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Ashley Tisdale, Bridget Moynahan Strip for Allure's Naked Issue
Although Tisdale's nude debut is much more tasteful than that of her fellow Disney darlings' (Vanessa Hudgens, Christina Aguilera), there's no doubt that the photo shoot will take her leaps and bounds from the age of innocence.
So what's Tisdale's favorite body part? According to Allure's behind the scenes video, she's most proud of her "a-- and [her] abs." She's also shelling out some major beauty secrets -- courtesy of her grandma. Tisdale swears by Vaseline.
And although Moynahan, 39, flew the coup a number of years ago, she's still worried that the nude pics may be more than a little shocking to her family. "I didn't tell anyone I was doing the shoot, except for my boyfriend," she said. "I'm not sure how my parents are going to react."
According Allure, Tisdale, 25, was not as nervous about what her parents would think -- she even brought her mom with her to the shoot. "I've always wanted to be sure my parents approve of what I do," she said. "Even with my tattoos, my mom went with me. The 'believe' tattoo is because my mom always told me to believe."
What's one thing that we 'believe?' The camera sure does love these ladies.
Check out more from Allure's 'The Naked Truth' issue >>
- Filed under:
- Photos -
- Sex That's SFW -
- Ashley Tisdale
- Tuesday 12 AprilBy KristinHigh Rank Vote downVote upReport this
2 of my favorite actresses and they are beautiful photos.
- Tuesday 12 AprilBy TedHighest Rank Vote downVote upReport this
I guess it's the easy thing to do when you don't have any talent.
- Tuesday 12 AprilBy MorganHighest Rank Vote downVote upReport this
They're beautiful women. But I don't get why all these celebrities are getting naked publicly. I mean, every other day I read an article about so and so posing nude, or releasing a sex tape etc. It's not even shocking anymore.
- Friday 15 AprilBy rvnlnk
It doesn't have to be shocking it just has to keep happening.
- Tuesday 12 AprilBy Mr. Kidd IIHighest Rank Vote downVote upReport this
Ashley Tisdale, Bridget Moynahan, and Keri Hilson nude in the same issue? WIN!
- Tuesday 12 AprilBy BubblesHighest Rank Vote downVote upReport this
Celebrities start taking off their clothes when they feel they are no longer getting enough attention. They ALL do it. Some actually sink so low as to put their skanky sex acts on tape and pretend to be so upset the world may see them. We know what your doing - you want us to run out and buy your skank and make you richer. No thanks.
- Tuesday 12 AprilBy Dmoongo
I think that little shot of Ashley's side boob is about all there is.
- Tuesday 12 AprilBy Freddy
Two dogs. no talent get naked. American way.
- Tuesday 12 AprilBy BobHigh Rank Vote downVote upReport this
I think Bridget is absolutely gorgeous (and grew up one town over), but I don't think she flew the "coup", unless there was a political overthrow in East Longmeadow, MA! It is flew the "coop", as in chicken coop, and there ain't any of those in East Longmeadow either!
- Wednesday 13 AprilBy Brett
Dayyunng Barrbb,
Ya know,she may be easy on the eye but most of us people in the real (english speaking) world don't give a sheeitt!! - Tuesday 19 AprilBy JakeO
Hey Bob, do you think that Popeater could use a good proofreader? I was just about to send the same message-coop vs coup-when I saw your post. Ya beat me! Imagine all the poor illiterate souls who are now wondering what the hell we mean. We got the smarts, yo.
- Tuesday 12 AprilBy Dennis
What talent ! - Tuesday 12 AprilBy JBaerHighest Rank Vote downVote upReport this
Nudity is overrated. Hell--we were all born nude.
- Tuesday 12 AprilBy AllisonHigh Rank Vote downVote upReport this
I don't understand why Allure--a women's magazine--has naked FEMALE celebrities every year in their nude issue. Wouldn't you think that a women's magazine would get some hot male celebs like Taye Diggs or Patrick Wilson to pose nude instead?
- Tuesday 12 AprilBy Mike
Anything for a buck.
- Tuesday 12 AprilBy Mike
Why would a woman pose nude in a women's magazine? Hmm.
- Tuesday 12 AprilBy damien
GOOD GOD...Ashley needs to get her money back from that nose job....it actually got bigger..did it grow back
first popeater forgets what year it was over the weekend n now they think its coup and not coop....
hope the keri kaley pics are better - Tuesday 12 AprilBy sarah
its a womens mag the way playgirl is a womens mag...hint hint
- Tuesday 12 AprilBy Julie
They're desperate.
- Tuesday 12 AprilBy ballscrew69
Ashley Tisdale will get implants within the year..she will need something to get noticed...
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Find the latest stories, biography, photos, videos, and more.
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Is it Brad(ley) and Jen take 2? Jen was spotted out on the town with dreamboat ...
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Kristin Jacobs took care of a Speeding/Traffic ticket that I received from the MO Highway Patrol. Kristin was able to get the ticket amended which will keep my insurance rates from skyrocketing! I couldn't be more thankful. Throughout the process, Kristin communicated and explained all the steps she was taking to ensure I was satisfied. She went well beyond my expectations and proved to be quite the professional.

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About this entry:
An important city and port in the Andustar region of western Númenor. The Lords of Andúnië were the ancestors of the Kings of the Dúnedain in Middle-earth.
Almaida, Andustar, Bay of Andúnië, Daughter of Uinen, Eämbar, Elatan, Forostar, Lindórië, Lord of Andúnië, Minastir, Númendil, Ondosto, Oromet, Tar-Minastir, Valandil of Númenor, [See the full list...]Westlands of Númenor
For acknowledgements and references, see the Disclaimer & Bibliography page.
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Whirlpool 30" Gas Modular Downdraft Cooktop w/ 2-Burner Module and 2nd Bay
Buyer Protection
Manufacturer's Warranty1 year parts and labor
More Information
This is a Special Order item Double gas bays with built-in downdraft fan. Includes two 10,000 BTU open burners with infinite heat Controls on a SpillGuard cooktop.
- Self-ventilation system requires outside vent but no hood
- Infinite heat controls
- SpillGuard™ cooktop
- 2 fixed gas burners in right bay - 10,000 BTU each
- Left bay open for optional grill or second gas burner module
Specifications & Dimensions
Product Documentation
Owner's Manual - English (Warranty)
Product Warranty - English


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On Mon, Nov 11, 2013 at 7:30 AM, RTosh said:
Hey...whats up?
On Fri, Feb 22, 2013 at 6:15 AM, aliciab said:
On Tue, Jan 22, 2013 at 1:15 AM, Juiciifruit21BARB said:
Just stopping through to show you some love, if rapping is what gives you passion in life then I say keep going towards your goal! :) Never give up, there's always hope! **Xoxo** Juiciifruit
On Tue, Jan 15, 2013 at 6:46 PM, lil NIcki 123 said:
life has been good. my highlight has been getting back in shape for track this year i think that covers it. any highlights for you?
On Tue, Jan 15, 2013 at 4:37 PM, EbonyAngelBarb said:
Thanks for the love on my page i really appreciate that.
On Tue, Jan 15, 2013 at 4:35 PM, EbonyAngelBarb said:
Hey barb thanks for the request =) hope ur having a good week so far? still be no stranger to my page and if you want follow me twitter @ebonybarbsongz and on instagram ebonybarb91 i'll definitely follow back =) take care xoxo
On Tue, Jan 15, 2013 at 10:53 AM, maria_latina_roman said:
hi thanks it take like 3 houers to make it and yes i can help you if you want some nicki photos on your page. and we are friends here now
On Tue, Jan 15, 2013 at 7:51 AM, AshleyD said:
Hey how are you? I'm fine. Wbu? Ima continue to work as usual lol :) Aww thanks for the compliment! Appreciate that ;) I hope you have a blessed & productive day today...stay positive!
On Mon, Jan 14, 2013 at 4:24 PM, lil NIcki 123 said:
I keep my word. That's what today is for, to do all the things you didn't do yesterday. Life is good. take it easy
On Mon, Jan 14, 2013 at 11:07 AM, maria_latina_roman said:
hi how are you
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Page 111
John Turner
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
National security depends on energy security.
—President-elect George W. Bush
Energy is the major input for overall socio-economic development.
—C. R. Kamalanathan, Secretary, Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, Government of India.
The Americans in this area are very much the villains of the piece. They've not gone along with Kyoto and yet they are unquestionably the largest polluter with 4% of the world's population and 25% of greenhouse gas emissions.
—Sir Crispin Tickell, the former British ambassador to the United Nations.
For our own security we must reduce our dependence on foreign sources of energy. However, for our economy to grow we must obtain additional energy. Developing countries will also compete for this energy, because they must have additional energy sources before they can raise their standard of living and join the world's developed nations. Like a dark cloud hanging over all of this are the pollution and global climate change these fuels produce. As we use more coal, oil, and gas, we only exacerbate the problem.
As we seek to address the issues of global climate change and carbon management, we must remain aware of all these other issues. To control and sequester carbon emissions will require additional energy. This will put additional pressure on our fossil reserves, our supply lines, and the energy infrastructure.
