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The following papers have been presented by HVE Users during the HVE White Paper Session at the annual HVE Forum. These papers may present information on any of the following topics:
To receive a copy of a paper, please use one of the following methods:
Lawrence Jackson, Kristin M. Bolte, Ph.D. -- National Transportation Safety Board
ABSTRACT: This paper describes the successful application of the HVE system, EDSMAC4 and additional software to simulate highway-rail grade crossing crashes. On June 3, 1998, a Union Pacific Railroad train struck a 1990 Dodge 350, 15-passenger capacity van. The train's recorder indicated that the train was going 46 mph at impact with the van. Some of the young occupants of the van indicated that the van might have stopped prior to going across the crossing. A conventional momentum analysis was attempted, but due to the lateral resistance in the tracks, and the mass differences of the vehicles, large variations in speed, ranging from 16 to 156 mph, were obtained for the van. A simulation was performed using an HVE system and the EDSMAC4 physics model. The simulation indicated that the van was traveling about 35 mph at impact and the simulation reproduced the damage to the van. Based on the successful Wagoner simulation, EDSMAC4 and supporting programs have been used for two additional grade crossing crashes, one being completed and one recently initiated involving trains and large vehicles. The simulations provided good information and resolved some of the uncertainties surrounding the crashes. The three simulations indicate that EDSMAC4 and supporting programs can be used to simulate highway/railroad crashes. The three crashes simulated had good train recorder data; two crashes involved impacts at the rear of the highway vehicles and the other just rearward of the center of gravity, followed by rotation of the highway vehicles. These types of crashes, with similar data, can be simulated successfully using EDSMAC4.
Wesley D. Grimes -- Collision Engineering Associates, Inc. F. Denny Lee -- F.D. Lee
ABSTRACT: Computer simulations are frequently used to analyze occupant kinematics in motor vehicle crashes, including what they collide with during the crash and the severity of these internal collisions. From study of such occupant simulations, it is then possible to infer how the actual human occupants may have been injured in a crash. When using a simulation to study how occupants react in a vehicle crash, a crash-pulse is usually required as input to the occupant simulation model. This crash-pulse is typically generated from a study of the vehicle motion and acceleration during a crash. There are several different methods for obtaining such a crash-pulse which are in common use. Each of these methods produces a different shape for the crash-pulse, even with identical velocity changes for the vehicle. The time duration, maximum acceleration, and general shape of the crash-pulse may influence the predicted motion of the occupants. In this research, the GATB (Graphical Articulated Total Body) computer simulation model is used to study basic occupant kinematics using a variety of shapes for the crash-pulse, in order to determine how the specific shape of the crash-pulse affects the predicted occupant kinematics.
William E. Dickinson -- Wolf Technical Services, Inc.
ABSTRACT: Engineering Dynamics Corporation's 3-Dimensional Human, Vehicle and Envrionment (HVE 3-D) analysis package is an ideal tool to evaluate the dynamic response of a vehicle to various environmental conditions. Many different types of 3-Dimensional (3-D) vehicle models are readily available in the HVE 3-D vehicle library. These vehicle models can be customized to match the characteristics of the particular vehicle being evaluated. However, the second important piece of the analysis, the environment, must be recorded and developed by the user. Many different approaches to the measurement and development of a 3-D surface environment are available. These measurement techniques range from the use of state of the art total station surveying equipment to manually recording measurements of the physical geometry using measuring wheels, measuring tapes and levels. Whatever measurement technique is utilized, the 3-D environment topography or terrain data must be developed and processed into 3-D surface data and thereafter transferred into the HVE 3-D analysis package where it will interact with the HVE 3-D vehicle model. This paper describes an approach for the development and processing of the 3-D environment's topography or terrain data from various sources using a simple spreadsheet. A comma delimited point file is developed for the 3-D surface and the files are imported into an AutoCAD Land Development Desktop (LDD), which is used to develop the various 3-D surfaces associated with the vehicle-environment analysis. Once the terrain model is developed in LDD, it can be exported as a 3-D Studio file into HVE-3D. A graphical presentation of the analysis can be created using HVE 3-D or the data can be transferred into a high order rendering program to develop the graphical presentation.
Dan A. Fittanto, Ruhl and Associates -- Forensic, Inc. Roland L. Ruhl, Mark G. Strauss -- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
ABSTRACT: Concern has been expressed for the effect of cattle movement upon the dynamic performance of the loaded Class 8 tractor-livestock trailer assembly. Loading guidelines exist for cattle that attempt to prevent injury or debilitation during transit, and literature exists on the orientation and some kinematics of loaded cattle.
Considerable literature exists on the effect of liquid slosh in tankers and swinging beef carcasses suspended from hooks in refrigerated van trailers on the dynamic response and roll stability of those vehicles. However, no research is reported on the case of a loaded livestock trailer, although it is analogized (incorrectly) to the above. The research that is outlined herein focuses specifically on loaded Class 8 tractors and livestock semi-trailers.
The authors have engaged in an extensive program involving the five following components:
Results of this research verify the stability of Class 8 livestock trailers and validate the use of EDVDS as tool for analysis.
Patrick M. Fay -- Fay Engineering Corporation
ABSTRACT: This paper presents a technique for using HVE's Playback Editor to analyze automobile accidents where one of two conditions exists. The first is when an analysis of the pre-accident timing or visibility is necessary. For example, a vehicle may momentarily hinder visibility as it passes between two others that then collide. The second is when the boundaries of two vehicles overlap during some portion of the event, but do not come in contact. For example, a car may pass beneath some portion of a semi-trailer without making contact. The technique involves superimposing two vehicles in the same scene and manipulating their positions relative to each other by changing a time delay.
J. Travis Garvey -- Engineering Dynamics Corporation
ABSTRACT: The accuracy of any vehicle simulation software depends upon the accuracy of the data used to create the vehicles. It is therefore essential to follow a consistent, documented process in gathering and entering data used for the mathematical dynamics model and visual representation. The vehicle data file consists of all the data that makes up the dynamic model, where as, the geometry file is the visual representation of the vehicle. This paper presents an overview of the entire process of creating a vehicle to be used in the HVE vehicle database. An in depth review of the information that resides in the vehicle data file is given. The collection of physical data from the desired vehicle is discussed. In addition, the objectives and process for digitizing a vehicle for HVE are explained. Finally the process of orienting the vehicle geometry file to the coincided with the vehicle data file is discussed.
William Blythe -- William Blythe, Inc.
ABSTRACT: A single vehicle run-off-the-road accident occurred on a major highway in Sonora State, Mexico. It was daylight and the road was dry. The accident initially was attributed to tire failure, but subsequent investigation indicated no tire damage.
Approximately one year after the accident the driver of the Dodge pickup, a citizen of the US living in Southern California, received a recall notice from the manufacturer indicating a possible steering column separation problem.
A lawsuit was filed against the manufacturer, claiming the loss of control was due to steering column separation. The car had been destroyed in Mexico before the lawsuit was filed.
The Defense claimed that the path followed by the car was inconsistent with steering column separation and only could have been achieved with steering input. Therefore, the loss of control was due to inattentive driving and inappropriate steer input by the driver.
The recently-introduced steer degree of freedom (DOF) capability of VSM was used to investigate the claims of both the plaintiff and the defense.
Lawrence Jackson, P.E., Kristin M. Bolte, Ph.D., Shane Lack National Transportation Safety Board
ABSTRACT: Many of the highway crash investigations undertaken by the National Transportation Safety Board involve collisions of several large vehicles, large vehicle rollovers, or other highly dynamic and complex scenarios. The collision simulations were enhanced with detailed scene and vehicle documentation. A variety of tools were used in an effort to best replicate the physical evidence at the scene and the crush characteristics of the vehicles within the HVE system. The purpose of this paper was to detail the large commercial vehicle crashes simulated using HVE and associated "special effects" in an effort to address safety issues.
Kenneth S. Baker and James P. Sneddon -- Northwestern University Center for Public Safety ABSTRACT: Creating three dimensional environments requires significantly more point data than an orthographic two dimensional diagram. Ideally, this point data is acquired through a total station survey of the site. Circumstances occur when a survey is not possible. The roadway improvements may have changed since the date of the accident, or regulatory and safety issues prevent you from performing a survey. Construction plans exist for the majority of paved streets and highways in the United States. Changes made during construction are often recorded on a set of revised plans called As-Built plans. Three dimensional environments can be generated from these plans in lieu of a site survey. Third party software such as AutoCAD is necessary to create the environment, which can then be imported into HVE. The user constructs a "virtual" roadway in a computer environment. The process is similar to what occurs when the actual roadway is built. First the roadway is staked, then cut to grade, and finally the surfaces are poured. The path of the roadway is established by a survey line or centerline. This centerline provides the spine from which the roadway can by constructed. Initially, the centerline is plotted using only horizontal data. After which adjustments for grade and vertical curves are made. Typical cross sections define the roadway crown, curb and gutter, and super-elevation. There may be multiple cross sections, which apply to various locations along the centerline. Cross sections are place along the centerline at points where changes occur in the centerline's traverse. Using the centerline and cross sections as a skeleton, entities are drawn to establish roadway edges, curbs and gutters. Intersecting roadways, drives and alleys are added. Finally, surfaces are constructed between the centerline and roadway edge or curb and gutter. Roadside features and pavement markings are added before the environment is exported.
ABSTRACT: Creating three dimensional environments requires significantly more point data than an orthographic two dimensional diagram. Ideally, this point data is acquired through a total station survey of the site. Circumstances occur when a survey is not possible. The roadway improvements may have changed since the date of the accident, or regulatory and safety issues prevent you from performing a survey.
Construction plans exist for the majority of paved streets and highways in the United States. Changes made during construction are often recorded on a set of revised plans called As-Built plans. Three dimensional environments can be generated from these plans in lieu of a site survey.
Third party software such as AutoCAD is necessary to create the environment, which can then be imported into HVE. The user constructs a "virtual" roadway in a computer environment. The process is similar to what occurs when the actual roadway is built. First the roadway is staked, then cut to grade, and finally the surfaces are poured.
The path of the roadway is established by a survey line or centerline. This centerline provides the spine from which the roadway can by constructed. Initially, the centerline is plotted using only horizontal data. After which adjustments for grade and vertical curves are made.
Typical cross sections define the roadway crown, curb and gutter, and super-elevation. There may be multiple cross sections, which apply to various locations along the centerline. Cross sections are place along the centerline at points where changes occur in the centerline's traverse.
Using the centerline and cross sections as a skeleton, entities are drawn to establish roadway edges, curbs and gutters. Intersecting roadways, drives and alleys are added. Finally, surfaces are constructed between the centerline and roadway edge or curb and gutter. Roadside features and pavement markings are added before the environment is exported.
Wesley D. Grimes and Eric Hunter, Collision Engineering Associates, Inc.
ABSTRACT: Computer models used to study crashes require data describing the vehicles. Data such as weight, length, wheelbase, tire locations, crush stiffness, tire parameters, etc. all require some source of information. Usually the tire parameters are difficult to obtain and analysts will routinely use default or "typical" values. Engineering Dynamics Corp. (EDC), with support from many in the field of crash reconstruction, conducted a tire test series in 1999 to obtain tire data that will be used in studying motor vehicle performance. The computer simulations in use today require some type of tire data coefficients or lookup tables that must be extracted from the raw collected data. This paper presents a basic overview of the tire test data and presents a technique for extracting the required tire parameters for use in computer simulation modeling.
Dan A. Fittanto -- Ruhl Forensic, Inc.
ABSTRACT: Yaw instability was studied for five tractor-semitrailer configurations using EDVDS and SIMON in the HVE 4.10 operating system. Steady-state analyses were performed on the vehicle configurations by implementing a series of trapezoidal steer inputs, roll angles, articulation angle and forward velocity were recorded. Steer angles were incrementally increased until the vehicle experienced yaw divergence, rollover or steer tire saturation.
The five vehicle configurations were:
Handling diagrams were prepared for each vehicle configuration using the data obtained from EDVDS and SIMON. The five vehicle configurations were compared to each other using EDVDS data and again using SIMON data. Relative stability of each configuration was compared.
The results for each individual configuration as reported by EDVDS and SIMON were also compared.
SIMON and EDVDS revealed similar trends among the vehicle configurations. EDVDS and SIMON demonstrated rather different responses within the sensitivity of the handling diagrams. The vehicles modeled in SIMON tended to be more neutral steer than those modeled in EDVDS. That is, 2-axle tractor configurations exhibited more oversteer in EDVDS than in SIMON and 3-axle tractor configurations tended to exhibit more understeer in EDVDS than in SIMON.
A unique characteristic of the vehicle response was observed in the SIMON runs. Between approximately .07 and .12 g's, a spike in the yaw rate was observed in all five runs.
James P. Sneddon -- Northwestern University Center for Public Safety
ABSTRACT: Since HVE's introduction, users have employed third party software to create environments for import. Numerous computer aided drafting and 3-D modeling programs are available, and the user's choice is influenced by many factors. Some of the more significant factors concerning HVE users are:
Modeling an HVE environment requires three dimensional point data that is typically acquired from a site survey. HVE's Environment Editor was intended to import surfaces constructed from this data, using either computer aided drafting or 3-D modeling software. Creating surfaces that accurately match the point data is largely dependant upon the software's surface tools. Similarly, ensuring "watertight" seams between adjacent surfaces is a function of the software's capability.
Additionally, the direction of surface normals is critical to HVE calculation models. Surface normal directions are established by the CAD or 3-D modeling software. The method by which normals are oriented vary among programs and file formats, and have caused problems for HVE users. Finally, the software must be able to export a file format supported by HVE. If not, a translator must be available, or another piece of software purchased solely for this purpose.
This white paper provides an introduction to using Rhinoceros® (a.k.a. Rhino) as it applies to these issues.
James S. Sobek and William E. Dickinson, Wolf Technical Services, Inc.
ABSTRACT: This paper describes the successful application of EDSMAC to "pre-construct" a staged car/train collision. The paper compares the real-world results of that April 1996 collision with the EDSMAC predictions and with a recent re-analysis of the collision using the HVE system and the current EDSMAC4 program.
Wolf Technical Services, Inc. (WOLF), Indiana Rail Road, WRTV Channel 6, Teen Challenge and Operation Lifesaver worked together to stage a grade crossing collision involving a 1984 Cadillac deVille and an EMD GP-16 locomotive. The purpose of the event was to produce a news program geared to educate the public on the dangers of railroad grade crossings. To ensure that the filming was completed in a safe manner, WOLF was asked to design the collision configuration. WOLF personnel used the EDVAP EDSMAC vehicle dynamics program to determine how to place the car on the grade crossing and to predict the dynamics of the collision once the train struck the car. The vehicle C.G. (center of gravity) position was established at the site. The car post-impact path and rest position were "right on track" and were predicted within inches, showing the accuracy of the EDSMAC program in both reconstruction and pre-construction. Crash dummies and video cameras were in the car. Channel 6 and WOLF provided video coverage from a variety of other viewpoints. Excerpts from that coverage will be shown . . .
As a demonstration of the ability to use HVE for the same purpose, we used the same general techniques in EDSMAC4 to reanalyze the collision.
Lawrence Jackson, PE, MS and Kristin Poland, PhD, -- National Transportation Safety Board
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to present a simulation of a large, commercial vehicle during a mountainous descent using the SIMON physics program contained in the Human Vehicle Environment (HVE) system. This paper discusses the simulation of a brake fade for a fully loaded tractor/semi-trailer in Mountainburg, Arkansas as it negotiated a long, mountainous descent. The simulation required SIMON to apply aerodynamic forces on the vehicle and to simulate the forces due to braking. The Mountainburg tractor/semi-trailer was built in 1989 reflecting older commercial vehicle technologies that are still on the road. The brakes were not adjusted properly as discovered through post-accident inspection.
SIMON has several unique features that were needed to refine the simulation. The aerodynamic drag was used to slow the vehicle as it descended the mountain and to calibrate the drag in gear. Brake Designer was needed to account for the hot brake linings and to simulate brake fade.
Lawrence Jackson, PE, MS, and Kristin Poland, PhD, -- National Transportation Safety Board
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to present a simulation of a large, commercial intercity-bus during a mountainous descent using the SIMON physics program contained in the Human Vehicle Environment (HVE) system. This paper discusses the simulation of a run-off-the-road intercity bus accident in Canon City, Colorado. The accident involved a commercial vehicle braking on a long, mountainous descent. The simulation required SIMON to estimate the aerodynamic forces on the vehicle, to simulate the forces due to braking on a slippery surface during cornering and to simulate the loss of lateral control. The Canon City intercity bus was built in 1999, reflecting current commercial vehicle technologies including a DDEC IV engine recorder, ABS, and a transmission retarder.
SIMON has several unique features that were needed to refine the simulations. The aerodynamic drag was used to slow these vehicles as they descended the mountain and to calibrate the drag in and out of gear. In the Canon City simulation, the robust tire and suspension models were needed during the two loss-of-control events and also when brakes and the retarder were applied, especially during cornering.
Rajiv A. Menon, Yoganand S. Ghati, Shresta B. Marigowda and Kristy Abrogast The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Flaura K. Winston -- University of Pennsylvania
ABSTRACT: This paper describes the application of HVE software to reconstruction of a series of side impact automobile crashes resulting in pelvic fracture to pediatric case occupants. This paper compares crash dynamics, injury mechanisms and occupant kinematics from on-site crash investigations, with reconstruction of these cases using HVE.
In-depth investigations of eight near side impacts crashes involving children (8-15 years old) with pelvic fractures were conducted. Vehicle dynamics and vehicle damage were reconstructed using the EDSMAC4 program. The acceleration pulse generated from the EDSMAC4 program was then input into the GATB module to predict the child occupant kinematics in these crashes. The results confirmed the vehicle dynamics and damage pattern as measured in the crash investigations. The HVE reconstructions of occupant kinematics suggested that initial orientation and subsequent rotation of the pelvis during the intrusion influenced the likelihood of injury.
Iwan Parry BSc (Hons) MIHT, Fabian Marsh BEng, and Nicola Cripps Transport Research Laboratory (TRL Limited), United Kingdom
ABSTRACT: This paper presents the results of a study which involved the measurement of various vehicles response to being driven over various types of road hump at a range of speeds. As part of this project, computer simulation runs were conducted using SIMON to investigate the use of this program for the 'virtual testing' of future road hump designs.
This paper compares the results of physical tests and 'virtual tests' for five different vehicle types traveling over four different designs of road hump, with each vehicle being tested at speeds of up to 40 mph. Vehicle types include a passenger car with independent suspension, a taxi and a minibus, both with solid axle suspensions, and a bus and ambulance with airbag suspensions. The methods by which input parameters were measured for each vehicle are described.
Results are presented for COG vertical acceleration, wheel vertical displacement and pitch angle/rate. These show good consistency between physical and test data. It was found that sensitivity tests of key variables allowed a 'best fit' between the simulation and physical test results to be developed. The paper comments on issues arising from the use of measured vehicle parameters, and the sensitivity tests that were undertaken to generate a 'best fit' between virtual and physical tests.
Iwan Parry BSc (Hons) MIHT and Fabian Marsh BEng Transport Research Laboratory (TRL Limited), United Kingdom
ABSTRACT: The Investigations and Risk Management Group of TRL Limited has been researching and developing applications for 3D laser scanning technology in traffic accident investigation and reconstruction, crime scene preservation, and transport related infrastructure investigations. One such application of this technology is the detailed measurement of road surface, verge and/or kerb line geometry.
Laser scan data has been used to generate detailed road surface models, in the form of a dense three dimensional mesh, for vehicle dynamics simulations where the precise geometry of the road surface in important to the simulation, or where detailed road geometric information is difficult, or impractical, to measure using other means.
The paper describes the methods used to generate detailed road surface models from laser scan data. Examples are provided in which road surface models have been created from data captured in heavily trafficked road environments, and in which laser scan data has been used to construct a complex 3D surface for a vehicle dynamics simulation.
The use of laser scanning systems at incident sites will invariably involve the measurement of areas surrounding the road such as topography, buildings, vegetation, etc. This information can be used to enhance visualisations by allowing detailed models of the environment surrounding the road to be constructed.
Lawrence E. Jackson, P.E., M.S., ACTAR, and Kristin M. Poland, Ph.D., and Paula Sind-Prunier, Ph.D. National Transportation Safety Board
ABSTRACT: On Saturday, October 13, 2001, at about 2:00 pm, a 22-year-old male was driving a 2000 Thomas 78-passenger school bus westbound on Nebraska State Route 6 at about 40 mph, and was approaching a bridge. The roadway was under construction. Witness statements and Safety Board observations on-scene indicated that the school bus driver might have perceived that one of the three oncoming vehicles veered into his lane thus causing him to steer rapidly to the right to avoid a collision.
A simulation was developed to replicate the school bus motion and also that of the oncoming traffic. This simulation resulted in the observation of several visual phenomena, which may have contributed to the accident. The purpose of this paper is to present a simulation of a school bus negotiating a narrow, curvy roadway in a construction zone with oncoming traffic and to detail visual phenomenon contributing to the accident.
James P. Sneddon -- Baker Sneddon Consulting
ABSTRACT: The vehicle geometry file provides a graphic visualization of a vehicle and damage profile in HVE simulations. Many users prefer specific vehicle geometries over generic for use in video exhibits. An increased need for specific vehicle geometries occurred with the release of the DYMESH option in SIMON. Unlike EDSMAC4, the vehicle geometry is an integral part of the collision simulation in DYMESH.
Currently, there are over 150 vehicle geometry files included with the HVE system software, and additional models are added with each release. Most users will periodically require a vehicle that is not included in the database. If a generic vehicle geometry will not suffice, the user can order the vehicle from EDC, purchase the vehicle geometry from a third party, or build the vehicle geometry file using 3D modeling software.
Building a vehicle geometry requires three dimensional point data. This data is best acquired by using a digitizing arm, survey instrument or photogrammetry. However, some vehicle configurations can be built from orthographic diagrams. This whitepaper will provide an introduction to this method.
Daniel A. Fittanto, M.S.M.E., P.E. and Adam Senalik, M.S.G.E., P.E. -- Ruhl Forensic, Inc.
ABSTRACT: Steady-state directional control was studied for several passenger cars and two sport utility vehicles using EDVSM and SIMON in the HVE 4.4 operating system. Constant velocity, variable steer tests were performed and relevant data recorded and analyzed.
The modeled vehicles are taken directly from the HVE Vehicle Database. These vehicles represented various class categories. Two vehicles were modified by selecting different tires from within the HVE Tire Database. The modeled vehicle configurations were as follows:
Steering diagrams and/or handling diagrams were generated from the results of these simulated tests and the understeer characteristics were analyzed. Relative comparisons were made between vehicles both in EDVSM and SIMON. Similarities and differences between EDVSM and SIMON responses for each vehicle were also observed and discussed.
Vehicles exhibited intuitive and expected relative understeer characteristics within both EDVSM and SIMON. For each vehicle, the SIMON-modeled vehicle exhibited a greater level of understeer than the EDVSM-modeled vehicle. Aerodynamic forces were found to only slightly influence the vehicle responses in SIMON.
Grant Johnston and Iwan Parry, TRL Limited
Clint Bradley, Grant Johnston Consulting Engineers Pty Limited
Please contact the author for further information regarding this paper
ABSTRACT: This paper presents a cost effective alternative to repetitive finite element modelling of vehicle to barrier impacts using Engineering Dynamics Corporation's HVE 3D Simulation system. Whilst it is not claimed this system is suitable for full NCHRP compliance testing it was found to provide a cost effective and fast alternative for preliminary testing of alternative barrier profiles. A pre-beta release of the DyMesh Collision Algorithm was used to simulate a series of vehicle to barrier impacts for a blackspot location in Sydney, Australia. An alternative barrier profile had to be considered due to road width limitations preventing the footprint of a standard "New Jersey" profile barrier.
Lawrence E. Jackson, PE, MS, ACTAR, David Rayburn, Dan Walsh, PE, Jennifer Russert, National Transportation Safety Board David Gents, George A. Tapia, Vincent M. Paolini General Dynamics Tire Research Facility
ABSTRACT: This paper will discuss the technique used to simulate a wet pavement accident. It will discuss the weather data, the environment data and the surface friction inputs and the bus tire friction inputs used for an HVE SIMON loss-of-control simulation on wet pavement. By knowing the rain intensity, texture, drainage path length and cross slope of the pavement, it could be determined that the surface was flooded. The surface was documented with an ASTM skid trailer using a treaded and a smooth tire. This data showed that for smooth tires the friction changed both longitudinally every 0.1-mile and laterally between wheel paths, which created a split coefficient of friction. Five of the accident bus's 8 tires were tested at the General Dynamics Tire Research Facility (TIRF), on a smooth surface selected to match the accident site, for cornering and longitudinal friction at different speeds, and with different water depths. The surface used on the TIRF was validated with the ASTM ribbed and smooth tires. The results of these tire tests are presented. Finally, the data inputs for the surface friction factors and the tire in-use factors will be discussed.
Thomas H. Vadnais, P.E., Vadnais, Wood & RiversWesley D. Grimes, P.E., Collision Engineering Associates
