text:
I've changed it so it now only calls DrawLine3D Auto, and I went back to the .3 calls and changed them to '3' -- The result is actually much worse Code (csharp): function createLines() { xLine = new VectorLine("X Axis", new Vector3[2], Color.red, Resources.Load("LineMaterials/DashLine"), 3); yLine = new VectorLine("Y Axis", new Vector3[2], Color.green, Resources.Load("LineMaterials/DashLine"), 3); zLine = new VectorLine("Z Axis", new Vector3[2], Color.blue, Resources.Load("LineMaterials/DashLine"), 3); Vector.DrawLine3DAuto(xLine); Vector.DrawLine3DAuto(yLine); Vector.DrawLine3DAuto(zLine); } function Update () { if (xLine) { xLine.points3[0] = Vector3(0, transform.position.y, transform.position.z); xLine.points3[1] = Vector3(2048, transform.position.y, transform.position.z); //Vector.DrawLine3DAuto(xLine); yLine.points3[0] = Vector3(transform.position.x, 0, transform.position.z); yLine.points3[1] = Vector3(transform.position.x, 2048, transform.position.z); //Vector.DrawLine3DAuto(yLine); zLine.points3[0] = Vector3(transform.position.x, transform.position.y, 0); zLine.points3[1] = Vector3(transform.position.x, transform.position.y, 2048); //Vector.DrawLine3DAuto(zLine); } } } Here's the result of that same code with null material instead of dash line:
Is that the scene view? It will only look right in the game view. Also, a dashed line will have the texture stretched out along the entire line, unless you use Vector.SetTextureScale. --Eric
That's the game view, unfortunately. What puzzles me the most is that the green line on the Y axis works fine, but the other two distort on camera movement and are way too large. Here are two more shots -- I noticed that at a distance the lines eventually become and stay the right size.. here's the same scene, in Game view, from 2 different zoom levels: Far away: Close up:
Try making the lines shorter and see if that helps (or make them have more than one segment). If that's not it, do you have a multi-camera setup? In that case, it's a little trickier to setup so that the lines adjust to the correct camera. (i.e., you usually have to use SetCamera instead of it just working with Main Camera.) --Eric
Eric, It's been a couple of weeks, and I was hoping that you had fixed this issue. I am now about 3 days away from my final build of the project - hoping to release it next week. It would rock if you would fix this one bug with MakeSplineInLine(). Hopefully, I've given you the exact location of the bug and even a way to fix it. Would you please look at the suggested code fix above and make sure that it's the right way to do it? Thank you kindly. Gigiwoo.
Well, as I explained, it needs to be that way, it's not a bug. It's actually for this exact reason that the source is provided, so that you can adapt the code as you need to in particular cases. I will of course fix all actual bugs. --Eric
Hi Eric, I hope this hasn't already been covered. This thread is huge (congrats!). We are building a very drawcall and performance sensitive game (iOS, for now). I could see us using Vectrosity for the simplest laser-like beam to drawing half the game, I just need to understand it a bit better. 1) Can I somehow use UVs from a 3D package like Maya so i can atlas lines with other objects to batch drawcalls? Everything would be done in 3D space and it would need to sit in the world (a beam would have to go behind some stuff and in front of others, and not just in a clean z depth layering scenario, but true 3D), so batching is the tricky part for us. 2) What do you think of the performance differences of drawing a grid which is static (my camera moves but the gird would never need to, is this possible?) versus a very low-resolution plane with a repeating square texture. Visual quality also has to be balanced of course. I think Vectrosity may create a sharper result without filtering, which I assume is a performance issue? I'm hoping you know because we are only just testing this part of for-iOS development. Let me know if you would be willing to hop on skype (screen-sharing) for a quick consultation, if this sounds like something Vectrosity can do. We would buy it at the 'pro' price simply for the consultation if you are willing. We wouldn't ask you to solve our problems, just a quick demo of our current project and a short back-and-forth for ideas so we can avoid some trial-and-error. PM me if you would rather go 'offline' with this. Cheers,
1) No, but I should point out that iOS isn't that sensitive to draw calls. It's only the first gen that needed to be so excessively careful with draw calls, but I assume you're not targeting first gen devices at this point. 2) Moving camera/static grid is certainly possible, and if you want the grid as an overlay, that's what happens automatically by default, since lines are normally (though not necessarily) drawn with a separate camera. If you want the grid behind everything else, it's almost the same, you'd just have to manually change the rendering depths and clear flags of the cameras. As for performance, using Vectrosity to draw a grid vs. using a texture on a plane would have much better fill-rate, as well as being sharper. Some devices (iPhone 4, iPod touch 4th gen, iPad 1) are sensitive to fill-rate, since the GPU is underpowered for the number of pixels on the screen. --Eric
1) Great information, thanks! I wish there were some guidelines. This is a Tower Defense game so it is easy to let drawcalls get out of control. I think I'm runing around 50 with a few hundred batched at the moment. I need to combine a few major atlases though (and i still don't know how particles fit in to all this). We would like this to run on 3Gs. I don't care about earlier devices. 2) I'm thinking about using Vectrosity to draw our terrain (it is tron-retro-like with modern polish). I'm thinking I can output the simple geometry from Maya, put a simple shader on it for a "background" and use Vectrosity to draw the grid lines over it. I could let the first camera handle that and put my main camera above it. Did I read that Vectrosity has functions built in to draw a "wireframe" of a mesh? If I have "background" geo in there it wouldn't even need to cull hidden edges, though i suppose that could cut down on poly count...? Then what about the grid lines? Could I parse a mesh for the vertex points but not load it in to the game, and use the simple version with Vectrosity lines? I'm just brainstorming I could go with a simple grid if I have to, but I could get creative if I had an easy way to generate more complex grid-terrains. Anything you can suggest or share would be helpful. I'll pick this up in the next few days as soon as I get past my current tasks. I'm looking forward to playing with it!
It has an editor utility for creating wireframes from meshes, and version 1.5 (not out yet) has a script function for automatically creating a wireframe from a mesh. Keep in mind that meshes in Unity are always triangulated; if you want quads, you need to use the utility and delete unwanted lines manually, or make some kind of custom function. Yes, though as I mentioned meshes are always triangulated in Unity, so assuming you don't want that, you'd need to make your own function for data parsing, though for a grid that's probably not hard. --Eric
Hi, I just want to use your project to draw a curve path and remove that path when an object moves on that path. Could you please assist us to do that task with Vectrosicy. Is there any examples for this task? Thank you very much. Regards Sajith J
Hi, I've used that example (path.js ) and could you please let me know that how can i implement a line removing function (In a game like flight control system/ harbour master like path drawing game). I've already familiar with how to draw the path I just need to know how can I remove that path when an object moves towards that path. Do I need to use discrete path ? Is there any example for that ? Thank you very much. Regads, Sajith J.
I've been using Vectrosity in my project for a while, and finally just updated the script (Its been a while obviously, since the latest rev is from July22!) Now, i'm getting an error on first import: Assets/Vectrosity/Scripts/Xray/XRayLineData.js(1,18): BCE0018: The name 'XrayLineData' does not denote a valid type ('not found').
Also a thought moving forward, since there isn't any real useful namespaces (as far as i know?), Path.js is probably not the best choices of Class name, as it then conflicts with any 'using System.IO; / Path.GetFile...whatever functions. Currently removing parts of your package so as to not cluster-fsck my previously existing scripts.
That's not from the current version, so you can remove it. That's just one of the demo scripts, and isn't something you'd be using elsewhere. Only the core Vectrosity scripts in Standard Assets should normally be used in other projects. --Eric
Eric, Is it possible to do 2D drawing? I'd like to hide the mouse cursor, at times, and draw a circle instead as the mouse cursor. At the same time, I'd like to be doing 3D draws in the game world. Thanks!
Eric, Just now getting around to upgrading to 1.4.2 and I am getting a bunch of errors: I seen in your documentation that c# users need to specify "ref", but I am using JS. Thoughts?
Well, as it says, you need to use VectorLine and not Object. That's always been the case, though...it sounds like your issue is probably with using #pragma strict when you weren't before. Just make sure your variables are typed correctly, either explicitly or by type inference, which is always good practice regardless. --Eric
Hi, I've used that example (path.js ) and could you please let me know that how can i implement a line removing function. I've already familiar with how to draw the path I just need to know how can I remove that path when an object moves towards that path. Do I need to use discrete path ? Is there any example for that ? Thank you very much. Regads, Sajith J.
I am using 1.4.2 but I still can't get the lines to fill the edges. This is the code I am running: Code (csharp): line = new VectorLine("line", nodes, someMaterial, 5f, LineType.Continuous, Joins.Fill); Vector.DrawLine3D(line); Vector.SetTextureScale(line, 1f); Anything I am doing wrong?
Not sure I quite followed that, but you can remove any line that you create using the Vector.DestroyLine function. If you're talking about individual line segments, you can alter the array of points that makes up the line at any time, plus VectorLine.minDrawIndex and .maxDrawIndex can be helpful in some cases. The logic that you might implement depends on what sort of effect you're after exactly, and what else you've done with your game or app. What are you using for the "nodes" variable? I tried it with "var nodes = [Vector3.zero, Vector3.one, Vector3(2, 0, 0)];" as a test, and it works as I would expect. --Eric
Eric, thanks, the problem was indeed in the nodes-Array (I added each point two times – a hotfix remaining from an earlier revisions of Vectrosity).
