text:
Consider these strategies, tactics and tips to make sure your email marketing campaigns are effective in reaching your mobile users.
The ultimate mobile email statistics overview
Smartphones and tablets can no longer be ingnored by email marketers. They represent a massive part all email interactions and revenue. But just how massive?
I searched near and far for all (useful) available statistics and compiled the ultimate mobile email statistics overview with insight into the current state of mobile email. […]
Making it through the mobile email filter
With the increase of consumers that own a mobile phone, more and more email is read on smart phones. But mobile email has its' own set of rules.
Mobile email can now account for 15 to 75% of email opens and that percentage is still increasing. So marketers have to take mobile email marketing more seriously.
But the first question is: How to get through the mobile email filter and reach that subscriber on the go? […]
Mobile Email list growth strategy
Increasing the size of your email list has always been one of the most dependable ways to increase email marketing results. A bigger list size while maintaining the level of conversions increases results. And not to forget the number of contact moments.
We tend to forget, but the smartphone is an extra channel / device to leverage in growing our email list. And especially now that there are more and more people are using smartphones, it is extra interesting to look at email list growth via mobile.
Mobile Email Strategy: thinking beyond email
People love their blackberry, iphone, android and tablet. With that, the use of mobile email is increasing. Using smartphones to connect with the trusted inbox.
Statistics say that 15 to 65% of email is opened on a Mobile device. The time has come to harness the power of mobile + email and create a solid mobile email strategy. And that encompasses more than just email….


text:
Trade resources
Trade and investment topics
Trade agreements
innovationXchange is DFAT's development innovation hub.
To help Australians avoid difficulties overseas, we maintain travel advisories for more than 160 destinations.
The Australian Passport Office and its agents are committed to providing a secure, efficient and responsive passport service for Australia.
The information you provide will help us contact or find you in an emergency.
The Office of Development Effectiveness (ODE) at the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade builds stronger evidence for more effective aid. ODE monitors the performance of the Australian aid program, evaluates its impact and contributes to international evidence and debate about aid and development effectiveness.
This evaluation found that the Australian Government's investments in child nutrition generally constitute good practice. A number of recommendations were made to improve the targeting of child undernutrition (especially during the critical first 1000 days of a child's life) and the monitoring and reporting of Australia's efforts.
Since the Syrian conflict began, the Australian Government has responded with over $135 million for humanitarian assistance. At the request of DFAT's Middle East Branch, ODE has completed an evaluation examining the effectiveness of this response. This evaluation considers both the efficacy of material assistance provided and that of Australia's diplomatic efforts. It also identifies some important ways in which Australia's response to this, and other, protracted crises might be further strengthened.
The Australian aid program has long recognised the importance of research to development innovation and high-quality aid policy and programming. It has invested around 3 per cent of its aid budget in research over the past decade. ODE's newly released Research for better aid evaluation assesses the degree to which that investment has been appropriate, effective and efficient, and suggests ways its management might be improved in the future.
ODE has released its 'Smart Economics' evaluation, which assesses the effectiveness of Australia's policies and programming to promote women's economic development. It finds that whilst Australia's policies to promote women's economic empowerment are sound, implementation approaches are generally weak. It makes four key recommendations to improve the effectiveness of women's economic aid programs.
ODE Updates you on Australia's new development policy and our latest published evaluations-Australia's response to the Horn of Africa crisis, two reviews of operational evaluations and Australia's aid to Timor-Leste. We also report on two popular seminars ODE co-hosted with BetterEvaluation on presenting data effectively.
ODE is making information about DFAT's operational evaluations easier to access, listing details of 39 current and recent DFAT operational evaluations on our website. Five good-practice evaluation products are also featured, and the Operational Evaluations section plans to establish a regularly-updated operational evaluations index.
The Independent Evaluation Committee (IEC) has released a communiqué outlining the outcomes of its meeting on 26 June 2014.
ODE has released its evaluation of Australia's response to the Horn of Africa Humanitarian crisis, 2011. The evaluation assessed the effectiveness of Australia's response and identifies how to improve Australian humanitarian assistance.
ODE has released two reports on evaluations commissioned by DFAT's aid program areas and completed in 2012. Quality of Australian aid operational evaluations assesses the quality of 87 evaluation reports and considers their utility. Learning from Australian aid operational evaluations synthesises the key, recurring lessons of the 64 evaluation reports assessed as credible.
Read the ODE Updates newsletter
Subscribe to ODE Updates, our email newsletter

subset: commoncrawl


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Whoa. Is me? February 24, 2007 Woe is me. Woe is you. WHOA! STOP!! Stop whining. Pity party. Don't care. STOP! GO!! Go get help. Go get Prozac. Make changes. DO something. Different. Otherwise... Deal. Get over it. Face reality. Not gettin' it? Not gettin it. Never will. Pathetic. Reality slap. Needed said. See Also: Philosophy, Self Improvement, Poetry
See Also: Philosophy, Self Improvement, Poetry
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Super PAC spending in Michigan and beyond
US President Barack Obama leaves after speaking during a Democratic campaign fundraiser in Bellevue, Wash., February 17, 2012. The Obama super PAC has raised far less money than its Republican counterparts.
Adriene Hill: Now to Michigan, where we'll be reporting from this week focusing on The Real Economy and what voters are thinking about as they get ready for next week's primary. One answer: TV ads. Republican presidential candidates are spending millions on the state's airwaves. But those ads are more and more often not being paid for by official campaigns but by giant political action committees -- super PACs.
Marketplace's Eve Troeh reports.
Eve Troeh: A new funding report shows that a super PAC called "Restore Our Future" has about $16 million on hand; Mitt Romney's official campaign has less than half that. But that's no sweat to the campaign -- "Restore our Future" is run by some of Romney's former aids to support his presidential bid.
Super PAC funding cuts both ways for Romney, though. It's helped his rivals stay in the race. Anthony Corrado teaches government at Colby College.
Anthony Corrado: Without the super PAC funding, Gingrich and Santorum would've entered February with basically no fuel left in the tank. But the super PACs provided the boost that they needed to get some advertising, to keep travelling and going on the road.
The Newt Gingrich super PAC called "Winning Our Future" got $10 million from a Vegas casino mogul. Rick Santorum's backers at the Red White and Blue Fund just put $700,000 into his Michigan primary bid. Now the Obama campaign says it wants to get more from its super PAC -- much more than the $59,000 it raised last month.
I'm Eve Troeh for Marketplace.


