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US 7002133 B2 Abstract A device capable of efficiently detecting a single-photon signal includes a matter system, sources of a first beam and a second beam, and a measurement system. The matter system has a first energy level and a second energy level such that a signal photon couples to a transition between the first energy level and the second energy level. The first beam contains photons that couple to a transition between the second energy level and a third energy level of the matter system, and the second beam contains photons that couple to a transition between the third energy level and a fourth energy level of the matter system. The measurement system measures a change in the first or second beam to detect the absence, the presence, or the number of the photons in the signal.
Claims(22) 1. A device comprising:
a matter system having a first energy level and a second energy level such that a signal photon couples to a transition between the first energy level and the second energy level;
a first source providing a first beam that contains photons that couple to a transition between the second energy level and a third energy level of the matter system, the first source directing the first beam to interact with the matter system;
a second source providing a second beam that contains photons that couple to a transition between the third energy level and a fourth energy level of the matter system, the second source directing the second beam to interact with the matter system; and
a measurement system arranged to measure a change in one of the first beam and the second beam to detect the signal photon in the matter system.
2. The device of
3. The device of
4. The device of
5. The device of
6. The device of
7. The device of
a laser; and
a first beam splitter positioned to split an output beam from the laser into a first spatial component that is directed into the measurement system and a second spatial component that forms the second beam.
8. The device of
a second beam splitter positioned to recombine the first spatial component and the second spatial component after the second spatial component interacts with the matter system; and
a photodetector along a light path from the second beam splitter.
9. The device of
10. The device of
11. The device of
12. The device of
13. The device of
a photon source that generates a signal state that has chances of including 0 or 1 photon; and
a photon storage system that stores the photon of the signal state in response to the measurement system detecting that the signal state includes 1 photon.
14. The device of
15. The device of
16. The device of
17. A method for detecting a number of photons in a signal state, comprising:
directing the signal state into a gate;
directing a probe state into the gate, wherein the probe state is a coherent photon state having an intensity parameter with a magnitude less than about 10, and the gate causes a non-linear interaction between the signal state and the probe state;
measuring a change in the probe state that arises from the non-linear interaction; and
inferring the number of photons in the signal state from the change in the probe state.
18. The method of
19. The method of
20. The method of
21. The method of
22. The method of
Description This patent document is a continuation-in-part and claims benefit of the earlier filing date of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/412,019, entitled �Photon Number Resolving Systems and Methods�, filed Apr. 11, 2003, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Interest in quantum information processing has grown dramatically in recent years because of successes in developing quantum systems and the expected capabilities of the technology. In particular, working quantum cryptosystems have been developed, and if large (many qubit) quantum computers can be built, quantum computers will perform many processing tasks much more efficiently than can classical computers. Quantum processors having tens or hundreds of qubits, for example, would be able to perform quantum simulations unreachable with any classical machine. Such quantum processors also have the potential to extend the working distances and applicability of quantum communications. Many candidate technologies for quantum computing hardware are currently being studied. Whichever technology turns out to be the most practical, quantum coherent communications will likely be needed for linking separate quantum computers. Coherent electromagnetic fields (as photonic qubits) seem ideal for communications between quantum computers and for general quantum communications because light, traveling either down optical fibers or through free space, can carry quantum information over large distances. Further, some quantum computing may be performed directly on photonic qubits, using non-linear or linear quantum optical processes. Proposed quantum information systems that use photon states often require detectors capable of efficiently detecting the presence or absence of one or a few photons. One proposed optical quantum computation architecture by E. Knill, R. Laflamme, and G. Milburn, Nature 409, 46 (2001), for example, requires a high-efficiency photon detector that is more than 99.99% efficient at distinguishing quantum states including 0, 1, or 2 photons. A miscount of the number of photons or a failure to detect the presence of a photon causes an inaccurate measurement of the photon state and an error in the quantum information. Such errors, when tolerable, require error correction schemes that may be expensive to implement. Current commercial single photon detectors generally rely to a greater or lesser extent on the photoelectric effect. With the photoelectric effect, photons incident on the surface of a metal, a semiconductor, or another material free bound electrons from atoms of the material. The excited electrons enter the surrounding space or a conduction band, where the electrons are collected as current that can be amplified and measured. The photoelectric current from a single photon is small and difficult to detect. The best commercial photon detectors for visible light currently have a quantum efficiency of about 90% for detecting single photons, and the efficiency achieved in practice is much lower. At present, detectors for photons having wavelengths between 1.3 and 1.5 μm are only about 30% efficient. These efficiencies are too low for many quantum information systems. Additionally, the best efficiencies achieved for the visible-spectrum photon detectors require cooling the detectors down to about 6� K, and such detectors still provide relatively high �dark count� rates (e.g., high background noise when no photon is incident.) Another drawback of most photon detectors is that the detectors absorb the photons being measured or detected. The photon detectors can thus only be used at the end of a process, when the measured photons are no longer required or when the resulting measurement controls a condition of the system. Accordingly, quantum information systems require photon detectors that are highly efficient at detecting photons and that can accurately distinguish the number of photons in a quantum signal. Ideally, the detectors would be non-destructive, so that after the presence or number of photons has been inferred, the photon states could be used thus providing more efficient use of resources. In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, a device capable of detecting a photon signal includes a matter system, sources of a first beam and a second beam, and a measurement system. The matter system has a first energy level and a second energy level such that a photon in the signal couples to a transition between the first energy level and the second energy level. The first beam contains photons that couple to a transition between the second energy level and a third energy level of the matter system, and the second beam contains photons that couple to a transition between the third energy level and a fourth energy level of the matter system. The measurement system measures a change in one of the first beam and the second beam to detect the absence, the presence, or a number of the signal photons in the matter system. Another embodiment of the invention is a method for detecting a number of photons in a signal state. The method includes directing the signal state and a probe state into a gate that causes a non-linear interaction between the signal state and the probe state. The probe state can be a weak coherent photon state (e.g., having an intensity parameter with a magnitude less than about 10.) To detect the absence, the presences, or the number of photons in the signal state, the method measures a change in the probe state that arises from the non-linear interaction and then infers the number of photons in the signal state from the changes in the probe state. Use of the same reference symbols in different figures indicates similar or identical items. In accordance with an aspect of the invention, a non-destructive photon detector uses the interactions of a probe state and a signal state with a matter system to create changes in the probe state that depend on the number of photons in the signal photon state. The matter system generally includes one or more atoms, molecules, or other quantum systems having energy level transitions respectively corresponding to the energies of photons in the probe state, the signal states, and a control field. The interactions of the photons and the matter system causes electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) that introduces phase shifts in Fock components of the probe state without destroying the signal photons. In one embodiment, the probe state is initially in a low intensity coherent state, and the matter system transforms the probe state from a coherent state to a state that is no longer a coherent state. A homodyne or heterodyne measurement system can measure the changes in the probe state for determination of the number of photons in the signal state (e.g., whether the signal state contains 0 or 1 photon). Measurement system 120 can use homodyne or heterodyne measurement techniques to measure output probe photon state |POUT> and determine the change that arose in photonic gate 110. The number of photons in signal state |SOUT> is then inferred from the measurement of probe state |POUT>. Signal state |SOUT>, which is output from photonic gate 120, is thus in a Fock state, i.e., in a quantum state having a determined photon number. Input signal state |SIN> could have been originally in a Fock state, in which case the input and output signal state is the same, or input signal state |SIN> could have been in a state that is a superposition of Fock states, in which case the measurement collapses input signal state |SIN> to output signal state |SOUT>. The specific embodiment of photonic gate 110 illustrated in In an exemplary embodiment, matter system 112 includes at least one atom, molecule, or other quantum system having four or more energy levels, and the angular frequencies ωa, ωb, and ωc respectively of signal state |SIN>, a control field 116, and probe state |PIN> are such that the photons couple to corresponding transitions between the quantum energy levels of matter system 112. The relative order of the energy levels illustrated in Third energy state |3> is metastable in that no single-photon spontaneous emission is permitted. Such metastability may result, for example, if the spin/angular momentum of energy state |3> and available lower energy states (e.g., state |1>) is such that a conservation law forbids emission of a single photon during a transition of the matter system from energy state |3> to a lower energy state. Spontaneous transitions from the fourth energy state |4> (e.g., to the first energy state |1> or the second state |2>) is suppressed by selecting a matter system for which the fourth energy state |4> is metastable or by at least partially surrounding the four-level matter system with a photonic bandgap crystal that does not permit propagation of photons having angular frequencies corresponding to the transitions from the fourth energy state |4>. Detuning parameters νa, νb, and νc indicated the respective amount of detuning of angular frequencies ωa, ωb, and ωc from resonances of the energy level transitions of the matter system as indicated in Equations 1. In Equations 1, the energy differences between states |1> and |2>, between |3> and |2>, and between |3> and |4> are ω12, ω32, and ω34, respectively.
