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The LLM Program in Taxation is designed for full-time and part-time students who are attorneys. Students have a fair amount of flexibility in designing their programs, subject to the specific requirements described below. For a complete list of courses and for course descriptions, please visit the Course Management System.
International Tax Program students should examine the Required Curriculum for that program.
Course Requirements
In General
All graduate tax students, including those in the full-time, part-time and International Tax Programs must successfully complete 24 credits. There are some tax classes offered at NYU School of Law that are not creditable towards the LLM in Taxation, such as Income Taxation, the tax clinic, Survey of Income Taxation, etc. Students are expected to have taken a basic course in income taxation before beginning their studies for the LLM in Taxation. Of the 24 credits required to graduate, at least 20 must be in creditable tax classes. The remaining 4 credits can be non-tax elective credits consisting of upper level law or business classes. Taxation LLM students may not enroll in any clinic.
Up to four credits may be transferred from another law school, subject to approval by the Vice Dean. However, transfer credits will be counted as non-tax elective credits, even if the substantive area covered by the class was taxation. Therefore, all tax LLM students must take at least 20 credits in taxation at NYU School of Law.
Students seeking the joint JD/LLM in Taxation should refer to the requirements for the JD/LLM in Taxation program.
Required and Recommended Courses
All full-time students must take a tax procedure course for either 1 or 2 credits (students may choose from Survey of Tax Procedure, Tax Procedure, or Tax Penalties & Prosecutions) and a course in tax policy (These courses include: Tax Policy and Public Finance Colloquium, Comparative Tax Policy, Federal Budget Policy and Process Seminar, or Tax Policy Seminar). Part-time Tax LLM and Executive LLM students are required to take a tax procedure course for either 1 or 2 credits, but are not required to take a tax policy course.
If you have taken a tax procedure or tax policy course(s) in law school, either or both of these requirements may be waived, subject approval of the program director, though a waiver of this required course does not reduce the required number of credits.
Aside from the tax procedure (full and part-time) and tax policy (full-time only) requirements, you are free to design your program to suit your individual needs. We recommend that all students should get exposure to corporate tax, partnership tax, and international tax. Almost all students take Corporate Tax with us, unless they have already taken a JD-level course covering sections 304, 305, 306, 351, and 368. All students should consider taking Taxation of Property Transactions, as it gives you a "basis" in concepts that pervade the tax law and all of your classes. We should caution that while this course may cover foundational concepts, it is not an easy course. It is recommended that you take Taxation of Property Transactions if your JD courses did not cover such issues as the treatment of non-recourse debt, basic financial instruments, limitations on losses, and capital gains. Instructors in the more advanced courses assume that you have mastered this material and do not spend class time reviewing these issues and concepts.
Because NYU has such a wide selection of tax courses, it is possible for you to design your program of study to concentrate on areas of particular interest. These areas include General Taxation, Business Taxation, International Taxation, Estate Planning, and Tax Policy.
Areas Of Concentration in Taxation
General Taxation
If you are seeking a general background in taxation, we recommend a broad exposure. A typical schedule might include:
Courses | |
Timing Issues and the Income Tax | 2 credits |
Taxation of Property Transactions | 3 credits |
Estate and Gift Taxation | 2-3 credits |
Survey of Tax Procedure | 1 credits |
Corporate Taxation I & II | 4 credits |
Tax Policy | 2 credits |
Survey of International Tax or International Tax I & II | 4 credits |
Partnership Taxation | 3 credits |
Elective | 2-3 credits |
Total | 24 credits |
Of course, your exact schedule depends on your background and interests. Your electives might include an advanced course in a particular area (e.g., Taxation of Financial Instruments, Multistate Tax, Tax Treaties, etc.) Part-time students who have taken a course in corporate taxation at the JD level, but who would like additional coverage of taxable and tax-free corporate mergers and acquisitions should consider taking the two credit course Corporate Tax II.
Business Taxation
The core of NYU's business tax offerings consists of the following courses: Corporate Taxation I & II (4 credits), Partnership Taxation (3 credits), International Tax I & II (4 credits), Taxation of Mergers & Acquisitions (2 credits), Advanced Corporate Tax Problems: International (2 credits), Taxation of Affiliated Corporations (2 credits), Bankruptcy Taxation (2 credits), Executive Compensation (2 credits), and Taxation of Business Conduits (2 credits). You also should consider taking one or more of our advanced offerings in international taxation, Taxation of S Corporations (2 credits), and Taxation of Financial Instruments (2 credits). This area of concentration is designed for students who wish to concentrate in business tax. Depending on your prior scholastic or practice experience, several courses in the corporate area are also recommended for those wishing to concentrate in international taxation.
The recommended sequencing of courses in the business tax track is as follows: (1) Corporate Taxation I & II) (2) Taxation of Mergers & Acquisitions, (3) ACTP and (4) Taxation of Affiliated Corporations. Full-time students who have not already taken a course on corporate tax should take Corporate Taxation I & II in their fall semester. Students with a solid background in corporate taxation are strongly encouraged to proceed to advanced corporate offerings. Students who have taken a JD course in corporate taxation but would like additional coverage of taxable and tax-free corporate mergers and acquisitions should take the two credit course Corporate Tax II.
Other recommended courses are Taxation of Property Transactions and Timing Issues. A typical program of study might be as follows:
Courses | |
Elective | 2 credits |
Taxation of Property Transactions | 3 credits |
Survey of Tax Procedure | 1 credit |
Corporate Tax I & II | 4 credits |
Tax Policy | 2 credits |
Survey of International Tax or International Tax I & II | 4 credits |
Partnership Taxation | 3 credits |
Taxation of M & A | 2 credits |
ACTP: International | 2 credits |
Taxation of Affiliated Corporations | 2 credits |
Total | 25 credits |
If you have already taken corporate taxation in your JD program, we recommend that you proceed to more advanced courses.
International Taxation
The core of our offerings in international taxation consists of the following courses: International Tax I & II (4 credits), International Tax III (2 credits), Tax Treaties, ACTP International, International Business Transactions, International Tax Policy, and Comparative Tax Policy. We believe it is essential that you have taken a course in corporate taxation at the JD level or that you take Corporate Taxation I & II at NYU in your first semester for this course of study. If you have recently completed a corporate tax course, you should consider taking Taxation of Mergers & Acquisitions as part of your study of international tax.
Each year, a global visiting professor will offer courses in the international tax area. Courses taught by these professors typically include such topics as Comparative Tax Policy, European Community Taxation, International Tax Policy, and the like. Descriptions of all course offerings are available on the NYU School of Law Web site.
A typical course of study would be:
Courses | |
Taxation of Property Transactions | 3 credits |
Survey of Tax Procedure | 1 credit |
Corporate Tax I & II | 4 credits |
International Tax I & II | 4 credits |
International Tax Policy | 2 credits |
International Tax III | 2 credits |
Tax Treaties | 2 credits |
Taxation of Mergers and Acquisitions | 2 credits |
Transfer Pricing |
2 credits |
Timing Issues and the Income Tax | 2 credits |
Total | 24 credits |
The instructor's permission is required to enroll in International Business Transactions, which is offered only in the spring semester.
Estate Planning
The core of our offerings in the estate planning area consists of six courses: Estate & Gift Taxation (2 or 3 credits), Estate Planning (2 credits), Generation-Skipping Transfer Tax (1 credit), Income Taxation of Trusts & Estates I (2 credits), and Income Taxation of Trusts & Estates II (2 credits). It is our experience that students who have taken estate and gift taxation at the JD level need not repeat the class at NYU School of Law. You should consider taking Tax Exempt Organizations (2 credits) and Tax Aspects of Charitable Giving (2 credits). Many practitioners in this area also find state and local tax issues to be relevant, so consider the Multistate Tax classes. To practice effectively in this area, it is important to have a good general background in taxation. Therefore, we recommend that you select from among the following courses (if you haven't taken them already): Taxation of Property Transactions, Corporate Taxation I & II, Partnership Taxation, and Timing Issues.
A typical program, if you have previously taken estate and gift tax in law school, might be as follows:
Courses | |
Timing Issues |
2 credits |
Taxation of Property Transactions | 3 credits |
Survey of Tax Procedure | 1 credit |
Income Tax of Trusts and Estates I | 2 credits |
Income Tax of Trusts and Estates II | 2 credits |
Estate Planning | 2 credits |
Generation-Skipping Transfer Tax | 1 credit |
Partnership Taxation | 3 credits |
Tax Aspects of Charitable Giving | 2 credits |
International Taxation I & II | 4 credits |
Tax Policy | 2 credits |
Taxation of Subchapter S Corporations | 1 credit |
Total | 25 credits |
Tax Policy
If you are interested in a career in government or in teaching, you should strive to obtain a broad exposure to both tax policy and substantive tax issues. We offer a broad variety of tax policy courses. In addition, we recommend taking non-policy courses to round out your tax background. We may limit students to a single tax policy course until the first week of the course in question. Students should exercise care when bidding on more than one tax policy course and can contact the tax office closer to the start of the course to see if additional policy courses may be taken.
Other Areas of Concentration
In addition to the following areas of concentration, NYU School of Law offers a variety of courses in other areas of interest such as State and Local Taxation and Employee Benefits Law.
No Independent Writing Requirement
There is no independent writing requirement for students in the LLM in Taxation Program. With permission, you may receive up to two credits for a directed research project supervised by one of the tax faculty. No exceptions can be made to the maximum of 2 credits for directed research.
Online Courses
Some of our courses are available online to students in our part-time LLM program, executive LLM program, and certificate programs. Full-time students may only register for an online class for academic credit in two situations: 1). The course is not otherwise offered on-campus in the fall or spring semester; or 2). Exigent circumstances, for example: a significant medical issue that prevents a student from taking on-campus courses. However, with faculty permission, students may register for an audit of an online course, which differs from auditing an on-campus course in that it appears on the transcript and incurs a tuition charge for students billed on a per-credit basis and counts towards the ceiling of 15 credits a full-time student can take each semester.
Videos are posted on a course website, and students who have access to the videos may watch and rewatch them during the semester. After the semester has ended and the exam has been given, the videos are usually removed. Online courses fall into three categories: combined, parallel, and online-only. Combined courses are on campus courses that are being currently recorded and offered online, with the videos typically posted within 24 hours. The videos feature the faculty interacting with the on campus students. All students in both sections prepare for class by completing the same problem sets, take the same exam, and are graded on the same grading curve.
Parallel classes also feature both an on campus section and a online section. However, in a parallel course, the online section is viewing recordings from a prior semester--this material was previously recorded. The recordings are of the same professor who is teaching the course online in an earlier semester, typically from one to two semesters prior. All students complete the problem sets, which are generally substantially the same each semester with little variation. All students then sit for the same exam, and are graded on the same curve. The videos feature the faculty interacting with students who took the course on campus in a prior semester. Finally, in an online-only course, there is no corresponding on campus section-the online section is based on a previously recorded offering of the course.
There are separate sections for both the on campus and online offerings, but the professor may use a single course website for both sections, which means that all students may have access to the videos and may be able to interact if there is a discussion board for the class. On campus students must attend and cannot substitute watching a class online for appearing in class and participating. Online students may request permission to attend on campus, depending on the faculty's wishes and space availability in the classroom. However, online students must still watch the required number of class videos by the attendance deadlines noted on the course website. Often there are two points in the semester when a student must be caught up with watching classes. Besides those two points, there is flexibility as to when you watch the class videos. As long as students in the online section meet the attendance deadlines, they can watch the videos on the weekends, at night, in the morning, a half hour at a time, an hour at a time, etc. We often film multi-hour classes in one hour segments.
Students in the part-time LLM program are limited in how many credits of online coursework they can apply towards their degree program. Part-time tax students must take 12 credits of on campus coursework, and the remaining 12 credits can be on campus, online courses, or up to four transfer credits. Please note that it is the responsibility of students taking online courses to determine whether and to what extent their decision to take such courses will impact their ability to practice in their jurisdiction of choice. This is a concern for foreign-educated students who are using their LLM program to establish eligibility to take a bar exam. Online courses will not qualify a foreign-educated student for the NY bar exam. Additionally, foreign students should consult with OISS to determine the effect of online classes on their visa status. For example, students studying on an F visa are generally allowed to take one online course per semester in order to stay in compliance. The regulations for J visa holders do not explicitly allow for any online study, however.
Transfer Credits
Transfer credits are treated as elective non-tax courses, even if they are on a tax law subject. Requests to take a course for transfer credit may be denied, for a variety of reasons, including, but not limited to, how long ago they were taken, format (i.e., no correspondence courses), etc.