ABSTRACT: In late August 2004, a week-long series of well-documented heavy truck braking tests was conducted at Transportation Research Center (TRC) in East Liberty, OH. Using the same tractor and flatbed semi-trailer, tests were performed with and without ABS, on wet and dry surfaces, loaded and unloaded, and at both 30 and 60 mph. Additional tests were done with the semi-trailer's ABS disabled, with only the tractor's ABS system cross-wired, with some of the tractor and trailer brakes out of adjustment, and with the bobtail tractor alone. Both the tractor and semi-trailer were documented to allow creation of an accurate HVE vehicle model, including all brake components. For this initial paper, SIMON runs, using the Brake Designer, were made of several actual test runs to validate the software against the actual test data. These were compared to similar simulations using generic vehicles. For this paper, only loaded, non-ABS, 60 mph tests were modeled, with all brakes in adjustment, and some out of adjustment.
Daniel A. Fittanto, M.S.M.E., P.E. and Adam Senalik, M.S.G.E., P.E. Ruhl Forensic, Inc.
ABSTRACT: This research compares the responses of vehicle modeled in SIMON and EDVDS in the HVE simulation operating system against instrumented responses of a 3-axle tractor, 2-axle semi-trailer combination. The instrumented tests were previously described in SAE 2001-01-0139 and SAE 2003-01-1324. The vehicle inertial parameters were measured by UMTRI (University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute). The tire data was provided by Smithers Scientific Services, Inc. and UMTRI. The series of tests discussed herein compares the modeled and instrumented vehicle responses during quasi-steady state and transient handling maneuvers. The time response of the following variables is compared graphically:
1. Tractor lateral acceleration 2. Tractor yaw rate 3. Trailer lateral acceleration
SIMON and EDVDS simulated responses are found to reasonably follow the trends of the instrumented vehicle. SIMON is found to more closely simulate the truck dynamics of the experimental vehicle than EDVDS. SIMON responses correlated well to the experimental values in both step steer transient phases and steady state phases in all tests except for the steady state phase of the Step Steer at 20 m/sec.
James E. Flynn, Stephen Harper, Howard Underwood, Robert Buckert and Phillip Parks J2 Engineering, Inc.
ABSTRACT: EDVSM and EDSMAC4 were used to determine impact speeds, vehicle changes in velocity and vehicle rollover mechanics during the analysis of a side impact collision. On the date of the incident, a 1997 Ford Crown Victoria was parked facing westerly on the northerly shoulder of the No. 2 westbound lane of a four lane, east-west directed roadway. The driver of the Crown Victoria initiated a U-turning maneuver from the shoulder with the reported intent of crossing the center earthen median and proceeding easterly within the eastbound lanes of the roadway. As the Crown Victoria crossed into the No. 1 westbound lane, it was collided with at the left front fender and left front wheel by a westbound 1991 Chevrolet S-10 Blazer. Subsequent to the collision, the Crown Victoria was propelled in a westerly direction while rotating clockwise to its point of rest. The Crown Victoria came to rest facing southerly on the line striping separating the No. 1 and No. 2 westbound lanes. The collision deflected the Blazer in a southwesterly direction after which it exited the No. 1 lane and traveled onto the earthen median where it rolled over and came to rest on its top while facing northerly. The right front occupant of the Blazer was ejected and sustained a severe brain injury during the rollover process. The use of EDVSM and EDSMAC4 allowed for successful modeling of both pre and post impact vehicle dynamics. Tire marks produced by the model were found to match those imported from the post-collision scene survey. Vehicle crush, including that resulting from secondary vehicle to vehicle contact, matched damages documented during the inspections of the vehicles. The rollover simulation was found to correlate well with the vehicle rollover damages and the Blazer's documented final orientation and point of rest.
Jubal D Hamernik, Ph.D., Douglas M. Schuler, MS, Brendan C. Rudack, David E. Wittekind and Brian P. Tholl Hamernik & Associates, Inc.
ABSTRACT: In this research, Engineering Dynamics Corporation's Human Vehicle Environment (HVE) software was utilized to model a series of broadside impacts where the inter-vehicle friction coefficient, relative vehicle mass ratio, and contact alignment were allowed to vary. The sensitivity of these parameters was examined by comparing the relative final rest positions, as predicted by EDSMAC4, when each parameter was individually varied. The research consisted of utilizing two identical vehicle models for all simulations where only the weight of the bullet vehicle weight was modified. All simulations are based on a stationary target vehicle, where a bullet vehicle traveling at 40-mph contacts the stationary vehicle at a 90-degree configuration. Results obtained from the target vehicle during simulation are presented for delta-V, change in heading, post-contact travel distance, CDC, and PDOF are presented and compared. The findings of this research are useful to aid HVE EDSMAC4 users in their understanding and application of inter-vehicle friction coefficients when simulating an array of broadside collisions.
Terry D. Day, Engineering Dynamics Corporation
ABSTRACT: The reconstruction of vehicular loss of control often involves a path that includes irregular terrain, such as pavement edges, curbs and soft soils. Depending on the angle of impact and soil characteristics, these irregularities can significantly influence the vehicle's trajectory. To draw proper conclusions regarding accident causation requires an understanding of how such irregularities may have affected the trajectory or contributed to the loss of control. This paper describes a new tire-terrain model that includes the capability of simulating tire interaction with irregular terrain. In addition to simulating non-homogeneous pressure distributions at the contact patch, the model also simulates the forces and moments produced by tire sidewall interaction with pavement edges, curbs and soft soils. This paper presents the details of the modeling approach. Examples are provided illustrating the use of these models, including tire interaction with a curb, pavement edge and soft soil. The new model is compared with the existing point contact tire model.
Eric Deyerl, P.E. -- Quan, Smith & Associates
Fawzi P. Bayan, P.E., Anthony D. Cornetto, III, P.E. and Jonathan Anderson -- SEA, Ltd.
ABSTRACT: HVE users are regularly required to provide explanation as to how the various HVE simulation programs operate and how they have been validated. This paper presents a method by which HVE validation studies may be visually depicted so that a viewer may gain a rapid understanding of what the HVE programs do and the methods by which they have been validated.
In this method, EDSMAC4 validation simulations are used to create movie files with viewpoints and effective frame rates similar to those of the cameras used to document full-scale dynamic vehicle tests. The viewer is provided with a visual comparison of the motion of the simulated vehicles played adjacent to the films of the full-scale crash tests. It is contended that this technique provides a more concise and understandable explanation of the program' s operation and validation than would a verbal description alone.
Daniel A. Fittanto, M.S., P.E. and Louis V. Inendino, M.S., P.E. -- Ruhl Forensic, Inc.
ABSTRACT: A 2005 HVE Forum Whitepaper compared simulated responses in SIMON and EDVDS against instrumented responses for a tractor-semitrailer combination. The instrumented tests involved a three-axle tractor with an unloaded two-axle trailer in a series of handling maneuvers.
In this research the same series of tests are simulated using EDVTS. Simulated results are compared to experimental results and previously reported EDVDS results. The time response of the following variables is compared graphically:
1. Tractor lateral acceleration 2. Tractor yaw rate
The initial EDVTS results are found to more closely correlate with EDVDS than with SIMON from the past series of tests.
For EDVDS and EDVTS, the steering gain (steering gear ratio) was varied, without changing the shape of the steering profile or changing vehicle parameters to determine if simulated vehicle responses similar to the experimental tests could be found. Simulated results for trailer lateral acceleration were also compared with experimental results for EDVDS.
Modifications were then made to the tire data as used by EDVTS and EDVDS to more closely approximate the lateral tire forces that would have occurred during full-scale tire testing. The maneuvers were rerun in EDVTS and good agreement was found with the experimental data without modification to the steering gear ratio. EDVDS results were improved.
Several observations regarding the lateral and yaw responses of the three HVE tractor-semitrailer simulation programs, SIMON, EDVDS and EDVTS are discussed.
William Blythe, P.E., Ph.D. -- William Blythe, Inc.
ABSTRACT: The SIMON simulation model, part of the HVE simulation environment, automatically calculates longitudinal wind forces as a function of vehicle speed and user-specified drag coefficients. Lateral wind loads are not calculated at the present time, but may be constructed by the user. Modifications to the SIMON program are suggested.
Tractor-trailer rollover due to high crosswinds is a well-recognized accident type. Some highway jurisdictions limit high-profile vehicle travel under certain weather conditions in certain locations to reduce the probability of rollover or other loss of control. The research literature relating to this issue has been reviewed and reported.
Steven Day -- California Highway Patrol
ABSTRACT: This paper describes the use of old and new technologies to validate a collision reconstruction opinion regarding the relation of undocumented tire friction marks to a fatal collision.
The collision occurred on a rural two lane mountainous roadway in which an Acura NSX crossed into the opposing traffic lane, from behind a pickup truck, and struck a Volkswagen Beetle head-on. Responding California Highway Patrol (CHP) officers documented specific items of physical evidence utilizing a station line, but discounted four distinct curvilinear tire friction marks present at the collision scene they believed were not associated with the fatal collision. Photographs of the scene were taken, but were limited in their coverage. Approximately 22 months following the collision, a CHP MAIT (Multi-disciplinary Accident Investigation Team) investigation was initiated to confirm or eliminate the tire friction marks as part of the fatal collision as well as determine vehicle speeds at and prior to impact if possible.
Photogrammetry reconstruction methodologies were used in conjunction with a traditional site survey and a 3-D laser scan of the collision site to re-establish the tire friction marks in question in relation to the roadway. The data from the photogrammetry reconstruction, site survey, and site scan were imported into AutoCAD where a traditional collision reconstruction was completed.
To validate the opinions of the traditional collision reconstruction, a three dimensional environment and the tire marks were imported into HVE and an EDSMAC4 event was created in an attempt to reconstruct the collision event. The EDSMAC4 event provided additional confirmation that the tire marks in question were indeed related to the collision event and deposited by the errant vehicle while in a steering induced yaw. An additional EDSMAC4 event, created per the errant driver's statement, refuted his claim that the yaw marks were created by an emergency brake only application due to a mechanical failure of the vehicle's braking system.
Eric Deyerl --Dial Engineering Louis Cheng -- Applied BioMechanics
ABSTRACT: The use of computer simulation to analyze motorcycleinto- vehicle collisions is examined and presented. The software program EDSMAC4 within the HVE-2D suite, developed for the simulation of vehicle-to-vehicle collisions, is extended in this study to the analysis of collisions between motorcycles and other vehicles. Simulation results are compared to the results of the series of full-scale staged collisions between motorcycles and passenger vehicles previously published in SAE paper 2002-01-0551, "Seventeen Motorcycle Crash Tests Into Vehicles and a Barrier" by Adamson, et. al.
The rest positions, damage ranges, and speed changes of the test vehicles in the simulations and those in the full-scale tests are presented in numerical and graphical formats. This effort achieved good to excellent correlation between the simulated and test results, thereby providing support for the use of this simulation technique for the type of motorcycle-vehicle collisions examined in this study. In the set of 10 crash tests analyzed, 10 motorcycles moving at speeds between 25 and 49 miles per hour were guided into 2 stopped passenger vehicles. The simulations of these full-scale tests calculated the rest locations of the test automobiles to within approximately 1 foot or less in 7 out of the 10 tests, the changes in the automobile headings to within 4 degrees in all 10 of the tests, the automobiles' speed changes to within 2 ½ miles per hour in 8 of the 10 tests, the motorcycle speed changes to within 3 miles per hour in 7 out of the 10 tests, and the average automobile damage depths to within 2 inches in 7 out of the 10 tests.
ABSTRACT: A method to account for tire-roadway friction changes due to wet road conditions is presented. The method is empirical and is based upon flat-bed tire test data. The procedure is being incorporated into the "hydroplaning" model in HVE, for use initially in SIMON and possibly later in EDSMAC4 and is known as the Blythe-Day model.
R. Torrey Roberts, P.E. and Dave L. Jakovac, P.E., -- FDJ Engineering
ABSTRACT: There are multiple aerial photograph sources on the internet that contain high quality images capable of being successfully imported into HVE-2D and used for environment backgrounds. This paper will discuss a process that can be quickly utilized to import aerial photographs into HVE-2D to create accident simulation environments. Software required includes HVE/HVE-2D, a PDF editor with dimension feature, Microsoft Word, and Internet Explorer or other browser. The imported aerial photographs need to be scaled to on-site tangible dimensions with a PDF editor before being used as an environment. Site diagram information can be added to the aerial photograph with the PDF editor before importing to HVE. The aerial photograph can then be saved as a .tif file, and imported into the HVE environmental editor as an object texture on a slab of the same dimensions as the scaled aerial photograph. Camera and vehicle positions can then be manipulated in HVE without change of environment scale. This paper will discuss this process in detail and provide examples of imported HVE environments.
Eric S. Deyerl, P.E. and Michael J. Fitch -- Dial Engineering
ABSTRACT: The Automatic Transmission Model in HVE Version 7.1 is evaluated via simulation of the motion of a full-scale test vehicle subjected to straight line acceleration runs. Fidelity of the simulated output data to measured vehicle parameters is discussed, as are limitations of the Automatic Transmission Model, which presently lacks the incorporation of drivetrain slip in the form of a clutch or torque converter model.
Ciro Ramirez, PhD, PE, CSHO and R. Joe Thornhill, PhD, PE, CSHO -- Thornhill, Ramirez & Associates, Inc..
ABSTRACT: This paper presents an HVE study of the dynamics of a cabbed agricultural tractor pulling a large rotary shredder when impacting a deep pothole. The study was conducted using the SIMON physics module as part of an effort to quantify the way in which a tractor operator could be ejected from the tractor cab, possibly resulting in serious injuries from the shredder. The HVE radial spring tire model was used to predict tractor bounce as it encountered the hole at a variety of attack offsets and two different speeds. Unique vehicle features modeled for this study included agricultural tires and a rigid, unsprung front axle mounted on a pivot and angle limiting stops. A follow-up study was conducted by combining the SIMON soft soil model and field measurements to estimate the coasting distance of the tractor and shredder at the incident site if engine fuel flow is stopped.
R. Torrey Roberts, P.E., Anthony D. Cornetto III, P.E. and Ronny Wahba, P.E. -- SEA Limited
ABSTRACT: Creating an accurate and appealing 3D model for use in HVE is an important part of accident reconstruction simulation. Google has released software in recent years, which can be utilized to create 3D models for HVE environments. SketchUp (SU) is a 3D drawing program by Google that is supported by Google Earth s (GE) Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Aerial Photography and 3D Warehouse (3DW). DEM data can be imported from GE with overlaid aerial photography and used in SU as a starting point for 3D accident scene modeling. 3DW provides pre-made models of environmental objects and vehicles submitted by other users of SU. The accident scene model created with SU can be imported into HVE as a 3D environment. The 3D model can also be exported to a .kmz file and viewed with GE software. This paper will discuss the use of SU as a 3D environment-modeling tool and give some examples of its application.
L. D. Metz -- Metz Engineering and Racing, LLC
ABSTRACT: Vehicles running in wet conditions may experience hydroplaning of one or more tires. Hydroplaning can, and often does, change vehicle braking, acceleration and handling characteristics dramatically. Proper analysis of this behavior requires accommodating the clearing of paths for the rear tires that may result from the front tires engaging the water-coated surface first. In this work, tire overlap and associated hydroplaning behavior are theoretically and experimentally examined.
Brad R. Shults -- Ponderosa Associates.
ABSTRACT: A method for creating photograph backgrounds in HVE is presented. This method is useful for comparing simulation results to accident photographs evidencing the scene. Through the use of survey equipment, photogrammetry software, and CAD software, a user may calculate the photograph plane and respective camera position in three-dimensional space of a particular photograph. A process for determining the three-dimensional camera position and photograph plane center is presented. A process for creating the photograph texture for HVE is presented. After presenting the above processes, an example crash from the 2011 ARC-CSI Crash Conference is presented. Additionally, a case study photograph background is presented. Finally, results are discussed and recommendations for future work are presented.
Ron Jadischke and Joe McCarthy -- Vehiclemetrics/McCarthy Engineering Inc.
ABSTRACT: Vehiclemetrics is compiling a new vehicle database for use in HVE to increase the number of vehicles for use in HVE drastically. The procedure currently used by EDC for building vehicle geometry, as well as various input mechanical parameters for the vehicles, has been published by Garvey (2000) and Day (1995) and is also presented annually at the HVE Forum. The goal of this paper is not to repeat a discussion of the various input parameters. Rather, it is to present not only an overview of the process that Vehiclemetrics uses to generate vehicle interior and exterior geometry but also a mechanical property dataset for use in HVE. We have highlighted areas where Vehiclemetrics' method and EDC's method differ. The intent of the Vehiclemetrics vehicle database is to supply modern vehicle mechanical datasets that are vehicle specific and, in turn, minimize the use of generic data. At this time, all vehicle parameters cannot be measured within budget constraints, and notes are made regarding planned areas of improvement and future research areas.
Eric Rossetter, Benjamin Ewers III, Bradford Coburn, Yomi Agunbiade -- Principia Engineering, Inc.
ABSTRACT: Multi-vehicle high-speed accidents that have a high number of vehicle collisions and interaction with a fixed obstacle in the environment are ideally suited for simulation. This paper covers a nine-vehicle collision involving a heavy truck and eight passenger vehicles. We constructed a 3-D environment in AutoCAD based on survey data, along with custom vehicle geometries not available in the HVE database. The final simulation using HVE's EDSMAC4 algorithm matched the physical evidence remarkably well. In addition, HVE allowed us to compare various impact speeds to show why certain scenarios did not match the physical evidence. The resulting simulations were used successfully in trial.
Eric Deyerl, P.E. -- Dial EngineeringLouis Cheng, Ph.D. -- Applied BioMechanics
ABSTRACT: This presentation provides a summary of the development history of SIMON/DyMESH. Prior validation studies and their results are discussed and a preview of a planned future suite of validation studies of Version 3.0 of DyMESH is presented.
Micky Marine, Joseph Cuadrado and Stephen Werner Exponent Inc. - Test and Engineering Center
ABSTRACT: In this study, the restitution (i.e., structural recovery) models within the EDSMAC4 and SIMON (via DyMESH) physics modules of the HVE program are examined. By way of background, the methodologies for handling structural recovery within these physics modules are reviewed. Results from simulation studies using these modules are presented. In these simulation studies, the effective coefficient of restitution values from a series of frontal vehicle-tobarrier impact simulations and a series of vehicle-to-vehicle collinear frontal impact simulations are determined from the program output and compared to results from publicly available full-scale vehicle crash tests. Studies were also conducted to evaluate simulation sensitivities vis-à-vis changes of the user-supplied parameters that directly control the respective structural recovery algorithms.
Dirk Smith, Ph.D., P.E. -- Rimkus Consulting Group, Inc.
ABSTRACT: On December 20, 2010, a Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) inspector issued a citation at a mine site because the side railings on the driveover- scale were not mid-axle height of the largest piece of equipment to use the scale. The side railings were 5 inch diameter tubing with the top of the rail 10 inches high. HVE SIMON was used to model the interaction of a tractor-trailer and a straight truck with the side railing. Based on the speed of trucks on the scales, the method of operation on the scales, truck dynamics and driver control, the HVE analysis revealed that the height of the side rails on the subject scale was sufficient to give feedback to the driver and keep the truck on the scale. The MHSA judge agreed with this analysis and dismissed the citation.
Scott B. Anderson, Ph.D. -- Anderson-Lee Applied Science
SUMMARY: Many non-linear dynamical systems will behave linearly with respect to small perturbations of their initial conditions. The usual goal for an HVE user is to determine the initial state given the final state. The example presented in this monograph is from an actual collision involving a semi and two cars and it clearly illustrates how linear error analysis can be applied to refine an HVE run.
Brian Gilbert, Ron Jadischke and Joe McCarthy -- McCarthy Engineering/Vehiclemetrics
SUMMARY: The potential advantages of using non-linear crush coefficients include the ability to better model vehicle structural changes and also improved accuracy of simulation results over a range of crush depths. The purpose of the present work is to develop a method to calculate the A, B, C and D stiffness coefficents utilized by the DyMESH 3-D collision model. The proposed methodologies are evaluated using crash test results from the NHTSA database for the 2002-2007 Jeep Liberty SUV in comparison with SIMON/DyMESH simulations.
Eric Deyerl, P.E. and Mu-Hua Cheng -- Dial EngineeringLouis Cheng, Ph.D. -- Applied BioMechanics
SUMMARY: An evaluation of the performance of the wheel impact model within SIMON/DyMESH by simulating a rollover crash test involving significant interaction between the wheel of the bullet vehicle and the body of the target vehicle. The rollover crash test used in this evaluation was conducted by W. R. Haight at the 2012 ARC-CSI Crash Conference and involved a 2011 Jeep Grand Cherokee SUV that was induced to roll over by driving up and over a 1987 Bertone (Fiat) X1/9 sports car.
Maximilian Lee and Cline Young Cline Young, Consulting Engineer
INTRODUCTION: An accident occurred near Eureka Springs, AR, in which a motorhome rolled out of control down an embankment, across a flat basin, and into a vertical cliff face, resulting in a total loss of the vehicle. The owner had been driving the motorhome eastbound through difficult and hilly terrain on a US highway. He claims to have experienced some problems with the brakes and was barely able to bring the vehicle to a stop on the eastbound shoulder. He decided to take his Jeep, which was attached to the rear of the motorhome, into Eureka Springs to look for a mechanic to repair his brakes. Shortly after setting his parking brake and detaching his Jeep from the motorhome the brakes were claimed to have failed completely and the motorhome rolled freely down the embankment. Numerous photographs were taken documenting the position of the Jeep at the detachment location and the position of the motorhome at point of rest.
Upon further inspection, the motorhome's brakes, which were S-Cam air brakes with springs, were found to be functioning normally. Furthermore, there was a southbound roadway which formed a T-intersection with the aforementioned eastbound road. The point of rest of the motor home was directly opposite the extended centerline of the southbound road. The owner's story of brake failure described that of a hydraulic system, which was not on the motorhome. Thus the police, wrecker driver, and claims agent all suspected that the vehicle had been started into the drainage basin deliberately from the southbound road with nobody inside to attempt braking. In other words, there was every reason to believe that was a case of insurance fraud.
The office of Cline Young, Consulting Engineer was contacted and asked to determine how a driverless vehicle would perform under the various slopes and grades. More specifically, the question that was posed dealt directly with determining if the motor home were indeed initially parked parallel to the drainage basin, on the eastbound shoulder of the US highway, or had it begun its travel on the intersecting southbound roadway.
Jeffrey Suway -- Biomechanical Research and Testing, LLC. Anthony Cornetto, Ronny Wahba, Fawzi Bayan -- S-E-A, Ltd.
ABSTRACT: Previous work by Cornetto, et al. has shown a method for calculating three-dimensional (3D) stiffness coefficients for SIMON, based on existing crash test data. In the methods presented by Cornetto, et al., the resulting crash pulse and deflection-time history, as predicted by SIMON using the derived 3D stiffness coefficients, are compared to the data from NHSTA crash tests. This white paper will compare the SIMON simulations using A, B, C, and D stiffness coefficients from this method to SIMON simulations with the default HVE vehicle stiffness parameters as well as EDSMAC4 simulations with default stiffness parameters with the same vehicles. The three types of HVE simulations will be compared with the NHTSA crash test data with a focus on the crash pulse duration, shape, and peak, as well as the crush over time and maximum crush.
The same vehicles used in Cornetto, et al. will be used in this white paper. This includes vehicles in several different categories, including passenger vehicles, pickup trucks, minivans, and SUVs. The curves will be compared by applying the Object Rating Method (ORM).
Ciro Ramirez, PhD, PE, CSHO, C. L. Long, Jr., P.E., and R. Joe Thornhill, PhD, PE, CSHO Thornhill, Ramirez & Associates, Inc.
ABSTRACT: Although the HVE SIMON physics module provides the ability to perform sophisticated simulations of crashes involving automobiles and trucks, it can also be used with other types of four wheeled vehicles. This paper describes the methodology used to study the free rolling response of a large commercial lawn mower after the unit lost power and rolled down a steep slope. The mower ultimately overturned, fatally injuring the operator. The unique challenges associated with modeling this type of machine are discussed, and avoidance scenarios studied are described. Specialized testing was used to provide appropriate values for some of the vehicle and site parameters needed for the HVE simulation.
Eric Rossetter, Benjamin Ewers III, Yomi Agunbiade Principia Engineering, Inc.
ABSTRACT: HVE's DyMesh algorithm uses 3-dimensional vehicle models to simulate vehicle contact and the resulting collision forces and vehicle motion. The authors compare the performance of custom vehicles made using photographs and Photomodeler (a commercially available photogrammetry software) with vehicles available in the HVE database. The results show that the basic vehicle geometry obtained from this technique is sufficient to closely match the results obtained from HVE vehicles. Further improvement, especially in acceleration profiles, can be achieved through tessellation of the Photomodeler derived vehicles.
Kent W. McKee, M.E.Sc., P.Eng., Matthew Arbour, B.A.Sc., Roger Bortolin, P.Eng., and James R. Hrycay, M.A.Sc., P.Eng. HRYCAY Consulting Engineers Inc.
ABSTRACT: An understanding of the acceleration experienced at various seating positions in a vehicle is important for predicting occupant dynamics during an event. In most accident reconstructions there may not be an opportunity to instrument the accident vehicle with accelerometers and perform tests at the accident site. Therefore, it is desirable to simulate accelerometers using HVE and when doing so it is important to know that the output data is valid. The output data is highly dependent on the input parameters and an understanding of how the available input parameters affect the output data is important.
This paper compares the results of physical tests and SIMON simulations over two different sizes of flat-top speed bumps at targeted speeds of 10 km/h and 20 km/h. In addition, three different accelerometer positions were used in the physical testing and the SIMON simulations. The vehicle used in both physical and virtual testing was a 2007 Ford Focus SE hatchback. The methods by which the input and output parameters were measured for each condition are described.
Eric S. Deyerl, P.E. Dial Engineering
ABSTRACT: Prompted by the addition of a driveline slip algorithm, the performance of the SIMON Automatic Transmission Model (ATM) within Version 10.1 of the HVE suite is revisited in this follow-up to a 2010 study by the author. SIMON's ATM is evaluated against test data acquired from a vehicle equipped with an automatic transmission, thereby assessing the performance of the ATM driveline slip algorithm, which was introduced after the prior study. Correlation parameters examined include vehicle speed, engine speed, engine throttle, transmission gear, driveline slip, as well as brake pressure. Good correlation was found between the simulation model and the test data in the case of a wide open throttle test run, thereby verifying the functionality of the driveline slip feature within the SIMON ATM under this condition.