text:
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
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OCR for page 144
Fusion Plasma
Confinement en cl Heating
Thermonuclear fusion is one of the very few options available that
can provide for mankind's energy needs in the very long term. Based
on essentially inexhaustible (billion-year) fuel reserves of near-zero
cost, fusion power is perceived to offer many advantages over alter-
natives, such as solar power or the breeder reactor. Environmentally,
fusion has the potential to provide a much safer system than the
breeder reactor, with respect both to the safety of the plant itself and
to all aspects of its fuel cycle: fissionable materials are not involved;
fusion's "ashes" are inert; and radioactivity associated with plant
operation can be minimized and made to be short lived.
Recognition of the major advantages of fusion is reflected in the fact
that fusion has become a major international research effort. There are
large fusion programs in Western Europe, in the Soviet Union, and in
Japan (where fusion has been declared to be a national goal). The U.S.
fusion program is recognized worldwide as being preeminent, largely
as a result of a foresighted expansion of the program about a decade
ago. If the present momentum can be maintained, the United States
could also become the world leader in the construction and deployment
of fusion power systems.
OCR for page 144
Although the study of naturally occurring high-temperature plasmas
is of considerable scientific interest of itself, it has been the quest for
controlled fusion power that has been the dominant influence on
research in plasma confinement and heating for three decades. Fusion
plasmas require very high temperatures, higher even than the center of
the Sun, and must be confined either by very strong magnetic fields or
by compression to ultra-high particle densities.
The basic theoretical properties of a magnetized plasma, and the
conditions under which thermonuclear power can be released, were
fairly well understood at the outset of fusion research in the early
l950s. In retrospect, however, it is clear that the experimental diffi-
culties, as well as the vicissitudes of plasma behavior, were greatly
underestimated. By the late-19SOs, it became clear that more basic
research would be required before any practical, large-scale fusion
device would be possible. Theoretical efforts directed toward the
fundamental understanding of plasma confinement and heating re-
ceived high priority, and these efforts were reinforced by many
experiments directed more toward the development of plasma physics
than toward the immediate objective of fusion power. By the late-
1960s, the theoretical understanding of magnetically confined plasmas
had advanced impressively, but there was still no firm experimental
basis for the extrapolation of any magnetic-confinement scheme to the
plasma conditions regarded as being necessary for a practical fusion
The prospects for success in fusion research turned dramatically
better toward the end of the 1960s and have improved steadily
throughout the 1970s and early 1980s as a result of the experimental
demonstration of high-temperature, well-confined plasmas in a number
of devices in several different countries. Plasma parameters in some of
today's fusion devices are within reach of those required in an actual
reactor. However, while empirical scalings deduced from these exper-
iments may perhaps prove adequate to bridge the remaining gap to the
reactor regime, the improvement in predictive capabilities that would
result from a more thorough theoretical understanding of the behavior
of confined plasmas an understanding that has tended to lag behind
the experimental achievements would greatly enhance confidence in
detailed reactor projections and would aid in the design of the most
advantageous fusion systems.
Progress in the much younger discipline of inertial confinement-
which had its origins in the weapons programs of the 1950s but became
a serious candidate for power production and other civilian applica-
tions only in the late 1960s has been sustained by the remarkable
advances that have occurred in recent years in the development of
OCR for page 144
very-high-power lasers and intense beams of energetic particles. In
inertial confinement, these lasers or particle beams are used to com-
press a tiny pellet of fusion fuel to ultra-high density; magnetic fields
are not involved. Progress in the science of inertial confinement has
been greatly facilitated by the development of highly sophisticated
diagnostic methods, which can make measurements of physical quan-
tities in microscopic regions of space in times as short as a trillionth of
a second. Whether useful net energy gain can be achieved by inertial
confinement remains uncertain, but the techniques have other impor-
tant civilian applications, such as the production of fissile fuel.
The experimental science of plasma confinement now rests on a solid
theoretical understanding of the macroscopic dynamics of nonuniform
plasmas. Indeed, to an ever-increasing extent, important experimental
advances in plasma confinement are the result of some new insight into
the theoretical properties of some particular confinement configura-
tion. This close link between the physical processes of importance and
the geometry of the confinement configuration is intrinsic to fusion
research and implies that any discussion of progress in fusion must be
organized by confinement concept; such is the approach adopted in this
Progress in the experimental science of plasma heating has been the
result both of technological advances and of greatly improved under-
standing of the microscopic processes underlying the propagation and
deposition of energy in nonuniform plasmas; plasma-heating tech-
niques are relatively insensitive to geometrical configuration and can
often be applied to a number of different confinement concepts.
Plasma confinement and heating are not the only issues to be
resolved before a practical fusion reactor can be built. However, for
the first time in the history of fusion research, there seems now to be
a substantial and reliable experimental basis for the detailed descrip-
tion of the fundamental scientific requirements of such a reactor-at
least in the case of the magnetic-confinement approaches.
The Fusion Process
The reaction most likely to be used in a first-generation fusion
reactor brings together the charged nuclei of deuterium (D) and tritium
(T), which react to form an energetic charged nucleus of helium (4He,
sometimes called an alpha particle) and an ultra-energetic neutron (n),
according to the relationship
D + T > 4He (3.5 MeV) + n (14.1 MeV).
Creation of fusion reactor fuel a plasma of positively charged deute
OCR for page 144
b lO
' ' ' ' "'1 ' ' ' ' ~ 'l'
- (a ) ~
D - He /
ION ENERGY (KeV)
, ., ., ,.1
he's 1 0
lo-15 (b) ~ ' "2
lo-16- D-T/D-3H~
lo-21 . 1 . . 1 . . e
10� 101 lo2 103
ION TEMPERATURE ( rev)
FIGURE 4.1 (a) The cross section cr for various fusion reactions as a function of the
relative energy of the colliding ions. (b) The quantity rev that is a measure of the fusion
reaction rate averaged over thermal distributions of colliding ions, as a function of ion
rium and tritium nuclei and neutralizing electrons-is facilitated by the
dissociation of atoms into their electrically charged constituents at
temperatures above 1 electron volt [eV (1 electron volt equals about
104 degrees Celsius)~. However, before the positively charged deute-
rium and tritium nuclei can fuse, the electrostatic forces of repulsion
between them must be overcome. Figure 4.1(a) shows that, for the
cross section of the D-T reaction to be at its maximum, the relative
kinetic energy of the colliding nuclei (ions) must be about 100
kiloelectron volts EkeV (109 degrees Celsius)~. In a thermal distribution
of ion energies, fusion reactions occur predominantly among the most
energetic (suprathermal) particles; Figure 4.1(b) shows that the reac-
tion rate reaches a broad maximum for ion temperatures in the range 20
to 100 keV. In terms of the potential overall energetics of the fusion
process, an energy investment even of 100 keV in each reacting
nucleus is quite modest, since the fusion energy released by each
reaction is almost 200 times greater, namely 17.6 million eV [MeV (10~2
degrees Celsius)~. In terms of the actual realization of fusion condi-
tions, however, the requirements are formidable, since the plasma
must not only be heated to a temperature in excess of 10 keV (about 108
OCR for page 144
degrees Celsius), but the energy must also be confined (that is,
contained within the plasma, without being carried to the walls of the
containing vessel) for times long enough for the relatively infrequent
fusion reactions to occur.
Eventually, it seems possible that the deuterium-tritium reaction
might be replaced by fusion processes that are more difficult to achieve
but have even more desirable environmental features. For example,
use of the deuterium-deuterium reaction would eliminate the need for
regeneration of tritium fuel in the fusion reactor by means of a
process using lithium compounds that is well understood, in principle,
but that complicates the design of the heat-producing fusion-reactor
"blanket." Another reaction that between deuterium and helium-3-
is an example of a fusion reaction that releases its energy entirely in the
form of charged particles, rather than neutrons, thereby offering the
possibility, at least in principle, of direct conversion of the fusion
energy into electrical energy. However, Figure 4.1 shows that the cross
sections and reaction rates for these reactions are as much as a factor
of 10 lower than those for the deuterium-tritium reaction.
An important figure of merit for an experimental fusion reactor is the
ratio of the output power derived from the fusion reactions to the input
required to heat the plasma. This ratio, called the energy multiplication
factor Q. depends on the fraction of the hot nuclei that are able to fuse
during the time it would take for the plasma to lose its energy. Since
fusion reactions are two-particle reactions, the Q-value is found to
depend on a confinement parameter (sometimes called the Lawson
parameter), the product of the plasma (electron) density and the energy
confinement time; the Q-value depends, of course, also on the ion
temperature. Figure 4.2 shows the requirements for thermalized break-
even (a Q-value of unity for a thermal distribution of reacting particle
energies) in a deuterium-tritium plasma, as a function of the spatially
averaged ion temperature and the confinement parameter. For exam-
ple, thermalized breakeven in a plasma with an average ion tempera-
ture of 10 keV requires that the confinement parameter exceed 6 x 10~3
particles per cubic centimeter seconds.
Approaches to fusion that utilize magnetic confinement divide into
two main classes: (i) those whose goal is a plasma with a density of
somewhat more than 10~4 particles per cubic centimeter and a confine-
ment time of about a second (tokamaks, stellarators, mirrors, and
bumpy tori) and (ii) those that have the potential for much higher-
density plasma, typically 1O~s particles per cubic centimeter or more,
with correspondingly reduced requirements on confinement time,
typically a tenth of a second or less (reversed-field pinches, compact
OCR for page 144
~ 10
Iqnit ions / : . : : '
Therma lized
tTe=Tj~ /
Beam Driven
(Eb= 200 keV )
1 1
2 1013 1014
CONE I NEMENT PARAMETER nT (cm3s)
FIGURE 4.2 The ion temperature Ti and confinement parameter no required for D-T
ignition, for breakeven in a thermal plasma, and for breakeven in a beam-driven plasma
(beam energy 200 keV). Here, n is the electron density and ~ the energy confinement
Approaches to fusion that utilize inertial confinement seek to com-
press a deuterium-tritium pellet to a density of about 1025 particles per
cubic centimeter and to maintain a thermonuclear "burn" at fusion
temperatures for about 10-9 S before the pellet disassembles.
In the case of the lower-density magnetic approaches, where the
plasma can be penetrated by beams of energetic particles, a significant
improvement in the confinement requirement-by almost a factor of
10-can be realized by using reacting beams of very high energy to heat
the plasma. Figure 4.2 also shows the requirements for this kind of
beam-driven breakeven, for the case where a tritium plasma is heated
by a 200-keV deuterium beam.
On the other hand, the Q-value of a plasma increases rapidly after
the confinement parameter exceeds the break-even threshold, because
20 percent of the energy produced in fusion reactions between deute-
rium and tritium is released in the form of energetic helium nuclei
(alpha particles), which can be retained in the plasma, thereby ampli-
fying the input power available for heating. Eventually, the fusion
reactions become able to maintain the temperature of the plasma
without any input of heating power, and the Q-value becomes infinite;
at that point, the plasma is said to be ignited. Figure 4.2 shows that
OCR for page 144
ignition of a deuterium-tritium plasma with an average ion temperature
of 10 keV requires that the confinement parameter reach 3 x 10~4
particles per cubic centimeter seconds. At temperatures below 5 keV
the fusion reactions are unable to sustain the plasma temperature
against losses of energy by radiation, with a result that ignition
becomes impossible even if the energy carried from the plasma by
conduction and convection is negligible.
From a practical viewpoint, taking into account the efficiency for
conversion of fusion energy into electrical energy and the efficiency of
plasma heating, a fusion reactor can produce useful net power if the
Q-value lies in the range 10-20. (In inertial confinement fusion, a
pellet-plasma Q-value of a hundred or more is needed to compensate
for driver and implosion inefficiencies.)
The principal approaches to fusion magnetic confinement utilizing
either toroidal or mirror magnetic fields and inertial confinement are
illustrated in Figure 4.3.
Magnetic Confinement
The most successful approach to the confinement of plasma at fusion
temperatures makes use of the fact that charged particles tend to gyrate
in tight spirals along the lines of force in a magnetic field. The radius of
gyration of a deuterium ion with an energy of 10 keV in a magnetic field
of strength 20 kilogauss (kG) is only 1 centimeter (cm), implying that
the particles of a fusion plasma can be readily confined in a suitably
shaped "magnetic bottle" of modest size and modest field strength.
However, a plasma at fusion densities and fusion temperatures has a
kinetic pressure (density times temperature) that is large enough to
depress the magnetic pressure of the confining magnetic field by a
significant factor, called beta, as illustrated in Figure 4.4. The plasma
beta-value that is attainable depends mainly on the shape of the
magnetic bottle.
For a magnetic field strength of 50 kG-typical of that proposed in
many reactor designs-the realization of a beta-value of 6 percent
would provide a plasma with a pressure of about 6 atmospheres. This
would correspond, for example, to an average plasma density of 2 x
10~4 particles per cubic centimeter and an average ion and electron
temperature of 10 keV, requiring an energy confinement time of about
1.5 s for ignition. The fusion power density in a deuterium-tritium
plasma would be about 5 megawatts per cubic meter (MW/m3) a
practical value from an engineering viewpoint. Fusion-reactor con-
cepts involving substantially higher beta-values offer greatly improved
OCR for page 144
Magnet ic
Field LinesElectrical
MagneticE lectrica I
(b) Field LinesConductors
Rae ~ ~ ~ / ^
v v v v v
. . . r. _
�.-. . . _ .
id: :.:.:~Blow-Off
~ � . . .
_. .~ .
~ `
~ ......
Igniteld Fuel
_,85 ~,{:: ~i;:::::
:: ~ . : Implosion ~
FIGURE 4.3 (a) Toroidal magnetic confinement. Charged particles gyrate in tight
spirals about closed magnetic field lines, passing time and time again around the
doughnut-shaped containment vessel. (b) Mirror magnetic confinement. The magnetic
field lines are open, but charged particles are reflected at high-field regions at the ends of
the device and thus remain trapped within the containment vessel. (c) Inertial confine-
ment. A tiny D-T pellet is imploded by high-power laser light to a density high enough for
thermonuclear burn to occur.
OCR for page 144
if= 2
\ PR ESSU RE nT
FIGURE 4.4 Illustration of the depression in the magnetic pressure B218r caused by
the kinetic pressure nT of a confined plasma. Here, B is the field strength, n the density
of electrons and ions, and T the plasma temperature. The ratio of the two pressures is ,B
= 8rnTlB2
reactor economics by better utilization of the magnetic energy, which
can result either in reduced requirements on field strength or in a more
compact reactor configuration; in the latter case, however, the higher
fusion power density can represent a formidable engineering problem.
The various magnetic bottles that are possible candidates for con-
fining a fusion plasma divide into two main classes: toroidal (doughnut-
shaped) configurations, illustrated in Figure 4.3(a), and mirror (linear,
narrowing at the ends) configurations, illustrated in Figure 4.3(b).
Toroidal magnetic configurations have the special advantage that
charged particles cannot escape by simply moving along the magnetic
field lines. Moreover, when ions collide with each other, they are
deflected only one radius of gyration across the confining field. Many
such collisions will, of course, lead to a slow migration (diffusion) of
ion energy to the walls of the containing vessel. In order to minimize
the importance of this particular energy-diffusion process as an obsta-
cle to the achievement of fusion conditions, it is sufficient that the
minor radius of the plasma torus should be more than a hundred times
larger than the radius of gyration, that is, about 1 m or greater.
One of the simplest of the toroidal configurations the tokamak-
has been by far the most successful of all fusion concepts in realizing
reactorlike plasma conditions in laboratory-size experiments and has
already come within a factor of 4-5 of meeting minimum break-even
requirments. The tokamak, and its close cousin the stellarator, are
discussed later in this chapter.
The principal alternative approach to a fusion reactor based on
magnetic confinement is the mirror machine, an open-ended magnetic
OCR for page 144
bottle in which most, but not all, ions are prevented from escaping
along field lines by an increase in the magnetic intensity at the ends of
the device. The energy confinement times are then determined by
particle collisions, which scatter the ion velocity vectors into the loss
regions. Mirror-confinement concepts are also discussed later in this
A number of alternative toroidal configurations the bumpy torus,
which adds high-energy mirror-confined electrons to produce a mod-
erate-beta steady-state toroidal plasma; the reversed-field pinch, which
produces a very-high-beta pulsed toroidal plasma; and the compact
torus, which produces a moderate-beta plasma without any external
magnetic coils linking the plasma have become important elements in
the U.S. program and are also discussed below.
In striving to attain the prescribed range of reactorlike parameters,
experiments on magnetically confined plasmas have encountered four
main energy-loss processes, listed here in order of increasing severity,
that must be kept under control: (i) particle collisions, which disrupt
the orbits of confined particles and give rise to an irreducible rate of
diffusive energy loss; (ii) radiative cooling of the plasma, mainly in the
form of ultraviolet radiation from impurity ions; (iii) fine-scale plasma
instabilities, in effect tiny stepwise particle migrations that allow
plasma energy to diffuse gradually across the magnetic field lines to the
walls of the containing vessel; and (iv) large-scale plasma instabilities,
that is, spontaneous deformations of the confining field that cause the
plasma to escape abruptly out of the magnetic bottle. Although these
four energy-loss processes take different forms in different magnetic
configurations, progress in research on both toroidal and mirror-
confinement concepts has been paced by a gradual improvement in the
understanding of the fundamental physical mechanisms underlying all
four processes and by the development of effective techniques to
minimize them. However, the quest for a more complete, fundamental
understanding of these processes still presents the science of plasma
confinement with its most difficult and challenging problems.
Although the stability and transport of magnetically confined plas-
mas tend to be quite sensitive to the shape of the magnetic bottle, the
various techniques that have been developed for heating a confined
plasma tend to be applicable in a wide variety of magnetic configura-
tions. A number of confined plasmas notably tokamaks are subject
to one intrinsic type of heating, which arises from the resistive
dissipation of the plasma currents that are needed to maintain plasma
equilibrium. Because of the rapid decrease in plasma resistivity with
increasing electron temperature, this type of intrinsic heating is gener
OCR for page 144
ally inadequate to heat a plasma to fusion temperatures, except in some
high-current-density toroidal pinch configurations. The auxiliary heat-
ing power (that is, the power in addition to the intrinsic heating by the
plasma current) that will be required to heat a plasma to fusion
conditions can be estimated by noting that a deuterium-tritium plasma
with a pressure of 6 atmospheres produces a fusion power density of
about 5 MW/m3, corresponding to an alpha-particle heating power
density of about 1 MW/m3. An auxiliary-heating power density of
about half this value is found to be needed to heat an initially cold
plasma to temperatures at which self-heating by fusion reactions
becomes important. Thus, to heat a reactor plasma with a volume of
order 100 m3, a total heating power of order 50 MW will be needed.
Present-day experiments operate with auxiliary heating powers typi-
cally of up to about 10 MW.
One of the most effective plasma-heating techniques has been the
injection into the plasma of intense beams of energetic neutral atoms of
hydrogen or deuterium. These freely cross the confining magnetic field
until they are stripped of their electrons, by collisional ionization and
charge exchange, and are then retained in the plasma as energetic ions,
gradually transferring their energy to background plasma particles by
collisions. As an alternative to this type of neutral-beam heating, a
variety of radio-frequency electromagnetic waves can be launched into
a magnetically confined plasma, and there are a number of resonant
frequencies at which such waves are strongly absorbed by the plasma,
their energy being converted into thermal energy of the plasma
particles. These radio-frequency heating processes have been known
theoretically since the earliest days of plasma research, but only in
recent years have they been applied successfully to heat plasmas to
fusion temperatures. Plasma heating techniques both neutral-beam
and radio-frequency are discussed later in this chapter.
Inertial Confinement
Separate from all the magnetic-confinement concepts, there are a
number of entirely different inertial-confinement schemes, in which
intense beams of laser light or accelerated particles are focused onto
the surface of a tiny pellet filled with deuterium-tritium fuel Esee Figure
4.3(c)~. The pellet implodes because of the rocketlike reaction to the
blow-off of the surface material of the pellet by deposition of the beam
energy; as a consequence, the density rises to extremely high values
(1025 particles per cubic centimeter, about a thousand times solid
densities). The fuel heats up because of compression and shock waves,
OCR for page 144
addition, the flow of electrons can be markedly reduced by self-
generated magnetic fields created by anisotropies in the energy depo-
sition. Fortunately, the effects of such fields are much reduced when
targets are more uniformly irradiated.
The heat flow has been investigated in laser plasma experiments
under a wide variety of conditions. Often, the experiments have
indicated a heat flow below the classical level. Empirical heat-flow
models, normalized to experiments, are often used in design calcula-
tions. Since electron heat transport has a marked effect on plasma