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The National Football League League News & Current Events |
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05-13-2009 | #1 |
Beer Me
2010 Top 21 Draft Prospects (Seniors)
Not sure where to put this? I tired to put it in the 2009 Draft section but it was locked.
Chris Steuber's top 21 seniors for the 2010 Draft: 1. Russell Okung,OT, Oklahoma State 2. Taylor Mays, FS, USC 3. Jermaine Gresham, TE, Oklahoma 4. Ndamukong Suh, DT, Nebraska 5. Colt McCoy, QB, Texas 6. Trent Williams, OT, Oklahoma 7. Terrance Cody, DT, Oklahoma 8. Mark Herzlich, OLB, Boston College 9. Sergio Kindle, OLB, Texas 10. Tevard Lindley, CB, Kentucky 11. Brandon Spikes, OLB, Florida 12. Brandon Lafell, WR, LSU 13. Tim Tebow, QB, Florida 14. Ciron Black, OT, LSU 15. Sean Witherspoon, OLB, Mizzou 16. Greg Hardy, DE/OLB, Ole Miss 17. Jerry Hughes, DE/OLB, TCU 18. CJ Spiller, RB, Clemson 19. Marshawn Gilyard, WR, Cincinnati 20. George Selvie, DE, South Florida 21. Brandon Lang, DE/OLB, Troy I am having serious football withdraws along with major major Texans withdraw. I was thinking if we can get some people who are obsessed with college football to follow a conference, a team, a university, etc. Post updates after each weekend it should make the next draft and the college football season more interesting. I will volunteer to do Texas Tech and/or Big XII. Anyone interested?
I drink because the Texans make me. |
05-13-2009 | #2 |
Furry Tractors
Join Date: Jul 2005
Location: Spring, TX
Age: 24
Posts: 14,192
Rep Power: 1699
Re: 2010 Top 21 Draft Prospects (Seniors)
Sergio Kindle is a senior already? I remember seeing him dominate in high school
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Carlton Fogg with Roland Morse, Waterville, ca. 1965
Click on the image to zoom. Click and drag your mouse over the image to move it left or right. Use the small navigation window to select the area you wish to zoom on.
Carlton Fogg (center left) and Roland Morse (center right) are presenting a Waterville Area student with an award sometime between 1960 and 1970. This student may have been enrolled at Waterville High School or with the Waterville Regional Vocational Center which shared space at WHS. Fogg taught for Waterville High School and served as director of Waterville Regional Vocational Center.


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It's not often I read an editorial that begins like this:
IN THE BIBLICAL Book of Job, the anguished hero is visited by three friends who attempt to comfort him by drawing airy and sententious lessons from his agonies. Of course, they end up adding to his troubles; Job endures not only the real pains of grief and sickness but the indignity of having his suffering milked for rhetorical effect.
Thanks to the LA Times for this thoughtful reflection on everything politicians and activists can do wrong in the immediate wake of tragedy. Pushing for gun control; insisting a broader right to bear arms. Blaming the university for not reacting quick enough. Dismissing the attack to a shunned lover's rage.
"I have heard many such things," Job says. "Miserable comforters are ye all." No newspaper is in a position to criticize anybody for capitalizing on tragedy or taking convenient positions. There will be time for both in the days to come. But now is a time to respect, quietly, the tears and the pain of this terrible event.
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Paisley Pants
http://www.barneys.com/etro-paisley-pants-501910350.htmlProduct Actions
Wool flat front pant with slash pockets and rear button welt pockets in tonal paisley print. Unfinished hem. 10" rise. 17" leg opening. Available in Navy. Made in Italy. Wool. Dry clean.
Style # 501910350Founded by Gerolamo Etro in 1968 as a textile house, Etro's intricate prints, lustrous fabrics and vibrant paisleys are the Italian luxury fashion house's signature calling card. This family-run company has expanded its coveted designs to include ready-to-wear, home furnishings, accessories and fragrances.
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text:
St. Jude study shows personalized chemotherapy can improve cure rate and avoid the use of radiation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment
MEMPHIS, Tenn., June 24 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) can be successfully treated using a carefully personalized chemotherapy regimen without cranial radiation, investigators at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital have found. Such radiation of the brain was once a standard ALL treatment to prevent recurrence of the leukemia in the central nervous system (CNS).
Despite radiation's success in treating ALL, it produces side effects that include second cancers, stunted growth, hormone imbalances and cognitive deficits. Optimized use of anticancer drugs, especially those instilled directly into the spinal fluid, have enabled clinicians to reduce radiation use, and only patients at highest risk for relapse have received cranial radiation.
Now, St. Jude researchers have established that radiation can be safely eliminated in all patients with the use of highly effective chemotherapy regimens. The findings appear in the June 25, 2009, issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.
"Cranial radiation was an invaluable treatment when it was introduced by St. Jude oncologists in the mid-1960s," said Ching-Hon Pui, M.D., chair of the St. Jude Department of Oncology and an American Cancer Society Professor. "It controlled CNS leukemia and boosted the cure rate for ALL from only 4 percent to 50 percent. But radiation's side effects led to the steady reduction of dosages and limited use to the highest-risk patients." According to Pui, the paper's lead author, about 20 percent of the approximately 3,400 cases of childhood ALL diagnosed in the U.S. each year are still treated with radiation. In some developing countries, radiation continues to be used in the majority of children with ALL.
SOURCE St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Copyright©2009 PR Newswire. All rights reserved |


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Paintball News The latest in paintball news brought to you by the oldest independent publication in paintball and the best paintball site on the web - The Paintball News and MCB |
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03-28-2012, 06:07 PM | #22 (permalink) |
Fluffy Bunnies for life!! |
Meh, saw it. Bolting crap onto the gun to make it look cooler. Now if it were functional upgrade then yeehaw. Otherwise pfffft.
__________________ America is all about speed. Hot, nasty, bada$$ speed. -Eleanor Roosevelt, 1936 FLUFFY BUNNIES PUMP Ebay Feedback MCB Feedback |
03-28-2012, 06:22 PM | #23 (permalink) |
.67cal Buwwets! | But now you can take it in the woods. We all know if it doesn't have rails all over it, it can't possibly function in a woodland environment. The product looks neat but I am kind of against adding things just forcthe sake of looking like a real gun, simple is good.
03-28-2012, 08:22 PM | #24 (permalink) | |
Post Whore Join Date: Jan 2010 | Quote:
All the stocks, folding bipods, rail grips, etc, are all pretty much cosmetic, and do nothing to improve the marker. They just add a bunchnf useless weight. And make the marker more cumbersome. | |
03-28-2012, 10:36 PM | #25 (permalink) | ||
Paintball Ballistician :P Join Date: Mar 2008 | Quote:
Definitely not digging this marker though.
__________________ FN303SD Totmacher 13 | SP 'Woodstalker' Ion | 1989 Line SI Bushmaster SI Deluxe First Strike Round Field Listing | External Ballistics, FSRs and PBs | My Feedback Quote:
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03-29-2012, 02:51 PM | #27 (permalink) | ||
Paintball Ballistician :P Join Date: Mar 2008 | Quote:
I'd only say no to the marker 'cause it's not my style (double finger trigger).
__________________ FN303SD Totmacher 13 | SP 'Woodstalker' Ion | 1989 Line SI Bushmaster SI Deluxe First Strike Round Field Listing | External Ballistics, FSRs and PBs | My Feedback Quote:
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04-03-2012, 01:42 AM | #29 (permalink) |
Strobe light!!! |
tell me if im the only one thinking this about the kit... and sights in general... step 1) buy etha (other marker can be substituted) step 2) learn to properly shoot newly purchased marker accurately step 3) dont buy useless whiz-bangs and doo-dads step 4) spend saved money on women of the evening and adult beverages. much better investment.
__________________ People that love me! (feedback) |
04-03-2012, 08:33 AM | #30 (permalink) |
MCB Member |
I think we are all missing the point. Atleast they are still directing paintball into the woods. Somewhere there is a kid waiting to buy this kit. Atleast it's an offered upgrade. Basically you are getting two guns in one (Woods and Speedball). Just add or subtract attachments. I wish more companies would do this. GOG would make a butt load of cash if they sold different style bodies for their guns. However they don't, which is kind of sad. They have an almost perfect platform. This is a good sign that companies are finally realizing where their "BREAD and BUTTER" is coming from. The Etha is like the ION, cheap and will probably be massed produced and put into the hands of many "NEW PLAYERS". Honestly I have a RED DOT on my BT4. Yep worthless as HELL, but looks good and looks expensive. Only cost $12. The kids like it and that's what matters. Whoever I sell the gun to will enjoy it more than I. I only see this kit as a step forward in accessories and personal choice. I hope more companies follow this example. Later, Blackrain
__________________ Visit my Sponsor page: http://www.mcarterbrown.com/forums/t...y-sponsor.html "When all else fails, pull the pin and see what happens next" Follow Team Blackrain on Face Book: http://www.facebook.com/#!/profile.p...00000734844527 Best Auto cocker info ever Just like to make crazy stuff for paintball? Click here My feedback How Paintballs are made Last edited by blackrain; 04-03-2012 at 08:38 AM. |