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Showing 97-102 of 102 items found in Outdoors & Play
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J-H Bison Ranch
Tours of this family-run bison ranch include baby bison feeding, herd tours, and photos with baby bison, llamas and horses.
Tri-Township Park
Just miles off I-55, I-70, and I-270, the park has easy access and has many features for travelers, like a petting zoo, playground equipment, picnic pavilions and a small lake.
Illinois Caverns
There are formations of stalactites, stalagmites, soda straws, and more. An underground stream flows through the cave bed, and the temperature is a relatively constant 58 degrees.
Acorns Golf Links
Acorns Golf Links is located in Waterloo, Illinois featuring 6,701 yards of golf from the longest tees for a par of 72 . The course rating is 72.3 and it has a slope rating of 125. You will not find subdivision golf at Acorns; just nature, beautiful scenery, challenging design, and you. Making Acorns the premier public course to test your game, have fun with good friends, or to get away from your daily hussle and bussle. Acorns features zoysia fairways, five tee boxes; matching every level of golf and large bent grass greens. Designed by William Ebeler, the Acorns golf course opened in 1997.
Annbriar Golf Course
Ranked seventh-best golf course in the state of Illinois, Annbriar is an 18-hole, par 72 course. Photo Credit-Annibriar-Golf-Course

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Simulation of depolarization effect by a rough surface for spectroscopic ellipsometry
JOSA A, Vol. 20, Issue 6, pp. 1060-1066 (2003)
Enhanced HTML Acrobat PDF (196 KB)
We employed the integral equation method (IEM) to simulate optical scattering by a randomly rough surface for spectroscopic ellipsometry. An explicit Mueller-matrix expression of the IEM for single scattering by moderately small surface roughness makes it possible to calculate the depolarization effect. The IEM allows a relatively rigorous assessment of the surface-scattering effect in a wide spectral range.
© 2003 Optical Society of America
OCIS Codes
(240.5770) Optics at surfaces : Roughness
(260.2130) Physical optics : Ellipsometry and polarimetry
(290.5880) Scattering : Scattering, rough surfaces
Original Manuscript: December 22, 2002
Revised Manuscript: March 4, 2003
Manuscript Accepted: March 4, 2003
Published: June 1, 2003
Kyung Hoon Jun, Joong Hwan Kwak, and Koeng Su Lim, "Simulation of depolarization effect by a rough surface for spectroscopic ellipsometry," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 20, 1060-1066 (2003)
Sort: Year | Journal | Reset
- L. Tsang, J. A. Kong, in Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves, J. A. Kong, ed. (Wiley, New York, 2001), Vol. III, Chaps. 1 and 2.
- A. K. Fung, Microwave Scattering and Emission Model and Their Applications (Artech House, Norwood, Mass., 1994).
- A. K. Fung, Z. Li, K. S. Chen, "Back scattering from a randomly rough dielectric surface," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 30, 356–369 (1992). [CrossRef]
- D. E. Aspnes, "Optical response of microscopically rough surfaces," Phys. Rev. B 41, 10334–10343 (1990). [CrossRef]
- S. Krishnan, P. C. Nordine, "Mueller-matrix ellipsometry using the division-of-amplitude photopolarimeter: a study of depolarization effects," Appl. Opt. 33, 4184–4192 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. M. A. Azzam, N. M. Bashara, "Polarization characteristics of scattered radiation from a diffraction grating by ellipsometry with application to surface roughness," Phys. Rev. B 5, 4721–4729 (1972). [CrossRef]
- I. Ohlı́dal, F. Lukeš, "Ellipsometric parameters of randomly rough surfaces," Opt. Commun. 5, 323–326 (1972). [CrossRef]
- M. W. Williams, "Depolarization and cross polarization in ellipsometry of rough surfaces," Appl. Opt. 25, 3616–3622 (1986). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Videen, M. G. Turner, V. J. Iafelice, W. S. Bickel, W. L. Wolfe, "Scattering from a small sphere near a surface," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 10, 118–126 (1993). [CrossRef]
- P. I. Rovira, R. W. Collins, "Analysis of specular and textured SnO2:F films by high speed four-parameter Stokes vector spectroscopy," J. Appl. Phys. 85, 2015–2025 (1999). [CrossRef]
- C. M. Lam, A. Ishimaru, "Mueller matrix calculation for a slab of random medium with both random rough surfaces and discrete particles," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 42, 145–156 (1994). [CrossRef]
- D. L. Jordan, G. D. Lewis, E. Jakeman, "Emission polarization of roughened glass and aluminum surfaces," Appl. Opt. 35, 3583–3590 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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Risk Factors for Cataracts
- Home
- Your Health
- Risk Factors for Cataracts
Risk Factors for Cataracts
- Diabetes
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Any medical condition that requires you to take steroid medications for a long period of time
- Certain drugs
- Certain infections
- Chronic eye disease (such as chronic uveitis or retinitis pigmentosa)
- Rheumatoid arthritis or other auto-immune diseases
Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research website. Available at: http://www.mayo.edu.
The Merck Manual of Medical Information. 17th ed. Simon and Schuster, Inc; 2000.
National Eye Institute website. Available at: http://www.nei.nih.gov.


