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Grand Challenges in Earthquake Engineering Research
A fundamental goal of the workshop was to describe the high-priority grand challenges in earthquake engineering research, which are represented by the problems, barriers, and bottlenecks in the earthquake engineering field that hinder realization of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) vision. Thirteen grand challenge problems emerged over the course of the workshop. The committee has summarized them in terms of five overarching Grand Challenges to capture interrelationships and crossovers among the 13 problems and to highlight the interdisciplinary nature of their potential solutions. Participants noted that grand challenge problems do not stand alone; they are complex, and this complexity exists not only within earthquake engineering but also in earthquake engineering's position among other competing social challenges. As such, addressing a grand challenge problem involves consideration of a variety of barriers—economic, regulatory, policy, societal, and professional—along with the scientific and technological solutions. The five overarching Grand Challenges are intended to serve as useful focal points for discussions among stakeholders and decision makers planning future investment.
Table 2.1 shows the grouping of the 13 problems into the five overarching Grand Challenges, and it also maps each grand challenge problem to the disciplinary breakout group from which it originated. These Grand Challenges are:
1. Community Resilience Framework: A common theme noted by workshop participants was that the earthquake engineering community currently lacks an interactive and comprehensive framework for measuring, monitoring, and evaluating community resilience. Such a framework could apply innovative methodologies, models, and data to measure community performance at various scales, build on the experience and lessons of past events, and ensure that past and future advances in building, lifelines, urban design, technology, and socioeconomic research result in improved community resilience. Such a framework also could advance understanding of both the direct and indirect impacts of earthquakes so that community-level interactions and impacts can be better characterized.
2. Decision Making: Another sentiment reiterated during the workshop was that current research findings related to community resilience do not adequately influence decisions and actions on the part of key decision makers, such as private-sector facility owners and public-sector institutions. Communities typically build based on traditional standards, and when affected by major earthquakes, they respond and recover based on intuition, improvisation, and adaptive behaviors that are drawn from the individuals available to participate. Consequently, the lessons learned in one community and event rarely translate to the next community affected. Participants suggested that achieving earthquake resilience could involve a community-based, holistic approach that includes decisions and actions that are based on overarching goals, a clear understanding of the built environment, rapid and informed assessment data, and planned reconstruction and recovery. Mechanisms for motivating action could include developing incentives to promote community development and pre-event planning; simulation-based decision-making strategies for use in community development, pre-event planning, early response post event, and through the long-term recovery process; state-of-the-art decision-making tools that will lead to more efficient resource allocations; and methodologies and tools that allow decision makers to compare different strategies for post-earthquake reconstruction and long-term pre-earthquake mitigation.
3. Simulation: Participants noted that knowledge of the inventory of infrastructure components and points
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Grand Challenges in Earthquake Engineering Research
A fundamental goal of the workshop was to describe framework also could advance understanding of both
the high-priority grand challenges in earthquake engineering the direct and indirect impacts of earthquakes so that
research, which are represented by the problems, barriers, and community-level interactions and impacts can be
bottlenecks in the earthquake engineering field that hinder better characterized.
realization of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction
2. Decision Making: Another sentiment reiterated dur-
Program (NEHRP) vision. Thirteen grand challenge problems
emerged over the course of the workshop. The committee has ing the workshop was that current research findings
summarized them in terms of five overarching Grand Chal- related to community resilience do not adequately
lenges to capture interrelationships and crossovers among influence decisions and actions on the part of key
the 13 problems and to highlight the interdisciplinary nature d ecision makers, such as private-sector facility
of their potential solutions. Participants noted that grand owners and public-sector institutions. Communities
challenge problems do not stand alone; they are complex, typically build based on traditional standards, and
and this complexity exists not only within earthquake engi- when affected by major earthquakes, they respond
neering but also in earthquake engineering's position among and recover based on intuition, improvisation, and
other competing social challenges. As such, addressing a adaptive behaviors that are drawn from the individu-
grand challenge problem involves consideration of a variety als available to participate. Consequently, the lessons
of barriers—economic, regulatory, policy, societal, and learned in one community and event rarely translate
professional—along with the scientific and technological to the next community affected. Participants suggest-
solutions. The five overarching Grand Challenges are in- ed that achieving earthquake resilience could involve
tended to serve as useful focal points for discussions among a community-based, holistic approach that includes
stakeholders and decision makers planning future investment. decisions and actions that are based on overarching
Table 2.1 shows the grouping of the 13 problems into goals, a clear understanding of the built environment,
the five overarching Grand Challenges, and it also maps each rapid and informed assessment data, and planned
grand challenge problem to the disciplinary breakout group reconstruction and recovery. Mechanisms for mo-
from which it originated. These Grand Challenges are: tivating action could include developing incentives
to promote community development and pre-event
1. Community Resilience Framework: A common planning; simulation-based decision-making strate-
theme noted by workshop participants was that the gies for use in community development, pre-event
earthquake engineering community currently lacks planning, early response post event, and through the
an interactive and comprehensive framework for long-term recovery process; state-of-the-art decision-
measuring, monitoring, and evaluating community making tools that will lead to more efficient resource
resilience. Such a framework could apply innovative allocations; and methodologies and tools that allow
methodologies, models, and data to measure com- decision makers to compare different strategies for
munity performance at various scales, build on the post-earthquake reconstruction and long-term pre-
experience and lessons of past events, and ensure that earthquake mitigation.
past and future advances in building, lifelines, urban
3. Simulation: Participants noted that knowledge of the
design, technology, and socioeconomic research
result in improved community resilience. Such a inventory of infrastructure components and points
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TABLE 2.1 Grouping of 13 Grand Challenge Problems into the Five Overarching Grand Challenges.
Dimension Resilience Decision
(Breakout Group) Grand Challenge Problem Framework Making Simulation Mitigation Design Tools
√ √ √ √ √
Community 1. Framework for Measuring, Monitoring, and
Resilience Evaluating Community Resilience
√ √ √ √
2. Motivating Action to Enhance Community
√ √ √ √
Pre-event 3. Develop a National Built Environment Inventory
Prediction and
√ √ √
4. Multi-Scale Seismic Simulation of the Built
√ √ √
5. Integrated Seismic Decision Support
√ √ √ √ √
6. Risk Assessment and Mitigation of Vulnerable
√ √ √ √
7. Protect Coastal Communities
√ √ √ √
Design of 8. Regional Disaster Simulator
√ √ √
9. High Fidelity Simulation
√ √ √ √
10. New Sustainable Materials and Systems for
Earthquake Resilience
√ √ √ √
11. Harnessing the Power of Performance Based
Earthquake Engineering (PBEE) to Achieve
Resilient Communities
√ √ √
Post-event 12. Rapid Post-Earthquake Assessment
Response and
√ √ √ √
13. Reconstruction and Recovery
NOTE: The dimension column on the left maps each grand challenge problem to the breakout group from which it originated; note that the grand challenge
problems do not represent consensus views of the breakout groups, but rather suggestions by individuals or groups of individuals during the breakout group
discussions (see Appendix A).
of connection between different infrastructure types ability, motivations, and mitigation strategies, and
is lacking within the earthquake engineering com- establishing mitigation solutions for the community's
munity. They identified a need for scalable tools most vulnerable sectors. Participants suggested that
that autonomously create an accurate database of all mitigation solutions could be based on the use of a
infrastructure components, including points of inter- new generation of simulation tools and design solu-
dependency with other infrastructure components. tions coupled with up-to-date information available
Empowered with this complete mapping of an urban from distributed sensing systems. Development of
center's infrastructure systems, powerful simula- better approaches for renewal and retrofit of the
tion technologies could model the time and spatial built environment's most vulnerable sectors would
impacts of a seismic event at all length scales span- help ensure a safer environment and a more resilient
ning from the component scale to the regional scale, community.
and from disaster response to community recovery.
5. Design Tools: Participants suggested that developing
4. Mitigation: A large earthquake or tsunami in a highly and exploiting new emerging materials and innova-
populated region of the United States would cause tive structural concepts and integrating them within
massive damage to the built environment and com- design tools could dramatically improve the per-
munities in the region, and the resulting social and formance of all types of infrastructure and increase
economic consequences would cascade across the earthquake resilience in ways that are also sustain-
country, particularly if major energy, transportation, able. There is a wide range of sustainable highly
or supply hubs are affected. Key characteristics of resilient, new materials that can offer opportunities
this Grand Challenge include developing strategies to significantly change the way infrastructure is
to measure, monitor, and model community vulner- designed and constructed. Harnessing the power of
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performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE) standard methods or measures for resiliency, it is difficult to
could achieve a resilient infrastructure that incorpo- determine when resiliency has been achieved. This is because
rates these innovative new materials and structural current engineering approaches are limited in their ability to
systems. characterize resilience outcomes or to characterize them in
ways that are meaningful for end users.
