org/keyissues/safetyandsecurity/factsheets/powerplantsecurity; accessed July
2009). These include changes to plant access controls, operating procedures, and
other security measures. The details of these analyses and modifications have not
been released to the public (due to security concerns), and the committee has not
reviewed this information.
Impacts from Expanded or New Deployments
New evolutionary nuclear plant designs are intended to improve both safety and
security over currently operating plant designs. Some modern designs for reac-
tors of the types that are proposed for near-term construction in the United States
(discussed in Annex 8.A) promise to reduce core damage frequency by a factor
of 10 to 100 from the probability of such an event in an existing plant. In addi-
tion, these designs include enhanced physical protection of the core and used-fuel
pools intended to reduce their vulnerabilities to beyond-DBT attacks such as air
attacks; designs of core cooling systems that rely on passive systems (using gravity
and natural circulation) to maintain cooling in the case of an accident or terror-
ist attack; and the design and placement of multiple independent safety systems
to provide spatial redundancy intended to improve survivability in accidents or
attacks (and also to allow some maintenance on these systems to occur while the
73Measures have been taken to defend against these kinds of attacks, including increased secu-
rity at airports, locks on cockpit doors, and armed air marshals and pilots.
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plant is operating). In addition, the USNRC recently promulgated a rule requiring
applicants for new nuclear reactors to identify features and functional capabilities
of their designs that would provide additional inherent protection from or miti-
gate the effects of aircraft attacks. Plants are either acceptable as designed or will
be upgraded.
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Forsberg, C., P. Peterson, and L. Ott. 2004. The Advanced High-Temperature Reactor
(AHTR) for Producing Hydrogen to Manufacture Liquid Fuels. Available at www.ornl.
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A life-cycle study. Energy Policy 35:2549-2557.
Gary, James H., Glenn E. Handwerk, and Mark J. Kaiser. 2007. Petroleum Refining:
Technology and Economics. Fifth Edition. New York: Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
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Harding, J. 2007. Economics of Nuclear Power and Proliferation Risks in a Carbon-
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Hondo, H. 2005. Life cycle GHG emission analysis of power generation systems: Japanese
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Ivanov, V. 2008. Overview of the Russian sodium-cooled fast reactor program.
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Systems, Washington, D.C., December.
Kazimi, M.S. 2003. Thorium fuel for nuclear energy—An unconventional tactic might one
day ease concerns that spent fuel could be used to make a bomb. American Scientist
Kazimi, M.S., and P. Hejzlar. 2005. High Performance Fuel Design for Next Generation
PWRs: 4th Annual Report. Cambridge, Mass.
Keystone Center. 2007. Nuclear Power Joint Fact-Finding. Keystone, Colo.
Lisowski, P. 2008. US DOE, Reactor design and fuel cycle choices. Presentation to the AEF
Committee, Washington, D.C., April.
Lochbaum, D. 2006. Walking a Nuclear Tightrope: Unlearned Lessons of Year-plus
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Plant Safety Course, Cambridge, Mass.
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text:
The representative of Giacomo Bonaventura has cooled the latest transfer rumours suggesting he could leave Atalanta for Inter in January.
"That's old news, something from a few months back," Giocondo Martorelli told Sportal.it. "At the moment there is nothing concrete.
"Right now Bonaventura is happy in Bergamo."
Martorelli recently stated that all the big clubs, apart from Milan, had shown an interest in the versatile midfielder.
Bonaventura is a 24-year-old Italian international who can play in central midfield, on the left or even as a Trequartista.
The man contracted to Atalanta until June 2017 has scored one goal in eight games so far this term.
Think you know your Italian football? Share your knowledge, tips and comments to win cash prizes in OLBG's tipster competition - £11,000 to be won monthly!