Currently, this world is inhabited by more than 5 billion individuals and is powered ultimately by solar energy. The food we eat and the oxygen we breathe comes from photosynthesis. Can we use this energy from the sun that indirectly powers our bodies to provide the energy we need to run our society? This chapter discusses the possibilities and offers some suggestions as to the pathways to a sustainable energy infrastructure.
Sustainable in this context means capable of supplying a growing population with energy without destroying the environment within which it is used. It must also include the ethics of using the earth's resources, particularly fossil fuels. It is completely unethical for us to squander the finite nonreplaceable
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Page 111
Renewable Energy: Generation, Storage, and Utilization
John Turner
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
National security depends on energy security.
—President-elect George W. Bush
Energy is the major input for overall socio-economic development.
—C. R. Kamalanathan, Secretary, Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, Government of India.
The Americans in this area are very much the villains of the piece. They've not gone along with Kyoto and yet they are unquestionably the largest polluter with 4% of the world's population and 25% of greenhouse gas emissions.
—Sir Crispin Tickell, the former British ambassador to the United Nations.
For our own security we must reduce our dependence on foreign sources of energy. However, for our economy to grow we must obtain additional energy. Developing countries will also compete for this energy, because they must have additional energy sources before they can raise their standard of living and join the world's developed nations. Like a dark cloud hanging over all of this are the pollution and global climate change these fuels produce. As we use more coal, oil, and gas, we only exacerbate the problem.
As we seek to address the issues of global climate change and carbon management, we must remain aware of all these other issues. To control and sequester carbon emissions will require additional energy. This will put additional pressure on our fossil reserves, our supply lines, and the energy infrastructure.
Currently, this world is inhabited by more than 5 billion individuals and is powered ultimately by solar energy. The food we eat and the oxygen we breathe comes from photosynthesis. Can we use this energy from the sun that indirectly powers our bodies to provide the energy we need to run our society? This chapter discusses the possibilities and offers some suggestions as to the pathways to a sustainable energy infrastructure.
Sustainable in this context means capable of supplying a growing population with energy without destroying the environment within which it is used. It must also include the ethics of using the earth's resources, particularly fossil fuels. It is completely unethical for us to squander the finite nonreplaceable
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Page 112resources of the planet in a one-time use without any accountability to future generations and our environment. We must try to look ahead, envision a future society, give it a voice, and use this to point out those issues that would clearly affect future lives. To consume a resource without developing a replacement is clearly an issue that will affect future generations.
The author's perspective in writing this article include the following:
To modify an existing energy infrastructure or build a new energy infrastructure requires money and energy—energy that must come from existing resources.
Advanced renewable energy systems can provide long-term benefits to society—namely, sustainability.
Manufacturing renewable energy systems for the developing world provides an economic benefit to the United States because a very large portion of the energy demand will occur in these regions. The points to consider here are the following:
1. What is the market for renewable technologies versus sequestration technologies?
2. Distributed generation that uses indigenous local resources reduces the need to build and maintain large electrical grids.
Our current energy and transportation infrastructure is plagued by many problems. It pollutes and damages our environment, it makes us dependent on foreign governments for more than 50% of our supply, and the trade deficit resulting from our oil purchases (at more than $1 billion per week) has a destabilizing effect on our economy. In addition, we must maintain an enhanced military presence in the Middle East to keep our access to this oil, which puts our military at risk. If we implement large-scale sequestration, it solves only the environmental issue, but the rest of the problems are actually exacerbated—we will have to burn more fossil fuel in order to generate the additional energy needed to power the sequestration systems to remove the CO2 that our fossil fuel systems generate. This means importing more oil (increasing our trade deficit) or burning our own reserves at a faster rate.
Sequestration is only a temporary fix; eventually we will have to replace fossil fuels. Since we have technologies that will "do the job," we should implement a sustainable energy infrastructure that doesn't emit carbon dioxide and can supply all our energy needs using our indigenous resources. Renewable technologies also have the ability to expand as our usage of and needs for energy grow. Furthermore, renewable energy systems can be configured to supply not only all the electrical needs, but also all our transportation requirements.
The United States can spend its money and energy resources building sequestration systems or implementing renewable energy technologies; it is not likely that we can or will do both. The first part of this chapter therefore discusses the vision and possibilities of renewable energy such that the reader will be convinced of the viability of this approach. In the second part, a general list of research areas is presented. Because it would be impossible to cover all of the associated technologies fully, the author has chosen to present those technologies he feels could have an impact in the immediate to 10-year time frame.
We first address the question, Can we really supply all our energy needs from renewable energy? The power of renewable energy can easily be shown using the United States as an example.
1 The United
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Page 113States is the world's largest energy consumer. Total U.S. annual electrical demand for 1997 was about 3.2 × 1012 kWh (representing 25% of the world's consumption). If we assume flat fixed-plate collectors with a system efficiency of 10% (current commercial technology) covering only half of the employed land area, a photovoltaic (PV) array 104 miles (166 km) on one side (~10,900 square miles or 27,600 km2), placed in southwest Nevada, would, over one year supply all this energy. This area represents less than 0.4% of the available land area of the United States. A system efficiency of 15%, which should be available in the next three to five years, would decrease the area to 7,200 square miles. If we add wind to the energy mix, this area for PV decreases further. If we add geothermal and hydropower, the area gets smaller still. The point is clear: we can gather more than enough renewable energy to power our society and yet have an abundance of renewable resources available for future growth. Also, one should note that wind alone or solar thermal alone could provide all our electrical energy needs.
Although we have used Nevada for this calculation, PV panels can be placed across the entire United States. The U.S. average solar irradiance is 1,800 kWh/m2 per year. Implementation would involve the rooftops of homes and businesses, parking lots, and even landfills, along with 1 to 10 square mile "energy farms." Landfills are especially viable. There are more than 10,000 landfills in the United States, and only 3,000 are active. The land is typically unusable for 20 to 30 years, and this is exactly the lifetime of PV systems. Furthermore, landfills produce methane as the organic matter decomposes. If methane is collected and used in a fuel cell, for example, this provides an additional energy input from the land.
The way in which electricity is generated is as important as the area required to supply this amount of energy. If we look at solar irradiance data (how much sunshine is available per day), we see that, in southwest Nevada, the sun shines only for an annual average of about 6 hours a day. That effectively means that this system generates the same amount of electricity in 6 hours that the United States uses in 24 hours. The remaining 18 hours of electricity must be taken from the energy stored during the hours of sunlight. Energy storage and its efficiency then become critical; any efficiency losses must be made up by an increase in the area of the PV array. This points out one of the major drawbacks to many forms of renewable energy—their intermittency and the need for energy storage. Dealing with the intermittent nature of certain forms of renewable energy and energy storage systems are topics in this discussion.
Implementing an energy infrastructure that uses more energy in its manufacture and deployment than it produces in its lifetime is not a viable pathway for the future. In fact, our current energy infrastructure has an energy payback ratio of about 0.3 meaning it converts only 30% of the input energy (in the form of fossil fuel) into electricity. A sustainable energy system will have an energy payback ratio greater than one. There is, however, the persistent myth that it takes more energy to manufacture renewables than they produce in their lifetime. Actual calculations show a very rapid payback. For example, the energy payback time for current PV systems has been calculated to range from three to four years depending on the type of PV panel (thin-film technology or multicrystalline silicon respectively).
3 This includes the energy costs for processing the semiconductor material and assembling it into a module, the frame, and the support structure. This means that PV with a lifetime of at least 30 years has a payback ratio of 8 to 10. Wind energy has an even faster payback—two to three months, and this includes scraping the turbine at the end of its life.
4 For wind, with a 20-year lifetime, the payback ratio is an impressive 80! Renewable energy resources can therefore be used to manufacture additional renewable energy systems, like a breeder plant, producing more energy than they use in the manufacture—the ultimate in sustainable energy systems.
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With the combination of PV, solar-thermal, wind, geothermal, biomass, and hydro, the United States has sufficient renewable resources for virtually unlimited energy growth. Moreover, PV, wind, geothermal, and biomass are commercial systems that are available now. We now discuss some of the renewable generation technologies and then highlight some of the research issues.
Photovoltaics (solar cells) convert light energy directly into direct current d.c. electricity with no moving parts.
5 Developed in the early 1950s, primarily for the space industry, PV is now a $1.5 billion industry for terrestrial applications. Worldwide production in 2000 was approximately 278 megawatts (MW), representing a yearly growth rate of about 37%. As of January 2001, the production of major manufacturers was sold out for next two years, and many new production facilities are being built. Levelized electricity costs are reported to range from 15 to 30/kWh ($5-$10 per watt installed). The major application in the past has been for remote applications far from the grid, but it is becoming more common to find PV on the rooftops of homes and integrated into buildings (
Figure 7.1)
In fact, building integrated PV has become a major market. In these days of heightened awareness of energy shortages, and in particular their effect on Internet businesses, energy reliability is becoming a major factor in the decision of companies to integrate PV into their buildings. The siting issues are very important. PV does not impact the area with emissions as diesel generator sets do, and because there are no moving parts, maintenance is minimal. During the summer months, PV provides its maximum power just when air conditioning loads are the greatest. Integrating PV into a building design decreases the installation costs, provides for additional energy reliability and reduces the load on the local grid since the electricity is generated at point of use.
