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Overview of content related to 'dublin core'
This page provides an overview of 255 articles related to 'dublin core', listing most recently updated content first. Note that filters may be applied to display a sub-set of articles in this category (see FAQs on filtering for usage tips). Select this link to remove all filters.
The Dublin Core set of metadata elements provides a small and fundamental group of text elements through which most resources can be described and catalogued. Using only 15 base text fields, a Dublin Core metadata record can describe physical resources such as books, digital materials such as video, sound, image, or text files, and composite media like web pages. Metadata records based on Dublin Core are intended to be used for cross-domain information resource description and have become standard in the fields of library science and computer science. Implementations of Dublin Core typically make use of XML and are Resource Description Framework based. Dublin Core is defined by ISO through ISO Standard 15836, and NISO Standard Z39.85-2007. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Dublin Core)
Key statisticsMetadata related to 'dublin core' (as derived from all content tagged with this term):
See our 'dublin core' overview for more data and comparisons with other tags. For visualisations of metadata related to timelines, bands of recency, top authors, and and overall distribution of authors using this term, see our 'dublin core' usage charts. |
Top authorsAriadne contributors most frequently referring to 'dublin core':
Note: Links to all articles by authors listed above set filters to display articles by each author in the overview below. Select this link to remove all filters. |
Title | Article summary | Date |
Version Identification: A Growing Problem |
Dave Puplett outlines the issues associated with versions in institutional repositories, and discusses the solutions being developed by the Version Identification Framework (VIF) Project. |
January 2008, issue54, feature article |
MCN 2007: Building Content, Building Community - 40 Years of Museum Information and Technology |
Guenter Waibel and Jean Godby report on the Museum Computer Network annual meeting, held 7-10 November, 2007 in Chicago, Illinois. |
January 2008, issue54, event report |
News and Events |
Ariadne presents a brief summary of news and events. |
January 2008, issue54, news and events |
Editorial Introduction to Issue 55: Digital Lives, Digital Values |
Richard Waller introduces Ariadne issue 55. |
Metadata for Learning Resources: An Update on Standards Activity for 2008 |
Sarah Currier gives an overview of current initiatives in standards for educational metadata. |
April 2008, issue55, feature article |
South African Repositories: Bridging Knowledge Divides |
Martie van Deventer and Heila Pienaar provide us with background to recent South African repository initiatives and detail an example of knowledge transfer from one institution to another. |
April 2008, issue55, feature article |
Towards an Application Profile for Images |
Mick Eadie describes the development of the Dublin Core Images Application Profile project recently funded through the JISC. |
April 2008, issue55, feature article |
Developing the Capability and Skills to Support EResearch |
Margaret Henty provides an Australian perspective on improving the environment in which eResearch is conducted through developing institutional capability and providing appropriate skills training. |
April 2008, issue55, feature article |
Intute Integration |
Angela Joyce, Jackie Wickham, Phil Cross and Chris Stephens describe Intute's ongoing Integration Project, which is promoting and developing integration of Intute content in the UK academic library community. |
April 2008, issue55, feature article |
Implementing Ex Libris's PRIMO at the University of East Anglia |
Nick Lewis outlines the University of East Anglia's experience of implementing Ex Libris's Primo, a new search and retrieval interface for presenting the library catalogue and institutional databases and e-resources. |
April 2008, issue55, feature article |
Research Libraries and the Power of the Co-operative |
John MacColl considers the 'co-operative imperative' upon research libraries, and describes the work which the former Research Libraries Group is undertaking as part of OCLC. |
April 2008, issue55, feature article |
KIM Project Conference 2008 |
Alexander Ball provides an overview of the Knowledge and Information Management Through Life Project Conference held in April, 2008. |
April 2008, issue55, event report |
Future-Proofing the Past: LAI Joint Conference 2008 |
Siobhan Fitzpatrick reports on the Annual Joint Conference of the Library Association of Ireland and Cilip IRELAND. |
April 2008, issue55, event report |
News and Events |
Ariadne presents a brief summary of news and events. |
April 2008, issue55, news and events |
Versioning in Repositories: Implementing Best Practice |
Jenny Brace explains why giving time to versioning within a repository is worthwhile and outlines the best practice to implement. |
July 2008, issue56, feature article |
Integrating Journal Back Files Into an Existing Electronic Environment |
Jason Cooper describes how Loughborough University Library integrated a number of collections of journal back files into their existing electronic environment. |
July 2008, issue56, feature article |
News and Events |
Ariadne presents a brief summary of news and events. |
July 2008, issue56, news and events |
