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SPECIES: Uniola paniculata
SPECIES: Uniola paniculata Introductory
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION : Walsh, Roberta A. 1994. Uniola paniculata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [].
ABBREVIATION : UNIPAN SYNONYMS : NO-ENTRY SCS PLANT CODE : UNPA COMMON NAMES : sea oats TAXONOMY : The currently accepted scientific name of sea oats is Uniola paniculata L. [10,14,29]. It is in the family Poaceae. There are no currently accepted infrataxa. LIFE FORM : Graminoid FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS : No special status OTHER STATUS : NO-ENTRY
SPECIES: Uniola paniculata DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : Sea oats occurs along the mainland coast and barrier islands from Northampton County, Virginia, through Florida [14]. It continues west along the Gulf coast through Texas and south to Tabasco, Mexico [11]. It is also widely distributed in the Bahama islands and occurs on some sandy areas of the northwestern coast of Cuba [2,4,10,21]. ECOSYSTEMS : FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress FRES41 Wet grasslands STATES : AL FL GA LA MS NC SC TX VA MEXICO BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS : NO-ENTRY KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS : K078 Southern cordgrass prairie K090 Live oak - sea oats SAF COVER TYPES : NO-ENTRY SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES : NO-ENTRY HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES : Sea oats is listed as a dominant in the following published classification: Plant communities of Texas (Series level) [25] Besides those listed in the Kuchler Plant Associations, common associates of sea oats include beach purslane (Sesuvium portulacastrum), goatfoot morning glory (Ipomaea pes-caprae), railroad vine (Ipomaea stolonifer), sea rocket (Cakile edentula), evening primrose (Oenothera humifusa), beach spurge (Chamaesyce bombensis), beach sunflower (Helianthus debilis), seashore-elder (Iva imbricata), beach dropseed (Sporobolus virginicus), beach berry (Saevola plumieri), and bay cedar (Suriana maritima) [3,15,23,26].
SPECIES: Uniola paniculata MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE : Cattle graze sea oats [16]. Most sea oats spikelets falling on stable sites (and therefore not rapidly buried by sand) are eaten by birds and mammals [16]. On the east coast of Florida, the oldfield mouse inhabits barrier island dunes. It is found in open habitats of sea oats fore dunes and it feeds on sea oats fruits [15]. On Perdido Key, Florida, ideal habitat for the endangered Perdido Key beach mouse consists of well-developed dunes vegetated with sea oats and other dune grasses. The Perdido Key beach mouse lives in burrows constructed in the dunes. It feeds primarily on seeds of beach herbs, including sea oats, and insects [7]. Marsh rabbits feed on sea oats in the dune areas of the barrier islands of Georgia. Songbirds, especially song sparrows and other fringillids, and red-winged blackbirds are the major consumers of sea oat seeds [16]. PALATABILITY : NO-ENTRY NUTRITIONAL VALUE : Sea oats has essentially no forage value for livestock [9]. COVER VALUE : NO-ENTRY VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES : Sea oats was used in experimental dune building and vegetative stabilization on Timbalier Island, Louisiana, a barrier island which is sand-deficient. Sand fencing was used to stimulate sand accretion on a washover terrace breached in 1979 during a storm surge. Fencing and vegetation planting was begun May 1981, and the site was fertilized in late September 1981. Sea oats was planted in November 1981, between already planted bitter panicum (Panicum amarum). Sea oats had a 25 percent survival rate in May 1982, and a 23 percent survival rate by August 1982. Sand accumulation on the sand-fenced and vegetated areas was substantial over a 3-year period (1981-1984). Without sand fencing vegetation did not cause appreciable vertical accretion of sand [19]. Sea oats is used in Florida to enhance beach stability when lost sand is replaced. Replacement sand is shaped and then planted with sea oats and other pioneer species to begin the dune-building process [28]. OTHER USES AND VALUES : NO-ENTRY OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : Sea oats is an excellent dune builder and sand binder. It thrives in areas where dune building is active [23] and contributes to maintenance of the dune in its position. Sea oats traps windblown sand, forming mounds of sand which increase as the plant responds with increased growth [15]. It possesses an extensive root and rhizome system which produces new growth following sand burial [4]. Sea oats is well adapted to and dominates the most exposed areas of the dune where soil moisture is low. It tolerates drought, salt spray, and rapid sand burial. Maximum leaf elongation occurs at 12.8 percent soil moisture. Stomates close and leaf elongation slows when soil moisture falls below 8.5 percent. Plants do not wilt until soil moisture falls below 1.2 percent. Once drought is relieved, sea oats can recover from very negative water potentials. Excessive soil moisture from a high water table or inundation has a greater negative effect on sea oats growth than does low soil moisture. With waterlogging stress due to a high water table, stomates close and there is reduced biomass production. Inundation of roots for just a few days results in death of the plant [12]. Erosion of dunes is accelerated by grazing. When sand on the windward slope is not anchored by sea oats and other vegetation it is carried over the top by the wind and deposited on the lee side, resulting in migrating or "marching" dunes. When overgrazing results in the loss of dune vegetation and the subsequent loss of the stable dune system, a wide, flat beachfront may develop. Then extremely high storm induced tides may inundate the entire beachfront and erode the older, well-established dune systems protecting the interior, as occurred on Cumberland Island, Georgia in 1971. Grazing has transformed several of the banks in North Carolina into barren islands of shifting sand. Dune damage from grazing has also been reported from South Carolina, Texas, and several islands along the Georgia coast [16]. Vegetation on North Padre Island, Texas, is still recovering from cattle grazing from 1850 to 1971, when it was discontinued [1]. Sea oats is adversely affected when the dunes on which it grows are altered by urban development, by the impact of off-road vehicles on vegetation cover and compaction of soil, and by pollution of adjacent waters by treated and untreated sewage, fertilization, and contaminants from marinas, fish processing plants, and highways [23]. Sea oats was grown under greenhouse conditions in Louisiana dune sand. Addition of the macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium resulted in significantly greater leaf-elongation rates, number of stems, and aboveground biomass than in controls with no additions. However, additions of the micronutrients iron, manganese, copper, and zinc in conjunction with the macronutrients led to reduced leaf elongation and number of stems compared to controls. Micronutrients alone had no positive or negative effects [13]. Sea oats seedlings were outplanted to Miami Beach, Florida, beaches to enhance beach stability. When seedlings were inoculated with vesicular-arbuscular (VAM) fungi there were increases in seedling growth over those that were not inoculated. Root colonization by VAM fungi was higher when the inoculum was already-colonized roots rather than spores alone [28].
SPECIES: Uniola paniculata BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS : Sea oats is a native, perennial, semitropical, rhizomatous C4 grass [12,14]. Culms are stout and 3.3 to 6.6 feet (1-2 m) tall [2,4]. Leaves are both basal and cauline; leaf blades are up to 24 inches (60 cm) long. The inflorescence is a narrow condensed panicle 8 to 20 inches (20-50 cm) long [21]. Spikelets are very flat, 10- to 20-flowered, and 0.6 to 1.2 inches (1.5-3.0 cm) long [2,14]; they disarticulate below the glumes and fall entire. The fruit is a caryopsis [10]. Rhizomes are elongated and extensively creeping [2,14], readily rooting at the nodes when buried by sand [4]. Sea oats develops a dense concentration of surface roots as well as a penetrating system of deep roots [12]. RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM : Hemicryptophyte Geophyte REGENERATION PROCESSES : Sea oats sprouts from rhizomes and from perennating buds at the bases of culms [14]; growth and tillering is stimulated by sand burial [15], and new shoots and roots arise from the nodes of both rhizomes and aerial stems [5]. Sea oats also reproduces by seed [10]. Sea oats is wind pollinated. Florets open and close in the early morning; they open only once. Cross-pollination may be required for sea oats to produce an appreciable number of seeds. The very small sea oats populations on the Louisiana coast west of the Mississippi Delta produce average seed numbers of 0 to 9.53 per culm, depending on the population. Seeds that are produced have high germination rates [11]. Sea oats shows a trend toward lower seed production with decreasing latitude. Seeds from Bogue Bank, North Carolina, produced an average of 2.24 seeds per spikelet, which was about 30 percent of pollinated ovaries; the remaining ovaries aborted. In southern Florida 0.6 seeds per spikelet were found [11]. Sea oats spikelets are rapidly disseminated by wind, and are usually soon buried where sand is accreting [6]. Wind, ocean currents, and animals may disperse seeds to island and mainland beaches [3,15]. In storms, seeds and plant parts can be carried great distances [20]. The cold treatment required to break seed dormancy decreases southward along the range of sea oats, and is nonexistent for the south Atlantic coast Florida populations. Seeds from North Carolina gave optimal germination when cold-layered moist for 30 days at 40 degrees Fahrenheit (4.4 deg C) before being given an alternating thermoperiod (conditions of no light and alternating temperatures of 65 degrees Fahrenheit [18.3 deg C] for 17 hours followed by 95 degrees Fahrenheit [35 deg C] for 7 hours). No cold and/or moist treatment was required for seeds from Louisiana; room temperature treatment gave highest germination, but moist cold (40 degrees Fahrenheit [4.4 deg C]) pretreatment gave rates almost as high. Exposure of seeds to 30 days of dry cold at 40 degrees Fahrenheit (4.4 deg C) adversely affected germination. Louisiana seeds collected October 1981 and tested in April 1982 had germination rates of 78.0 to 88.8 percent under the alternating thermoperiod described above [11]. Seedlings establish during the first growing season and produce extensive tillers by the second season [16]. SITE CHARACTERISTICS : Sea oats is found on upper beaches, dunes, and loose sands near seashores in the southeastern United States [2,4,10,14,15,21,29] but it is seldom found in the forb zone of lower beaches [26]. Sea oats is one of the most important grasses on dunes and continuous dune ridges [15] because it helps build and maintain the sites on which it grows. Sea oats is dominant on the ocean facing part of fore dunes, often dominant at the top of the more stable second dune system, and much less prominent in the depression between the two [1,15,16,23]. This reflects the close zonal relationship of sea oats to the deposition of salt spray. On Bogue Bank, North Carolina, sea oats was dominant where salt spray was greatest. The highest salt concentration was on the windward side of the fore dune; the crest of the rear dune had a somewhat lower concentration, and the depression between the dune systems received much less salt depostion [20]. Sea oats sites have in common exposure to wind, salt spray, storms, drought [1], often deep and shifting sand, and occasional