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Grantee Name: | Regional Education Service Agency 7 |
Project Name: |
Pathways Through American History |
Project Director: |
Funding for Year 1-3: |
$999,992 |
Number of Teachers Served Overall: |
108 |
Number of School Districts Served: |
12 |
Grade Levels: |
Partners: |
Ashland University, Heinz History Center, Learners Online, National Council for History Education, West Virginia Division of Culture and History, West Virginia University |
Topics: |
Cohort 1: The Nation's Beginnings Through 1815 |
Methods: |
Summer institutes, colloquia, field trips, Web portal |
This north central West Virginia region has 280 teachers who teach American history, and none of them have a degree in history. In addition, many students perform below average on the social studies portion of the state assessment. Pathways Through American History will offer history teachers a blend of in-person and online activities, including a 1-week intensive institute, a 2-day colloquium that combines content and pedagogy, and visits to museums and historic sites. Teachers will take at least two online courses each year, with the option of taking as many as eight. Grant activities will culminate with a trip to Washington, D.C. Three cohorts will study different eras of history (defined by teacher needs), and each cohort will include 12 elementary, 12 middle and 12 secondary teachers, with priority given to teachers from schools in need of improvement. Content will include major turning points in history and related primary source documents, plus hands-on experiences at museums and historic sites. In these field trips, teachers will learn about historical stewardship and object-based learning, for example, and gain deeper information about the history associated with the site. Instructional strategies will include using online resources, project-based learning and historical thinking skills. At the end of their training, teachers will receive continued access to WebLessons and professional memberships (e.g., American Historical Association, Society for History Education) that will keep them connected to scholars and resources in the years to come. A project Web portal will provide access to instructional resources, provide a forum for online communication and become a publication center for teacher-created materials.


text:
Chairman Conaway: TPA is Important for Agriculture
Today, House Agriculture Committee Chairman K. Michael Conaway (R-TX) issued the following statement on the introduction of Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) legislation.
Subcommittee Passes Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000
Washington, DC --Today, House Agriculture Subcommittee on Risk Management, Research and Specialty Crops led by Chairman Tom Ewing (R-IL) passed by voice vote his legislation (H.R. 4541) which reauthorizes the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA) and modernizes laws for futures, futures options, and swaps.
"This bill substantively addresses the most important reforms discussed in prior Subcommittee hearings, and with today's amendment addresses many issues that we have heard since then," Ewing said. "It's clear to anyone following this issue that CEA reauthorization is an extremely complex issue and that passing this legislation is an ongoing and evolving process that will require constant effort along the way."
Before passing H.R. 4541, the Subcommittee accepted by voice vote an amendment introduced by Rep. Nick Smith (R-MI) which instructs the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) to explore ways to facilitate the use of contract markets by domestic agricultural producers who wish to hedge their risks.
The Subcommittee also accepted Chairman Ewing's amendment in the nature of a substitute. Among other changes, the amendment allows government securities to be traded on the derivatives transaction execution facility level. The amendment also provides the CFTC with anti-manipulation authority for energy commodities.
Authorization for the Commodity Exchange Act expires on September 30, 2000. The Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000 reauthorizes the CEA for five years and would reform the Act in three primary ways:
1) incorporates the President's Working Group findings on legal certainty for over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives;
2) codifies the regulatory relief proposal of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC);
3) reforms the Shad-Johnson jurisdictional accord regarding futures on securities.
"We are on an expedited time frame to pass CFTC reauthorization this year," Ewing said. "Now that banking modernization has been dealt with, it is time for the financial industry to move onto CEA modernization. While it has been difficult at times, we've made a strong attempt to craft legislation that is acceptable to all interested parties. I fully expect the full Committee to pass H.R. 4541 next week, and I look forward to working with the Senate side in upcoming months."


text:
I know a gifted yoga teacher named Candi Eichstaedt who teaches yoga to children. Her classes are playful, educational and energetic and she has a great rapport with the kids. She recently explained to me why she loves her job so much….
Why do you teach yoga to children?
I LOVE teaching yoga to children for many reasons. Children are willing to try anything with an open heart and an open mind. They come to yoga with no preconceived idea of what yoga is and can attain great benefits from the practice.
How does yoga help children?
There is so much good that yoga can teach children. Physically they can benefit from stretching, strength, flexibility and balance. Emotionally they learn calm, focus and courage. Mentally they can achieve balance and self-esteem.