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2. AOSD 2003: Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Awais Rashid, Ana M. D. Moreira, João Araújo:
Modularisation and composition of aspectual requirements. 11-20 - Davy Suvée, Wim Vanderperren, Viviane Jonckers:
JAsCo: an aspect-oriented approach tailored for component based software development. 21-29 - Karl J. Lieberherr, David H. Lorenz, Pengcheng Wu:
A case for statically executable advice: checking the law of demeter with AspectJ. 40-49 - Yvonne Coady, Gregor Kiczales:
Back to the future: a retroactive study of aspect evolution in operating system code. 50-59 - Kris Gybels, Johan Brichau:
Arranging language features for more robust pattern-based crosscuts. 60-69 - Andrei Popovici, Gustavo Alonso, Thomas R. Gross:
Just-in-time aspects: efficient dynamic weaving for Java. 100-109 - Marc Ségura-Devillechaise, Jean-Marc Menaud, Gilles Muller, Julia L. Lawall:
Web cache prefetching as an aspect: towards a dynamic-weaving based solution. 110-119 - Matthias Veit, Stephan Herrmann:
Model-view-controller and object teams: a perfect match of paradigms. 140-149 - Mark Chu-Carroll, James L. Wright, Annie T. T. Ying:
Visual separation of concerns through multidimensional program storage. 188-197


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- Poetry > Free VerseI cannot watch people read Seeing their eyes devour the words I have written My life's work consumed by sight And defaced in the fires of imagination. What a tedious thing it is Dreaming up stories to be eaten away My own tale vanishing before my eyes Becoming a tabula rasa for the next g...
- Reviews > Book Reviews"Romeo, Romeo, where art thou Romeo?" I think everyone reading this knows those words and if they don't, they've been skipping English class. Romeo and Juliet is hailed as one of the greatest romances in all of history, bringing countless parodies and love-based punch lines to follow in it...
- Reviews > Book ReviewsTen… nine… eight… seven… six… five… four… three… two… one… none. Ten people come to Solider Island thinking they have been invited to a rich man's vacation. The first night, the butler puts on an eerie record, saying that each one there is a murderer. It is true. The lights ...
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Be Yourself™
. Landscape for healing bring to you the expert in me and profiles myself as an artist touching on the wisdom and experiences on my journey in life a masters In life Degree. I am a converyor of landscapes and desiginer. With a continuing lifetime on the land and according to my peers have become an accomplished Landscape Artist, I will continue to create and provide everyone with the opportunity to view, and obtain, that munch needed landscape, designed for your overall well-being and specific healing focus.
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Make your reservations Today! 888-405-9333 415-706-4947 cell www.primetimesportfishing.com
"Primetime" with Captain Nate Foster Captain Barg became a deckhand on the Edibob under Skipper Jim Phelan in 1964. In 1979, he began co-skippering with Jim. In 1989, Bob purchased the boat and became the full-time skipper of the New Edibob, where he continues today. Captain Barg loves to take groups out past the Golden Gate and mooch for Salmon.


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9×12 colored pencil. Original unavailable.
As of 02-10-15, 5794 views and 34 favorited.
CHALLENGES: Fabulous Froggies – Red-Eyed Green – Top 10; Just Fun – Best of the Features – Tied for 1st Place; Painters Universe – Your Best Color Palette – Top 10;
FEATURES: Photo Realistic Group; Art At It's Best; Art At It's Best (06-11-11); AMAZING Wildlife; Painting the Country Life & Countryside; Just Fun; AMAZING Wildlife (04-11-12); Bubbling Artists; Painted Nature & Object; Art at It's Best (03-10-13); This & That; Just Fun; Artistry Group; LOVE THESE CREATURES;
The Red-eyed Tree Frog (Agalychnis callidryas) is an arboreal hylid native to Neotropical rainforests.
Description The Red-eyed Tree Frog is a small-sized tree frog, reaching lengths of 9.5 millimeters. Its dorsal surface is green of varying shades, and its ventral surface is white. The sides of the frog are purple or blue, with vertical white stripes and orange toes. Both, females and males, have bulging red eyes with vertically narrowed pupils resemble the eyes of domestic cats. Red-eyed tree frogs have soft, fragile skin on their belly, and the skin on their back is thicker and rougher.
Bright markings along the sides and limbs reduces predation, Most animals that prey on A. callidryas (some bats, snakes, and birds) often rely on their vision. When the frog moves to avoid the predator the bright colorations flash into view (hence their name, flash colors) they throw off the predator. This is achieved by leaving a ghost image in the visual field of where the frog was originally. This confuses the predator and gives the frog time to hide. These flash colors may also deceive predators by making the frog appear poisonous.
Red-eyed tree frogs are not poisonous and rely on camouflage to protect them. During the day, they remain motionless, cover their blue sides with their back legs, tuck their bright feet under their belly, and shut their red eyes. They thus appear almost completely green, and well hidden among the foliage.Their eyes seem to glow in the dark (info from Wikipedia).
I love what I do and I do what I love.. been drawing for over 60 years now – I hope I've got it right.
View Full Profilegreat capture
Don't you usually say that about photography? But thanks anyway..
– BarbBarcikKeith
it does have a photographic quality to it. great piece of work.
you have a way with those colored pencil that fools the best photographers lol beautiful artwork i love you style !!!!!!!!
great pencil art, lovely, I adore your work.
wow barbara, ALL your work is amazing
I love the color and the expression here!
Dang, i thought this was a photo!! XD
This group of frogs you've done is really really good, but there's something about this guy…so cute and love the title.
I can't believe how productive you've been – and still are Barb. You must have thousands of masterpieces to your name.
TOOOOO many.. there's no more room under the beds!!!
– BarbBarcikKeith


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Shop24 is a revolutionary, 24 hour automated convenience store vending machine that carries a wide variety of products such as food, beverages, snacks, health & beauty aids, cleaning supplies, as well as large packaged goods.
Shop24 gives students access to a wider variety of products they want 24 hours per day, 7 days per week. Students have taken a liking to the automated convenience shop finding it to be easily accessible and convenient for purchasing products especially during the off hours.
Morrisville State College has two Shop24 machines installed on campus, in addition to traditional snack and beverage vending machines located throughout campus.
Payment Methods: Cash, Dining Plus, Mustang Money, Credit Cards and Debit Cards


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FreeBSD General Other questions regarding FreeBSD which do not fit in any of the categories below. |
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qJail & FreeBSD?
Will qJail work inside vermaden excellent install design? If not, can I hack it in somehow? For what little I read about qJail for the pass month, over and over again, I got hook and it been PRIORITY-1 ever since and now Thanks to J65nko, here comes the possible icing on the cake. ..
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Greenpeace activists paint two gigantic cracks on the 32 year old nuclear reactor dome at Borssele, Netherlands. The Dutch government wants to keep the plant, one of the world's oldest, open beyond 2013, despite inherent safety and security risks.
Climate change is a priority issue for us here at Greenpeace. Disruptions to ecosystems will likely harm everything from minke whales to coral reefs to polar bears. Whole forests will be lost, and hundreds of thousands of species will become extinct. Climate change will bring devastation to people and communities, especially some of the world's poorest.
Certainly, a big part of our job is bringing home to people everywherethe realities of climate change and the struggle against it. To name names, protest corporations, shame governments - while helping make climate change solutions a reality.
Our expeditions document the impacts of climate change on people and ecosystems. Our professional negotiators, scientists and policy expertsattend world climate conferences and persuade decision makers to take action. Our volunteers and cyberactivists keep up the pressure on lawmakers and corporations. Our activists put their safety and freedom on the line for even the smallest chance to change the world.
Luckily enough, Greenpeace is itself only part of a much larger movement towards positive energy policy. We are fortunate to work with and beside many other environmental organisations, as well as many companies, governments and individuals who share our dedication, optimism and belief that there is a solution for every problem.
If you would like to be a part of this global movement, and like how wework, please choose to volunteer, sign up as a cyberactivst, and/orsupport us financially. For more ways to help see the Take Action page.
Blocking outflow pipe from lead & zinc.
Evacuation of Rongelap Islanders to Mejato by crew of the Rainbow Warrior. Rongelap was contaminated with radioactive fall out from American nuclear tests in the Pacific.
In response to the arrival of a "test" oil tanker as part of plans to construct an oil terminal, Greenpeace runs a "test" protest. The terminal was subsequently cancelled.
A trail of puppy harp seal blood on the ice.
Nick Hill, first Captain of the Rainbow Warrior, in 1978
Crew of 1978 Greenpeace voyage to Iceland.
Crew of Rainbow Warrior on their way to Iceland in 1978
The Qori Kalis Glacier is the largest ice outlet from the Quelccaya Ice Cap which tops the Cordillera Vilcanota in southeast corner of Peru. They are the Sacred Mountains of Inca civilisation. The ice cap itself has shrunk by at least 20 percent...
Crewmember Pete Bouquet paints the Rainbow Warrior, 1978
1971 - 1980 of 1998 results.
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Afternoon Jamming
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My sister reading a book of chords for the guitar. 35 mm film.
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This art/photo has 6 comments. Post your own now!Love the whole setting.
This is a really good picture! I love the perspective and the shadows.
this is absolutely fantastic. i love love love it !