Editorial Introduction to Issue 57:Achieving the Balance |
Richard Waller introduces Ariadne issue 57. |
A Bug's Life?: How Metaphors from Ecology Can Articulate the Messy Details of Repository Interactions |
R. John Robertson, Mahendra Mahey and Phil Barker introduce work investigating an alternative model of repository and service interaction. |
October 2008, issue57, feature article |
Editorial Introduction to Issue 58: People Still Matter |
Richard Waller introduces Ariadne issue 58. |
Assessing FRBR in Dublin Core Application Profiles |
Talat Chaudhri makes a detailed assessment of the FRBR structure of the Dublin Core Application Profiles funded by JISC. |
January 2009, issue58, feature article |
The European Film Gateway |
Georg Eckes and Monika Segbert describe a Best Practice Network funded under the eContentplus Programme of the European Commission, which is building a portal for access to film archival resources in Europe. |
January 2009, issue58, feature article |
Book Review: Making Sense With Metadata |
Emma Tonkin takes a look at an impressive new book on the topic of metadata design, implementation and evaluation in theory and practice. |
The REMAP Project: Steps Towards a Repository-enabled Information Environment |
Richard Green and Chris Awre investigate what role a repository can play in enabling and supporting the management and preservation of its own digital content. |
April 2009, issue59, feature article |
Spinning a Semantic Web for Metadata: Developments in the IEMSR |
Emma Tonkin and Alexey Strelnikov reflect on the experience of developing components for the Information Environment Metadata Schema Registry. |
April 2009, issue59, feature article |
How to Publish Data Using Overlay Journals: The OJIMS Project |
Sarah Callaghan, Sam Pepler, Fiona Hewer, Paul Hardaker and Alan Gadian describe the implementation details that can be used to create overlay journals for data publishing in the meteorological sciences. |
October 2009, issue61, feature article |
Editorial Introduction to Issue 62: The Wisdom of Communities |
Richard Waller introduces Ariadne issue 62. |
Towards a Toolkit for Implementing Application Profiles |
Talat Chaudhri, Julian Cheal, Richard Jones, Mahendra Mahey and Emma Tonkin propose a user-driven methodology for the iterative development, testing and implementation of Dublin Core Application Profiles in diverse repository software environments. |
January 2010, issue62, feature article |
The Future of Interoperability and Standards in Education: A JISC CETIS Event |
Sarah Currier reports on an international working meeting involving a range of educational interoperability standards bodies and communities, organised by JISC CETIS. |
January 2010, issue62, event report |
Turning on the Lights for the User: NISO Discovery to Delivery Forum |
Laura Akerman and Kim Durante report on Discovery to Delivery, Creating a First-Class User Experience, a NISO Forum on today's information seekers and current standards developments held in March 2010 at the Georgia Tech Global Learning Center. |
April 2010, issue63, event report |
RDA: Resource Description and Access |
Wendy Taylor and Helen Williams report on CILIP's Executive Briefings on RDA : Resource Description and Access held at CILIP on 23 March 2010 and repeated at the Bloomsbury Hotel on 30 March 2010. |
April 2010, issue63, event report |
News and Events |
Ariadne presents a brief summary of news and events. |
April 2010, issue63, news and events |
Trove: Innovation in Access to Information in Australia |
Rose Holley describes a major development in the Australian national digital information infrastructure. |
July 2010, issue64, feature article |
Retooling Libraries for the Data Challenge |
Dorothea Salo examines how library systems and procedures need to change to accommodate research data. |
July 2010, issue64, feature article |
Blue Ribbon Task Force Symposium on Sustainable Digital Preservation and Access |
Marieke Guy reports on a symposium which provided an opportunity for stakeholders to respond to the recent Blue Ribbon Task Force report on Sustainable Digital Preservation and Access. |
July 2010, issue64, event report |
Academic Liaison Librarianship: Curatorial Pedagogy or Pedagogical Curation? |
Allan Parsons presents a strategic view of the need to develop the academic liaison librarianship role. |
October 2010, issue65, feature article |
Moving Researchers across the EResearch Chasm |
Malcolm Wolski and Joanna Richardson outline an Australian initiative to address technology challenges within current research paradigms. |
October 2010, issue65, feature article |
Turning Off Tap Into Bath |
Ann Chapman describes the lifecycle of a demonstrator database and the development of a preservation policy for its content and software. |
January 2011, issue66, feature article |
Developments in Virtual 3D Imaging of Cultural Artefacts |
Richard Collmann describes how experience using a portable Virtual 3D Object Rig in cultural institutions has led to significant improvements in apparatus design and workflow. |
January 2011, issue66, feature article |
Image 'Quotation' Using the C.I.T.E. Architecture |
Christopher Blackwell and Amy Hackney Blackwell describe with examples a digital library infrastructure that affords canonical citation for 'quoting' images, useful for creating commentaries, arguments, and teaching tools. |
July 2011, issue67, feature article |


