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Your art is very inspirational to all of us artists and at Shadowness we like to thank our amazing artists for all they do, to show our appreciation for you, your artwork has been featured in todays Daily Inspiration #313
Congratulations, barfischer!
On behalf of my fellow gallery moderators, I am happy to share the news that your beautiful creation was selected for the Daily Feature Award and is now in rotation on the front page of Shadowness!
This piece can be seen under the "star" menu at the top of every page, and it will also be featured in the next issue of "Daily Inspirations"! fb.com/shadowness
that's an other wonderful surprise Jürgen ! oh i feel so much honourd by this big award! thank you so so much for this selection! I am very pleased and i appreciate it a lot, thank you!
Jan 13th, 2012 Reply

subset: commoncrawl


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OK, first post. Hello all.
I'm from Tampa, FL, and started knitting this past January. I've only completed a few things, partially because I don't have vast swaths of time to work on knitting, and also because I can't yet follow patterns and watch TV with my partner.
I am currently working on three scarves, with another scarf and small blanket / throw on the "next" list, plus yarn for a few more projects. One of the scarves is knit entirely in the Tunisian stitch, which is interesting to work with.
One of the things I've done is the attached hat. It's for a friend receiving treatment for ovarian cancer. She loves it, particularly how soft the yarn is. (The contrast is high, though the colors slightly flattened, because I made heavy use of a wavelet sharpen. Blackening the shadows brings out the stitches.)
So... Hi.
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What a thoughtful and wonderful gift and will be very muched appreciated with the love you give it with! Welcome to the group!
Great looking hat. Must be so satisfying that your friend appreciates it.
And welcome! You'll find a great bunch of guys here.
"All knitting is just one stitch at a time."
Welcome to the crowd. The hat is quite nice and looks perfect for what your friend needs. We are a great bunch of fellows and I hope you enjoy being here. -- Books, knitting, cats, fountain pens...Life is Good.
Welcome to the group/tribe/ bunch who knit. Hat looks great!!
Wow! Great hat and I second Tom's sentiments! Nicely done....and WELCOME!
Seriously? Only knitting since January? Of THIS year? The hat is awesome. Love the color. Great work! Great photo too. Welcome to the group!
Yes, this year, and thank you.
The seam in the hat is a bit "imperfect". I knit it on straight needles and sewed up the back. The ends of the mistake rib / stockingette border are off by about 1cm.
Welcome, and keep up the great work!


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Goof: In this episode, Weaver tells Benton that on her first day she only upset Doug so far, but her argument with him occurs later in the episode. The scene was either moved around during editing or there was another argument that was cut from the episode.
Benton: You did excellent work today, Carter. A lot of students freeze up on their first Bovie, but you were calm and steady. Morgenstern was impressed.
Carter: Really?
Benton: So was I. Vaguely.
Shep: (to Carol) Welcome to hell.
Kerry: Carol!
Carol: Oh! You scared me.
Kerry: Yeah, I do that to a lot of people.
Benton: So, how's it going?
Weaver: My first day here, and I've only upset Doug Ross. That's not too bad, huh?
Benton: You must be losing your touch.
Ross: (with sarcasm) Good call on the new chief resident, Mark. Really "special."
Benton: Carter, do I look like your father?
Carter: No. Actually, not at all.
Morgenstern: Give me a good sick body, needs a little slicing, and I'm a happy man.
In this episode, Michael Beach takes over the role of Al Boulet, a character first introduced in the Season 1 episode "Full Moon, Saturday Night," where he was portrayed by Wolfgang Bodison. Beach would play Al Boulet for the better part of three seasons.
S 15 : Ep 22
Aired 4/2/09 (1:24:58)
S 15 : Ep 21
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S 15 : Ep 20
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I am Still Here, Rambling Away...and A Mocha Mitt WINNER!
12 comments :
I can't wait to see the new machine you're playing with. I don't have any of those great new machines but am always amazing at what great new thing is out there.
I am looking forward to summer. We homeschool and the kids are always with me. Next year my daughter will be in college. I still can't believe it.
RuthI just wanted to stop in and say hi! We seem to miss each other quite a bit around here. I'm not very crafty...and you aren't playing with dishes, but I didn't want you to think I'd forgotten about you:) Spring is always so busy with kids at home...those days pass quickly, enjoy every minute!
Thanks for stopping by! I read and appreciate all of your sweet words and the time you have spent on my blog. I try hard to respond to comments and visit your blogs... eventually, but I will be honest life is pretty crazy right now!
Thanks for swinging by my place. See ya soon!


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Sketch-Driven Orthogonal Graph DrawingBrandes, Ulrik and Eiglsperger, Markus and Kaufmann, Michael and Wagner, Dorothea (2002) Sketch-Driven Orthogonal Graph Drawing. In: Graph Drawing 10th International Symposium, GD 2002, August 26-28, 2002, Irvine, CA, USA , pp. 131-148 (Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36151-0_1). Full text not available from this repository. AbstractWe present an orthogonal graph drawing algorithm that uses a sketchy drawing of the graph as input. While the algorithm produces an orthogonal drawing with few bends in the Kadinsky model it also preserves the general appearance of the sketch. Potential applications for this kind of drawing algorithm include the generation of schematic maps from geographic networks and interactive orthogonal graph drawing.
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Just another example that the network FORMERLY known as Sci-Fi really no longer cares about the people who made it a successful network in the first place. They would rather continue programming like wrestling and other ridiculous things that have nothing to do with Sci-Fi. I have just about had it with the network. I think once Eureka is over, I won't be watching any more shows on that retarded channel.
Last year, my friend Amy told me she was moving from writing Leverage to writing Eureka. She asked me if I was interested in playing a scientist who was kind of a jerk. I said "yes" as fast as I could, and ended up playing Doctor Isaac Parrish for seven of the ten episodes in season 4.5. When se...
OOh you met some cool people! Matt Smith and Karen Gillian would be my fav on your list this time around.
Comicon was awesome. The Eureka panel was funny and everyone in the audience seemed to enjoy themselves. The consensus from the cast and producers was that I did a good job moderating, and I felt like I managed to get out the talking points the network wanted me to get out under pain of death wi...
I like the picture with your cat getting into the dice! CLASSIC!
Just before I went out to GenCon in August, I wrote: I have one request, which I hope isn't unreasonable: I'd like to test the theory that you can't have too many dice. If I see you at GenCon, would you give me one gaming die? I'll bring home as many as I get, dump them all on my office floor, ...
I also donated in honor of my cat, http://www.flickr.com/photos/jeremysoper/sets/72157622215994471/ Count Rugan, who was a Humane Society cat. I lost him almost a year ago. He was almost 10 years old and was like my best friend. I still get tears in my eyes when I look at his picture.
I remember the day I went to the shelter to get a kitten and there he was in the cage in their front office. He had six toes on both of his front feet. They were HUGE! He was so tiny, but he had these big, giant front feet. I instantly fell in love and he and I had this close bond for the next 10 years.
He got ill last October and I had to have him put to sleep at an emergency vet in the middle of the night. He was in complete liver and kidney failure.
I will always have a special place in my heart for him.
My small donation was in his honor.
I miss you Count Rugan (named for the six-fingered man on the Princess Bride).
Last year Anne and I raised some money for the Pasadena Humane Society in memory of our awesome dog, Ferris. When I wrote about it here, Anne said: Just over 8 years ago, I made a right turn instead of a left out of the Home Depot parking lot. That was a turn that would change our lives forev...
I couldn't afford much, but I made a contribution! I am an animal lover to the core and a big fan of the Wheaton family to boot (pets included!)
Last year Anne and I raised some money for the Pasadena Humane Society in memory of our awesome dog, Ferris. When I wrote about it here, Anne said: Just over 8 years ago, I made a right turn instead of a left out of the Home Depot parking lot. That was a turn that would change our lives forev...
I, too, lost a pet this year. I still get teary eyed when I close my eyes and see him in his last moments looking up at me and trying at cuddle to me. He was my six-toed cat and a best furry friend a girl could have. At Christmas, when my husband and I got out the stockings, I had a similar moment to yours. I got out our stockings and found Count Rugans (my cat) stocking. I dropped to my knees and cried so hard, my eyes swelled. My other two cats came around sniffing at me and my husband held me.
Something something rearview mirror blog posts 2009. This is continued from part three. I told the world what happens when you feed a dog chocolate while he wears a tinfoil hat in the microwave. My friend Mike (@cwgabriel) and I engaged in the great retweeting madness of 2009, which I totally wo...


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We envision a community where all immigrants overcome obstacles in order to succeed and thrive in the United States. We realize our vision by advocating for low-income immigrants through direct legal, social and language services, training and outreach in the Washington DC metropolitan area.
March 16, 2015
Ayuda is pleased to award Congressman Luis Gutiérrez (D-IL) with the inaugural Ayuda Impact Award for his dedication to improving the lives of immigrants in our country.
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Ayuda is pleased to announce that Norman Y. Mineta, the 14th U.S. Secretary of Transportation under President George W. Bush, has agreed to serve as honorary chair of the Ayuda's 42nd Anniversary Celebration Host Committee. He will also join the pre-Reception exclusive forum, "Conversation on the Immigrant Experience," as a speaker.