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Definition of morocco
n. - A fine kind of leather, prepared commonly from goatskin (though an inferior kind is made of sheepskin), and tanned with sumac and dyed of various colors; -- said to have been first made by the Moors.
The word "morocco" uses 7 letters: C C M O O O R.
No direct anagrams for morocco found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after morocco (in bold), or to ccmooor in any order:
k - moorcock s - moroccos
Shorter words found within morocco:
coco coo cor corm croc mo moc moo moor mor om or orc roc rococo rom room
List shorter words within morocco, sorted by length
Words formed from any letters in morocco, plus an optional blank or existing letter
List all words starting with morocco, words containing morocco or words ending with morocco
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Previous word in list: morns
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Sunday, Apr 26, 2015
More Arrests For Jackson County RobberiesJACKSON COUNTY -- Two additional arrests have been made in connection with the recent string of armed robberies in southern Illinois. Murphysboro Police arrested a 17-year-old juvenile Friday afternoon. He is believed to have participated in the Murphysboro and Elkville Casey's armed robberies.
Friday evening, a 15-year-old juvenile was also arrested in connection with the armed robbery at the Murphysboro Hucks Store on January 19th. The 15-year-old is also believed to have participated in the Zeigler Casey's armed robbery on January 6th.
News 3 reported Friday that Marlon Santos, Drake Smith, and another juvenile were arrested Thursday evening. With the newest arrest, that brings the total to five individuals involved in the armed robberies.
Smith and Santos remain behind bars in the Jackson County Jail. The juveniles are currently housed at the Franklin County Juvenile Detention Center in Benton.
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Making Mountains of Debt Out of Molehills: The Pro-Cyclical Implications of Tax and Expenditure LimitationsMathew D. McCubbinsDuke University Ellen SeljanLewis & Clark College May 18, 2010 Abstract: This paper presents evidence that property tax limits have detrimental effects on state and local revenues during recessions. Property tax limits cause states to rely on income-elastic revenue sources, such as the income tax or charges and fees. Greater reliance on these revenue sources results in greater revenue declines during economic downturns. We present analysis of time-series, cross-sectional data for the U.S. states for each of these conclusions. Our results suggest that states would have fewer and more modest financial problems during economic downturns if they did not enact property tax limitations. Number of Pages in PDF File: 28 Keywords: tax and expenditure limits, tax elasticity, state and local revenue policy JEL Classification: H20, H71 Date posted: May 19, 2010Suggested CitationContact Information
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Fever: Sankyo Koushiki Pachinko Simulation
Published by Developed by Released Platforms |
Fever is a pachinko simulator. Pachinko is a Japanese cross between a pinball case and a slot machine. This game supplies the player with a number of different pachinko machines, with rotating slot numbers. These can be either in a classic form of rotating wheels or an interactive digital screen. As the balls pop around the pachinko machine they'll land in different areas and effect your earnings. The player can always choose the speed at which balls are being launched onto the field which will change how they land.This simulator also has a collection hall where the player can use his pachinko earnings to buy gambling machines and related memorabilia. These can be viewed along with information about their history.
Alternate Titles
- "FEVER SANKYO 公式パチンコシミュレーション" -- Japanese spelling
- "Fever: Sankyo Koushiki Pachinko Simulation for WonderSwan" -- WonderSwan title
- "Fever" -- PSone Book title
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Michael Kors
Valentine's Day: 11 great gadget gifts for girls
13 February 2015It's nearly that time of year again where everything is in full blown romantic swing. Yes, it's almost Valentine's Day and that means if you haven't already done so, it might be worth getting a last minute gift for that special person in your life.... >>
Instagram's ad platform launches: Here's how to hide those sponsored ads
1 November 2013After Instagram fell under Facebook's umbrella, the Instagram community - made up of more than 150 million members - worried that the popular photo-sharing app would become plagued by cumbersome ads. And they were right - kind of. Instagram has officially... >>


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-03-31-2010 #1
Jimmy Clausen Interview from the Washington Post
He's certainly a character and I think he really stands up for himself here. It doesn't change my opinion of him as a player and I wouldn't want to trade for him, but it's an interesting read nonetheless.
Originally Posted by Washington Post
-04-03-2010 #2
Re: Jimmy Clausen Interview from the Washington Post
Originally Posted by Jimmy Clausen
Welcome to the 2015 Rams Draft Class
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Tue July 24, 2012
Opponents Say Casino Question Should be Blocked from Ballot
Opponents of a proposal to allow eight new casinos in Michigan will ask the state Court of Appeals to order the question off the November ballot.
The Protect MI Vote coalition is made up of business groups, the three Detroit casinos, and three tribal casinos. The coalition says it's found a fatal flaw in the proposal – that it seeks to both amend the state constitution and the state's casino gaming law that was enacted by voters in 1996.
Protect MI Vote's John Truscott says a ballot question cannot be both.
"It's just a straightforward violation of the constitution that we have in place in Michigan today," he says.
Emily Gerkin Palsrok is with the pro-casino campaign.
"We feel confident our language is good to go for November," she says.
Emily Gerkin Palsrok is with the pro-casino campaign. She says the proposal was carefully drafted by constitutional lawyers. She says the existing casinos are using every avenue they can to stop any new competition.


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We Have a Winner! | 20 | |
Play a carney game and win. |
The carney games are at the center of the Uranus Zone. Pay to play one of these games and take out all targets with the weapons provided and you will win the game, and thus, the achievement. |
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if want to wish your special someone in a special way,well then this poem is nice.
Submitted:Mar 29, 2013 Reads: 7 Comments: 0 Likes: 0
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Other writing by Bhongo b'day poem JEE Preparation Princii ????????? Textbook poem on Life for school kids Our lovely nature in monsoons
Life, Death, Pain, Sad, Poem, Poetry, Love, Hate, Depression, Dark, Hurt, Heart, Sadness, You, Hope, Lost, Suicide, Romance, Broken, Me, Loss, Lonely, World, God, Friends, Fear, Sorrow, Anger, Self, Girl, Song


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Thermaltake Jing CPU Cooler Review
Rafael Coelho
on October 27, 2010
Thermaltake is releasing a new CPU cooler, called Jing, which has a tower design, five heatpipes, and two 120 fans. Check it out!
The Jing box is made of cardpaper, with no openings or transparent window.
click to enlarge
Figure 1: Packaging
In Figure 2, you can see the accessories that come with the Jing: manuals, installation hardware, and a tube of thermal compound. The hardware comes in a fancy little box where everyting has its own place in a foam pad, giving a very professional aspect to the product.
click to enlarge
Figure 2: Accessories
In Figure 3, you can see the Thermaltake Jing. It looks nice in light gray and green.
click to enlarge
Figure 3: The Thermaltake Jing
In the next pages, you will see this cooler in detail.
In Figure 4, you see the front of the cooler. The green fan is mounted on a fancy-shaped gray frame.
click to enlarge
Figure 4: Front view
In Figure 5, you see the side of the cooler. Note that the fans are not identical. The front one pushes air into the heatsink, while the rear one pulls air from it. They spin on the same direction (when viewed from the side), and the blades of the first fan are mirrored in relation to the blades of the second fan. You will be able to see this better in Figure 9.
click to enlarge
Figure 5: Side view
click to enlarge
Figure 6: Rear view
In Figure 7, you see the top of the cooler, which has a plastic green cap and a metal badge with the cooler logo.
click to enlarge
Figure 7: Top view
click to enlarge
Figure 8: Cooler without the fans
In Figure 9, you can see the 120 mm fans, where you can see how the blades of the second fan are flipped compared to the blades of the first fan. They have three-pin connectors, meaning they don't have PWM automatic speed control. However, they have small potentiometers where you can manually adjust their rotation speeds.
click to enlarge
Figure 9: The fans
In order to install the Jing, you need to remove the fans and attach two clips to the base of the cooler.
click to enlarge
Figure 11: Clips attached to the base
Then, you will need to install the parts shown in Figure 12 on your motherboard, making a frame where you can screw the cooler in (shown in Figure 13).
click to enlarge
Figure 12: Installation hardware for Intel CPUs
click to enlarge
Figure 13: Frame mounted on the motherboard
In Figure 14, you can see the Jing installed in our case, with the fans reinstalled.
click to enlarge
Figure 14: The Jing installed in our case
We tested the cooler with a Core i7-860 CPU (quad-core, 2.8 GHz), which is a socket LGA1156 processor with a 95 W TDP (Thermal Design Power). In order to get higher thermal dissipation, we overclocked it to 3.3 GHz (150 MHz base clock and 22x multiplier), keeping the standard core voltage (Vcore), which was the maximum stable overclock we could make with the stock cooler. Keep in mind that we could have raised the CPU clock more, but to include the stock cooler in our comparison, we needed to use this moderate overclock.
We measured noise and temperature with the CPU idle and under full load. In order to get 100% CPU usage in all threads, we ran Prime 95 25.11 (in this version, the software uses all available threads) with the "In-place Large FFTs" option.
We compared the tested cooler to the Intel stock cooler with a copper base (included with the CPU), as well as with other coolers. Note that in the past, we tested coolers with a socket LGA775 CPU, and we retested some "old" coolers with this new methodology. This means you can find different values in older reviews than the values you will read in the next page. Every cooler was tested with the thermal compound that accompanies it.
Room temperature measurements were taken with a digital thermometer. The core temperature was read with the SpeedFan program (available from the CPU thermal sensors), using an arithmetic average of the core temperature readings. During the tests, the left panel of the case was open.
Hardware Configuration
Operating System Configuration
Software Used
Error Margin
We adopted a 2 °C error margin, meaning temperature differences below 2 °C are considered irrelevant.
The table below presents the results of our measurements. We repeated the same test on all coolers listed below. Each measurement was taken with the CPU at idle and at full load. In the models with a fan supporting PWM, the motherboard controlled the fan speed according to core load and temperature. On coolers with an integrated fan controller, the fan was set at the minimum speed on the idle test and at full speed on the full load test.
Idle Processor | Processor at Full Load | ||||||
Cooler | Room Temp. | Noise | Speed | Core Temp. | Noise | Speed | Core Temp. |
Intel stock (socket LGA1156) | 14 °C | 44 dBA | 1700 rpm | 46 °C | 54 dBA | 2500 rpm | 90 °C |
Cooler Master Hyper TX3 G1 | 14 °C | 47 dBA | 2050 rpm | 33 °C | 56 dBA | 2900 rpm | 62 °C |
Zalman CNPS10X Extreme | 14 °C | 45 dBA | 1400 rpm | 27 °C | 53 dBA | 1950 rpm | 51 °C |
Thermaltake Silent 1156 | 14 °C | 44 dBA | 1200 rpm | 38 °C | 49 dBA | 1750 rpm | 69 °C |
Noctua NH-D14 | 14 °C | 49 dBA | 1250 rpm | 27 °C | 49 dBA | 1250 rpm | 53 °C |
Zalman CNPS10X Performa | 14 °C | 46 dBA | 1500 rpm | 28 °C | 52 dBA | 1950 rpm | 54 °C |
Prolimatech Megahalems | 14 °C | 40 dBA | 750 rpm | 27 °C | 60 dBA | 2550 rpm | 50 °C |
Thermaltake Frio | 14 °C | 46 dBA | 1450 rpm | 27 °C | 60 dBA | 2500 rpm | 50 °C |
Prolimatech Samuel 17 | 14 °C | 40 dBA | 750 rpm | 40 °C | 60 dBA | 2550 rpm | 63 °C |
Zalman CNPS8000A | 18 °C | 43 dBA | 1400 rpm | 39 °C | 54 dBA | 2500 rpm | 70 °C |
Spire TherMax Eclipse II | 14 °C | 55 dBA | 2200 rpm | 28 °C | 55 dBA | 2200 rpm | 53 °C |
Scythe Ninja3 | 17 °C | 39 dBA | 700 rpm | 32 °C | 55 dBA | 1800 rpm | 57 °C |
Corsair A50 | 18 °C | 52 dBA | 1900 rpm | 33 °C | 52 dBA | 1900 rpm | 60 °C |
Thermaltake Jing | 18 °C | 44 dBA | 850/1150 rpm | 34 °C | 49 dBA | 1300 rpm | 60 °C |
In the graph below, at full load you can see how many degrees Celsius hotter the CPU core is than the air outside the case. The lower this difference, the better is the performance of the cooler.
The main features of the Thermaltake Jing CPU cooler include:
* Researched at Amazon.com on the day we published this review.
The Thermaltake Jing is a good cooler with great looks. The installation is relatively easy and you can remove the fans (to clean them) every time you want. The only weak point we found is its price tag: there are cheaper coolers on the market with the same performance level.
The Thermaltake Jing is a very well-built, great looking, good performing CPU cooler. Its box says "Silent by Design" and it really impressed us with the beautiful design and the low noise level while keeping a good cooling performance.
Originally at http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/Thermaltake-Jing-CPU-Cooler-Review/1117