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text: Verizon Wireless today announced the HP Pavilion dm1-2010nr notebook, is available online today. The global capable HP Pavilion supports built-in 3G Mobile Broadband and comes with a pre-installed SIM card, making it easy for customers to stay connected in more than 200 countries. Here is more info on the HP Pavilion dm1 and Verizon's broadband pricing: The HP Pavilion dm1 notebook is powered by an AMD Athlon II Neo K325 dual-core processor and delivers great multi-tasking performance with superb graphics capabilities. This lightweight PC also packs a large storage capacity with the included 320 GB hard drive and added online storage with HP Cloud Drive (Internet access required). The included 6-cell battery offers up to five hours of battery life, making on-the-go computing easier than ever. Additional features and specifications of the HP Pavilion dm1-2010nr notebook: ? HP Imprint finish with a woven design in champagne ? Operating system: Genuine Windows 7 Home Premium 64-bit ? Processor Speed: 1.3 GHz ? Memory: 2 GB DDR3 System Memory with one accessible memory slot ? Video Graphics: ATI Mobility Radeon HD 4225 Graphics ? HP Webcam with integrated digital microphone ? Display: 11.6 inch diagonal high-definition LED BrightView Display (1366 x 768) ? Altec Lansing Speakers ? Dimensions: 11.4 inches (l) x 8.03 inches (d) x 0.78-1.20 inches (h) ? Weight: 3.24 pounds Pricing and availability: The HP Pavilion dm1-2010nr notebook is available online today at www.verizonwireless.com for $199.99 after a $100 mail-in rebate with a new two-year customer agreement on a Mobile Broadband plan. Customers will receive the rebate in the form of a debit card; upon receipt, customers may use the card as cash anywhere debit cards are accepted. With HP Cloud Drive, there is a 30-day trial for 100 GB of storage. After 30 days there is a fee associated with the service depending on storage needs or 2 GB of storage for free. Mobile Broadband pricing: Customers can select from various price plans to connect to Verizon Wireless? Mobile Broadband network, which also gives them access to thousands of Wi-Fi hotspots at no additional charge and allows them to move easily from the nation?s most reliable 3G wireless network to those hotspots: - $39.99 monthly access for 250 MB monthly allowance and $0.10/MB overage - $59.99 monthly access for 5 GB monthly allowance and $0.05/MB overage - Prepaid Mobile Broadband plans are also available: -- $15 for 100 MB (one day of use) -- $30 for 300 MB (one week of use) -- $50 for 1 GB (30 days of use) -- $80 for 5 GB (30 days of use) GlobalAccess pricing: Customers traveling abroad can sign up for one of the following plans: - $129.99 monthly access (5 GB allowance for the United States and Canada, $0.05/MB overage), 100 MB allowance in select countries ($0.005/KB after allowance) - $219.99 monthly access (5 GB allowance for the United States and Canada, $0.05/MB -verage), 200 MB allowance in select countries ($0.005/KB after allowance) - GlobalAccess Pay Per Use for occasional use must be purchased with a $59.99 Mobile Broadband service plan in the United States. The Pay Per Use rate is $0.002/KB in Canada, $0.005/KB in Mexico, and $0.02/KB in more than 200 other destinations. For more information on Verizon Wireless products and services, visit a Verizon Wireless Communications Store, call 1-800-2 JOIN IN or go to www.verizonwireless.com ----------------------------------------------------- Read our latest notebook reviews: Toshiba Libretto W105 Toshiba Portege R705 Sony VAIO P 2010 second Gen Apple MacBook 2010 White Unibody Toshiba Portege M780 Tablet PC Toshiba Satellite M505 Lenovo ThinkPad X100e Lenovo ThinkPad Edge 13" Toshiba Qosmio X505 Gateway LT2118u More News. . . ----- MTR News |


text:
Has anyone ever made their own Gripe water, or Tummy Tea for babies? I just started making some for Philip and it is great! There are so many recipes out there, I was curious if anyone had tried to make there own, what worked for you? How often did you give it, and how much?
I've been making mine with Chamomile, dill seeds, and fennel seeds. Then a little corn syrup to sweeten it up. He seems to like it alright, and pretty quickly after drinking a bit (about 10-15ml per dosage) he's finally smiling again. I have to say, I'm a true believer in this 'tea'. I don't know what we'd do without it.
DIY 'Gripe' water (XP)
Fri, 02/01/2013 - 21:19
DIY 'Gripe' water (XP)
Mon, 02/04/2013 - 13:41
I have never tried that. Really sounds interesting. How often do you give it to your little one?
On a side note -- every time I see your signature it makes me grin! Your boys are all adorable!
Mon, 02/04/2013 - 14:26
Thank you. A sure have a wild crew of boys. Heh heh.
So far I've given it 2-3x a day. Always before bedtime! Lol. I've read you can give it 6x a day if needed.


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Shelden Williams was born October 21, 1983 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Williams played college basketball for Duke University where he set many records. Shelden Williams holds Duke's career blocks record, single-season blocks record, and career rebounding record. Williams is the third player (joining Tim Duncan and Ralph Sampson) in ACC history to have 1,500 points, 1,000 rebounds and 350 blocks. Duke University retired Shelden Williams jersey number 23 in his honor.
Sheldon Williams was selected by the Atlanta Hawks with the fifth pick in the 2006 NBA Draft. On February 16, 2008, Williams was involved in a multi-player trade to the Sacramento Kings for Mike Bibby and then just days later he was traded to our Minnesota Timberwolves along with Bobby Brown for Rashad McCants and Calvin Booth.