The five overarching Grand Challenges are summarized
in the sections that follow. Characteristics of each Grand
Transformative Approaches to the Solution
Challenge are given, along with transformative approaches to
solving the grand challenge problems and the potential result- Many workshop participants emphasized that character-
ing impacts. Appendix A contains the original descriptions of izing community resilience will require a significant shift in
the 13 grand challenge problems from the breakout sessions. how the performance of communities is quantified. For ex-
ample, existing research programs in earthquake engineering
mainly focus on the performance of individual components
or systems (e.g., buildings and specific lifeline systems),
whereas understanding the performance of a community
Description of the Problem
requires an understanding of the interactions among all of
Participants noted that although research has yielded these components. Many questions still exist, including: how
numerous findings related to community resilience, many does the performance of an electric power system affect the
of these findings do not influence decisions or actions performance of other lifeline systems? How does the disrup-
by key decision makers including private-sector facility tion of power affect local and regional businesses? How does
owners and public-sector institutions.1 Characterizing the an industry in an affected region impact other industries that
interactions and impacts at a community level necessitates may not have been directly impacted by damage? Multi-scale
an understanding of both the direct and indirect impacts of modeling of resilience could effectively relate these diverse
earthquakes, and a framework for measuring, monitoring, interactions.
and evaluating community resilience could help ensure that Another issue that has impeded the ability to measure
past and future advances in building, lifelines, urban design, and understand community resilience is the lack of historical
technology, and socioeconomic research result in improved data on recovery of communities from past disasters. Par-
c ommunity resilience. Such a framework could apply ticipants discussed the potential for a national observatory
innovative methodologies, models, and data to measure network to address the disaster vulnerability and resilience
community performance at various scales—e.g., building, of communities using methodologies applied consistently
lifeline, and community—and build on the experience and over time and space, with attention to complex interactions
lessons of past events. Participants reiterated that such an between changes in social systems, the built environment,
interactive and comprehensive framework is lacking within and the natural environment. They cited a 2008 workshop
the earthquake engineering community. In addition, many sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey and the National
participants noted a need for basic research on the different Science Foundation that discussed the structure of such a
mechanisms for motivating action. This includes information network, called the Resiliency and Vulnerability Observatory
that stakeholders may use to quantify the costs and benefits Network (Peacock et al., 2008). Output from this network
of various mitigation strategies and the incentives for action could help foster many research projects on community
that are meaningful to various constituencies, ranging from resilience including:
laws and regulations to informally applied norms.
• Developing and testing community resiliency metrics
at different scales (e.g., communities, regions) and
Characteristics of the Grand Challenge
for different community components (e.g., buildings,
Because resilience is multi-dimensional and multi-scale, lifelines, social networks, economy).
achieving resilience requires a multi-disciplinary approach. • Researching, developing, and testing various meth-
The earthquake engineering research community is, for ods for quantifying resilience and determining the
example, unable at this time to define and measure multiple best method for stakeholder decision making.
dimensions of resilience. Workshop participants discussed • Creating a resilience observation pilot study, which
the need for a characterization of resiliency in terms of scale could be a candidate city, neighborhood, or group of
and metrics that are both applicable for diverse systems and buildings (see "Instrumented City"), setting a base-
for their interdependencies. Because researchers do not have line, and observing actions/changes over time to de-
fine metrics and timeframes of resiliency dynamics.
• Encouraging the development of quantitative recov-
1 See the white paper in Appendix B by Laurie Johnson, the keynote
ery models and developing theoretically and em-
speaker on community resilience: "Transformative Earthquake Engineering
pirically based models of post-earthquake recovery
Research and Solutions for Achieving Earthquake-Resilient Communities."
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processes. For example, participants noted that
m odels could be integrated across dimensions
Description of the Problem
o f recovery—infrastructures, housing, business/
commercial facilities, public institutions, social/
Many workshop participants noted that achieving earth-
economic processes—and incorporated into simula-
quake resilience requires a community-based, holistic ap-
tion models that forecast recovery rates and patterns
proach that includes decisions and actions that are based on
after major earthquakes. These models could be
overarching goals, a clear understanding of the built environ-
designed to consider resilience, adaptation, sustain -
ment, rapid and informed assessment data, and planned re-
ability, and mitigation.
construction and recovery processes. Communities typically
• Developing multi-scale simulation models that
build based on traditional standards, and when affected by
link the performance of buildings and lifelines to
major earthquakes, respond and recover based on intuition,
improvisation, and adaptive behaviors that are drawn from
• Developing data-intensive methods for using public
the individuals available to participate. Consequently, the
and social network information and online network
lessons learned in one community and event rarely translate
activity to determine and develop resiliency metrics.
to the next community affected. In order to facilitate better
decision making, participants explained, meaningful data are
Impacts of the Solution to the Grand Challenge needed that allow end users to quantify current and improved
levels of community resilience. They stressed the importance
Many participants stated that a critical need for evaluat-
of using historical data when testing and validating strate-
ing community resilience is an understanding of "baseline"
gies for translating the results of quantitative and qualitative
m easures of resilience to enable measurements of the
studies on community resilience.
changes in resilience that take place over time. Such changes
could include reductions in expected losses that accompany
Characteristics of the Grand Challenge
the adoption and implementation of new codes, retrofit pro-
grams, and other improvements in the earthquake resistance
An observation reiterated during the workshop is that
of the built environment. They also could include changes
research on community resilience has not made a significant
in social vulnerability and resilience (such as those related
impact on the decisions and actions of decision makers. Prior
to fluctuations in income levels, migration patterns, and the
to a seismic event, for example, interest in seismic mitiga-
size of at-risk populations) and changes in exposure to risk
tion and preparedness is often limited or non-existent. Im-
(e.g., due to decisions to develop or to restrict development
mediately following an event, the environment within which
in hazardous areas). Participants stressed that observatory
decisions must be made by first responders and the public can
networks are needed, in part, because vulnerability and re-
be chaotic and complex, hindering optimal decision making.
silience are continually in flux. Research and methodological
A number of participants suggested that the scientific and
approaches that take into account ever-changing community
engineering community should explore the complexities
vulnerability and resilience profiles, in their view, would
of these operational environments and how they evolve on
be genuinely transformational. The lack of longitudinal
multiple length and time scales. They also expressed a need
resilience data makes it difficult or impossible to determine
for basic research to explore a variety of mechanisms for
whether measures that are intended to reduce future losses
motivating action, including:
actually make a difference. Such data could also reveal social
factors that affect resilience independent of the kinds of engi-
• Providing information and developing incentives for
neering advances that were emphasized during the workshop.
Participants noted that the impact of a more holistic
• Developing simulation-based decision-making strat-
framework for measuring, monitoring, and evaluating com-
egies for use in community development, pre-event
munity resilience could be enormous. Better models and data
planning, early post-event response, and through the
for understanding community resilience could facilitate more
long-term recovery process.
effective decision making, and in turn, improved community
• Providing incentives to promote community develop-
resilience. Validated profiles of community performance that
ment and pre-event planning.
result from detailed and rich datasets from past events could
• Using state-of-the-art decision-making tools that
enhance the confidence of decision makers in the tools and
would lead to more efficient resource allocations.
methodologies developed by the research community. This,
• Developing methodologies and tools that allow
in turn, could enhance their use both before and after major
decision makers to compare different strategies for
post-earthquake reconstruction and long-term pre-
earthquake mitigation.
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• Performing case studies that demonstrate the efficacy expanded technology transfer that includes education studies
of proper planning and response after damaging to facilitate close collaboration between researchers and deci-
events. sion makers. Application of advanced information technology
(e.g., cloud computing, apps, and HTML5-enabled web) and
Participants suggested that exploring how society ap- social networking-style approaches could help to improve
proaches preparedness and post-event response and recovery resiliency communication, education, and decision support.
could help ensure that lessons are learned from past seismic Participants also noted that the current links between
events and applied to community development and rebuild- ubiquitous data streams, high-fidelity modeling, and effec-
ing, requiring a transition to a community-based risk man- tive decision making are weak or non-existent. These connec-
agement and resilience paradigm. tions could be enhanced by the development of an integrated
system that identifies events, creates and monitors real-time
data, updates models, incorporates crowd sourcing technolo-
Transformative Approaches to the Solution
gies, and informs decision makers. Real-time assessment of
Many participants expressed a need for more funda- damage to buildings and infrastructure could help in defining
mental research on decision making under conditions of effective recovery strategies that emphasize the rebuilding
uncertainty, and decision making for low-probability/high- of community sectors that promote rapid economic as well
consequence events, along with basic research and research as social development. This could lead to a paradigm shift
integration in areas such as public administration and public away from solely engineering solutions to a holistic suite of
policy, communication theory and practice, knowledge and resilience options including land use planning, performance-
technology transfer, and decision science. They suggested based construction standards, and different configurations of
that this research relate both to pre-event (planning, con- post-event reconstruction. However, participants also noted
struction standards, prioritization, simulators, training) and the challenges involved with developing such a system—the
post-event scenarios (emergency response and recovery). linkage between technological solutions and effective deci-
Ubiquitous sensor data would be required to drive the deci- sion making would need to address a number of fundamental
sion support engines. In the post-event period, heterogeneous social science and policy questions (e.g., in the context of
inputs and outputs from a range of linked simulation systems competing community needs, when is the most appropriate
(coupled with field sensor data) could be managed and as- time to promote an earthquake resiliency policy agenda?).
sessment information used to inform first responders for Participants stressed the importance of developing an inte-
efficient resource allocation. Precise quantitative assessment grated system that addresses loss reduction, decision mak-
of the damage state would be critical, along with an assess- ing, and complex cognitive, social, political, and economic
ment of the impact of damaged systems/components on other dimensions in this process.