While the major technology being installed today is based on single and poly crystalline silicon, thin film solar cell technologies offer the potential for very low cost and high volume manufacturing resulting in a levelized cost in the 6 cents/kWh range. Thin film technologies utilize 1-5-µm-thick films of semiconductors on glass or stainless steel.
The advantages that thin films provide are high efficiency, reduced materials requirements, and an inexpensive and rapid manufacturing process. The disadvantages are that current systems use toxic or rare materials and that the long-term stability (>20 years) of current technology is unknown, although data to date show excellent stability. Before these materials can make a major impact in the PV market, improved understanding of the scientific and technological base for today's thin films will be necessary (
Figure 7.2).
Figure 7.3 shows the historical trends in laboratory efficiencies for the various thin film systems. For solar cells, the efficiency of commercially produced panels usually lags the laboratory efficiencies by about 10 years. For commercial applications, panel efficiencies need to be in the range of 10%, although many of these thin-film systems can be successfully marketed with efficiencies of 5-8%.
Increasing the efficiency of any solar converter will decrease the area that must be covered to collect a fixed amount of energy. Depending on the cost of the solar converter system, this can also lead to lower costs. For photovoltaics, one can greatly increase the conversion efficiency by designing cells to utilize specific areas (colors) of the solar spectrum and stacking them on top of one another in a series configuration. A commercial example is found in the GaAs-GaInP2 tandem cell currently used to power communication satellites. This solar cell consists of a gallium arsenide (GaAs) bottom cell connected to
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~ enlarge ~
FIGURE 7.1 4 Times Square, a 48-story skyscraper at the corner of Broadway and 42nd Street, was the first major office building constructed in New York city in the 1990s. The building's most advanced feature is the photovoltaic skin, a system that uses thin-film PV panels to replace traditional glass cladding material. The PV curtain wall extends from the thirty-fifth to the forty-ninth floors on the building's south and east walls. The developer, the Durst Organization, has implemented a wide variety of healthy building and energy-efficient strategies. Kiss and Cathcart architects designed the building's PV system in collaboration with Fox and Fowle, the base building architects. Energy Photovoltaics of Princeton, New Jersey, developed the custom PV modules.
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~ enlarge ~
FIGURE 7.2 Thin copper indium diselenide solar cell. Progress in manufacturing is mostly empirical, with little understanding of material properties, devices, and processes that lead to higher efficiency.
~ enlarge ~
FIGURE 7.3 Thin-film solar cell efficiencies in the laboratory from 1975 until 2000.
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a gallium indium phosphide (GaInP2) top cell via a tunnel diode interconnect. The top p/n GaInP2 junction, with a bandgap of 1.83 eV, is designed to absorb the visible portion of the solar spectrum. The bottom p/n GaAs junction, with a 1.42-eV bandgap, absorbs the near-infrared portion of the spectrum, which is transmitted through the top junction. While single gap electrodes have a solar conversion efficiency limit of 32%, tandem junction devices have an efficiency limit of 42%.
6 The maximum theoretical solar-to-electrical efficiency for the present combination of bandgaps is about 34%,
7 and more than 29% efficiency has been realized experimentally. Research work is currently under way to develop systems with four junctions, which have a theoretical efficiency of more than 50% and a realizable efficiency greater than 40%. One approach to deal with the high cost of these materials is to use them in a solar concentrating system, where most of the area of the expensive semiconductor is replaced by an inexpensive optical concentrator. The GaInP2-GaAs system has been shown to operate at up to 1,000 times light concentration (with active cooling). To show the power of this approach, if we take a PV manufacturing plant that is producing 10 MW of PV material per year and the material is capable of 1,000 times concentration, with the use of an optical concentrator system, that plant now produces 10,000 MW (10 GW) of PV per year. While current research involves mainly single-crystal material, applying multijunction technology to thin-film devices would provide great efficiency and cost benefits.
Wind is the world's fastest-growing energy resource. In 2000, worldwide wind-generating capacity was 18,000 MW.
8 (This is equivalent to the amount of nuclear power installed worldwide by 1970.) The growth rate is about 28% per year (1995-1998) and was 36% from 1998 to 1999. Wind systems produce energy at the lowest cost of any renewable energy system, thus wind is projected to produce 10% of the world's energy supply by the year 2020. Wind can be very cost-effective in the displacement of fossil-generated electrons. Electricity from the Lake Benton I 107.25-MW wind farm in Minnesota is sold to Northern States Power Company at an average cost of 3 cents/kWh.
Wind energy turbines range from a few hundred watts to multimegawatt systems. Denmark is currently producing a 2-MW system designed to be used mainly in offshore locations. Because of the lower air turbulence over water, offshore wind turbines produce about 50% more energy than land-based turbines. They also last about 10 years longer.
One of the great advantages of wind is that it is a dual-use technology—its footprint uses only 5% of the land, and the rest of the land can still be used for farming, ranching, and forestry. The land-leasing revenue for a landowner leasing to a wind farm ranges between $500 and $2,000 per turbine per year. That same land used for farming would generate about $100 per year. The farming areas in the Midwest from Texas to North Dakota could be used to provide all of the U.S. electrical needs.
The average capacity factor for wind is about 30%, meaning that the wind farm generates electricity only about 30% of the time. Because of this, utilities often discount wind since they cannot predict or fully depend on the wind farm to generate electricity when it is needed. However, it has been determined that widely separated wind sites provide a more constant power supply; the more wind farms connected to the grid, the more will the short-term fluctuations from one farm cancel out the fluctuations from another. This has been particularly noted in Denmark, which in 2000 was already supplying 13% of its electricity by wind generation. This figure will increase to at least 16% by 2003 and is expected to be 50% of its consumption by the year 2030.
One of the issues with wind is that wind sites are often located away from electrical loads and transmission lines. This also applies to large-scale PV arrays and solar-thermal electric plants situated in the desert areas of the American West.
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Solar-thermal systems, also known as concentrating solar power plants, produce electrical power by concentrating the sun's energy with various mirror configurations and generating high-temperature heat.
9 They thus follow the path from solar to heat to electricity. The systems are classified by the way in which they concentrate the sun's energy and collect the heat. They include central receiver, parabolictrough, and dish systems. Although each of these has been demonstrated, the parabolic-trough systems have the longest operating experience.
Parabolic-Trough Technology
Parabolic-trough technology offers the lowest-cost, near-term option for large-scale solar power.
10 It is also the technology that has the longest commercial experience of any solar plant. Electricity costs with current technology are around 10 cent/kWh now, with 5 cent/kWh predicted for the future (2010) using thermal energy storage.
The trough systems collect energy in a receiver pipe located along the focal length of a parabolically curved trough-shaped reflector. A heat-collecting fluid, usually oil, is pumped through the receiver pipes and is heated to about 400°C. The hot oil is then used to produce steam that generates electricity in a conventional steam generator. Systems have been designed that incorporate thermal storage; they can be used to generate electricity when the sun is not shining. However, all parabolic-trough plants currently operate as hybrid solar-fossil plants. These plants use standard fossil fuels to generate electricity when the sun is not shining or during periods of low solar intensity. This points out the great advantage with this technology—it couples nicely with existing fossil fuel technology, thus integrating easily with conventional central station power plants. These hybrid systems provide continuous power, with significantly lower carbon emissions than a stand-alone fossil plant.
There are nine parabolic-trough plants with a combined 354 MW(e) (megawatts of electrical power) of generating capacity operating in the Mojave Desert (
Figure 7.4). The first one was installed in 1984. These plants have a combined 100 plant-years of commercial operating experience.
Whereas biomass and geothermal can produce energy at will, wind, solar-thermal, and PV cannot. Therefore, any renewable-based energy scheme must have integrated energy storage before it can be considered as a viable, sustainable energy system. Energy storage systems include hydrogen, biofuels, batteries, pumped hydro, compressed air, thermal storage, flywheels, and superconducting magnetic storage. Energy storage is site specific and can be time dependent. Pumped hydro can be very inexpensive but is obviously site dependent. Flywheels and batteries have a high turnaround efficiency (>90%) but degrade at 0.1-5% per hour. Hydrogen has a turnaround efficiency of about 50% but is not time dependent.