A personal note: Sheldon Williams is married to WNBA Los Angeles Sparks basketball star Candace Parker. Due to Sheldon Willims large size, his aggressive style of play, and shot-blocking ability, competitors and basketball fans alike have nicknamed him "The Landlord."
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El Viaje del Verso (The Versified Voyage)
April 29, 2013
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With danceable drum rhythms, this program will explore the beauty of English and Spanish poetry.
Bob McNeil and his talented accompanists will share the work of Lorca, Neruda, Rivera and many more. Hear words that will excite your heart and feet.
For all you Poets, Rappers and Singers, come and let your talent flow for your barrio.
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text: Welcome to SpanaFlight! Situated at the base of Mount Rainier only 30 minutes south of Seattle, SpanaFlight is an FBO based at Pierce County Airport - Thun Field (KPLU) in Puyallup, Washington that has been providing first-class service to aviation enthusiasts since 1976. We offer: Comprehensive Flight Training and Instruction Aircraft Rental Introductory and Scenic Flights Pilot Supplies and Chart Sales Authorized Cessna Parts Dealer Full Service Maintenance Facility Aircraft Sales Lasergrade / PSI Testing Center Our team of employees offers unsurpassed quality and experience. Professionalism and a conscientious approach to aviation are key attributes valued at SpanaFlight.


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Lake Norman
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Hi, I have a 27 Catalina, and thinking of moving to Lake Norman.
Never been there, so any info would be greatly appreciated.
I'm looking to rent a boat trailer, and will need to haul and launch it
from a facility. Any suggestions?... I'll also be looking for a place to rent,
and have found a few rentals at a place called Marina Shores. Are you
familiar with it?... I really hate to move my boat from where it is now, but
life throws you curves sometimes... hoping I will like the area.
thanks, Dave
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Book Search
1-1 of 1 results for Author: marianne kristiansen (sorted by Publication Date, showing all)
Knowledge and Power in Collaborative Research
A Reflexive Approach
Series: Routledge Advances in Research Methods
Collaborative research embraces a multiplicity of practices in which social actors are invited to participate in the research process as co-producers of knowledge. But what is actually meant by "co-production" in collaborative research? Knowledge and Power in Collaborative Research presents a...
To Be Published May 29th 2015 by Routledge


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Saturday, November 07, 2009
Things Are Heating Up
5 comments:
- Monica the Garden Faerie said...
I love witch hazels, but mine are both small and young and haven't bloomed yet. Hooray on re-examining career choices! (I just wish my switch were long-term financially viable!). And hello to furry friends. I used to have a big cat and kind of miss having one. My two are both small and svelte. :)
- troutbirder said...
Hang in there Lise. I always enjoyed you garden projects and tips. I think Oct and Nov switched places this year. At least at this point it looks like it. :)
- lisa said...
Monica-I was really surprised at how well mine blooms with such small stature. (It's Hamamelis virginiana). Bummer how that whole "financially viable" thing interferes, eh? ;-) Heh, I don't ever recall either of these felines being any kind of small since they were kittens! Born to be bruisers, I guess :)
Troutbirder-Thank you! I keep singing "A change will do you good" (by Cheryl Crow), but some days it's more like "That's life" by Frank Sinatra! :) - 8:33 PM
Heh, "That's Life"
No sh*t. :)
I can't beleive how warm you've been! We've been having fab weather here. I feel like I woke up in a whole new State.
Beautiful blooms! I've been thinking about witch hazel a lot. I think you just convinced me. :)
My xmas cacti are blooming too - the 3 I have left. *sigh*
v. - 2:29 PM
- lisa said...
I'm glad you've been enjoying some nice weather lately, too...I'd say you earned it with all that rain! I find witch hazel to be a super-cute and very nice tree, pretty much year round. I seem to remember several cultivars that were good for warm areas, some with red blooms and fragrant as well. Let me know what Christmas cactus colors you have, maybe I can fill in the blanks! :)


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August 1964
Their job, said John Adams, was nothing in esse but everything in posse. Each of them went to sleep every night and …
To endorse their products, early admen used even the President. Permission? They seldom bothered to
The Presidency has outlas fed the thrones of emperors and kings, shoguns and cxars, to become the world's principal place of power
War heroes have often made good presidential candidates. Sometimes they have even made good Presidents
When Harry Truman was President of the United States he kept on his desk a little sign with the reminder: "The buck stops here." This was his way of telling himself that when the responsibility for decision conies to a President, he has to meet it all alone. He can ask for all kinds of advice, and any amount of briefing, but he has to make up his mind by himself. Once in a generation or so his decisions send powerful echoes down the years. They may take the country along a path never before followed, enlarge the powers of the American government itself, or commit the whole nation to a policy or a program that will have permanent and vital effect. At such moments the President has to have vision, courage, and a sense of historic mission. To illustrate the matter, we consider below five moments in time in which a President made a decision whose consequences to the republic still endure.