interdependent systems. A partnership between engineers,
scientists, and the emergency management community
Impacts of the Solution to the Grand Challenge
could remove barriers for adopting new technologies, and
cyberinfrastructure could support the near-real-time delivery Workshop participants highlighted potential impacts
of information that supports post-event recovery activities. associated with meeting this Grand Challenge. Comprehen-
New information technologies could allow decision makers sive support engines for decision makers would likely lead
to share information across organizations without the threat to significant savings of lives and losses, transformative
of security leaks or breaches. potential for training and educating the next generation of
Many participants noted that efficient and accelerated professionals, direct dissemination of research into practice,
recovery requires timely post-event repair and rebuilding more rapid and accurate post-earthquake assessments (in
decisions that take into account models and tools to forecast terms of both response and recovery), and measurable output
long-term consequences and the impacts of potential mitiga- that allows decision makers to track and evaluate the impact
tion options (such as land buyouts, redesign/reconstruction of their decisions.
changes). In their view, current models do not adequately
reflect longer-term cascading impacts of large-scale disas-
ters, and the resilience of repair technologies is not well
understood. An effective system of post-disaster mitigation
Description of the Problem
and recovery assistance could utilize a "resilience basis" to
determine best use of public funds. Participants noted that large-scale seismic events pose
Participants suggested that the integration of research countless safety and logistical challenges to dense urban
on risk communication and decision making with methods communities populated with both people and critical infra-
developed for resilience assessment, including simulation structure systems. Many dense urban centers have grown
and visualization studies, could lead to new approaches to over decades with multiple stakeholders involved in the
planning and stimulate action. Deployment could involve planning, construction, and management of the infrastructure
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systems that support the economic prosperity and quality of could be created to link a heterogeneous array of simulation
life of the society. With these considerations in mind, work- tools to provide a complete toolset for regional simulation of
shop participants discussed the need for a new generation the impact of an earthquake and tsunami. High-performance
of high-performance simulation technologies to accurately computing technology that enables repeated simulation for
forecast the physical, social, and economic impacts of large- stochastic modeling of earthquake responses and commu-
scale seismic events on dense urban regions. nity responses would likely be a key technology. To update
and verify the multi-scale simulation environment, the data
generated by sensors embedded in the built environment for
Characteristics of the Grand Challenge
both seismic and infrastructure monitoring may be explicitly
Because of the complex growth patterns in urban utilized. A sensor fusion approach could incorporate other
regions, knowledge of the inventory of infrastructure com- forms of data including data derived from remote sensing
ponents and points of connection between different infra- technologies and crowd sourcing datasets.
structure types is lacking (NRC, 2011). Although individual
state agencies and utilities may maintain databases of their
Impacts of the Solution to the Grand Challenge
infrastructure systems, many of these databases are propri-
etary and use a myriad of database standards, making inter- Participants discussed the enormous potential benefits
operability challenging. Provided that infrastructure systems of such a rich and expressive simulator toolbox. A means of
are interconnected and have vulnerabilities at their points autonomously creating an accurate inventory of infrastruc-
of interconnection, there is an opportunity for new methods ture systems without relying upon the sharing of information
focused on autonomously creating a comprehensive data- from the many owners of the infrastructure components,
base that provides a complete mapping of all infrastructure some noted, would offer the engineering and social science
systems in a region. Hence, a number of workshop partici- community an unprecedented opportunity to utilize invento-
pants stressed the need for scalable tools that autonomously ries of infrastructure systems that enable regional modeling
create an accurate database of all infrastructure components, of the short- and long-term impacts of large earthquakes
including points of interdependency with other infrastructure and tsunamis. The tools that link simulation across multiple
components. Empowered with this complete mapping of an length and timescales could enable predictive modeling
urban center's infrastructure systems, powerful simulation that could shape the community's efforts in preparedness
technologies could model the time and spatial impacts of a yet allow emergency response officials to create optimal
seismic event at all length scales, spanning from the compo- plans that most efficiently allocate their scarce resources
nent scale to the regional scale, and from disaster response immediately after an event. Furthermore, simulation of how
to community recovery. infrastructure systems are interdependent, both in operation
and failure, could provide a wealth of new knowledge on how
complex, regionally distributed infrastructure systems are
Transformative Approaches to the Solution
vulnerable to regionally destructive events such as tsunamis.
Several participants noted that to effectively address the Beyond earthquake engineering, fundamental science aimed
Grand Challenge, wide gaps of scientific and engineering toward linking heterogeneous simulation tools that incor-
knowledge will need to be bridged to create transformative porate physical models with the simulation of community
solutions. These gaps were highlighted in the presentation response to disasters could facilitate discovery for other
by Omar Ghattas2 and in the "pre-event prediction and forms of natural and man-made hazards.
planning" breakout group discussions. For example, it will
be important to explore new technologies aimed toward the
creation of a comprehensive urban infrastructure database
from both proprietary data sources (e.g., utilities' inventory
Description of the Problem
databases) as well as from analysis of socioeconomic data
sources (e.g., census data, economic indicators). The end Community resilience, as described by participants
result will be the creation of an infrastructure "genome," in the "pre-event prediction and planning" breakout group,
much like the genome used to map the fundamental protein fundamentally depends on developing risk assessment and
structures that make up life. Tools that allow the genome to mitigation strategies for the renewal and retrofit of the infra -
evolve with the growth patterns of the urban region itself structure sectors most highly vulnerable to earthquakes and
could be created to ensure long-term accuracy and validity. tsunamis. These sectors include water and wastewater supply
Powerful new forms of multi-scale computing architectures and distribution systems, power and energy infrastructure,
communication systems, transportation systems, at-risk
buildings, and coastal communities in seismic zones. A
See the white paper in Appendix B by Omar Ghattas, the keynote
speaker on Modeling and Simulation: "Uncertainty Quantification and number of participants noted that improvement in mitigation
E xascale Computing: Opportunities and Challenges for Earthquake
requires proactive changes in public policy that facilitate new
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strategies for safe and robust design and construction; pro- based on forecasting of future inventory, population
posals for innovative funding strategies to upgrade vulner- dynamics, and trends in design and construction.
able sectors of the built environment; and a range of options • Modeling interconnected and interdependent distrib-
available to create resilient designs for both existing and new uted systems, including lifelines.
systems. Consequently, it would be important to document • Accessing distributed sensor sets to update model
the current vulnerabilities within the built environment; to parameters to ensure accurate data for simulations,
prioritize the most crucial mitigation needs; and to develop and coupling simulations with sensor inputs.
cost-effective and sustainable mitigation strategies that are • Establishing a broad range of performance metrics to
embraced by the communities at risk. ensure decisions related to mitigation priorities.
• Integrating uncertainty modeling to facilitate in-
formed decisions.
Characteristics of the Grand Challenge
• Developing quantitative approaches that facilitate
A large earthquake or tsunami in a highly populated incorporation of individual and organizational moti-
region of the United States would cause massive damage vations for promoting mitigation.
to the built environment and communities in the region. • Modeling public and private funding strategies for
The resulting social and economic consequences would mitigation to enable thorough assessment of options.
cascade across the country, particularly if major energy, • Developing aggregate inventories of community risk/
transportation or supply hubs are affected. As an example, resiliency for use in land use planning and emergency
Kobe, Japan, has yet to recover completely from the 1995 planning.
Great Hanshin earthquake. Participants noted that the po- • Integrating mitigation strategies and new design
tential consequences of inadequate mitigation of the built solutions to reduce seismic and tsunami risks that
environment's most vulnerable sectors are acute. Therefore, incorporate new developments in sustainable mate-
this Grand Challenge includes developing strategies for rials and technologies.
identifying and prioritizing the sectors of the national built
environment that are most vulnerable to catastrophic losses
Transformative Approaches to the Solution
from earthquakes and tsunamis, in addition to developing
approaches for renewal and retrofit of these sectors to ensure Participants suggested that the most effective strategies
a safer environment and a more resilient community. As for assessing risk and prioritizing mitigation strategies would
important, meeting this Grand Challenge involves provid- integrate related key elements that influence decisions on
ing fundamental strategies that mesh with related national renewal and facility retrofit or replacement. These elements
priorities—such as ensuring national competitiveness and might include, but are not limited to:
economic growth in key regions of the country that are vul-
nerable to seismic risk—as well as enabling new solutions • Strategic prioritization to achieve economic growth
for reviving the built infrastructure to ensure more sustain- and urban redevelopment.
able and secure communities. • Regional or local security.
Key characteristics of this Grand Challenge include • Public health objectives related to clean air and water.
developing strategies to measure, monitor, and model a • Energy policies and priorities.
community's vulnerability, motivations, and mitigation • New methods of infrastructure procurement to maxi-
strategies, and establishing mitigation solutions for its most mize the amount of seismic and tsunami mitigation
vulnerable sectors. Strategies could be based on the use of that may be achieved within limited budgets.
a new generation of simulation tools and design solutions
coupled with up-to-date information available from distrib- Vulnerability assessment and prioritization of renewal
uted sensing systems. Individual participants noted that these options could be achieved through regional simulations and
strategies would require: design strategies that access data from an array of distributed
databases and sensor networks and link layered simulations
• Accessing an accurate inventory of built assets (e.g., of seismic and tsunami events. Participants indicated this
buildings, lifeline networks, socioeconomic data, could result in documentation of direct damage and socio-
policy data, natural environment, and topology). economic impacts as well as enhanced performance based
• Understanding the scope of possible seismic and on scenario mitigation solutions. New mitigation solutions
tsunami hazards, including the range of likely mag- could enable cost-effective retrofit and renewal options for
nitudes, locations, recurrence intervals, and ground the most vulnerable sectors of the community. Open access
motion characteristics. data architecture could enable access and use of distributed
• Developing advanced simulation tools that provide databases and sensor arrays. A number of participants noted
a range of information on potential catastrophic that new strategies to understand the linkages between the
consequences of scenario seismic and tsunami events physics-based phenomena that lead to infrastructure damage,
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and socioeconomic and policy phenomena that result, are of potential repair, retrofit, and new construction
important for prioritizing the vulnerability of sectors of the methods.
infrastructure and regional populations. • Utilization of new materials and systems to develop
better, less-expensive options for repair and retrofit.