Energy must be dispatchable, so only those renewable energy systems that contain a viable energy storage technology can be considered for large-scale implementation. A utility cannot call on solar and wind generation systems to produce at will; it can call on its energy storage system—but the energy must be there! Managing energy storage will be the key for a successful utility. Resource assessment for storage scenarios will be very important for the implementation of renewable energy technologies. The energy storage system will likely be dependent on the local environment, so there has to be the capability to match the energy storage system with the energy generation system. Algorithms and control strategies must be developed to match the generation, storage, and distribution systems. There is a need
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~ enlarge ~
FIGURE 7.4 Nine trough power plants in California's Mojave Desert provide the world's largest generating capacity of solar electricity, with a combined output of 354 MW. These systems provide large-scale power generation from the sun and, because of their proven performance, are gaining acceptance in the energy marketplace.
to couple the forecast of energy usage (time and magnitude) with the forecasting of energy generation. Weather forecasts that include wind and solar insolation forecasts become very important. They are lacking at the moment. In fact, the author sees the lack of a large program focused on energy storage and its integration into the energy infrastructure as a major gap in current U.S. energy policy.
Flywheel systems
11 are possibly the lowest-cost energy storage technology, predicted to be in the range of about $500 per kilowatt. Flywheels have a very high turnaround efficiency (>90%), meaning energy in versus energy out, but current technology degrades at about 2% per hour, which limits their energy storage capability to a few hours. Superconducting bearings would give a 0.1% per hour decay
12 and would extend their energy storage capabilities from days to weeks. Only kilowatt-hour energy storage systems have been demonstrated. For utility applications, multimegawatt-hour systems will have to be developed and demonstrated.
Hydrogen can replace fossil fuels as the energy carrier for transportation and electrical generation when renewable energy is not available. Since it can be transported via gas pipelines or generated onsite, any system that requires an energy carrier can use hydrogen. Conversion of the chemical energy of H2 to electrical energy via a fuel cell produces only water as waste. This pollution-free attribute of a hydrogen economy is one of the major driving forces for research in the generation, storage, distribution, and utilization of hydrogen.
Currently, hydrogen is manufactured in large quantities from steam reforming of natural gas; however, H2 from solar energy can be generated through a number of paths.
14 The conversion of biomass to
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Page 120H2, although fairly straightforward, has a low sunlight-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency, and any system designed to generate significant amounts of H2 must cover a rather large land area. Nonetheless, if the biomass is a waste by-product (such as wood chips or nutshells), then this is perhaps the least expensive of the renewable H2 generation technologies. Wind energy and photovoltaic systems coupled to electrolyzers are perhaps the most versatile of the approaches and are likely to be the major hydrogen producers of the future. These systems are commercially available, but only at high prices. Advanced photolysis systems combine the two separate steps of electrical generation and electrolysis into a single system. These direct conversion systems include photoelectrolysis and photobiological systems. These systems are based on the fact that visible light has sufficient energy to split water.
The coupling of hydrogen to the energy and transportation infrastructures requires the development and deployment of fuel cell technology. Fuel cells are devices that take chemical energy and, without combustion, convert the fuel directly to electricity.
16 Since there is no burning of the fuel, there is no generation of airborne pollutants; the only effluent is water. High-efficiency fuel cell technologies are well known; perhaps the best-known current application is the use of fuel cells to power the space shuttle. Fuel cells represent the most energy-efficient link between renewable-based fuels (hydrogen, methanol, ethanol, and other biofuels) and electricity.
In a typical fuel cell, hydrogen and oxygen are supplied to individual electrodes separated by an ion-conducting layer. The electrochemical reactions produce electricity, heat, and water. Fuel cells are classified by the electrolyte used. These include the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), alkali fuel cell (AFC), molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). Solid-electrolyte fuel cells such as the SOFC and PEMFC have a number of advantages in comparison to other types. The solid electrolyte removes liquid electrolyte management problems, reducing or eliminating corrosion, leakage, pore flooding, and so forth. The high temperature used in the SOFC system (>650°C) promotes rapid kinetics and eliminates the need for precious metal catalyst, but places severe requirements on materials, as well as requiring thermal management. It also dictates an extended startup and shutdown period, virtually eliminating its use for intermittent power generation. PEM systems operate at lower temperatures (<90°C), but they require strict water management for membrane humidification and platinum or other precious metal catalysts to increase the kinetics.
The strategic potential of fuel cell technology is enormous. Fuel cells integrate into renewable energy power packages and facilitate distributed generation. Biomass-fired fuel cells, where gasified biomass is fed into molten carbonate or solid-oxide fuel cells, produce a concentrated CO2 stream that if sequestered, actually reduces atmospheric CO2. Fuel cells can be integrated into building energy systems to provide both heat and electricity. Fuel cells are the key enabling technology for future transportation vehicles, providing high efficiency, high fuel economy (80-100 mpg [miles per gallon] equivalent), and zero emissions.
Fuel Cell Conundrum—The Current Fuel Infrastructure Won't Work
For fuel cell vehicles to be acceptable to consumers there must be a readily accessible and reasonably priced fuel for refueling. However, a production and distribution system for a new fuel will not be built unless there is a known demand. The most versatile way to solve this problem is with electrolysis. Electrolysis uses electricity in an electrolyzer to break apart water into hydrogen and oxygen. Although current commercial electrolyzers are very expensive and used primarily in industry to produce high-purity H2, companies are working to bring the costs down and develop small inexpensive systems suitable for individual use.
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The approach would be to provide a "home fueling appliance" (i.e., an electrolyzer) with each fuel cell vehicle.
18 The cost goal is about $1,500 per appliance and would be included in the vehicle cost. The consumer plugs the appliance into an outlet in the garage, and water is delivered via a garden hose. There would be no storage of hydrogen in the appliance; the consumer would connect the appliance up to the vehicle, which would receive its charge of hydrogen overnight. It should be recognized that with this approach, the consumer is purchasing most of her or his fuel up-front, with reoccurring charges from the electricity used to power the electrolyzer.
Electrolyzers in the Infrastructure
Using electrolyzers to provide hydrogen for fuel cell vehicles with our current fossil-based energy infrastructure actually doubles the CO2 produced per mile compared to commercial internal combustion engine technology
19 because of the low efficiency of the current electricity generation system and the efficiency of electrolysis. Therefore, this approach is viable only if there is a concurrent program for major introduction of renewable generation of electricity.
Alternatively, small-scale reformers (100-1,000 cars per day) generating hydrogen from natural gas would cut emissions CO2 per mile by half. This approach may be viable for the short term, but it is not sustainable in the long term.
Water Issues
Water is already an issue for current fossil-fueled plant construction, especially in the arid western United States. Water is also a global issue.
20 It is apparent that generating hydrogen from water electrolysis will only exacerbate the issue. The conclusion is that water desalination plants will be necessary. If these desalination plants are placed in or near cities that currently have oil ports, then the existing liquid fuels distribution infrastructure could be used for "electrolysis-grade" water delivery.
What would be the most reasonable approach to replacing our current energy infrastructure with a sustainable one? The author respectfully offers the following recommendations.
Any renewable energy system that produces electrons should be connected to the grid in such a way as to directly reduce the CO2 emissions from current fossil energy generation and avoid construction of additional fossil fuel power plants.
19 PV comes very close to matching the early afternoon peak in energy use. Integrating PV into current buildings and future building designs should be strongly encouraged. Wind farms, being the least-cost renewable energy systems, should be encouraged with incentives and legislative mandates. There is some debate as to how much intermittent power the grid can accept, but even 10% would constitute a large amount of renewable energy and greatly reduce CO2 generation.
Biomass-based power plants and parabolic-trough hybrid systems could integrate seamlessly into the current infrastructure, providing continuous power and lowered CO2 emissions.
Fuel cell vehicles should be deployed with hydrogen as the on-board fuel. Hydrogen is the preferred fuel because it provides the greatest benefit in terms of fuel economy and emissions.
During the buildup of the renewable generation systems, research and development should be focused on energy storage technologies in the multimegawatt-hour to gigawatt-hour range. These would be deployed as the technology is proven.
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Only minimal sequestration should be considered because it costs money and energy, and the money and energy are better spent deploying a sustainable energy infrastructure.
Because renewable energy technologies must cover an area for the collection of energy, the efficiency of every process is important. Efficiency also relates directly to costs. These efficiencies include the following:
Efficiency of electrical generation (PV, wind, solar thermal, etc.)
Efficiency of energy storage (hydrogen, flywheel, etc.)
1. For hydrogen: electrolysis efficiency and fuel cell efficiency
2. For flywheel: bearing losses
Efficiency of utilization
Efficiency of system coupling
Silicon SolarCell Technology
The PV industry has been very good at reducing costs; however, it is going to run up against a barrier in the cost of the silicon feedstock used to make solar cells. Low-cost, low-energy technologies must be developed that can take the raw material (quartz) and refine it into solar-grade silicon.
Techniques are being developed to grow thin layers of silicon on various substrates to minimize the amount of silicon used in the manufacture of solar cells. Research is needed to determine ways to make thin-film silicon perform at high efficiencies and, in particular, how to mitigate the effect of grain boundaries.
Thin-Film Solar Cell Technology
For production in the range of about 30 GW per year the material availability with current technologies—particularly for the elements indium, gallium, tellurium, and germanium—would cause supply issues. Research is needed for the discovery and development of new thin-film semiconductors that will reduce or eliminate the necessary amount of these materials.