A paper by R. Beausoleil, W. Munro, and T. Spiller entitled �Applications of Coherent Population Transfer to Information Processing,� �http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/quant-ph/0302109� and a co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/364,987, entitled �Quantum Information Processing Using Electromagnetically Induced Transparency�, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, further describe use of four-level matter systems having energy level states as illustrated in The four-level matter system of Condensed matter systems can more generally give rise to other non-linear photon interactions that are suitable for use in detectors. Equation 2B, for example, illustrates a more general representation of a term of a Hamiltonian providing a non-linear interaction between photons of angular frequencies ψa and ωc. In Equation 2B, �(�, �) is a function of creation and annihilation operators � and �, and g(ĉ�, ĉ) is a function of creation and amnihilation operators ĉ� and ĉ. Preferably, �(�, �) is a power of photon number operator ��, e.g., (��)λ for some constant λ, so that the effect of the interaction on the state of photons of angular frequency ωc directly depends on the number of photons of angular frequency ωa.
Optical systems or gates that provide a general non-linear interaction between photon states in two distinct modes (e.g., spatially separated modes or distinct angular frequency modes (ωa and ωc) may be built from a sequence of optical gates, with or without using an EIT system. In the context of quantum computing, Seth Lloyd and Samuel L. Braunstein, �Quantum Computations over Continuous Variables,� Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 1784 (1999), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, describes constructing a sequence of gates that creates an arbitrary polynomial Hamiltonian (e.g., f(a�,a) or g(c�,c)) for a single photon mode. The basic gates in the sequence for a single mode include (1) linear devices such as beam splitters and phase shifters, (2) quadratic devices such as squeezers, and (3) non-linear devices of third or higher order such as Kerr-effect fibers, atoms in optical cavities, and non-linearities generated through measurement. Such systems for two separate modes can be combined via one or more beam splitters to provide cross mode interactions and create a desired non-linear interaction f(a�,a)�g(c�,c) between the modes. In an exemplary embodiment of detector 100 described herein, matter system 112 includes one or more four-level atoms or molecules having quantum energy levels related to the photon energies as illustrated in Confinement structures 354 attach a series of four-level atoms 352 to the central waveguide 314. Each confinement structure 354 can be a molecular tether or other similar structure that reduces thermal vibrations of a four-level atom 352, and in one specific embodiment, confinement structures 354 are carbon fullerenes that act to cage four-level atoms 352. Each atom 352 can be any atom that provides four accessible energy levels having the above-described relations, and atoms 352 may be, for example, atoms of a lanthanide series metal such as erbium (Er) or praseodymium (Pr), an alkali metal such as rubidium (Rb) or cesium (Cs), or an alkaline earth metal. In a typical system, a few hundred atoms 352 may be needed to achieve a desired phase shift in the probe state. The spacing of atoms 352 relative to waveguides 312, 314, and 316 is such that atoms 352 interact with the evanescent fields surrounding waveguides 312, 314, and 316. The interaction causes EIT with a phase shift resulting in the probe photons of angular frequency ωc. Material 320 around atoms 352 can form a photonic bandgap crystal that prevents propagation of photons corresponding to spontaneous emissions from the fourth energy level of atoms 352. However, a defect or other structure between atoms 352 and waveguides 312 and 316 may be provided to permit interaction of atoms 352 with photons of angular frequency ωc. The exemplary embodiment of detector 100 of In one exemplary embodiment described below, probe state |PIN> is a coherent state |α>c. The coherent state |α>c is used as an example since coherent states are easily produced (or approximated) by the output from a laser. However, other types of photonic states such as squeezed states or Fock states could equally be employed as probe state |PIN>. Equations 3 mathematically represent coherent state |α>c in terms of Fock states |n>c having definite numbers of photons of angular frequency ωc. In Equations 3, α represents the state amplitude, the subscript c designates that the state contains photons of angular frequency ωc, |n>c is a Fock state containing n photons of angular frequency ωc, and nv is the expectation value of the number of photon in the coherent state |α>c.
When probe state |PIN> is a coherent state |α>c and the signal state |SIN> is a Fock state containing n photons, the initial state |SIN>|PIN> of detector 100 is |n>a|α>c, where subscripts a and c respectively represent photons of angular frequencies ωa and ωc. (For this approximation, control field source 114 classically pumps four-level matter system 112 with photons of angular frequency ωb.) The effect of the crossed-Kerr non-linearity of Equation 2A now causes the photon states to evolve in time according to Equation 4.
Equation 4 clearly shows that if no photon of angular frequency ωa is present (n=0) in signal state |SIN> then no phase shift occurs (einχt=1). However, if one (or more) photon of angular frequency ωa is present in signal state |SIN>, coherent state |α>c evolves to |αeinχt>c. The size of the phase shift einχt depends directly on the number n of photons in signal state |SIN> as well as on coupling χ and the interaction time t of the photons with the four-level matter systems. To increase the size of the phase shift, the interaction time t can be effectively increased by increasing the number of four-level atoms or molecules that interact with states |SIN> and |PIN>, e.g., by increasing the number of interacting four-level atoms in the optical path of the photon states |SIN> and |PIN>. Since the coupling χ and interaction time t can be fixed and known for a particular system, a measurement of the phase shift indicates the number of photons in signal state |SIN>. If value α for the coherent state is initially real, a measurement system 400A of Based on Equation 4, the measured quadratures <X> and <Y> are related to the number n of photons in signal state |SIN> (and to the constants α, χ, and t) as respectively indicated in Equations 5 and 6.
If no photon of angular frequency ωa is present (n=0), the measured position quadrature <X> is equal to twice value α, and measured momentum quadrature <Y> is zero. If one photon of angular frequency ωa is present (n=1), interaction time t can be controlled so that quadrature <X> is zero and quadrature <Y> is 2α. (The interaction time t can be controlled, for example, through the number of four-level atoms or molecules in matter system 112 and/or through adjustment of detuning parameters νa, νb, and νc.) Thus, for an appropriately controlled reaction time t, measured quadratures <X> and <Y> provide definite and easily distinguished signatures indicating the presence or absence of a photon. The interaction time t is not required to be such that sin(nχt) is unity. If the product χt is small enough that the small angle approximation applies to Equation 6, the momentum quadrature <Y> is approximately 2αχt for a single photon of angular momentum ωa in signal state |SIN>. If parameter α is sufficiently large, the measurement of quadrature <Y>, which is about 2αχt, will be much larger than signal noise, and the one-photon signal state is efficiently distinguished from the signal state containing no photons. The measurement process illustrated above uses a homodyne measurement, which is highly efficient but generally requires the use of a strong local oscillator. In the regime where χt is small, the output probe state can be expressed as |α(1+inχt/2)>X|inαχt/2>Y, and a direct measurement of second mode |inαχt/2>Y using photodiode 428 gives a measurement current proportional to photon intensity (naχt)2. Photodiode 428 can be a conventional device that is unable to distinguish a single photon from zero or two photons, but photodiode 428 can distinguish between zero and a large number of photons. Assuming that the product αχt is relatively large, photodiode 428 can efficiently distinguish whether output mode |POUT>Y has 0 or approximately (αχt)2 photons. System 400B thus has enormous advantages over currently used detectors because the efficiency of system 400B detecting single photons is close to unity. If signal state |SIN> is a superposition of Fock states and of the form c0|0>a+c1|1>a, the state |Ψ′> of the total system after the beam splitter and EIT interaction is found to have the approximate form given in Equation 8. If photodiode 428 measures a nonzero current, then Equation 8 indicates that signal state |SOUT> includes a photon of angular frequency ωa.