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Systemwide Events Calendar
APIL Staff Meeting
October 4, 12:00pm - 1:00pmManoa Campus, Law School, CR3
This will be a meeting to map out our overall strategy for the Run for Justice and the APIL Gala. Will disperse work assignments and explain our system for logging hours.
Event Sponsor
Advocates for Public Interest Law, Manoa Campus
More Information
Ronald D. Rodriguez, 8084295958, email@example.com, http://APILatUH.weebly.com
Thursday, October 4 | |
7:30am | The Wellness Center - Fitness Class Schedule Maui Campus, Pilina Bldg., Wellness Center |
8:00am | Asian American and Pacific Islander Research Coalition (ARC) Symposium Manoa Campus, Center for Korean Studies, Auditorium |
8:00am | Education Final Oral Manoa Campus, Wist Hall 128 |
9:00am | Peace Corps Table Manoa Campus, Campus Center |
11:45am | Kaulana Nā Wai ʻEhā: Restoring Maui's Four Great Waters Manoa Campus, Moot Court Room, Law School |
12:00pm | Honolulu Town: From Settlement to Statehood Manoa Campus, Henke 325 |
12:00pm | APIL Staff Meeting Manoa Campus, Law School, CR3 |
2:00pm | Spring 2013 in Paris Info Meeting Manoa Campus, Moore 319 |
5:00pm | Business Savvy 101 w/ Eden In Love Manoa Campus, Shidler College of Business, BusAd A101 |
6:00pm | Oktoberfest 2012 Manoa Campus, Ba-Le Manoa Gardens |
7:00pm | The Glades Project: documentary feature work-in-progress Manoa Campus, Art Auditorium |
- Highlighted dates have scheduled events.
- Select the date to view all events for that day.