conditions, hydrodynamic efficiency, preheat, and implosion symme-
try, this remains a key area for further research.
The efficiency by which absorbed energy reaches the ablation
surface and the resulting blow-off velocity of the ablating materials
determine the hydrodynamic efficiency of the pellet, that is, the kinetic
energy delivered to the fuel divided by the absorbed driver energy. The
most efficient transfer of momentum to the pellet shell occurs when the
blow-off plasma velocity (the final ablation plasma velocity far from the
target) is comparable with the final shell velocity. Shorter-wavelength
lasers improve the hydrodynamic efficiency because the energy is
absorbed at higher plasma density and closer to the ablation surface.
For 0.25-m-wavelength light incident upon reactor-sized spherical
pellets, calculated hydrodynamic efficiencies are as high as 15 percent,
or about three times the minimum efficiency needed for high-gain
The distance between the driver energy-absorbing region and the
ablation region is another important parameter affected by the heat
transport. If nonuniformities in the energy absorbed are transmitted to
the ablation surface, where the pressure is applied to the shell, the
result will be an asymmetric implosion. Fortunately, such nonuniformi-
ties will tend to be smoothed out between the energy-absorption and
ablation regions, provided this separation exceeds the wavelength of
the disturbance. This smoothing mechanism, called the cloudy-day
effect, has been found experimentally to be quite effective at a 1-~m
laser wavelength. However, for shorter-wavelength laser light, the
very source of the improved absorption and greater hydrodynamic
efficiency (higher-density absorption) aggravates the uniformity prob-
OCR for page 144
� Experimental results on ablatively accelerated pellet implosions
have been encouraging, with respect to both implosion velocities
and compression factors achieved, but the uniformity of the
implosion is not yet adequate for compression to fusion densities.
Various techniques for improving the implosion uniformity appear
promising. Hydrodynamic instabilities, which would aggravate the
problem, do not seem to be so severe as initially predicted.
Investigations of pellet-shell acceleration and hydrodynamic behav-
ior have been accomplished by imploding actual pellets, using multiple-
sided irradiation facilities, or by studying the acceleration of thin planar
Early implosion experiments worked in the "exploding pusher"
regime. In these experiments, small glass microballoons containing
gaseous D-T were irradiated with intense short-duration light pulses.
The laser-heated electrons deposited energy so quickly in the glass that
the shell exploded. Roughly half of the exploding shell (pusher)
traveled inward, first driving a shock wave through the D-T gas and
then compressing the postshock material. Copious thermonuclear
neutrons were generated as the D-T fuel heated to temperatures of
many kiloelectron volts. However, the preheat levels of these targets,
and the exploding pusher behavior, limited their peak fuel densities to
a few times liquid density, far below the densities required for high-gain
Most present-day implosion work has advanced to the more relevant
ablative mode. Ablation acceleration or implosion occurs as a result of
the continuous acceleration of ablating material. These experiments
either utilize thicker shells, to reduce hot electron preheat, or use
lasers operating in a lower-irradiance or shorter-wavelength regime,
where hot electrons are not dominant. This implosion mode is expected
to scale successfully to large inertial-fusion devices.
Multinanosecond 1-~m lasers operating below 10~4 W/cm2 have been
used to produce well-behaved ablative accelerations. Planar targets
have been ablatively accelerated to velocities of 160 km/s, with preheat
below 10 eV and velocity uniformity to within 7 percent. Acceleration
uniformities within 2.5 percent over almost a square millimeter have
been achieved in other planar target experiments. Ablatively driven
pellets have compressed D-T fuel to nearly a hundred times solid
density, albeit with low temperature (about 400 eV). These experi
OCR for page 144
meets are encouraging, but further progress is required to meet the
critical-element physics requirements.
The pellet implosion must proceed with shell velocity nonuniformi-
ties below about 1 percent in order to compress the fuel properly. This
requirement is aggravated by the fact that the pellet itself is susceptible
to hydrodynamic instability at several phases during the implosion.
Driver nonuniformity problems can be alleviated in three ways. Use
of hohlraum targets with conversion of driver energy to x rays provides
a promising method of smoothing without requiring the beams of the
driver to be symmetrically arranged. In the direct illumination ap-
proach, nonuniformities in absorption can be smoothed out by oper-
ating in a regime where the cloudy-day effect is operative. In fact,
nonuniformity reductions of an order of magnitude have been demon-
strated in 1-~m laser light experiments. Finally, development of driver
technologies that produce smoother beams should also be effective. All
three methods are under active investigation.
A recent innovation in laser technology, called induced spatial
incoherence, provides a promising method to reduce laser-beam
nonuniformities to acceptable levels. The method works by dividing a
broad-bandwidth laser beam into many smaller beamlets, with a small
relative time delay introduced into each beamlet's path. If these time
delays are longer than the beam coherence time, the laser nonuniformi-
ties will tend to cancel out statistically when the beamlets are over-
lapped on the target.
Hydrodynamic Rayleigh-Taylor instability can occur whenever a
lighter fluid accelerates a heavy fluid. Inertial fusion analogs of the
Rayleigh-Taylor instability occur when the low-density ablating plasma
accelerates the dense shell, or later in the implosion when the dense
shell decelerates on compressing the lighter fuel. Hydrodynamic
instability causes two deleterious effects. First, the nonuniformities
can prevent a central region of dense, hot D-T fuel from being created
and cause the pellet to fail to ignite or even disassemble before full
compression. Second, fuel can mix with the shell pusher material and
spoil the ignition. There is an active growing theoretical program on the
mechanisms, growth rates, and saturation levels for the Rayleigh-
Taylor instability. A number of effects have been shown to reduce the
growth rate below initial predictions.
Experiments are beginning to make significant headway into the
study of the hydrodynamic stability of laser-accelerated targets. The
evolution of accelerated "structured" targets, in which regular mass
variations are introduced, has been followed using x-ray backlighting
and double-target diagnostics. First indications suggest that the Ray
OCR for page 144
Leigh-Taylor instability growth rate may be less than classical, in
agreement with the more recent theoretical predictions.
Prospects for Future Advances
� Two very large driver facilities are currently under contraction in
the United States: the NOVA neodymium-glass laser and the
PBFA-II light-ion-beam accelerator. Construction of the world's
most powerful CO2 laser, ANTARES, was recently completed.
These, and other smaller facilities, will be used to extend greatly
our knowledge of the efficiency, symmetry, and stability of pellet
implosions. In addition, heavy-ion-beam drivers have been pro-
posed, and the search for efficient shorter-wavelength lasers
As indicated in Table 4.12, a new generation of drivers is being
developed. The NOVA neodymium-glass laser will have an output of
100 kJ of 1.05-llm light (this will be frequency converted to shorter
wavelengths, i.e., 0.53- and 0.35-~m light); the ANTARES CO2 laser
has an output of 30 to 40 kJ of 10.6-~m light; and the PBFA-II
light-ion-beam accelerator will have an output of about 2 MJ of 4-MeV
The new machines coming on line in the next few years will allow
significant tests of key inertial-confinement fusion principles. For
example, it is anticipated that the NOVA laser will be able to compress
D-T fuel to about one thousand times liquid density, with fuel temper-
atures in the central hot spot in the 1-2 keV range. Such experiments
will significantly test and extend our knowledge of the efficiency,
symmetry, and stability of pellet implosion. The ANTARES CO2 laser
will test the suitability of long-wavelength laser light for inertial-
confinement fusion. PBFA-II is anticipated to provide light-ion beams
focused to sufficient intensity to test pellet implosions. The PHAROS,
OMEGA, and CHROMA lasers will supplement the larger facilities by
addressing important physics issues of inertial-confinement fusion.
Driver technology will continue to advance toward a high-energy,
high-repetition-rate, efficient driver suitable for inertial-confinement
fusion application. One promising system under development is the
krypton-Huoride laser, with a wavelength at 0.26 ,um, which may
satisfy the requirements for an efficient short-wavelength laser. Mega-
joule-class glass-based lasers are also under evaluation; these systems
could be frequency converted to provide short-wavelength light.
Finally, particle-beam drivers, such as heavy-ion-beam systems and
OCR for page 144
236 PLASMAS AND FF UlDS
light-ion accelerators, have the potential to offer high efficiency and
repetition rates. Small, exploratory heavy-ion drivers are expected to
operate in about 5 years.
Inertial confinement continues to be an active and exciting field.
Research in the next decade will provide scientific and technical
information needed to determine the physics of inertial-confinement
fusion. In turn, this information will provide the basis for a decision in
the late 1980s regarding the next generation of experimental facilities.
The discussion in this chapter has concentrated on the D-T fusion
reactor, which would generate electricity by means of a conventional
thermal conversion cycle, because the relatively large cross section of
the D-T reaction makes it the easiest fusion process to achieve and
apply. However, fusion processes offer a wide range of other possible
applications, from production of fuel for light-water fission reactors to
direct production of electricity using advanced fusion fuels. If achiev-
able, advanced-fuel fusion reactors would produce almost no neutrons,
thus reducing reactor activation by orders of magnitude, and would
eliminate the need for tritium production.
One promising recent innovation has been the realization that fusion
reaction rates can be altered significantly by polarizing the spins of the
fuel nuclei. (The nuclei can be thought of as small magnetized
gyroscopes.) At first sight, it might appear that the use of polarized
nuclei for fusion could not possibly work, because the energy associ-
ated with polarization is approximately 10-3 kelvin (K) compared with
a plasma temperature of about 108 K. However, because of the very
weak interaction between the particle motion and the spin, the use of
this technique does indeed appear to be possible. By aligning the spins
of D-T ions, the fusion reaction rate can be increased by a factor of 1.5.
A more exciting application of spin-polarized fusion would be to reduce
fusion neutron production, relative to electrically charged reaction
products, by using certain combinations of polarized fuels. The sim-
plest fusion reaction that produces no neutrons is the reaction between
deuterium and helium-3; parallel polarization of the deuterons and the
helium-3 ions can increase this reaction rate by a factor of 1.5 and at the
same time substantially suppress the neutron-producing deuterium-
deuterium reactions. (However, to make practical use of this reaction,
a source of helium-3 must be found; although helium-3 does not occur
naturally, it can, of course, be bred in a fission reactor.)
OCR for page 144
A fusion reactor could find many practical applications in addition to
providing a heat source for conventional power generation. An exam-
ple would be the use of radiation for chemical processing of synthetic
fuels. Also, since the x rays and fast neutrons produced by a fusion
plasma can pass through the walls of a reactor vessel and heat a blanket
to almost any desired temperature, such reactors could find uses in
high-temperature processing and in high-efficiency heat engines. Some
attention has been given to the direct recovery of the energy of
electrically charged fusion reaction products, but the possible applica-
tions of such fusion reactors have not yet been explored in any depth.
For example, a compact mirror fusion reactor that produces most of its
energy in charged particles could, in principle, make an ideal propul-
sion unit for large space missions.
The successful development of a fusion reactor could lead to the
production of a wide variety of isotopes for scientific, industrial, and
medical use, just as modern fission reactors do. Moreover, since the
energetic particles produced in fusion reactions (alpha particles, pro-
tons, deuterons, tritons, as well as neutrons) are different from those
produced in fission reactions, the range of possible isotope products
should be much greater. Furthermore, the fluxes of energetic charged
reaction products per unit surface area from a fusion reactor could be
much larger than the flux of neutrons from a fission reactor.
The existence of a working fusion reactor should also provide a
valuable stimulus to several branches of fundamental science. Cer-
tainly, a more profound understanding of plasma science itself will
automatically result from the increased experience with hot, confined
plasmas. In addition, fusion reactors should have a strongly beneficial
impact on low-energy nuclear physics; specifically, they will provide
the first large-scale terrestrial experience with stellar atomic processes.
Another interesting aspect of fusion reactors is that they provide a
totally new, unique type of energy source; in particular, they will
produce copious microwaves and x rays, in addition to energetic
particles. Just as neutrons from fission reactors have become powerful
scientific tools, so should the versatile radiation from fusion reactors
find numerous important scientific applications.
These are just a few of the possible advanced applications of fusion
reactors. Perhaps the most exciting ultimate applications of fusion have
not yet been conceived, as has been the case in most previous human
ventures across new scientific and technological frontiers.
OCR for page 144
Fusion plasma research in the United States is almost entirely
funded by the federal government through the Department of Energy.
(A very small fraction of fusion funding not more than 3 percent of
the total is provided by the private sector and is mostly applied to
nonmainstream magnetic-confinement approaches. In addition, the
utility industry through the Electric Power Research Institute funds
some fusion studies and small-scale developmental activities.)
Fusion approaches based on magnetic confinement are funded
through the Department of Energy's Office of Energy Research, Office
of Fusion Energy; inertial confinement is funded primarily through the
Division of Military Applications, Office of Inertial Fusion, with some
funding from the Office of Energy Research for the heavy-ion-beam
The total appropriations for fusion research in each fiscal year since
1971 are shown in Figure 4.23. The appropriations are shown both in
actual current dollars and, to remove the inflation element from funding
growth, in equivalent constant 1984 dollars, using published official
price indices. The appropriations for magnetic-confinement fusion are
shown in Figure 4.23(a) and those for inertial-confinement fusion are
shown in Figure 4.23(b). The tokamak program, and supporting
technology, accounts for about 65 percent of the magnetic-confinement
program. Within the total magnetic fusion program, activities that
could be broadly categorized as relating to plasma research, i.e.,
including the construction of new experimental facilities but excluding
engineering development and technology, account for about 75 percent
of the total budget.
The 1970s was a period of rapid growth in the magnetic fusion
program prompted by early successes with tokamak confinement and
sustained both by continued advances in tokamak parameters and by
dramatic improvements in mirror concepts. The 1970s also saw the
emergence of inertial confinement as a viable fusion-energy option.
Figure 4.23 shows clearly that, when the inflation element is removed,
fusion appropriations have leveled-off indeed declined in the late-
1970s and early-1980s. If the momentum of fusion research is to be
maintained and, in particular, if the future advances in each of the
confinement concepts described in the succeeding sections of this
chapter are to be realized appropriations must increase markedly in
the late-1980s.
OCR for page 144
c 200
) _
a ~ Megnetic Conf inement
Actuel Current Dollars
~Constanlt1984) Dollars
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84
~ b ~ Inertial Conf i nement
- 81 Actua I Current Do I I a rs
~ Constant (1984) Dollars
72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 8 1 82 83 84
FIGURE 4.23 Federal appropriations for fusion research in actual and constant (1984)
dollars. (a) Magnetic-confinement fusion. (b) Inertial-confinement fusion. Price indices
obtained from Statistical Abstract of the United States, 103rd edition, page 452. Fiscal
year 1976 contained 15 months. (Since the preparation of this chapter, the federal
appropriation for magnetic-confinement fusion has decreased again to $440 million in
fiscal year 1985.)
OCR for page 144
Magnetic Confinement
In all the main approaches to the magnetic confinement of fusion
plasmas, the principal measures of plasma performance-plasma den-
sity, temperature, and confinement time improved by more than an
order of magnitude as a result of intensified fusion research in the
1970s. One approach the tokamak has already come within a mod-
est factor of meeting the minimum plasma requirements for energy
breakeven in D-T plasmas. These achievements have been made
possible by rapid advances in plasma science.
The techniques used for plasma control and heating, the technology
of high-power heating sources, and the precision of plasma measure-
ments all improved dramatically during the past decade. There were
equally rapid advances in plasma theory and numerical modeling,
which are now able to explain much of the observed dynamical
behavior of magnetically confined plasmas. The establishment of the
National Magnetic Fusion Energy Computer Center (NMFECC) made
possible many of these advances in theoretical modeling and data
A particular strength of the U.S. fusion program is its broad base,
which includes research on several alternatives to the mainline con-
finement concepts, to ensure that the maximum potential of fusion is
A new generation of magnetic fusion facilities, coming into operation
worldwide, will in the mid-1980s extend experimental plasma parame-
ters to reactorlike values of density, temperature, and confinement
However, if the United States' pre-eminent position in the world-
wide fusion program is to be maintained into the 1990s in the face of
aggressive Japanese and European competition, the pace of new-
device authorization that characterized the early 1970s must be re-
stored soon.
The science of plasma confinement and heating has reached a stage
of development that fully justifies the recent recommendations of the
Magnetic Fusion Advisory Committee-an advisory committee to the
Director of Energy Research, U.S. Department of Energy-which
proposed a strategy for the development of magnetic confinement
fusion with the following principal features:
� Initiation of a moderate-cost tokamak experimental facility (less
OCR for page 144
than $1 billion plant and capital expenditures) designed to achieve
ignition and long-pulse equilibrium burn;
� Depending on future assessments of the tandem-mirror data base,
potential utilization of upgraded mirror facilities to test fusion blanket
and engineering components;
� Vigorous pursuit of a broad-base program in magnetic-confine-
ment research, encompassing tokamaks, mirrors, stellarators, bumpy
tori, reversed-field pinches, and compact toroids.
A vigorous base research program is essential to technical progress
in mainline tokamak and mirror research. Moderate-size experimental
facilities are the primary sources of the scientific and technological
innovations required to develop fusion to its fullest potential.
Continued research on alternate fusion concepts is essential to
advance basic understanding of plasma confinement and to foster the
development of approaches that show significant promise of improved
reactor configurations.
Intensive research must continue on the theoretical and computa-
tional descriptions of magnetically confined plasmas and on supporting
experiments in basic plasma physics. These have been a source of
many promising new concepts in fusion research.
Continued strong university involvement will be essential to fusion
research for the foreseeable future. Universities augment fusion re-
search in the national laboratories in several unique and important
ways. They educate and train professional fusion researchers; they
provide the fusion program access to a breadth of talent and intellect in
the sciences and engineering; and their research is a major source of
innovative ideas and scientific and technological advances.
Inertial Confinement
The United States has maintained world leadership in inertial-
confinement fusion research since its inception in the late 1960s. Its
near-term applications are military, with promising long-term applica-
tions to energy production. An inertial-confinement fusion reactor
would have a relatively small containment volume, and its operation,
maintenance, and repair may be relatively simple.
During the past decade, a vigorous international research effort was
established to investigate the inertial-confinement approach to fusion.
An impressive array of experimental facilities was developed, includ-
ing neodymium-glass and CO2 lasers and light-ion accelerators, which
led to considerable scientific progress. Investigations of laser-coupling
OCR for page 144
physics over a wide range of intensities and wavelengths showed that
lasers with wavelengths of a micrometer and less have good coupling.
D-T fuel was heated to thermonuclear temperatures in laser-irradiated
implosions. Shells were ablatively accelerated to above 107 calls, with
velocity nonuniformities of less than 5 percent. In implosions, final fuel
densities of 100 times the liquid density of D-T were achieved with fuel
temperatures of about 5 million degrees. These fuel densities are within
a factor of 10 of the compression needed for a high-gain target.
On the basis of these findings, we recommend the following near-
term emphasis and strategy for inertial-confinement fusion research:
� Use present driver facilities to determine the physics and scaling
of energy transport and fluid and plasma instabilities to regimes
characteristic of high-gain targets.
� Use the new generation of drivers under construction to implode
D-T fuel mixtures to 1000 times liquid density required for high-gain
targets and to implode scale models of high-gain targets to the density
and temperature of the full-scale target.
� Identify and develop cost-e~ective, multimegajoule driver ap-
Timely execution of this strategy will provide the basis for a decision
in the late 1980s on the next generation of experimental facilities.
Drivers in excess of a megajoule would allow demonstration of
high-gain targets for both military and energy applications.
The authors gratefully acknowledge valuable contributions to this
report from several of their colleagues, in particular S. E. Bodner
(NRL), E. M. Campbell (LLNL), G. Cooperstein (NRL), J. C.
Glowienka (ORNL), J. Holzrichter (LLNL), S. Kahalas (DOE), H.
Kugel (PPPL), J. D. Lindl (LLNL), J. Mark (LLNL), R. S. Massey
(LANL), J. H. Nuckolls (LLNL), R. R. Parker (MIT), M. Rosen
(LLNL), R. L. Schriever (DOE), and L. D. Stewart (PPPL). The
Chairman is grateful to R. Sheldon for providing information on
inflation-adjusted fusion appropriations and especially to Barbara
Sobel for her careful typing of the manuscript.