If signal state |SIN> is a superposition of Fock states and of the form c0|0>a+c1|1>a+c2|2>a, both component Fock states |1>a and |2>a include photons of angular frequency ωa and therefore cause phase shifts. However, the magnitude of the resulting current in photodiode 428 easily distinguishes the phase shift resulting from component state |1>a from the phase shift resulting from component state |2>a. As noted above, when χt is small, the current measured in photodiode 428 is approximately proportional to (nαχt)2. The current that photodiode 428 measures for component state |2>a is thus about four times the current measured for component state |1>a. In one operating mode of measurement system 400B, a laser can provide a continuous coherent state for probe state |PIN>, while control field source 114 continuously pumps matter system 112. With the control field and probe state being continuous, measurement system 400B does not require synchronization of probe state |SIN> and signal state |SIN>. A conventional signal processor 429 can analyze the current signals from one or both of photodiodes 427 and 428 to monitor the number of photons in signal state |SIN> or to determine when signal state |SIN> is a single-photon state. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, measurement system 400B can be tuned to act as a parity detector for signal state |SIN>. As noted above, photodiode 428 measures a probe state |(1−einχt)α/2>Y. If photonic gate 110 is such that the quantity χt is equal to π, then even photon numbers produce a phase shift that is a multiple of 2π, which is effectively no phase shift. Only an odd photon number n of photons in signal state |SIN> causes a phase shift, which photodiode 428 detects as a non-zero current. An advantage of measurement system 400B is that photodiode 428 measures light through a �dark port� that (if noise is neglected) has zero intensity unless a photon is in the signal state. The presence of a photon in the signal state thus provides a distinctive signal. However, an EIT system such as used in the exemplary embodiment of photonic gate 110 is always likely to have a limited amount of noise arising from decoherence and dephasing. Dephasing can cause a small phase shift in the probe state that would cause some light flow through the dark port of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer even when no signal photon (e.g., of angular frequency ωa) is present. However, photodiode 428 can measure the amount of light (not just the presence of light) at the dark port, and proper tuning of the phase shift induced in photonic gate 110 can make the noise insignificant compared to the amount of light from the dark port when a single signal photon is present. Photodiode 428 then distinguishes a few photons from many photons, which can be achieved using conventional photodiodes. If photonic gate 110 employs a photon loss mechanism to attenuate the probe photon state, the attenuation can similarly be maximized to distinguish the dark port signal from the noise. The effects of noise and dissipation in detector 400B can be analyzed for the case where matter system 110 is an EIT system of The distribution for phase shift φ depends on the exact dephasing mechanism of matter system 110. For illustrative purposes, a square profile ranging from −φ0 to φ0 is assumed here, but a similar answer is obtained for a Gaussian or Poisson distribution. Integrating Ic over this phase distribution the current Ic is of the form of Equation 10 in the limit where φ0 small. Thus the single photon can be distinguished from no photon as long as (1□ cos[χt]) is much greater than φ0 2. Basically this requires selection of the phase shift χt to be larger than the possible random phase φ0.
Control field source 114 is preferably a laser producing light having an output angular frequency ωb. Accordingly, the control field is more accurately described as a coherent photon state |αb>, rather than as a classical electromagnetic field. The properties or behavior of the coherent state |αb> can differ from that of a classical electromagnetic field, particularly when state |αb> has a photon number expectation value |αb|2 that is less than about 100 (e.g., in a range of 10 to 50). The evolution of the coherent states |αb> and |αc> can be derived from the evolution of Fock states. In particular, Fock states components containing na, nb, and nc photons respectively drive the three frequency channels of the resonant four-level manifold of the quantum system. If matter system 110 includes N four-level atoms that are fixed and stationary in a volume that is small compared to the optical wavelengths, and if the durations of the three pulse envelope functions of the Fock states are long compared to the lifetime of atomic level 2, the unperturbed number eigenstate |1, na, nb, nc> evolves as indicated in Equation 11.
The quantity W in Equation 11 generally depends on the properties of the matter system and the angular frequencies ωa, ωb, and ωc. Equations 12A and 12B give the quantity W in the case where angular frequencies ωa and ωb are precisely tuned to the respective atomic transition angular frequencies ω12 and ω32, dephasing is negligible, and the spontaneous emission branching ratios from atomic levels 2 and 4 are approximately unity. In Equation 12A, N is the number of four-level atoms, Ωa, Ωb, and Ωc are the effective vacuum Rabi frequencies as given in Equation 12B, νc is the detuning parameter (ωc−ω43), and γ2 and γ4 are approximately equal to the spontaneous emission rates A21 and A43. In Equation 12B, k is an index having values a, b, and c; σk by definition is the resonant atomic absorption cross-section 3λk 2/2π at wavelength λk 2πc/ωc; πw2 is the effective laser mode cross-section area, Ak is the spontaneous emission rate between two corresponding atomic levels; and ωk is the bandwidth of the profile function describing the adiabatic interaction of a pulsed laser field with a stationary atom.
Equation 12A indicates that W for four-level EIT system is complex, indicating potential absorption of the photons of frequency ωa. However, in the parameter regime where the inequality of Equation 13 is satisfied, the probability that one of the atoms will scatter a single photon of angular frequency ωa becomes small. (Equation 13 simplifies to the requirement that νc/γ4 be large when |Ωb|2|αb|2/γ2 is about equal to |Ωc|2|αc|2/γ4). Working in this regime, the state |1, na, nb, nc> acquires purely a phase-shift from the nonlinear mechanism. This phase shift can be the basis of a high-efficiency nondestructive detector.
The evolution of the atom-field state including coherent states can be evaluated using sums over Fock states representing each coherent state. In particular, Equation 14 shows the evolution after a time t of an N-atom quantum state during an interaction with an na-photon Fock state in the a channel, and weak coherent states parameterized by αb and αc in the b and c channels, respectively. Equation 15 defines the phase shift φ. Equations 14 and 15 show that evolved state |ψ′(na)> is not a simple tensor product of a Fock state with two coherent states unless the magnitude of parameter αb of the original b channel coherent state is large, in which case, evolved state |ψ′(na)> is about equal to |1,na,αb,αce−in Even though the evolved state |ψ′(na)> may not be a coherent state, detector 400C can still efficiently determine the number na of photons in the signal state through the measurement of quadratures <X> and/or <Y>. Equation 16 defines the quadrature homodyne operator {circumflex over (x)}(θ) in terms of the creation operator ĉ� and annihilation operator ĉ for photons of angular momentum ωc. The quadrature homodyne operator {circumflex over (x)}(θ) is equal to the position operator X for θ equal to zero and equal to momentum operator Y for θ equal to π/2. The expectation value of the quadrature homodyne operator {circumflex over (x)}(θ) can be evaluated for the evolved state of Equation 14 yielding Equations 17. Similarly, the mean square of the quadrature homodyne operator {circumflex over (x)}(θ) can be evaluated yielding Equation 18.
Based on the calculated expectation values, Equation 19 gives the signal-to-noise ratio for a photon detector measurement based on the momentum quadrature in detector 400C. In Equation 19, functional dependence (1) and (0) indicate the number na of photons of angular frequency ωa in the state for which the expectation value is evaluated. Since the photon states are nearly coherent, the probability of a false positive count for a state where the number na of angular frequency ωa is equal to 1 is given in Equation 20.
If the wave function of Equation 14 described a coherent state, each curve in During a preferred operating mode of detector 400C, signal state |SIN> corresponds to a wave packet containing zero or one photon of angular frequency ωa and having a pulse width long enough to fit through the transparency window of EIT system. During the pulse width of the signal, control field source generates a continuous beam having a coherent state and a power or energy about 10 to 100 times that of the signal state |SIN>. Control field source 114 may include a laser with an attenuator or a beam splitter in the beam path so that the resulting control field 116 has the desired energy. Preferably, the probe state |PIN> corresponds to a continuous beam similarly having an energy or power during the signal pulse width that is about the same as that of the control field. Beam splitter 426 that splits the beam corresponding to probe state |PIN> from the beam corresponding to the local oscillator LO may direct less than 10% of the beam power from a laser into probe state |PIN>. With control and probe beams being continuous, the presence of a photon passing through detector 400C will result in a fluctuation in the measurement of photodiodes 427 and 428 that signal processor 429 can analyze to detect the presence of a signal photon. Measurement systems 400A, 400B, 400C, and 400D as described above, are able to infer the presence or absence of a photon in a signal state by measuring a probe state without directly measuring and destroying the signal photon. The photon from the signal state can thus be used after the measurement. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a non-destructive photon detector in accordance with an embodiment of the invention can convert a conventional, non-deterministic photon source that may sporadically or undependably emit a single photon into a deterministic photon source that releases a single photon on demand. The deterministic single photon source includes the conventional photon source, the non-destructive photon detector, and a photon storage system. The non-destructive photon detector measures the photon number for a state output from the conventional photon source. If the measured output state is not a single photon, another output photon state from the conventional photon source is measured. If the measured photon state contains a single photon, the measured photon state is stored in the photon storage system, from which the single photon state can be released on demand. When the photon detector includes a photonic gate including an EIT system, the EIT system can introduce a phase shift in a probe state and store the signal photon for later release. An array of N dependable single photon sources of this type can store N photons and release a user-selected number of (e.g., 0 to N) photons on demand. Non-deterministic photon source 630 sometimes emits a single photon of angular frequency ωa, but most of the time emits only the vacuum. Such a source can be, for example, an electrically triggered quantum dot or highly attenuated laser. The output of photon source 630 is measured to determine whether or not source 630 emitted a photon. For the measurement, the output state of source 630 becomes the signal state |SIN> that is input to photonic gate 110 for measurement. A laser or other probe source 610 simultaneously generates a coherent probe state |αc> containing photons of angular frequency ωc that is split so that one spatial component forms the probe state |PIN> that is input to photonic gate 110 with signal state |SIN>. Photodiodes 427 and 428 and signal processor 429 then determine whether signal state |SIN> includes a single photon state using the techniques described above. If no photon is initially present in signal state |SIN>, source 630 remains active until a single photon is detected. When the measured current from photodiode 428 confirms that signal state |SIN> includes a single photon, the photon is stored in photon storage 640, and a gate 635 shuts off further output from photon source 630. Photon storage 640 can be a device such as a fiber loop or an EIT system capable of releasing a quantum coherent photon state matching the stored photon. The stored photon can be released from photon storage 640 to deterministically provide a single photon state on demand. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, an EIT-based arrangement used in photonic gate 110, which causes the desired phase shift in the probe state, can also store a single photon of the signal state. In particular, the duration of the probe state can be extended to effectively slow or stop propagation of the signal photon through matter system 112 until an output photon is needed. Accordingly, a separate photon storage device 640 can be eliminated if matter system 112 serves to store the signal photon. Multiple deterministic photon sources such as illustrated in Although the invention has been described with reference to particular embodiments, the description is only an example of the invention's application and should not be taken as a limitation. Various adaptations and combinations of features of the embodiments disclosed are within the scope of the invention as defined by the following claims. Patent Citations
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Nov 4, 2012, 08:17 PM | #1 |
Questions about MP and Mac Pro vs. new iMac?