Every time a child comes to the mat it is a different day, a different practice. If a child can hold a pose a second longer or stretch deeper into the pose than the last practice, that is a tangible achievement that they can hold on to. It is so empowering to them and that is what I take away from my teaching experience.
What does a typical class look like?
My typical class begins with simple breath work to clear the mind and focus the attention on the practice. Then we move into poses centered around a theme such as strength, courage, or love. We end our class with a short savasana (relaxation). Most of all, yoga for kids is fun.
Times, location and cost?
I teach at Elmhurst Yoga Shala on Tuesday from 4-4:45 (grades 1 through 4) and 5-5:45 (grades 5 through 12) and on Thursday from 5-5:45 (yoga for student athletes). The cost is $60 for a six week session or $12 per class as a drop in rate.
Tomorrow, Tuesday, February 23rd, both classes are free as an introduction. The next session begins on March 2nd.
Contact Candi email@example.com or Elmhurst Yoga Shala www.yogashalakids.org for more information.
Many studios in the Chicago area offer kids/family yoga classes. Ask your local studio or check the listings below: Bloom Yoga Studio, 4663 N. Rockwell, Chicago www.bloomyogastudio.com
Fun Lovin' Yoga for Kids, 55 S. Main, Naperville www.funlovinyoga.com
Sweet Pea's Studio, 3717 N. Ravenswood, Chicago www.sweetpeasstudio.com
Yoga Among Friends, 4949 Forest, Downers Grove www.yogaamongfriends.com
Yoga Now, Broadway or LaSalle, Chicago www.yoganowchicago.com
Has your child tried yoga? Feel free to comment.
Cathy Adams is a certified parenting coach, yoga instructor and mother to three girls.
See more of Cathy's stories here.
What to do with your weekend, delivered every Thursday.
Great deals and chances to win prizes, delivered every Monday.
Exclusive offers from our partners,usually delivered twice a week.
Resources for parents of children with special needs,delivered the second Tuesday each month.


text:
Battlefield 3 comes to Benelux!
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Play Battlefield 3! with Benelux players!
Battlefield moves now to The Benelux!
Do you like to play against Benelux players? And do you like to play on a low ping server? Join the Battlefield 3 Benelux ladders. We start with the Conquest 8on8 and Squadrush 4on4 The ingame rules will be copy pasty of the EU ladder. If there is enough interest we will also keep some cups! Join our ingame platoon and become a fan of it. ESL - Benelux Your Admin team
Tuesday, 15/11/11 21:58
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text: AT UT ARLINGTON Indoor Highlights: 2013 Earned points with top-8 finishes in the 200m and 400m at the WAC Championships. Finished third with a school-record time of 54.59 in the 400 meters at the league meet. Placed sixth in the 200m with the fourth-fastest time in UTA annals (24.37) at the conference championship. Won the 200 meters at the J.D. Martin Invitational (25.14). 2012 2011 2010 Outdoor Highlights: 2012 2011 2010 HIGH SCHOOL PERSONAL |


text:
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Torment: Tides of Numenera - Interview @ Gamestar.ru
June 26th, 2013, 09:54
Gamestar.ru has an interview with Torment: Tides of Numenera leads Colin McComb, Kevin Saunders and Adam Heine.
First we get more details on the story.
First we get more details on the story.
Tell us about the story and the world of Torment: Tides of Numenera in more detail? Who is the main character? Whom he will fight?Then came the gameplay questions. This is only three of them.
Colin: The Ninth World of Numenera is a far-future Earth — a billion years in the future. They call it the Ninth World because they say that eight great civilizations have come and gone on the earth: civilizations that onceacted as the hub of star-spanning empires, or that mastered the folding of time of space, or who had mastered the shaping of worlds, and more. They have left an indelible imprint on the face of the planet, and they share another feature: they have all vanished, leaving behind remnants of their knowledge and their tools. Now humanity rebuilds on the shattered ruins of these ancient civilizations, in a world filled with the unimaginable energies of forgotten races, and begins to discover its place in a universe that is very, very different from the one we know.