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Period furnishings and grandHighlandviews combine to make The Rannoch Room a stylish private meeting venue. Gather around the traditional boardroom table and discuss your business in the comfort of impressive leather chairs. Stroll onto the private balcony and gain fresh inspiration from the iconicpeakofSchiehallion. Ideal for smaller AGMs and executive sessions, The Rannoch Room can hold 12 in a boardroom setting. For a more flexible event, invite 20 for a private dinner.
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Ship Deck Tracking and Landing |
Overview |
In this project, we design a helicopter landing system to detect and track a shipdeck.
Abstract |
In this project we develop ship deck tracking and landing sensors and algorithms. These algorithms enable detection and tracking of a landing zone on a ship deck without external infrastructure such a radar guidance system. The algorithms track the visual and/or 3D appearance of the ship to compute a 6 degree of freedom position, orientation, and velocities. The challenges are to determine the position and orientation of the deck with high accuracy. |
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« Ethiopia - Nib mobilizes USD 245mln | Ethiopia - Five banks to build office blocks in Dukem » |
Technical hitch hits Arba Minch, Ethiopia
By Kaleyesus Bekele
Source: The Reporter
A technical failure in the power supply in the Arba Minch town of Ethiopia's Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Regional State has plunged residents in a blackout.
Local residents told The Reporter that the town was a in a complete blackout since the previous Monday after an accident occurred in one of the transformers at the substation on the outskirts of the town. The residents said there was no electric power supply for a week. However, they said in the past three days there was power for half a day. "There was light in the mornings which was interrupted in the afternoon," they said.
Misikir Negash, corporate communications head with the Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCo), told The Reporter that the problem was related to a technical problem, adding that the corporation was trying to solve it.
Minilik Getahun, head of the Southern Region marketing department, told The Reporter that a week ago technical failure was encountered at the substation. "We have managed the problem," Minilik told The Reporter in a telephone interview yesterday. "Currently, the electric power supply has resumed. However, when we called residents yesterday morning, we were told that there was no power in the city.
So what else is new. Wait until Gil Gibe XI and Arba Minch will be like Paris by night.