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Video-assisted thoracoscopic (VATS) pleurodesis for malignant effusion: an Australian teaching hospital's experience. | |
MedLine Citation:
PMID: 16352262 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE |
BACKGROUND: Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is commonly employed to achieve pleurodesis in patients suffering malignant pleural effusion (MPE). AIMS.: To evaluate the utility and outcome of VATS pleurodesis in management of MPE. METHODS: Two hundred and two consecutive VATS pleurodesis for MPE were evaluated. Data was derived from a prospectively maintained database and hospital records. Pleurodesis was deemed unsuccessful if a significant effusion occurred within 30 days of surgery. RESULTS: VATS pleurodesis was successful in 88% of patients (failure 12%) while recurrence of effusion occurred in 18%. Post-operative air space, air leak, empyema and prolonged intercostal catheter drainage (>14 days) were all significantly associated with a failed procedure. Mean length of stay was 10.4 days and 42% of patients were discharged within 7 days of surgery. Morbidity was 20% with no operative deaths and median survival was 94 days. Inpatient mortality was 5%. High ASA (>or=4) was significantly associated with increased risk of inpatient death (p<0.001) and poorer long-term survival (43 days versus 133 days, p=0.05). CONCLUSIONS: VATS pleurodesis offers reasonable palliation of MPE with low morbidity and rapid recovery. Patients with an ASA score of >or=4 have a poor overall outcome and warrant less invasive palliative measures. |
Dean Trotter; Ahmad Aly; Lyndon Siu; Simon Knight |
Publication Detail:
Type: Journal Article |
Journal Detail:
Title: Heart, lung & circulation Volume: 14 ISSN: 1443-9506 ISO Abbreviation: Heart Lung Circ Publication Date: 2005 Jun |
Date Detail:
Created Date: 2005-12-14 Completed Date: 2006-01-17 Revised Date: - |
Medline Journal Info:
Nlm Unique ID: 100963739 Medline TA: Heart Lung Circ Country: Australia |
Other Details:
Languages: eng Pagination: 93-7 Citation Subset: IM |
Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. firstname.lastname@example.com |
Export Citation:
APA/MLA Format Download EndNote Download BibTex |
MeSH Terms | |
Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Female Hospitals, Teaching Humans Length of Stay Male Middle Aged Pleural Effusion, Malignant / therapy* Pleurodesis / methods Prospective Studies Recurrence Retrospective Studies Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted* Treatment Outcome Victoria |
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
Previous Document: VATS lung biopsy in suspected, diffuse interstitial lung disease provides diagnosis, and alters mana...
Next Document: Intrapericardial IGF-I improves cardiac function in an ovine model of chronic heart failure.


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Maple Professional
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The N-Body Problem
Main Concept
All objects are attracted to each other by a gravitational force of magnitude
where G is the universal constant of Gravitation, m and M are the masses of the two objects, and r is the distance between them. Using Newton's 2nd law, , the corresponding acceleration towards a nearby body of mass is
The total acceleration a body experiences when there are many other gravitational bodies in the vicinity, of masses and at distances , is therefore given by the sum of the individual accelerations towards each other body:
where we have now used vector notation because the displacements may be in different directions.
Click in the plot window to add bodies to the system. Adjust their velocities and positions by clicking and dragging or editing the textboxes. Adjust their masses using the slider. Flip the switch to start or stop the simulation.
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November is Picture Book Month!
This week was the last week of our fall Family Story Time!
Happy Halloween to all of our library friends!
It was another fun week in story time with my library friends and Dewey!
Thanks to all our friends who came out to Baby Stay and Play these last 3 weeks!
Hey library friends! We talked all about shoes with Dewey in story time this week!
Hey there library friends! This week we learned all about owls with me, Miss Liz, and Dewey in story time on Monday!
This week we started our 3-week series of Baby Stay and Play story time!
Dewey and I were back for a sweet story time this week!
We've had a great time traveling and learning about different places in the world through books this summer in story time!
Read the Library Newsletter


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Open House Overhaul
Watch our new series Carver Kings
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Learn from our experts with video tips in the HGTV.ca video centre!
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Expert Tips from Our Hosts and More!
This season's hottest trends are tone-on-tone and smooth as silk!
Benjamin Moore releases its highly anticipated 2015 Colour of the Year – Guilford Green HC-116, a stunning silvery green that complements both modern and traditional styles, seamlessly. In addition to unveiling the Colour of the Year, Benjamin Moore introduced Colour Trends 2015, a curated palette of 23 colours consisting of beautiful green, blue, blush and berry shades that can transform a space.
Read more
5 unexpected ways to use colour in 2015
Colour Resolutions
Follow these tips to avoid making unhappy choices
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Forget 'ceiling white' -- the possibilities will change how you see the fifth wall.
Paint Your Ceiling a Colour
Never feel anxious about matching colours again.
Choosing a Colour Palette
Our best decorating and DIY ideas delivered to your inbox twice a month.


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Learning Links for Kids #2
Museum Kids-Activities and explorations from New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art Learn about sculptor Paul Baliker |
Copyright © 2015 NIE WORLD (www.nieworld.com). All content copyrighted and may not be republished without permission. The News-Journal has no control over and is not responsible for content on other Web sites. Privacy Policy. |


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All Hail the Eccentric Dresser
A Gobstopper-size cocktail-ring-wearing middle finger to fashion's youth obsession.
READ MORE »A Gobstopper-size cocktail-ring-wearing middle finger to fashion's youth obsession.
READ MORE »Last night Tina Fey attempted Little Edie.
READ MORE »Plus: Jennifer Aniston goes to prison.
READ MORE »For just $30,000 a week, it's yours!
READ MORE »A lavish newcomer in the old Biltmore Room space will employ "ambassadors" and a reward system.
READ MORE »Plus: Henry Rollins has some out-of-the-box thoughts on how to solve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
READ MORE »The famously on-again, off-again couple had a special way of keeping in touch while Drew was in isolation filming 'Grey Gardens.'
READ MORE »... here are some some excellent prep materials for you.
READ MORE »The legendary Washington hostess talks about living in the infamous Hamptons manse.
READ MORE »You can re-create sand dunes, but you can't re-create tax breaks.
READ MORE »Plus industry news on Tobey Maguire, Sarah Jones, and Steven Seagal!
READ MORE »No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency On TV: The Weinstein Company is producing a TV movie (and possible series) based on Alexander McCall Smith's much-loved series The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency, with Anthony Minghella directing and writing alongside Richard Curtis.
READ MORE »Carrey Stays Sober: Jim Carrey will star in Sober Buddy, about a court-assigned watchdog who falls spectacularly off the wagon during a business trip to Las Vegas, for Universal. Relapse comedy! Let's hope Carrey falls, weeping, through a glass shower door, like Meg Ryan in When a Man Loves a Woman.