• Many constraints (e.g., complexity) that limit the use
Impacts of the Solution to the Grand Challenge
of PBEE in the design of new structures.
Solving this Grand Challenge could directly enhance • Extension of PBEE to incorporate a holistic assess-
community resilience. New strategies for identifying the ment of fragility including the involvement of non-
most vulnerable sectors of the built environment could help structural elements, foundations and soil-structure
communities to better mitigate seismic, tsunami, and related interaction, structure, building content, services,
cascading hazards. and the adjacent buildings. A more developed PBEE
could take into account multiple hazards—such as
fire, tsunami, and aftershocks—and consequence
functions that consider the wider societal impact
of damage, including business interruptions and
Description of the Problem
This Grand Challenge involves developing and exploit- • Reliable fragility data for the full range of infrastruc-
ing new materials and innovative structural concepts and ture types, including bridges, lifelines, and critical
integrating them within design tools to improve the perfor- structures requiring physical testing of components
mance of all types of infrastructure and to increase earth- and complete systems (some participants stated that
quake resilience in a sustainable manner. Participants noted although such systems are complex multi-scale prob-
a wide range of sustainable, highly resilient, new materials lems, a move away from empirical data is needed).
that offer opportunities to change the way infrastructure is • Fundamental research to understand the influence
designed and constructed.3 Innovative types of structural of aging and degradation of infrastructure in order
systems, such as self-centering systems with replaceable to develop appropriate fragility data for existing
fuses, could exploit these new stronger but more brittle ma- infrastructure.
terials. The power of PBEE could be harnessed to achieve
resilient infrastructure incorporating these innovative new
Transformative Approaches to the Solution
materials and structural systems. Participants emphasized
that fundamental research is needed to extend existing Participants acknowledged that achieving a high level
PBEE techniques for buildings to cover the full range of of confidence in performance prediction for materials,
infrastructures, including lifelines and other critical facilities. subsystems, and complete structures requires the avail-
Supporting all these developments in high-fidelity testing ability of high-fidelity testing and simulation techniques,
and modeling techniques would likely achieve a high level encompassing:
of confidence in performance prediction for the complete
range of infrastructure types. • The development of detailed mechanics-based
models for modeling materials and subsystems using
high-performance computing or parallel computing
Characteristics of the Grand Challenge
facilities to study system behavior over a wide range
Participants noted that this Grand Challenge would re- of scales.
quire fundamental research into new materials and structural • Creation of reference datasets from experimental
systems that have the potential to transform the construction, tests for analysis comparisons and blind predic -
repair, and seismic performance of infrastructure. Extensive tion studies to increase confidence in the numerical
testing and modeling would be needed before such develop- simulations.
ments could be implemented within existing PBEE method- • Development of methods for automated validation of
ologies. Some specific challenges to be addressed include: proposed analytical models against existing empiri-
cal datasets.
• New validated physics/mechanics-based models for • Development of software platforms and hardware-
the many new materials becoming available to the in-the-loop techniques for testing materials and
earthquake engineering community. structural components with realistic boundary con-
• Methodologies to assess the environmental (e.g., ditions and permitting physics-based modeling of
carbon footprint) and performance-related impact interdependencies among lifeline systems.
A number of participants also emphasized the need
3 See the white paper in Appendix B by John Halloran, the keynote
for development of new and emerging materials normally
speaker on Materials: "A Built Environment from Fossil Carbon."
OCR for page 11
Impacts of the Solution to the Grand Challenge
used outside the construction sector (such as ultra-high-
performance concrete, carbon products, green binders,
Workshop participants noted that the development of
recycled materials, autoadaptive self-healing materials) that
new materials, systems, and design tools offers many oppor-
could be used for retrofit and construction of sustainable yet
tunities to create more resilient and sustainable societies. The
highly resilient infrastructure systems. This would require
composites—utilizing carbon or other materials—currently
research into innovative ways to incorporate such materials
being developed and used within other engineering sectors
in structures, energy capture, and brittle fuses, along with
have the potential to transform the way infrastructure is
research into methods for using these new materials and
designed and dramatically improve the resilience of infra-
techniques to create economical retrofitting systems and
structure systems in an earthquake. Participants expressed
protection systems. Participants noted that new methods
the view that most existing composites are not appropriate
would also be needed for incorporating reparability into
for infrastructure use, but more economical construction
new designs and the development of performance metrics to
grade variants of these materials would still be significantly
quantify resilience and sustainability in a holistic manner.
stronger and lighter than standard construction materials
Benchmarking could ensure reliable development of PBEE,
while being appreciably more sustainable. New materials
along with better analysis techniques and statistical methods
also offer opportunities to design economical retrofitting
for characterization of uncertainties. The development of
systems that could be appropriate for any community. Full
reliable fragility curves for bridges, lifelines, and critical
acceptance and implementation of PBEE has the potential to
systems would also be important. Extension of the building
transform the way all types of infrastructure are designed.
information management systems developed for building
New high-fidelity testing techniques could reduce the de-
infrastructure for the modeling lifeline systems could open
pendence of larger scale simulations on empirical evidence
up new ways to characterize such systems.
and support the development of more accurate decision
support tools. The potential exists to design and build vastly
improved protective systems, which might also incorporate
innovative features such as energy capture from the earth-
quake motion.
OCR for page 11


text:
ABR is a family operated, full service cross-country touring center, located on over 600 acres along the Montreal River in Ironwood, Michigan. ABR is noted for its reliable and consistent grooming. A trailhead warming cabin is available. Open seven days. Lodging, and rentals are available.
E5299 West Pioneer Road
Ironwood, MI 49938
Driving Directions
Phone: (906) 932-3502
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Pack the car for summer funMore
Join 500,000 other people who receive the free Pure Michigan e-newsletter. View the Current Issue
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
FRIDAY, Sept. 14 (HealthDay News) -- For the oldest old, increases in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) occur over time but do not correlate with mortality, according to a study published online Aug. 9 in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.
Avantika C. Waring, M.D., from the University of California in San Francisco, and colleagues described longitudinal changes in thyroid function in a cohort of 843 participants (mean age, 85 years) in the Cardiovascular Health Study All-Stars Study, who were not taking thyroid medication. The association between thyroid function (measured in 1992 to 1993 and 2005 to 2006) and mortality (through February 2011) was assessed.
Over the 13-year period, the researchers identified a significant increase in TSH (13 percent) and free T4 (FT4; 1.7 percent), and a significant decrease in total T3 (13 percent). During a median of 5.1 years of follow-up there were 287 deaths. Subclinical hypothyroidism, TSH level, and persistent thyroid peroxidase antibody positivity did not correlate with mortality, but there was a significant positive correlation between FT4 and mortality (hazard ratio per ng/dL, 2.57).
"Although we found neither a positive nor negative impact of TSH on mortality, higher FT4 levels were associated with death in this cohort," the authors write. "Our findings suggest that reflexively treating mild elevations in TSH in those of advanced age is unnecessary."
Full Text (subscription or payment may be required)
Copyright © 2012 HealthDay. All rights reserved.
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text:
Business Centre
The latest business news, reviews, features and whitepapers
The Panasonic DMC-FX9 is a wonderful looking compact camera that takes nice shots, has great battery life and operates very quickly.
One of the things we love about the 6 megapixel DMC-FX9 is its looks. The DMC-FX9 comes in a sleek, compact silver chassis and feels extremely solid. It is about the size of a pack of cards, and slips comfortably into a pocket or small bag.
It sports a large (2.5") LCD, but the screen is plagued by blurring and ghosting issues not present in most other models.
The buttons and scroll wheel on this camera are so minute that people with large hands would find it extremely difficult to navigate without bumping something else accidentally. The directional pad is particularly problematic, with the menu button just millimetres away in the centre. We cannot count the number of times we were trying to change some settings and bumped it by mistake.
The DMC-FX9 produces photos with some of the best colour and contrast we've seen in a 6 megapixel model, with no evidence of blue or red over-saturation. We were disappointed, however, that this wasn't complemented by sharpness and clarity. Some of the pictures we took in our tests tended to be a little blurry. The problem isn't a deal-breaker, but it's worth noting.
We did love this camera's speed. It's very fast to power up and power down, and there's little lag between shots. According to Panasonic, the shutter lag is only 0.008 seconds.
The DMC-FX9 is quite limited in terms of shot settings and manual configuration. It has 14 shooting modes, including an obscure "food" mode. It also offers very basic shutter speed control, in the form of a "slow shutter mode".
There are also your standard white balance and ISO controls, as well as some nice colour modes (sepia, vivid natural etc) and some reasonably thorough image editing tools in the playback menu.
We liked its anti-shake function. Triggered by a button on the top of the camera, this helps compensate for shaky hands.
We were also very pleased to see the DMC-FX9 exhibited great battery life. The rechargeable lithium ion battery lasted through several full memory cards before it finally powered down after a massive 776 shots. We did notice the camera became increasingly hot after prolonged use, however, so keep in mind that taking a lot of shots in rapid succession may cause problems.