I've used the code (DrawLinesMouse.cs) for the task, but it is not functioning as I expected. Please let me know any suggestion. if(travellerpath.getIsMouseDragFinished()) { Debug.Log("moving" + lineIndex.ToString()); Vector.ZeroPointsInLine(line,lineIndex); } I've just added the last if block for removing the line and also used the line type as LineType.Discrete as mentioned above. Could you please let me know how can I alter this code block for functioning properly ? Please refer to the screen shot and I just need to remove the path points dynamically when the object (cube) moves on that path. Cheers...
I'm not really sure what you're trying to do exactly, but it sounds like you want to be setting individual items in the linePoints[] array to Vector2.zero, instead of using ZeroPointsInLine. --Eric
Hi, Thank you for your quick reply. Yes. I don't want to remove the entire line at once. I just want to remove the points of the line when the object moves towards the line as in a game like flight control system. Simply, 1) I touches the screen and drag the screen to draw a path 2)When I finishes the drag, object is moving on that path. While moving the object (acts like an eraser), I need to remove those points of the line After completing the movement of the object, entire path should be removed . In this case the object acts like an eraser Could you please make any suggestion ? Cheers...
Sounds like just increasing the .minDrawIndex as the object travels along the path would do it. --Eric
Hi Eric, It is not functioning as I expected. Simply, please let me know how can I implement a line eraser type function using Vectrosity. ** I need to draw a line as in your draw-line example using touch OR mouse-drag input ** Then I need to erase the line using a game object which act as an eraser. Thank you very much. Regards, Jeewanthasas
I think I've answered this as well as I can. I would increase the .minDrawIndex as the game object moves along the path (the .maxDrawIndex should be set to the end of the line), that way the line "disappears" from the beginning. The other option would be to progressively zero out the entries in the array used for the line, but it seems to me that just increasing .minDrawIndex would be simpler and more efficient. --Eric
Eric, Sorry to have to ask this if it's been brought up on this thread before, but I can't seem to find the answer. I'm using Vectrosity 1.4.2 and having Line Maker generate arrays of vertices that I then use in my code (I'm placing meshes in space and adding a trigger collider to each vertex). Although the documentation for Line Maker says that I should rotate and scale the mesh prior to running Line Maker, the rotate and scale properties seem to be ignored. As a test, I'm using a standard cube mesh from Unity where each vertex's is .5 (pos or neg) from the center of the cube. Even when I scale the cube up, the resulting array still shows Vector3(0.5, -0.5, 0.5), etc. Do I have to do some conversion to World space before saving the line to file? I'm attaching the script to an empty game object, but no matter what I do, the resulting lines are always drawn unscaled, unrotated at 0,0,0 in World space. thx!
You're right; sorry about that. In the ComputeLine function, replace this: Code (csharp): var p1 = Vector3Round(objectTransform.InverseTransformPoint(linePoints[i].p1)); var p2 = Vector3Round(objectTransform.InverseTransformPoint(linePoints[i].p2)); with this: Code (csharp): var p1 = Vector3Round(linePoints[i].p1 - objectTransform.position); var p2 = Vector3Round(linePoints[i].p2 - objectTransform.position); $20 on my site. (Or $35....) --Eric
Is there anything for drawing a curve by supplying just the points, as opposed to having to generate handles for every point? Edit: looks like i haven't updated the version in a while, I didn't see the MakeSplineInLine function! yay.
Version 1.5 is done! Vectrosity 1.5 Additions: • Vector.MakeWireframeInLine, for making automatic wireframes from a mesh. Essentially the same as if you used the LineMaker utility on an object and clicked "Connect all points", except you can use it at runtime on arbitrary meshes. (Note: not animated meshes, sorry; that's impossible because the state of animated meshes can't be read in Unity.) • Vector.DrawLineViewport, for drawing 2D lines with normalized viewport coordinates. This works like the coordinates for GUIText and GUITexture, where (0.0, 0.0) is the lower-left corner, and (1.0, 1.0) is the upper-right corner. This means lines drawn with DrawLineViewport will be in the same relative position regardless of screen resolution. e.g, using [Vector2(.5, .5), Vector2(1.0, .5)] will always result in a line that starts in the middle of the screen and ends at the right edge. • Vector.GetLinePoint and Vector.GetLinePoint3D, for getting a position on a 2D or 3D line based on length. Can be used for things like making an object travel along a spline at a constant speed. • Vector.GetLinePoint01 and Vector.GetLinePoint3D01: as above, but you can use a 0..1 percentage length instead of unit length. e.g., using 0.5 returns a point halfway along the line. • Vector.GetLineLength, which returns the total length of a given line. • Vector.SetLineDistances: use this if you've changed the position of any points in a VectorLine after using GetLineLength, GetLinePoint, etc. and want to use those functions again. For performance reasons this isn't done automatically. • In addition to being used for GameObject and mesh names, the "name" property is now directly available for VectorLines. e.g., Debug.Log(myLine.name);. Changing the VectorLine name property will change the GameObject and mesh names appropriately. Changes: • Requires Unity 3.4. • Vector.Active replaced with VectorLine.active, so it's more consistent with the way Unity works. e.g., myLine.active = false. • Vector.SetColorsSmooth can now be used even if the line wasn't created with colors originally. • Vector.SetWidths can use an int array now for the line widths (instead of only a float array). • VectorLine.continuousLine is now VectorLine.continuous, since "continuousLine" was kind of redundant in context. Fixes: • Vector.DestroyLine works with VectorPoints again. • Rotation and scale for objects used with the LineMaker utility is properly respected when generating lines. ----------- Update notices are going out now. My web host can only send so many emails per hour, so it will take a while...if you don't get anything by, say, tomorrow (and you're sure you had update notices turned on), let me know. If you don't want to wait, and you still have a previous update notice, you can use the download link in that email and it will download the latest version. Also I'll be submitting the update to the Asset Store shortly. Happy line-drawing! --Eric
sweet update! you should have a commercial page or something so people can spot it being used in published unity projects.
As a matter of fact, that thought came to me when I was looking at the screenshots for Physynth. --Eric
Hey just started using Vectrocity and I get an error. If the player loses it goes back the a menu. If they hit restart and it reload the scene I get the error/ Code (csharp): MissingReferenceException: The object of type 'Camera' has been destroyed but you are still trying to access it. Your script should either check if it is null or you should not destroy the object. UnityEngine.Camera.WorldToScreenPoint (Vector3 position) Vector.Line3DContinuous (.VectorLine line, Int32 end, Matrix4x4 thisMatrix, Boolean doTransform) (at Assets/Scripts/VectorScripts/Vector.cs:690) Vector.DrawLine (.VectorLine line, UnityEngine.Transform thisTransform) (at Assets/Scripts/VectorScripts/Vector.cs:564) Vector.DrawLine (.VectorLine line) (at Assets/Scripts/VectorScripts/Vector.cs:532) Vector.SetLine (Color color, Single time, UnityEngine.Vector3[] points) (at Assets/Scripts/VectorScripts/Vector.cs:490) Vector.SetLine (Color color, UnityEngine.Vector3[] points) (at Assets/Scripts/VectorScripts/Vector.cs:478) LineTrail.Initialize (UnityEngine.Transform trans, Color trailCol, Int32 lineWidths) (at Assets/Scripts/Weapons/Extensions/LineTrail.cs:14) MissileBase.Initialize (Color trailColor, Int32 lineWidth) (at Assets/Scripts/Weapons/Base/MissileBase.cs:13) ClusterMissile.Start () (at Assets/Scripts/Weapons/Enemy/ClusterMissile.cs:12)
It's probably best if you use DontDestroyOnLoad, but see the section in the docs about setting the camera, which you may have to do manually after changing scenes. --Eric
Eric, You have an excellent example of a splineFollow scene in the scenes shipped with Vectrocity. In SplineFollow3D.js, you have a cube making its way through a spline at constant velocity. I'd like to see if I could make the cube move through the spline at a varying velocity. Maybe set a velocity at each sphere and the speed of the cube is interpolated between spheres (or something like that). How would you go about doing that? Thanks! Tom
One way would be to have an array of distances, and an array of speeds. You can check the total distance traveled every frame against a value in the distance array, and when it's exceeded, increment the array index so it will check against the next value. The speed would come from the matching speed array using that same index. --Eric
Just tried Vectrocity (Pro) with the developer preview of Unity 3.5. Things aren't working so great when trying to publish to the new Flash build target. You get this error when compiling: ...Temp\StagingArea\Data\ConvertedDotNetCode\global\Vector.as(1974): col: 41 Error: Ambiguous reference to Vector. This is likely because "Vector" is an intrinsic data type in flash and collides with the Vector class in Vectrocity. Maybe there is a workaround (I'm all ears)... but my guess is that the only solution will be for Vectrocity to use a more specific name for at least the Vector class. This is a shame since I was really itching to see what the performance of Vectrocity would be when publishing to a flash target. I suppose I can just start renaming classes and fixing references...