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April 17, 2014 | 11:30 AM – 7:30 PM Main Line Health Corporate Headquarters 240 North Radnor-Chester Road, Radnor, PA 19087 Room 108
Learn more about career opportunities available at Main Line Health. We are now hiring therapy professionals in multiple settings: Acute Care, Outpatient, Home Care, Acute Rehabilitation and Retirement Communities. With so many facilities, there is bound to be one in your backyard:
In addition, Main Line Health offers a unique opportunity to travel with in our system to all the above locations! Imagine having an opportunity to learn from multiple settings from different therapists! Plus, earn more money doing it! Ask us about our Resource System Traveler opportunities!
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The information provided in this Web site is for informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for medical advice. All medical information presented should be discussed with your healthcare professional. See additional Terms of Use at www.mainlinehealth.org/terms. For more information, call 1.866.CALL.MLH.


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Hello, I am oblivious as to what the noises are when a BR715 FIRST Starts. It sounds like card spokes in a bicycle as it slowly starts up. I never notice this on any other engine. Can ANYBODY please help me figure out what that sound is, and why it is so noisy at first? It starts at around 0:30. Do any other High-Bypass Turbofans make that noise, or is it specific to the BR700 series? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QAJMRyJem-M
Please check your spelling (press "Check Spelling" above)


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- HIStalk - http://histalk2.com -
Morning Headlines 1/15/13
Posted By Lt. Dan On January 14, 2013 @ 10:43 pm In Headlines | No Comments
In a letter to ONC, the AMA expresses concern with the pace of Meaningful Use and asks for a full evaluation of existing EHR and health IT problems before moving on to Stage 3.
Cloud-based EHRs create medical privacy risks
Patient Privacy Rights calls on the government to issue guidance on how cloud-based EHRs should be implemented to minimize the risk of data breaches.
The Rand Study and the impact of EHRs on Healthcare Costs
John Halamka, MD, CIO of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, weighs in on the recent Rand study that suggests EHRs may not reduce healthcare costs to the levels originally expected.
CMS: Method II physicians eligible for Medicare EHR incentives
CMS announces that physicians providing outpatient services from Critical Access Hospitals that bill under Method II are eligible to participate in the EHR incentive program. However,they will be unable to attest until 2014 due to CMS system limitations.
Article printed from HIStalk: http://histalk2.com
URL to article: http://histalk2.com/2013/01/14/morning-headlines-11513/
Click here to print.