July 29, 2014
The news has been awash in stories about the wave of unaccompanied minors making the harrowing trek to the U.S./Mexico border. Recently, Ayuda had the opportunity to sit down with some of the minors we've represented and heard their stories. These stories represent a fundamental part of what we do and why we do it – the stories of trial and triumph embody our mission to empower the lives of immigrants in our community, like Elena and Alejandra.
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At age 11, Isabel made the harrowing journey to the United States from El Salvador. She became the victim of human trafficking for four years before a young man named Ernesto helped her escape. Read more about Isabel's story and Ayuda's role in preventing this loving couple from being separated.


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January 14, 2013Rewriting Textbook on Ancient Animal AnatomyRebecca Morelle, BBC News | |||
AP Photo Textbooks might have to be re-written when it comes to some of the earliest creatures, a study suggests. Researchers have found that our understanding of the anatomy of the first four-legged animals is wrong. TAGGED: Anatomy, Animals, Spine RECOMMENDED ARTICLES


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The Covenant of God
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Blake's work is a master treatise on Covenant Theology. It follows the formula laid down in the Westminster Confession and demonstrates every aspect of biblical covenant theology from a systematic and well thought through argument. As it was said of John Owen's "Death of Death in the Death of Christ" so it may be said of this work as well – Blake doth exhaust the argument. This is a tome of the highest caliber on a topic that is most needful to be understood by the Evangelical Church today – Covenant Theology and inclusion in the Covenant of God.
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However, quite a lot of 5+ sided-polygons - XSI's sub-divs cope with 5+ sided-polys well but this will lead to rendering errors if hair is used.
Also, model came in with rotation at 0,0,0. (as you would expect) However, it was not symmetrical in XY so it had to be manually rotated so that it ligned up symetrically in the front view - I still needed to tweak the modelling manually to achieve this correctly: cut in half - fix - duplicate in X - merge - freeze
Available in all formats, Maya ma, Max, Fbx, Obj, Xsi, Lwo, basic support included
Object is created in Maya 7, then converted in other formatsIf you need pre-maya 7 format edit .ma file in any text editorand change the version number.


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Results 1 to 4 of 4
August 12th, 2011 #1Registered User
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Copying detailed anatomy drawings
After seeing the streaming class on anatomy for artists by Marshall Vandruff 2 weeks ago, I bought myself David K Rubins book: "The Human Figure - An anatomy for artists' and the big George Bridgman book.
For the past week I have been drawing heads only out of big shapes and blocks just as Bridgman explains in his book.
Now I want to copy a skull drawing out of Rubins book which is very detailed and I am having a lot of troubles with it.
I dont really know how to start out copying these detailed anatomy drawings and soon I am erasing and changing all the shapes to get everything to work.
I was wondering how other people here go about copying detailed anatomy drawings.
Do you start out with the big shapes and build from '3D' or do you copy stroke for stroke much more like a '2D' approach if you know what I mean.
any tips are more then welcome!
Hide this ad by registering as a memberAugust 12th, 2011 #2This is where you've gone wrong - you don't start copying the details, you start by drawing the overall forms that Bridgman had you draw first. They help you understand the shapes that you're constantly erasing and changing - if you approach it only from the details, then your overall proportions and shapes get muddled because they weren't focused on in your process.
You start (with a light pencil or something you can draw over) with the large blocks and shapes so that A. You get the basic shape of the scull correct, just like Bridgman teaches you. Provided you get this step correct then you have a decently proportioned basic outline of the skull.
THEN you move on to what Rubins (Perhaps you mean Rubens) does, which is the little details. Remember how you said you're constantly changing all the shapes? Now that you have a large reference to where all the little details go on the big form, you can go in and accurately layer those little shapes over the overall forms.
So essentially this is where you're closer to it, you start out with big shapes and layer the little details over it. If you're goal is to create accurate forms then always try and relate 3D forms in your head, not 2D.
One more thing - Don't copy, understand. You're doing these studies so you know how the head is constructed, you're not just trying to replicate what your reference looks like exactly.
Jordan Beeston
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August 12th, 2011 #3Registered User- Join Date
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Thanks for the advice, I'll try this out with setting up al the shapes first and then do the details. this sounds like the logical thing to do, just so hard to just not dive into all the cool details
August 12th, 2011 #4Oh hell yes, I know exactly what you mean. When my drawing for dummies 101 lecturer told me that I was doing it wrong, it completely broke my ability to draw because I would render all the details in one arm before even moving onto the rest of the picture. But before that my proportion, anatomy and composition all suffered as a result, but god I could lose myself for thirty or forty hours on one drawing just going from detail to the next. I loved it.
Nowadays I'm doing the opposite where I'm trying to get the overall pose and overall image done as quickly as possible and my attention to detail and rendering quality is suffering. It's all about forming good habits built in strong foundations I'm right with you man.
Jordan Beeston
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Home | Forums | Rules | Articles | The diyAudio Store | Gallery | Blogs | Register | Donations | FAQ | Calendar | Search | Today's Posts | Mark Forums Read | Search |
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29th May 2010, 06:36 PM | #1 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Apr 2003
Location: Leuven
Inside a "no brand" PA Amp...
I just received a cheap (90€) "PA" amp that is supposed to have "480 Watt max achievement at 4 ohms (2 x 160 Watt at 8ohm)" I bought it for 15€ because it was broken, just to see what's inside.
This is what I found: - A lightweight 2 units 19" rackmount enclosure. - 2*26V torroidal transformer, weight between 1.2kg and 1.5kg. So I estimate it at no more than 120VA. - 4000µF of power supply capacitors - Very loud fan that is always on full speed. - a tiny heatsink. - 8 blown mosfet's and 2 burnt resistors. Mosfet's read A940 on them, but I can't find any mosfet that matches this part number. - A rare level of build quality. As you can see, a "real" performer. I traced the schematic just to check if this amplifier self-destructs by design. Anyone has some thoughts on the performance of this circuit? edit: non mosfet transistors are 2SC1815 (npn) and 2SA1015 (pnp)
In illusion comfort lies Last edited by svokke; 29th May 2010 at 06:38 PM. Reason: added transistor types |
29th May 2010, 06:51 PM | #3 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Mar 2003
Location: Sibenik, Croatia
Datasheet for 2SA940. Btw, he seems cracked on that picture!
http://www.datasheetcatalog.org/data...pec/2SA940.pdf Edit: I think this would be the proper circuit? Last edited by HighTec; 29th May 2010 at 07:20 PM. |
29th May 2010, 06:55 PM | #4 |
Did it Himself
diyAudio Member
Pretty rubbish circuit with resistive load for VAS. I think you may have the 0.22 ohm resistors the wrong way round - they should be in the sources. Maybe this is what caused failure.
www.readresearch.co.uk my website for UK diy audio people - designs, PCBs, modules and more. |
29th May 2010, 07:03 PM | #5 | |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Aug 2004
Location: Cambridge, England.
Of course my maths is a bit rusty - correct me if I'm wrong! |
29th May 2010, 07:07 PM | #6 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Nov 2005
never saw worse
29th May 2010, 07:37 PM | #7 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Mar 2003
Location: Sibenik, Croatia
29th May 2010, 08:10 PM | #8 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Apr 2003
Location: Leuven
I checked and double checked the circuits around Q1, Q6 and Q7. They are as indicated on my schematic. All 0.22 resistors are on pin 3 of each "mosfet".
All 8 "mosfets" have the same markings: A940. I'm confused as marketing blurb said "modern MOSFET technology". As some other members mentioned, I can only find the PNP transistor with this name. All 8 are broken, so it's impossible to say if they measure as a fet, pnp or npn. I found some people with the same broken amplifier and they also report that all "mosfets" have the same A940 marking.
In illusion comfort lies |
29th May 2010, 08:29 PM | #9 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Mar 2003
Location: Sibenik, Croatia
Well, if my eyes are still good, there is a Fairchild logo on those transistors. Fairchild doesn't manufacture 2SA940 but they do under a different name, KSA940 which is again BJT PNP. Maybe they are fakes from China, dunno.
http://www.fairchildsemi.com/ds/KS%2FKSA940.pdf |
29th May 2010, 09:12 PM | #10 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Feb 2009
KSA940, pin 3 is emitter which would make sense.
I'm curious though, how does 2x16V transformer provide enough voltage for +/- 35V rails using a simple rectifier bridge ?
mod verb, transitive /mod/ to state that one is utterly clueless about the operation of device to be "modded" and into "fixing" things that are not broken; "My new amplifier sounds great so I want to mod it." |
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Frank O'Toole's playlist July 15, 2013 E-mail Frank O'Toole
View Frank O'Toole's profile previous playlist | FXO's playlists | next playlist
Add or read comments what to do, who's to say?... (webcast)
Listener comments!