I'd like to buy a Mac Pro but they are too expensive. I would like to have a high end Mac Pro because my major is 3d graphics and animation. But I'd also like to play video games on it, add tons of storage, and add a blu-ray drive in it. I don't if I can easily upgrade graphics cards on it or even I can even install an internal bluray in it. Can I?
iMacs are still a bit pricey but I can afford it. Infact, I can buy one the one coming out in December. If I remember correctly, the new iMacs don't have a DVD drive. I don't like using anything that's external. I really wish Apple wouldn't downright remove features like that. They should give the consumers the option to get what we want or release more than 1 setup. They are really pushing the whole iTunes and stuff. I personally don't buy anything off iTunes because I buy all my media on physical copies. Apple is literally forcing us to go digital. That's why I'm strongly considering buying a Mac Pro. I don't want to wait until a new version comes out because I probably won't be able to afford it anyways. But I'm asking what do you guys recommend? Would it be cheaper to buy an old Mac Pro and upgrade it? (ram, graphics card to play games at high settings like Skyrim) Or to buy an iMac? I'd also have to buy a monitor too. I don't have like a budget or anything but it doesn't mean I'm going to drop an insane amount of money either. Thanks in advance! |
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Nov 4, 2012, 08:24 PM | #2 |
We need to know what your budget is before we can recommend anything. It also might be helpful to tell us what apps you may be using, not all apps can take advantage of multiple cores.
You state you don't like 'anything external' that pretty much rules out an iMac as the new models have no optical drive and that would have to be external along with any storage expansion. Your best best is probably to look at refurb Mac Pro's that Apple sells, they come with warranties and you can add Apple Care, they will more then likely be more then enough power for what you do. You could go with a used Mac Pro from craigslist or Ebay but then you may not get a warranty and it can be hit and miss, but that's up to you.
Iphone 6 64GB, iPad Mini 32GB wifi 2013 iMac 27" 16GB RAM, 1TB fusion drive, Nvidia 780M, 2xDell 23" monitors, 4x3TB Thunderbay IV enclosure. MacBook Air 13" mid 2014, 128GB, 4GB RAM. |
0 |
Nov 4, 2012, 08:57 PM | #3 | |
I use Maya, Photoshop, Flash, and Painter mainly. I might use another 3d app later down the road but for now that's all I use. I definitely want to play some games here and there. Right now the most recent game that I have that might require a good graphics card and power is Skyrim. I don't really know too much about actual hardware specs (like all these cores and such). I usually compare specs with other models. I currently have a MacBook Pro from late 2008 and it runs Maya just well. However, I haven't created or animated anything that's extremely detailed. But maybe this will help; I have to run a lot of games between low and medium settings or else it won't perform as smoothly. Maybe something that's on par with the new iMac would be nice. I know for sure the iMac is miles better than my MBP. If I buy a Mac Pro, I guess I'd have to increase my budget really mainly because I'll have to buy a monitor for it. Or I can use a 42 inch plasma subpar HDTV (it's labeled as "edtv" but supports up to 720p/1080i resolutions) that is lying around the house but I don't know if that would be a good idea. My original budget was $2000 for a 27 inch iMac (I originally didn't want to spend too much money and was going to go for a 21 inch but I want a larger working area so a bigger screen would be better even though I plan on buying an additional screen later down the road). Seeing the current prices for Mac Pros, I guess between $2500-3000. But looking at that number scares me a bit. lol. Hopefully a refurbished is a bit cheaper. Plus I want to be able to upgrade graphics card and install a bluray drive (if theres even one available thats compatible) on a Mac Pro. |
0 |
Nov 4, 2012, 09:19 PM | #4 | |
world's largest manufacturer of tin foil hats, none of that aluminum foil crap. |
0 |
Nov 4, 2012, 09:22 PM | #5 |
If you look at these refurbs at the USA Apple store, the Mac Pro's start at just under $2000.00
http://store.apple.com/us/browse/hom...ls/mac/mac_pro You can add all sorts of high end video cards to these, multiple video cards in fact, and run Windows through bootcamp. While multiple cores will be wasted in games, you can certainly game on a Mac Pro, it just might be as good a gaming experience as on a consumer intel i3/i5/i7 CPU, but it is doable. As for monitors you can use what ever you want, really the choice is massive. I have three 23" LED monitors connected to my 2008 Mac Pro and they work great. As you know, the beauty of a Mac Pro is you can build it as you go, adding additional drives, monitors, video cards as you go. And by the way, I have a blueray burner in my Mac Pro too, works fine.
Iphone 6 64GB, iPad Mini 32GB wifi 2013 iMac 27" 16GB RAM, 1TB fusion drive, Nvidia 780M, 2xDell 23" monitors, 4x3TB Thunderbay IV enclosure. MacBook Air 13" mid 2014, 128GB, 4GB RAM. |
0 |
Nov 4, 2012, 11:05 PM | #6 |
Is there a reason you want a Mac Pro for this? Everything you list is much better suited for a PC, and you will get way more power for much less money.
Typed from my Mac Pro. |
1 |
Nov 4, 2012, 11:21 PM | #7 | |
MacBook Pro (15" Mid 2012); PC Tower (3.4GHz Phenom II x4; Radeon HD 6850); 5th Gen iPod touch; 2nd and 3rd Gen tv; iPad Air Verizon; Galaxy S5 Verizon "Don't Cry, Eat Pie" |
0 |
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In-line with its firmly entrenched reputation as Cape Town's premier décor and design show, Decorex Cape Town promises a thrilling line-up of design wizardry, including both established
13 Apr 2015
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53.000 Quadratmeter Ausstellung, 500 Aussteller, 9 Tage, 4 Messehallen und ganz neu, die KochArena mit 30 Live-Kochshows: Das sind die Eckdaten der größten Wohnmesse Österreichs +++ Live dabei: Die...
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The very latest design trends and talents are set to be showcased at the 2015 edition of 100% Design South Africa. The exhibition takes place in Johannesburg in August this year, with an exciting...
25 Feb 2015
A team of KwaZulu Natal's leading designers will be showcasing their work at Decorex Durban, taking place at the Durban Exhibition Centre next month. The designer lineup includes Frans Alexander
20 Feb 2015
Decorex SA introduces the first ever Creative Business Exchange, a workshop dedicated to building a successful creative design brand, to run alongside Decorex Durban and Cape Town in 2015.
19 Feb 2015
Österreichs größte Wohnmesse mit 500 Ausstellern auf 53.000 Quadratmetern +++ Highlight 2015: das Who-is-Who der heimischen Tischler +++ Handwerk von traditionell bis modern +++ Rund 500 Aussteller
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A welcome addition comes to Decorex Durban on Friday 20 March in the form of a lively pop-up night market, making a visit to KwaZulu-Natal's premier décor, design and
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03 Feb 2015
Trade registration for Decorex Durban is now offering complimentary access for all members of the décor, design, construction and allied industries who pre-register on the
21 Jan 2015
"Ferien-Messe Wien" vom 15. bis 18. Jänner 2015 +++ 700 Aussteller aus 70 Ländern in den Hallen A und B der Messe Wien +++ Zeitgleich: "Vienna Autoshow" in den Hallen C und D und "Cook
10 Dec 2014
Thebe Reed Exhibitions scored a hat trick at the 2014 EXSA (Exhibition and Event Association of Southern Africa) Industry Awards held in Johannesburg last night. The Coca-Cola
04 Dec 2014
Always ahead of the curve when it comes to the latest paint trends and how they reflect our changing lifestyle, Plascon Colour Manager Anne Roselt gives us some insight into the hottest hues and
02 Dec 2014
A dynamic shift is about to happen in the interior decoration and design industry with the launch of a new extensive trade programme especially created for the powerhouse exhibition portfolio of...