Research is needed for the discovery and development of new thin-film semiconductors that will replace current toxic and heavy metals (cadmium, tellurium, lead) with nontoxic materials. In the meantime, in case they cannot be eliminated, research is needed on the recovery and recycling of these toxic materials.
Work is needed on the replacement of toxic or explosive feedstock gases that are used in the manufacture of thin-film systems. Multijunction thin-film systems have to be developed for increased solar-to-electrical conversion efficiency. Continued work is necessary on the fundamental mechanism for the degradation of amorphous silicon devices. There may also be some stability issues with the other thin-film technologies.
Technical issues for improved turbine performance and lower costs include aerodynamics, structures and fatigue, advanced components, and wind characteristics.
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Basic aerodynamics research for three-dimensional computer simulations of airflows is rarely used in the aircraft industry, so wind turbine researchers have to develop new methods and computer simulation models to deal with these issues. Research in computational fluid dynamics (CFD), which is a group of methods that deal with simulating airflows around, for example, rotor blades for wind turbines, is also needed.
Materials engineering is needed for advanced components to improve performance and reduce hardware costs. Research into innovative generators and advanced controls, including power electronics, is needed.
Other activities that must be conducted include developing an updated, comprehensive national database for utility and industry access and improving resource assessment and mapping techniques and wind forecasting.
Research issues related to increasing the efficiency and decreasing the costs of solar-thermal technology include the following:
Optical materials—durability, flexibility (easily applied to compound curvature surfaces), high reflectivity, easy cleanability, low cost
Concentrators (heliostats and dishes)—low-cost drives, lightweight structures, high optical accuracy, flexible control systems, low-cost, innovative system concepts.
Receivers—high-efficiency volumetric reactors, secondary concentrators
Storage—high-temperature, low-cost storage concepts
Electrolyzers and Fuel Cells—PEM Systems
One cannot emphasize enough the necessity for increased research in electrocatalysts. Hydrogen will be one of the main components of a renewable energy infrastructure, and the major conversion technologies for hydrogen, namely electrolyzers and fuel cells, both involve electrocatalysts. Catalysts will be needed for the oxygen reaction for both water oxidation and oxygen reduction. Other research that is needed for electrolyzers and PEM fuel cells includes the following:
More reactive catalysts for direct methanol (and perhaps ethanol) fuel cells must be developed.
Ways are needed to reduce (or better substitute for) platinum (180 g per system now for a 50-kW(e) fuel cell).
Better manufacturability of fuel cells is necessary; including.
1. better manufacture of bipolar plates (injection molded or stamped from metal stock) and,
2. better membranea (Nafion—fluorine chemistry).
To estimate the land area needed for photovoltaic panels, the following information was used (from
R.L. Hulstrom,
National Renewable Energy Laboratory internal report): Flatplate photovoltaic (PV) collector modules are typically placed such that they cover one-half of the available land; 1 m2 of PV requires 2 m2 of available land. Total U.S. 1997 annual electricity demand was about 3.2 × 1012 kWh. Average solar resource per year for southwest Nevada is 2,300
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Page 124kWh/m2 per year. If we assume 10% net plant efficiency (current technology), that solar resource would provide 230 kWh/m2 per year. Therefore the total area needed is
~ enlarge ~
which equals 2.78 × 1010 m2 of land area, or about 10,900 square miles (a square 104 miles on one side). A system efficiency of 15% would drop the area to 7,200 square miles.
Alsema, E.A., and
E. Nieuwlaar.
Energy Policy
Oliver, M., and
T. Jackson.
Energy Policy
4. See
5. See
Bolton, J.R.,
S.J. Strickler, and
J. S. Connolly.
Kurtz, S.R.,
P. Faine, and
J. M. Olson.
J. Appl. Phys.
8. See
http://www.awea.org/faq/ and
9. See
10. See
http://www.eren.doe.gov/power/pdfs/solar_trough.pdf and
H. Price and
D. Kearney. A Pathway for Sustained Commercial Development and Deployment of Parabolic-Trough Technology,
NICH Report No. TP-550-24748 (
), found at
Hull, J.R.,
IEEE Spectrum
20-25, (
Hull, J.R.,
Superconductor Science & Technology
13. See
Turner, J.,
Khaselev, O., and
J. Turner.
16. See
Thomas, C.E.,
B.D. James, and
F.D. Lomax, Jr. Analysis of Residential Fuel Cell Systems and PNGV Fuel Cell Vehicles,
in Proceedings of the 2000 Hydrogen Program Annual Review, found at
Fairlie, M.J., and
P.B. Scott. Filling up with Hydrogen 2000,
in Proceedings of the 2000 Hydrogen Program Annual Review, found at
Thomas, C.,
B. James,
F. Lomax, and
I. Kuhn. Integrated Analysis of Hydrogen Passenger Vehicle Transportation Pathways,
in Proceedings of the 1998 Hydrogen Program Annual Review, found at
Vorosmarty, C. J.,
P. Green,
J. Salisbury, and
R. Lammers.
284 (
The following is an example of a residential distributed energy system utilizing renewable generation and an electrolyzer-hydrogen storage-fuel cell combination for energy storage.
The energy system for this home utilizes renewable energy generation (Solar cells on the roof of the homse) and hydrogen storage to provide continuous power. (See
Figure 7.5.) The key to this house is the controller. The controller is connected to the Internet and monitors and controls all of the components. The components of this system include an electrolyzer that utilizes electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen, a hydrogen energy storage system, and a fuel cell to convert the stored hydrogen back into electricity. Using parameters set by the homeowner (similar to a thermostat), the controller maintains the state of charge for the hydrogen system and either purchases or sells power to the grid. If the sun is shining on the PV panels, electricity can be either used in the home, directed toward the electrolysis unit, or sold to the grid. At night, hydrogen is supplied to the fuel cell to generate electricity. Alternatively, if available, the controller could purchase off-peak power from the grid to operate the home and electrolyze water to generate additional hydrogen. The hydrogen would be stored in underground tanks, either as a pressurized gas, absorbed into advanced carbon nanotubes, or as a metal
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~ enlarge ~
FIGURE 7.5 Examples of a residential distributed energy system utilizing renewable generation and an electrolyzed/hydrogen storage/fuel cell combination for energy storage.
hydride. In addition to providing energy storage, the hydrogen could also be used to fuel the homeowner's fuel cell vehicles.
As an option, the homeowner could make power available to the electric utility. If the utility has a need for additional power, it would send out a query to the controller to negotiate a price and to determine the amount of power that would be available from the home. Power could come from either stored hydrogen via the fuel cell or PV electricity. While each home would not necessarily have a lot of power to sell, a large number of homes (a hundred thousand or more) would represent a very large energy storage and generation system. Communities of homes could act as energy generation and storage systems for local industry, the ultimate in distributed generation.
Dave Cole, Oak Ridge National Laboratory: I have two questions that pertain to silicon. First, on the issue of stability, could you elaborate on what you really mean by stability of the silicon-based compounds?
Second, with regard to the thin film, at what degree of degradation of the thin film does it become inefficient or does the efficiency drop off so much that it can't function anymore?
John Turner: In terms of silicon, there are two issues and I zipped through it so quickly that it has caused confusion. There is no issue of physical degradation of crystalline silicon; as long as you keep it dry, it lasts 30 years. The degradation is in the performance, and that has a stable, lasting effect. It is not
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Page 126a really well understood effect, but under light soaking, the system loses some of its efficiency in the first six months of operation.
So, the films start out at 15% and then in six months they drop down to 10 or 12%. This particular degradation mechanism is somewhat understood, but how to control it is not.
Dave Cole: Is moisture an issue in temperate zones where it is not always dry? Is water or humidity a factor?
John Turner: Water is not an issue with current sealing technologies for single-crystal silicon cells.
Dave Cole: Is that true for the amorphous silica also?
John Turner: It is the same for amorphous silica. Amorphous silicon uses the same sealing technique.
Dave Cole: What do you mean by "sealing technique"?
John Turner: Typically, the silicon is deposited either on glass or on stainless steel and sealed with a plastic. The plastic is called ethoxybenzoic acid (EBA), but I've forgotten what that means now. It is a cover that seals everything up. It lasts about 20 years. The degradation of EBA is really what limits the lifetime of silicon solar cells.
David Keith, Carnegie Mellon: I think I heard you say that the use of water in electrolysis to make hydrogen would lead to some water shortages. Is that correct?
John Turner: It is going to be an issue if you only have water—
David Keith: I don't get it. I mean about a meter of water a year falls in the typical temperate zones. That means on each hectare you get 104 square cubic meters of water per year.
John Turner: Yes.
David Keith: Yet the amount of water that you need to make hydrogen, assuming you—
John Turner: Pretty small.
David Keith: It is of order 10 cubic meters. So, there is a difference of 103.
John Turner: Right, but it is the culmination that makes the difference. Water is used for food, people and industry. If you add hydrogen production to that, there may be a problem. If you take it by itself, you are absolutely right.
David Keith: It is down by three orders of magnitude.