Mon. 7/15/13 6:04am fxo:
good morgan, friends, and to all ships at sea. I am present, right here. ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 6:06am Sem Chumbo:
Hiya, Frank. Along for the duration. ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 6:06am Looms:
g morning from sunny Brittany ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 6:07am I X Key!:
good morning from the webz! ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 6:09am davex:
And good morning, Frank and all, from sunny Saxony. Mon. 7/15/13 6:09am fxo:
Sem, Looms, I Key!: glad we're settled in. Hows yer weather? Mon. 7/15/13 6:10am fxo:
& you, davex, as well. Mon. 7/15/13 6:12am Padraihj:
Good morning from sunny Wales, UK...enjoying the show in garden ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 6:12am Sem Chumbo:
Sur la rive de l'Atlantique de la Nouvelle-Écosse, un autre jour ensoleillé humide a commencé. Mon. 7/15/13 6:15am fxo:
let's all plant a seed, especially you, Padraihj Mon. 7/15/13 6:29am fxo:
I forgot the "X". Now I feel complete. Mon. 7/15/13 6:29am Jack:
Howdy, folks! from soon-to-be-almost 100 degrees (F) New York State, USA. Global warming anyone? ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 6:41am Revolution Rabbit Nov63:
...late reporting - good to keep 'em guessing a little... Mon. 7/15/13 6:42am Toni Baumgartner:
Good morning Frank! Hope you are well today. Mon. 7/15/13 6:43am fxo:
wow, it's hotter then (fill in the blank). Jersey City and it's environs, gettin' swampy. Mon. 7/15/13 6:48am fxo:
Toni: "THAN", sorry, teach. Have a good gig today, on Irene's show.
Rev Rab: you're here now. ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 6:50am maestroso:
G'morgan all, am here in the heat. ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 6:51am maestroso:
This Harmonia Ensemble piece is pretty cool. Mon. 7/15/13 6:53am fxo:
'stroso: we're now present, and accounted for. ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 6:56am maja:
Same here. Hi all. Mon. 7/15/13 6:56am Toni Baumgartner:
Thanks, we're so excited! Hope everyone tunes in to Irene Trudel's show at 12:00 today to hear Speed The Plough. We will give you a shout out. I saw a really cool (old) photo of us on Saturday. Ah, memories:) Mon. 7/15/13 6:57am fxo:
Maja: stay cool, I know you will. ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 7:00am Sem Chumbo:
Editing fun and games. Thx, fxo. Mon. 7/15/13 7:01am Jack:
Oh my. I just Googled "Speed The Plough" and allmusic.com has a picture of the band... ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 7:03am maja:
Ofcourse fxo, now and then a jump overboard makes this day very bearable. ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 7:08am Revolution Rabbit Nov63:
...up heah in NewHampshuh - it say - humidity: *wunnhundrit*% - expected high 90-94°F... ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 7:11am Revolution Rabbit Nov63:
...forget Climate - Stocks are @ an all-time high!!
...that could *only* mean - everyone you know is quite rich now, right??... Mon. 7/15/13 7:14am fxo:
and then, the gas prices will do down, and life will be poifect. Mon. 7/15/13 7:18am Toni Baumgartner:
This Richie Havens is beautiful, thank you! ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 7:23am Revolution Rabbit Nov63:
'Follow''s a Classic awlright.
...sure, oil companies will be happy to share the wealth - what's good for business is good for all...they're working hard to improve the environment too - I saw it on a SundayMorning TV commercial... ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 7:24am Revolution Rabbit Nov63:
...lovely straight-talkin' blonde lady in a sharp suit... Mon. 7/15/13 7:32am AJ from Halifax:
Thanks for the Monday AM soundtrack, Frank. Great stuff. ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 7:34am I X Key!:
NH is underwater now?! Mon. 7/15/13 7:34am fxo:
AJ: thanks for checkin' in. Not AM, or FM, justice from the Web. ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 7:35am I X Key!:
lol that was funny to use "then" rather than "than," when ,it's in your show name! ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 7:36am I X Key!:
IX feel complete ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 7:41am I X Key!:
lovin the show @fxo ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 7:43am davex:
Only Bill Shatner could have done that better. Mon. 7/15/13 7:48am fxo:
you know Shatner was "tongue in check", please. The Pastor was real baby! ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 8:06am I X Key!:
I am hilarioused out Mon. 7/15/13 8:28am noeems:
Perfect playlist for a lazy monday at work. Thanks Frank + hi everyone. Mon. 7/15/13 8:30am fxo:
the pleasure be mine. ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 8:33am Brian in UK:
Hey Mr fxo & listeners-in (& out) Mon. 7/15/13 8:35am fxo:
goob afternoon, Brian. Is the tea on? ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 8:35am Revolution Rabbit Nov63:
...widget says humidity is down to a mere 88% - guess I'll take off this snorkel & see what happens...
- Is it me, or are FMU-Js really in their Zones of late - ?!... ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 8:36am Brian in UK:
You bet, boss. Got the tea pot warming as we ....... Mon. 7/15/13 8:37am fxo:
sure, Rev. ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 8:38am Brian in UK:
Now what would you call a future bible hero, Dwayne, Paige? ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 8:44am KevinfromBayRidge:
Morning FXOers! Haven't heard ANY version of this recently Mon. 7/15/13 8:47am fxo:
this was re-released. With Mark-Almond. ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 8:52am I X Key!:
Mark Almond is brilliant, right? Mon. 7/15/13 8:53am fxo:
time for summation: thanks for hangin' in. Have a cooler week, and I'll check in wit' you next Monday, same website, wfmu.org. ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 8:53am I X Key!:
! Mon. 7/15/13 8:54am northguineahills:
Thanks Frank! ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 8:56am Sem Chumbo:
Great mornings' listening, Frank. Back at yah next time. ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 8:56am Brian in UK:
adios amigos Mon. 7/15/13 8:57am fxo:
thanks alla yez. ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 8:57am Ken From Hyde Park:
Off to a groovin' Monday morning. What will Liz Berg follow up with? We're about to find out! ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 8:59am I X Key!:
really what?? i thought it wat pronounced like a "family" not a "ball" Mark Almond ♥ Mon. 7/15/13 8:59am I X Key!:
not like stone fruit
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Bowsaw built in a weekend
4 commentsA quick and fun project, this saw was easy to make and is going to be very handy in the shop
view detailsWoodwork On a Car? This Studebaker Fastback Has Jaw-Dropping Wood Grain
A bygone concept car from 1951 is made a reality... with compound joinery, sapele, quilted maple, and a showstopping finish
view detailsFederal dining table by Duncan Phyfe
1 commentExact replica of historic 20-ft. dining table owned by Martin Van Buren
view detailsWilliamsburg Knife Box - Part 6
We're getting close to the end of this series - one more to do after this one, covering the base molding. In this penultimate part, we will add the Handle to the existing assembly of the Knife Box...
view detailsKnife Box - Williamsburg, Part 5
In the last blog post (Part 4), I showed making the dovetail pins in the Side component. In this video, I show how to use these already-made pins to create the matching tails in the End...
view detailsKnife Box - Williamsburg, Part 4
In the last Part 3 of this series, I showed making the full-length Side and End components for the Williamsburg Knife Box. I also copied and flipped these components and placed on a full width box...
view detailsKnife Box - Williamsburg, Part 3
This is Part 3 of a series of videos on building the Williamsburg Knife Box. In the previous blog entry, I showed the making of the half length symmetrical End and Side components, and ensuring that...
view detailsKnife Box - Williamsburg, Part 2
4 commentsMy last blog entry set the stage for building this Knife Box, one that was presented at the January Williamsburg conference "Working Wood in the 18th Century". This video is second in the series...
view detailsKnife Box - Williamsburg Conference
1 commentHere's a worthy challenge for woodworkers using SketchUp. Modeling this Williamsburg Knife Box requires execution of most key SketchUp Tools and features. The Box's compound angles, bold scroll...
view detailsThe Back Rest on a Corner Chair
I built one of these corner chairs in 1982 - it would have been nice to have access to SketchUp at that time. Recently, I modeled the chair - it is based on a sketch by Wallace Nutting in his book...
view detailsPeriod Furniture, Old & New, Exhibition in Hartford, CT
The Connecticut Historical Society and the Society of American Period Furniture Makers have collaborated on a show presenting original pieces and modern reproductions along side each other.
view detailsOpen the Door
Sometimes it's good to show the inside of the cabinet. A viewer may want to know the number of shelves, or what it looks like inside. So often I'm preparing a separate scene with a view inside...
view detailsEvolving a Design in SketchUp
6 commentsWhen beginning a new design, I plan on saving several SketchUp versions as the project develops. I will start with a "1" after the filename, and continue with "2, 3, 4, 5…. etc." when changing...
view detailsTanning beds accelerate aging for cherry, not just humans
18 commentsAlthough overuse of tanning beds by people can lead to a skin cancer risk, they are great for helping to bring out that deep patina that usually only comes with age.
view detailsCreative musings
While on tour, FW Associate Editor Vlad Smishkewych meets fellow woodworkers within the music scene, gets to see a few wonderful pieces, and ponders the meaning of life for woodworkers and musicians.
view detailsFeels good to be back at Colonial Williamsburg's hand tool conference
FWW co-sponsors a wonderful event,"Working Wood in the 18th Century," every year at Colonial Williamsburg. The presenters started bending and cutting wood right away this year.
view detailsFlutes on the Pilasters
4 commentsI'm developing a model of a famous American Corner Cupboard. I built this piece years ago but did not have the advantage of a SketchUp model. Here's the current status of the model (finished except...
view detailsDower Chest with Solid Tools
3 commentsI'm working on a reproduction of a Pennsylvania Dower Chest and have enjoyed experimenting with the new Solid Tools that are a part of Pro version 8. The same results can be achieved with the...
view detailsThe long, winding road to Fine Woodworking
8 commentsFine Woodworking's newest associate editor talks about Spain, hurdy-gurdies, and his unlikely path to being a part of his favorite magazine.
view detailsThe Curule Construction - and Ancient X-frame Chair Design
4 commentsWhile developing the Jefferson Campeche Chair (first in SketchUp, then in the shop), I ran across an interesting 20-page document titled, "The Campeche Chair in The Metropolitan Museum of Art". This...