Well, that's annoying. Although it does give me more incentive to merge Vector into VectorLine, which I've actually been wanting to do for a long time, the main issue being that it will break 100% of existing Vectrosity code that people have written. I don't quite know why I have it separate anyway, except for the usual "apparently it seemed like a good idea at the time". As a result of the merge, for example, Code (csharp): Vector.DrawLine(myLine); would become Code (csharp): myLine.Draw(); Things like Code (csharp): Vector.MakeRectInLine(myLine, myRect); would become Code (csharp): myLine.MakeRect(myRect); And so on. So coding would be simpler and it would presumably fix that ambiguous reference error. But, like I said, all existing Vectrosity user code would have to be rewritten. --Eric
Hi! I cant get this thing to work,at least do not get the result i want, it seems that i just do not get it. i need some help here please! what i am trying to do is to render 3d line with 3d points converted from screen to world space based on touches. the result i get is line but not in the position i want. also VectorCam position is strange. here is what i did: declare VectorLine and two 3D points Code (csharp): private var aimVector : VectorLine; private var originVector : Vector3; private var destinationVector : Vector3; here i set the camera, documentation say that i do not need to do anything while camera's i use is "MainCamera the camera i use has orthographics projection Code (csharp): function Awake(){ Vector.SetCamera(); } here is set vectors and line (this displays good, where it should be when i start the game) HTML: function Start(){ originVector=Vector3(0,0,0); destinationVector=Vector3(1,10,0); aimVector=Vector.SetLine3D(Color.green,originVector,destinationVector); } but as soon as i update the origin or destination vector line dissapears (it shows outside the camera view, and reacts good on input if i search for it in the scene view) here is the part where i update vectors (this function executes from Update()): Code (csharp): function UpdateVectors(){ handlePos.x=touchPosition.x; handlePos.y=Screen.height-touchPosition.y; handlePos=ClampPositionToCircle(controlPos,controlDim.x/2,handlePos); destinationVector=cam.ScreenToWorldPoint(Vector3(handlePos.x,handlePos.y,0)); aimVector.points3[0]=originVector; aimVector.points3[1]=destinationVector; Vector.DrawLine(aimVector); } so i do not really know what is going on, it could be that i misusing ScreenToWorldPoint,clipping planes are wrong,ortho camera does not work here, etc...i do not really know. any help appreciated!


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Company Overview of Yale University School Of Medicine
Executive Profile
Robert J. Alpern M.D. |
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text:
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
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Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 47
Regulatory Issues
Society has established regulations requiring that the welfare
of animate used in exper~rnentation be ensured. In addition to the
self-nnposed constraints of the researchers, external regulations oc-
cur at many levels and In many fonns. These external regulations
include formal, legal requirements federal, state, or local legislative
and regulatory controls ant! research funding or journal publication
contingent on adherence to specific policies.
APPROACHES TO }tEGULATION
Regulation may center on the nature of the problem under in-
vestigation, the procedures used, the setting ~ which the research
is conducted, the species of animals used, or the qualifications and
training of the investigatory. Although some individuals fee! that
regulations should be applied according to the value society places
on the expected results of the research, it would be inadvisable to
develop regulations on such a basis. Indeed, applying regulations on
this basis misses one of the essential aspects of science that is so cru-
cial to its success. Almost all major results are the achievements of
communities of investigators, who share their results in the scientific
literature, build on each other's output, criticize and evaluate each
other's work, and finally arrive at collective judgments of the validity
of hypotheses based on data. It is not possible to know which results
OCR for page 47
will become parts of a final structure and which are scaffolding that
will make the final structure possible. Most scientific work turns out
to be scaffolding that cannot readily be discerned in the final struc-
ture. The concept that scientists should use animals only for studies
that leacI to therapeutically useful results is therefore inconsistent
with the foundations of science.
It is important to emphasize that there is no way to predict
In advance what will and will not be productive research What is
important to recognize is that at the time it is undertaken, competent
research has the potential to be productive.
For example, in the early twentieth century, Ehrlich used thou-
sands of mice In 605 unsuccessful attempts to develop a chemother-
apeutic agent for trypanosome diseases. Compound 606, salvarsan,
proved effective against both trypanosomes and spirochetes. There
was no way to predict that his sacrifice of mice would lead to the
main therapy used in syphilis treatment for 30 years. The therapy
came about because of Ehrlich's collaboration with organic chemists
and his having read Schaudinn's papers on syphilis (De Kruif, 1926~.
To male animal use contingent on an assumed direct route to a
predicted therapeutic payoff is to misunderstand the nature of the
scientific enterprise.
Regulations applied most broadly might cover animal species
with well-developed nervous systems or might be narrowed to cover
vertebrates or warm-blooded animals. Tradition ally, decisions on this
question have been based on the animal's evolutionary relationship
to humus and its capacity to super pain. For example, more strin-
gent requirements might be imposed on research using nonhuman
primates, due to their close biological relationship to humans.
These regulations knight also be tempered by societal clemands.
Domestic animals, including dogs, cats, and horses, might be afforded
a greater degree of consideration clue to the relationship that they
share with humans. This issue arises in the use of pound animals in
research and attracts considerable public attention (see Chapter 63.
Many people consider the amount of pain or suffering, both
mental and physical, inflicted on animals to be one of the most
important issues surrounding their use in research. This concern has
led to recent classifications of categories of biomedical research based
on considerations of pain or suffering�for example, by the New York
Academy of Science (1988), the Scientists Center for Animal Welfare
(Orians, 1987), and the British government in the Animals (Scientific
Procedures) Act of 1986. In general, the more painful the procedure,
OCR for page 47
the stricter the regulation proposed. These classifications emphasize
that investigators should attempt to reduce pun whenever possible
and to explore alternatives to p~nfu] procedures.
The issue has also been addressed in a regulatory proposal of the
U.S. Department of Agriculture published ~ the Federal Register
of March 31, 1987 (pp. 1031~10314) and in a recent American
Veterinary Medical Association colloquium on the assessment of pain
and distress in animals (Colloquium, 1987~.
FE:DE1"L }tEGUIATIONS
Congressional interest In the humane treatment of animals is not
new; legislation was first passed in 1873. That law, the Twenty-Eight
Hour Law, licensed the number of consecutive hours that livestock
could be confined for raid transport. Tm 1958, such concerns also
led to passage of the Humane Slaughter Act (P.I,. 85-765), which
stipulated that animals must be slaughtered by humane means.
The Laboratory Animal Welfare Act of 1966 (P.~. 8~544), which
was passed primarily to protect pet owners, addressed mounting
public concern over the theft and subsequent sale of pets to research
facilities. As stated by the original act,
...to protect the owners of dogs and cats, from the theft of such pets,
to prevent the sale or use of dogs and cats which have been stolen, and
to insure that certain animals intended for use in research facilities
are provided humane care and treatment, it is essential to regulate the
transportation, purchase, sale, housing, care, handling, and treatment
of such animals by persons or organizations engaged in using them
for research or experimental purposes or in transporting, buying or
selling them for such use.
The Annnal Welfare Act of 1970 (P.~. 91-579) broadened references
in the Act from dogs and cats to animus more generally defined. In
addition to research, it also added exhibition purposes and use as
pets as covered activities. In the Annnal Welfare Act Amendments
of 1976 (P.~. 94~279), the preamble was reworded to reflect increased
emphasis on humane care and treatment for research, exhibition, or
pet animals.
Although the 1966 law specified six groups of animals as cov-
ered~ogs, cats, nonhuman primates, rabbits, hamsters, and guinea
pigs- record-keeping requirements applied only to dogs and cats.
The law required identification of dogs and cats kept on the premises
of animal dealers and laboratories, and it required dealers to be li-
censed and laboratories to be registered. Only laboratories that used
OCR for page 47
dogs or cats and either received federal funds or purchased animate in
commerce were required to register. The 1970 amendments extended
the authority of the secretary of agriculture to protect ah species of
warm-blooded animus In laboratories, as well as in the wholesale pet
and exhibition trades. To date, however, the secretary of agriculture
has not extended coverage under the Act to rats, mice, birds, and
farm anunab used in biomedical research, although rats and mice
account for about 85 percent of the animals used in research, testing,
and education.
In 1966 the secretary of agriculture was instructed by Congress
to promulgate minimum standards for housing, feeding, watering,
sanitation, ventilation, and shelter from weather and temperature
extremes. Adequate veterinary care was also mandated; however,
the secretary was explicitly prohibited from prescribing standards for
the handling, care, or treatment of annnab during actual research or
experimentation by a research facility ~ determined by such research
Appropriate use of anesthetic, analgesic, or tranquilizing drugs
was added to modify the concept of adequate veterinary care in
1970. More significantly, the blanket proviso protecting the conduct
of research was altered to require the research facility to demonstrate,
at least annually, that professionally acceptable standards governing
the care, treatment, and use of animals were being followed during
actual research or experimentation.
The Anunal Welfare Act Amendments of 1976 focused on trans-
portation of animals and animal fighting. Specifically, the changes
broadened the law to:
. cover regulated carriers, intermediate handlers, and animal
brokers, requiring them to adhere to humane standards,
protect all dogs, including dogs for hunting, security, or breed-
~ng purposes;
restrict transportation of animals by prohibiting C.O.D. shim
ment unless the shipper guaranteed round-trip payment of care costs
for animals not ciauned at the destination and by prohibiting trans-
portation of animals best than a certain age;
. require a health certificate signed by a licensed veterinarian
to accompany animals transported in commerce;
strengthen civil penalties for violations of the humane stan-
make criIIiinal the promotion of, sponsorship of, or partici-
OCR for page 47
pation In fights between m~nmals or cocks, except where explicitly
perrn~tted by state law; and
. require federal agencies to comply with the standards and
other requirements of the Act.