fires and salt water inundation. These unstable habitats suffer wind and water erosion. The soil has low water retaining ability and excellent drainage. Evaporation rates are high due to constant air movement, high temperatures, and full sunlight [20]. Sea oats is found on the Upper Keys of Florida, where sands are of coral origin, and on the Lower Keys which are limestone and have carbonate sands. The Atlantic seaboard beaches and dunes have siliceous sands. Soils of the Gulf Coast islands are fine to medium sand, with almost no organic content. On Cat Island, Texas, the organic content of the soil in the sea oats zone was measured at 0.07 percent [20]. Soils on the Coastal Plain are strongly leached, rich in aluminum and iron oxides, and usually deficient in many nutrients. However, salt spray carries some essential micronutrients to beach and dune plants [13,23]. Sea oats occurs on sands with the following reactions: Bogue Bank, North Carolina, pH 7.4 to 7.9; Jupiter, Florida, pH 7.5; Cat Island, Texas, pH 6.9 [3,20]. Climate in the maritime communities of the southeastern United States is one of mild winters with high humidity and long, hot, humid summers. The July mean temperature is about 81 degrees Fahrenheit (27 deg C). On the Atlantic coast most rainfall occurs during summer and early fall. Rainfall averages over 39 inches (1,000 mm) per year, and in some places considerably more. In Florida, Miami receives 60 inches (1,524 mm) of precipitation annually; Key West receives 38 inches (965 mm); Tortugas receives 33 inches (838 mm). There is a steady decrease in rainfall from Pensacola, Florida, west to Brownsville, Texas, where rainfall is 27 inches (680 mm) per year. October and November are the driest months on the northern and eastern Gulf coast. March is the driest month at Brownsville, Texas [19,20,23]. Soil temperature variation on sea oats sites is greatest in the surface inch of soil. In the early afternoon soil surface temperatures of 125 to 127 degrees Fahrenheit (52-53 deg C) are common in the early afternoon when air temperature is 95 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit (35-38 deg C) [20]. SUCCESSIONAL STATUS : Facultative Seral Species Sea oats is a pioneer species [15]. It spreads locally through vegetative reproduction; it colonizes new areas primarily through seed dispersal [11], but sea oats plant parts can also be dispersed by ocean currents. Of 17 surveyed small islands near Key West, Florida, sea oats had colonized 14 [15]. Sea oats is also a climax species because of its high tolerance for salt spray. Succession in the salt spray community is limited primarily by the intensity of the spray, and does not show the usual climatically controlled pattern [20]. Sea oats is dominant on ocean-facing primary dunes even if the dunes are stable because it tolerates more salt spray than other species. If the shoreline is rising, however, the beach in front of the primary dunes may accrete and new dunes form in front of old ones. Then distance from the ocean to the original dunes will increase, the effect of salt spray will diminish [23], and sea oats may be replaced by other vegetation [16]. Eventually, succession to a climax forest of subtropical mixed hardwood may occur [23]. Rather than rising, most of the shoreline of the southeastern United States is subsiding. On the Gulf coast west of the Mississippi Delta to Texas, the rate of coastal retreat is 3.3 to 164 feet (1-50 m) per year. Sea oats can achieve vegetative lateral spread of 2 to 6 feet (0.6-1.8 m) per year, but this is generally not sufficient to keep pace with the high rate of subsidence. Sea oats is not dominant in this area and is reduced to a few sparse, scattered populations [11]. SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT : Sea oats growing season is May 1 to September 4 on Currituck Bank, North Carolina. The germination period of sea oats seeds there is late May to the middle of June [26]. Spikelets fall from the plant and disperse in late fall and early winter [16]. Sea oats flowers and sets fruit (combined) at the following times: Carolinas June-November [21] Florida central spring-fall [29] panhandle October-November [2] Texas April-November [18,9] General range June-September [4]
SPECIES: Uniola paniculata FIRE ECOLOGY
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS : Sea oats reproduces vegetatively [14]. It probably sprouts from rhizomes after aerial portions are burned. POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY : Rhizomatous herb, rhizome in soil Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community) Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
SPECIES: Uniola paniculata FIRE EFFECTS
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT : Sea oats culms are probably killed by fire. DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT : NO-ENTRY PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE : NO-ENTRY DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE : NO-ENTRY FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : Recurring fires are common to the maritime strand of the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States [20]. Although blowouts, shifting sand, and wandering dunes are characteristic of strands, these phenomena were much accelerated in the past by grazing management practices. On some barrier islands sea oats and other dune grasses were burned off to improve forage. This gave more palatable forage for a brief part of the growing season, but it also reduced the total cover and greatly accelerated the inland movement of sand. On Smith's Island, North Carolina, what was formerly a barren area of shifting small dunes has developed substantial cover because of reduced grazing and elimination of fire [20].
SPECIES: Uniola paniculata REFERENCES
REFERENCES : 1. Carls, E. Glenn; Lonard, Robert I.; Fenn, Dennis B. 1991. Notes on the vegetation and flora of North Padre Island, Texas. Southwestern Naturalist. 36(1): 121-124. [14888] 2. Clewell, Andre F. 1985. Guide to the vascular plants of the Florida Panhandle. Tallahassee, FL: Florida State University Press. 605 p. [13124] 3. Davis, John H., Jr. 1943. The natural features of southern Florida, especially the vegetation, and the Everglades. Geological Bull. No. 25. Tallahassee, FL: State of Florida, Department of Conservation, Florida Geological Survey. 311 p. [17748] 4. Duncan, Wilbur H.; Duncan, Marion B. 1987. The Smithsonian guide to seaside plants of the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts from Louisiana to Massachusetts, exclusive of lower peninsular Florida. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. 409 p. [12906] 5. Eleuterius, Lionel N. 1989. Planting configurations, propagation methods tested for dune plants (Mississippi). Restoration and Management Notes. 7(1): 41-42. [8062] 6. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905] 7. Fleming, Karen; Holler, N. R. 1988. Endangered beach mice repopulate Florida beaches. In: Highlights of natural resources management 1988. Natural Resources Report NPS-NR-89-01. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service: 5-6. [12051] 8. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others]. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998] 9. Gould, Frank W. 1978. Common Texas grasses. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. 267 p. [5035] 10. Gould, Frank W.; Shaw, Robert B. 1983. Grass systematics. 2d ed. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. 397 p. [5667] 11. Hester, Mark W.; Mendelssohn, Irving A. 1987. Seed production and germination response of four Louisiana populations of Uniola paniculata (Gramineae). American Journal of Botany. 74(7): 1093-1101. [21973] 12. Hester, Mark W.; Mendelssohn, Irving A. 1989. Water relations and growth responses of Uniola paniculata (sea oats) to soil moisture and water-table depth. Oecologia. 78(3): 289-296. [21972] 13. Hester, Mark W.; Mendelssohn, Irving A. 1990. Effects of macronutrient and micronutrient additions on phytosynthesis, growth parameters, and leaf nutrient concen. of Uniola paniculata and Panicum amarum. Botanical Gazette. 151(1): 21-29. [14435] 14. Hitchcock, A. S. 1951. Manual of the grasses of the United States. Misc. Publ. No. 200. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Administration. 1051 p. [2nd edition revised by Agnes Chase in two volumes. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.]. [1165] 15. Johnson, Ann F.; Barbour, Michael G. 1990. Dunes and maritime forests. In: Myers, Ronald L.; Ewel, John J., eds. Ecosystems of Florida. Orlando, FL: University of Central Florida Press: 430-480. [17394] 16. Johnson, A. Sydney; Hillestad, Hilburn O.; Shanholtzer, Sheryl Fanning; Shanholtzer, G. Frederick. 1974. An ecological survey of the coastal region of Georgia. Scientific Monograph Series No 3, NPS 116. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. 233 p. [16102] 17. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York: American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384] 18. Lonard, Robert I.; Judd, Frank W. 1989. Phenology of native angiosperms of South Padre Island, Texas. In: Bragg, Thomas B.; Stubbendieck, James, eds. Prairie pioneers: ecology, history and culture: Proceedings, 11th North American prairie conference; 1988 August 7-11; Lincoln, NE. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska: 217-222. [14049] 19. Mendelssohn, Irving A.; Hester, Mark W.; Monteferrante, Frank J.; Talbot, Fay. 1991. Experimental dune building and vegetative stabilization in a sand- deficient barrier island setting on the Louisiana coast, USA. Journal of Coastal Research. 7(1): 137-149. [17761] 20. Oosting, Henry J. 1954. Ecological processes and vegetation of the maritime strand in the southeastern United States. Botanical Review. 20: 226-262. [10730] 21. Radford, Albert E.; Ahles, Harry E.; Bell, C. Ritchie. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. 1183 p. [7606] 22. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843] 23. Stalter, Richard; Odum, William E. 1993. Maritime communities. In: Martin, William H.; Boyce, Stephen G.; Echternacht, Arthur C., eds. Biodiversity of the southeastern United States: Lowland terrestrial communities. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc: 117-163. [22010] 24. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 7 p. [20090] 25. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. 1992. Plant communities of Texas (Series level): February 1992. Austin, TX: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas Natural Heritage Program. 38 p. [20509] 26. Tyndall, R. Wayne; Teramura, Alan H.; Mulchi, Charles L.; Dougalss, Larry W. 1987. Effects of salt spray upon seedling survival, biomass, and distribution on Currituck Bank, North Carolina. Castanea. 52(2): 77-86. [22110] 27. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1982. National list of scientific plant names. Vol. 1. List of plant names. SCS-TP-159. Washington, DC. 416 p. [11573] 28. Will, M. E.; Sylvia, D. M. 1990. Interaction of rhizosphere bacteria, fertilizer, and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with sea oats. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 56(7): 2073-2079. [22876] 29. Wunderlin, Richard P. 1982. Guide to the vascular plants of central Florida. Tampa, FL: University Presses of Florida, University of South Florida. 472 p. [13125]


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No Nuclear Deal Among Six World Powers and Iran
Description:The European Union's top diplomat and Iran's foreign minister say nuclear talks between six world powers and Tehran did not seal a deal. World powers will reconvene on Nov. 20 in Geneva for more talks. (Nov. 9) (1:40)
Source: Associated Press
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LAMP1 (C54H11) Rabbit mAb #3243
Western blot analysis of extracts from HeLa, Neuro2a and COS cells using LAMP1 (C54H11) Antibody.