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28 comments:
- 1nklingFebruary 9, 2011 at 11:03 AM
Ah yes, the old quandry - Whats more important, being stylish or surviving apocalypse? I know which I'd choose, plus with a lick of paint and a few embelishments thats one swanky modernist pad.. Shame you can't get to the swimming pool when on lockdown though..
ReplyDelete - AnonymousFebruary 9, 2011 at 11:03 AM
We've been discussing this bunker design on reddit and I think that main rolling shutter is a major weakness.
ReplyDelete - AnonymousFebruary 9, 2011 at 11:25 AM
The rolling shutter is made of an alloy that makes it stronger than the cement shutters.
ReplyDelete - AnonymousFebruary 9, 2011 at 12:29 PM
it's the fact that it's just one shutter...if it fails, exposure is huge...multiple smaller shutters with 2ndary line of defense might be better...1 shutter failure doesn't mean game over.
the trade-off being, that's more points to secure at a critical moment. - AnonymousFebruary 10, 2011 at 2:06 AM
Hi all Cal Poly students haha :)....but I think its a feasible design that is its first in its kind and is interesting to look at although it would suck if electricity is cut and back up generator does not work the person inside is screwed for all the mechanical parts unless they are also manual...
ReplyDelete - AnonymousFebruary 10, 2011 at 10:40 AM
Looks massive, but it's all just plywood. Look at the light-duty hinges - all those thick shutters are just hollow boxes, meant to look like solid concrete. Actually, the steel curtain at the front is probably the only strong part of the whole structure. It only looks like a bunker. He is an artist after all, it's only the look he's after.
ReplyDelete - AnonymousFebruary 10, 2011 at 11:19 AM
Neat idea.
Outside hinges on the cement shutters = fail.
Large rolling shutter would not screen gamma radiation. No use having a 12 inch plus thick concrete with only 80% coverage. This also = fail. - AnonymousFebruary 15, 2011 at 7:53 AM
I love it, i get the idee of the concrete, but it will work for me if the outside could be another colour, and yeay i am a woman
ReplyDelete - AnonymousApril 6, 2011 at 5:55 PM
And when the power goes out, your generator is where exactly?
ReplyDelete - AnonymousMay 7, 2011 at 2:47 PM
I want more data on this. It's a cool concept, but with some major shortcommings, even if we accept the fictional parts like the apparently heavy shutters on the relative weak hinges.
What about the drawbridge? Where do it connect to? I can't see how the entrance door is connected to the bridge?
Why is there two different encasing-methods used? Cement-shutters and metalshutters? Using a strong and a weak combination (what ever is what) do not make sense, since the weakest link is the only one of importance here.
I like the concept of having a nice garden and living rather comfortable, while the rest of mankind is being exterminated by Z's. =) - AnonymousMay 9, 2011 at 1:31 PM
Cool idea! Fix all the bugs! personally I would make sure there was a room stocked full of guns and ammo....Plus build up bigger walls surrounding the grounds.Put up a few windmills they are using for electricity and also have generators in a safe area with plenty of back up fuel.far away from ammo unless you want to blow yourself to the moon.. ~k~
ReplyDelete - AnonymousMay 10, 2011 at 6:37 PM
hahah fuck yeah! who cares about zombies n shit.. imagine the crazy parties you could have, where if cops come, they cant do shit
ReplyDelete very massive....like the rolling shutters....it's easy to take care of.
window shutters clayton, ca- AnonymousDecember 11, 2012 at 1:24 AM
elegant blog writer format web log http://email@example.com


text:
Scrabble word: LINCHPIN
In which Scrabble dictionary does LINCHPIN exist?
Definitions of LINCHPIN in dictionaries:
- noun - a central cohesive source of support and stability
- noun - pin inserted through an axletree to hold a wheel on
- A locking pin inserted in the end of a shaft, as in an axle, to prevent a wheel from slipping off.
- A central cohesive element: Reduced spending is the linchpin of their economic program.
- noun - a locking pin inserted in the end of a shaft
There are 8 letters in LINCHPIN: C H I I L N N P
Scrabble words that can be created with an extra letter added to LINCHPIN
All anagrams that could be made from letters of word LINCHPIN plus a wildcard: LINCHPIN?
Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word LINCHPIN
Images for LINCHPIN
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History of Richmond, Virginia
The history of Richmond, Virginia, as a modern city, dates to the early 17th century, and is crucial to the development of the colony of Virginia, the American Revolutionary War, and the Civil War. After Reconstruction, Richmond's location at the falls of the James River helped it develop a diversified economy and become a land transportation hub.
17th century[edit]
Until 1609, Parahunt, the weroance of the Powhatan tribe, had his main capital on a high hill overlooking the falls of the James, shown as a "king's house" on the 1608 John Smith map. The Powhatan "proper" were one of the main constituent groups in the confederacy of the same name, and the river, in their language, was likewise known as the Powhatan. The village where Richmond is now also went by the name of Powhatan (transcribed by William Strachey as Paqwachowng), as well as Shocquohocan.
Soon after settling on Jamestown Island, a party of English under Captain Christopher Newport, during their next exploration up the James, first learned of the existence of this important site from the natives upon reaching Turkey Island on May 22, 1607. The falls marked the western frontier of the confederacy with its enemies, the Siouan Monocan tribe, and Newport soon became obsessed with this location and the idea of assisting the Powhatans against them militarily. The next day, while being entertained by a weroance at Arrahatec, the explorers were visited by Parahunt, whom by his title (weroance Powhatan), they mistook for his father, the paramount Chief Powhatan (Wahunsunacawh, who actually resided at Werowocomoco).
Gabriel Archer, who wrote the fullest account of the visit to Parahunt's village later that day, gave a vivid description of this inhabitation, which he called Pawatah's Tower. He reported that there were 12 houses on the hill, with various crops growing on the plain between the hill and the islands in the river, such as wheat, beans, peas, tobacco, pumpkins, gourds, hemp, and flax. The islands were planted with maize, and had six or seven families living on them. After meeting with the two weroances while the women provided them strawberries and mulberries, the Englishmen decided to visit the nearby waterfalls, found they could pass no farther in their pinnace, and anchored for the night between the islands and the village.
The following day, Newport shared some of his ship's provisions, pork and peas, with Parahunt, and learned what he could of local geography and politics from him. As they were particularly eager to proceed beyond the falls, Parahunt agreed to meet them there, where he dissuaded Newport from going into Monacan country. Returning downriver, the Captain erected, on one of the islands, a cross reading Jacobus Rex, 1607, declaring the country to be the possession of James I of England; however, he told his guide, Navirans, that the cross signified an alliance between himself and the weroance of Powhatan. Meeting Parahunt one last time, Newport presented him with a gown and an English hatchet, and returned to Jamestown.
The English did not visit the falls again for a year and a half, although during this time they continued attempting to negotiate with the paramount Chief Powhatan for an assault on the Monacans. After Newport's return from England in September 1608, he unilaterally took a party of 120 soldiers to the falls and explored the country beyond. This upset Chief Powhatan, and the natives at Powhatan village hid their corn, refusing to sell it.
By a year later, in September 1609, Powhatan's people seemed in such awe of the colony's then-President, Captain John Smith, that Smith felt emboldened to send another force of 120 men under Francis West to settle at the falls, in the district known as Rockett's,[1] Smith then personally came to "West Fort" and arranged to purchase the entire Indian village (about 3 miles (4.8 km) from the fort) from Parahunt for an amount of copper and an Englishman named Henry Spelman. Even so, the Powhatans did not fully appreciate that the English were now actually in possession of their fortified town (which Smith had renamed Nonsuch), and thus they began to harass the settlers, eventually forcing West to abandon the project and return to Jamestown. In fall, 1610, Lord de la Warre (West's brother) made a second attempt to build a fort at the falls, which managed to last all winter, but was then likewise abandoned.
Following this, the English made no attempt to settle any higher than Henricus (in modern Chesterfield County), which lasted from 1611 until the Indian massacre of 1622. Following the Second Anglo-Powhatan War of 1644-45, the Powhatan tribes signed a peace treaty in 1646 ceding the settlers all territory below the Fall Line, from the Blackwater River to the York River. At this time, the colony built Fort Charles at the falls of the James, near where the legal frontier was for over half a century. After two years, the site of Fort Charles was relocated to Manastoh on the South Side of the river (later known as Manchester, Virginia), where the ground was considered slightly more fertile.[2]
In 1656 several hundred Nahyssans and Mahocks (Siouan groups) and Rechahecrians (possibly Erie) threatened both the Powhatans and the English by settling near the falls; a combined force of English and Pamunkeys was sent to dislodge them in a bloody battle near Richmond, where the Pamunkey weroance Totopotomoi was slain.