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National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE)
NSSE 2014 update
The 2014 edition of the National Survey of Student Engagement has concluded.
New for 2014
The 2013-2014 academic year marks the third time that Memorial University will be participating in the National Survey of Student Engagement. Unlike the previous two iterations in 2008 and 2011, this year marks a new format of the NSSE with the addition of "modules" that an institution can select to garner information on specific topics.
Almost a quarter of the old NSSE from 2011 has been removed with an equal amount of new material added. Further details about the new NSSE instrument and the modules can be found at the following link: http://nsse.iub.edu/html/survey_instruments.cfm
If you have any questions about the NSSE, please contact us at email@example.com
About the NSSE
The National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) is administered by the Indiana University Center for Postsecondary Research on a yearly basis during the spring academic term. Typically, institutions participate about every three to four years to allow for proper data analysis and disemination. Memorial University participated for the first time in 2008.
The NSSE focuses on undergraduate student participation in programs and activities offered by the institution. The questions on the survey "represent empirically confirmed 'good practices' in undergraduate education."
The NSSE was created to accomplish two core objectives:
1. Refocus the national discourse about colled quality on teaching and learning;
2. Provide colleges and universities with diagnostic, actionable information that can inform efforts to improve the quality of undergraduate education.
Target Population
The population for the NSSE is all undergraduate first-year and senior level students. Definitions for what is meant by "First-year" and "Senior" students can be found here.
2008 NSSE: Results for the 2008 NSSE can be found by clicking here.
2011 NSSE: Results for the 2011 NSSE can be found by clicking here.
If you have any questions or further interest in the editions of the NSSE that Memorial has participated in, please contact CIAP at email@example.com.