25 Nov 2014
Österreichs größte Wohnmesse von 7. bis 15. März 2015 in der Messe Wien +++ Rund 500 Aussteller aus dem In- und Ausland sind dabei +++ NEU: Kocharena mit Starköchen und live Kochshows +++ NEU:
27 Oct 2014
Reed Exhibitions Japan and Fukui Optical Association will be opening the doors to the 27th edition of Asia's leading international optical trade fair – International Optical Trade
20 Oct 2014
BIJORHCA PARIS, the international fine, fashion jewellery and watches show, ended on Monday 8 September, marking the show's return to a September schedule and registered a total of
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International Jewellery London 2014 promises to deliver the very latest jewellery trend information with a unique three-day programme of activities delivered with flair and knowhow by industry...
22 Aug 2014
Some of the most exciting global designers with A List celebrity followings can be found this year at International Jewellery London 2014, London Olympia GRAND (August 31 - September 2).
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Sit! is a fun exploration of how design engages people on many different styles and levels and will be on show at 100% Design South Africa. Sit! starts in the lobby
25 Jul 2014
100% Design South Africa is pleased to announce that one of its main feature areas will be a hip industrial style bar; the Spier Cork Creative Bar, designed by leading South
24 Jul 2014
100% Design South Africa is pleased to announce that Mr Price Home is celebrating their ongoing collaboration with leading South African designers in a feature at the
17 Jul 2014
100% Design South Africa, presented by Dauphin HumanDesign® Group, Conde Nast House & Garden and The Home Channel is packed full of amazing brands from the residential,
15 Jul 2014
Dauphin HumanDesign® Group will showcase dynamic office seating at 100% Design South Africa, which runs from the 6th to 10th of August at Gallagher Convention Centre, in an
14 Jul 2014
Not to be missed at 100% Design South Africa is a special collaboration between leading fabric house Home Fabrics and 3 top South African interior design companies in a feature called 100%
11 Jul 2014
Decorex Joburg celebrates 21 years as Africa's largest décor, design and lifestyle exhibition this year with some exciting new features that will ensure visitors stay up to date on the
02 Jun 2014
The 100% Design South Africa Preview Pavilion was held at Decorex at the Cape Town International Convention Centre (CTICC) between the 25 and 28th of April Capetonians got to see a fabulous
23 May 2014
Don't miss Decorex Joburg, set to take place over the Women's Day weekend (between 6th and 10th August) and a must-visit for anyone with plans on the home décor and
20 May 2014
Ten outstanding new jewellery designers have been unveiled as the IJL KickStarters for 2014 – and the hotly contended contest now begins to find the 'People's Choice' KickStarter. International...
30 Apr 2014
International Jewellery London have announced the launch of a prestigious new industry award designed to identify entrepreneurs in the jewellery industry – Jewellery Entrepreneur of the Year Award. A
15 Apr 2014
Some of Cape Town's top décor and design names have been invited to judge the caliber and quality of the exhibitor stands at the city's most exciting décor, design and
11 Apr 2014
Flooring is definitely not what it used to be, with a wide variety of flooring solutions now available to suit every pocket, style and purpose. Consumers are spoilt for choice but also
09 Apr 2014
LUXURY by IJL have announced that acclaimed international jeweller, Carrera Y Carrera, will exhibit at the show. The premier Spanish Jewellery house, Carrera y Carrera
31 Mar 2014
British Summer Time starts Sunday 30 March at 01:00 GMT, regular as clockwork. Ahead of this, International Jewellery London unveils a stunning array of watch collections showing at this year's
26 Mar 2014
Decorex Durban 2014 drew to a close on Sunday, with visitors across the board agreeing that, once more, the Decorex team had put together the most comprehensive and stylish décor, design and lifestyle
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EBDA'A AWARD 2014 Emirati jewellery designer competition encourages creativity and innovation using local inspirations, and promotes careers in the industry Second EBDA'A AWARD winners
22 Mar 2014
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20 Mar 2014
International Jewellery London's popular Editor's Choice competition, now in its sixth year, is open for entries with the launch of an exciting new category - Most Innovative Collection.
10 Mar 2014
Following the successful launch of show previews in Edinburgh and Leeds in 2013, International Jewellery London have announced plans to hold an exclusive regional preview
04 Mar 2014
The show's January 2014 session exceeded all expectations, achieving record visitor and exhibitor numbers. The show drew 14,981 visitors, up by an impressive 21.78% from January 2013, and by 55.76%...
20 Feb 2014
A survey last week conducted in central London amongst Christmas shoppers by LUXURY by IJL indicates that when it comes to luxury, store retailers are winning the battle with their
12 Dec 2013
International Jewellery London has announced that new influential industry leaders are joining their highly regarded Advisory Board with immediate effect. The new members are Bec
30 Oct 2013
Leading UK jewellery industry event International Jewellery London has been accepted as a commercial member of CIBJO, the World Jewellery Confederation, and as such becomes the
24 Oct 2013
International Jewellery London 2013, the leading UK jewellery buying event, has been declared a tremendous success by high profile designers and retailers, major brands and the IJL show team. With an...
11 Sep 2013
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Jennifer Kristie Pugmire Cross
1972 ~ 2013
Salt Lake City, Utah-on March 14th our beloved daughter, wife, mother, niece and cousin passed away from a cancer related illness. Jennie had been in treatment for lung cancer for 21 months.
Jennie was born to W. Gene and Kim Ellen Fraleigh Pugmire on Feb. 3, 1972 at Holy Cross Hospital in Salt Lake City, Utah at 10:32 p.m.
She graduated from Bountiful High School with honors in 1990. She attended the University of Utah on a scholarship in Chemical Engineering for one year. She then decided to go out of state and chose
Arizona State University
in Tempe. There she changed her major to Zoology and earned a B.S. degree in 1994.
She taught clogging and worked in a Lab a ASU while attending school. After graduation, she went to work as a Veterinarian's Assistant, and also spent many years practicing as a Doula. In 2008 she returned to Utah and taught high school Geometry for a year at Layton Christian Academy. She then decided that she was meant to be a full time Mom, and home schooled 3 of her children and another little girl for 2 years. She continued teaching her oldest daughter, Lindsay until her passing.
In her first year at ASU, she met her future husband, Joseph William Cross, the light of her life. She and Joe were perfect for each other. They shared many common interests; they loved to laugh together and had a great love and respect for each other. They married at Faith Evangelical Free Church in Tempe on May 14, 1994.
Joe and Jennie began their beautiful, loving family with the birth of Bradley Joseph in 1996, Lindsay Ellen 1997, Nathan Samuel 1998, Kaylee Jennifer 2002, and Hannah Deliah 2004.
We give special thanks to our church family for their tireless efforts on Jennie and Joe's behalf. Thanks also to her Oncologist Dr. Stinnett and his wonderful staff, her primary care physician Dr. Hobbs, and all the personal at Davis Hospital who worked hard to make every day the best it could be.
Jennie was generous, clever, kind and feisty with a deep love for God and others. Her beautiful spirit drew others towards her. She will be deeply missed and never forgotten.
She was preceded in death by her father; Gene, Grandparents; Charles & Ruth Fraleigh, and Weldon & Evelyn Pugmire. She is survived by her mother Kim, husband Joe, all 5 Children & many aunts, uncles & cousins.
A memorial service will be held to celebrate Jennie's life on Saturday March 23, at 3:00 pm at Mountain View Baptist Church located at 2585 E. 3000 N. Layton, UT
To help with medical expenses, or to donate to her favorite charity HopeKids, make a deposit to the "Jennie Cross Memorial Fund" at any Wells Fargo.
Published in Salt Lake Tribune on Mar. 21, 2013
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"I'm so very sorry for her families loss at such a young age. I only knew her for a day but I will..."
- Reagan
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- Robin Hollowell
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- Katherine Thornley
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Sold in Pairs. Base price represents 1 side chair. Our Rockford Outdoor Dining Side Chairs are made from high quality low-maintenance recycled solid plastic lumber. Best value - these comfy POLYWOOD® chairs are discounted and sold as a pair. Imagine the look and beauty of wood chairs without the refinishing and upkeep. POLYWOOD® is an innovative recycled plastic material and the fastening hardware is high grade stainless steel. POLYWOOD® will not splinter, crack, or rot. And heavy enough so they won't blow all over the yard in a high wind. Choose from 6 traditional colors. Order an optional bottom cushion for extra comfort. Our POLYWOOD® is ultra-durable, weather-resistant and affordable outdoor dining furniture. No need to store these dining chairs during winter months - leave them outside! To learn more about American made POLYWOOD® Outdoor Furniture or buying from Vermont Woods Studios please contact us at 888-390-5571.