The latest business news, reviews, features and whitepapers
Visit our shop for the best deals on hot products
Watch our video news and reviews from around the world
Comprehensive buying guides, features, and step-by-step articles
First impression on unpacking the Q702 test unit was the solid feel and clean, minimalist styling.
For work use, Microsoft Word and Excel programs pre-installed on the device are adequate for preparing short documents.
The Fujitsu LifeBook UH574 allowed for great mobility without being obnoxiously heavy or clunky. Its twelve hours of battery life did not disappoint.
The screen was particularly good. It is bright and visible from most angles, however heat is an issue, particularly around the Windows button on the front, and on the back where the battery housing is located.
My first impression after unboxing the Q702 is that it is a nice looking unit. Styling is somewhat minimalist but very effective. The tablet part, once detached, has a nice weight, and no buttons or switches are located in awkward or intrusive positions.


text:
Washington County PAGenWeb
Search ALL my Sites.
Source: (book) Early Residences Stated in Jefferson Co., Ohio Deed Entries. There are 3 volumes , Vol. A 1788-1806, Vol. B. 1806-1809, and Vol. C 1809-1812.
If you are researching these families, please submit other data, like dates of birth and death, spouse's name, and where the family originated before Washington County PA (if you know). I will add your data in the "additional information" column. Please include your full name, and / or your email address (if you want others to be able to contact you. This table will also be used on the Migration Chart at www.freepages.
SEARCH - Try Drop Down Box for more options!
This is the Washington County PAGenWeb Genealogy Project
Guidelines and Privacy Rights
To submit material for the website or to report a broken
link, start your subject line with "WCPA" followed by specific subject
and email me at: Washington.Co.Pa.Webmaster
AT gmail.com ( washington.co.pa.webmaster
"AT" gmail.com ). I spend most of my time adding new material so please
allow at least 14 days for a reply. © 2006 to 2012 ; 2013 Judith Ann
Florian, all rights reserved. Website is updated weekly or monthly, as I
receive submissions or when I complete a transcribing project. The materials
(files) located on this website are the property of the webmaster and the
contributors. Material is for personal research and may NOT be included in any
for-fee collection or publication. This Washington County PA website is a current member of
PAGenWeb and the USGenWeb.
Website updated by current webmaster from 2005 continuously
through current year ; See Site
Notice: Links the webmaster gives to outside websites are provided to enhance
your research and understanding of history and genealogy. However, The USGenWeb
Project does not offer any endorsement of any outside sites or their contents.
This notice applies to all pages within the "Washington County PAGenWeb".
History of this website - The first PAGenWeb Washington County coordinator was
Jean Suplick Matuson [who developed Chartiers.com. She was followed by Georgeann
Malowney [who took over Chartiers.com], then Peggy Tebbetts, and lastly,
Christina Hunt who each held prior copyrights over this website. Each
coordinator has contributed much to the preservation of Washington County
genealogical information/history.


text:
Wiki > Main > QuickMenu (compare)
| |||||||||||||||||
Difference: QuickMenu (r9 vs. r8)The Quick MenuThe Quick Menu allows you to access and change certain frequently-used settings: The Quick Menu is accessed from the file browser or the While Playing Screen. To access the Quick Menu, press and hold the A-B Button (iriver, iAudio), press and hold the Menu button (iPod), or press the F2 button (Archos Recorder models). Shuffle ModeShuffle mode plays each track in the currently playing list in a random order rather than in the order shown in the browser. Repeat ModeRepeat mode has the following options.
Show FilesShow files determines what type files can be seen in the browser. The options are:
r11 - 19 Mar 2008 - 13:11:35 - MarcGuay
Revision r9 - 25 Nov 2006 - 11:50 - DanielStenbergRevision r8 - 25 Nov 2006 - 10:26 - JonasHaeggqvist Copyright © by the contributing authors.


text:
YS Pages
Jobs Board
YS Pages
Post A New Job »
Sales Consultant
Date Posted
20 Jan 14
Job Type
Full Time
Last Date to Apply
31 Mar 14
« Back To Jobs
Apply Now »
As a Sales Consultant, you will be responsible for the following -
Drive sales across various categories such as Restaurants & Cafes, Spa & Salons, Jewellers and other business verticals
Constantly work towards identifying new business verticals to sell the product
Work independently to set up meetings with owners, marketing managers, and other decision makers
Participate in various networking events to build network and generate leads
Managing the CRM to keep track of all unqualified & qualified leads on a daily basis
On-boarding the customer on the NowFloats platform smoothly and swiftly
Work closely with technical and customer engagement teams to address any customer issues
Engage with customers on a regular basis to get product feedback and report the same to the management team in a timely manner
Passion for selling
Passion for meeting new people and learning about them
Excellent written and verbal communication skills in English. Should be able to converse in Telugu & Hindi.
Should be tech savvy and understand (and follow) technology
Ability to work on your own and not be dependent on orders
Ability to get things done, keeping in mind various resource constraints
Having past sales experience is a must
Open minded and willing to learn and take feedback
Integrity (No compromises here)
Burn the midnight oil. This is a startup and you are expected to work your socks of.
(Category: Consumer Web)
NowFloats enables Small and Medium Businesses (SME) to get an online presence by simply using SMS. "There are 47M Small & Medium Businesses (SMB) in India, and only 700K registered websites. It is also estimated that almost 9.6M Indian businesses need some sort of online identity. With 900M+ mobi...
May 2012
No Funding Info Yet.
« Back To Jobs
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If you want to work in a startup or if you are a startup looking to hire, then YourStory's Job Listings is a one-stop shop for all your needs! Publish your job requirements here, and tap into India's largest startup community.
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text:
Top Definition
Type of cocaine made specifically by adding Altoid paste on the Coca leaves as they are processed during the making of the cocaine. The altoid paste is made from using an Aloe leaf to cut the altoid particles into fine dust. (Giving it the name leaf blade). This releases some of the Aloe particles into the dust.
Wassup mang, i got some of that Leaf Blade Moonshine shit, you want a bag?
by Tyronezballz
May 18, 2010


text:
Military Warns Personnel Don't Go to Mexico while Senate Pushes Open Borders
By: Sher Zieve
While President Bush and US Senators continue to fiddle with their open borders amnesty policy, also known as the
â€Immigration Reform†bill, the US military is warning its personnel and civilian employees not to enter Mexican border towns. Chillingly, this warning also includes US towns located along our southern border. Towns on the Mexican side of the border, and perhaps those on the US side as well, are increasingly being controlled by Mexican drug lords and their cartels. These same drug lords have placed death-bounties on both our US border patrol agents and US military personnel. Unconscionably, our leftist mainstream media is neither reporting this nor the facts that open warfare is occurring, on a daily basis, along large portions of the US-Mexico border. Mexican illegals are, on a regular basis, burning down portions of the ecologically-sensitive Coronado National Forest to create diversions; so that drug dealers and other illegals can cross unfettered into the United States. Where is the outrage from the supposed environmentalists? It's nonexistent. Are the arsonists accepted because they're assumed to be from the politically-correct race—no matter what they do? Apparently so.
Note: Despite the arson and increasing warfare at our southern border, our politicians are still working to bypass the American people and pass their Illegal Alien Amnesty bill. What are they thinking—or better yet, smoking?
With the exception of our elite political and business leaders, the Senate Amnesty Bill will—ultimately—help no one. As illegal-turned-legal workers enter the US, in even greater numbers, wages for US citizens will be driven down, members of the US middle class will become fewer and fewer and a new and permanent lower-class structure will have been firmly established upon our shores. Can the Patron-peon scenario be far behind?
After our Congress and President have imbued the current illegals in our country with legal status, said illegals-now-legal will demand somewhat higher wages. Business will then need even more impoverished workers to fill the lower-lower class worker pool. So, illegal entry will continue—aided and abetted by our politicians. It is a never ending cycle of the intentional planned destruction of the United States of America—by those who are sworn to protect it—for the promises of power and larger bank accounts; or additional holdings in the Caymans. Power and money corrupt and there are always those in line begging to be corrupted. We now hear them on and in the media virtually every day. The current Amnesty Bill also calls for the construction of 370 miles of border fence. HUH??? The Secure Fence Act of 2006, which was passed and funded by Congress, already provides for the building of 700 miles of security fencing along our southern border! Congress is—yet again—ignoring a law that is currently in place in order to attempt to pass a more feckless one. The Senate is simply trying to force their Amnesty Bill upon the American people by trying to convince them that without it there will be no security fence built.
Note: I know Americans are said to have short memories but, holy smokes! The ink hasn't been dry for even a year on the original 2006 security fence bill! Do our Senators think we've already forgotten it? The bottom line is that neither the President of the United States nor any amnesty-supporting senator has any intention—whatsoever—of building any border fence or providing any security for US citizens at the US-Mexico border. Instead, they are brazenly telling we-the-people that they will not uphold their Constitutional duties and will go against said Constitution by working against the will of the American people. Can we say rule by autocracy? You bet we can.
However, there is an alternative to the deceitful Senate Amnesty bill that is being developed in the US House of Representatives. The King-Smith bill, co-written and sponsored by House Reps Peter King (R-NY) and Lamar Smith (R-TX), seems to actually provide a viable and sensible approach to the illegal immigration problem. King advises that the bill approaches the illegal immigration issue from a "security first†perspective. It also does not denigrate the intelligence of the American people, as does the Senate's Amnesty-for-illegals Bill, by watering down and attempting to cloud the already on the books border security act. I encourage you to take a look at Rep. King's NRO article. There are also at least twenty loopholes in the Senate Amnesty Bill that support illegals and punish legal citizens and those attempting to gain legal US status. This is, yet, more insanity from the "minds†and hands of our lawmakers.