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Vowel harmony
Sound change and alternation |
Fortition |
Dissimilation |
Other types
Vowel harmony is a type of long-distance assimilatory phonological process involving vowels that occurs in some languages. In languages with vowel harmony, there are constraints on which vowels may be found near each other.
The term vowel harmony is used in two different senses.
In the first sense, it refers to any type of long distance assimilatory process of vowels, either progressive or regressive. When used in this sense, the term vowel harmony is synonymous with the term metaphony.
In the second sense, vowel harmony refers only to progressive vowel harmony (beginning-to-end). For regressive harmony, the term umlaut is used. In this sense, metaphony is the general term while vowel harmony and umlaut are both sub-types of metaphony. The term umlaut is also used in a different sense to refer to a type of vowel gradation. This article will use "vowel harmony" for both progressive and regressive harmony.
Harmony processes are "long-distance" in the sense that the assimilation involves sounds that are separated by intervening segments (usually consonant segments). In other words, harmony refers to the assimilation of sounds that are not adjacent to each other. For example, a vowel at the beginning of a word can trigger assimilation in a vowel at the end of a word. The assimilation occurs across the entire word in many languages. This is represented schematically in the following diagram:
assimilationVaCVbCVbC → VaCVaCVaC (Va = type-a vowel, Vb = type-b vowel, C = consonant)
In the diagram above, the Va (type-a vowel) causes the following Vb (type-b vowel) to assimilate and become the same type of vowel (and thus they become, metaphorically, "in harmony").
The vowel that causes the vowel assimilation is frequently termed the trigger while the vowels that assimilate (or harmonize) are termed targets. When the vowel triggers lie within the root or stem of a word and the affixes contain the targets, this is called stem-controlled vowel harmony (the opposite situation is called dominant).[1] This is fairly common amongst languages with vowel harmony[citation needed] and may be seen in the Hungarian dative suffix:
Root Dative Gloss város város-nak 'city' öröm öröm-nek 'joy'
The dative suffix has two different forms -nak/-nek. The -nak form appears after the root with back vowels (The vowel expected to be used is a but this is a front vowel, therefore the vowel must be pronounced as an α because α and o are both back vowels). The -nek form appears after the root with front vowels (ö and e are front vowels).
Features of vowel harmony[edit]
Vowel harmony often involves dimensions such as
- Vowel height (i.e. high, mid, or low vowels)
- Vowel backness (i.e. front, central, or back vowels)
- Vowel roundedness (i.e. rounded or unrounded)
- Tongue root position (i.e. advanced or retracted tongue root, abbrev.: ±ATR)
- Nasalization (i.e. oral or nasal) (in this case, a nasal consonant is usually the trigger)
In many languages, vowels can be said to belong to particular sets or classes, such as back vowels or rounded vowels. Some languages have more than one system of harmony. For instance, Altaic languages are proposed to have a rounding harmony superimposed over a backness harmony.
Even amongst languages with vowel harmony, not all vowels need participate in the vowel conversions; these vowels are termed neutral. Neutral vowels may be opaque and block harmonic processes or they may be transparent and not affect them.[2] Intervening consonants are also often transparent.
Finally, languages that do have vowel harmony often allow for lexical disharmony, or words with mixed sets of vowels even when an opaque neutral vowel is not involved. van der Hulst & van de Weijer (1995) point to two such situations: polysyllabic trigger morphemes may contain non-neutral vowels from opposite harmonic sets and certain target morphemes simply fail to harmonize.[3] Many loanwords exhibit disharmony. For example, Turkish vakit, ('time' [from Arabic waqt]); *vakıt would have been expected.
Languages with vowel harmony[edit]
Positive/"light(Yang 陽)"/Plus Vowels 밝은모음(Balg·eun mo·eum) | ㅏ (a, /ɐ/) | ㅑ (ya, /jɐ/) | ㅗ (o) | ㅘ (wa) | ㅛ (yo) | (ㆍ /ʌ, ə/) |
ㅐ (ae, /ɛ/) | ㅒ (yae, /jɛ/) | ㅚ (oe, /ø/) | ㅙ (wae, /wɛ/) | (ㆉ /joj/) | (ㆎ /ʌj, əj/) | |
Negative/"heavy(Yin 陰)"/Minus Vowels 어두운모음(Eo·du·un mo·eum) | ㅓ (eo, /ʌ/) | ㅕ (yeo, /jʌ/) | ㅜ (u) | ㅝ (wo) | ㅠ (yu) | ㅡ (eu, /ɯ/) |
ㅔ (e) | ㅖ (ye) | ㅟ (wi, /y/) | ㅞ (we) | (ㆌ /juj/) | ㅢ (ui, /ɰj/) | |
Neutral(mediating 乎)/Centre Vowels | ㅣ (i) |
There are three classes of vowels in Korean: positive, negative, and neutral. These categories loosely follow the front (positive) and mid (negative) vowels. Traditionally, Korean had strong vowel harmony; however, this rule is no longer observed strictly in modern Korean. In modern Korean, it is only applied in certain cases such as onomatopoeia, adjectives, adverbs, conjugation, and interjections. The vowel ㅡ(eu) is considered a partially neutral and a partially negative vowel. There are other traces of vowel harmony in modern Korean: many native Korean words tend to follow vowel harmony such as 사람 (sa·ram), 'person', and 부엌 (bu·eok), 'kitchen'.
non-pharyngeal | i | u | e | o |
pharyngeal | a | ʊ | ɔ |
Mongolian possesses a different system of vowel harmony. The system includes both a pharyngeal harmony and a rounding harmony. In particular, the pharyngeal harmony involves the vowels: a, ʊ, ɔ (pharyngeal) and i, u, e, o (non-pharyngeal). Rounding harmony only affects the open vowels, e, o, a, ɔ.[4]
Turkic languages[edit]
Azeri Vowel Harmony | ||||
Front | Back | |||
Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded | |
Vowel | e, ə, i | ö, ü | a, ı | o, u |
Two form suffix (iki şəkilli şəkilçilər) | ə | a | ||
Four form suffix (dörd şəkilli şəkilçilər) | i | ü | ı | u |
Azerbaijani's system of vowel harmony has both front/back and rounded/unrounded vowels.[5]
Front | ä | e | i | ö | ü | |
Back | a | ı | í | o | u | é |
Tatar has no neutral vowels. The vowel é is found only in loanwords. Other vowels also could be found in loanwords, but they are seen as Back vowels. Tatar language also has a rounding harmony, but it isn't represented in writing. O and ö could be written only in the first syllable, but vowels they mark could be pronounced in the place where ı and e are written.
Kazakh's system of vowel harmony is primarily a front/back system, but there is also a system of rounding harmony that is not represented by the orthography, which strongly resembles the system in Kyrgyz.
Kyrgyz's system of vowel harmony is primarily a front/back system, but there is also a system of rounding harmony.
Front | Back | |||
Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded | |
High | i | ü | ı | u |
Low | e | ö | a | o |
Turkish has a 2-dimensional vowel harmony system, where vowels are characterised by two features: [±front] and [±rounded]. There are two sets of vocal harmony systems: a simple one and a complex one. The simple one is concerned with the low vowels e, a and has only the [±front] feature (e front vs a back). The complex one is concerned with the high vowels i, ü, ı, u and has both [±front] and [±rounded] features (i front unrounded vs ü front rounded and ı back unrounded vs u back rounded). The close-mid vowels ö, o are not involved in vocal harmony processes.
Front/back harmony[edit]
Turkish has two classes of vowels – front and back. Vowel harmony states that words may not contain both front and back vowels. Therefore, most grammatical suffixes come in front and back forms, e.g. Türkiye'de "in Turkey" but Almanya'da "in Germany".
Nom.sg | Gen.sg. | Nom.pl | Gen.pl. | Gloss |
ip | ipin | ipler | iplerin | 'rope' |
el | elin | eller | ellerin | 'hand' |
kız | kızın | kızlar | kızların | 'girl' |
Rounding harmony[edit]
In addition, there is a secondary rule that i and ı tend to become ü and u respectively after rounded vowels, so certain suffixes have additional forms. This gives constructions such as Türkiye'dir "it is Turkey", kapıdır "it is the door", but gündür "it is day", paltodur "it is the coat".
Compound words are considered separate words with respect to vowel harmony: vowels do not have to harmonize between members of the compound (thus forms like bu|gün "this|day" = "today" are permissible).
Vowel harmony does not apply for loanwords and some invariant suffixes (such as -iyor).
There are also a few native modern Turkish words that do not follow the rule (such as anne "mother" or kardeş "sibling" which used to obey vowel harmony in their older forms, ana and karındaş, respectively). In such words, suffixes harmonize with the final vowel; thus İstanbul'dur "it is İstanbul".
Disharmony tends to disappear through analogy, especially within loanwords. Suffixes drop disharmony to a lesser extent, e.g. Hüsnü (a man's name) < previously Hüsni, from Arabic husnî; Müslüman "Moslem, Muslim (adj. and n.)" < *müslimân, from Arabic Muslim).
Uralic languages[edit]
In the Finnish language, there are three classes of vowels – front, back, and neutral, where each front vowel has a back vowel pairing. Grammatical endings such as case and derivational endings – but not enclitics – have only archiphonemic vowels U, O, A, which are realized as either back [u, o, a] or front [y, ø, æ] inside a single word. From vowel harmony it follows that the initial syllable of each single (non-compound) word controls the frontness or backness of the entire word. Non-initially, the neutral vowels are transparent to and unaffected by vowel harmony. In the initial syllable:
- a back vowel causes all non-initial syllables to be realized with back (or neutral) vowels, e.g. pos+ahta+(t)a → posahtaa
- a front vowel causes all non-initial syllables to be realized with front (or neutral) vowels, e.g. räj+ahta+(t)a → räjähtää.
- a neutral vowel acts like a front vowel, but does not control the frontness or backness of the word: if there are back vowels in non-initial syllables, the word acts like it began with back vowels, even if they come from derivational endings, e.g. sih+ahta+(t)a → sihahtaa cf. sih+ise+(t)a → sihistä
For example:
- kaura begins with back vowel → kauralla
- kuori begins with back vowel → kuorella
- sieni begins without back vowels → sienellä (not *sienella)
- käyrä begins without back vowels → käyrällä
- tuote begins with back vowels → tuotteessa
- kerä begins with a neutral vowel → kerällä
- kera begins with a neutral vowel, but has a noninitial back vowel → keralla
Some dialects that have a sound change opening diphthong codas also permit archiphonemic vowels in the initial syllable. For example, standard 'ie' is reflected as 'ia' or 'iä', controlled by noninitial syllables, in the Tampere dialect, e.g. tiä ← tie but miakka ← miekka.
... as evidenced by tuotteessa (not *tuotteessä). Even if phonologically front vowels precede the suffix -nsa, grammatically it is preceded by a word controlled by a back vowel. As shown in the examples, neutral vowels make the system unsymmetrical, as they are front vowels phonologically, but leave the front/back control to any grammatical front or back vowels. There is little or no change in the actual vowel quality of the neutral vowels.
As a consequence, Finnish speakers often have problems with pronouncing foreign words which do not obey vowel harmony. For example, olympia is often pronounced olumpia. The position of some loans is unstandardized (e.g. chattailla/chättäillä ) or ill-standardized (e.g. polymeeri, sometimes pronounced polumeeri, and autoritäärinen, which violate vowel harmony). Where a foreign word violates vowel harmony by not using front vowels because it begins with a neutral vowel, then last syllable generally counts, although this rule is irregularly followed.[7] Experiments indicate that e.g. miljonääri always becomes (front) miljonääriä, but marttyyri becomes equally frequently both marttyyria (back) and marttyyriä (front), even by the same speaker.
With respect to vowel harmony, compound words can be considered separate words. For example, syyskuu ("autumn month" i.e. September) has both u and y, but it consists of two words syys and kuu, and declines syys·kuu·ta (not *syyskuutä). The same goes for enclitics, e.g. taaksepäin "backwards" consists of the word taakse "to back" and -päin "-wards", which gives e.g. taaksepäinkään (not *taaksepäinkaan or *taaksepainkaan). If fusion takes place, the vowel is harmonized by some speakers, e.g. tälläinen pro tällainen ← tämän lainen.
Some Finnish words whose stems contain only neutral vowels exhibit an alternating pattern in terms of vowel harmony when inflected or forming new words through derivation. Examples include meri "sea", meressä "in the sea" (inessive), but merta (partitive), not *mertä; veri "blood", verestä "from the blood" (elative), but verta (partitive), not *vertä; pelätä "to be afraid", but pelko "fear", not *pelkö; kipu "pain", but kipeä "sore", not *kipea.
Helsinki slang has slang words that have roots violating vowel harmony, e.g. Sörkka. This can be interpreted as Swedish influence.
Vowel types[edit]
open | middle | closed | ||
Back ("low") | a á | o ó | u ú | |
Front ("high") |
unrounded (neutral) |
e é | i í | |
rounded | ö ő | ü ű |
Hungarian, like its distant relative Finnish, has the same system of front, back, and intermediate (neutral) vowels but is more complex than the one of Finnish, and some vowel harmony processes, though following the general [±front] feature, are somehow unpredictable. The basic rule is that words with front ("high") vowels get front vowel suffixes (kézbe – in(to) the hand), back ("low") vowel words back suffixes (karba – in(to) the arm).
The only essential difference in classification between Hungarian and Finnish is that most dialects of Hungarian do not observe the difference between Finnish 'ä' [æ] and 'e' [e] – the Hungarian front vowel 'e' [æ] is the same as the Finnish front vowel 'ä'.
Behaviour of neutral vowels[edit]
Intermediate or neutral vowels are usually counted as front ones, since they are formed that way, the difference being that neutral vowels can occur along with back vowels in Hungarian word bases (e.g. répa carrot, kocsi car). The basic rule is that words with neutral and back vowels usually take back suffixes (e.g. répá|ban in a carrot, kocsi|ban in a car).
The suffix rules for words with both kinds of suffixes are the following:
- The last syllable counts (typically in words of visibly foreign origin): sofőr|höz, nüansz|szal, generál|ás, október|ben, parlament|ben, szoftver|rel
- A regular exception is i/í and é (but not usually e): they are transparent for the rule, so only the other sounds will be taken into consideration, e.g. papír|hoz, kuplé|hoz, marék|hoz, konflis|hoz
- Some 1-syllable words using í are strictly using front suffixes (víz > viz|et, hír|ek), while some others can take back suffixes only (szíj|ról, nyíl > nyil|at, zsír|ban, ír|ás)
- Some words can take either front or back suffixes: farmer|ban or farmer|ben
Suffixes in multiple forms[edit]
While most grammatical suffixes in Hungarian come in either one form (e.g. -kor) or two forms (front and back, e.g. -ban/-ben), some suffixes have an additional form for front rounded vowels (such as ö, ő, ü and ű), e.g. hoz/-hez/-höz. An example on basic numerals:
-kor (at, for time) |
-ban/-ben (in) |
-hoz/-hez/-höz (to) |
Back | hat (6) nyolc (8) három (3) |
hatkor nyolckor háromkor egykor négykor kilenckor ötkor kettőkor |
hatban nyolcban háromban |
hathoz nyolchoz háromhoz |
Front | unrounded (neutral) |
egy (1) négy (4) kilenc (9) |
egyben négyben kilencben ötben kettőben |
egyhez négyhez kilenchez |
rounded | öt (5) kettő (2) |
öthöz kettőhöz |
Standard Estonian has lost its vowel harmony, the front vowels occurring only in the first (stressed) syllable. However vowel harmony exists in its Võro dialect.
Vowel harmony is present in all Yokutsan languages and dialects. For instance, Yawelmani has 4 vowels (which additionally may be either long or short). These can be grouped as in the table below.
Unrounded | Rounded | |
High | i | u |
Low | a | ɔ |
Vowels in suffixes must harmonize with either /u/ or its non-/u/ counterparts or with /ɔ/ or non-/ɔ/ counterparts. For example, the vowel in the aorist suffix appears as /u/ when it follows a /u/ in the root, but when it follows all other vowels it appears as /i/. Similarly, the vowel in the nondirective gerundial suffix appears as /ɔ/ when it follows a /ɔ/ in the root; otherwise it appears as /a/.
-hun/-hin | (aorist suffix) | |
muṭhun | [muʈhun] | 'swear (aorist)' |
giy̓hin | [ɡij'hin] | 'touch (aorist)' |
gophin | [ɡɔphin] | 'take of infant (aorist)' |
xathin | [xathin] | 'eat (aorist)' |
-tow/-taw | (nondirective gerundial suffix) | |
goptow | [ɡɔptɔw] | 'take care of infant (nondir. ger.)' |
giy̓taw | [ɡij'taw] | 'touch (nondir. ger.)' |
muṭtaw | [muʈtaw] | 'swear (nondir. ger.)' |
xattaw | [xatːaw] | 'eat (nondir. ger.)' |
In addition to the harmony found in suffixes, there is a harmony restriction on word stems where in stems with more than one syllable all vowels are required to be of the same lip rounding and tongue height dimensions. For example, a stem must contain all high rounded vowels or all low rounded vowels, etc. This restriction is further complicated by (i) long high vowels being lowered and (ii) an epenthetic vowel [i] which does not harmonize with stem vowels.
There is some evidence for vowel harmony according to vowel height or ATR in the prefix i3/e- in inscriptions from pre-Sargonic Lagash (the specifics of the pattern have led a handful of scholars to postulate not only an /o/ phoneme, but even an /ɛ/ and, most recently, an /ɔ/)[8] Many cases of partial or complete assimilation of the vowel of certain prefixes and suffixes to one in the adjacent syllable are reflected in writing in some of the later periods, and there is a noticeable though not absolute tendency for disyllabic stems to have the same vowel in both syllables.[9] What appears to be vowel contraction in hiatus (*/aa/, */ia/, */ua/ > a, */ae/ > a, */ue/ > u, etc.) is also very common.
Other languages[edit]
Vowel harmony occurs to some degree in many other languages, such as
- Akan languages (tongue root position)
- several Bantu languages such as:
- Bezhta
- Coeur d'Alene (tongue root position and height)
- Coosan languages
- Dusun languages
- Igbo (tongue root position)
- Maiduan languages
- Nez Percé
- Nilotic languages
- Tungusic languages, such as Manchu
- Asturian
- Old Japanese: Some[who?] consider that vowel harmony must have existed at one time. However, a consensus has not been reached. See the pertinent phonological rules.
- Eastern Andalusian Spanish[12]
- Portuguese dialects
- Northern Qiang
- Takelma
- Telugu
- Tibetic languages
- Utian languages
- Valencian[12]
- Warlpiri
Other types of harmony[edit]
Although vowel harmony is the most well-known harmony, not all types of harmony that occur in the world's languages involve only vowels. Other types of harmony involve consonants (and is known as consonant harmony). Rarer types of harmony are those that involve tone or both vowels and consonants (e.g. postvelar harmony).
Vowel-consonant harmony[edit]
Some languages have harmony processes that involve an interaction between vowels and consonants. For example, Chilcotin has a phonological process known as vowel flattening (i.e. post-velar harmony) where vowels must harmonize with uvular and pharyngealized consonants.
Chilcotin has two classes of vowels:
- "flat" vowels [ᵊi, e, ᵊɪ, o, ɔ, ə, a]
- non-"flat" vowels [i, ɪ, u, ʊ, æ, ɛ]
Additionally, Chilcotin has a class of pharyngealized "flat" consonants [tsˤ, tsʰˤ, ts'ˤ, sˤ, zˤ]. Whenever a consonant of this class occurs in a word, all preceding vowels must be flat vowels.
[jətʰeɬtsˤʰosˤ] | 'he's holding it (fabric)' |
[ʔapələsˤ] | 'apples' |
[natʰák'ə̃sˤ] | 'he'll stretch himself' |
If flat consonants do not occur in a word, then all vowels will be of the non-flat class:
[nænɛntʰǽsʊç] | 'I'll comb hair' |
[tetʰǽsk'ɛn] | 'I'll burn it' |
[tʰɛtɬʊç] | 'he laughs' |
Other languages of this region of North America (the Plateau culture area), such as St'át'imcets, have similar vowel-consonant harmonic processes.
Syllabic synharmony[edit]
Syllabic synharmony was a process in the Proto-Slavic language ancestral to all modern Slavic languages. It refers to the tendency of frontness (palatality) to be generalised across an entire syllable. It was therefore a form of consonant–vowel harmony in which the property 'palatal' or 'non-palatal' applied to an entire syllable at once rather than to each sound individually.
The result was that back vowels were fronted after j or a palatal consonant, and consonants were palatalised before j or a front vowel. Diphthongs were harmonized as well, although they were soon monophthongized because of a tendency to end syllables with a vowel (syllables were or became open). This rule remained in place for a long time, and ensured that a syllable containing a front vowel always began with a palatal consonant, and a syllable containing j was always preceded by a palatal consonant and followed by a front vowel.
See also[edit]
- ^ van der Hulst & van de Weijer (1995:496)
- ^ van der Hulst & van de Weijer (1995:496–498)
- ^ van der Hulst & van de Weijer (1995:499–500)
- ^ Svantesson, Jan-Olof, et al. "The Phonology of Mongolian"
- ^ Öztopçu, Kurtuluş (2003). Elementary Azerbaijani (2. printing ed.). Santa Monica, Calif. ; İstanbul: [Simurg]. pp. 32, 49. ISBN 975-93773-0-6.
- ^ Examples from Roca & Johnson (1999:150)
- ^ Ringen, Catherine O.; Heinämäki, Orvokki (1999). "Variation in Finnish Vowel Harmony: An OT Account". Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 17 (2). doi:10.1023/A:1006158818498.
- ^ Smith, Eric J M (2007). "Harmony and the Vowel Inventory of Sumerian". Journal of Cuneiform Studies 57.
- ^ Michalowski, Piotr (2008). "Sumerian". In Woodard, Roger D. The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum. Cambridge University Press. p. 17.
- ^ a b c d e Derek Nurse, Gérard Philippson, The Bantu languages, Routledge, 2003. ISBN 0-7007-1134-1
- ^ Lojenga, Constance Kutsch. "Two types of vowel harmony in Malila (M.24)" (PDF). SIL, Leiden University.
- ^ a b Lloret (2007)
- Jacobson, Leon Carl. (1978). DhoLuo vowel harmony: A phonetic investigation. Los Angeles: University of California.
- Krämer, Martin. (2003). Vowel harmony and correspondence theory. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Li, Bing. (1996). Tungusic vowel harmony: Description and analysis. The Hague: Holland Academic Graphics.
- Lloret, Maria-Rosa (2007), "On the Nature of Vowel Harmony: Spreading with a Purpose", in Bisetto, Antonietta; Barbieri, Francesco, Proceedings of the XXXIII Incontro di Grammatica Generativa, pp. 15–35
- Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
- Shahin, Kimary N. (2002). Postvelar harmony. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub.
- Smith, Norval; & van der Hulst, Harry (Eds.). (1988). Features, segmental structure and harmony processes (Pts. 1 & 2). Dordrecht: Foris. ISBN 90-6765-399-3 (pt. 1), ISBN 90-6765-430-2 (pt. 2 ) .
- Vago, Robert M. (Ed.). (1980). Issues in vowel harmony: Proceedings of the CUNY Linguistic Conference on Vowel Harmony, 14 May 1977. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
- Vago, Robert M. (1994). Vowel harmony. In R. E. Asher (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics (pp. 4954–4958). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
- van der Hulst, Harry; van de Weijer, Jeroen (1995), "Vowel Harmony", in Goldsmith, John A., The Handbook of Phonological Theory, Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics, Blackwell Publishers, pp. 495–534
External links[edit]
- HungarianReference.com: section on vowel harmony in Hungarian – Hungarian grammar guide.