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I haven't read the book but the movie was good. :) (I guess to me and just me)
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did you know that the childish song "Ring Around The Rosy" Is based on the Black Death? Ring around the Rosy! (The red rings around the flee bite) Pocket full of posy! (Posy, the poisonous flower, was kept in the pockets of the dead) Husha Huaha we all fall down! (Shhhhhhhh, Shhhhhhhh, we all die)


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Thank you, for the nice comments and the requests. Please be clear on what the photos will be used for. I can always use any suggestions on improving my shots. I also love to be challenged to look for a certain shot you are looking for. :)
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text: PokeBase Battle Subway Meta-PokeBase Q&A Login Register All Activity Questions Unanswered Tags Users Ask a Question Rules Chat Recent questions tagged dbserver 16 votes 74 answers 7,274 views The DB Mo' Megas tier (Held back until after OR/AS) [Closed] asked Mar 8, 2014 by Sciz suggestion dbserver mega-evos 3 votes 0 answers 173 views PSA from the DB Server ~ asked Mar 7, 2014 by Ninja dbserver 5 votes 20 answers 1,031 views The DB Tier (For the server) asked Feb 25, 2014 by Sciz dbserver tier suggestion 0 votes 11 answers 401 views Help design the DB server! asked Nov 11, 2013 by Sciz dbserver design suggestion 3 votes 1 answer 374 views Authproblems Server asked Oct 28, 2013 by Cerberus dbserver To see more, click for the full list of questions or popular tags. Useful Posts How to change your username How to add a user avatar Why was my post hidden? The points system Question etiquette Flags vs Downvotes Anime FAQ PokemonDb Tournaments PokemonDb Showdown server Help out Report users Report minor site errors Name Origins corrections Location guide corrections New Omega Ruby/Alpha Sapphire info


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Sleeps | 8 |
Bedrooms | 3 |
Bathrooms | 2 |
Property type | condo |
Minimum Stay | 2 nights |
Very special Platinum rated unit with attention to detail throughout. There are only 4 oversized 3 bed/2 baths units in the building which feature about 300 additional SF. Located on the 10th floor in the middle of the building, you could not ask for a better VIEW. Prepare to be impressed as you enter this beautiful unit. Although it is decorated very stylish, you will feel right at home.
The kitchen offers granite counters and a huge counter bar for a quick lunch or snack. The great room offers a gorgeous view of the gulf. While in this room, you can enjoy the 42' LCD TV,watch DVDs and listen to CD's all in surround sound. The main bath is very spacious and connects directly to the 2nd bedroom with queen bed. Bathroom offers a huge vanity with double sinks as well as a bath/shower. The 3rd Bedroom is located across the hall and offers two twin beds. All bedrooms feature 32' LCD TV's and a DVD player. The master bedroom is breathtaking with direct access to the oversized deck. The master bath is very spacious and offers a whirlpool tub for total relaxation.
The unit has a separate laundry room which is very spacious. Lastly this unit has a designated parking spot under the building to keep your car cooler and out of the sun & salt air. Everything you can imagine is available in this unit, all it needs is YOU!!!
The Sterling Shores Complex offers a luxurious, Gulf-side retreat with beautiful lush tropical landscaing and a 4300 square foot LAGOON POOL that is seasonally heated which features a a zero level entry and waterfall. The complex offers a second pool Gulf side which is heated year round.
The complex also offers a new Fitness Room complete with three TV's for viewing(Located on the 2nd floor). There is a 42 seat surround sound theatre for movie night. This theatre can also be reserved for private use.
The complex is in walking distance to The Back Porch and Ruth Chris restaurants.
Keywords: Condominium
My family and I fell in love with Destin the first time we came to town. We are now proud to say we own our own piece of heaven here on earth. We come to Destin often to enjoy the beach, surfing, skim boarding, diving, deep sea fishing, eating and shopping. There is something for everyone here...whether you spend an action packed vacation or just sit and enjoy the beach it is a perfect vacation! Our complex has a great location on the beach and our condo is has an incredible view. I believe our unit is in pristine and has everything you need for your stay. We like to be very comfortable while here and want you to feel the same!
Colleen purchased this condo in 2007
My family and I LOVE the beaches. It just doesn't get much better! This is our little piece of heaven on earth. Once you stay here, you will see why we love it.
Location, location, location! Walking distance to The Back Porch and Ruth Chris.
Gorgeous resort with 2 pools plus poolside grill for additional eating options. Great fitness facility and a 42 person theatre which is lots of fun. Well maintained and very clean property!
Some people would not choose Sterling Shores because it is not directly on the water. However it is our favorite place to stay. This year our condo was exceptional. The view was splendid, the furnishings were top of the line and the owner supplied little things that you would not think to bring. I would recomend this condo to everyone.
Rate Period | Nightly | Weekend Night | Weekly | Monthly | Event | ||||
Standard pricing
2 night minimum stay
Notes |
During Peak Seasons, rentals must be a minimum of 1 week and rent Saturday to Saturday. Rates vary throughout the year. Please call or email for actual rates as the system doesn't allow me to give a range.
Rate may vary based on dates requested. Rate includes Florida tax of 11% and housekeeping upon departure. $300 deposit to reserve your stay payable by credit card or check. The remainder is due one week in advance if paying by credit card and two weeks in advance if paying by check. |
Payment is usually accepted in the quoted currency (USD) unless the currency and the amount is specifically agreed in advance with the owner / advertiser.