Regulation Passed in 1985: The Health Research
~t~ion Act and the Food Security Act
Two laws enacted ~ 1985 contain provisions that apply to the
regulation of animals used In research. The first, the Health Re-
search Extension Act of 1985 (P.~. 99 158), popularly called the NIH
Reauthorization Act, applies to aD research funded by the PHS. This
legmiation served to transform into law many of the provisions con-
tained in the Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use
of Laboratory Animal by Awarded Institutions. (This publication
was reentitled the PUS Policy on Humane Care and Use of L`abora-
tory Animals In the September 1986 revision.) Major points of the
legmIation require that:
~ research facilities establish institutional animal care and use
committees including at least one veterinarian and one individual
not affiliated with the institution;
~ animal care committees review the care and treatment of
animals at lent semiannually;
~ institutions make available training that includes information
on the humane practice of an~rnal care and use and the concept,
availability, and use of research or testing methods that minimize
animal distress and the number of anneals used; and
applicants for NIH funds file assurances with NTH certifying
that the investigator and the institution adhere to the NIH guidelines.
The law also requires that every applicant for NIH funds include a
justification for the use of animals in that research.
The Improved Standards for Laboratory Animals Act was passed
in December 1985. These amendments to the Anunal Welfare Act
were incorporated into the ommibus farm bill reauthorization, the
Food Security Act of 1985 (P.~. 9~198~. In addition to provisions
directly affecting the care and use of animals in research, these
amendments direct that an information service at the National Agri-
cultural Library be established to dissern~nate information that will
reduce the unintended duplication of animal experiments, to provide
information on alternatives to laboratory animals, and to provide
OCR for page 47
information on humane practices for scientists and other research
personnel. The concern over minimizing unnecessary duplication is
echoed in the findings that preface the legislation:
1. the use of animate is instrumental in certain research and ed-
ucation for advancing knowledge of cures and treatment for diseases
and injuries which afflict both humans and animals;
2. methods of testing that do not use animals are being and
continue to be developed which are faster, less expensive, and more
accurate than traditional animal experiments for come purposes, and
further opportunities exist for the development of these methods of
3. measures which el~rninate or minimize the unnecessary du-
plication of experiments on animals can result in more productive
use of federal funds; and
4. measures which help meet the public concern for laboratory
animal care and treatment are important in assuring that research
will continue to progress.
These statements highlight the shift in major emphasis, from prey
venting the stealing of pets to protecting laboratory animals, that
has occurred through subsequent amendments to the Animal Welfare
The law requires that each registered facility appoint an institu-
tional animal committee that includes a veterinarian and a person
not affiliated with the institution to represent general community in-
terests ~ the proper care and treatment of animate. The provisions
for committees, present in both 1985 laws, bring the overwhelming
majority of experunental animal users in the United States under the
oversight of ~ structured, loch review committee (Offlce of Technol-
ogy Assessment, 1986~.
The Improved Standards for I.aboratory Animals Act provider
for some specific standards. Institutional animal committees are
required to inspect anunal study areas twice each year and report any
deficiencies to the institution for correction. If the institution does
not take appropriate action, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and
any funding agencies involved must be notified. As a result, grants
or contracts may be suspended or revoked. The committee is also
responsible for reviewing practices involving pain to animate.
Investigators me required to consider alternatives to animal use
and to consult with a veterinarian before beginning any experiment
OCR for page 47
REGULATORY ISSUl35
that could cause pain. The standards Sued by the secretary of agri-
culture will include provisions regarding exercise for dogs, en~riron-
ments adequate to promote the psychological weD-be~ng of primates,
presurgical and postsurgical care, the use of pain-relie~ring drugs, eu-
thanasia, prohibition of the use of par~ytics without anesthesia, and
prohibition of the use of an anunal for more than one major surgical
procedure. Any exceptions to the standards set forth In the law or in
the regulations promulgated under the law must be specified in the
research protocol and justified in a report filed with the committee.
The 1985 amendments mark the first time that the practice of
animal experimentation itself has been opened to public scrutiny
through the institutional animal committee. Although the Improved
Standards for Laboratory Animals Act contains the proviso that
nothing shall be construed as authorizing the secretary to promul-
gate rules, regulations, or orders with regard to the performance of
actual research or experimentation by a research facility as deter-
m~ned by that research facility, the new law does require the facility
to demonstrate that profemion~y acceptable standards governing
animal care, treatment, and use, including the use of anesthetics,
analgesics, and tranquilizers, are being followed during exper~rnenta-
Gmde for the Care and Use of Laboratory An;m~s
The Guide was developed for NIH by the National Research
Council's Institute of Laboratory An~rnal Resources (National Re-
search Council, 1985a). The PHS has a long-standing policy of
requiring adherence to this document's guidelines by its intramural
researchers and by extramural grantees and contractors that use liv-
ing warm-blooded vertebrates in research and testing. The Guide
provides a framework for the anneal care ~d use policies of many
federal agencies, nonfederal government agencies, and private organ-
izations. For instance, the American Association for Accreditation
of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC) uses the tenets of the Guide
in evaluating the animal facilities of institutions that are seeking
The Guide was first developed in 1963, before passage of the
Laboratory Animal Welfare Act. It has been revised five times,
most recently in 1985. It is considered a living document, subject to
OCR for page 47
modification in the light of changing conditions and new information.
The guidelines are based on established scientific principles, expert
opinion, ~d experience with methods and practices consistent with
humane, high-quality animal care. The Guide ~ written In general
terms, so that it can be adapted to suit the needs of the widely varying
scientific institutions that use live vertebrates. It is important to note
that application of professional judgment is an essential component
of the Guide.
Public Health Sernce Policy on Hnrn~ne Care and Use of
Laboratory Animus
The PHS policy on humane care en c! use of laboratory an~rnals,
which was revised in 1985 and 1986, requires institutions to establish
and maintain proper measures to ensure the appropriate care and use
of all animals involved in research, research training, and biological
testing activities conducted or supported by the PHS. The PHS
policy (Public Health Service, 1985) requires compliance tenth the
Animal Welfare Act ant] its implementing regulations as well as with
the current edition of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory
Animal. The 1986 revision of the policy incorporated the changes
in the Public Health Service Act mandated by the Heaith Research
Extension Act of 1985 (discussed earlier). It now specifies criteria and
procedures for providing institutional "animal welfare assurance" to
the NIH Office for Protection from Research Risks, which administers
the assurance program. The Health Research Extension Act places
the force of law behind much of the PHS policy.
The PHS policy mandates that an institutional animal care and
use committee (lACUC) be appointed by the chief executive officer
of each institution. Each [ACUC must have at least five members
and include at least one doctor of veterinary medicine, one practic-
ing scientist experienced in research involving anunab, one member
whose prunary concerns are nonscientific, and one member who is
not affiliated with the institution in any way (other than as a member
of the lACUC) and ~ not a member of the immediate family of a
person who is affiliated with the institution. Among the committee's
functions are reviewing the animal care and use program, inspecting
animal facilities at least twice a year, preparing reports, and review-
ing specific activities and concerns. The lACUC is also empowered
to suspend an~rnal-related activities that are not in compliance with
the requirements of the policy.
OCR for page 47
The policy specifies procedures for reviewing, applying for, and
reporting PHS-conducted or PHS-supported research involving the
care and use of laboratory animals. Each institution must assure
the PHS that it is accredited by AAALAC or another accrediting
body recognized by the PHS (in addition to being evaluated by the
lACUC and reevaluated periodically by the accrediting body) or is
evaluated only by its lACUC and reevaluated at least once every
six months. PHS staff and advisors can Pro review each awardee
institution (which may include site visits) at any tone to assess the
adequacy or accuracy of the institution's compliance or expressed
compliance with the policy.
The PHS policy endorses and is intended to implement and sum
plement the "U.S. Government Principles for the Utilization and
Care of Vertebrate Animab Used in Testing, Research and Twang
developed by the Interagency Research Animal Committee (IRAC).
This one-page document, containing nine numbered principles, in-
corporates by reference the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory
Animals. IRAC, which was established by the federal government
in 1983, serves as a focal point for discussions by federal agencies of
issues involving animal species needed for biomedical research and
testing. Its primary concerns are the conservation, use, care, and
welfare of research animate. Its responsibilities include "formation
exchange, program coordination, and contribution to policy develop
Good Laboratory Practices Reg~atione
The Good Laboratory Practices (GEP) regulations of the Food
and Drug Administration (effective as of June 1979) and Environ-
menta] Protection Agency (effective as of September 1985) are aimed
primarily at ensuring efficiency and accuracy in testing procedures
and do not address animal welfare directly. However, In requiring
sanitation and proper maintenance of test animals, they address and
influence the well-being of animals.
Facilities, including those for animals, are covered in the GEP
regulations that require rooms to allow for separation of species or
test systems, isolation of individual projects, quarantine of animals,
and routine and specialized housing of animals. Ancillary space
is required for food, bedding, diagnostic purposes, and veterinary
medical treatment and control. Procedures for animal care and
record retention are also specified.
OCR for page 47
A 1984 memorandum of understanding among NTH, the U.S.
Department of Agriculture, and the Food and Drug Adm~n~tration
provides for the sharing of information based on observations made
by the several agencies in site visits or inspections.
STATE 1lEGU[ATIONS
General ~ticrueity laws were passed in every state between 1828
and 1913. However, 23 states specifically exclude animal experunents
conducted in scientific institutions from the provisions of the anti-
cruelty statutes.