Pair with a matching Dining table.
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The shipping method used for your order will ultimately be decided by POLYWOOD and not by Vermont Woods Studios, therefore all shipping times quoted are approximate only and are not guaranteed.


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Im experiencing the following problem more & more with any of my four XTi4000s. I use the amps in two modes only, Bridge & Stereo (input stereo) with no DSP except for a -3dB limit. After no particular gig using an amp bridge mode, Ive decided to select Stereo Mode with the inputs as stereo and found only CH1 works (after proving there is signal on both CH1 & 2 inputs). I then tried Stereo Mode with Input Y selected and both channels worked. I then returned the input selection to stereo & both channels continued to work. It seems as though the input selection part doesnt always work. Last night the same problem occurred with one of the amps & now I cant get CH2 to work at all
..any one have any ideas?
XTi 4000, stereo/input-y/bridge
Started by whuntree, Aug 26 2010 08:52 PM
3 replies to this topic
Posted 26 August 2010 - 08:52 PM
Posted 27 August 2010 - 07:20 AM
Sounds like a bad display board - can you please send me your serial # - email@example.com
Posted 13 November 2010 - 11:59 PM
Sounds like a bad display board - can you please send me your serial # - email@example.com
OK thanks, I'll email details.
Thanks Kevin, Jands Australia sent me 4 replacement display boards. The amps are all working fine...at last I can relax a bit....


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text: [Federal Register Volume 76, Number 116 (Thursday, June 16, 2011)] [Notices] [Page 35242] From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov] [FR Doc No: 2011-14959] ----------------------------------------------------------------------- DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Drug Enforcement Administration Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Registration By Notice dated April 11, 2011 and published in the Federal Register on April 19, 2011, 76 FR 21915, Stepan Company, Natural Products Department, 100 W. Hunter Avenue, Maywood, New Jersey 07607, made application by renewal to the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) to be registered as an importer of Coca Leaves (9040), a basic class of controlled substance listed in schedule II. The company plans to import the listed controlled substance for the manufacture of a bulk controlled substance for distribution to its customer. No comments or objections have been received. DEA has considered the factors in 21 U.S.C. 823(a) and 952(a) and determined that the registration of Stepan Company to import the basic class of controlled substance is consistent with the public interest and with United States obligations under international treaties, conventions, or protocols in effect on May 1, 1971. DEA has investigated Stepan Company to ensure that the company's registration is consistent with the public interest. The investigation has included inspection and testing of the company's physical security systems, verification of the company's compliance with state and local laws, and a review of the company's background and history. Therefore, pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 952(a) and 958(a), and in accordance with 21 CFR 1301.34, the above named company is granted registration as an importer of the basic class of controlled substance listed. Dated: June 8, 2011. Joseph T. Rannazzisi, Deputy Assistant Administrator, Office of Diversion Control, Drug Enforcement Administration. [FR Doc. 2011-14959 Filed 6-15-11; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4410-09-P


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Burkburnett, Texas
Burkburnett, Texas | |
City | |
Nickname(s): Boomtown, U.S.A. | |
Motto: "You're home now!" | |
Location of Burkburnett, Texas |
Coordinates: 34°4′58″N 98°34′6″W / 34.08278°N 98.56833°WCoordinates: 34°4′58″N 98°34′6″W / 34.08278°N 98.56833°W | |
Country | United States |
State | Texas |
County | Wichita |
Incorporated City of Burkburnett | 1923 |
Government | |
• Type | Commissioner form of government, with a City Manager |
Area | |
• Total | 9.5 sq mi (24.6 km2) |
• Land | 9.5 sq mi (24.6 km2) |
• Water | 0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2) |
Elevation | 1,060 ft (323 m) |
Population (2010) | |
• Total | 10,811 |
• Density | 1,138/sq mi (439.4/km2) |
Time zone | Central (CST) (UTC-6) |
• Summer (DST) | CDT (UTC-5) |
ZIP code | 76354 |
Area code(s) | 940 |
FIPS code | 48-11368[1] |
GNIS feature ID | 1353321[2] |
Burkburnett is a city in Wichita County, Texas, United States. It is part of the Wichita Falls, Texas Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 10,811 at the 2010 census. The community newspaper, the Burkburnett Informer/Star, is published each Thursday.
According to the United States Census Bureau, Burkburnett has a total area of 9.5 square miles (24.6 km²), all of it land.
Historical development[edit]
Originally settled by ranchers as early as 1856, this community was known by some locals as Nesterville. By 1880, the town had a small store with a population of 132. From 1882 until 1903, a post office operated there under the designation Gilbert, named after the north Texas pioneer Mabel Gilbert. In 1906, a nearby wealthy rancher named Samuel Burk Burnett sold more than 16,000 acres (65 km²) of his land in northern Wichita County to a group of investors who were seeking to extend into the wheat-growing area of Western Oklahoma the Wichita Falls and Northwestern Railway, one of the Frank Kell/Joseph A. Kemp properties based in Wichita Falls.[3]
Within Burnett's former land near the railroad, lots were auctioned off the following year and a post office was established. The town was named Burkburnett by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, who visited the area for a wolf hunt that was hosted by the wealthy rancher Burnett.[4] In 1912, oil was discovered west of the town attracting thousands to the area and by 1918, an approximate twenty-thousand people had settled around the oilfield. This part of the town's history was chronicled in the film, Boom Town with Clark Gable and Spencer Tracy. The Great Depression would have a negative impact on the town's population, which would be boosted again in 1941 as Sheppard Air Force Base would be established nearby.
Fashion designer Nolan Miller was born in Burkburnett in 1933.
As of the census[1] of 2000, there were 10,445 people, 4,139 households, and 3,108 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,149.5 people per square mile (443.6/km²). There were 4,449 housing units at an average density of 468.0 per square mile (180.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 90.67% White, 2.88% African American, 1.06% Native American, 0.64% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 2.66% from other races, and 2.00% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.20% of the population.
There were 4,139 households out of which 36.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.5% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.9% were non-families. 22.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.05.
In the city the population was spread out with 27.9% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 93.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $37,408, and the median income for a family was $42,917. Males had a median income of $31,720 versus $21,977 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,507. About 7.9% of families and 9.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.0% of those under age 18 and 8.9% of those age 65 or over.
The City of Burkburnett is served by the Burkburnett Independent School District.
City Government[edit]
The City of Burkburnett is a home-rule municipality. The governing body is composed of seven city Commissioners who are elected by the citizens at-large, rather than by district. The city Commissioners serve staggered two-year terms, with four city Commissioners elected during even-numbered years and three city Commissioners elected during odd-numbered years. The city Commissioners are charged with electing the Mayor from among the city Commissioners, and appointing or reappointing the City Manager. The Mayor is the traditional public figurehead of the city, while the City Manager is responsible for the day-to-day operations within the city government.
City Departments[edit]
- City Hall
- Police Department
- Burkburnett EMS
- Burkburnett Volunteer Fire Department
- Public Works (Water, Waste Water, Street, Meter)
- Municipal Court
- Code Enforcement
- Parks & Recreation
- Library
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Burkburnett has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.[5]
- ^ a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ^ TSHA Online - Texas State Historical Association
- ^ Welcome to the City of Burkburnett
- ^ Climate Summary for Burkburnett, Texas
External links[edit]
- City of Burkburnett
- Burkburnett Police Association
- Burkburnett Volunteer Fire Department
- Burkburnett Informer-Star
- city-data.com site


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Microsoft's Vista improves manageability and usabilitynot to mention takes on a slick new lookbut corporations can squeeze much of the same capability out of Windows XP.
Finally, Vista is here. Was it worth the wait? Well, it all depends on how you look at it. eWEEK Labs has been testing Microsoft Windows Vista builds for more than three years, and our evaluation of the final code shows that the new operating system is a significant improvement over its predecessor, Windows XP-chiefly in terms of Vistas capacity for manageability and the tools it offers knowledge workers for juggling their data. What's more, with a raft of subsystem and driver model improvements, Microsoft has laid out in Vista a solid foundation for stability and usability gains in future Windows versions. For enterprises running XP on their desktops and notebooks, however, a Vista upgrade is no slam-dunk. While Vista's new UAC (User Account Control) facilities can make it easier for companies to appropriately lock down their desktops, for instance, it's quite possible to run a well-managed shop of XP machines, either out of the box or with the aid of lockdown tools.
Along similar lines, Vista's most important new goodie for knowledge workers-its integrated search capability-can be achieved freely on XP with software from Microsoft, Google and other technology providers.