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Rag Doll Costume
Rag Doll Lady Adult Womens Costume
Get thrown into the Halloween spirit in the Rag Doll Lady Adult Women's Costume. This old school favorite features a blue dress with white polka dots, red trim, a lace-up detail and a white mob hat.
Rag Doll Toddler Costume
…a doll! Bring back a simpler time with your little one in this Rag Doll Toddler Costume. Your doll face will be cute as a button in this adorable rag doll costume, complete with Short sleeved dress with attached apron and Cap with yarn hair. Don't forget the old barber-pole style Rag Doll Stockings,…
Rag Doll Girls Child Costume
Take a different approach to your baby doll look in this Rag Doll Girls Child Costume. Black, white, and red patterned dress provides a Gothic twist on the traditional Halloween costume. No pink frills and bows for you!
Doll Pink Curly Adult Wig
Complete your gorgeous ragdoll costume with this Doll Pink Curly Adult Wig. Pink shaded hair features two black bows along with tight pink and purple curls.
Gothic Rag Doll Adult Wig
This is no ordinary rag doll! This Gothic Rag Dog wig will convert your costume from a storybook tale to a ghost story, just in time for Halloween. Complete your Goth or ghoul costume with this killer cool wig.
Gothic Ragdoll Girls Costume with Wig
This is not your grandmother's rag doll! Step into style with this red, white and black Gothic Rag Doll girls costume. The attached apron bears a skull and crossbones atop a blood-red patch and is accompanied by matching arm warmers and black wig.
Rag Doll Man Adult Costume
Do it for the kids, or do it for yourself - either way you'll have a blast when you dress in the Rag Doll Man Adult Costume. This white hat features red yarn hair and comes complete with a red and white checkered top and blue overalls.
Rag Dolly Toddler Costume
Patch up your little one in this Rag Dolly Toddler Costume. At least your rascal will be looking adorable on Halloween wearing this pink dress, polka dot bloomers with attached striped leggings, and bonnet with attached yarn wig.
Gothic Doll Red and Black Curls Adult Wig
Complete your evil rag doll costume when you add this Gothic Doll Red and Black Curls Adult Wig to your wardrobe. Gorgeous red hair features black bows and tight red and black curls.
Ms Sock Monkey Adult Womens Costume
Monkey around on Halloween when you wear this adorable Ms Sock Monkey adult womens costume. The red, cream and tan dress comes complete with a pair of leg warmers, glovelettes, sock monkey headband and a detachable monkey tail. Monkey see, monkey do!
Red and White Striped Thigh Highs
Add some mint to your costume with these Peppermint Red and White Thigh Highs. Get ready for the sweetest of compliments in this sexy nylon Halloween hosiery -- and is the perfect leg up on a racy Rag Doll Girl Costume, sold separately.
Gothic Dollista Child Costume
This particular rag doll did not come from grandma's attic - more likely it hails from the dungeon of a haunted castle! Scare up some Halloween fun when you doll yourself up in this Gothic Dollista child costume, complete with leggings, socks and glovelettes.
Rag Doll Wig
Everyone's told you that you look like a doll, now show them how well you play the role when you wear the Rag Doll Wig. This bright red, yarn wig features two pigtails and will perfectly top off your rag doll costume.
Short White Gloves
A Halloween accessory for a thousand and one costumes, the quintessential short white gloves can be used for almost anything. A vampire costume, ghost costume, Mickey Mouse costume, or period costume are just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to these fun Halloween gloves!