State laws were passed in the years after World War II to re-
quire recede of impounded dogs to research institutions on request
(this subject is discussed in greater detail in Chapter 6~. Most states
have since repealed those laws, Though 5 states and the District of
Columbia still require release on request. Twelve states prohibit ret
lease of impounded animals for research, and Massachusetts prohibits
exper~rnental use of impounded dogs not only from Massachusetts but
from jurisdictions outside the state. It also provides for inspections
of laboratories by licensed humane offlcere from the Massachusetts
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the Boston
Animal Rescue League.
There ~ an increasing trend toward regulation of research facili-
ties at the state level. The New York State Department of Health's
Wadsworth Center for Laboratories and Research first rogued regu-
lations in 1952 under Title 5 of the Public Health Law for approval
of laboratories that use living animads ~ research. These regulations
were most recently revised in 1983. The standards follow the federal
Animal Welfare Act and the Guide for the Care and Use of Labora-
tory Animal. Twenty states and the District of Columbia have state
laws for the licensing of research facilities (National Association for
Biomedical Research, 1987~.
Instances of suffering inflicted on anunals In projects for science
fairs have led to the enactment of state laws that prohibit painful
experiments on animals by students below college level. Such laws
have been passed in California (1973), Maine (1975), Massachusetts
(1979), Florida (1985), and New Hampshire (1985~. In addition,
voluntary guidelines have been adopted by many organizations that
� ~ .
sponsor science tarry.
OCR for page 47
APPROACHES TO 1lEGU[AIION
Grating Agency Approadl to Regulation
An example of the granting agency approach to regulation is
provided by the PHS. The PHS requires that each institution provide
assurance to the NTH Office for Protection from Research Risks
that its arsenal use is ~ compliance with the standards set by the
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animal. This places the
responsibility for compliance and for providing assurances at the local
level, with the institution itself. If an institution is not in compliance,
it is ineligible to receive funds for research involving animus. The
risk of such punishment can be most effective, given the dependence
of biomedical researchers on federal funds.
~ previous years, animal welfare advocates have felt that the
PHS assurance program was relatively ineffective in monitoring the
use of both human and animal subjects. Recently, NTH has under-
taken a series of unannounced site visits to institutions to review
their animal-use prograrr's for compliance with stated assurances.
Some of these visits have led to suspension or temporary withdrawal
of NTH funds and permission for some uses of laboratory animals at
several major institutions.
The recent inspections by NTH and the halting of research at
major institutions have alerted the biomedical community to the ~
riousne" of NTH's intent to require adherence to standards. When
a major institution is cited for deficiencies and research funds are
withheld, Al institutions are reminded of the necessity to follow reg-
ulations. By the same token, the recent disclosures of violations
at several institutions have aDowed some individuals to reempha-
size their contention that animal research should not be conducted
and that the existing national regulations are neither effective nor
Recent statutory changes have given NIH policies, which were
originally intended to serve as guidelines, the authority of regulations.
One effect of thm has been to give the Guide to the Care and Use of
Laboratory Animals the force of law. This poses problems that go
beyond the dilemuna of reaching a balance between the demands of
humane treatment toward animals and research needs. For the most
part, problems arise from the fact that the Guide was drafted initially
~ a codification of Hood practice" and an aid to self-regulation. As
such, it has served the community of m~i~ridu~s using laboratory
animals well, providing helpful guidelines for animal use and care in
OCR for page 47
the 25 years since it was first published. The Guide was not intended
to have the force of law for setting minimum standards. It has always
been intended to be used with professional judgment.
Despite the fact that the contents of the present Guide are not
substantially different from recent versions, it ~ now being used to
set minimum standards for inspection and may in some respects
be too rigidly interpreted for example, its requirements for cage
sizes and multiple separate areas and rooms for performing aseptic
surgery. With the new role of the Guide, the drafting of the rules
and their interpretation need reasoned discussion and clarification.
Greater efforts also should be made to publicize NIH decisions on
interpretation of the Guide, so that the research community can take
advantage of the common-law method of learning from experience
and decisions.
There are many laws and regulations covering the use of animals
in research, testing, and education. However, a great deal of activity
involving laboratory an~rnals entails self-regulation. This ~ true in
many areas of research candy partly controlled by federal regulation,
including the use of human subjects and biosafety, and results from
the desire to encourage free and creative inquiry within a framework
of regulation. For example, the Annnal Welfare Act and the Health
Research Extension Act cover the care and treatment of animate in
laboratory animal facilities, but neither affect, except by inference,
the design of research protocols that involve animals. By law, animal
care and the minimization of pain and hatred are the primary
objectives of institutional review. As a practical matter, however,
it is difficult for committees to separate animal welfare objectives
from protocol requirements and scientific content during the review
process. Nevertheless, this system is intended to ensure that the use
of animals in experimentation will remain the responsibility of local
institutional review committees and individual investigators.
The protocol review system that now exists kiss been a subject
of much debate. ~ some instances, the need to receive a prelirn~nary
approval of a research protocol can be disruptive to the researcher
because efficiency may be reduced, costs may increase, ant! progress
may be slowed. On the other hand, protocol review can help the
researcher when it provides an opportunity for hm or her peers to over
advice and assistance. This advice may result in ~ better-planned
OCR for page 47
experiment that not only improves animal care and rn~nimizes pain
but may also lead to more instructive results.
Self-regulation appeals to many institutions and individual in-
vestigators because it can allow for graduad change in response to
societad and peer pressures rather than forcing compliance. Regu-
lations can only complement, not substitute for, ~ strong sense of
stewardship by the investigator who handles anunals and conducts
experunents. Self-regulation is indispensable both for the proper
care of anunals and for the success of any research that requires
we0-treated an~rnals.
Many professional societies, agencies, and research institutions
have established and are establishing policies on anunal experunen-
tation; examples include the American Physiological Society, the
Society for Neuroscience, and the American Psychological Associa-
tion. Editors of some journals have required adherence to policies of
relevant societies ~ a condition of publication. The policies generally
require adherence to existing laws; the use of anesthetics, analgesics,
and tranquilizers for interventive or painful procedures, unless they
would impede the experiment; provision for bodily needs; and legal
acquisition of the arsenals. Some voluntary codes adopted by pro-
fessional societies and other groups also refer to alternatives. For
example, the Society of Toxicology (1986) Encourages and supports
the development of Raid, scientific alternatives to current animal
research testing procedures.
E:FF1DCTS OF llEGUl;ATIONS
Effects on Tra~n;r~g and E:dllcation
If costs continue to escalate and if regulations become more strin-
gent, animal use will be further reduced in education and training
for undergraduate, graduate, and medical students. The unp act of
this is unclear, ~ some scientists already fee] that an~rnal experi-
mentation is of only lirruted value in education and accordingly have
greatly reduced their use in teaching. In one large medical school, for
example, the use of dogs in teaching has been reduced by 75 percent
and ~ another no animals are used for this purpose. Other scientists
and clinicians [eel strongly that such a reduction will have, and has
had, a major negative impact on training.
OCR for page 47
Effects on E"er~mental Re~ts
Where regulations lead to even greater care to ensure that am
propriate conditions exist, they can be viewed as benefiting the
investigation. Animal experiments generally must be performed in
a manner that peanuts unnnpeded study of the effects of a single
"challenge." For example, an experiment in which the polio virus
is the challenge must not be confounded by the presence of other
viruses. This fact of exper~rnental design means that anunal experi-
ments properly are performed under hygienic conditions to avoid the
presence of adventitious infectious agents or poor environmental con-
ditions, thus ensuring the health of the animal and the reliability of
the research. In some cases where lifelong observation of the animal
is required, the good health of the animal Is essential so that it will
live its normal life ~pan.
Effects on Direct Extreme of Research
The cost of doing anunal research Is increasing, and nonprofit
biomedical research organizations face rising costs for facilities and
a reduced ability to recover totally the costs of animal care. The
1978 survey by the National Research Council's Institute of Labora-
tory Animal Resources (National Research Council, 1980) identified
a need for $350 million at 480 institutions to bring those institutions
up to the standards of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory
Animal. An additional $407 million was estimated to be needed
for remodeling, additions, and space replacement through fiscal year
1988. Sixteen percent of all the biomedical research institutions sur-
veyed needed to replace current animal facilities, 38 percent needed
to remodel facilities, and 43 percent needed to provide additional
space. The surveyed organizations also reported a need of $43 mil-
lion for equipment renovation, replacement, or additions. At that
. , ,
time, a lack of space and equipment may have been the resow why
18 percent of the organizations In the confidential survey were unable
to comply ~ toto with federal guidelines for animal care.
The lI,AR survey data showed that of the $2.27 billion spent by
nonprofit institutions In 1978 for biomedical ~d behavioral research,
35 percent ($797 million) was for projects involving animals. That
decrease from the 44 percent reported In 1968 suggests that the costs
of other aspects of research may be increasing, but it might also reflect
decrease in the use of particular aIlimals in research. According to
the ILAR surveys, between 1967 and 1978 the numbers of acquired
OCR for page 47
research animals of all species Secreted, except for swine, cattle,
horses, and rodents other than mice, rats, hamsters, and guinea pigs.
Factors contributing to the decrease were diminished funding, led
available space, an inability to comply with federal guidelines, a shift
in research methods from short- to longer-term anunal studies, ~d
increased use of alternatives. The substantial decrease (47 percent)
in the use of nonhuman primates was also due at least in part to
the higher costs of the animals and of their maintenance and their
reduced availability caused by export restriction.