As a national celebrity, only the Chief Executive himself outshines her. Within the awesome confines of the White House, some remarkable women have presided
How a Pennsylvania congressman dug Martin Van Buren's political grave with a golden spoon
Two shots rang out in the railroad station, and the President of the United States slumped to the floor, mortally wounded
American Heritage is proud to host the
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Why do we need a national nonprofit membership society for American history?
"Save America's Treasures" has been totally eliminated—the largest Federal program supporting preservation of such treasures as the original Star Spangled Banner and George Washington's tent.
65% of Americans don't know what happened at the Constitutional Convention, according to a recent survey by Newsweek.
The "Teaching American History" grants—the largest Federal program supporting history education—have been completely eliminated.
Visits to the Top 20 Civil War battlefields have dropped in half from 1970 to 2009 according to official National Park Service statistics.
40% of Americans can't identify whom we fought in World War II, according to a recent survey by Newsweek.
A quarter of Americans believe Congress shares power over U.S. foreign policy with the United Nations, according to a recent Annenberg survey.
"There is little that is more important for an American citizen to know than the history and traditions of his country," John F. Kennedy wrote in American Heritage.
The "We the People Program," which touched some 30 million students and 90,000 teachers over 25 years, has been completely eliminated.
Two-thirds of Americans could not correctly name Yorktown as the last major military action of the American Revolution, according to a recent national Gallup survey.
The National Heritage Areas and Scenic Byways program, the only major Federal program encouraging visits to historic places, has been completely eliminated in Congressional committee.


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The following is an archive of a post made to our 'vox-outreach mailing list' by one of its subscribers.
The meeting minutes I got from Daphne (thx Daphne!) said that there's a Linux demo happening on July 17th. Last I had heard, it was still tentative. Is it actually 100% on? Or did my mentioning it in the meeting agenda just confuse people? ;^) Henry? -bill! (wants to make an annc'ment if it's a 'go') _______________________________________________ vox-outreach mailing list firstname.lastname@example.com http://lists.lugod.org/mailman/listinfo/vox-outreach
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text:
Accoring to the US Census Bureau, Folcik ranked #94,227 in frequency out of 151,671 surnames for which statistics were released from the 2000 Census. 180 people, or approximately 1 in every 1,498,678 individuals in the US had this surname in 2000.
Source: "Genealogy Data: Frequently Occurring Surnames from Census 2000", US Census Bureau.
Histopolis currently has 5 grave(s) with the surname Folcik.
Search the Histopols Grave Index for the surname Folcik.
The surname Folcik has a Soundex code of F422. The following 80 surname(s) may sound similar to Folcik since they share the same Soundex code.


text: The acceptable fglrx options can be addressed through aticonfig (see --help for more information). If you are using a Radeon X1000 series graphics card you shouldn't need to setup TexturedVideo in your xorg.conf, but otherwise you will need to append that option for X-Video. Also, if you are using x86_64 software, Avivo currently has some serious issues that causes segmentation faults.


text:
Community Energy & MLB Phillies Team Up To Purchase Renewable Energy
Jay Carlis of Community Energy, discusses his company's renewable energy partnership with Major League Baseball's Philadelphia Phillies.
Full Transcript:
Ben Lack | Can you briefly tell us a little bit about the company. |
Jay Carlis | Community Energy is one of the leading renewable energy marketing and development companies in the US. We are located right outside Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and we've been in renewable energy business for a little over 12 years. That's pretty long time in the renewable energy business. We started by selling renewable energy credits from Pennsylvania wind farms to Pennsylvania institutions as a way of building the demands for new wind energy in the east. Back in '99 there really was very little wind energy in the east and our efforts to market renewable energy and particularly wind to voluntary customers really helped jumpstart the wind business in the east.
Over the last few years we've been developing solar projects while we continue to market renewable energy through utility partnerships and direct to commercial and institutional customers. We're currently working on the largest solar project in Pennsylvania in Lancaster County. It is going to be 6 MW and we call it The Keystone Solar Project. |
Ben Lack | What part of the process do you end up managing,?obviously you sell, you're selling credits and power to the end user, you also manage the development of the renewable energy product project itself? |
Jay Carlis | Yes. We are the lead project developer. That ranges from interconnect studies to geotechnical analysis and site analysis, selling the electricity and renewable energy credits and getting projects ready for construction, bringing in a construction firm and taking it through to commercial operation. |
Ben Lack | Be more specific and tell us where the wind farms are located. How has the community embraced wind and renewable power over the last couple of years. What have been the key factors to that? |
Jay Carlis | There are wind farms all over Pennsylvania, from the western part of the state to North-eastern mountains. One of our first projects that we developed is called The Bear Creek Wind Farm and it is in the Scranton area, up in the mountains. We've seen companies and institutions particularly take a real positive view of wind power and what it means for their brands and their stake holders to make commitments to purchase wind. When it first started it was the University of Pennsylvania, Carnegie Mellon University, Giant Eagle Supermarkets. It was the Pennsylvania institutions that had the real commitment to growing renewable energy and development within the state. And they were influential in helping to make that happen in partnership with Community Energy. And in recent years we've seen greater focus on reducing carbon emissions for colleges and universities as well as businesses and that has helped grow the renewable energy sales.