The only way that we-the-people have any opportunity of assisting the USA to survive—and therefore our way of life—is to fight the tyrannical elements currently in place in our federal government. These exist in both of our political parties. Continue to call, write, email—whatever it takes—your senators and Congressional representatives. Tell them to "just say NO to Amnesty!†But, due to promises made and secret back-door deals, the Amnesty Bill may pass. Our voices must now be very loud or we may very well lose our republic—and our country. It is just that serious.
While the US military warns us not to enter Mexico—it's just too dangerous nowadays—the Open Borders US Senate and our president are refusing to protect our borders. Does this make any sense at all?
Sen. Sessions 20 Loopholes to Immigration Bill: http://sessions.senate.gov/pressapp/record.cfm?id=275456
Sher Zieve is a staff writer for the New Media Alliance, Inc. (www.thenma.org). The New Media Alliance is a non-profit (501c3) national coalition of writers, journalists and grass-roots media outlets.


text:
With the Supreme Court on Friday rescheduling the dates of the panchayat elections in West Bengal to five phases, the State Election Commission in Kolkata said that the order provided 'breathing time' for conduct of the grassroots polls.
"The supreme court order has provided some breathing time and the commission will have to reassess everything," commission secretary Tapas Roy told PTI.
He said that the commission from now would remain 'very busy'.
Keywords: Supreme Court order, West Bengal Panchayat polls, State Election Commission, rescheduling of polls


text:
I don't agree with flashing the gun, but at the same time, asking for trouble is continuing to do it after they realize it's a cop and he's asked them to stop. To continue doing it is not just disrespectful, it's stupid and, by law, assault of a police officer.
They could have technically been charged with felonies over that stunt. While that would not have been justified, they definitely deserved to be taken in and slapped with a misdemeanor so perhaps they'll learn respect.
And I don't care where they learned it, it's wrong, it's disrespectful and it's unlawful. It's time they're taught some manners.


text:
What do marriage, family, and religion have to do with property, free exchange, and profit? Washington policy circles may separate these into so-called "social" and "economic" issue sets, but for millions of Americans the dividing lines fade away in the reality of everyday life. Together these core social and economic ideas form the foundation of American liberty. Indivisible is a unique set of essays by well-known social and economic conservatives—each writing from the other's perspective—to show the interdependence of these principles in advancing freedom and human dignity.
Click here to download the full book (PDF). Click on the links below to read individual chapters.
Civil Society Moral Arguments for Limiting Government Joseph G. Lehman Download PDF
Sign up to receive updates and analysis on the latest issues, news, and events.
already signed up?


text:
Detailed plot synopsis reviews of Nearer My God - An Autobiography of Faith |
Chapter Analysis of Nearer My God - An Autobiography of Faith |
Click on a plot link to find similar books!
Plot & ThemesPhys disability/mental struggle? - Yes Struggle with - religion Period of greatest activity? - 1950+Subject of BiographyGender - Male Profession/status: - writer Ethnicity - White Nationality - AmericanSettingHow much descriptions of surroundings? - 2 () United States - Yes The US: - Northeast Europe - Yes European country: - England/UKWriting StyleBook makes you feel? - challenged How much dialogue in bio? - significantly more descript than dialog How much of bio focuses on most famous period of life? - 51%-75% of book |
Books with storylines, themes & endings like Nearer My God - An Autobiography of Faith |


text:
I don't think that the type of keyboard matters. Windows is providing, through NTVDM, an emulated DOS / IBM BIOS environment to the DOS programs, including QBASIC. It seems that NTVDM will let you read the status byte, but seems to ignore writes to it. You can correctly read the byte at 0000:0417, you just can't set the locks by writing to it, right? I wrote a QB64 program here: http://www.qb64.net/forum/index.php?topic=5878.msg60700#msg60700 that uses the Windows API function SendInput() to simulate pressing the lock keys. http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms646310%28v=vs.85%29 Let me know if you need a C++ program to SHELL to from QBASIC 1.1. However, you might prefer switching to QB64. Regards, Michael
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text:
10th March 2012
BBC Breakfast News sports presenter, Mike Bushell, tries out a different sport each week for his Saturday Breakfast slot and a couple of weeks ago he went to Camden Fencing Club and learned about fencing from a range of different people. He produced a 2.5 minute video on fencing which was shown four times throughout the Breakfast programme on Saturday 10th March.
If you missed the video going out live, watch it here: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-17324476
Inside the Games Fri, 2014-09-19 16:59
FT Masterclass: Fencing with James DavisFT.com Fri, 2014-08-22 12:17
James Davis on weight loss and US moveBBC Sport Mon, 2014-07-14 17:15
Duel IdentitySport magazine Fri, 2014-07-11 19:43
James Davis wins historic European fencing goldBBC Sport Mon, 2014-06-09 12:14
See moreAnthony Crutchett
The life of a Paralympic hopeful
Craig McCann
Anthony Crutchett
Claire Bennett


text:
Planet Terror
Contents: |
- Genre: Zombie Movie
- Tagline: The last hope of humanity rests on a high powered machine gun!
- Planet Terror Cast and Credits
- Running Time: 80 minutes, 105 min for extended release.
- First half of Grindhouse, the other being Death Proof.
(From Weinsteinco.com) In Planet Terror, married doctors William and Dakota Block find their graveyard shift inundated with townspeople ravaged by gangrenous sores and a suspiciously vacant look in their eyes. Among the wounded is Cherry, a go-go dancer whose leg was ripped from her body during a roadside attack. Wray, her former significant other, is at her side and watching her back. Cherry may be down, but she hasn't danced her last number. As the invalids quickly become enraged aggressors, Cherry and Wray lead a team of accidental warriors into the night, hurtling towards a destiny that will leave millions infected, countless dead, and a lucky few struggling to find the last safe corner of Planet Terror.
- Quentin Tarantino is one of the sickos attacking Fergie's character.
- Bruce Willis used to work in a chemical factory before he became an actor.
- Zoe Bell appears as a zombie, devouring a person in the hospital.


text:
I use G+ to share some link on my page and there is problem when i try share link with parameters which contains url address (example: http://google.com?n=somethink&link=p/1393007&i=images/icons/gplus-16.png). When you put this adress to field at https://developers.google.com/+/plugins/share/ and click on share button, you can't see information about page like name, picture and description. But when you delete dot before png string then google show information about page. Same when write ' symbol anywhere in parameters in address. I can't find any information about this error at Google help pages. It work when I have address like this: google.com?n='&link=p/1393007&i=images/icons/gplus-16.png but it isn't very elegant solution. How write right url?
Take the 2-minute tour
Stack Overflow is a question and answer site for professional and enthusiast programmers. It's 100% free, no registration required.
currently G+ share supports only two parameters: url, for the target url, and hl, for a language code. Alternatively, you can add OpenGraph tags to the head of your page to specify the same fields like this: (haven't tested yet)
Make sure you URL encode the link you want to share on Google+ via the Google+ share link. For example: if you want to share the link
Now you can share the link on Google+ through the share link:


text:
16 February 2012
Photo: Paul ZimmerDavis Cup
The start of the new Davis Cup by BNP Paribas season created a global online buzz last weekend as record numbers of fans visited the competition's official digital platforms to follow the action.
The Davis Cup websites – DavisCup.com and CopaDavis.com – received their highest ever traffic with figures growing significantly from 2011. There were 69 per cent more unique visitors and 57 per cent more page views than the same stage of the competition last year.
Visits from mobile devices increased by over 400 per cent, a trend that is becoming ever more popular. Davis Cup's mobile-friendly site was rolled out in 2011 and has quickly become a valuable addition to the coverage as a quarter of all traffic is now coming from smart phones.
Davis Cup's live streaming website – DavisCup.tv – welcomed its best viewing figures to date as all eight World Group ties were broadcast live online without any geo-blocking restrictions, providing the chance for fans all over the world to watch their team.
Last weekend also saw the launch of the new-look Davis Cup Live Scores console, resulting in over one million hits, while the competition's social media channels on Facebook and Twitter continued to expand with an increase in video content encouraging record numbers of interactions.
"It was a great weekend of Davis Cup tennis and that shone through with the level of interest across all our online platforms," said Chris Archer, Web Editor at the ITF. "Since we re-launched the Davis Cup website at the Final in 2010, our traffic has expanded at a rapid rate as we continue to add new features and grow our digital offering.
"The most exciting stat from this latest round of Davis Cup was the emergence of Japan as a significant and growing audience. It was Japan's first World Group tie since 1985 and it obviously caught the public's imagination as our web traffic from Japan was far greater than any other country."
On a weekend packed full of drama in the World Group first round, Roger Federer's Swiss team were toppled by USA; Spain got their title defence off to a winning start against Kazakhstan; Austria reached the quarterfinals for the first time in 17 years with victory over Russia; and Canada were ousted by France.
There were also wins for 2010 champions Serbia, last year's runners-up Argentina and 2009 finalists Czech Republic, while Japan's long awaited return to the World Group ended in a narrow defeat at the hands of Croatia.
With 24 regional Zone Group ties also taking place last weekend, a total of 64 nations got their 2012 Davis Cup campaigns under way. The next Davis Cup action is the World Group quarterfinals on 6-8 April.