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LAMP1 (C54H11) Rabbit mAb detects endogenous levels of total LAMP1 protein.
Species Reactivity: Human, Mouse, MonkeySource / Purification
Monoclonal antibody is produced by immunizing animals with a synthetic peptide surrounding Ser140 of human LAMP1.
Lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 and 2 (LAMP1 and LAMP2) are two abundant lysosomal membrane proteins (1,2). Both are transmembrane proteins and are heavily glycosylated at the amino-terminal luminal side of the lysosomal inner leaflet, which protects the proteins from proteolysis (3). The carboxy terminus of LAMP1 is exposed to the cytoplasm and contains a tyrosine sorting motif that targets LAMP to lysosomal membranes (4). LAMP1 and LAMP2 are 37% homologous in their protein sequences. Both LAMP1 and LAMP2 are involved in regulating lysosomal motility during lysosome-phagosome fusion and cholesterol trafficking (5,6).
1. Eskelinen, E.L. et al. (2003) Trends Cell Biol 13, 137-45.
2. Fukuda, M. (1991) J Biol Chem 266, 21327-30.
3. Kundra, R. and Kornfeld, S. (1999) J Biol Chem 274, 31039-46.
4. Rohrer, J. et al. (1996) J Cell Biol 132, 565-76.
5. Huynh, K.K. et al. (2007) EMBO J 26, 313-24.
6. Eskelinen, E.L. et al. (2004) Mol Biol Cell 15, 3132-45.
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Definitions for usss
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United States Secret Service, US Secret Service, USSS, Secret Service, SS(noun)
the United States intelligence agency that protects current and former presidents and vice presidents and their immediate families and protects distinguished foreign visitors; detects and apprehends counterfeiters; suppresses forgery of government securities and documents
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I'm taking part in my first 5k charity run in December. I currently weigh 18 and a half stone. I've dropped 5 stone since June, so there's a bit less of me to cart around than before. I'm doing the Couch to 5k programme for the next 8-10 weeks.
I've got my asics trainers and I'll be buying some waterproofs this week. I'm going to let potential sponsors know about my shenanigans in the next few weeks.
Excited and nervous at the same time.


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Earnings for SAP Software Developers in the United States come in at around $84K per year on average. Location and years of experience each impact pay for this group, with the former having the largest influence. A large number enjoy medical while a fair number get dental coverage. Vision coverage is also available to more than half. Most SAP Software Developers report high levels of job satisfaction. The vast majority of SAP Software Developers (81 percent) who took the survey are men. This snapshot results from replies to PayScale's salary survey.
SAP software developers are in charge of create effective software applications for their company. They are responsible for programming and assembling computer code that facilitates different aspects of the company's functioning. SAP software developers take business needs and convert them into specific components to be defined and understood by the development team. These professionals work closely with other software developers to reach company goals, and they collaborate with other technical teams to create software packages that align with company standards and satisfy customer needs.
Read More...Survey results imply that SAP Software Developers put a diverse skill set to use. Most notably, skills in Oracle, SAP Business Warehouse, SAP ABAP, and SAP Sales and Distribution (SAP SD) are correlated to pay that is above average. Skills that seem to negatively impact pay include Microsoft Office, SQL, and Java. Those educated in SAP ABAP tend to be well versed in SQL.
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The Library
Photosynthetic picoeukaryote community structure in the south east Pacific Ocean encompassing the most oligotrophic waters on Earth
Lepère, Cécile, Vaulot, Daniel and Scanlan, David J. . (2009) Photosynthetic picoeukaryote community structure in the south east Pacific Ocean encompassing the most oligotrophic waters on Earth. Environmental Microbiology, Vol.11 (No.12). pp. 3105-3117. ISSN 1462-2912
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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02015.x
P>Photosynthetic picoeukaryotes (PPEs), comprising organisms < 3 mu m in size, are important primary producers in marine food webs and include representatives from all known algal lineages. Little is known, however, regarding the composition and distribution of PPE communities, particularly at large spatial scales, or in relation to the underlying biotic and abiotic factors that influence this structure. Here, we analysed PPE community structure along a transect in the South East Pacific Ocean (BIOSOPE cruise) that encompassed a large trophic gradient, including hyper-oligotrophic waters in the South Pacific Gyre (SPG), considered to be some of the 'clearest' natural waters on Earth. Using dot blot hybridizations with 16S rRNA oligonucleotide probes, we established that the PPE community was dominated by members of the classes Prymnesiophyceae and Chrysophyceae throughout the transect. Moreover, clone library construction followed by phylogenetic analysis of sequenced clones revealed several novel 16S rRNA gene lineages, including new clades of prymnesiophytes (designated Prym 16S-III) and prasinophytes (Pras 16S-VIII). Pras 16S-VIII was found at all five stations at which clone libraries were constructed, representing a range of trophic conditions, including the South Pacific Gyre, suggesting members of this clade have a broad distribution in this part of the South East Pacific at least. In contrast, Prym 16S-III sequences were largely restricted to oligotrophic stations of the SPG. Subsequent multivariate statistical analyses showed that, within the measured factors, chemical and biological factors seem to influence PPE community structure more than physical parameters. However, more than 50% of the variation in distribution of PPE classes remained unexplained.
Item Type: | Journal Article |
Subjects: | Q Science > QR Microbiology |
Divisions: | Faculty of Science > Life Sciences (2010- ) > Biological Sciences ( -2010) |
Journal or Publication Title: | Environmental Microbiology |
Publisher: | Blackwell |
Official Date: | December 2009 |
Volume: | Vol.11 |
Number: | No.12 |
Number of Pages: | 13 |
Page Range: | pp. 3105-3117 |
Identification Number: | 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02015.x |
Status: | Peer Reviewed |
Publication Status: | Published |
Access rights to Published version: | Restricted or Subscription Access |
Funder: | BIOSOPE cruise (CNRS-INSU LEFE), PICOFUNPAC |
Grant number: | 06-BDIV-013 |
URI: | http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/16686 |
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*Chrislynn Faith -girl
*Remington Lance -boy
Nicknames would be.. (Kiss-girl) & (Remi-boy)
I really like the girl's name. The boy's name is nms at all though.
Nicki(26) & DH(24) - 10/20/2010
Drayven - 03/06/2007, Expecting #2 - 6/2/2013
Little CJ 3/11 MMC 7/10/2014 Rainbow Due May 2015
Proud wife to Mary, 7/24/10
Thrilled mama to Elliott David, 12/24/12
Excitedly awaiting Gummy Bear, EDD 9/30/15!
c + j
d: 6.15.10 ~ b: 3.20.12 ~ m: 6.18.13
♥ love my crazy monsters ♥
i love Faith!
-Laurie- Hug Hor
Trevor Vincent born sleeping @18 wks 7/16/04
Tristan 12/13/05 Sullivan 4/9/07 Meadow 4/10/12 Chelsey(step daughter) 6/8/92
How about Brookopher for a boy? Or if DH is Christian and not Christopher then he could be Brooktion.
Chrislynn is so silly, everyone is going to be aware that it is YOUR child, no need to honor yourselves in a not-even-very-attractive name. Remington Lance sounds so pretentious and like the parents are weapon-crazy. But since there are "no other names" you like from the tens of thousands of names that exist, more power to you....


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Jiménez Sevilla, María del Mar and Granero , A. S. and Moreno, José Pedro (2002) On ω-independence and the Kunen-Shelah property. Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society, 45 (2). pp. 391-395. ISSN 0013-0915
Restringido a Repository staff only hasta 31 December 2020. 557kB |
We prove that spaces with an uncountable omega-independent family fail the Kunen-Shelah property. Actually, if {x(i)}(iis an element ofI) is an uncountable w-independent family, there exists an uncountable subset J.C I such that x(j) is not an element of (conv) over bar({x(i)}(iis an element ofj/{j}) for every j is an element of J. This improves a previous result due to Sersouri, namely that every uncountable omega-independent family contains a convex right-separated subfamily.