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Hope you all had a great day yesterday and that you're still talking to at least some of your relatives!!! (Keep them on board, important genealogical resource!)
As it is Start Your Family Tree Week from today, I am going to join in the festive fun with a competition to allow two readers a chance to win copies of my latest book, Irish Family History Resources Online. The book is not available for sale in the UK, as it has been published by Unlock the Past (www.unlockthepast.com.au) in Australia, and so the small pile I have here in my house may well be the only copies in Britain - so there's no better reason to try to win a copy now! The book is packed not only with links on useful Irish resources, but all sorts of useful tips on what to do with them - how to save money by using particular research strategies on some sites, clues not to miss with other resources that you may happily glide by without realising the importance of and so much more. Bear in mind that with my wife and myself coming from opposite ends of the island of Ireland and each kicking with a different foot, you'll find I've been dabbling into all sorts for all sorts in the book!
So here's the question...
Q: In our trees, we each have two parents, four grandparents and eight great grandparents. But how many ten times great grandparents do we each have?! (The maximum possible, excluding cousin marriages etc!)
That should give you something to work on for a minute or two! (I was tempted to throw in a bonus question offering another copy to anyone who could name them all, but have decided against!)
To enter, please send the answer on an email to email@example.com with BRITISH GENES COMPETITION as the subject header. Please at this stage simply give me your name, the answer, and the village/town/city where you live (if overseas, help me out a bit with the country also!). Winners will be contacted for further details in due course.
The closing date for the competition is Friday 30th December at 12pm GMT. The winners will be announced on this blog shortly after.
For more on Start Your Family Tree Week, visit FindmyPast's handy week planner at www.findmypast.co.uk/content/start-your-family-tree-week/index
Good luck!
Top stories concerning British Isles ancestral research from Irish born Scottish based professional family historian, author and tutor Chris Paton. Feel free to quote from this blog, but please credit British GENES if you do so. Should you wish to get in touch, contact me at christopherpaton @ tiscali.co.uk. Happy hunting!