12 Feb 2012
Chris Bowers and Jeff Paterson wrap up the weekend's action, including Austria's victory over Russia that sealed a quarterfinal spot for the first time since 1995
11 Feb 2012
Chris Bowers reviews a remarkable result in Fribourg where USA prevailed at the expense of Switzerland, as well as reporting on the action from the other World Group ties
10 Feb 2012
Chris Bowers and Jeff Paterson wrap-up the day one action from the World Group first round, including USA taking a shock 2-0 lead over Switzerland
Spain v Kazakhstan 10-12 Feb 2012 View details
Austria v Russia 10-12 Feb 2012 View details
Canada v France 10-12 Feb 2012 View details
Switzerland v USA 10-12 Feb 2012 View details
Czech Republic v Italy 10-12 Feb 2012 View details
Serbia v Sweden 10-12 Feb 2012 View details
Japan v Croatia 10-12 Feb 2012 View details
Germany v Argentina 10-12 Feb 2012 View details
The Argentine Tennis Association has announced that the
Malaysia and Vietnam both earn promotion to Asia/Oceania Zone
Following the final round of matches in the group stage, the
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Out of the Blue (Electric Light Orchestra album)
Out of the Blue | ||||
Cover art by Shusei Nagaoka
Studio album by Electric Light Orchestra | ||||
Released | 3 October 1977 | |||
Recorded | May–August 1977, Musicland Studios, Munich | |||
Genre | Symphonic rock, progressive rock, art rock | |||
Length | 70:12 | |||
Label | Jet (UK) United Artists (US) |
Producer | Jeff Lynne | |||
Electric Light Orchestra chronology | ||||
Singles from Out of the Blue | ||||
Out of the Blue is the seventh studio album by the British rock group Electric Light Orchestra (ELO), released in October 1977. Written and produced by ELO frontman Jeff Lynne, the double album is among the most commercially successful records in the group's history.
Jeff Lynne wrote the entire album in three and a half weeks after a sudden burst of creativity while hidden away in his rented chalet in the Swiss Alps. It took a further two months to record in Munich. Side three of the original double LP consisted of the symphonic Concerto for a Rainy Day, composed of four separate tracks which together made up a cohesive suite, instead of one continuous track. The inclement weather effects heard on "Concerto" were real and recorded by Lynne during a very rainy summer in Munich 1977. The Concerto suite would be Lynne's last dabbling in symphonic rock.
Concerto for a Rainy Day[edit]
Side three of the release is subtitled Concerto for a Rainy Day, a four track musical suite based on the weather and how it affects mood change, ending with the eventual sunshine and happiness of "Mr. Blue Sky". This was inspired by Lynne's experience while trying to write songs for the album against a torrential downpour of rain outside his Swiss Chalet. "Standin' in the Rain" opens the suite with a haunting keyboard over a recording of real rain, recorded by Jeff Lynne just outside his rented studio. Also heard at the 0:33 mark of the song, which marks the beginning of The Concerto, is thunder crackling in an unusual manner voicing the words "Concerto for a Rainy Day" by the band's keyboardist, Richard Tandy. At around the 1:07 mark, the staccato strings play a morse code spelling out ELO. The band used the song to open their 1978 Out of the Blue concerts.
"Big Wheels" forms the second part of the suite and continues with the theme of the weather and reflection. Apart from its inclusion on the Out of the Blue album, the song has never appeared on any of the band's compilations or as a B-side until 2000, when Lynne included it on the group's retrospective Flashback album. "Summer and Lightning" is the third song in the suite. The raining weather theme is continued throughout the track though the mood and lyrics are more optimistic. "Mr. Blue Sky", an uplifting, lively song celebrating sunshine, is the finale of "Concerto for a Rainy Day" suite. It is the only piece from the Concerto to be excerpted as a single.
Cover art[edit]
The large spaceship on the album's cover (by now symbolic of the group) was designed by Kosh with art by Shusei Nagaoka. It was based on the logo Kosh designed for ELO's previous album, A New World Record,[1] which connected with Star Wars and Close Encounters of the Third Kind fever. It also looks like a space station with a docking shuttle from 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968).[2] The number JTLA 823 L2 which is featured on the shuttle arriving at the space station is the original catalogue number for the album. The album also included an insert of a cardboard cutout of the space station as well as a fold-out poster of the band members. The space theme was carried onto the live stage in the form of a huge glowing flying saucer stage set, inside which the band performed.
Professional ratings | |
Review scores | |
Source | Rating |
Allmusic | [3] |
Pitchfork Media | (8.1/10)[4] |
Rolling Stone | (unfavorable)[5] |
The album had 4 million pre-ordered copies and quickly went multi-Platinum upon release. Out of the Blue spawned five hit singles in different countries, and was ELO's most commercially successful studio album. It was also the first double album in the history of the UK music charts to generate four top twenty hit singles. Lynne considers A New World Record and Out of the Blue to be the group's crowning achievements,[6][7] and both sold extremely well, reaching multi-platinum according to RIAA Certification. Capital Radio and The Daily Mirror Rock and Pop Awards (forerunner to The Brit Awards) named it "Album of the Year" in 1978. Lynne received his first Ivor Novello award for Outstanding Contributions to British Music the same year.
The US release of Out of the Blue was originally on Jet/United Artists. This changed after American copies of Out of the Blue that were deemed defective began appearing at discounted prices in record shops in the US and Canada shortly after the album's release, affecting the album's sales. Jet sued United Artists and abruptly switched their distribution to CBS Records worldwide early in 1978. This eventually caused Jet to reassign the US distribution rights of this and all future and past ELO albums to US CBS Records under the Jet/Columbia logo.
Reception and legacy[edit]
Billy Altman in a January 1978 review in Rolling Stone felt that the album was "meticulously produced and performed" and showed the influence of the Beach Boys, the Bee Gees and the Beatles, but that the end result was "perfectly hollow and bland".[8] Over the years a more positive view has developed, typified by this Rob Mitchum review from 2007: "Calling in the string section and commissioning the spaceship cover-art may be a big gamble, but Out of the Blue is proof of how good it can sound when the grand approach works."[9]
The album is included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.[10]
On 3 October 2013, the album was ranked No. 23 at 1 million units sold on VH1's Double Trouble: The 35 Best-Selling Double Albums of All Time[11]
Track listing[edit]
All songs written by Jeff Lynne.
Side one | ||||||||||
No. | Title | Length | ||||||||
1. | "Turn to Stone" | 3:47 | ||||||||
2. | "It's Over" | 4:08 | ||||||||
3. | "Sweet Talkin' Woman" | 3:48 | ||||||||
4. | "Across the Border" | 3:53 |
Side two | ||||||||||
No. | Title | Length | ||||||||
5. | "Night in the City" | 4:01 | ||||||||
6. | "Starlight" | 4:26 | ||||||||
7. | "Jungle" | 3:51 | ||||||||
8. | "Believe Me Now" | 1:21 | ||||||||
9. | "Steppin' Out" | 4:39 |
Side three (Concerto for a Rainy Day) | ||||||||||
No. | Title | Length | ||||||||
10. | "Standin' in the Rain" | 4:21 | ||||||||
11. | "Big Wheels" | 5:05 | ||||||||
12. | "Summer and Lightning" | 4:14 | ||||||||
13. | "Mr. Blue Sky" | 5:05 |
Side four | ||||||||||
No. | Title | Length | ||||||||
14. | "Sweet Is the Night" | 3:26 | ||||||||
15. | "The Whale" | 5:02 | ||||||||
16. | "Birmingham Blues" | 4:23 | ||||||||
17. | "Wild West Hero" | 4:42 |
30th Anniversary Edition[edit]
The 30th Anniversary Edition was released in February 2007 with three bonus tracks, as part of the Sony/BMG Music Epic/Legacy series. The 30th anniversary issue was a limited pressing in hardback book with expanded 24-page full colour booklet. It includes full-length sleeve notes by Lynne and ELO archivist Rob Caiger, as well as rare photos and memorabilia. A push-out replica ELO Space Station is included as well as the standard jewel case edition with a full colour 12-page edited booklet. The album once again reached the top twenty album charts in the UK peaking at number 18. A sixth single "Latitude 88 North" was released as digital download single and as a promo 7" single.
In 2012, Music on Vinyl re-released Out of the Blue on vinyl on Epic; the first 1000 copies were made on transparent blue vinyl and the rest were released in the traditional black vinyl.
- 2007 bonus tracks
- "Wild West Hero" (Alternate Bridge – Home Demo) – 0:24
- "The Quick and the Daft" – 1:49
- "Latitude 88 North" – 3:24
- Jeff Lynne – lead vocals, backing vocals, lead, rhythm & slide guitars, acoustic & electric guitars, 12-string acoustic guitar, percussion, Wurlitzer electric piano, Minimoog
- Bev Bevan – drums, percussion, Rototoms, gong, backing vocals, fire extinguisher on "Mr. Blue Sky"
- Richard Tandy – piano, Wurlitzer electric piano, ARP 2600, Minimoog, Polymoog, ARP Omni, ARP Odyssey, Hohner clavinet, electric guitar
- Kelly Groucutt – co-lead vocals on "Sweet is the Night", backing vocals, bass guitar, percussion
- Mik Kaminski – violin (three tracks only)
- Melvyn Gale – cello (credits only, but did not play it), jangle piano on "Wild West Hero" (uncredited)
- Hugh McDowell – cello (credits only, but did not play it)
- Production
- Jeff Lynne – Producer
- Mack – Engineer
- Jeff Lynne, Richard Tandy and Louis Clark – Orchestral and Choral arrangements
- Orchestra conducted by Louis Clark
Even though Kaminski appeared only on "Sweet Talkin' Woman", "Across the Border" and "Wild West Hero", Gale on "Wild West Hero" and McDowell on none of the tracks, all three are credited as full band members[citation needed].