John Turner: It is going to be an issue.


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Since Jan 21, 1999
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"To reach something good, it is very useful to have gone astray, and thus acquire experience." - St. Teresa of Avila.
"Sometimes, the best thing that you can do is not think, not wonder, not imagine, not obsess. Just breathe and have faith that everything will turn out for the best." - Unknown
"How strangely will the Tools of a Tyrant pervert the plain Meaning of Words!" -Sam Adams
"To be a Christian means to forgive the inexcusable because God has forgiven the inexcusable in you." - C.S. Lewis
"The American Republic will endure until the day Congress discovers that it can bribe the public with the public's money."
~ Alexis de Tocqueville
"It's easy to campaign as a proggie. Just recognize the abject ignorance of most of the voters and exploit that ignorance with rhetoric." ~ Neal Boortz @Talkmaster
"There can never be a complete confidence in a power which is excessive." - Tacitus
"I know of no pursuit in which more real and important services can be rendered to any country than by improving its agriculture, its breed of useful animals, and other branches of a husbandman's cares." - George Washington
"Most ignorance is vincible ignorance. We don't know because we don't want to know." - Aldous Huxley
"You can discover what your enemy fears most by observing the means he uses to frighten you." - Eric Hoffer (1902 - 1983)
"To take photographs...is putting one's head, one's eye and one's heart on the same axis" Henri Cartier-Bresson
"A wise and frugal government, which shall leave men free to regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement, and shall not take from the mouth of labor and bread it has earned - this is the sum of good government" - Thomas Jefferson
"Real liberty is never found in despotism or in the extremes of democracy" - Alexander Hamilton
"Suppose you were an idiot. And suppose you were a member of Congress.... But, then I repeat myself." -Mark Twain
"It is not our abilities that show what we truly are, it is our choices." Albus Dumbledore
"I have nothing but contempt for Representatives who only represent themselves." - H. Roe Bartle
"At the core of modern liberalism is the spoiled child - miserable, as all spoiled children are, unsatisfied, demanding, ill-disciplined, despotic and useless. Liberalism is a philosophy of sniveling brats ." (PJ O'Rourke)
"I don't need Bush's tax cut," (Patrick) Kennedy shouted to a shocked crowd of young Democrats in 2003. "I have never worked a f-----g day in my life."
"If you're listening to a rock star in order to get your information on who to vote for, you're a bigger moron than they are. Why are we rock stars? Because we're morons. We sleep all day, we play music at night and very rarely do we sit around reading the Washington Journal." - Alice Cooper
"Democratic strategists feel John Kerry's war record means he can beat Bush. They say when it comes down to it, voters will always vote for a war hero over someone who tried to get out of the war. I'll be sure to mention that to Bob Dole when I see him." - Jay Leno
"You do not examine legislation in light of the benefits it will convey if properly administered, but in light of the wrongs it would do and the harms it would cause if improperly administered." Lyndon Baines Johnson
"A viler evil than to murder a man, is to sell him suicide as an act of virtue. A viler evil than to throw a man into a sacrificial furnace, is to demand that he leap in, of his own will, and that he build the furnace, besides."
Ayn Rand, Atlas Shrugged
"If you want to get rich and/or stay that way, or if you want your kids or other loved ones to do so, you'd damn well better stand up for everyone else's right to do so too." -- Rick Gaber
"War is an ugly thing, but not the ugliest of things. The decayed and degraded state of moral and patriotic feeling which thinks that nothing is worth war is much worse. The person who has nothing for which he is willing to fight, nothing which is more important than his own personal safety, is a miserable creature and has no chance of being free unless made and kept so by the exertions of better men than himself."
John Stuart Mill "
"...when the last individual of a race of living things breathes no more, another Heaven and another Earth must pass before such a one can be again." ~ William Beebe"
Socialism is a philosophy of failure, the creed of ignorance, and the gospel of envy, its inherent virtue is the equal sharing of misery. -Winston Churchill


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Breakfast bars, Full size washer/dryer in every apartment, Fully equipped kitchens, Huge private deck or patio, Large swimming pool, Mini-blinds, Oversized closets, Pets Welcome Call For Details, Tennis courts, Walk to commuter lot, Wall-to-wall carpeting
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Largest floorplan in Centreville! Ask For Our Income Guidelines!
AN OUTSTANDING BLEND OF STYLE AND VALUE! These affordable luxury apartment homes are surrounded by wooded parkland with beautiful streams, miles of bike trails and breathtaking views with everything you need conveniently nearby from schools to shopping, restaurants and easy access to Metrobus and I-66, and Route 28 and 29.
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Lease Terms: 12 months. Security Deposit: From $500 up to one months rent. Pet Policy: 30 pound weight limit, 2 pets maximum, $200 Non-Refundable pet fee per pet. $20 per month pet rent.
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Not very happy with the mainenance dept.
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costumer service is not good, but mainance staff is execellent when you need something fix they are always wil Read Moreling to help and serve.
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Maintaining Service was good(coming fast and handling problems immediately.
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Maintenance people and management are very respectful and very quick to respond to resident requests.
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Lumina is a Pinot Grigio with a well recognizable personality. Its medium-bodied structure and full aromas makes it stand out in the broad Pinot Grigio category.
In 1913, the Folonari family purchased Ruffino and brought new talent, energy and enthusiasm into the company. They started on a nearly century-long pursuit to develop a collection of estates in Tuscany, all of which matched the standard of quality and uniqueness which was the trademark of Ruffino wine.
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ParaPro Assessment
ParaPro Assessment Review Class
This class is designed to assist students who are preparing to take the ParaPro Assessment. Instruction, review, and practice are provided in requisite reading, mathematics and writing skills.
$65 + $5 registration fee
Tuesday & Thursday, 6-9p.m., 4 meetings, April 28 - May 7, 2015, Warwick
Monday & Wednesday, 6-9p.m., 4 meetings, August 17 - August 26, Warwick
Information about CCRI's Teacher Assistant Training Program
ParaPro Assessment
The ParaPro Assessment measures the reading, writing and basic math competencies of practicing and prospective paraprofessionals. In accordance with the No Child Left Behind Act, the ParaPro Assessment can be used to certify teacher's aides and assistants in the instruction of these subjects to school children.
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text:
Jennifer Bartlett
- Dates: November 11, 1985 through January 6, 1986
- Collections: Contemporary Art
... more
October 15, 1985: Jennifer Bartlett, the first major retrospective of the work of one of the outstanding New York artists of her generation, opens in the fifth floor galleries of The Brooklyn Museum on November 22 and will be on view through January 6. Covering the years 1970 to 1984, the exhibition traces the complex development of an artist internationally renowned for the scope and brilliance of her achievement.
On view will be nearly 40 large-scale paintings, among them Rhapsody, the room-sized work composed of 988 enameled steel plates. There are also 50 drawings, recent sculptures related to the themes of Bartlett's paintings and drawings, and plans and models for the six architectural commissions she has completed in the US and Europe.
Born in California, Bartlett graduated from Mills College in Oakland. She received an MFA from Yale School of Art and Architecture in 1965 and by 1968 had settled in the SoHo area of New York. While naturally engaged with the most serious artistic movements of the later 1960s--Minimalism, Conceptualism, and process art--she showed from the first a temperament that favored expansiveness and inclusiveness over reductionism.
She has always demonstrated an ability to confront large ideas head-on, dealing with them directly and passionately and following their implications with a thoroughness both logical and exuberant. She took, for example, the idea of the grid--one of the most fruitful for 20th-century painting--and in the late '60s invented a medium in which a literal grid made of 12-inch-square enameled steel plates silkscreened with a grid pattern acted both as the basic unit of composition and as the painting surface.
In her early works, culminating in Rhapsody, Bartlett united intense formal rigor with no less intense narrative feeling. As Roberta Smith remarks in the exhibition catalog, representation in this work is formally codified, while abstraction is given a strong narrative bent. The viewer's pleasure builds with the excitement of following the continuous stream of fresh invention, with the controlling structure only serving to heighten the intensity of feeling. In her more recent work, Bartlett's drive to examine all aspects of a theme, to juxtapose and combine media and points of view, is expressed in the creation of three-dimensional objects--a house, a boat, a fence--which come out of a painting and take their place in real space. Although the painterly realism of the artist's later paintings looks very different from her early work, the exhibition demonstrates the logic of her development and the consistency of her themes and attitude. The house, the sea and the garden are images that recur throughout her work, reexamined and newly imagined in a rich profusion of forms. Her themes generate formal invention, and her adventurous visual imagination regenerates her themes.
This exhibition was organized by Marge Goldwater of the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis and also travels to Kansas City, La Jolla and Pittsburgh.