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Clothing retailers benefit from surge in smartphone searches
New figures have revealed that UK consumers are making greater use than ever of handheld devices to shop online, particularly when it comes to buying clothes.
Please note our new office number is 01932 428376
Latest retail news headlines
BHS unveils strategic partnerships and plans to create 250 jobsThe new owner of BHS has agreed two new strategic partnerships and signalled its intention to recruit 250 new staff as part of plans to revive the department store chain. |
Eurochange opens first branch in WalesIndependent foreign exchange retailer Eurochange has expanded its operation into Wales with the opening of a new branch in Cardiff. |
Sainsbury's appoints David Keens as non-exec directorSainsburys has appointed former Next finance director David Keens as a non-executive director. |
Tesco appoints group brand directorTesco has appointed Michelle McEttrick to the role of group brand director. |
UNIQLO to open second store in South of FranceFashion retailer UNIQLO is continuing its expansion across Europe with plans to open a second store in the South of France this autumn. |
Waitrose sales down 18.1% as Easter distortion continuesWaitrose saw its sales fall by 18.1% year-on-year in the week ending 18 April as trading figures were distorted by the timing of Easter this year. |
Retail round up the Sunday papersPrimark family the big winner in Rich List, Losses deepen at LK Bennett, Drastic Daves bid to revive Tesco, Retailers face pressure to sign up to new ombudsman service, Combined profit at Tesco, Sainsbury's and Morrisons fall by £2.5bn, set... |
John Lewis sales down 4% last weekJohn Lewis saw its sales decline by 4% year-on year last week as this years early Easter continued to distort the comparisons. |
Retail solutions news
Market Force Information Money off your shopping, dining out, travel and much more!A dream come true? Its all possible by becoming a mystery shopper with Market Force Information! |
An inconvenient truthWhy are there really so many store closures. By Graham Wallace, Senior Business Strategist, Esri UK |
Also in the news
- John Lewis sales down 4% last week
- French Connection warns on profits
- Cuplé makes its debut in London
- Esprit expands range of Peta approved vegan footwear
- John Lewis B2B arm rebrands
- Scotmid's profits rise despite 'challenging' market
- Evesham Country Park to rebrand as The Valley
- Holland & Barrett to open 50 Free From stores
- Food retail employment continues to fall
- Ocado launches grocery app for Apple Watch
- Wickes sees strong first quarter sales growth
- Zalando opens technology hub in Dublin
- United Biscuits launches retail Ambassadors Club
- Lincolnshire Co-operative has successful half year
- Hammerson sells Drakehouse Retail Park
- An inconvenient truth
Featured white papers
- Why Accurate, Reliable Customer Data Is a Marketing Imperative
- The ecommerce boom - Maximising your warehouse capacity has never been so critical. Space needs an urgent review
- A Jet-Setter's Guide to Real-Time Retail
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- Every retailer needs to know about these changes to VAT
- Avoid the common pitfalls when choosing a SAAS vendor
Whitepapers & case studies
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- BRAND C: next generation charity shops
- Uncovering Missed Revenue Opportunities Exploring the Customer Lifecycle
- Case Study: Sandersons Elucid CRM system delivers much more for Beaverbrooks
Video feature


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Deployment Ceremony
Published August 3rd, 2011
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56 soldiers in the 257th Transportation Movement Control Battalion have been called to Afghanistan. A deployment ceremony was held this morning in celebration of the men and women as they depart on the eleven month mission. Reality set in for families as they prepare to make their last goodbyes, or as some families say, see you when you get back. The soldiers will depart Thursday morning at 10am from the Gainesville Regional Airport.
For a full report, watch the video to the right.
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Seth MacFarlane will not be hosting next year's Oscars.
Taking to Twitter to announce the news on Monday, he wrote, "Traumatized critics exhale: I'm unable to do the Oscars again, tried to make it work schedule-wise, but I need sleep."
I mean, it wasn't critics who hated his hosting abilities. It was everyone.