Item Type: | Article |
Additional Information: | Supported in part by DGICYT grants PB 97-0240 and BMF2000-0609. |
Uncontrolled Keywords: | ω-independence; non-separable Banach spaces; Kunen–Shelah property |
Subjects: | Sciences > Mathematics > Topology |
ID Code: | 16386 |
References: | C. Finet and G. Godefroy, Biorthogonal systems and big quotient spaces, Contemp. Math. 85 (1989), 87–110. D. H. Fremlin and A. Sersouri, On ω-independence in separable Banach spaces, Q. J. Math. 39 (1988), 323–331. A. S. Granero, M. Jiménez-Sevilla and J. P. Moreno, Convex sets in Banach spaces and a problem of Rolewicz, Studia Math. 129 (1998), 19–29. M. Jiménez-Sevilla and J. P. Moreno, Renorming Banach spaces with the Mazur intersection property, J. Funct. Analysis 144 (1997), 486–504. N. J. Kalton, Independence in separable Banach spaces, Contemp. Math. 85 (1989), 319–323. S. Negrepontis, Banach spaces and topology, in Handbook of set-theoretic topology, pp. 1045–1142 (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1984). R. R. Phelps, Convex functions, monotone operators and differentiability, 2nd edn, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, no. 1364 (Springer, 1993). A. Sersouri, ω-independence in nonseparable Banach spaces, Contemp. Math. 85 (1989), 509–512. S. Shelah, A Banach space with few operators, Israel J. Math. 30 (1978), 181–191. S. Shelah, Uncountable constructions for B.A., e.c. groups and Banach spaces, Israel J. Math. 51 (1985), 273–297. |
Deposited On: | 17 Sep 2012 08:47 |
Last Modified: | 07 Feb 2014 09:28 |
Repository Staff Only: item control page


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CD/LP/Track Review
- The Bechet Legacy - Birch Hall Concerts Live by Nicholas F. Mondello
The Bechet Legacy - Birch Hall Concerts Live
Inner City Records
Track Listing: CD-1: Oh, Lady Be Good; Down in Honky Tonk Town; Coal Cart Blues; Egyptian Fantasy; Lazy Blues; Summertime; The Mooche; Daydream; Si Tu Voi Ma Mare; Dans Le Rue D'Antibes; I Keep Calling Your Name; Sweet Lorraine CD-2: I Let A Song Go Out of My Heart; China Boy; I Got It Bad and That Ain't Good; Just One of Those Things; Polka Dot Stomp; Happiness Is Just A Thing Called Joe; Dear Old Southland; Promenade Aux Champs- Elysees; Georgia Cabin; Memories of You; Swing That Music.
Personnel: Bob Wilber: soprano saxophone, clarinet; Glenn Zottola: trumpet; Mark Shane: piano; Mike Peter: guitar, banjo; Len Skeat: bass; Butch Miles: drums; Pug Horton: vocals.
Record Label: Inner City Records
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Sniper: Ghost Warrior 2 - Limited Edition
by City Interactive
Product description
Sniper: Ghost Warrior 2 - Limited Edition
Takes the bulls-eye precision of its best-selling predecessor to new and exciting heights. Powered by the CryENGINE 3 engine, the missions of Sniper: Ghost Warrior 2 are graphically stunning and more challenging as you once again step into the ghilliesuit of a special ops sniper to take down the enemy.
* Sniper: Ghost Warrior 2 takes all the breathless anticipation, precise controls and skillful fun of sniping and mixes it with stealth and silent elimination play, action scenes, a co-operative move playbook
* Night vision and thermo vision goggles to use in limited visibility situations
* Vehicle sections are a new addition to the Sniper series
* Multiple and varied locations including urban, jungle, mountain and tundra environments
Product specifications
Sniper: Ghost Warrior 2 - Limited Edition
Product ID | A4D9PZ |
Publisher | City Interactive |
Title | Sniper: Ghost Warrior 2 - Limited Edition |
Release date | March 15, 2013 |
Platform | PC |
Department | Games and consoles |
Gender | Male |
Genre | First Person Shooter, Stealth, Action |
Pack language | |
Type | Game |
Game language |


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A discrete uniform distribution is one that has a finite number of equally spaced and equally likely outcomes. In other words, each of n values has an equal chance (1/n) of occurring. A classic example of a discrete uniform distribution is the rolling of a die. Each of the six numbers is equally likely to come up with a 1/6 chance. If the set in a discrete uniform distribution is restricted to the positive integers 1,2,…,n, then the mean of the distribution equals and the variance equals .
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Type: | Trad, TR, 1 pitch, 90' |
Consensus: | YDS: 5.9+ French: 5c Ewbanks: 17 UIAA: VI ZA: 17 British: E1 5a [details] |
Season: | Year Round |
Page Views: | 737 |
Submitted By: | cuclimbing on Mar 25, 2008 |
Comments on Banana Splits | Add Comment |
Show which comments —
By Karl Kiser Apr 2, 2008 |
This climb had two anchors in the old days. One on the ledge below the wide crack and one at the top. The bolts are more than 30 years old and should be replaced. We called this 5.9. The protection is reasonable. |
By cuclimbing From: Las Cruces Apr 6, 2008 |
Trad is pretty safe. Like you said, those hangers are old. If the consensus is 5.9, I'll change it. Happy climbing! |
By Matt Baker From: Portland, OR Dec 27, 2011 |
Climbed this climb today. Was pretty fun, rock quality was not great but to be expected at La Cueva. I would not trust those anchor bolts at all, they are old 1/4 inchers and someone has driven in a nail (back-up?) into the rock next to them. I was able to set up a good anchor in a crack way back. |
By Jorge Achata From: Lima, Peru Jul 21, 2013 |
Did this route with Steve Roach yesterday, it was a lot of fun. Steve led it into the offwidth and chimney his way up out to the anchors. The moves into the crack can be protected with a couple large cams (#5-6), though large hexes or big bros would fair better. There's a placement for a medium stopper (#6?) inside the crack too, about half way up. We think this variation is more of a 5.10b. The anchors are still the original 1/4 inch spinners, we left slings and a fixed stopper to back them up. The bolts need to be replaced, so don't remove the stopper. |
By Jorge Achata From: Lima, Peru Oct 21, 2013 |
We have two brand new bolts for anchors on this route now. Thanks Steve! |


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Location: On the anterior aspect of the lower leg, 6 cun below ST 35, one finger-breadth (middle finger) from the anterior crest of the tibia.
Classification: Lower He-Sea point of the Large Intestine Meridian Point of the Sea of Blood
Functions: Regulates the intestines and the Stomach and Spleen, resolves Damp-Heat (alleviates dysentery and diarrhea), relieves pain.
Needling: Perpendicular insertion 1.0 - 1.5 cun.
Abundant Energy Digestion Formula
Promotes a Strong and Healthy Digestion System
High Performance
An Energy 'Chi' Formula for Optimal Operation of the Body
Five Elements Health Formula
A Whole Body Tune-Up
The Tao of Nutrition By Maoshing Ni
The Path to Good Nutrition and Health
Self-Healing Chi Gong
Strengthen & Balance the Mind and Body


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My kind of people!
Printable View
Bring the kids too. Regardless of all the cheap talk that's been floating around, ahem, it was a family friendly event. My girls really enjoyed meeting everyone and hanging out too. Thankfully they got bored at the tie up after about 10 minutes so we missed most of the crazy stuff.
If I'm there next year and any of those Pacific NW guys show I want to see some serious quality microbrew offerings. Their reputation is on the line.
It was easy to miss all the shenanigans if you wanted to and I would be pretty darn surprised if someone like that showed up again next year.
I don't really care a whole lot for having the tie ups, I just wanted to get a group picture all tied up. I am more of a board, tie up for lunch, then board some more kind of person.
And yes, next year we are shooting for less shenanigans. you really had to be awake late to see most of it and looking for it. not really sure what that says about us who witnessed it though
Idk Dave, I know I was up every morning at 7 goto town get my coffee and was on the water by 8 lol but I was generally in bed by 12
I can vouch for this, he was with us most mornings.
I don't want people to get the wrong impression either, I had my teenage daughters there and everyone we hung out with was fantastic. To me it was a family friendly event and we will definitely be back next year. The tie up wasn't bad either, just like David said, not really our thing. At that point we'd been on the water most of the day and were ready for a shower and some food. That was after 3 days of boating for us since we started on Thursday and we were all wiped out. I think my wife and oldest daughter were asleep before the tie up broke up, lol.
That said, it's not a truly great event unless you've got some crazy, memorable stories to tell. When David gets to be my age he'll still be laughing about this year.
Hey easy on the cheap beer shots LOL
Pretty hard to get PW beer down to the event, you cant take it on the plane, me and B didnt check in luggage LOL.
Hell i got searched for having a pack of gum in my pocket in my shorts in Portland, cant even imagine what that would have done with a case of beer packed in my bag LOL
Maybe if we plan it right we can mail some brew down there but IDK someone might drink it LOL
As for the event, i think it was very family oriented, and honestly it wasnt untill the tie up and that one 242 that things went astray.
As for Ron, im very honored and happy that i was allowed to cruize with you and your family, i really enjoyed being on your boat and meeting all your ladies. You sir are a blessed man.


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Tee Salinas has been the basketball manager for the North Oldham High School basketball team since he was in sixth grade, but on Friday night, the senior will take the court for the first time.
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What is the diameter of the shade? I need something in this shape 20 + inches. Can you help?