In conjunction with the exhibition an illustrated 168-page book entitled Jennifer Bartlett, published by Abbeville Press, will be available ($21.10 Members: $24.84 Non Members.) The volume contains essays by Calvin Tomkins, Roberta Smith and Marge Goldwater.Brooklyn Museum Archives. Records of the Department of Public Information. Press releases, 1971 - 1988. 1985, 051. View Original
Press Coverage of this Exhibition
- ART: JENNIFER BARLETT, 15 YEAR RETROSPECTIVENovember 29, 1985 By MICHAEL BRENSON"FEW contemporary artists are more controversial than Jennifer Bartlett. To her many defenders, her work is immensely ambitious and endlessly rich and inventive, and her serial, cinematic and novelistic approach has pioneered new ground for painting. Her detractors believe that she has flaws as a painter, that her work is weakened rather than..."
- CRITICS' CHOICES; ARTDecember 1, 1985 By Michael Brenson"In terms of contemporary art, far more is happening now at the Brooklyn Museum than at any other museum in New York City. There is a small exhibition of paintings by Richard Diebenkorn on the lids of cigar boxes that continues through tomorrow. And there is a large Jennifer Bartlett retrospective running through Jan. 6. In the same immense corridor..."


text:
News articles and reports News articles, op-eds, reports on issues of immigration. |
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S.3816 bill Creating American Jobs and Ending Offshoring Act
Title: Creating American Jobs and Ending Offshoring Act
Sponsor: Sen Durbin, Richard [IL] (introduced 9/21/2010) Cosponsors Sen Dorgan, Byron L. [ND] - Sen Reid, Harry [NV] - Sen Schumer, Charles E. [NY] - Introduced in the Senate. This bill will give companies a two-year holiday from their share of Social Security payroll withholding taxes for each employee they hire to replace a worker at a foreign-based facility. The Creating American Jobs and Ending Offshoring Act would bar companies from taking tax credits or deductions for the cost of closing a U.S.-based facility to move the operation overseas.Companies could still take deductions for severance and job placement services for employees who lose their jobs as a result of a U.S. plant closing. Under the legislation, companies that close a U.S.-based business and expand it overseas would no longer be allowed to defer U.S. income taxes on foreign subsidiaries. Reid has the option to set up a procedural vote next week
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Next thing....H1 program only once in 3 years or only when "needed".....
Cut the number of GCs by half...So that people will go back to their origin when their H1 expires..... Attach huge price tag to GC... and... Well, the message is clear...Isn't it? |
As long as greedy corporations like microsoft exist noting will happen to H1B program..its the economy that's it ..once it start moving up h1b will become l1b and the import of cheap labor starts once again .....you guys are just spreading fear nothing else ....
greedy companies but ....
Companies like Microsoft are indeed greedy. But Microsoft shareholders like me and many others in this forum are saints.
Support Fairness! DONATE |
It doesn't work
Corporations save more than 10K.. It doesn't work..
Average cost of employment in US for high tech is around 90$ per hour and social security percentage is 6%, So the max is less than 10K per year or less than 0.5 USD per hour. These companies actually pay far less than 90$ for offshore resources.. Since it really doesn't work, it has high chances of passage into bill and president will promptly sign it before this session recesses.. It will also be passed in an unanimous consent by both parties.. Quote:
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What a foresight
Its not India or China who asked for globalization. It was America who wants to sell their products throughout the world. No matter how many bills these Senators may make they are not going to stop outsourcing. America didnt develop because of protectionist policies, it grow because it was a free market. |
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text:
© Takumi Ota
Architects: FORM/Kouichi Kimura Architects
Location: Shiga, Japan
Client: Private
Construction Year: 2009
Site Area: 215,35 sqm
Constructed Area: 151,71 sqm
Photographs: The copyright of all images belongs to Takumi Ota
This house, located in a new residential area, is for a 30-something couple.
Surrounded by other houses, the design goal was set up to block out the outside world while avoiding too much closure, as well as to provide rich and sensuous spaces.
First, a small patio and a path connected to it were laid out between the living/dining room and exterior. They are surrounded by a wall that blocks off the line of sight from outside. Planting and pond are laid out at the patio, so that the picturesque images of green and water are viewed from the rooms.
Enclosed by walls that create indirect light filling softly the entire room, the house presents sentimental scenes here and there. The living spaces and the life lived there are enveloped by green and light, creating an affectionate environment.


text:
Groove Meister
Credits & Info
- Date
- 06/14/2011
- File Info
- Song
- 1 min 16 sec
- Score
- 4.38 / 5.00
Related Content
You might also enjoy:
Licensing Terms
- Attribution:
- You must give credit to the artist.
- Noncommercial:
- You may not use this work for commercial purposes unless you make specific arrangements with the artist.
- Share Alike:
- If you alter, transform, or build upon this image, you may distribute the resulting creation only under a license identical to this one.
- Score:
- Rated 4.38 / 5 stars
- Plays & Downloads:
- 4,571 Plays | 610 Downloads
- Share Links:
- Genres:
- Metal, Rock - Pop
- None
Author Comments
Some nice chilling melody of shit
Enjoy or I will ram my fist into your gay face.
Rated 5 / 5 stars
this song is THE coolest song ever... AWESOME, i will use this song for something in the future, this song is just awesome....
Rated 4.5 / 5 stars
Makes more sense to have it in funk
It's got that nice smooth bass and nice funky beat and melody. Good job.
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Yeah man
This is something I could just lay back to and roll up a fat one with my friends. You're really starting to standout as an unique musician cultured in the many genres of the music realm. The only things I would change would be the bass and the guitar. The bass needs more emphasis as you are trying to achieve maximum relaxation and mellowness, and the guitar at 00:23 ( for the soli) sounds a little too heavy and echo-ish. Never the less, great job and who disagrees with this, I will personally find and punch them in their gay face two times: once for you and one form me making me spend bus fair trying to find them.


text:
Waris Ahluwalia, of the House of Waris jewellery label, was born in India and now lives in New York.
28 May 2011
Hotel Gritti Palace. Venice
Beauty, history, service - all in the most romantic setting in the world. I wouldn't stay anywhere else…
C O Bigelow, New York
Founded in 1838, this is the oldest apothecary-pharmacy in America. I'm a sucker for history, so I find it hard to buy toothpaste anywhere else.
National Gallery of Modern Art, India
This Delhi institution houses work by one of my favourite artists - a man of poetry, Rabindranath Tagore.
Waris Ahluwalia: jewellery designer, style icon and Hollywood actor
Gryphon Tea Room, Georgia
A required stop if you're in Savannah, Georgia. I'm not a lady who lunches but I'm very comfortable with ladies who do.
00 1 912 525 5880
Cecil Court London, WC2
Lying between Charing Cross Road and St Martin's Lane is this secluded street of antique, rare and specialist bookshops. A delight.
Meson d'Bari, Dominican Republic
Don't leave the island without eating at this restaurant in Santo Domingo. It's in a restored colonial home. Get the spicy shrimp.
00 1 809 687 4091
Daylesford Farmshop & Café, Gloucestershire
One of my favourite places to food-shop. The chocolate discs are perfect. Making this list makes me realise how much my life revolves around food.


text:
Luna Luna
this wiki
Luna Luna | |
Luna Luna as illustrated by F.S. | |
Moon Shadow Dancer | |
Profile | |
Gender | Female |
Race | Human |
Occupation | Dancer |
Likes | Meat dishes/Fruit |
Dislikes | Spiders/Bees |
Hobby | Meditating/Walking |
Appearance | |
Hair Color | Black (with multicolored ends) |
Eye Color | Green |
Height | 162cm (5'3") |
Bust | 87 (34) |
Waist | 56 (22) |
Hip | 83 (33) |
"Hehe. I'll enjoy being on top of you!"
Luna Luna hails from the hinterland of the Calibara Forest, the strongest warrior of the Calibara tribe and the guardian of its historic ruins.
Luna Luna has a colorful bluish-white wing on the right of her head, and a purple horn on the left. She wears a very revealing outfit, consisting of white cloths with blue ends attached to her upper arms, and ornate strings that go down her torso and attach to a purple horn-like piece, with white pearls going underneath her. On her legs she has detailed thighbands and fishnets leading down to her detailed sandals. One of her most notable features is her four multi-colored tentacles. She can also alter the pigmentation of her skin.
She has the bravery of a warrior and the character of an innocent maiden and her fighting dance is a mixture of both. When her personality changes, her skin color also changes with her way of fighting. Her fair-skinned persona, otherwise known as the "Sunshine Dancer," bears a child-like mentality that seems to be motivated by innocence and a flavor for romance, since Luna Luna immediately took Annelotte's arrival as a sign that the latter (whom Luna Luna mistook for a man) was her destined soulmate. As for her dark-skinned persona, known as the "Moonlight Dancer," she has a very flirtatious tendency and has no qualms groping Annelotte whenever the opportunity presents itself.
Using ring blades and four tentacles that extend from her hair, she fights while dancing magnificently and looks like a war-goddess with six arms. She also confuses her enemies by altering the color of her skin, which changes how she fights, keeping her opponents guessing. She mainly focuses on the offensive during combat, as her abilities allow her to cover melee to mid-range, since her minimal clothing affords little protection.
Her tentacles can change into a wide variety of accessories to aid her, such as binoculars. She also possesses a great deal of knowledge of the tribal magic taught by her people.