It's against this backdrop that our story begins. A man decided he did not want to die — his reasons are lost to time — and discovered a way to grow a new body and transfer his mind into that new body. Over the course of thousands of years, he has lived countless lives in countless bodies… but what he doesn't know — or perhaps doesn't care to know — is that when he leaves those bodies, they don't die. Instead, they begin their own lives in near-immortal shells, with no memory of the mind they housed before.
Something about the process has awoken an old enemy — the Angel of Entropy. It finds the Changing God and vows to eliminate his works, and now it hunts the PC.
You play the Last Castoff — a shell of the Changing God, on the run from the Angel of Entropy, in a desperate search for answers in a world where it seems nearly anything is possible.
What about the gameplay? What can you say about the role-playing system of Tides of Numenera?More information.
Adam: We're adapting the system for Monte Cook's tabletop RPG Numenera. Numenera has a ridiculously smooth tabletop system, with only three character statistics, broad skill definitions, and a strong emphasis on collaborative storytelling. But we won't be creating a computerized version of the tabletop game—that would be too simplistic for a CRPG. Instead, we're working closely with Monte to adapt and add to the tabletop rules in a way consistent with Monte's vision for the game, while still being complex and interesting enough for a CRPG.
We're still at work adapting it, but what we do know is there will still be three character stats. There will be a defined set of skills, including some skills not found in a typical RPG. And we're working on ways to adapt Numenera's unique GM intrusion and XP mechanics.
How much the player will be free in choosing what he will do? Will an open world be in Torment: Tides of Numenera?
Adam: It won't be a true open world in the sense that you can go wherever you want in search of the next story thread. But giving the player choices that matter is very important to us. So while the player might not be able to walk all over the world map until they meet certain story beats, they will have a variety of choices of how to reach those beats, each of which will have a significant impact on the story and the world. Additionally, though the story beats may determine which locations the player has access to, they will have significant freedom of movement within those locations.
How serious our choices and actions will affect the storyline? How many endings will be in the game?
Adam: Like I said, one of our primary goals is to give the player choices that matter. They won't be easy choices either. You might be asked to choose between sacrificing a companion or allowing a village to be destroyed—or you might find a third option which will have consequences of its own. The theme driving the story is "What does one life matter?" and throughout the game, you'll find that your choices and actions matter very much.
June 26th, 2013, 12:31
What I adored in BIS' Torment was the class switching of the main protagonist during the game, so instead of playing the whole game as one class and practically adapting the whole party to your class, you had an option of adapting your character to the party or to the world. In a way, that made the question to have Ignus in the party or not very easy to answer since you'll cover for his highlevel spells if needed by becoming a mage yourself, etc. Could never understand why a thing like that was not in any game before or after (at least I haven't seen it).
Three classes, or as stated stats, in the new game, don't sound bad to me. In fact, if we'll get the class switching during the gameplay again, can't wait!
Three classes, or as stated stats, in the new game, don't sound bad to me. In fact, if we'll get the class switching during the gameplay again, can't wait!
Toka Koka
Toka Koka
June 26th, 2013, 14:19
Ummmm…. he does say immediately after the line about three stats in the tabletop game that "we won't be creating a computerized version of the tabletop gamethat would be too simplistic for a CRPG. Instead, we're working closely with Monte to adapt and add to the tabletop rules in a way consistent with Monte's vision for the game, while still being complex and interesting enough for a CRPG."
Which to me reads that the game they're developing will likely have a more complex system than just 3 stats and a set of broad skills.
Which to me reads that the game they're developing will likely have a more complex system than just 3 stats and a set of broad skills.
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Staff Reporter
VISAKHAPATNAM: Filing of nominations for the February 19 Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation election picked up momentum on Sunday, the second day, with 25 persons submitting papers. Two independents filed nomination on Saturday, the first day.
Prominent among those who filed nomination on Sunday is former MLA T. Suryanarayana Reddy, popularly known as Surreddy. He filed his papers from Wards 10 and 11 on behalf of the Congress party.
On Sunday, 11 filed papers on behalf of the Congress, nine (TDP), one (BJP) and four independents.
More In: ANDHRA PRADESH | NATIONAL