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text:
Fished Lone today from about 8 am- 2 pm. A good third of the lake had a sheet of ice on it when I arrived. It was COOOOLLLLDDDD. God I miss my pram. I toughed it out as long as I could, but it was flat out dead. Missed 2 take downs of my indicator, and that was IT for the day. Beautiful day on the water, and I was completely solo all day.
Bummer! Sorry to hear, but you da man to tough it out. It will be an interesting winter fishery if this keeps up.
Fished there last Friday with 3 strikes and only one to hand. Fish were marking on my Humminbird @ or just above the bottom in varying depths. Strikes only occured on small olive buggers trolled deep and slow. When I thought I was going too slow I slowed down some more. Only one other person out on the lake that day and it looked like he had the same type of luck. Ryfly
Yeah, this is my third trip to Lone in the last 10 days or so, and it has been slllllooooowwwww. Any ideas as to what is putting the fish down? The cold? How does the cold temps affect the fish? Seems like they would still have to eat, but what do I know. Sure was a beautiful day to be on the water... The crystalized, icy fog put a quiet blanket on the day. Super quiet..... and crispy cold. Just wish the fish would have cooperated.
Your experience is pretty similar to what Ira and I found last weekend. The water temp was 38 when we got on the lake and topped out at 40. Fish don't need to eat much at those temps and there aren't many choices available on the menu. I was hoping we might get something going during the warmest part of the day because if bugs were going to move, they might respond to the subtle warming later in the afternoon. That "something" turned out to be pretty minor . . .but we did get 6 fish in the boat, mostly in the last 2 hours of daylight. If I were going to fish it again soon, I'd time my trip to fish from 11am-dark and work the shallows with the most sun exposure. I pumped one fish that was eating scuds and daphnia. Caught him in about 6 feet of water on a very slow troll with Jeff Dodd's meanie greenie pattern.
Any locals with a Lone Lake ice report? Lake open enough to fish? Pass Lake? Debating trying a fish this weekend but not crazy about ice breaking to get a line wet...
There was plenty of open water yesterday. Just a thin sheet floating around that covered a decent chunk of water, but was easily avoided. Wasn't as cold in Everett today, I would feel pretty confident that it would be fine to fish this weekend. Though if it were me, I would probably head to Pass. Lone has not been fishing terribly well the past couple weeks, but Pass has been decent the couple times I've made it up there.
steeli, The launch point @ the parking lot, bay #2, and the main section of the lake were frozen over last Tues. Results were pretty much like troutpocket's @ Lone. Checked it today but fished elsewhere; it is melting out fast; there is still about 20' of ice @ the parking lot but the Point and part of bay #2 is clear. Use one of the access points along the road. Rain is coming mid-next week and lows are going up. Tell us how it goes.
thanks...might try it tomorrow not sure whether to bring the pram with a little ice breaking maybe or u-tube off the roads. Thanks for the updates...a bit of drive for me.


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90s -Kennington- Mens black background with brown, red, yellow and white polyester short sleeve button front sport shirt with notched fold over collar, left chest patch pocket with dragons, boats, men and buildings. New condition without original tags.
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The Pacifica Evening News
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Tens of Thousands Rally in Washington Against Climate Change
Demonstrators urged President Obama to reject the proposed Keystone XL Pipeline to transport oil produced from the tar sands of Canada to Texas Gulf Oil refineries. An estimated 4,000 took part in a San Francisco rally. Hundreds marched in Los Angeles, and hundreds more in San Diego. Sharon Sobotta filed this report from San Francisco's rally.
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In Africa, sculptural depictions of rulers and ancestral heroes have served a variety of political and spiritual functions. Passed down along dynastic lines or commissioned by current rulers, such images were often displayed as evidence of pedigree to justify and consolidate power, and sometimes served as conduits for communication between the ancestors and their living successors. Rulers often utilized the medium of portraiture to present themselves to their subjects, frequently in idealized terms that conveyed their physical, intellectual, and spiritual superiority. Often the very act of commissioning a portrait was an indication of the ruler's power and dynastic legitimacy that demonstrated the individual's control over important economic and artistic resources. In some political traditions, it also showed that a ruler had undergone ritual processes of investiture that revealed his or her underlying character and ultimate destinyfeatures that could then be realized in visual form. Some types of portraiture were not figural at all but evoked the subject metaphorically by portraying a set of personal attributes in visual form.
Bortolot, Alexander Ives. "Portraits of African Leadership". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/aprt/hd_aprt.htm (October 2003)
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