In some ways it has shifted the focus of the voluntary renewable energy market to what it was in the beginning which was about jumpstarting a renewable energy industry locally. For many the mindset has shifted to reducing the greatest amount of carbon emissions." And what we're seeing here with The Phillies is, first of all, they purchase more renewable energy than any team in Major League in baseball. It's a 100% of their grid connected electricity use. So just in that alone they have set themselves up to be the leaders amongst their peers and competitors. In this arrangement with Community Energy, The Phillies have committed to purchase some of that directly from Pennsylvania wind farms as well as the Keystone Solar Project that we're developing in Pennsylvania. So they are really taking some of those renewable energy dollars and putting them towards the local community to help build demand for new wind and solar projects in the state. |
Ben Lack | How much is the premium is actually being placed on a renewable energy plan like this compared to just purchasing electricity from coal or natural gas or other sources of generation capacity? |
Jay Carlis | It's generally about 5-10% additional that institutions are paying. I don't know the specific numbers right now The Phillies particularly but that's a good range. |
Ben Lack | And how is the deal with the Phillies? Are there other partnerships that help promote renewable energy initiatives with the baseball team? |
Jay Carlis | It's a two year deal so they made a commitment to work with us for two years. They've purchased renewable energy in the past. I think they'll be going on 5 or 7 years total by the end of this agreement. This is a commitment that they made a while ago to be a leader among Major League Baseball teams when it comes to green power and they are continuing with that leadership. |
Ben Lack | How did the leadership impact what the other major sports team do in the city? |
Jay Carlis | It's a good question. I can't speak for other major sports team. But we've seen some reports of a possible solar project at a Lincoln Financial Field. And I don't know if that's influenced by the Phillies or not. But I think generally we're seeing that the consciousness around green energy and sustainable energy in the greater Philadelphia area has dramatically increased over the years. Community Energy is based in the greater Philadelphia area. We've been working the main utility called PECO, on the PECO wind program for the past 7 years. And we are raising awareness amongst consumers and businesses in the regions of the importance of not just clean energy but making a difference in helping to build new clean energy locally. |
Ben Lack | Why are you doing what you're doing and why have you chosen to spend your time in this space? |
Jay Carlis | For me, personally, it's about the energy challenges that we face as a country and the world. There's climate change, there's uncertain future energy cost associated with fossil fuels. And there's such tremendous opportunity for us to build a new green economy by developing new renewable energy projects that protect us against rising fuels costs in the future while creating jobs and protecting the environment. It's a win, win, win all around. And that's the real driver for me. For Community Energy, the mission has always been to create a demand for clean energy and then build the supply. The vision of Community Energy is the importance of creating a robust, voluntary market for businesses and individuals so that they can have a choice and vote with their dollars for what they believe in. There are renewable portfolio standards in many states that require numbers like 20% renewable energy by 2020. Our customers just don't think that's enough. And we agree with them. We are working with our customers to make sure that we have more renewable energy than what otherwise would be required. And that's what's exciting about being part of this mission. |


text:
Starring: Denis Leary Michael Lombardi Lenny Clarke
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Learn more about Rescue Me-Complete 4th Season:
Play with Fire...You Get Burned.
Tommy Gavin and company face new challenges and old demons as they roll back into action for a fourth season of Denis Leary and Peter Tolan's series. As the season begins, Tommy is in the fight of his life, defending himself against arson and insurance fraud. He struggles to raise his new baby while facing paternity questions and fighting to keep his family together. Franco seems ready to settle into a steady relationship, but is shaken when he loses custody of his daughter. Alcoholism has taken a toll on Sean and Maggie's marriage, while Lou's newfound love threatens to put him in the hospital. And Chief Reilly fights back from a stroke only to find himself facing a decision that could change the fate of Truck Company 62 forever. |
"...thrilling[ly] raw...scathingly funny...Rescue Me is bound to haunt you. New York Daily News
"...the best actor [Leary] playig the best character in the best show... USA Today
"This series is officially on fire now. Ken Aucker, Entertainment Weekly
"Rescue Me races out of the gate as confidently brilliant as ever before, wildly mixing emotions along the way. Tim Goodman, San Francisco Chronicle
"One of TV's bleakest shows is also one of TV's best comedies. What a marvel. Verne Gay, Newsday
Editor's Note
In this fourth season of the hit dramatic series from FX, the entire Ladder 62 crew is persecuted by the media for failing to prevent the death of seven children in a fire. That, unfortunately, is only the beginning of the tragedy and turmoil in store for the boys and their families. Tommy's daughter Colleen runs away from home, Janet is concerned her newborn baby doesn't like her, the verdict is announced for Uncle Teddy's manslaughter trial, and one of Engine 62's own commits suicide. As if that weren't enough, Tommy himself is being investigated for a beach house fire in the incendiary fourth season of this feverishly macho, seriocomic heavyweight. An apoplectic Denis Leary once again leads the game cast, who is joined by guest stars Gina Gershon (SHOWGIRLS, FACE/OFF), Desmond Harrington (WRONG TURN), and Artie Lange (BEER LEAGUE).