The "Moonlight Dancer" can harness the power of the moons, through dances, to rejuvenate barren land.This technique takes a toll on her however, and causes her to go unconscious afterwards, although using the ability of her "Sunshine Dancer" side, she has the ability to revive herself when sunlight shines down upon her. She is also highly knowledgeable in Herbalism, being able to recognize rare flora and using it to heal others.
Bravery: 3
Popularity: 4
Resourcefulness: 3
Leadership: 3
Potential: 3
Experience: 3
(From her backcover)
A huge, ancient building towered hidden deep inside the jungle. The Calibara Tribe, excelling in combat skills, had been protecting the ruins for generations.
A sturdy Calibara warrior rushed through the arc. His honed muscles throbbed like a tiger's.
"Dancer, there's a report!"
"What's wrong~? I was sleeping."
A pretty girl appeared from the depths of the ruins with a half asleep look. The girl's skin was as white as snow, which was rare in the jungle.
"Yes, Sunshine Luna Luna, it's an intruder. We have an intruder in the area."
"Eh, a visitor? Alright, let's welcome him immediately!"
The girl called Luna Luna smiled innocently, and began to act.
But, the "welcoming" for this girl seemed to be but a metaphor, whose original meaning was "intercept". Seeing that she was going to begin preparing for a party immediately, the scout warrior was perplexed. Because he was so stunned, Luna Luna began taking off her clothes before he noticed, and he panicked.
"Eh, s, say, Sunshine Luna Luna, what are you doing?"
"I think I'll change into my welcoming clothes… Kyaah! Were you still here? D, don't look~! I, I'm embarrassed~!"
"Wah, I, I'm sorry!!"
The warrior covered his eyes at once. Though he couldn't see her figure, he knew Luna Luna would make a big fuss over being embarrassed in front of other people.
However, she was only noisy for an instant, and then everything around them became quiet.
When he removed his hands fearfully, Luna Luna's face was beside him. A soft sigh brushed the warrior's face. Standing there was a different person than a moment ago, it was Luna Luna with a beautiful brown skin.
"You… are strong. I don't dislike that."
Luna Luna's finger, as if it were a tiny animal, wandered over the warrior's bare chest.
"You may watch from the special seat over there, my welcoming dance smeared with blood… ok?"
Sure enough, can the Moonlight Dancer Luna Luna repel the invader?
They won't know that unless they fight.
- She's voiced by Harumi Sakurai (Japanese) and Evelyn Lantto (English)
- In the anime, Luna Luna is shown to be able to use magic, and has knowledge of the medicinal properties of various plants.
- She seems to be inspired in the Dancer class from Dragon Quest IV, more specifically in Maya, who is also a dancer.
Combat BookEdit
Gallery |
Official ArtEdit
Gallery |
Gallery |


text:
Full Title
Swiss National Orthoptera Databank
Database with records of various origins, assembling literature data, digitized collection data and recent observational records provided to the CSCF. Proportionally, this latter resource represents the most important one and is the result of the network activities of voluntary collaborators, internally operated projects (Red List Project) and impact studies, but also includes data from PhD and master theses. The data cover a period from 1835 to our days. Records have been reviewed according to a standardized validation procedure (http://www.cscf.ch/page24164_en.html). Digitized collection data for specimens hosted in Swiss institutions have been excluded from this resource as already part of the corresponding institutional dataset. Nomenclature has been reviewed within the Swiss participation in the Pan-European Species Directory Infrastructure PESI (Fauna Europaea).
Language of Metadata
Published by
Centre Suisse de Cartographie de la Faune - CSCF
Registration Date
May 29, 2012
Served by
BioCASe Installation Centre Suisse de Cartographie de la Faune - CSCF
Alternative Identifiers
- GBIF Portal ID http://data.gbif.org/datasets/…
External Data


text:
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- Your file is being downloaded. It will remain available for download from the "My Files" section of your member area for 72 hours.
#49703657 -
Ich halte deine Händchen
© DDRockstar - See portfolioPricing
Author | DDRockstarSee portfolio |
Image reference | 49703657 |
Country | Germany |
Descriptive Category | People Body Part Feet/Hands |
Conceptual | Emotions & Feelings Sadness Sorrow |
Keywords |
["aged care","arrangement","assist","assistance","bond","burial","care","cohesion","collaboration","comfort","condolence","confidence","friendship","gratitude","grief","hand","hold","lateral","man","mourn","nursing","partnership","passage","people","person","quadratic","senior","snatch","solace","symbol","sympathy","teamwork","thank","thank you","woman",2]
aged care arrangement assist assistance bond burial care cohesion collaboration comfort condolence confidence friendship gratitude grief hand hold lateral man mourn nursing partnership passage people person quadratic senior snatch solace symbol sympathy teamwork thank thank you woman 2
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The photo "Ich halte deine Händchen" from DDRockstar is available on Fotolia under a Royalty Free license from 3 credits (Credit from $0.74).
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New to Typophile? Accounts are free, and easy to set up.
I know I've seen this font before but I can't find it. Anyone know the name? Thanks!
Attachment | Size |
Image2.png | 69.01 KB |
A graphically outlined version of Quaint Gothic SG
Found by looking at the fonts in my own category, "Plaza Family and Friends".
- Herb
Or the already outlined Desdemona: http://www.identifont.com/show?1N7
Duh... The Font Bureau's Desdemona is the original version. There's also Desdemona Solid from The Font Bureau. Thanks you, Riccardo, for waking me up!
Thanks guys, found it. Although it looks like it's not free. Sigh.


text:
Height Discrimination in EmploymentIsaac B. RosenbergWilliam & Mary Law School February 16, 2009 Utah Law Review, No. 3, p. 907, 2009 Abstract: At first blush, the concept of real height discrimination is almost laughable. After all, we don't typically think of height when we discuss types of discrimination. Yet there is no denying that we place a high premium on height, be it social, sexual, or economic, and our preference for height pervades almost every aspect of our lives. Economist John Kenneth Galbraith - who towered at 6'8" - described the favored treatment we afford taller people as "one of the most blatant and forgiven prejudices in our society." If you don't believe it, consider whether you yourself would like to be taller and, if so, try putting your finger on the reason why. This Article looks critically at heightism, i.e., prejudice or discrimination against a person on the basis of his or her height. Specifically, this Article focuses on heightism in the workplace, particularly prejudice against short people because of the unique disadvantages they face vis-a-vis their taller counterparts. Although much scholarship has focused on other forms of trait-based discrimination - most notably weight and appearance discrimination, both of which indirectly involve height as a component - little if any treatment has been given to pure height discrimination. Thus, this Article aims to fill that gap by examining the ways that existing federal antidiscrimination laws - namely Title VII and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 - do and do not protect against height-based prejudice in the workplace. Moreover, after briefly examining state and local remedies for height discrimination, including state antidiscrimination laws, this Article considers but ultimately rejects enacting a federal law that would flatly prohibit height-based employments decisions. Although a comprehensive prohibition would be easiest to administer, such a prohibition would prove both gratuitous and unwise. Number of Pages in PDF File: 47 Keywords: height, discrimination, heightism, employment, Title VII, ADA, Americans with Disabilities Act, ADA Amendments Act, disability, impairment, gender, stereotype, short, stature, prejudice Date posted: February 19, 2009 ; Last revised: December 28, 2009Suggested CitationContact Information
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text:
Is there a rumor you'd like tracked down? Geoff Bruce answers some of the mysteries of life in Brookfield and helps solve everyday problems.
Should people avoid blowing grass onto roads or pathways while mowing their lawns?
Question: A reader raises the concern of grass clippings being strewn across public rights of way during lawn mowing. Cathy Wegner wants to know if those caring for their lawns should take extra care to avoid sending the remnants of their work onto pathways or roads. Wegner brought up a safety concern, as a sheet of grass atop the pavement can result in slickness for bicycles and motor vehicles.
Response: The answer is yes.
City of Brookfield Director of Public Works Tom Grisa and City of Brookfield Zoning and Building Administrator Larry Goudy agree that grass clippings should be kept off pathways and roads if possible. Both officials acknowledged that the issue has never caused severe problems in the city.
"I think it's discouraged. There is a code section that talks about placing materials in the streets and I think you could stretch it to say grass clippings shouldn't be there either, but I don't think it's strictly used," Goudy said. "Usually (the clippings) dry up and blow away, and it's not a problem."
Grisa said excessive grass on the pavement can cause a safety hazard.
"If they get wet and greasy, certainly it can become slippery and be an issue," he said.
Grass on the pavement also can be an issue due to the potential for blocking storm drains.
"We prefer to have grass trimmings put back into the grass and not onto the roadway or the pathway where they can more easily wash into the drain," Grisa said.
Goudy noted that the city does have the power to order groups or individuals to remove materials from the public right of way.
"You should remove the material when ordered, but I don't think it's ever been too much of an issue," Goudy said.
Email your question to Geoff Bruce at firstname.lastname@example.com.
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