Very nice, small pendant fixture. Attractive and offers good light. Would buy again.
Nuvo Vanguard 3-light Flemish Gold Pendant
The 1940's are back with a hint of today. Finished in flemish gold and complimented by gold washed alabaster swirl glass, the Vanguard 3-light pendant makes a beautiful and timeless addition to any room.
- Details
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The 1940's are back with a hint of today. Finished in flemish gold and complimented by gold washed alabaster swirl glass, the Vanguard 3-light pendant makes a beautiful and timeless addition to any room.- Includes 48 inches of chain
- Setting: Indoor
- Fixture finish: Flemish gold
- Shade: Gold washed alabaster swirl glass
- Number of lights: 3
- Requires three (3) 60-watt incandescent medium base bulbs (Not Included)
- Dimensions: 24 inches high x 16 inches in diameter
- CUL rating: Dry
This fixture does need to be hard wired. Professional installation is recommended.
All measurements are approximate and may vary slightly from listed information
Features | |
Material | Glass Metal |
Number of Light | 3 Lights |
Switch Type | Hardwired |
Assembly | Assembly Required |
Bulb Wattage | 60 W |
Ceiling Light Fixture Type | Pendant |
Light Bulb Type | Incandescent |
Light Direction | Downlight |
Lighting Style | Traditional |
Lighting Type | Pendants |
Product Features | UL Listed |
Dimensions | 24 inches high x 16 inches in diameter |
Warranty | 2 year Manufacturer |
Materials | Metal and glass |
Model Number | 60/168 |
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Nice little fill-in lamp Very nice, small pendant fixture. Attractive and offers good light. Would buy again.
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great addition to my dining room this replaces my old light..adds updated yet retro look to the room color is perfect with my pumpkin walls I put 40 watt bulbs in and the light is lovely
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Questions & Answers
Hello jfe1. Thank you for your question regarding the Nuvo Vanguard 3-light Flemish Gold Pendant. Unfortunately, that shade is 16" diameter, but I did find one for you to look at that is 20" diameter. It is item #14474385. I hope this answer helps you, thanks for shopping with us.
What is the weight of this product?
Thank you for your interest. The shipping weight of this item is 12 pounds. Please feel free to contact us again with any further questions.
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Whether you are building your dream house or just sprucing up your current home, a chandelier is a great way to add ambiance and decoration to a room. Chandeliers and pendants aren't just for formal dining rooms. The right chandelier can look great in any room. Although chandeliers come in a wide variety of styles, let's start with the top five.
Tips on Storing Pendants
A collection of pendants is at the heart of most women's jewelry collections. A diamond-covered kitten pendant, a heart-shaped gold locket and a birthstone solitaire necklace shouldn't be strewn across your dresser with your sterling silver rings and beaded earrings. Storing your pendants properly is the best way to make sure that you'll wear them, getting the most out of your jewelry investment. Use these jewelry storage tips to keep your pendants and necklaces organized.
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Make your kitchen a warm, comfortable room with the right lighting and ceiling fans. Since you spend a lot of time in your kitchen preparing and eating meals together with your family, you'll want this type of home lighting to be bright enough to see ingredients but cozy enough to make this room a fun gathering place. Whether you want kitchen ceiling lights to save space or kitchen pendant lights that add a bit of color and style to the room, the following tips will help you to find kitchen lighting that works well in your home. Read on for tips on buying light fixtures for your kitchen.
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Necklaces add interest to your outfits and draw attention to your face. There are many different types of necklaces and a myriad of styles in every category, including pendants and strands. This might leave you wondering which to add to your collection. Or maybe you have a jewelry wardrobe full of necklaces and are looking for tips to help you put them with the right outfits. Once you understand the differences, you'll be able to choose the right one to wear with every outfit.
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"Noonan didn't buy any of it."
Then gives her probation. For stealing $14,000.00.
People that steal $100.00 from Walmart get worse. Not saying that they should not be punished - and harshly - but Case was convicted on these charges twice by two separate juries and STILL refuses to accept responsibility for her actions.


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Don't Hold The Anything Breakfast Bread Pudding
Author Notes: You know how at breakfast you order waffles and sausage and as you are happily dragging everything through maple syrup one of your pals digs into their eggs and you think "I LOVE eggs" then someone else is eating cheesy blintzes and you're all "Oh man I would really like a cheesy blintz" - then you are reduced to mooching bites off everyone and they may not actually want to share ... well here is problem solved. Everything you ever wanted in breakfast in one soft in the middle crunchy on top sweet and savory breafast bonanza. Another plus - you assemble the night before so in the morning just pop it in the oven, get the orange juice glasses chilling and then go walk the dog, do some yoga, run a load of wash, drink too much coffee and breath in the aroma. This is a buxom lass that won't be rushed, she takes a rather long time to bake so keep busy! Or I guess you could go back to bed for ahwile. - aargersi
Food52 Review: You'll never have to worry about picking sweet or savory at breakfast again. This bread pudding combines the best of both worlds into a delicious, easy-to-make breakfast. It's a balance of sweet and savory wrapped into one delicious, rich package. Feel free to play around with the cream cheese and sage to get it just right for your tastes - Stephanie Bourgeois
Serves one 9x9 behemoth
- 1 pound pork sausage
- 6 cups cut up french bread - about 1/2" - I sliced then hand tear the slices
- 3 cups milk
- 8 eggs
- 1/2 teaspoon salt
- 1 teaspoon black pepper
- 4 sage leaves
- 4 ounces cream cheese
- 1/4 cup maple syrup
- 2 teaspoons maple sugar
- butter for the pan
- The night before - cook the pork sausage until it is nicely browned (if it's in links, remove the casing)
- Mince the sage and toss it with your torn up bread in a large bowl.
- Whisk together the eggs, milk, salt and pepper, then pour it over the bread. Stir it around several times, let it sit, stir again. Butter a 9x9 baking dish. Stir the bread again. Most of the liquid should be absorbed. Spread half of the bread mixture in the bottom of the baking dish. Use a slotted spoon to remove the sausage from its pan and spread it over the bread. Now dot the cream cheese in with the sausage. Top with the remaining bread and pour any unabsorbed custard over the top. Cover and stick it in the fridge.
- Go to bed. Wake up. Pull the pudding out of the fridge and drizzle the maple syrup over it, then sprinkle the maple sugar. Put it into the oven and turn the heat to 350. Go do stuff (see head note) because this is gonna take awhile - it will turn dark golden brown and crunchy on top and puff up into a nice dome (buxom, remember?) mine took an hour and 20 minutes.
- Let it rest for a little bit - then dig in. Cold OJ is great alongside!
- This recipe is a Community Pick!
- This recipe was entered in the contest for Your Best Breakfast Baked Good
- This recipe was entered in the contest for Your Best Maple Recipe
- This recipe was entered in the contest for Your Best Holiday Breakfast II
Not Your Average (Garlic Cheddar) Biscuit
Yes, you need another biscuit recipe.
Why You Need Yet Another Biscuit Recipe.
Fresh beer, anywhere.
9 Ways to Celebrate the Royal Baby
What to Do With Marjoram
Go play outside!
Comments (32) Questions (4)
4 months ago Kelly Karp
I made this for Christmas morning breakfast - made it the night before and baked in the morning. It was simple and delish. Will be making it again, and probably trying variations to include veggies. Thanks for the recipe!
6 months ago Stacy
If at all possible wait for this to get really crisp in the oven. So worth it! Will be making again.
almost 2 years ago dani
I made this for a baby shower yesterday. Everyone said it was the best dish served and it was! Thanks Abby. It was delish!
over 2 years ago lksugarman
Okay! I used gluten-free whole grain Udi's hamburger buns, substituted bacon, and added blackberries. Yum! Should've toasted the buns first, but still really great. Oh, and I used a combination of butter and bacon grease on the dish. Another yum!
over 2 years ago Ambitious
I ALWAYS have this problem at breakfast - sweet or salty? I can't wait to make this. :)
over 2 years ago TheLearningCook
I made this for a staff meeting and it was a big hit. =)
over 2 years ago
Abbie is a trusted source on General Cooking.
I am so pleased! A nip is in the air - the season for this is for sure coming back around even in the Southwest!!
about 3 years ago wssmom
So glad to see this here!! Love ....
over 3 years ago
hardlikearmour is a trusted home cook.
This is seriously fantastic! Perfect balance of sweet and savory that makes it impossible not to eat too much. Thanks, aargersi!
over 3 years ago arielleclementine
this is the most insanely delicious food every created! abbie is a super genius.
over 3 years ago LE BEC FIN
Aside from your recipe, i LOVE your recipe title! Great titles are an art form in and of themselves, you clever girl!
over 3 years ago Southern Soup Kitchen
Made this for Christmas morning breakfast. Absolutely fabulous!
over 3 years ago kumalavula
made this for a new year's day brunch and it disappeared quickly. everyone loved it. i agree with the other comments posted here- it's every flavor you'd want for breakfast wrapped under a nice sugary crust.
over 3 years ago stephenzr
Looks delicious. This will fix my sweet tooth but limit my blood sugar spike! Just added it to my 4teaspoons account to try.
over 3 years ago JadeTree
Thanks for the great Christmast breakfast! There were glances askance at the maple syrup but the sweet, crisp crust over the puffy yet creamy eggs and sausage won everyone over. Put in much more sage since my leaves were quite puny but to great effect. This may turn up again for New Year's breakfast, by resounding request.
over 3 years ago SurvivingMyKitchen
I made this with a gluten-free baguette and sprinkled the top with demerrara (sp?) sugar. It turned out AMAZING!!! We couldn't stop eating it! Thanks so much for a great recipe. Merry Christmas!
over 3 years ago NM Expats
What??? No bacon???
over 3 years ago
Emily is a trusted source on Scandinavian Cuisine.