Col. David Crawford, a Virginia Burgess 1692-94, owned much of the land in the latter 17th century that would become Richmond. By around 1699 or 1700, the Monacan had abandoned their closest settlement, Mowhemencho, above the falls at Bernard's Creek — which was then repopulated with French Huguenot pioneers, to serve as a further buffer between the downriver English plantations and the native tribes. The name of the Huguenots' village survives today in that of the Richmond suburb of Manakin-Sabot, Virginia.
In 1673, William Byrd I was granted lands on the James River that included the area around Falls that would become Richmond and already included small settlements. Byrd was a well-connected Indian trader in the area and established a fort on the site. William Byrd II inherited his father's land in 1704.
18th century[edit]
By the early 18th century, the population of the area was still below 200. In 1730, the Virginia House of Burgesses passed the Warehouse Act, which required inspectors to grade tobacco at 40 different locations. This led to much development at the Falls of the James. Seven years later, in 1737, William Mayo laid out the original street plan for the town of Richmond, on land provided by Colonel William Byrd II of nearby Westover Plantation. Mayo divided the town into four-lot thirty-two squares, and immediately outside of town limits there were larger plots of land which were to be sold as the future sites for suburban villas. The name came from Richmond, England. In 1741, Henrico Parish Church (affiliated with the Church of England) was built in the present day neighborhood of Church Hill, the oldest neighborhood in the city, overlooking downtown Richmond, Shockoe Bottom and Shockoe Slip. The First Great Awakening impacted the area in the 1740s, leading Samuel Davies to be sent from Pennsylvania in 1747 to lead and minister to religious dissenters in Hanover County, Virginia. He eventually helped found the first presbytery in Virginia (the Presbytery of Hanover [3]), evangelized slaves (remarkable in its time,[4]), and influenced young Patrick Henry who traveled with his mother to listen to sermons.[5] Richmond was chartered as a town in 1742. By 1768, William Byrd III had squandered the family fortune and resorted to a public lottery to raise money for his debts. He auctioned off large lots of still-undeveloped Byrd family land in the Richmond region.
Revolutionary War[edit]
In 1775, Patrick Henry delivered his famous "Give me Liberty or Give me Death" speech in St. John's Church, during the Second Virginia Convention. This speech is credited with convincing members of the House of Burgesses to pass a resolution delivering Virginia troops to the American Revolutionary War. One year later, in the throes of the Revolutionary War, the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence.
In 1780, Virginia's state capital was moved from Williamsburg to Richmond. In 1781, under the command of Benedict Arnold, Richmond and its port at Warwick was burned by British troops. Yet Richmond shortly recovered, and, in May 1782, was incorporated as a city.
In 1785, the James River Company was formed with George Washington as its honorary president. Development of the James River and the Kanawha Canal, designed by Washington, ensued. The cornerstone of the Virginia State Capitol, designed by Thomas Jefferson, was also laid that year. These events led to further development of the economy of the city. The first bridge across the James River, named Mayo's Bridge after the founder of the city, was built in 1787.
The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, written in 1779 by Thomas Jefferson, was passed in Richmond on January 16, 1786. Its importance is recognized annually by the President of The United States, with January 16 established as National Religious Freedom Day. From 1785–1787, the oldest Masonic Hall in America still in continuous use was constructed on Franklin Street between 18th and 19th Streets in downtown Richmond.[6] The Bill of Rights was instated in the Constitution one year later, in 1787.
19th century[edit]
1800-1860: Antebellum period[edit]
For much of the 19th century, the institution of slavery shaped several local issues. Shockoe Bottom was a center for slave trading. It is believed that between 1800–1865, 300,000 slaves were sent from Shockoe Bottom to work in the deep south. It is also believed that Shockoe Bottom may have served as a burial ground for Africans, although a map created circa 1825 shows a Negro Burial Ground next to the Richmond "Poor House." Following the Haitian Revolution of the late 18th century, slaveowners were faced with the prospect of similar slave uprisings in the American British Colonies. A failed major uprising called Gabriel Prosser's Rebellion, occurred near Richmond in 1800. This uprising was rumored to have involved 1000-4000 Africans living in the Richmond area. By the start of the 19th century, the city's population had reached 5,730. Congress also passed a law prohibiting the African Slave Trade in 1808.
Several other important events took place in Richmond early in the century, including the designation of Jefferson, Madison and Monroe as Richmond's first political districts in 1803; the charter of the Bank of Virginia, the city's first bank, was signed in 1804; and the first public library was established by the Library Society of Richmond in 1806. The first stagecoach lines to Richmond were established during the War of 1812, and the first regular steamboat service began on the James River in 1815. In 1816, the first City Hall was built.
Industrial revolution[edit]
In the 1830s, the Industrial Revolution arrived in Richmond. In 1831, the Chesterfield Railroad Company opened its horse-drawn rail line between Manchester and the Chesterfield coal mines, just south of the city. In 1833, Rhys Davies, an engineer from Tredegar, South Wales, was hired by Richmond businessmen and industrialists to construct furnaces and rolling mills used in the iron and foundry business. By 1837 the rolling mills were merged with the Virginia Foundry, creating Tredegar Iron Works, the largest foundry in the South and the third-largest in the United States. The first steam locomotive service to the city began with the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad in 1836. Other railroads followed: the Richmond and Danville Railroad was chartered in 1847, and completed the circuit to Danville, Virginia by 1854. In 1838, the Medical College of Virginia was founded in the city. Besides transportation and industry, antebellum Richmond was also the center of regional communications, with several newspapers and book publishers, including John Warrock, helping shape public opinion and further the education of the populace.
The aversion to the slave trade was growing by the mid-19th century, and in 1848, Henry "Box" Brown made history by having himself nailed into a small box and shipped from Richmond to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, escaping slavery to the land of freedom.
1861-1865: The Civil War[edit]
In February 1861, Jefferson Davis was inaugurated as President of the Confederate States of America in Montgomery, Alabama. Two months after Davis' inauguration, the Confederate army fired on Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, and the Civil War had begun. With the outbreak of war, followed by Virginia's secession in May 1861, the strategic location of the Tredegar Iron Works was one of the primary factors in the decision to relocated the Capital of the Confederacy to Richmond. From this arsenal came much of the Confederates' heavy ordnance machinery. Tredegar Iron Works made the 723 tons of armor plating that covered the CSS Virginia, the world's first ironclad used in the 2-day Battle of Hampton Roads in March, 1862, first successfully against wooden Union ships, then to a draw against the USS Monitor, another innovative ironclad.
In 1862, the Peninsula Campaign led by General George B. McClellan was a Union attempt to take Richmond, beginning from Union held Fort Monroe at the eastern tip of the Virginia Peninsula at Old Point Comfort. Efforts to take Richmond by the James River were successfully blocked by Confederate defenses at Drewry's Bluff, about 8 miles (13 km) downstream from Richmond. The Union march up the Peninsula by land culminated in the Seven Days Battles. Ruses to make the defending forces seem larger by General John B. Magruder, Richmond's defensive line of batteries and fortifications set up under General Robert E. Lee, a daring ride around the Union Army by Confederate cavalry under General J.E.B. Stuart, and an unexpected appearance of General Stonewall Jackson's famous "foot cavalry" combined to unnerve the ever-cautious McClellan, and he initiated a Union retreat before Richmond. Even as other portions of the South were falling, the failure of the Peninsula Campaign to take Richmond led to almost three more years of bitter and bloody warfare between the states.
The Confederacy hit its high-water mark at the Battle of Gettysburg in mid-1863. 21 months later, after a long siege, Union General Ulysses S. Grant captured Petersburg near Richmond in April 1865.
As the fall of Petersburg became imminent, on Evacuation Sunday (April 2), President Davis, his cabinet, and the Confederate defenders abandoned Richmond, and fled south on the last open railroad line, the Richmond and Danville.[7] The retreating Confederate soldiers received orders to set fire to bridges, the armory, and warehouses as they left. The fires spread out of control, and destroyed large parts of the city, reaching to the very edge of Capitol Square mostly unchecked. At dawn, Richmond's mayor and other civilians went to the Union lines east of Richmond on New Market Road (now State Route 5) and surrendered the city; Union troops entered and eventually quenched the flames.[8]
On April 4, President Abraham Lincoln, who had been staying nearby at City Point, toured the fallen city by foot with his young son Tad, and visited the former White House of the Confederacy and the Virginia State Capitol.[9] Arriving as fires set by the retreating Confederates still smoldered, Lincoln went to the White House of the Confederacy, expecting a communication from the retreating forces. Some wanted him to make a public gesture of sitting at Jefferson Davis's own desk, symbolically saying to the nation that the President of the United States held authority over the entire land. Citizens and freed slaves greeted Lincoln as a conquering hero. One admirer reportedly said, "I know I am free, for I have seen the face of Father Abraham and have felt him."[citation needed] When a general asked Lincoln how the defeated Confederates should be treated, Lincoln replied, "Let 'em up easy."[10]
In the meantime, the state capital was moved to Danville. About one week later after Richmond's evacuation, Robert E. Lee surrendered to Grant, ending the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse. Unfortunately for the South, within the same week, on April 14, 1865, President Lincoln was assassinated at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. by John Wilkes Booth. Northern leadership would deal much more harshly with the fallen states than Lincoln had planned.
On May 25, 1865, Francis Harrison Pierpont of Fairmont, West Virginia, Governor of the Restored State of Virginia (1861–68) moved the seat of government of "restored" Virginia from Alexandria back to Richmond. The Virginia General Assembly was once again located in the State House in Richmond.