The costs of acquiring and caring for laboratory annals have
continued to increase smce 1978. In large institutions, due In part
to animal care regulations, animals used in research me commonly
kept in centralized animal resource facilities. The cost of maintain-
ing such a facility depends on may factors, including adm~rristra-
tion, the operation and maintenance of vehicles, animal purchasing,
cag~w~hing, refuse disposal, feed and bedding, laboratory services,
animal health care, surgical and x-ray services, research services, an-
imal husbandry, and capital and amortization costs. Such costs are
usually included In assessments of per diem charges for animals.
Although it is difficult to compare charges among institutions
because procedures for determining costs and charges vary, one can
get an iclea of the changes that have occurred over time by looking at
a single institution. For example, at one university, per diem charges
for mice rose from 5.5 cents in 1978 to 14 cents In 1987�an increase
of over 150 percent while the Consumer Price Index rose by 74.1
percent (U.S. Department of Labor). Over the same period, the per
diem charges increased for dogs (from $3.60 to $~.61), for monkeys
(from $1.05 to $2.71), and for cats (Tom $1.30 to $3.20~. At another
university, the per diem charge for dogs rose Tom $2.37 in 1981 to
$3.50 ~ 198~a 48 percent increase. The average per diem charge
for rriice increased during the same period from 5 cents to 9 cents an
80 percent increase. During the same period, the Consumer Price
Index went up by 18 percent.
The cost of acquiring anunals has also risen. For example, at
one medical center the average purchase cost per random-source dog
was $S in 1964, $96 in 1981, and $154 in 1986. In addition, as
more restrictions are placed on the use of pound animals, which have
an average purchase cost of $5 to $55 and then cost perhaps an
additional $100 to prepare for research use, more animals will have
to be acquired from commercial breeders, who may charge between
$275 and $600 for a 1~kg adult dog. Not included in this figure is
OCR for page 47
the shipping cost or the additional per diem charges incurred because
the health of the animal must be maintained in anticipation of the
Another indicator of the cost of compliance with PHS policy
on animal care and use can be seen ~ the response to an initiative
of the Animal Resources Program of the NTH Division of Research
Resources. Announced In December 1984, the initiative provided
funds to share renovation costs with the awardees on a 5~50 match-
ing basis. The renovations were to enable institutions to comply or
continue to comply with PHS policy. Ninety-nine applications were
received, requesting $3S,59B,558; 74 were approved. However, money
was available to fund only 17 of the approved projects ($7,369,000~.
All the causes of the increased costs may be debated. Yet what-
ever the causes, the results are clear: it is expensive to use laboratory
animals in biomedical ~d behavioral research. That expense might
ultimately have great influence on the numbers ant} kinds of animads
used in research.
Effects on the finale
Animab are the intended beneficiaries of regulation. What needs
to be assessed ~ to what extent animals are more humanely treated
as a result of such regulations. Although difficult to measure, the
following observations provide some feeling for the impact of legisia-
When the first federa^1 law on animal experimentation, the I`a~
oratory Animal Welfare Act of 1966, was enacted, many clog dealers
ceased business because they did not wish to adhere to the required
m~rnum standards of handling, housing, feeding, watering, sanita-
tion, ventilation, shelter from extremes of weather and temperatures,
and adequate veterinary care. While few, if any, registered research
facilities stopped using finals, many discarded outdated, damaged,
unsanitary, and unsanitizable cages and food and water containers
and discontinued use of cages that were too small to allow animus
to stand up and make normal postural adjustments. Large numbers
of substandard cages were removed before the compliance deadline.
No discussion of regulations and their impact would be complete
without some discussion of the enforcement of existing regulations
OCR for page 47
and laws and the enactment of further regulations and laws. As
mentioned earlier, NTH is beginning to male unannounced visits to
laboratories, and the USDA has been making such visits for many
years. These visits sometimes have revealed violations of the regula-
tions. Many violations have been minor, but a few have been more
serious. The more serious ones have resulted in suspension of funding
and/or imposition of fines.
While it is necessary for such inspections to continue and for
regulations to be enforced, it ~ led clear that more regulations need
to be promulgated. At present, the USDA is developing regulations
based on the 1985 amendments to the Animal Welfare Act. When
these regulations are enacted, the scientific community should be
given sufficient tune to adjust to them, and their impact should be
assessed before any new regulations are considered.
As undesirable as the violations have been, they do not jus-
tify break-ins at animad care facilities and laboratories, which have
increased in recent years. These break-ms, for which radical ani-
mat rights groups have often claimed responsibility, have resulted
in vandalism that ho been costly for the institution, the individual
investigator, and society, which loses the benefits of the research.
Such violations of the law are not tolerable, and the offenders must
be made to realize the fuD implications of their actions and punched


text:
So I Googled "Ray Peat"
In the search box as I typed it auto-filled suggested topics. There were:
Ray Peat Diet
Ray Peat Forum
Ray Peat Quack
I'm not sure I need to research any further.
Please stay, Paleobird!
When I'd had enough of the grain and starched based 'diabetic eating for health' diet (eating for health, my ass!) my weight was 242.5 lbs. On starting primal- 18th April 2013 weight : 238.1.
27th July 2013. weight after 100 days 136.9 weight lost 101.2lb ; that's 105.6lbs since I stopped the 'diabetic eating for health'
new journal http://www.marksdailyapple.com/forum...ml#post1264082
So I Googled "Ray Peat"
In the search box as I typed it auto-filled suggested topics. There were:
Ray Peat Diet
Ray Peat Forum
Ray Peat Quack
I'm not sure I need to research any further.
Please stay, Paleobird!
Height: 5' 10"
Starting Weight: 292
Starting Primal Weight: 275
Current weight: 224
Goal weight: 172
Body Fat 30.5
In the interest of fairness, I did the same thing for 'Mark Sisson'. I was relieved to hfind
Mark Sisson Diet
Mark Sisson P90x
Mark Sisson Protein Powder.
Not too scary. And the pictures that popped up were pretty nice, too! Ray Peat's scared me a little.
fads come and go
truths are eternal
so are you
Optimum Health powered by Actualized Self-Knowledge.
Predator not Prey
Paleo Ketogenic Lifestyle
Current Jeans 46 | Starting Jeans 66
Contact me: email@example.com
Please don't go! (clings to your pant leg...wait is that creepy?...)
Breathe. Move forward.
I just eat what I want...
Yes. We can't just ban all of them (even if I would like to) but anyone starting out must get massively turned around when trying to ask a question since they are the most vocal presence around right now. Not the most numerous. Just the loudest.
Isn't that the cause of every malady known to humanity?
Some of them are substantially less than nice.
Heh! Thanks, FW.
He's a third rate has been college professor who passes himself off as a doctor to sell progesterone cream (aka snake oil) as the cure all for every problem. You would follow him if you were scientifically ignorant and wanted someone to tell you that it is good for you to eat lots of sugar.
The thinks salmon is unhealthy (OMG, the PUFAs) fermented foods are unhealthy, etc. But getting half of your calories from dairy then adding lots of sugar and coffee and OJ is great for you.
Oh, CD. You continue to amaze me with your progress. Don't worry. Even if I go, we will keep in touch.
Now I'm picturing a bunch of ducks quacking on the RP threads.
Ray Peat is quite elderly and has a habit of ignoring any research that has been done since WWII. He goes back to old source material as "proof" for his ridiculous claims.
Awwwwwww. Honey Badger! Stop that or I'm going to cry.
You guys are all the best.
I will see what I can do about this situation. Perhaps write a letter to Mark.
Adding my voice to your fan-chorus PB .
Although I have to admit I toyed with the Peat idea - after all, he gives approval for me to eat sugar, and I dearly love sugar . Fortunately I overcame that brief temptation, lol.
I do worry for the newbs, though - this forum can lead people a very long way from the primal vision .
Thanks , Jac.
Sure, when you tell legions of junkies that their drug of choice is really a health food, you are going to get popular quickly.
I wonder if Mark monitors things around here much. I wonder if he realizes how far off the message things are. This forum is going to lose anything resembling credibility if this goes on much longer. The basic message of *ancestral* health is getting lost when refined sugar is being touted as a healthy food and dairy makes up 50% of one's calories.
Maybe we should organize a counter-attack. Have a bunch of us go over to the RP forums and start "trolling" with our Primal "nonsense". Muhahahahah..................
Nah, better things to do.
Still, it could be fun to start a profile, make some inane comments and then drop some bombs in a month about how your trigs are now off the chart and your migraines now require narcotics or something. That might keep their in fighting busy for long enough to clear the crap out of here!
Last edited by Mud Flinger; 08-01-2013 at 08:08 PM. Reason: Trigs, not trips! Darn auto correct!


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This queue is for tickets about the Message-Passing-AMQP-Proxy CPAN distribution.