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By John Gruber
Local note: My favorite bar, Hop Sing Laundromat, has not one but two cocktails on Eater Philly's best in town poll. They're both great, but the Henry "Box" Brown has my vote. I don't hesitate to call it the best cocktail I've ever had anywhere. If you've been to Hop Sing, I'm sure you'll agree. If you haven't, take my word for it.
★ Thursday, 29 November 2012


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Well travelled, well read, well lived.
Nicholas has completed online and offline ID verification.
A pleasure to meet being a very friendly and interesting person.
Thanks for spoiling us Janet. We hope very much to come back later in the year. Our very best wishes to you and all your family. Nic&Tizzy
Nick and Tizzy were great fun, we all shared the cooking, ate too well, and she was hugely helpful with a crucial piece of Italian bureaucracy that I needed to deal with. Excellent guests.
Tiziana e Nicholas sono statidue ospiti perfetti, discreti ,puntuali e affidabili,hanno lasciato l'appartamentoordinato e pulito come se non lo avessero (email hidden)ilissimi e cordiali ma non invadenti.Confesso mi sarebbe piaciuto affittare loro la casa per sempre. Grazie ancora di averci visitato Francesca e Andrea
a "mixed" couple, british (him) italian (her) very positive, organized, clear ideas on where to go and what to see, car hired, independant, polite, not very communicative, due to the short time available, however very reccommendable to all airbnb hosts, good luck!
Nic and Tizzy were a delight. We very much enjoyed meeting them and having them stay with us. They were quite self reliant, but also open to our suggestions for sightseeing. We had several meals with them and enjoyed our lively discussions about politics and ways in which England and Italy were different than the US. It was interesting to hear of their adventures in the world. They were good guests and left everything tidy.
Tizzy and Nic was wonderful guests. very pleasant to talk with and be with. they are welcome back any time!
very pleasant couple, recommend them to anyone, two thumbs up!!
Nicholas and Tizzy were courteous guests and a very nice couple all around. Easy communication throughout the process, and I felt very comfortable to have them in my home. I would definitely recommend them to anyone to have as guests!
Nic and Tizzy are a charming couple. We quickly felt comfortable with them after their arrival. They were neat, respectful, and quiet during their stay, being conscious of cleaning up after themselves in the kitchen and keeping our shared bathroom neat. They are enthusiastic about all that they see and experience on their road trip, which makes for an interesting and welcome guest.


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Total AG Ratings: 41
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I love this game. ^ ^
pretty addicting
cool game nice challenge
kinda fun not really
I would rather play educational games
i love it
it an okay game but its need work becuase please friend meif they could just add JUMP.
level 12
Cute fun short game that's easy to play
Actualy only fun for 3 minutes


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Overcast transition day, but fun surf today with mostly chest high waves this AM from a combination of swells. Look for our dominate South to fill in towards evening.
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On Tuesday, the Illinois State Senate sent a bill to the governor's desk which will abolish the death penalty in that state ... if Governor Pat Quinn will sign it. Problem is, Governor Pat Quinn supports capital punishment.
The next day, instead of signing the bill into law, Governor Quinn reported that he would listen to every argument - as well as his own conscience - before deciding what to do.
Please see full article below for more information.
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Just 500 metres from the famous Romney Hythe Dymchurch miniature public railway, this charming guest house offers bed and breakfast accommodation with free Wi-Fi throughout the building. The seafront is a 15-minute walk and Rye can be reached in 30 minutes by car. The Eurotunnel is a 15-minute drive away. It is a 20-minute drive to Ashford, where you can catch the Eurostar from the International Rail Station. Malt Lodge is a former post office, and sits at the end of Hythe's High Street. Its rooms, which are via stairs and located on the first or second floors, have simple décor, and each comes with a TV and tea and coffee making facilities. In the morning, guests can enjoy a cereal breakfast at Malt Lodge. The lodge is situated in the town of Hythe, a historic Cinque Port, only a short walk from the Royal Military Canal. Folkestone is a 10-minute drive from the building, Dover can be reached in 20 minutes by car, and Hastings is a 45-minute drive away.


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The budget is by no means finished yet but a minimum wage deal that will incrementally increase the wage to $9 an hour by 2016 has been pretty steadily floated by leadership over the past few days. If the idea was floated as a trial balloon than the jury seems to be in with its verdict.
Senate Minority Leader Andrea Stewart-Cousins issued a statement today asking Gov. Andrew Cuomo to remove the minimum wage from the budget:
As details emerge it is clear that the current minimum wage proposal has some serious issues. While increasing the minimum wage to $9.00 is something that the Senate Democrats have long supported, we are disappointed that the current proposal doesn't reach this level for three years, is not indexed to the rate of inflation and does not raise the wages of certain service workers. The Governor and the Assembly all originally proposed acceptable proposals, unfortunately the Senate Republicans have blocked these efforts. We propose removing this discussion from the budget and we stand ready to provide 27 votes for raising the minimum wage quicker, with indexing and for all low wage workers."
Sen. Gustavo Rivera told me he supports the move and wants to vote on the bill separately on the floor of the Senate. He says all 27 Senate Democrats would vote for a minimum wage increase of $9 will indexing.
A number of wage advocates have slammed the proposal and are accusing the Independent Senate Democrats of ceding negotiating power to the Senate Republicans who have been traditionally opposed to minimum wage hikes. Advocates rallied today at two IDC offices to protest the fact that tip workers would not benefit from the wage hike.
Now former Green Party Gubernatorial candidate Howie Hawkins is weighing in with this statement:
Last year Cuomo killed a minimum wage hike even though public opinion polls demonstrated overwhelming support among voters for it, including Republicans. Then he allowed the Republicans to gerrymander the Senate district lines in order to try to hang on to a majority even though there are two million more enrolled Democrats in the state. When that failed, Senators Klein and Valesky and the other conservative Democrats in the Independent Democratic Conference (all also nominated by the corporate Democratic branding operation called the Working Families Party) decided to break off and keep the Republicans in power despite their minority status. Cuomo, as leader of the Democratic Party, did nothing to prevent that maneuver by conservatives.
State Government Editor of The Gotham Gazette


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- 4-hour private sightseeing tour of Amman
- See the stunning Roman amphitheater, a 6,000-seater stadium dating from the 2nd century BC
- Explore the Roman, Byzantine and early Islamic ruins at Amman Citadel with a guide
- View the antiquities on show at Amman Archaeological Museum at the Citadel
- Upgrade to a 6-hour tour to include an authentic Arabic mezze lunch
- Upgrade to an 8-hour tour to enjoy an Arabic mezze lunch and pampering Turkish bath experience
- Enjoy the best sights and personalized attention from your driver on this private tour
Recent Photos of This Tour
What You Can Expect
Customer Reviews
October 2014
What a great way to see many of the city's landmarks in just half a day! Excellent lunch location for some authentic Arabic food too.
April 2014
Interesting tour. My wife and I are pretty spontaneous and this seemed like a unique twist on a basic tour. We were picked up on time from our hotel and driven via private car around Amman. We found out that our guide was actually not a tour guide, but rather the brother of the owner of the car and simply doing him a favor by driving us around the city. It felt more like a friend showing us around his city. Not much structure or history provided but this was fine with us. The dinner was absolutely fantastic. I advise you to skip lunch because there is a ton of amazing food. We also asked to start the tour at 5pm instead of 6pm because we wanted to see some of the sights during daylight. The Citadel was closing when we arrived but we were able to talk our way in for some beautiful pictures. Most of the remainder of the tour was driving around the upscale areas of Amman. I do not recall seeing the Radhadan palace but I may have forgotten. If you are interested in a laid back "tour" of the city with some great food, this would be good for you.


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How many real fights do you see that last longer than 20 seconds? MMA is about 50% matchups, 40% luck and 10% preparation imo. Obviously a guy with a poor ground game and defense will lose toa guy like Couture, but a guy with good striking and defense will kill him. Its all that type of matchup and then the luck that a guy can have with a one hitter or a guy falling down etc...
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Dr Stephens: The Aging Face
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BATON ROUGE - The aging face has been studied for decades. Today, advancements in medicine can help young and old change the way they look and feel about themselves.
Dr. Anthony Stephens shows WBRZ's Rosa Flores how someone with a 'turkey neck,' or with excess skin around the neck, can get the neckline of their dreams.
If you have a question for Dr. Stephens or an idea for an interview topic e-mail us to email@example.com.