During President Andrew Johnson's administration, Governor Pierpont was replaced as Governor on April 4, 1868 by General Henry H. Wells of New York, who was formerly under the command of Brever Major General John Schofield.[citation needed] Pierpont and his family returned home to Fairmont.[11]
1865-1880:Reconstruction and City growth[edit]
During 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery. Richmond (and the South's) Reconstruction began. Richmond's Theological School for Freedmen, later becoming Virginia Union University, was established that year. (Today, the historic campus is located on Lombardy Street just north of the downtown area).
In 1866, the first organized Memorial Day was celebrated in Richmond at Oakwood Cemetery near Church Hill on the Nine Mile Road. Many fallen Confederate troops were buried there and at Hollywood Cemetery, just west of the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond.
In 1869, the segregated public school system was started in the city. Black voters registered in the city's first municipal election since the end of the Civil War. One year later, Virginia was readmitted to the Union with a new Constitution and federal troops were removed from the city.
1870 has been called the Year of Disasters. The worst flood in 100 years occurred. An overcrowding during a court hearing over Richmond's elections collapsed the third floor of the Virginia State Capitol, causing it to fall into the Hall of the House of Delegates, killing 60 and injuring 250. Robert E. Lee's death in Lexington where he headed what is now Washington and Lee University compounded grief, followed by the Spotswood Hotel fire, killing eight people. Over the next decade, the city's first high school, Richmond High School, opened in 1873. Cigarette manufacturing was introduced in Richmond by P.H. Mayo & Bros. Tobacco Co. in 1874, further expanding the city's economic importance to the tobacco industry. The last federal troops were removed from the South in 1877, and Reconstruction ended.
Virginia politics underwent many power struggles in the 1870s and 1880s. Conservatives split over repayment of the state's pre-war debt. "Funders" wanted the full amount to be paid, much of which was held by northern interests. "Readjusters" wanted a portion to be paid by the new State of West Virginia, and formed the Readjuster Party, a coalition of Republicans, conservative Democrats, and free blacks led by railroad executive William Mahone. Mahone was elected to the U.S. Senate, where he served from 1881 to 1887, and the Readjuster's candidate, William E. Cameron, was elected as Virginia's governor, serving from 1882 to 1886. However, by 1883, Democrats were assuming power in state politics, which they held about 80 years, until the fall of the Byrd Organization in the late 1960s, following the death of former Governor and U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd in 1966.
1880 - 1900: Monument Avenue, streetcars[edit]
Richmond's population had reached 60,600 by 1880, and the James River and Kanawha Canal closed with tracks of the Richmond and Allegheny Railroad of Major James H. Dooley laid on its towpath. In 1885, the Robert E. Lee Camp Soldiers Home for Confederate Veterans opened. Monument Avenue was laid out in 1890, and would over the next several decades be gradually adorned with a series of monuments at various intersections honoring the city's Confederate heroes. Included (east to west) were J.E.B. Stuart, Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, Stonewall Jackson, and Matthew F. Maury. (The western-most monument, honoring Richmond native and tennis star Arthur Ashe, was added in 1996.[12])
Richmond had the first successful electrically powered trolley system in the United States. Designed by electric power pioneer, Frank J. Sprague, the trolley system opened its first line in January, 1888. Richmond's hills, long a transportation obstacle, were considered an ideal proving ground. The new technology soon replaced horsecars. As part of a national trend, in the late 19th century and early 20th century, the electrically powered street railway systems accelerated Richmond's expansion. To generate traffic and fuel sales of property, amusement parks were created at the end of the lines at Lakeside Park, Westhampton Park (now University of Richmond), and Forest Hill Park. The Richmond area's streetcar suburbs included Highland Park, Barton Heights, Ginter Park, Woodland Heights, and Highland Springs.Rails of interurban streetcar services formed a suburban network from Richmond extending north to Ashland and south to Chester, Colonial Heights, Petersburg and Hopewell. Another interurban route ran east along the Nine Mile Road and terminated at the National Cemetery at Seven Pines at the end of the Nine Mile Road, where many Union Civil War dead were interred. Electrically powered trolleybuses, also using the Sprague technology, later operated in local service in nearby Petersburg for several years. Also at this time, many of Richmond's inner city neighborhoods began to grow rapidly, such as the Fan District, and Church Hill.
In 1894, a new City Hall was built in Victorian Gothic style. The building, now called the "Old City Hall", is located just north of Capitol Square near the statue of Dr. Hunter Holmes McGuire. It is across the Broad Street from the current Richmond City Hall, which was built in 1971.
In 1896, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that, "separate but equal" laws did not deprive blacks of civil rights guaranteed under the Fourteenth Amendment. The Confederate Museum opened and the National Confederate Reunion (the first of five) was held in Richmond. One year later the Richmond Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy was established.
20th century[edit]
By the beginning of the 20th century, the city's population had reached 85,050.
The theater mogul, Jake Wells, built a number of vaudeville theaters and opera houses in Richmond during the early 20th century. Other theaters and opera houses open on what became "Theater Row", to include The Bijou, the Colonial Theater, The Lyric Opera House.
In 1903, African-American businesswoman and financier Maggie L. Walker chartered St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, and served as its first president, as well as the first female (of any race) bank president in the United States. Today, the bank is called the Consolidated Bank and Trust Company, and it is the oldest surviving African-American bank in the U.S.
Merger with Manchester[edit]
For over 250 years, the James River divided Richmond on the north bank from its sister, independent city of Manchester, located on the south bank. A major issue for Manchester and Richmond residents in the 19th century and early 20th century were the toll bridges over the James River. In 1910, Manchester agreed to a political consolidation with the much larger independent city of Richmond. Richmond's better-known name was used for both areas as it contained the location of Virginia's state capital. Key features of the consolidation agreement were requirements that a "free bridge" across the James River and a separate courthouse in Manchester be maintained indefinitely. Instead of a barrier between neighboring cities, under the consolidation the James River became the centerpiece of the expanded Richmond. Although Manchester is now defunct as an independent city, vestiges of the name can be found in the Manchester Bridge, Manchester Slave Trail, and the Manchester Courthouse.
World War and the Roaring Twenties[edit]
In 1914, Richmond became the headquarters of the Fifth District of the Federal Reserve Bank. It was selected due to the city's geographic location, its importance as a commercial and financial center, its transportation and communications facilities, as well as Virginia's leading regional role in the banking business. The bank was originally located near the federal courts downtown and moved to a new headquarters building near the Capitol in 1922 (today the Supreme Court of Virginia building), and finally to its present location overlooking the James River in 1978.[13]
In 1919, at the end of World War I, Philip Morris was established in the city. . Richmond entered the broadcasting era in late 1925 when WRVA, originally known as the Edgeworth Tobacco Station and owned by Larus & Brothers, went on the air. The white ballad singers and black gospel quartets that were popular on the radio at the time were often urban and sometimes even professional men. At the time, Richmond was particularly self-conscious with its southern roots, and such music was seen as culturally inferior.[14]
Also during the 1920s, Richmond's entertainment venues developed further. In 1926, The Mosque (now called the Landmark Theater) was constructed by the Shriners as their Acca Temple Shrine, and since then, many of America's greatest entertainers have appeared on its stage beneath its towering minarets and desert murals.[15] Loew's Theater was built in 1927, and was described as, "the ultimate in 1920s movie palace fantasy design." It later suffered a decline in popularity as the movie-going population moved to the suburbs, but was restored during the 1980s and renamed as the Carpenter Center for the Performing Arts.[16] In 1928, the Byrd Theater was built by local architect Fred Bishop on Westhampton Avenue (now called Cary Street) in a residential area of the city. To this day, the Byrd remains in operation as one of the last of the great movie palaces of the 1920s and 1930s.[17]
In 1926, the Carillon in Byrd Park was constructed as a memorial to the World War I dead. The Carillon still towers above Byrd Park in the city.
In 1927, the dedication of Byrd Airfield (now Richmond International Airport) included a visit by Charles Lindbergh. The airport was named after Richard E. Byrd, the famous American polar explorer. The John Marshall Hotel opened its doors in October 1929.
1930 - 1945: Great Depression and World War II[edit]
The Tobacco industry helped Richmond recover from the Great Depression. Within five years, Richmond's economy bounced back. Richmond attracted businesses relocating from other parts of the country as one of the northernmost cities of the right-to-work states.
The population of the city had grown to 255,426 by 1936, and the value of new construction to the region was 250% over that of 1935. By 1938, Reynolds Metals moved its executive office from New York City to Richmond. By the end of World War II in 1945, more than 350,000,000 pounds of war supplies were being shipped through the Defense General Supply Center, located nine miles (14 km) south of the city. 1946 marked a crucial turning point for Richmond's economy. During that year, the highest level of business activity was recorded in the history of the city. Within one year, Richmond was the fastest growing industrial center in the United States.
1945-1960: Postwar Richmond and Richmond-Petersburg Turnpike[edit]
In 1948, Oliver Hill became the first black person elected to the city council since the Reconstruction era. Also in 1948, WTVR-TV, the "south's first television station" began broadcasting in Richmond.