Yay! I knew this was going to be an EP! CP...whatever they are these days!
over 3 years ago gingerroot
Wow!! Pork sausage and maple syrup and sage and cream cheese and custard...this sounds seriously delicious.
over 3 years ago nannydeb
Yummy! I'll make this on Saturday. I have some CM frozen waffles that came free with something that I'll use instead of bread...
over 3 years ago TheWimpyVegetarian
I love everything about this too! It the perfect holiday breakfast, but I'm not sure I'll wait that long to make it....
over 3 years ago
Abbie is a trusted source on General Cooking.
Thanks everyone! Turns out it makes for good leftovers too!!!
over 3 years ago
Cynthia is a trusted source on Bread/Baking.
Love everything about it, and wish I had a plateful right now.
over 3 years ago lapadia
over 3 years ago Bevi
This is untopable!
over 3 years ago
Barbara is a trusted source on General Cooking.
over. the.top. you're amazing.
over 3 years ago
Emily is a trusted source on Scandinavian Cuisine.
That is exactly what happens to me at breakfast!!!! I. Love. This.
over 3 years ago
Suzanne is a trusted source on General Cooking.
Holy Cow, this has something for everyone, love it!
over 3 years ago
hardlikearmour is a trusted home cook.
Yum! When my husband and I go out for breakfast/brunch one of us orders sweet and one of us orders savory and we share. This sounds like a perfect combo of both! Could I use cane sugar instead of maple sugar, and what would be the conversion??
over 3 years ago
Abbie is a trusted source on General Cooking.
Sure - it's just for a crunchy sweet sprinkle on top ... I also thought about breaking up maple sugar candies on top but I couldn't find any. Turbinado or demarerra (spelling?) would also be good. Even plain ole brown sugar.
over 3 years ago
Mrs. Larkin is a trusted source on Baking.
Holy moly. It's everything I love crammed into a baking dish. i was half-expecting a little duck fat shmeared in there somewhere, but no worries. This'll do quite nicely.
over 3 years ago
Abbie is a trusted source on General Cooking.
Oh I should have duck-fatted the pan instead of buttering it. If you want to see unusual use of duck fat check out my Orange Daffy Snaps :-)


text:
Place of Origin: |
Shandong China (Mainland)
Type: |
Flavoring Agents
Brand Name: |
Model Number: |
Color: |
Milk coffee
Shelf life: |
12 months
Appearance: |
Aroma: |
Roast beef
Lead time: |
About 15 days
Packaging Detail: | Powder form: 20kg/ carton( 10kg* 2bags) Liquid form: 12kg/ carton( 1kg* 12drums) Paste form: 18kg/ drum |
Delivery Detail: | About 15 days against receipt of the deposit |
powdered beef flavor S2181 used in seasoning
1.Professional and mature R&D team, Application team
2.Manufacturer of flavor
powdered beef flavor S2181 used in seasoning
Product name and Model: Beef flavor S2181
Property: Milk coffee color, powder. The roast flavor is strong and pleasant; the body note is rich in meat taste, long-lasting and highly explosive.It tastes in strong roast flavor, body note is perfect combination of three flavors of fresh flavor, roast flavor and meat flavor.
Specification: 1kg×20bags; 10kg×2bags.
Net weight:20kg
Applications : widely used in meat products, powder sachet of instant noodles, seasoning sachet of precooked noodles, compound seasonings, bakery etc.
1)Meat products: low temperature sausage:
2)Powder sachet of instant noodles:
3)Seasoning sachet of precooked noodles:
4)Compound seasonings :
Usage: mixed with other materials before adding in food
Production licence : XK13-217-00063
Storage and shelf life: Under ventilated ,dry and cool condition for 12months
1) Stored below the temperature of 25°C, keep in cool and dry conditions, be prohibited to transport or stored with harmful ,poisonous goods or with strong irritation smell.
2) Please use it as soon as possible after opening, if you can not use it out at one time, please keep the left sealed in time from deterioration.
3) There might be dark in color or slight clumped in shelf life .It belongs to normal phenomenon and will not affect the flavor of the products. You can use it normally after shaking or sieving.
4)The product belongs to food additive and inedible directly .
Origin:Jining Shandong China.
Shandong Tianbo Food Ingredients Co., Ltd. is under Nature Group, which owns two factories until now. One is Tianbo, and another is Jining Nature Foods Co., Ltd., which is a separated Halal factory.
Shandong Tianbo Food Ingredients Co., Ltd. is one of largest savoury flavor manufacturers in China and its brands of Tianbo and Tianzheng are very famous in food industry. There are 6 series and more than 500 kinds of products in our company, such as pure meat powder, millard reaction flavors, meat essential oil, natural spices, spice essential oil and compound seasonings etc. We can customize to produce new characteristic product for our customers and continously provide suggestions on production innovation according to international trend. Our production capacity for different food ingredients is above 20,000 tons per year and we are the largest R&D and production base which produce wide varieties of food ingredients with good quality in Asia.
We have strong technology strength and advantages. Until now we establish good relationship with several universities and devote to transformation of scientific research achievement and core products developemnt. There are more than 10 project proposals in our company per year and we undertake. The government science and technology plan project for many times and got honors of technology progress award, technology innovation model enterprise etc. We got gold awards and silver awards of China condiments and food ingredients expo continously for 5 years.
Technical Strength:
Our normal packaging is:
Powder form: 20kg/ carton( 10kg* 2bags)
Liquid form: 12kg/ carton( 1kg* 12drums)
Paste form: 18kg/ drum


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Chicago moved within one game of the first-place Houston Astros in the National League Central and moved within 2 1/2 of the Florida Marlins for the wild card. Prior has eight of the 20 wins recorded by Chicago starters since the start of August.
Prior (16-6) gave up just two runs and six hits while walking one. The 23-year-old righthander was denied a chance at his fourth complete game of the season after allowing an RBI double to Matt Watson with two outs in the ninth..
It was the 534th career home run for Sosa, who tied Hall of Famer Jimmie Foxx for 11th place all time. Sosa reached 35 homers for the ninth consecutive season.


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By Emily Gubler
This week I spoke with Marcelo Ferreira, the Emergency Management Coordinator with the Boulder Office of Emergency Management (OEM), who helped me understand how the OEM helps coordinate disaster response and recovery efforts.
Marcelo started by explaining that the definition of disaster management is much broader than only the actual event. It includes pre- and post-disaster activities.
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Well, it's official; after months of volunteer hours by the Housing Recovery Task Force, dozens of public meetings, design charets, letters to the editor, campaigns for and against, door-knocking, walk-abouts through Bohn Park, and all the discourse on social media, in the words of Mayor John O'Brien, "The people have spoken." And, according to officials at
What a mess! Does the left hand even know what the right hand is doing? It didn't appear to be the case Monday night at the Board of Trustees (BOT) meeting.
On the agenda was the approval of a license for a recreational retail marijuana grow operation, the first reading of an ordinance to impose a
The "dog days" of summer usually arrive in August, but in Lyons they get here a little bit earlier. On Fridays, during the entire month of April, Lyons residents who are also dog owners (or caretakers if you prefer, after all this is Boulder County) will be able to take advantage of discounts being offered for dog licenses by the Town of Lyons.
Shirley F. Johnson Council Chamber
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In the Interest of Raymond J. Voisine | |
Supreme Court No. 20120325 | |
Jonathan R. Byers #04583 | |
Assistant Attorney General | |
Office of Attorney General | |
600 East Boulevard Avenue, Department 125 | |
Bismarck, ND 58505-0040 | |
(701) 328-2210 | |
Attorney for the State of North Dakota, Appellee | |
Page | ||
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES | ii | |
A. | Prong 1: Voisine has a conviction for Gross Sexual Imposition which, by itself, establishes that Voisine previously engaged in sexually predatory conduct. | 3 |
B. | Prong 2: The Trial Court's finding that the testimony of Dr. Robert Lisota was persuasive is not clearly erroneous. | 5 |
C. | Prong 3: The Trial Court's finding that Voisine is likely to engage in further acts of sexually predatory conduct is not clearly erroneous | 8 |
D. | Prong 4: The Trial Court's finding that Voisine has serious difficulty controlling his behavior is not clearly erroneous | 10 |
CASES | Page | |
Anderson v. Heinze, | ||
2002 ND 60, 643 N.W.2d 24 | 10 | |
In the Interest of Voisine, | ||
2010 ND 241, 795 N.W.2d 38 | 2 | |
Interest of G.L.D., | ||
2011 ND 52, 795 N.W.2d 346 | 7 | |
Interest of L.D.M., | ||
2011 ND 25, 793 N.W.2d 778 | 10 | |
Interest of P.F., | ||
2006 ND 82, 712 N.W.2d 610 | 5 | |
Kansas v. Crane, | ||
Matter of A.M., | ||
2009 ND 104, 766 N.W.2d 437 | 5, 7 | |
Matter of A.M., | ||
2010 ND 163, 787 N.W.2d 752 | 7 | |
Matter of Barrera, | ||
2008 ND 25, 744 N.W.2d 744 | 6 | |
Matter of G.R.H., | ||
2006 ND 56, 711 N.W.2d 587 | 3, 5, 8 | |
Matter of G.R.H., | ||
2008 ND 222, 758 N.W.2d 719 | 3 | |
Matter of Hanenberg, | ||
2010 ND 08, 777 N.W.2d 62 | 7 | |
Matter of Hehn, | ||
2008 ND 36, 745 N.W.2d 631 | 5, 7, 10 | |
Matter of J.T.N., | ||
2011 ND 231, 807 N.W.2d 570 | 7, 10 | |
Matter of M.D., | ||
2008 ND 208, 757 N.W.2d 559 | 8 | |
Matter of R.A.S., | ||
2009 ND 101, 766 N.W.2d 712 | 7 | |
Matter of T.O., | ||
2009 ND 209, 776 N.W.2d 47 | 7 | |
Matter of Vantreece, | ||
2009 ND 152, 771 N.W.2d 585 | 3, 7 | |
Matter of Voisine, | ||
2010 ND 17, 777 N.W.2d 908 | 1, 2 | |
Matter of Wolff, | ||
2011 ND 76, 796 N.W.2d 644 | 7, 8, 11 | |
Murchison v. State, | ||
1998 ND 96, 578 N.W.2d 514 | 10 | |
N.D.C.C. ch. 29-32.1 | 3 | |
The following facts are set out in Matter of Voisine, 2010 ND 17, 777 N.W.2d 908:
[¶2] Voisine is a (69)-year-old male with four adult children, R.V., P.P., H.M. and L.K. In 2003, an officer with the North Dakota Bureau of Criminal Investigation executed a search warrant on Voisine's home for an unrelated firearms charge. During the search, the officer found sexually explicit photographs under the pillow on Voisine's bed. The photographs pictured H.M., one of Voisine's three adult daughters. DNA analysis was performed and established with over 99.99 percent certainty that Voisine fathered two children with H.M.