Cast & Crew
Andrea Roth | |
Denis Leary | |
Lenny Clarke | |
Mike Lombardi | |
Andrew Bernard - Production Designer | |
Christopher Tyng - Original Music By | |
Clay Brown, et. al. - Art Director | |
Denis Leary - Executive Producer | |
Denis Leary, et. al. - Writer | |
Jace Alexander, et. al. - Director | |
Jonathan Freeman - Cinematographer | |
Simon B. Veredon, et. al. - Editor | |
Tom Houghton - Cinematographer | |
Tony Palermo - Producer |
Nominee (2006) |
Emmy, Denis Leary, Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series | |
Nominee (2005) |
Emmy, Peter Tolan, Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series | |
Emmy, Peter Tolan, Denis Leary, Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series | |
Golden Globe, Denis Leary, Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series - Drama | |
Emmy (2006) |
Denis Leary, Nominee, Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series | |
Golden Globe (2005) |
Denis Leary, Nominee, Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series - Drama | |
Emmy (2005) |
Peter Tolan, Nominee, Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series | |
Peter Tolan, Denis Leary, Nominee, Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series | |
Image Award (2010) |
Larenz Tate, Nominee, Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series | |
Emmy (2009) |
Michael J. Fox, Nominee, Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series | |
Emmy (2008) |
Charles Durning, Nominee, Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series | |
Tom Houghton, Nominee, Outstanding Cinematography for a One-Hour Series | |
Emmy (2007) |
Denis Leary, Nominee, Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series |


text:
The extent of electronic vandalism and other computer-related crime is unknown. Annual losses in the United States due to computer crime have been estimated at $2 million to $730 million, but these figures are suspect; several studies have estimated that only 1 percent of all computer crime is detected, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) estimates that of crimes that are detected, only 14 percent are reported.1 In any case, it is clear that security on electronic networks is a growing concern.2 Antivirus programs have become almost ubiquitous, and, as Eberhard Wunderlich of AT&T noted at the November workshop, there is a trend toward moving beyond user passwords to smart cards for access control, encryption, and electronic signatures. In the first half of 1994, concerns for security on the Internet were prompted by a rash of penetration attempts, many of which were successful.3
But technology cannot guarantee absolute security. Forum participants
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Electronic Vandalism
The extent of electronic vandalism and other computer-related crime is unknown. Annual losses in the United States due to computer crime have been estimated at $2 million to $730 million, but these figures are suspect; several studies have estimated that only 1 percent of all computer crime is detected, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) estimates that of crimes that are detected, only 14 percent are reported.1 In any case, it is clear that security on electronic networks is a growing concern.2 Antivirus programs have become almost ubiquitous, and, as Eberhard Wunderlich of AT&T noted at the November workshop, there is a trend toward moving beyond user passwords to smart cards for access control, encryption, and electronic signatures. In the first half of 1994, concerns for security on the Internet were prompted by a rash of penetration attempts, many of which were successful.3
But technology cannot guarantee absolute security. Forum participants
C.D. Chen, ''Computer Crime and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986," Computer Law Journal, Vol. X(1), pp. 71-86, Winter 1990.
A classic case of network penetration is that of the Hanover Hacker, recounted by Clifford Stoll in The Cuckoo's Egg: Tracking a Spy Through the Maze of Computer Espionage, Doubleday, New York, 1989.
Peter H. Lewis, "Hackers on Internet Posing Security Risks, Experts Say," New York Times, July 21, 1994, p. A-1.
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indicated, for instance, that a system operator may have difficulty detecting a fraudulent (i.e., stolen) user identification, particularly one forged by an expert. As Mitchell D. Kapor, co-founder and chair of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, said, "There's always some tiny fraction of the elite that is, in fact, technically capable of inflicting huge amounts of damage. …"
For those cases in which damage does occur, some remedy may be found in the law, though even this remedy is subject to the caveat that its efficacy depends on the reality of enforcement. If a district attorney refuses to prosecute or the civil courts take too long to handle a lawsuit, the determination of trespass or theft becomes an academic discussion.
A computer club at a local high school sets up a dial-in bulletin board, using equipment bought for the club by a banker whose son is club president. The bulletin board is set up at the club president's home, and it can exchange messages with other bulletin boards across North America. The banker also has a computer system for working at home that is tied directly into the club's computer; the banker's computer is used to write a public newsletter for his bank. The telephone number of the bulletin board is distributed through a national magazine, and over time, the following activities are taking place on the bulletin board, although no club members are involved in any of these activities:
Stolen credit card numbers are posted;
Hate messages are sent to Canada, where such messages are illegal;
A program is posted in a public space by Joe, a nonmember, and others download the program and discover that it contains a virus that causes considerable damage; and
A second program is posted that is designed to disrupt network services when run on a computer connected to a national network such as the Internet or CompuServe.