As roads improved in the early 20th century, streetcars were unable to compete with automobiles and buses. The Richmond-Petersburg area's interurban services were gone by 1939. The last streetcars ran in 1949 on the Highland Park line when they were replaced by buses.
As the National Auto Trails system grew into a national network of highways, the area was served by the Jefferson Davis Memorial Highway the busy north-south corridor in central Virginia shared by U.S. 1 and U.S. Route 301 through the cities of Richmond, Colonial Heights, and Petersburg. It crossed the James River on the Robert E. Lee Memorial Bridge. After World War II, with only four traffic lanes and long stretches of undivided roadway, the Jefferson Davis Memorial Highway became a major area of traffic congestion, as well as the site of occasional spectacular and deadly head-on collisions.
In 1955, prior to the creation of the U.S. Interstate Highway System, the Virginia General Assembly created the Richmond-Petersburg Turnpike Authority as a state agency to administer the new Turnpike of the same name. The new toll road was planned with only 15 exits, and most of these were well away from the highly developed commercial areas along parallel U.S. 301. The Richmond-Petersburg Turnpike opened in 1958, and soon was granted the Interstate 95 designation in the Richmond area, splitting into Interstates 85 and 95 at Petersburg.
1960- 2000: Modern city development[edit]
Natural gas was introduced to Richmond in 1950 to meet the growing energy demand. By 1952, cigarette production reached an all-time high for Richmond at 110 billion per year.
Between 1963 and 1965, there was a huge, "downtown boom," that led to the construction of more than 700 buildings in the city. In 1968, Virginia Commonwealth University was created by the merger of the Medical College of Virginia with the Richmond Professional Institute.
Richmond suffered some severe flooding in 1972, when Hurricane Agnes dumped 16 inches (410 mm) of rain on central Virginia. This flooded the James River to 6.5 feet (2.0 m) over the original 200-year old record.
In 1984, the city completed the Diamond ballpark, and the Richmond Braves, a AAA baseball team for the Atlanta Braves, began playing. Also in 1985, Richmond saw the opening of 6th Street Marketplace, a downtown festival marketplace, which was envisioned as a solution to the downtown area's urban erosion. The project ultimately failed, and the shopping center was closed and demolished in 2004.[18]
In 1990, Richmond native L. Douglas Wilder, the grandson of slaves, was sworn in as Governor of Virginia, the first elected African-American governor of any state in United States history.
A multi-million dollar floodwall was completed in 1995, in order to protect the city and the Shockoe Bottom businesses from the rising waters of the James River. Also during 1995, a statue of Richmond native and tennis star Arthur Ashe was added to the famed series of statues on Monument Avenue. Notwithstanding objections of purists in the country, Ashe was added to a group of statues that previously had consisted primarily of prominent Confederate military figures, as a sign of the changing nature of the city's population.
21st century[edit]
By the early 21st century, the population of the greater Richmond metropolitan area had reached approximately 1,100,000 although the population of the city itself had declined to less than 200,000.
The floodwall downtown was expanded, and opened the doors for the development of the riverfront, stretching along the James River from the historic Tredegar Iron Works site, just west of 7th Street, to 17th Street downtown. Recent renovations included the rebuilt James River and Kanawha Canal and Haxall Canal, now designed as a Canal Walk. The riverfront project has brought this 1.25-mile (2.01 km) corridor back to life, with trendy loft apartments, restaurants, shops and hotels winding along the Canal Walk, along with canal boat cruises and walking tours. The National Park Service's Richmond Civil War Visitor Center, in the Tredegar Iron Works, brought three floors of exhibits and artifacts, films, a bookstore, picnic areas and more. Virginia Commonwealth University has also been aggressively developing its campuses downtown, with the new Stuart C. Siegel Center athletic complex, and RAMZ apartments.
In 2002, the new, expanded Greater Richmond Convention Center opened for business, containing more than 600,000 square feet (60,000 m2). The convention center, located in the heart of downtown Richmond, is the largest of its kind in the state. Renovation continues in the historic neighborhood of Jackson Ward, to bring the neighborhood off the National Trust Historic Preservation's list of one of America's most endangered historic places. Encompassing forty blocks, Jackson Ward was once deemed the "Black Wall Street" and the "Harlem of the South" in the 19th century. Restaurants such as Croaker's Spot (currently closed due to tax problems - Feb 2010), and attractions like the Black History Museum and Cultural Center, keep Jackson Ward on the list as one of the Richmond area's most culturally significant stops for visitors to the area.
On September 19, 2003, Hurricane Isabel's sustained winds of 40–60 miles per hour (64–97 km/h) caused major power outages in the area. A year later, in September 2004, Tropical Storm Gaston swept through the area, bringing with it intense rain, causing severe flooding in the Shockoe Bottom business district, as well as major electrical outages throughout the metropolitan area.[19]
On August 31, 2004, the Shockoe Bottom district was devastated by flooding brought on by torrential rains from the remnants of Tropical Storm Gaston. The storm lingered over the Richmond area, dumping nearly 12 inches (300 mm) of rain in the Shockoe Bottom watershed which then backed up behind the James River flood wall. A 20-block area, including most of Shockoe Bottom, was declared uninhabitable in the wake of the flood. The "Bottom" has recovered as a major restaurant and night club district after changes to the area's sewage system were made to prevent a re-occurrence.
On November 2, 2004, former Virginia governor L. Douglas Wilder was elected as Richmond's first directly-elected mayor in over 60 years.
In 2008, the AAA baseball Richmond Braves left Richmond for Gwinnett County, Georgia, due to the lack of agreement from Richmond area governments to finance the construction of a new ballpark. They were replaced in 2010 with the Richmond Flying Squirrels, the Double-A affiliate of the San Francisco Giants.
In the 2010 census the population in Richmond finally grew for the first time in 40 years due to revitalization of places like Shockoe bottom, and rapid gentrification of neighborhoods like The Fan and The Museum District, Church Hill, Jackson Ward, and in more recent years, Manchester.
See also[edit]
- Timeline of Richmond, Virginia, history
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Richmond, Virginia
- History of Virginia
- List of newspapers in Virginia in the 18th-century: Richmond
- ^ "Richmond, Virginia." Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition. Retrieved on July 9, 2007.
- ^ Francis Earl Lutz, 1954, Chesterfield: An Old Virginia County, p. 49.
- ^ James H. Smylie, http://pres-outlook.net/reports-a-resources3/presbyterian-heritage-articles3/846.html Retrieved September 18, 2012.
- ^ Presidents of Princeton from princeton.edu. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
- ^ Encyclopedia Virginia http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Great_Awakening_in_Virginia_The
- ^ "National Register Nomination - 127-0019 - Mason's Hall, Richmond, Virginia" (PDF). Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
- ^ http://www.vmi.edu/uploadedfiles/archives/manuscripts/00285weisiger/weisiger_fulltext_original.pdf
- ^ John A. Campbell, Recollections of the Evacuation of Richmond (Baltimore: John H. Murphy Co, 1880), available at http://www.supremecourthistory.org/assets/schs_publications-evacuation-richmond.pdf
- ^ "Lincoln's Visit to Richmond - Richmond National Battlefield Park (U.S. National Park Service)". nps.gov.
- ^ "President Lincoln Enters Richmond, 1865". eyewitnesstohistory.com.
- ^ Ambler, Charles H. Francis H. Pierpont: Union War Governor of Virginia and Father of West Virginia. University of North Carolina Press: Raleigh, 1937.
- ^ "Arthur Ashe Monument - 3321 Monument Avenue". monumenthouse.com.
- ^ "Richmond Federal Reserve Bank History." RichmondFed.org. Retrieved on January 20, 2010.
- ^ Tyler-McGraw, Marie. "At the Falls: Richmond, Virginia, and Its People." Published 1994, UNC Press, p. 257. ISBN 978-0-8078-4476-2
- ^ Staff Writer. "Richmond's Landmark Theater." Virginia.Org. Retrieved on July 11, 2007.
- ^ Renouf, Norman; Renouf, Kathy. "Romantic Weekends." Published 1999, Hunter Publishing, Inc. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-55650-835-6
- ^ Trader, Carly. "A Grand Old House." Inside Richmond. September 15, 1992. Retrieved on July 11, 2007.
- ^ Ward, Mike. "6th Street to be torn down?" richmond.com. September 26, 2001. Retrieved on January 20, 2010.
- ^ Crocker, Robb. "Gaston Aftermath." September 2, 2004. Retrieved on January 20, 2010.
Further reading[edit]
General Histories[edit]
- Dabney, Virginius. Richmond: The Story of a City. (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc, 1976.)
- Sanford, James K., ed. Richmond: Her Triumphs, Tragedies, and Growth. (Richmond: Metropolitan Richmond Chamber of Commerce, ca. 1975)
Topical Histories[edit]
- Bondurant, Agnes M. Poe's Richmond. (Richmond: Edgar Allan Poe Museum, 1977, Reprinted 1999.)
- Griggs, Walter S. World War II Richmond, Virginia (2013)
- Hodder, Robert. "Redefining a southern city's heritage: Historic preservation planning, public art, and race in Richmond, Virginia." Journal of Urban Affairs (1999) 21#4 pp: 437-453.
- Hoffman, Steven J. "Progressive public health administration in the Jim Crow south: A case study of Richmond, Virginia, 1907-1920." Journal of Social History (2001) 35#1 pp: 177-194.