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Rua do Campo, 2565-770, Turcifal, Portugal Directions | About Us | Contact Us | +351261960900
Lisbon and airport
Dolce CampoReal Lisbon is located in the Torres Vedras district, 50km to the north of Lisbon. In 20 minutes you can get to airport or to the center of Lisbon, one of Europe's most exciting cities.
Beaches and western region
The region is considered the garden of Portugal and is full of charming villages, historic castles, orchards, and vineyards.
Alternatively, in 20 minutes you can be on the beach of Ericeira and Santa Cruz, walk on the cliffs of the Costa de Prata, or enjoy the medieval town of Obidos just 30 minutes drive from the hotel.
GPS Coordinates - Latitude: 39.03754 - Longitude: 9.23899
AIRPORT TRANSPORTATIONDolce CampoReal Lisbon works with a private transfers enterprise, specialized in tourism that provides transportation to and from Airport. The price depends on the number of persons and luggage and the reservation is based on a 1-day notice. To settle your transfer please contact us at +351 261 960 900.
From 28 to 30 of April, make a reservation at the Dolce CampoReal Lisboa at a special rate.
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Press release from GlobeNewswire (a Nasdaq OMX company)
Buffalo Wild Wings, Inc. to Conduct a Webcast of its Second Quarter 2012 Results
Wednesday, July 11, 2012
Buffalo Wild Wings, Inc. to Conduct a Webcast of its Second Quarter 2012 Results09:00 EDT Wednesday, July 11, 2012MINNEAPOLIS, July 11, 2012 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Buffalo Wild Wings, Inc. (Nasdaq:BWLD), today announced that the Company will conduct a conference call to discuss its second quarter 2012 results on Tuesday, July 24, 2012 at 4:00 p.m. Central Daylight Time. A simultaneous webcast of the call will be available by visiting the investor relations section of the Company's website at www.buffalowildwings.com.Date: July 24, 2012
Time: 4:00 PM CT
Listen via Internet: http://ir.buffalowildwings.com/
Schedule this webcast into MS-Outlook calendar (click open when prompted):
About the Company
Buffalo Wild Wings, Inc., founded in 1982 and headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota, is a growing owner, operator and franchisor of Buffalo Wild Wings Grill & Bar(tm) restaurants featuring a variety of boldly-flavored, made-to-order menu items including its namesake Buffalo, New York-style chicken wings. The Buffalo Wild Wings' menu specializes in 18 mouth-watering signature sauces and seasonings with flavor sensations ranging from Sweet BBQ(tm) to Blazin'(r). Guests enjoy a welcoming neighborhood atmosphere that includes an extensive multi-media system for watching their favorite sporting events. Buffalo Wild Wings is the recipient of hundreds of "Best Wings" and "Best Sports Bar" awards from across the country. There currently 835 Buffalo Wild Wings locations across 48 states in the United States, as well as in Canada.
BWLDCONTACT: Investor Relations Contact:
Mary Twinem -- CFO


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We have a flight booked from Bulawayo to Johannesburg on Air Zim next month and I have recently read about many flights being canceled and extreme disorganization (flights may or may not happen and you may or may not go directly on the route you are booked for). I'm wondering if any of you locals could give me some updated information on this. Our flight from Joburg back to the States leaves the same day as our Bulawayo flight so it is kind of a concern.
JamieD I would suggest you check with your travel agent... See what they have to say... Develop a contact phone number and person... May 16, 2011 Zimbabwe's National Airline Defaults Peta Thornycroft A man poses with a copy of a newspaper containing an advert by airline company Ryanair, which used a photograph of Zimbabwe's President Robert Mugabe to illustrate its comparison of rival easyJet's punctuality with that of Air Zimbabwe, in London (File Photo) Zimbabwe's national airline has been suspended from the International Air Transport Association for failing to pay its dues. Air Zimbabwe, one of Africa's oldest airlines, has other major financial and operational difficulties. Top executives at Air Zimbabwe say they are trying to find about $280,000 from the government to pay the International Air Transport Association so it can resume foreign bookings. The International Air Transport Association has ordered international travel agents to refund foreign travelers with bookings placed with Air Zimbabwe. The airline, founded 47 years ago, has suffered several strikes this year when pilots refused to work until they were paid what they said were outstanding allowances. Several privately owned Zimbabwean newspapers have recently reported Air Zimbabwe is massively overstaffed for its small fleet of aircraft. The airline says its most profitable flight is its twice-weekly Harare to London run, as the airline is the only one in Zimbabwe flying directly to Britain. Most other major airlines pulled out of Zimbabwe under the former ZANU-PF government. Air Zimbabwe chairman Jonathan Kadzura said recently the pilots' strike had hammered Air Zimbabwe's liquidity. Earlier this year, when President Robert Mugabe regularly travelled to Asia for medical treatment, striking pilots were ordered to fly the 87-year-old leader on a charter Air Zimbabwe flight to Johannesburg to catch a connection to Singapore. Mugabe, unlike his colleagues in government, shuns medical treatment in Zimbabwe or South Africa. The Air Zimbabwe board said recently it needs to upgrade the small national fleet, but did not have sufficient funds to do so. Many economic analysts in Zimbabwe say that the airline is a financial drain on the economy and should be privatized. Air Zimbabwe officials in Harare and London say many travelers lost confidence in the airline's reliability after the pilots' strike. But since Zimbabwe's unity government came to power 27 months ago, tourism has revived and many foreign tourists travelled to and around the country with Air Zimbabwe. The airline continues to operate locally and with its Johannesburg to Harare flights. Zimbabwe struggles to raise foreign loans to repair infrastructure devastated under Mugabe's rule, before the unity government was formed. Finance Minister Tendai Biti has said that Zimbabwe has a cash economy, and that he has to run the country on tax revenues, which have slowed this year. The Zimbabwean government is unable to access loans from the International Monetary Fund because it is in arrears and because of U.S. and European sanctions imposed in 2002 after violent elections.
Jamie, This is a link to monitor flights out of SA. Airports Company South Africa Click "live flight information" On the right you can choose International and under airlines Air Zim is listed. Click either arrivals or departures at the top. Seems to be quite a few cancellations. Where did you decide to stay in Victoria Falls? Good luck during your travels.
Jamie Air Zimbabwe angers stranded passengers STAFF REPORTER Disgruntled Air Zimbabwe passengers who were left stranded after their flight was cancelled at the eleventh hour have lashed out at the airline's management for asking them to complete their trips by bus. The irate passengers said Air Zimbabwe management should have organised alternative transport by other airlines or at least apologise for the inconvenience caused. NewsDay was yesterday innundated with telephone calls from disgruntled passengers who were dumped by the airline on Thursday. "We do not expect such shoddy service from the national airline," said one of the callers. "We expect a sound management system in place. As a national airliner, it carries our national pride, but we cannot say so if they offer mediocre services like this. If they are failing they should simply stop or call in private partners. Air Zimbabwe should know that as passengers generate income for the national airline hence they should respect us and not tell us to jump onto the bus." However, Air Zimbabwe acting group chief executive officer Moses Mapanda said they had resolved to limit their flights in and out of Harare because of the Boeing 737s which are grounded but said they always advised their passengers in advance of any cancellations. "We have had to reduce our trips to Johannesburg, Bulawayo and Harare because of shortage of equipment. We do advise our passengers prior to the cancellation. We do communicate with our passengers because of the limited service we are offering," said Mapanda. Mapanda said they however did not book people on buses as alleged. "We contact our clients in advance and we give them three options. The options we offered them were either they are refunded, book on the next flight or we put them on another airline," said Mapanda. "We have a flying time schedule which we have adopted since the Boeing 737 were grounded, otherwise we are flying."
Hi guys, Jamie's wife here. I am the one most concerned about this flight (Jamie is more concerned about his loads).:wink2: I just read about these issues this morning and we do have a call in to our travel agent (she is not at work today). It just seems that we have limited knowledge of what is actually occurring in the States. We are just wondering what the locals have to say about what is occurring in reality. I'm sure if our agent contacted the airlines they would say there is no problem. :biggrin2: As for Victoria Falls, this will all be a surprise. It seems that our outfitter will not make reservations until a few days before we need them. And this all with limited phone service. He claims that many places do not hold to their reservations anyway and so waiting is the best option. Val 24 days until we experience Africa again!
I just did the Bula-Joberg thing up and back, on South African's Airlink flight. No problems so you might check with SAA.
I had a bad experience with Air Zim in May. Following our hunt south of Bulawayo we planned to fly to Vic Falls for a couple of days. We would then fly SAA from Vic Falls to J'burg and home. When we got to the airport for our flight we were advised that it was cancelled. Mechanical problems with their wonderful Chinese aircraft. They told us they couldn't guarantee a flight the next day either. We had no choice but to change our itinerary with SAA to fly back from Bulawayo rather than Vic Falls. SAA dinged us $600 in fees for the change. I am still fighting with Air Zim trying to get a refund for our cancelled flights. I will not book any more flights with Air Zim. One other thing. We originally booked the flight from Bulawayo to Vic Falls for 7 am departure to be at Vic Falls around noon. When we got to the airport we found out that we couldn't to Vic Falls at all that day. We were going to have to overnight in Harare. This outfit is a total disaster. Don't anything you are told in advance. Your booking agent won't have a clue either. Have had nothing but good luck with SAA other than the change fees which I wasn't very happy about.
Jamie, If you have not left you must be close to your departure date. This is a little updated info on Air Zim. The good news is they are lowering their ticket fares. Good luck with with hunt and safe travels. Air Zimbabwe - Cheap Flights | Cheap Deals | Bookings - Air Zimbabwe Flights Due to the strike of Air Zimbabwe pilots, Air Zimbabwe has once again gone through services termination to some of its destinations. Reports states that the company has not paid the salaries of its pilots for the months of June and July which is the reason the pilots has announced their strike against the company. Because of its pilots strike, airline has announced its flights termination from Harare International Airport for the next whole week. Due to flights suspension, Air Zimbabwe Flights feels sorry to its customers for any inconvenience they might be facing. Our customers can call Air Zimbabwe Flights at 0208 432 9581 for any available alternative and information regarding Air Zimbabwe strike.