[¶3] In light of Voisine's incestuous relations, interviews were conducted with his acquaintances. Voisine's grandson reported that when he was 6 or 7 years old, he was forced to stroke Voisine's penis for 5 to 10 minutes. The ex-husband of H.M. reported that Voisine threatened him with a firearm and fathered a child with P.P., Voisine's adult daughter. Voisine's ex-wife reported that Voisine beat and threatened her while they were married. The current boyfriend of Voisine's ex-wife reported that Voisine's children were sexually abused when they were minors. Voisine's daughter, L.K., reported that she was born to a 17-year-old mother who was impregnated by a 34-year-old Voisine. L.K. also reported that Voisine physically abused her when she was young and that she once walked in on Voisine unzipping his pants behind a naked and bent-over H.M. L.K. later denied stating H.M. was naked.
[¶4] Following the investigation, Voisine was charged with gross sexual imposition for sexual contact with his 6- or 7-year-old grandson and with promoting obscenity to a minor for allegedly showing pornography to a second, 9- or 10-year-old grandson who was also Voisine's son. Voisine pled guilty to gross sexual imposition, and the promotion of obscenity charge was dismissed. He was incarcerated, and upon his release in 2008, the State petitioned to commit him as a sexually dangerous individual. The State alleged that in addition to the sexual contact underlying Voisine's gross sexual imposition conviction, that Voisine sired three children with two of his daughters, that Voisine sexually abused his daughters as minors, that Voisine conceived a child with a 16-year-old girl in Maine and that Voisine promoted obscenity to a minor by showing pornography to his 9- or 10-year-old grandson/son.
Voisine, 2010 ND 17, ¶¶ 2-4.
Dr. Lynne Sullivan, a psychologist at the North Dakota State Hospital and Dr. Edward Kelly, a forensic scientist for Voisine evaluated Voisine. Following a preliminary hearing and commitment hearing, Judge Robert Wefald ordered that Voisine be committed for treatment as a sexually dangerous individual. Voisine appealed, and this Court reversed and remanded the case back to the trial court for further proceedings and findings. Matter of Voisine, 2010 ND 17, ¶ 15, 777 N.W.2d 908. Upon remand, the trial court conducted an additional hearing, issued findings consistent with this Court's opinion, and ordered the continued commitment of Voisine as a sexually dangerous individual. Voisine appealed, and this Court summarily affirmed the order of commitment. In the Interest of Voisine, 2010 ND 241, 795 N.W.2d 38.
At the time for his annual review, Voisine again petitioned for discharge. Dr. Robert Lisota conducted the evaluation for the North Dakota State Hospital. Dr. Stacy Benson was appointed as Voisine's independent evaluator. A hearing was held on February 22, 2012, before the Honorable Sonna Anderson. Both experts testified and their reports were accepted as evidence. Following the hearing, Judge Anderson entered an order for the continued commitment of Raymond Voisine as a sexually dangerous individual. (Appendix pp. 61-66.) This appeal followed.
The North Dakota Supreme Court reviews civil commitments of sexually dangerous individuals under a modified clearly erroneous standard in which the Court will affirm a district court's order "unless it is induced by an erroneous view of the law or we are firmly convinced [the order] is not supported by clear and convincing evidence." Matter of Vantreece, 2009 ND 152, ¶ 4, 771 N.W.2d 585 (quoting Matter of G.R.H., 2008 ND 222, ¶ 7, 758 N.W.2d 719.)
N.D.C.C. § 25-03.3-01(8) defines a "sexually dangerous individual" to mean "an individual who is shown to have engaged in sexually predatory conduct and who has a congenital or acquired condition that is manifested by a sexual disorder, a personality disorder, or other mental disorder or dysfunction that makes that individual likely to engage in further acts of sexually predatory conduct which constitute a danger to the physical or mental health or safety of others." See Matter of Vantreece, 2009 ND 152, ¶ 6, 771 N.W.2d 585; Matter of G.R.H., 2006 ND 56, ¶ 6, 711 N.W.2d 587.
A. Prong 1: Voisine has a conviction for Gross Sexual Imposition which, by itself, shows that Voisine previously engaged in sexually predatory conduct.
N.D.C.C. § 25-03.3-01(9) defines "sexually predatory conduct," in part, to mean:
a. Engaging or attempting to engage in a sexual act or sexual contact with another individual, or causing or attempting to cause another individual to engage in a sexual act or sexual contact, if:
(1) The victim is compelled to submit by force or by threat of imminent death, serious bodily injury, or kidnapping directed toward the victim or any human being, or the victim is compelled to submit by any threat that would render an individual of reasonable firmness incapable of resisting;
(4) The victim is less than fifteen years old;
(7) The victim is a minor and the actor is an adult; or
b. Engaging in or attempting to engage in sexual contact with another individual or causing or attempting to cause another individual to have sexual contact, if:
(1) The actor knows or should have known that the contact is offensive to the victim; or
(2) The victim is a minor, fifteen years of age or older, and the actor is the minor's parent, guardian, or is otherwise responsible for general supervision of the victim's welfare.
Not only does Voisine have a conviction which satisfies the requirements of subsection (a)(4) above, he testified at the original preliminary hearing that he committed the offense. (Hearing on remand, p. 19, lines 11-21.) Voisine cannot collaterally challenge the validity of his criminal conviction for GSI in the present civil commitment proceeding when he has never successfully challenged the conviction itself (he only challenged his probation revocation) in the criminal case or in chapter 29-32.1 post conviction proceedings.
All sexually predatory conduct may be considered in an analysis under N.D.C.C. § 25-03.3-01(8), including conduct not resulting in a charge or conviction. Matter of A.M., 2009 ND 104, ¶ 10, 766 N.W.2d 437 (citing G.R.H. at ¶ 7; Interest of P.F., 2006 ND 82, ¶ 20, 712 N.W.2d 610).
The State presented other evidence of sexually predatory conduct. DNA evidence shows Voisine fathered a child with a girl who was 17 years old when the baby was born. (App. pp. 37-39, Trans. 62-64.) Although Voisine previously denied fathering the child, L.K., once the DNA evidence was in, he then admitted L.K. was his child. (Hearing on remand, pp. 13, lines 15-19.) Contrary to his post-DNA statements, Voisine had previously admitted L.K.'s mother had moved into his home at age 17, already pregnant. (Hearing on remand, pp. 18, lines 2-18).
There was clear and convincing evidence Voisine had committed sexually predatory conduct. Both experts agreed this was the case, and Voisine did not contest this issue at the annual review hearing. It was not clearly erroneous for the District Court to find the first requirement of the statute had been satisfied.
B. Prong 2: The trial court's finding that the testimony of Dr. Robert Lisota was persuasive is not clearly erroneous.
The second prong of the sexually dangerous individual statute requires clear and convincing evidence that [Voisine] suffers from a "congenital or acquired condition that is manifested by a sexual disorder, a personality disorder, or other mental disorder or dysfunction." Matter of Hehn, 2008 ND 36, ¶ 24, 745 N.W.2d 631.
Diagnosis of a sexual disorder, however, is not required under N.D.C.C. diagnosed with "a personality disorder, or other mental disorder or dysfunction...." Matter of Barrera, 2008 ND 25, ¶ 7, 744 N.W.2d 744 (quoting N.D.C.C. § 25-03.3-01(8)).
The testimony of the experts differed on the issue of whether Voisine has a congenital or acquired condition that is manifested by sexual disorder, a personality disorder, or other mental disorder or dysfunction. During his evaluation of Voisine, Dr. Robert Lisota, a forensic psychologist, found an Axis I diagnosis of Paraphilia Not Otherwise specified. (Feb. 2012 transcript, p. 9 ll. 4-5.) Dr. Lisota testified that especially compelling in this regard is the DNA evidence that indicates [Voisine] has been engaging in incestuous activities for a very long time. (Id. at 9, ll. 18-20.) Dr. Lisota also found evidence of hebephilia, which is an attraction to adolescents, typically age 12 to 14. (Id. at 10, ll. 5-6.) Finally, Dr. Lisota identified that Voisine also demonstrated arousal to a pre-pubescent male. All of those things led Dr. Lisota to a diagnosis of paraphilia NOS, because the "DSM really doesn't have a label that encompasses an individual who has committed a wide variety of sexual acts over a large number of years with different ages of individuals and different genders, all of who are biologically related to him." (Id. at 11, ll. 1-9.)