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Share South of the Upper Town, the modern Lower Town (Donji grad) is a bit of a sprawl, with grey office blocks and apartment buildings surrounding the occasional example of imposing Habsburg-era architecture. Breaking the urban uniformity is a series of interconnected garden squares, laid out from the 1870s onwards, which gives the downtown area a U-shaped succession of promenading areas and parks. Known as Lenuci's Horseshoe (Lenucijeva podkova) after Milan Lenuci, the city planner responsible for its layout, this was a deliberate attempt to give Zagreb a distinctive urban identity, providing it with public spaces bordered by the set-piece institutions – galleries, museums, academies and theatres – that it was thought every modern city should have. The horseshoe was never entirely finished, though, and it's unlikely you'll follow the full U-shaped itinerary intended by Lenuci. The first of the horseshoe's two main series of squares starts with Trg Nikole Šubića Zrinskog – usually referred to as Zrinjevac – which begins a block south of Trg bana Jelačića; to the west of Zrinjevac is the second line of squares, culminating with Trg maršala Tita. To the south are the Botanical Gardens, which were intended to provide the final green link between the two arms of the horseshoe, but didn't quite manage it: several characterless downtown blocks prevent it from joining Tomislavov trg to the east. Read More
More about Croatia Explore Croatia Zagreb Inland Croatia Istria The Kvarner Gulf Northern Dalmatia Split and the south Dalmatian coast The southern Dalmatian islands Dubrovnik and around Inspiration Things not to miss Explore Croatia Itineraries Features Gallery Where Next? Check out Inland Croatia Book a hostel in Croatia Latest Discussion Essentials Essentials Fact file Getting there Getting around Accommodation Food and drink The media Festivals Sports and the outdoors Shopping Travel essentials


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Buffalo Bill's Resort and Casino News
Flying J Truck Stop opens at Whiskey Pete's
23 July 2013
A Flying J Truck Stop has opened at Whiskey Pete's at Primm Valley, expanding the services offered at the casino location on the Nevada-California border.
Nevada: Man drowns in hot tub at Buffalo Bills casino31 October 2011
Suspected drowning in hot tub at Buffalo Bill's casino-hotel.
Nevada's Buffalo Bill's closed until Christmas Eve30 November 2010
Herbst Gaming has closed Buffalo Bill's casino until Christmas Eve while the company renovates the property.
Primm's lure: Freebies6 July 2009
Herbst's gamble to win visitors with deep discounts keeps Primm hotels hopping, money coming in.
Sands to purchase Primm Valley casinos14 November 2006
The Sands has entered into a definitive agreement to purchase the Buffalo Bill's, Primm Valley and Whiskey Pete's hotel-casinos for $400 million.
Casino Workers Find a Home18 November 2004
Desert Oasis apartment complex, a virtual city of 52 beige stucco buildings in Primm, , is available only to employees of Primm Valley, an MGM Mirage subsidiary that owns the Buffalo Bill's, Primm Valley Resort and Casino and Whiskey Pete's properties in Primm.
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alpaca's name card
alpaca's most popular stock photos
alpaca's blog
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alpaca's intro
I am a designer, illustrator and journalist that has been touched by the photography virus at a very tender age, due to a photographer mom. I travel extensively and never without my trusty camera, which I also drag along to immortalize the beauty and quirks of my home country Lebanon.
alpaca's equipment
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text:
CheatCodes.com has the complete list of all Age of Booty Achievements and Gamerscores for X360, including all secret Achievements. All official X360 achievements for Age of Booty as of Tuesday May 5, 2015 are shown below, or you can print out our Printable Achievements Checklist that shows all Age of Booty Achievements and Gamerscores in a simple quick-reference format.
Create and save a custom map.
Capture a town.
Destroy a neutral or enemy town's defense with a bomb.
Use a whirlpool curse to teleport an enemy that is attacking your town.
Capture a neutral town after the enemy has destroyed its defenses.
Sink two enemy ships with a single bomb.
Beat all easy challenges.
Beat all medium challenges.
Beat all hard challenges.
Beat every challenge in the game.
Win a game in Player Match.
Win 10 games in Player Match.


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Hi ( from Argentina)
May 13, 2011
Hello all of you! :)
I'm "vegetarianita" ( means something like little vegetarian) . I have been vegetarian for more than 7 year and today i'm celebrating my first raw week.
I'm happy to have a place than support this life style...
I'll be near here.
See you!
http://vegetarianita.blogspot.com ( spanish blog)
ps. there are some spanish speakers members? anyone form Argentina?
June 19, 2011
Your blog is really cool! Podemos chatear en espanol si quieres... solo he hablado con mexicanos pero puedo tratar hablar en espanol contigo.


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Fiction Writer And Essayist Francine Prose Will Give Reading And Talk At U.Va.
October 13, 2003 -- Acclaimed novelist Francine Prose, known for her wit and sharp observation, will present a talk and a reading at the University of Virginia in early November as the English department's Rea visiting writer in fiction.
Prose, author of "Blue Angel" and other popular books, will give an informal talk on the craft of fiction on Monday, Nov. 3, and read from her work on Wednesday, Nov. 5. Both programs are free and open to the public at 8 p.m. in the U.Va. Bookstore.
"Blue Angel," which lampoons academic life, was a finalist for the 2000 National Book Award. Among her other works of fiction are "Guided Tours of Hell," "Hunters & Gatherers," "A Peaceable Kingdom," "Primitive People," "Bigfoot Dreams" and "Household Saints."
She's also written nonfiction and children's books and is a frequent reviewer and essayist for national publications. "The Lives of the Muses," her biographical study of nine women and artists they inspired, was published last year. A collection of her essays is "Scent of a Woman's Ink."
A 1968 graduate of Radcliffe College, she lives in New York.
Contact: U.Va. Creative Writing Program, (434) 924-6675
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Contact the Office of University Relations at (434) 924-7116. Television reporters should contact the TV News Office at (434) 924-7550. SOURCE: U.Va. News Services
Top News site edited by Dan Heuchert (firstname.lastname@example.com); maintained by Karen Asher (firstname.lastname@example.com); releases posted by Sally Barbour (email@example.com). Last Modified: Monday, 13-Oct-2003 15:23:39 EDT © 2003 by the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia Top News Information: (434) 924-7676.


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unionise is a valid word in this word list. For a definition, see the external dictionary links below.
The word "unionise" uses 8 letters: E I I N N O S U.
No direct anagrams for unionise found in this word list.
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d - unionised g - ingenious s - unionises z - unionizes
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Located in the Dublin Ranch Condos neighborhood of The Courtyards
Views, views and views from this well maintained Dublin Ranch condo. One of the best locations in Dublin Ranch Courtyards community. If you have been looking at condos in Dublin Ranch, this is it. One bedroom on entry level with a full bath. Open floor plan with a large patio off dining. 2 car attached side by side garage. Well cared for home, ready to move in. This Napoli model is one of the most sought after floor plans in Dublin Ranch.
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Additional Features
Home SummaryOpen floor plan, well maintained, patio off dining area
Kitchen SummaryGraniter counters, Gas range, tile flooring, open to dining and living room
Family RoomBuilt in entertainment center, gas fireplace, open to kitchen and dining
Master SuiteViews of park, walk in closet, dual sink vanity, large shower
Other FeaturesOne of the best locations in all of the Courtyards


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Batwoman #20 Review
Kate comes face-to-face with her sister.
+Continue Reading
ABC Family butchers a promotion for Batman Begins in pretty remarkable fashion.
+Continue ReadingMr Freeze and Batman make a guest appearance as a new story arc begins.
+Continue Reading
The stakes are arguable the highest they've ever been in Morrison's Batman run and the much anticipated fate of one hero is revealed in Batman Incorporated #8.
[Spoilers a plenty.]
+Continue Reading
With Batman #17 the Death of the Family story arc, Scott Snyder and Greg Capullo's second together, comes to a close – was it worth the hype?
+Continue Reading
Our Favorite Comic Book Moments of 2012 can be from any comic or series, movie, tv show, action figure or whatever – if it was a moment from something comic book-related in 2012, it's fair game.
+Continue ReadingOur Favorite Comic Book Story Arcs of 2012 can be from an ongoing, limited series, annual, graphic novel, or whatever – if it was a comic book story arc in 2012, it's fair game.
+Continue Reading"Throne of Atlantis" continues with part 3, in Justice League #16.
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Batwoman and Wonder Woman continue their battle against Medusa.
+Continue Reading


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Hugo Vieira Neto, Díbio Leandro Borges.
This paper presents some intermediate results on fingerprint classification adopting a neural network as decision stage, in order to evaluate the performance of a discrete wavelet transform as feature extraction technique. Some issues on the image acquisition, preprocessing and segmentation are also discussed.
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The United Workers is a human rights organization based in Maryland of low-wage workers working to create the political conditions for poverty's end. This weekend the cleaners at Camden Yards and other day laborers organized an all-night vigil in front of the Orioles owner's offices in downtown Baltimore. Workers also held a prayer breakfast and marched with supporters to draw attention to poverty's wrongs and to how the publicly owned Camden Yards exploits low-wages workers for Peter Angelos's private interests. Workers aired out Angelos's dirty laundry of profiting from poverty and using Camden Yards for his private gain at great cost to the community. Shirts we dirtied with poverty's ills and carried on a clothes line throughout the vigil and march.
This weekend's events follow a series of protests and leadership development programs that started with a tour from Maryland to Michigan that followed the route of the Underground Railroad. Workers went to Michigan to take justice in their own hands by proposing that a worker-owned cooperative be recognized by one of the subcontractors at Camden Yards. Camden Yards is owned by the state and run by the Maryland Stadium Authority. Rather than pay living wages to the cleaners, the state spends more to outsource cleaning at the stadium. Currently cleaning is outsourced to a company based in Saginaw, MI – leading the cleaners on their Roadmap to Justice Tour this spring.