Also likely to give enterprise IT organizations pause is the expansion of the product activation program that Microsoft began at XP's launch. This program requires consumer customers to transmit to Microsoft-either over the Internet or by phone-a code unique to their hardware. This assures Microsoft that each licensed Windows copy was installed only on one machine. Significant changes to the hardware installed on a system trigger a request for reactivation of Vista, and PCs that fail the activation check are rendered useless. With Vista, Microsoft has opted to extend this scheme to its volume-license customers. IT managers now will have to allow individual machines to contact Microsoft for clearance to operate or deploy a key-management server within the enterprise. Also, in many cases, Vista will require new hardware and software to deliver on its potential. For example, much has been made of the requirement in Vista for gaming-level graphics cards to unlock visual effects such as window border translucency and three-dimensional window shuffling. More germane to the needs of enterprise IT, however, is Vista's new WDDM (Windows Display Driver Model), which runs outside of kernel mode and, as a result, works to prevent display driver failures from bringing down the entire system. Unfortunately, it's been our experience that graphics cards that don't make the 3-D effects cut lack WDDM-style drivers. Where this is the case, companies will have to pay for 3-D capabilities they don't need in order to acquire the driver stability from which any user could benefit. There are a number of Vista features that depend on an application that doesn't technically exist yet-Windows Longhorn Server. These features include Vista's support for network access control. While it sounds clich??«, enterprises that want to deploy Microsoft's new operating system may want to wait at least for Vista Service Pack 1, as Longhorn Server is scheduled to ship at the same time Vista SP1 is released (sometime in the second half of 2007). It also makes sense to wait until then because more Vista drivers should be in place and software incompatibilities should be ironed out.
Click here
to read more about the release of Longhorn Server and Vista SP1.
Compared with its non-Windows rivals, such as Apple's Mac OS X and Novell's
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 10
, Vista maintains the same advantages XP did: The operating system maintains compatibility with Windows-only software, as well as good support for open-source alternatives, such as the Openoffice.org productivity suite, the Firefox Web browser and the Thunderbird e-mail client. Another network-effect fruit of Windows' monopoly status in the computing market is Vista's hardware support. Vista, like XP before it, will tend to be hardware vendors' primary supported platform (with Linux and its open-source driver efforts following behind, and with Mac OS X, unfortunately, relegated to being a value-add for the machines that Apple markets).
Cost and Licensing
The Vista SKUs relevant to business users are Windows Vista Business and Windows Vista Enterprise. The only difference between the two SKUs in terms of capability, as far as we can tell, is that Vista Business lacks the system's BitLocker feature. Vista Business also ships without Microsoft's SUA (Subsystem for Unix-based Applications), but this has been a free add-on in the past, and we imagine the same will hold for Vista. The Vista Enterprise SKU is available only to volume-license customers. Also available is a Windows Vista Ultimate Edition, which ships with all home- and business-oriented functionalities. A full copy of Vista Business Edition retails for $299, and upgrade copies sell for $199. Microsoft wouldn't share its volume-license pricing with us, so consult your reseller for pricing on the Vista Enterprise Edition.
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As Editor in Chief of eWEEK Labs,
Jason Brooks
manages the Labs team and is responsible for eWEEK's print edition. Brooks joined eWEEK in 1999, and has covered wireless networking, office productivity suites, mobile devices, Windows, virtualization, and desktops and notebooks. Jason's coverage is currently focused on Linux and Unix operating systems, open-source software and licensing, cloud computing and Software as a Service. Follow Jason on Twitter at
, or reach him by email at firstname.lastname@example.com.
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NAI Global Releases 2012 Global Market Report
NAI Global's 2012 Global Market Report is hot off the presses, and features insight into what it calls the "long, slow recovery" of commercial real estate markets around the world. This is the 26th year NAI Global has released the Global Market Report, which contains snapshots of more than 200 markets around the world, provided by the professionals in those offices. Portland, of course, is represented!
Click here for a summary on NAI Global's blog and a link to the full report.
Print article | This entry was posted by NAI NBS on January 11, 2012 at 9:58 pm, and is filed under Research. Follow any responses to this post through RSS 2.0. Responses are currently closed, but you can trackback from your own site. |
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Cooperage > Oak Barrel Alternatives
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Booth# 1134
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Pronektar Oak Adjuncts
Pronektar is a complete line of oak adjuncts from Tonnellerie Radoux made from the same oak that Radoux uses to make its fine oak wine barrels. All wood is aged then convection-toasted to exacting specifications. Available in French and American oak, Pronektar is divided into two categories: oak used for fermentation, which includes powder and granulate, and oak used in aging, which includes chips, staves, segments and stick sets.
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The Starter Kit gives you everything you need to jump into the full Xbox LIVE experience. Instantly watch crystal clear HD movies and TV shows from Netflix, and now thousands of live and on demand sporting events from ESPN on Xbox LIVE. Listen to unlimited music with Zune Pass. Plus, play games online with friends, or connect with them on Facebook, Twitter and new Video Kinect, right on your TV. Xbox LIVE Gold is your connection to more games, entertainment and fun.
This was a surprise gift for my nephew in another state, it arrived on time and was exactly what he wished for!,,
Buy this from overstock. Much cheaper and a way better deal. I only wish that they stocked just the 12 month live membership without the chat pad so that I could keep buying the Gold membership from overstock every 12 months as you don't need more than one chat pad. Great value!
The 2 cards received in this package (12-mo. subscription and 400 points) worked as they should. Since these will either work or not, I'd say they are perfect. The chatpad has also worked rather well, and it's so much easier than using the thumb sticks to arrow over to each letter! The headset is comfortable, but I have yet to have a chance to actually use it in game as I have a newborn and don't plan on speaking loudly into a mic. I've heard mixed reviews on these headsets as to how well they work, but the price for this product is well worth it. If the headset doesn't work, it's inexpensive to replace or I could just get a nice one.
This was a great buy! Huge discount off retail plus the keypad and headset and points. Couldn't get this deal anywhere else. Thanks Overstock!
Items must be returned in new or unused condition and contain all original materials included with the shipment. More details
FINAL SALE EXCLUSION: Items marked as FINAL SALE are not returnable unless the problem you experience is the result of our error.
* For your protection, all orders are screened for security purposes. If your order is selected for review, our Loss Prevention Team may contact you by phone or email. There may be a two business day delay to process your order.
** Most Oversize orders are delivered within 1-4 weeks. Some orders may take 6 weeks to be delivered.


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A student organization with representatives from each master's degree program, the Graduate Student Alliance (GSA) works to enhance the quality and focus of the educational and social experience of graduate students at RISD. The Center for Student Involvement and the dean of Graduate Studies work with the GSA to develop such programs as open studios, which enables graduate students to share ideas with grad students outside their studio major, and other cross-curricular interaction that strengthens the graduate student community. GSA representatives serve on the following committees:
Alexander Stewart DM 2015
Vice President
Lauren Skelly CR 2015
Communications Director
Maria Camarena Bernard FD 2016
Whitney Bosel ARCH 2015
Angela Hang ARCH 2015
for detailed information, visit the GSA site »


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william-james88 wrote:I am just glad the conversation has changed from just being about the butt flap
Blast Cannon wrote:This thread is brilliant. Duragrip you are a gloriously weird sexual deviant and I love it.
Delta Magnus wrote:A giant Alpha Bravo that can turn into a torso, so that with the addition of 4 Alpha Bravos one can build "Ruinatus Eternus".
LOST Cybertronian wrote:This is a bit rediculous. Not sure why you would want to turn a figure that used to be Kup and was changed to a differnt character back into Kup (and cherry flavored).
daimchoc wrote:Probably due to the above video...
robotmel wrote:daimchoc wrote:Probably due to the above video...
Daimchoc, any chance of a screen shot of sorts as links to sites such as YouTube, Facebook, Twitter and the like are not allowed to be viewed in the workplace!
Keep up the good work sir!
Rated X wrote:This website is starting to become just like the NBA. (US Basketball) When you lightly brush up against someone's shoulder, the referee calls a foul. When you disagree with the referee's call, he threatens to eject you from the game.
Return to Unofficial Transformers, 3rd Party and KO Toys
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Despite claims from Agriculture Department officials regarding streamlining of the sale of seeds, complaints against seed sellers duping farmers by selling substandard quality seeds have not come down.
In a fresh incident, farmers of Kalghatagi taluk have complained about crop loss due to the supply of poor quality seeds.
The farmers who brought the issue to the notice of Deputy Commissioner Sameer Shukla here on Wednesday, said they had to incur heavy losses due to crop failure. They had purchased seeds from private firms recommended by Department of Agriculture officials.
As the district had received good rainfalls after three consecutive years of natural calamities, the farmers were expecting good yield during this season, they said. The seeds were of poor quality and the cotton did not flower, they said. A farmer said he had got no yield in his entire two acres of field and was worried how to repay the loan he took for cultivation.
The farmers bought the Kanaka 7351 variety Bt cotton seeds from Sangameshwar Agro Centre in Hubli in May-June.