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Welcome! You are browsing as a guest
Would you like to see
267 projects made from this pattern
and much more?
join Ravelry now
What am I missing?
© Irka!
© Irka!
© Irka!
© Irka!
Fish to Sushi amigurumi
This pattern is available as a
free Ravelry download
It's a transformable toy: from fish to sushi, from sushi to fish!
Es un juguete transformable: de sushi a pez y viceversa!
For more information, see:


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Public observatory hosting Astronomy Day
Monday, October 08, 2012
Astronomy Day at the Lake Afton Public Observatory is coming up Saturday, Oct. 20, so get ready for an educational and fun-filled afternoon of activities and contests followed by an exciting evening of stargazing.
The event is free and open to the public.
This story has been tagged
Lake Afton Public Observatory,
Fairmount College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. See all RSS feeds here


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GENDER: Masculine
USAGE: Ancient Roman, English, German
PRONOUNCED: YOO:-li-uws (Ancient Roman), JOO-lee-əs (English), YOO-lee-uws (German) [key]
Meaning & History
From a Roman family name which was possibly derived from Greek ιουλος (ioulos) "downy-bearded". Alternatively, it could be related to the name of the Roman god JUPITER. This was a prominent patrician family of Rome, who claimed descent from the mythological Julus, son of Aeneas. Its most notable member was Gaius Julius Caesar, who is known for his clever conquest of Gaul. After a civil war he became the dictator of the Roman Republic, but was eventually stabbed to death in the senate.
Although this name was borne by several early saints, including a pope, it was rare during the Middle Ages. It was revived in Italy and France during the Renaissance, and was subsequently imported to England. Related Names
VARIANT: Iulius (Ancient Roman) Popularity


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The Adama Dance Art Healing Center in Mitzpeh Ramon offers classes and workshops, accommodations, studios and a performance venue.
Tel Aviv, the party city that never oversleeps
Thanks to a growing trend of morning parties fueled by soft drinks and dancing, Tel Avivians are rising early to party harder than ever before.
Meet Israel's newest pioneers settling the Negev desert
ISRAEL21c talks with some new pioneers of the Negev who left urban life to fulfill dreams of personal fulfillment in the desert.
Free plug-in for recipe bloggers
Israel's Kitchenbug formats recipes, tacks on nutritional information and adds keyword tags to optimize placement in a Google recipe search.
Israel: Shining bright for 65 years
ISRAEL21c's birthday tribute to Israel through the lens of photographers.
Israel's dogs get the 'Paws-idential' treatment
Massages, fillet steak, fun in the pool, desert hikes, a personal trainer… no this isn't a luxury hotel for people, its Israel's newest hotel for dogs.
Christina Aguilera is a fan of Fancy Hand Fans
The romantic cloth fans aren't just for celebs, though. Israel's Sharon Jerusalmy envisions every woman carrying a few in her purse.
Celebrating Passover with 50,000 dominos
Pyramids came tumbling down in Israel's record-breaking domino chain, set up in Beersheva.
The undead rise for a party in Tel Aviv
The annual Zombie Walk brings out hundreds of undead revelers to the streets of Tel Aviv.
ISRAEL21c announces winners of the 'Israel I Love' photo contest
It was a tough contest, but someone has to win. ISRAEL21c picks the winners of its first-ever photo competition.
In Haifa, it's always time for coffee and cake
Israel's third-largest city has the most number of bakeries per person in the country. Come and see the treats awaiting you in Haifa.


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Released November 24, 2003
Click the camera to see the accompanying photo
TRENT LOTT CENTER AT SOUTHERN MISS RECEIVES MAJOR DONATIONS FROM COAST GAMING VENUES By David Tisdale
HATTIESBURG - Two major players in South Mississippi's gaming industry have joined with The University of Southern Mississippi to further develop and ensure a bright future for the area and state's economic fortunes.
The Beau Rivage Resort and Casino and Grand Casinos have partnered together to raise $100,000 for the USM Foundation's permanent endowment for the Trent Lott National Center for Excellence in Economic Development and Entrepreneurship.
The center will bring Southern Miss' renowned multiple academic and professional economic develop programs together in a state-of-the-art educational facility that will serve and advance the economic development professional throughout the state, nation and world.
"Beau Rivage and Grand Casinos are extremely proud to have fueled support from the Mississippi Gulf Coast gaming industry and its key vendors in raising funds for this premier facility," said Jeff Dahl, Beau Rivage president and member of the State Steering Committee for the project.
The U.S. Department of Commerce has designated the Trent Lott National Center at Southern Miss as a national center for economic development. The center was awarded this designation because of its special outreach component that takes the research to community leaders, government officials, and businesses to teach them to utilize the information and turn it into development for Mississippi, the region and the nation.
"The center will be very important to the future growth of our state. It will not only benefit the university research efforts, but all the residents of Mississippi by providing a catalyst for future development," said Duncan McKenzie, president of Grand Casino Biloxi and State Steering Committee member. "This is a very exciting opportunity and I am proud of the casino industry and its vendors for taking a leadership roll in the fundraising effort."
An $8 million campaign to help fund the construction and endowment of the center is currently underway. The campaign is a dual initiative, combining fund-raising drives through both a national and state committee.
Southern Miss alumnus Bobby Chain, a former Hattiesburg mayor and State Institutions for Higher Learning board member, is the National Coordinating Chair for the project. Gov.-elect Haley Barbour is the National Committee Chair, and Mississippi Power President and CEO Michael Garrett serves as State Committee Chair.
"We're grateful to our friends at the Beau Rivage and Grand Casinos and all of those who see the benefits that this project will bring not only to South Mississippi, but to the nation and the world as we seek to improve the quality of life for our citizens through the economic development profession," said Southern Miss President Dr. Shelby Thames.
This page is maintained by the Department of Marketing and Public Relations at The University of Southern Mississippi at http://www.usm.edu. Comments and suggestions are welcome; direct them to firstname.lastname@example.com. URL for this page is http://www.usm.edu/pr/prnews/nov03/lottdonation.htm April 20, 2004 4:48 PM


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Congrats, Jaclyn Schler, you're InStyle.com's Reader of the Week! For the last few years the Akron, Ohio resident has sent us fan mail, so we're reciprocating the love. "Each month I place sticky notes on my favorite pages of the magazine and reference them when I'm in a pinch to pull together a cute outfit," she told InStyle.com. "The advice that has stuck with me most is to invest in classic pieces. Nude heels, a bright bag, and a trench, for example, are the building blocks of a great outfit." Jaclyn's ability to incorporate our pages into her own wardrobe landed her in our "Inspired by InStyle" column three times: February 2013, April 2012, and October 2011! For a sampling of looks that caught our eye (and our heart!), check out the gallery below and Jaclyn's blog, Sharing My Sole. And you can be our Reader of the Week! If one of our stories has inspired you to mix it up, send us a pic (300 dpi or larger) of your transformation to firstname.lastname@example.com. You could be featured in InStyle and InStyle.com!
InStyle Reader of the Week: Sharing My Sole Blogger Jaclyn Schler
Courtesy Photo


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Jan Term 2015 Travel Courses - General Info
Welcome to pre-departure! Take a look below at our Jan Term 2015 Travel courses, as well as info on registration requirements, scholarship opportunities, and our September 2014 pre-registration informational meetings so that you can learn more about these courses directly from their instructors!
IMPORTANT NOTE: Jan Term Registration has been postponed to Tuesday, 9/30 and Wednesday, 10/1.
You can get ready for Jan Term Travel Registration by doing the following...
- Check out our Jan Term 2015 Travel course descriptions and details in our online course listings. (Update: here are their Core Curriculum designations).
- Learn about Jan Term Travel Registration Requirements, including important info on eligibility.
- Read the details on the Jan Term 2015 Registration process (this is a handy printable one-sheet for easy reference).
- Attend September 2014 Pre-Registration Informational Meetings (here's the schedule) to learn more about Jan Term 2015 Travel courses, decide which one is best for you, and gather signatures required for Travel registration. ATTENDANCE IS MANDATORY at any one of a Travel course's September info meetings in order to register in that course.
- Learn the criteria for our generous Jan Term Travel Scholarships (75% of course cost)! The deadline to submit a scholarship application is 9/15.
- Contact Paul Ebenkamp (email@example.com / x4771) with ANY questions.
Maps & Directories
Mailing Address
Saint Mary's College of California
1928 Saint Mary's Road
Moraga, CA 94575
(925) 631-4000
Google Map | Campus Map | PO Boxes


text: Is anybody out there associated with any vollie depts. in the Panama City Beach, FL area? It looks as though my wife and I may be relocating to the area. I enjoy the dept. I am on so much I'm sure I would miss it greatly but it may be a bit easier if I could at least continue my service in a new community.