In Michigan the cleaners were well-accepted, with the contractor holding a joint press conference in their headquarters with the cleaners announcing the formation of the Living Wages Co-Op. The co-op would pay workers the city's living wage rate, which is $9.06 an hour. Since many of the stadium's current cleaners are paid less than Maryland's minimum wage due to illegal transportation charges, the move to $9.06 represents a major opportunity for ending the poverty conditions at the stadium. Moreover, by operating as a worker-owned cooperative, cleaners would be able to pay themselves a living wage without charging the contractor, stadium or Orioles a penny more. Less overhead and better operations would make this possible. The planned start date for the cooperative was May 15, 2006.
Cleaners planned to hold a series of protests this summer to keep pressure and exposure on the stadium and Angelos. The first protest was scheduled for April 1, which Angelos decided would be a good day to pay out $250,000 to area soup kitchens. Of course, the United Workers doesn't oppose money going to soup kitchens, but it's impossible to miss that that amount of money is what it would cost Angelos to pay a living wage to the cleaners who pick up after fans paying money that goes into Angelos's pockets. The cleaners asked the kitchens to stand with workers on the night of the protest. All refused, fearing retribution from Angelos and the Weinberg Foundation – which had matched the payout dollar for dollar. Workers protested this by banging pots and pans and chanting that "soup's not enough" at the April Fool's Day between the Orioles and Nationals at Camden Yards.
On May 9, 2006 the contractor missed a meeting with the co-op. A few days later communication was reestablished, but with bad news Angelos was blocking the co-op, even though he should have no role in stadium business and the co-op wouldn't cost him a penny more. Even worse, Anglos had promised the workers in 2004 that he'd personally make up the difference between the wage then (which was $4 an hour, based on a flat rate paid to workers regardless of time worked) and the Baltimore City Living Wage. Angelos not only broke his promise then, but now he was stopping workers from taking justice in their own hands by forming their own cleaning subcontractor at Camden Yards. The cleaners showed up to work on May 15 even with the co-op blocked, demanding that Angelos let them work. The next week cleaners took a bus to DC for the Nationals vs. Orioles game to hold a Sweatshop Carnival. Fans were encouraged to play games like "Outsource that Job," "Wheel of Poverty," and "Peanuts for Poverty Wages Toss."
This weekend marks a milestone for the organization with supporters and cleaners spending the night in front of Angelos's office to bring poverty to his doorstep and to connect the conditions at Camden Yards to the bigger problem of poverty everywhere. As a human rights organization, the United Workers seeks an end to poverty. And while the group is focused on securing living wages at a single stadium, it's larger mission goes beyond just those cleaners. The United Workers organizes around the value of the inherent dignity of each person, using the framework provided by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to advance this value. And the group's core strategy is to organize low-workers from the bottom up by developing leaders from the ranks of the poor. The United Workers is led by low-workers, with its Leadership Board comprised entirely of low-wage cleaners and other day laborers.
All photos from the weekend's events
Disclaimer: I am the Communications Organizer for the United Workers.


text:
Model: 21439B Item: QUA21439B
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DOJ Proposes Lying to American Public … Then Backs Off (Updated)The Justice Department wants the ability to lie about documents requested via the Freedom of Information Act.
November 4, 2011 - 12:00 am
This is, of course, nothing new for an administration which has taken nearly two years to generate four blank pages on a routine FOIA request asking for highly routine information.
Farrell was perhaps more blunt:
The most transparent administration in history is going out of the way to be opaque. It's Orwellian, it's circular double talk. The law that exists is more than adequate (to preserve secrecy when needed.) They don't have the guts to do this legislatively so they do it by regulation.
From Farrell's point of view — and mine — this is deadly dangerous stuff from the standpoint of the health of the republic, coming as it does while Obama is signing yet more executive orders:
"It's an incremental slide down the slope. It's a corrosion of the public's trust," he said. "If the government is giving itself permission to affirmatively lie to you, how can you ever have accountability?"
There is some hope this egregious policy will not become a federal regulation with the force of law. Even the ACLU — not the most conservative of organizations, nor exactly enemies of the current administration — is howling bloody murder. According to Fox, there was so much pushback after the original public comment period that the proposed regulation was reopened for public comment a second time.
With supreme irony that is apparently lost on them, the DOJ is claiming their move to destroy transparency … has been open and transparent:
Melanie Ann Pustay, director of the Justice Department's Office of Information Policy, said the entire consideration process for the proposal "has been open and transparent."
She also notes that sensitive information requires special consideration.
"To ensure that the integrity of the exclusion is maintained, agencies must ensure that their responses do not reveal the existence of excluded records," Pustay said.
Of course, that's what the aforementioned Glomar response is for. Also left aside is who gets to decide what an excluded record is. Given this administration's history of excluding even the most innocuous records on the flimsiest of pretexts, it would seem imprudent at best to give them more ability to do so.


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Reversible thermal transition of polydiacetylene based on KTTKS collagen sequenceStatistics DownloadsDownloads per month over past year Tools Palladino, P., Castelletto, V., Dehsorkhi , A., Stetsenko, D. and Hamley, I. W. (2012) Reversible thermal transition of polydiacetylene based on KTTKS collagen sequence. Chemical Communications, 48 (78). pp. 9774-9776. ISSN 1359-7345
To link to this article DOI: 10.1039/c2cc34665f Abstract/SummaryHere we explore the physico-chemical properties of a peptide amphiphile obtained by chemical conjugation of the collagenstimulating peptide KTTKS with 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid which photopolymerizes as a stable and extended polydiacetylene. We investigate the self-assembly of this new polymer and rationalize its peculiar behavior in terms of a thermal conformational transition. Surprisingly, this polymer shows a thermal transition associated with a non-cooperative increase in b-sheet content at high temperature.
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Matt Marinkovich's weekly At Sea Diary entry is a popular feature of the National Fisherman Web site, and now you can post your own reflections on Matt's experiences fishing in the Pacific Northwest and North Pacific.
April 4-9, 2007 — We were the first order of business at the Resurrection Bay Seafoods dock in Seward on the morning of Wednesday, April 4. Off-loaders were provided, which is always a bonus. We were paid an average price of $3.87 for both the halibut and blackcod, which was a great price for both. It was just a coincidence that both species had the same price, because their prices are based on totally different markets.
I was hoping to bait up and point the Discovery back out to the fishing grounds, but there were serious rumblings of a big storm blowing through the area. It was decided, because of the storm predictions, that we would not leave until Sunday at the earliest.
I was a bit deflated at the news of our being landlocked for the next few days, but I could deal with it. I would have a very productive time typing away on my computer, playing my accordion, or reading my book (the first one in a few years!). Unfortunately for my big plans the other guys tend to go stir-crazy when weathered in, so Mike decided to rent a car and go to Anchorage to kill a day. Everyone was going, and I would be the heel if I held out and didn't go. Mike said he received some kind of bonus for last year's blackcod, so he would spring for a hotel, dinner, and whatever else came our way.
So that distraction, which included taking in "Thursday Night at the Fights" and a dinner in a really expensive steakhouse, took us out of Seward until early afternoon on Friday. George (the weatherman), Mike, and Roald listened closely to the weather reports to see when it might let up.
Although there was no defined break in the weather, they decided to start baiting around noontime on Saturday, April 8. I think they just couldn't take sitting around any longer, because the weather reports didn't show any improvement in the near future. I bet if we had skipped the Anchorage trip we would have started baiting up a day earlier.
It was a good thing we started baiting. There becomes a sort of mental deterioration when five guys are trapped in a confined space with nothing to do. For example, I was banished from talking on the phone in the baithouse. I suppose after four days of having it be completely acceptable for me to talk on my phone at any time of the day or night, there had to be some sort of regulation to keep my phone usage in check. Either that or George had a hair up his ass.
We continued to bait on Sunday and finished up by early afternoon on Monday, April 9. We left to fishing as soon as we finished baiting, which wasn't soon enough; the tension in the baithouse was so thick it could be cut with a knife. There is no better cure for galley fever than doing what we came to do — go fishing.
National Fisherman Live: 3/10/15
In this episode, Online Editor Leslie Taylor talks with Mike McLouglin, vice president of Dunlop Industrial and Protective Footwear.
National Fisherman Live: 2/24/15
In this episode:
March date set for disaster aid dispersal
Oregon LNG project could disrupt fishing
NOAA tweaks gear marking requirement
N.C. launches first commercial/recreational dock
Spiny lobster traps limits not well received
Today Sen. Lisa Murkowski (R-AK) introduced legislation to extend a permanent exemption for incidental runoff from small commercial fishing boats.
The National Working Waterfront Network is now accepting abstracts and session proposals for the next National Working Waterfronts & Waterways Symposium, taking place Nov. 16-19 in Tampa, Fla. The deadline is Tax Day, April 15.
Read more...


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Anti-Cheating Wedding Ring Video
Phrases like 'to have and to hold', 'forsaking all others' and 'till death do us part' probably ring a bell. These marriage vows along with the tell-tale ring should be enough for spouses to trust one another but if not, there's a product out ther...
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We added the under cabinet outlets and lights after we got granite countertops, and then tiled the ... read more
Oil rubbed bronze finish on metal with a square toffee art glass shade.
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text:
Ecclesiasticus 41:12 - 41:15
Now viewing scripture range from the book of Ecclesiasticus chapter 41:12 through chapter 41:15...
Ecclesiasticus Chapter 41
12 Have regard to thy name; for that shall continue with thee above a thousand great treasures of gold.
13 A good life hath but few days: but a good name endureth for ever.
15 A man that hideth his foolishness is better than a man that hideth his wisdom.
Why is this book in the Bible?
Read the King James Bible on Facebook! And help share the Word with others...