These seeds were recommended by the assistant director of the Department of Agriculture in Kalaghatagi.
The district administration should conduct an inquiry into this matter and see that compensation was paid to farmers, they said and added the issue had to be settled within seven days.
Keywords: Karnataka farmers, poor quality seeds, crop loss, Bt cotton seeds


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Vacation Home Rental
Punta Gorda, FL
Bedrooms: | 2 |
Bathrooms: | 2 |
Sleeps | 1 |
No rental rates available - please contact the owner | |
Type: | Home |
Description of the Punta Gorda vacation home rental
2 Bedroom, 2 Bath mobile home located in Punta Gorda, FL, just steps from an canale great for fishing, relaxing and watching the boats pass by. Cable TV is included.
Jerry Ping
Area Info
We are about 30 min from Ft. Myers beach. Lots of shopping nearby along with a variety of restaurants.
Page Views
This month: 0
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Add your Port Macquarie Airport Review
Port Macquarie Airport Ranking
Customer Rating : 5/5
Port Macquarie Small airport that serves its purpose. It only gets flights from Sydney. The arrivals gate is a gate (much like one would find around a pool to keep kids out) and the departures lounge is comfortable and air conditioned, a new add-on as a result of changing security laws. All the staff friendly and personable, possibly because they don't get many people through in a a day. Whilst the number of people in the terminal was comfortable around my flight times, it wouldn't go astray for the owners to speed up on expanding the airport facilities, as it was getting a bit on the crowded side, as there is only one taxiway connecting the apron to the runway. There's also a nice viewing area for all members of the public outside near the arrivals gate where all planes can be seen arriving and departing.
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Photo of the Week: Angled Wood Bedroom
Each week, we tap into Dwell's Instagram community to bring you the most viral design and architecture shots of the week.
written by: Allie Weiss05.04.15 -
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Sustainability Guided Every Decision at this Town House Remodel in Harlem
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Modern Shades Boast Advanced Technology and a Sleek, Minimal Design
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Finally, Office Furniture for the Laptop Workforce
Good Mod, a Portland, Oregon, studio and retailer, develops an inventive furniture model for the 21st-century office.
written by: Diana Budds04.25.15


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DETROIT, July 14 /PRNewswire/ -- Major depression affects approximately 17 million American adults annually at a cost of $53 billion. It is currently the leading cause of disability in the U.S. and, in recent decades, depression is striking increasingly younger age groups. Approximately 4% of adolescents develop major depression each year and by 2020, depression will be the second most common health problem in the world.
All of this need not be the case say the authors of "Healing Depression the Mind-Body Way," (John Wiley & Sons Publishing), who contend that neither the explosion of pharmaceutical antidepressants nor the newer and better talk therapy techniques are solving the current epidemic of depression.
Noting instead that the human nervous system is the best pharmacy on earth, authors Nancy Liebler, Ph.D., and Sandra Moss, M.S.P.H., urge that holistic solutions must be utilized to activate the mind-body's ability to heal itself.
"There is no one-size-fits-all cure for depression," note the authors. "You have to address each case individually and initiate a combination of natural lifestyle actions that allow the nervous system to rewire itself back to its natural healthy and balanced state. Once this happens on a consistent basis, the revitalized physiology takes over and the depression goes away."
"Healing Depression the Mind-Body Way" is the first book of its kind to apply the wisdom of Ayurveda, an ancient-yet-ultra-modern system of health, as the basis for understanding depression. Totally compatible with Western medicine, the Ayurvedic approach uproots depression by enhancing physical, mental and emotional wellness.
"We are not saying that medication and talk therapy don't work. We're merely suggesting that for sustaining results more is needed. Consider the statistics: After each major depressive epis
SOURCE Liebler Group, LLC Copyright©2009 PR Newswire. All rights reserved |


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Steven Spielberg is an Embarrassing Proud Dad
Used his phone to film his kids' band playing a concert in NYC
That guy next to you filming the concert on his phone at Brooklyn Bowl this weekend? None other than Steven Spielberg. The director checked out his kids' set during the CMJ Music Marathon, Page Six reports, and he was totally embarrassing dad about it.
The director was spotted in the DJ booth at Brooklyn Bowl on Friday, watching his kids Theo and Sasha perform as the band Wardell.
A spy said, "He filmed a good chunk of their set . . . with his phone!"
The children Spielberg behind Wardell (Theo's middle name) released their first album, Brother/Sister, (aw!) earlier this year. They're pretty good, too. Here's Wardell with "Call it What You Want:"


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Location: 350 LA Building
Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, 2001
Professional Experience
The Washington Post, Senior Polling Analyst July-December 2004.
Selected Publications
"The Implications of Survey Modes and Methods in Measuring Social-Group Closeness." Forthcoming September 2014. Public Opinion Quarterly.
"Reframing Polarization: Social Groups and 'Culture Wars.'" 2014. PS: Political Science & Politics 47: 432-442, April 2014. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1049096514000353
"The Dynamics of Immigration Opinion in the United States, 1992–2012." 2013. Public Opinion Quarterly 77: 398-416. doi:10.1093/poq/nft001
"Multiculturalism in American Public Opinion." 2001. Jack Citrin, David O. Sears, Christopher Muste, and Cara Wong. British Journal of Political Science 31:2.
"Public Opinion Toward Immigration Reform: The Role of Economic Motivations." 1997. Jack Citrin, Donald Philip Green, Christopher Muste, & Cara Wong. Journal of Politics 59:3.
"Is American Nationalism Changing? Implications for Foreign Policy." 1994. Jack Citrin, Ernst Haas, Christopher Muste, and Beth Reingold, International Studies Quarterly 38:1
International Experience
Faculty, LSU-in-Paris Summer Semester, May-July 2003.
- PSCI 210 Introduction to American Government
- PSCI 220 Introduction to Comparative Government
- PSCI 342 Media & Public Opinion
- PSCI 348 Multicultural Politics
- PSCI 444 American Political Participation
- PSCI 445 Political Psychology
- PSCI 480 Research Goals & Strategies
- PSCI 540 Seminar in American Government


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A General Mills executive said sales of its Yoplait Greek-style yogurt were up 50% in the first quarter of fiscal 2012, and are set to grow even faster now that more manufacturing capacity has been added. Ian Friendly, who heads U.S. retail, also touted the growth of Fiber One brownies, gluten-free Chex and Larabar snack bars.
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The Dallas Stars have come to terms on a contract extension with 23-year-old winger Jamie Benn, previously a restricted free agent, his agent Rich Evans first reported on Twitter Thursday night.
The new deal is five years in length, at $26.25 million.
"Jamie Benn has proven in his short, but very productive NHL career, that he is not only this franchise's cornerstone player, but also an emerging superstar in the league," said Stars general manager Joe Nieuwendyk in a statement.
"We believe that Jamie has the necessary tools to continue his growth and lead this team into the next great era of Dallas Stars hockey."
The announcement via the social networking site came during the second period of the Stars home game against the undefeated Chicago Blackhawks. The Stars, despite being outshot 27-10 at one point in the game, were leading 2-0 on goals by Loui Eriksson and Ray Whitney.
The Stars eventually lost 3-2 in overtime, on a power goal from Marian Hossa. The Blackhawks are 4-0-0.
A Victoria, B.C. product, Benn, originally a fifth-round pick of the Stars in 2007 had a career high 26 goals and 63 points last season, was one of three younger players currently holding out to begin the lockout-shortened regular season.
Among the most notable unsigned players continues to be P.K. Subban.
- phillyphanatic77 - Jan 24, 2013 at 10:04 PM
Good deal. Probably best player on an up and coming team.
- comeonnowguys - Jan 24, 2013 at 11:19 PM
Chicago's playing with house money, winning on a night where Letohnen was absolutely ridiculous.
- orangeandblack67 - Jan 24, 2013 at 11:23 PM
Think there was any pressure from a potential offer sheet from the Flyers?
- 19to77 - Jan 25, 2013 at 4:33 AM
Why? THey need every single dollar's worth of cap space to make offers to defensemen. Centre is a *very* low priority behind improving the D.
- broadstbully33 - Jan 24, 2013 at 11:25 PM
- pone27 - Jan 25, 2013 at 9:55 AM
My fantasy hockey team just got that much better.
Oh, and the Chi Hawks are 4-0-0. Awesome start, LETS GO HAWKS!
I like Dallas's future though. Only thing I fear is guys like Whitney who is real key for them right now will be difficult to replace with the price tag. But otherwise, they are on the come up, while teams like Detroit are going to finally start falling.
- darksidecowboy - Jan 25, 2013 at 3:34 PM
Great deal for GM Joe Nieuwedyk. Made the fans sweat a little but we'll have Benn centering Jagr and Eriksson on our top line.


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