Dr. Lisota then discussed his Axis II diagnosis of Personality Disorder Not Otherwise Specified with Antisocial Features. Dr. Lisota explained that in order to diagnose someone with a diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder, it requires evidence of conduct or behavior prior to age 15. (Feb. 2012 transcript p. 11, ll. 16-22.) No such records were available for Voisine, so the next closest diagnosis is Personality Disorder NOS with Antisocial Features, which both Dr. Sullivan in 2008 and Dr. Lisota in 2011 found to apply to Voisine. Dr. Lisota testified that in the original commitment hearing, Dr. Edward Kelly had also applied this diagnosis to Voisine. (Id. at 13, ll. 5-13.)
Dr. Benson disagreed with the diagnosis issued by doctors Sullivan and Lisota, and by extension with the original diagnosis by Voisine's own expert, Dr. Kelly. Voisine's challenge on appeal relating to prong 2 appears to be that "Dr. Benson is clearer and more convincing in her diagnosis."
This Court has said that the district court is the best credibility evaluator in cases of conflicting testimony, and the Court will not second-guess the district court's credibility determinations. Matter of A.M., 2009 ND 104, ¶ 10, 766 N.W.2d 437. Claims that a district court improperly relied on the opinion of one expert instead of another challenge the weight the evidence was assigned, not the sufficiency of the evidence. Matter of Hehn, 2008 ND 36, ¶ 22, 745 N.W.2d 631. Because evaluation of credibility where evidence is conflicting is solely a trial court function, the North Dakota Supreme Court will not reweigh expert testimony. Matter of J.T.N., 2011 ND 231, 807 N.W.2d 570. "We consistently have declined to 'second-guess the credibility determinations made by the trial court' in sexually dangerous individual proceedings." Id., citing Hehn, at ¶ 23, Matter of Wolff, 2011 ND 76, ¶¶ 5, 13-14, 796 N.W.2d 644; Interest of G.L.D., 2011 ND 52, ¶¶ 5-10, 795 N.W.2d 346; Matter of A.M., 2010 ND 163 ¶¶ 19-21, 787 N.W.2d 752; Matter of Hanenberg, 2010 ND 08, ¶¶ 17-18, 777 N.W.2d 62; Matter of T.O., 2009 ND 209, ¶¶ 8-11, 776 N.W.2d 47; Matter of Vantreece, supra at ¶¶ 4, 18; Matter of A.M., 2009 ND 104, ¶¶ 10, 20; Matter of R.A.S., 2009 ND 101, 766 N.W.2d 712; Matter of G.R.H., supra at ¶¶ 7, 11; Matter of M.D., 2008 ND 208, ¶¶ 7, 11, 757 N.W.2d 559. "We have further explained that a choice between two permissible views of the weight of the evidence is not clearly erroneous." Wolff, at ¶ 14.
Voisine's claim that the court improperly relied on Dr. Lisota's testimony (which accords with Sullivan and Kelly) instead of Dr. Benson's testimony is a challenge to the weight of the evidence, which the Court will not reweigh, and cannot rise to the standard of being clearly erroneous.
C. Prong 3: The trial court's find that Voisine is likely to engage in further acts of sexually predatory conduct is not clearly erroneous.
Voisine and his expert find fault with Dr. Lisota for not scoring Voisine on basic risk assessment instruments. Dr. Sullivan had earlier scored these instruments, but did not rely on them, because they are not designed for incest-only offenders. (Appendix, p. 10.) Dr. Lisota took a similar position in not relying on the actuarials. In her testimony, Dr. Benson countered that the actuarial instruments can be used on incest-only offenders as long as there is penetration. (Feb. 2012 transcript, p. 65, ll. 10-15.) For evidence of penetration, Dr. Benson relies on conduct that did not result in a charge or conviction, even though she attacks Dr. Lisota for taking them into account in the overall evaluation. "The allegations against Mr. Voisine, other than his index offense, were never found credible by a court of law, and Mr. Voisine denies them." (Id. at 61-63.) In effect, Dr. Benson would have the court ignore the uncharged offenses in making a general determination of likelihood to reoffend, while using them to trigger the various actuarial tools, all the while knowing that the uncharged misconduct is not going to be scored on most of the items on the risk instruments. (Id. at 65-68.)
Dr. Lisota acknowledged in his report that Voisine's actuarially assessed risk of sexual recidivism does not meet the criteria of "likely to engage in further acts of sexually predatory conduct." (Appendix, p. 10.) However, when Voisine's level of psychopathy is considered, along with the presence of dynamic factors, a different picture is presented:
A considerable body of research has demonstrated that individuals who have a high score on the PCL-R are at elevated risk for illegal and violent behavior. Research has also found that individuals who manifest a combination of sexual deviance and a high degree of psychopathy (ie, 25 or greater), as Mr. Voisine does, are at especially high risk for both violent and sexually violent reoffending. This risk is higher than can be estimated using the conventional risk assessment instruments. As a result of this robust finding, in combination with the points made above, I believe that Mr. Voisine is likely to engage in future acts of sexually predatory conduct.
(appendix, pp. 11-12.)
Dr. Lisota also specified the dynamic risk factors the he believes makes Voisine a high risk to reoffend, as opposed to the static factors contained in the traditional actuarial tools. (Appendix, p. 12.) In deciding that Dr. Lisota's opinion is credible and carries more weight than Dr. Benson, the trial court identified that Voisine's lack of progress in treatment, his compulsiveness, and his unwillingness to address change of his behavior support Dr. Lisota's finding. (Appendix, p. 64.)
Voisine asserts that because Dr. Benson disagreed with Dr. Lisota, that means that State failed in its burden to prove the prong by clear and convincing evidence. However, in Matter of J.T.N, supra at ¶ 8, the trial court found the State's expert more credible, even though the respondent hired five independent experts to conduct evaluations and testify for him. On appeal, the North Dakota Supreme Court reiterated that it does not reweigh expert testimony:
The district court gave more weight to Dr. Lisota's testimony and report than it gave to the testimony and reports of J.T.N.'s experts. The district court made detailed findings, including credibility determinations and references to the evidence relied on. See Interest of L.D.M., 2011 ND 25, ¶ 6, 793 N.W.2d 778. We conclude the district court's finding that J.T.N. was likely to engage in further acts of sexually predatory conduct was not clearly erroneous because we are not firmly convinced the finding was not supported by clear and convincing evidence.
Id. at ¶ 12.
D. Prong 4: The trial court's finding that Voisine has serious difficulty controlling his behavior is not clearly erroneous.
The United States Supreme Court held that "in order to satisfy substantive due process requirements, the individual must be shown to have serious difficulty controlling his behavior." Matter of Hehn, 2008 ND 36, ¶ 19, 745 N.W.2d 631, (citing Kansas v. Crane, 534 U.S. 407, 413 (2002)).
Voisine failed to brief this issue in his appellant's brief. Issues not briefed by an appellant are deemed abandoned. Anderson v. Heinze, 2002 ND 60, ¶ 12, 643 N.W.2d 24 (quoting Murchison v. State, 1998 ND 96, ¶ 13, 578 N.W.2d 514.) Voisine simply stated Dr. Benson's conclusion on this point and posed a question as to Dr. Lisota's conclusion, which does not sufficiently raise this issue on appeal.
There is extensive evidence in the record on this point. The trial relied on Dr. Lisota:
"Dr. Lisota disagrees. He is concerned that Voisine has not participated in his treatment, that he has not acknowledged his sexually predatory acts. Voisine has not improved his coping skills or worked on any plans for behavior modification which would give him the tools he needs to control his behavior. In fact, he appears not to want to work on any of those behaviors. In addition, Voisine's victims and family members are enablers who do not provide negative feedback to facilitate any change in Voisine's behavior. In Dr. Lisota's opinion, nothing has changed Mr. Voisine since he was found to be a sexually dangerous individual except that he has gotten older. The Court agrees with Dr. Lisota."
(Appendix p. 65).
This Court gives great deference to the trial court's credibility determinations of expert witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony. Matter of Wolff, supra at ¶ 5. The trial court's finding that Voisine has serious difficulty controlling his behavior is supported by clear and convincing evidence.
There was clear and convincing evidence which supports the district court's finding that Voisine has engaged in sexually predatory conduct, that he has a congenital or acquired condition that makes it likely that he will engage in further acts of sexually predatory conduct, and that he has serious difficulty controlling his behavior. The order of continued commitment of him for treatment in the custody of the executive director of the Department of Human Services should be affirmed.
Dated this 13th day of November, 2012. | |||||
State of North Dakota | |||||
Wayne Stenehjem | |||||
Attorney General | |||||
By: ____ | |||||
Jonathan R. Byers | #04583 | ||||
Assistant Attorney General | |||||
Office of Attorney General | |||||
600 East Boulevard Avenue, Dept. 125 | |||||
Bismarck, ND 58505-0040 | |||||
Attorney for State of North Dakota, Appellee |


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May 7, 2015 at 8:30am to May 8, 2015 at 3:30pm – Holiday Inn
October 8, 2015 at 9am to October 9, 2015 at 4pm – Holiday Inn
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