- Kimball, Gregg D. American City, Southern Place: A Cultural History of Antebellum Richmond. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000.)
- Latimore, Carey H., IV, "A Step Closer to Slavery? Free African Americans, Industrialization, Social Control, and Residency in Richmond City, 1850–1860," Slavery and Abolition 33 (March 2012), 119–37.
- Potterfield, T. Tyler. Nonesuch Place: A History of the Richmond Landscape. (Charleston: The History Press, 2009.)
- Pratt, Robert A. The color of their skin: Education and race in Richmond, Virginia, 1954-89 (U of Virginia Press, 1993)
- Randolph, Lewis A. Rights for a season: The politics of race, class, and gender in Richmond, Virginia (U. of Tennessee Press, 2003)
- Saunders, Robert M. "Crime and Punishment in Early National America: Richmond, Virginia, 1784-1820." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography (1978): 33-44. in JSTOR
- Sheldon, Marianne Buroff. "Black-White Relations in Richmond, Virginia, 1782-1820." Journal of Southern History (1979): 27-44. in JSTOR
- Takagi, Midori. Rearing Wolves to Our Own Destruction: Slavery in Richmond Virginia, 1782–1865 (University of Virginia Press, 2000)
- Trammell, Jack. The Richmond Slave Trade: The Economic Backbone of the Old Dominion (2012)
- Tyler-McGraw, Marie, and Gregg D. Kimball. In Bondage and Freedom: Antebellum Black Life in Richmond, Virginia (Valentine Museum, 1988)
- Tyler-McGraw, Marie. At the falls: Richmond, Virginia and its people (U North
Primary sources[edit]
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Richmond, Virginia. |
- Historic Richmond: St. John's Church
- VCU History Resources
- College of William and Mary, Antebellum Richmond Articles


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Q I am looking for a standalone headphone surround sound processor that handles both Dolby Digital and DTS and lets me use my own headphones. Does such a product exist? —Anthony Aurigemma


text:
George Henschel
Sir Isidor George Henschel (18 February 1850 – 10 September 1934), was a German-born British baritone, pianist, conductor, and composer.
Henschel was born at Breslau, in Silesia, now part of Poland, then part of Germany, of Polish-Jewish parentage,[citation needed] and educated as a pianist, making his first public appearance in Berlin in 1862. He subsequently took up singing, initially and briefly as a basso profundo but developing a fine baritone voice. In 1868, he sang the part of Hans Sachs in a concert performance of Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg at Munich. With one minor and unplanned exception, he never sang on stage, confining himself to concert appearances.[1]
He was a close friend of Johannes Brahms, whom he met in May 1874 at the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Cologne, where Henschel sang the role of Harapha in Handel's oratorio Samson.[2] The friendship lasted until Brahms's death; Henschel reports in his memoirs that he arrived in Vienna only hours too late to see Brahms before his passing, and that their last meeting had been at a restaurant in Leipzig in 1896, where they were joined by Edvard Grieg and Arthur Nikisch.[2]
In 1877, Henschel began a successful career in England, singing at the principal concerts and, in 1881, he married the American soprano, Lilian June Bailey (1860-1901), who was associated with him in a number of vocal recitals throughout the United States and nearly all Europe until 1884.[3] Henschel's very highly developed sense of interpretation and style made him an ideal concert singer, while he was no less distinguished as accompanist. In fact he sometimes combined both functions; he can be heard on records made as late as 1928 for the Columbia Graphophone Company, singing Lieder by Schubert and Schumann to his own accompaniment.
Henschel was also a prominent conductor, in America and England. He became the first conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra in 1881 (he used the name "Georg Henschel"); on his appointment, he sent his ideas for an innovative seating chart to Brahms, who replied and commented in an approving letter of mid-November 1881.[4] In 1886, he started a series known as the London Symphony Concerts (no connection with the later London Symphony Orchestra), and in 1893 became the conductor of the Royal Scottish National Orchestra.
His compositions include instrumental works, a fine Stabat Mater (Birmingham Festival, 1894), an opera, Nubia (Dresden, 1899), and a Requiem (Boston, 1903). In 1907 he published a collection of his journals and correspondence in Personal Recollections of Johannes Brahms and in 1918 Musings and Memories of a Musician. A Mass in eight parts a cappella was first sung in 1916.[5][6]
He was knighted in 1914 and at a farewell concert that year, was presented with a lute engraved with "A token of gratitude for forty years' song".[7] He taught at the Institute of Musical Art in New York, where he met his second wife, Amy Louis, who was one of his students.[8]
Personal life/death[edit]
His daughter, Georgina "Georgie" Henschel, was a noted breeder of Highland ponies and Norwegian Fjord ponies, and author of several equestrian books. Henschel died in Aviemore, Scotland, where he maintained his holiday-home Alltnacriche with his wife. He is buried in the churchyard overlooking Loch Alvie, nearby.[citation needed]
- ^ The only time he ever sang on stage was at the second performance of his opera Nubia in Dresden in December 1899, replacing one of the singers who had become ill.
- ^ a b Henschel, George (1907). Personal Recollections of Johannes Brahms. Richard G. Badger. ISBN 0-404-12963-3.
- ^ "HENSCHEL, George". Who's Who 59: 824. 1907.
- ^ Avins, Styra (1997). Johannes Brahms: Life and Letters. Oxford University Press. pp. 587–588. ISBN 0-19-816234-0.
- ^ Henschel, George (1907). Personal recollections of Johannes Brahms. Boston: R.G. Badger. OCLC 1328613.
- ^ Henschel, George (1919). Musings and Memories of a Musician. New York: Macmillan.
- ^ "The Realm of Music". The Independent. 6 July 1914. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
- ^ "John Singer Sargent's George Henschel". John Singer Sargent Gallery. Retrieved 21 May 2007.
- Dictionary of National Biography
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Henschel, George". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
External links[edit]
- Free scores by George Henschel at the International Music Score Library Project
- George Henschel and Lilian June Bailey(1860-1901), taken in the 1880s
- 1850 births
- 1934 deaths
- British Jews
- British conductors (music)
- British classical pianists
- German conductors (music)
- German Jews
- People from Wrocław
- Jewish classical musicians
- Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
- German emigrants to the United Kingdom
- Knights Bachelor
- Composers awarded knighthoods
- Musicians awarded knighthoods
- Conductors (music) awarded knighthoods
- People from the Province of Silesia


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See definition in
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
Line breaks:
hear|ingPronunciation: /ˈhɪərɪŋ/
Definition of hearing in English:
1 [ mass noun] The faculty of perceiving sounds: people who have very acute hearing
More example sentences
- They have a keen sense of smell, acute hearing, but poor eyesight.
- Although suffering from poor vision, its sense of hearing and smell is acute and of primary importance in locating food.
- His acute sense of hearing picked up the sound of footfalls coming towards them and he quickly ran to the others.
ability to hear, faculty of hearing, sense of hearing, aural faculty, auditory perception
1.1The range within which sounds may be heard; earshot: she had moved out of hearing
More example sentences
- These incidents may be nothing more than lack of service in a retail store or restaurant, or derogatory remarks made within their hearing.
- I first became aware of this phenomenon in the late 70s when someone I knew sang an odd version of the first line of Killer Queen within my hearing.
- No one ever made fun of my sister, at least within my hearing, again.
2An opportunity to state one's case: I think I had a fair hearing
More example sentences
- Perhaps the opportunity for a fair hearing of her case for her niece's custody would render the other judgments moot.
- It is confident of a fair hearing because the council is legally bound to decide applications purely on planning law and not political grounds.
- Market Hall stallholders accused developers of not giving them a fair hearing at the planning meeting in March.
chance to speak, opportunity to be heard, opportunity to express one's point of view, opportunity to put one's case, chance to put one's side of the story;
interview, audience
2.1 Law An act of listening to evidence in a court of law or before an official, especially a trial before a judge without a jury: the court may stay execution pending a hearing
More example sentences
- But a point that he made was that the judge at the hearing, the trial judge, misdirected himself to causation, and he did.
- In the case of a continuing wrong done to him a prisoner could expect that a hearing in judicial review proceedings could be obtained with little delay.
- In April, a judge at the preliminary hearing at Stockport County Court ruled the matter was not in the public interest.
investigation, review, examination, inquisition
Definition of hearing in:
- US English dictionary
- English synonyms
- US English synonyms
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text:
| Allegro CL version 8.2 Unrevised from 8.1 to 8.2. 8.1 version |
Arguments: grid-widget-or-section
Returns the color, if one has been specified, that will be used by
default to draw the row and column borders within the specified
within all of the grid-row-section
s and grid-column-section
s of the specified
. The
setf of this function may be called to change the color, at which time
the grid will be drawn as needed to display the new color. This
default may be overridden by specifying the border-color property of individual
The value may be either an RGB color object (as returned by make-rgb or ask-user-for-color), or a
symbol whose global value is an RGB object, or nil
. The initial value is nil
. When nil
, effective-border-color
will find a color to use in some other way.
Copyright (c) 1998-2012, Franz Inc. Oakland, CA., USA. All rights reserved.
Documentation for Allegro CL version 8.2. This page was not revised from the 8.1 page.
Created 2010.1.21.
| Allegro CL version 8.2 Unrevised from 8.1 to 8.2. 8.1 version |