Region | Certification | Sales/shipments |
Canada (Music Canada)[12] | Platinum | 100,000^ |
Germany (BVMI)[13] | Gold | 250,000^ |
Netherlands (NVPI)[14] | Gold | 50,000^ |
United Kingdom (BPI)[15] | Platinum | 300,000^ |
United States (RIAA)[16] | Platinum | 1,000,000^ |
^shipments figures based on certification alone |
Peak positions[edit]
Year-end charts[edit]
- ^ Ex-Voto Films. "KOSH – Electric Light Orchestra on Vimeo". Vimeo.com. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
- ^ 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) – Posters
- ^ Eder, Bruce. "Out of the Blue – Electric Light Orchestra : Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
- ^ Mitchum, Rob (1 March 2007). "Electric Light Orchestra: Out of the Blue | Album Reviews". Pitchfork. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
- ^ Altman, Billy (12 January 1978). "Internet Archive Wayback Machine". Web.archive.org. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
- ^ allmusic ((( A New World Record > Overview )))
- ^ Wild, David. "The Story of a Rock and Roll Band and the Pop Genius Who Dared to Go Baroque." Flashback.
- ^ Billy Altman (12 January 1978). "Out of the Blue review". Rolling Stone.
- ^ Rob Mitchum (1 March 2007). "Electric Light Orchestra: Out Of The Blue". Pitchfork.
- ^ Outline Page
- ^ The 35 Best-Selling Double Albums Of All Time | Music News + Gossip | VH1 Music
- ^ "Canadian album certifications – Electric Light Orchestra – Out of the Blue". Music Canada.
- ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Electric Light Orchestra; 'Out of the Blue')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie.
- ^ "Dutch album certifications – Electric Light Orchestra – Out of the Blue" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers.
- ^ "British album certifications – Electric Light Orchestra – Out of the Blue". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Out of the Blue in the field Keywords. Select Title in the field Search by. Select album in the field By Format. Select Platinum in the field By Award. Click Search
- ^ "American album certifications – Electric Light Orchestra – Out of the Blue". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
- ^ a b c Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
- ^ Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 24 February 2012
- ^ "dutchcharts.nl Electric Light Orchestra – Out of the Blue" (ASP). dutchcharts.nl (in Dutch). MegaCharts. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- ^ "InfoDisc : Tous les Albums classés par Artiste > Choisir Un Artiste Dans la Liste : Electric Light Orchestra". infodisc.fr. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
- ^ a b "Hit Parade Italia – Gli album più venduti del 1978" (in Italian). hitparadeitalia.it. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
- ^ Oricon Album Chart Book: Complete Edition 1970–2005. Roppongi, Tokyo: Oricon Entertainment. 2006. ISBN 4-87131-077-9.
- ^ "charts.org.nz Electric Light Orchestra – Out of the Blue" (ASP). Hung Medien. Recording Industry Association of New Zealand. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
- ^ "norwegiancharts.com Electric Light Orchestra – Out of the Blue" (ASP). Hung Medien. VG-lista. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
- ^ "swedishcharts.com Electric Light Orchestra – Out of the Blue" (ASP). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
- ^ "Chart Stats – Electric Light Orchestra – Out of the Blue" (PHP). UK Albums Chart. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
- ^ "allmusic ((( Out of the Blue > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums )))". allmusic.com. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
- ^ "Album Search: Electric Light Orchestra – Out of the Blue" (ASP) (in German). Media Control. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
- ^ "Electric Light Orchestra". Offfical Charts Company. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
- ^ "Dutch charts jaaroverzichten 1977" (ASP) (in Dutch). Retrieved 2 April 2014.
- ^ a b c "Complete UK Year-End Album Charts". Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- ^ "RPM Top 100 Albums of 1978". RPM. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
- ^ "Dutch charts jaaroverzichten 1978". Dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
- ^ "Top Pop Albums of 1978". billboard.biz. Archived from the original on 31 December 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
External links[edit]
- Out of the Blue (Adobe Flash) at Radio3Net (streamed copy where licensed)
- Discography at Discogs.com
- Albums certified platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association
- Albums certified gold by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie
- Albums certified gold by the Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers
- Albums certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry
- Albums certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America
- 1977 albums
- Albums produced by Jeff Lynne
- Electric Light Orchestra albums
- Epic Records albums
- United Artists Records albums
- Jet Records albums
- Albums with cover art by Shusei Nagaoka


text:
Change of subject...I received a PM regarding Extreme Flight planes from a new pilot who seems further along than I was when I got an Extreme Flight plane...but, at what point do you all recommend a person switch from 4 channel planes to a 3D plane? And which plane? I said most people would recommend the Edge, but I got the Extra (after a 3DHS Super Vyper). One thing about the Edge, assuming it is as floaty as I think it will be, it might be more difficult for somebody to land unless they were using a floaty trainer.
I recommend it as soon as it is what they want. So long as they can successfully and consistently fly and land a T-28.
When I do help someone make the transition to 3d, I will typically just tone down the rates significantly to make it as tame as any PZ plane. Once their confidence is up, start adding throw. |
Latest blog entry: Yall remember the Archaeopteryx?? ...
The Edge is easy to land. If the CG is too far aft (where many 3D flyers prefer) it can be floaty. However I find the stability and control benefits of the design regardless of the CG position. It's super easy to harrier and fly at post stall speeds so that might be a consideration too.
+1... I'm not an accomplished pilot, but I learned what I know on that plane. I put the battery further and further back, and fly exclusively tail heavy and on high rates now, and find it much easier to land when I put a click of down trim when I turn off my idle switch before landing. It's a lot easier to hold off a plane than get your brain to push the stick when you are under 4 feet off the runway.
I'm back in the hobby about 8-10 months now and the 48" Edge (mind you it was a 3DHS Edge so the EF will likely be equal or better) was my first balsa 3D and it was a huge confidence booster. Still wrapping myself around it and having a blast. I'm looking for more solid lines now so there's a 60" EF Extra on the bench. The post that said tone down the throws is right on. I'm teaching my 6 year old girl with a TH EPP Edge with minimal throws and high expo and she's doing great! You can always tune down a 3D airframe but you can seldom tune "up" a trainer! |
It is interesting how most people want a 48 size - but they are harder to fly. I like the full fuse foam in that class for confidence going low, but I have spent enuff on balsa 48's to get a 50-cc class plane. |
I'm getting my dad a EF 48" Edge 540 for Christmas. I really wish it had been my first 3d plane. It flies so easy and good and natural it's unreal. THe 60"Extra was a bit intimidating at first.
I'm going to be the disenting opinion and recomend the laser. While the edge has the floaty and harrier entry down the laser is by far the most stable bird in alpha of the EF planes. That tall rudder on the plane over rules the straight LE the edge.
It feels a little slower than the extra and the mxs. I think its the side profile though. I learned 3D on the mxs though. Oh and another big thing I think people miss these days is the absolute basics of aerobatic flight and getting them down so that they are absolutely perfect. A lot of people just finish off a T-28 and want to jump rite into the 3D planes. A T-28, Vanq MKII, and then 3d plane would probably be a better route. The vanq is obviously set up for low rates of course. |
Anyone know if the rudder on the 88'' Edge can be removed for transportation? I want to see if i can squeeze it in a '99 Camry. Losi said his brother can get a 89'' Slick in a Ultima along with a few other planes. I'd love to get a 50cc gasser for a weekend flyer but not if it means getting a trailer.....maybe it's time to get a bigger car.
may be me that we are discussing!!
i've only been flying for a little over 5 months. i'm older (41 years old) and am wanting to get into a more aerobatic plane that i can do some mild aerobatics with and eventually get into some 3d stuff. nothing hard core, at least not for a while. i have the eflite apprentice that i can fly, do basic aerobatics with (very basic!). i have no problems landing it, flying it, and basically just have fun with. i also have the parkzone albatros. this biplane has taught me alot! this plane has to be flown all the time. rudder use is mandantory as it just doesn't look right if not used. it's taught me to pay alot more attention. how and when to use rudder in turns, how to crosswind land with rudder. while i know these plane are NOTHING like a extreme flight planes, i'm pretty confident that i could fly one. i've flown the umx sbach, PZ t-28, big stick, and buddy boxed on a couple aerobatic planes and did fine with them. i realize that i'm not going to go out and be pulling all the tricks like i've seen some seasoned fliers pull off, i'm more looking at being able to fly patterns with the plane, and slowly learning aerobatics. i know a foam plane would probably be best to learn on, but i just can't stand the look of the flat foamy planes. i have enough sense to not go out and try blenders or pop tops or any of the other cool names of the moves i've watched videos of. i'm looking for quality, and something i can grow and learn on all the while LOOKING scale!! |
I've seen people do that mod to other planes which didn't have removeable rudders though I'd 'assume' you could mod this one that way if you wanted. |
oh yeah, i have probably 200 hours on the phoenix sim flying aerobatic planes. i know this doesn't really translate good, but it has helped me with orientation.
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