Issue: Criminal Liability
Club members have no criminal liability for failing to monitor the activities in this scenario, said Scott Charney, chief of the Computer
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Crime Unit at the Justice Department. If a potential criminal case involving a computer warranted an investigation, both the law and sensible policy would dictate use of the least intrusive means, such as a subpoena, to obtain information, he said. However, the answers to several questions might alter this response. The first question is how prosecutors learned of the problem; the club members themselves might have reported it, for example, thereby inviting an investigation.
The second and more complicated question involves intent. "Suppose, for example, that the people running this board knew about the illegal access codes and were actually fostering it and encouraging it," Charney said. "That doesn't mean the [bulletin board] is any less valid, but those running it may not be innocent third parties anymore. And how do you investigate that and get the evidence you need without infringing on the newsletter, which is protected under the First Amendment to the Constitution?"
If they pursued the virus case in Scenario 1, federal prosecutors would not seize equipment or search the bank computers, because neither the bulletin board nor the bank is involved in criminal activity, Charney said. In fact, it is not clear whether there is any criminal case at all; if the bulletin board is open to the public, then Joe, even as a nonmember, has access authority and hence no criminal liability, because the statute under which criminal liability is imposed requires unauthorized access.
Issue: Deficiencies in the Laws
Mark Rasch, an attorney with the firm Arent, Fox, Kintner, Plotkin, and Kahn, said Joe's inappropriate behavior has two elements: possible unauthorized access to the bulletin board and uploading the computer virus. Since Joe is arguably an "authorized" user (anyone could be an "authorized" user of a public bulletin board system, and 18 U.S.C. Section 1030 simply prohibits unauthorized access), Joe might well escape any liability at all. As for the uploading of the computer virus, "Prosecutors must prove Joe's intent. Why did he do it? The way the federal law is structured right now, if Joe accesses with authorization, even with intent to destroy and damage all the information in that computer, the computer crime statute says he is not guilty of a crime, because it is his initial access [that the law focuses on]."4
Note that Joe may still be liable to prosecution under the applicable state's criminal law, if any.
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Rasch suggested that legislators based the law on an imperfect analogy—an office break-in, where no matter what intruders do in the office, they are guilty at minimum of trespassing. Although the analogy falls short, Rasch said lawmakers have relied on such analogies because of the lack of common experience in the environment of electronic networks. "When we see crimes in society, we can relate to them as criminal acts because we have a common experience about what is a crime and what is not a crime," he said. "And when we deal in cyberspace and we deal in the electronic environment, we don't have those experiences. We don't have those common human judgments. We don't have that ethical standard to fall back on. So then we end up … trying to draw analogies."
Kent Alexander, now U.S. attorney for the Northern District of Georgia, said Joe has extensive criminal and civil liability but that prosecuting him would be a challenge. Alexander said the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 seldom applies in real cases, adding that prosecutors often depend on broader laws such as the wire fraud statute (18 U.S.C. Section 1343), which applies if a telephone is used in a scheme to defraud. Alexander and Rasch both said a federal destruction-of-property statute is needed.
That prospect prompted some caution. For example, Marc Rotenberg and Michael Godwin argued that although it was appropriate to criminalize undesirable behavior such as destruction of property and computer trespass, it was unnecessary to specify what the instrumentality of such behavior was. Godwin said the law generally approaches computers as if they were "inherently dangerous" in ways that other general-purpose tools, such as hammers, are not; he argued that this legal approach infringes on freedom of speech and that computer use should not be overregulated in this manner. Still, Alexander insisted that some computer-related laws are needed, because "cyberspace is … what we are going to live in." Rasch said, "The reason we need specific computer crime statutes is because analogies don't actually work perfectly," although he cautioned that it would be preferable to target a potential miscreant's overall strategy rather than a precise mechanism, because a vandal might be able to "engineer around" a defined mechanism.
Litigation specialist Thomas Guidoboni, of the firm Bonner and O'Connell, agreed with other speakers that the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act is flawed. He argued that victims should be able to recover damages through the civil system but that criminalizing and jailing hackers does not benefit victims, other than by serving as a deterrent. (The statute specifies punishment consisting of a fine and/or imprisonment.) He contended that, although the Congress prohibited
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computer trespassing, it did not address worse wrongs (such as the malicious destruction of computer files): "They need to be educated. … [T]hey don't really know what to prohibit."
Charney said the federal law should specify the type(s) of prohibited network intrusion. He noted that the Justice Department has asked the Congress to amend the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act because the ethics of computer usage have evolved and users' roles have changed since 1986. "It's better to say, 'Look, if you upload a virus, even if you are authorized [to access the computer] … intending to damage, without authority, other people's material, that's going to be criminal.' That way, everybody has plenty of notice and you've got a statute that directly applies to the conduct." Such a statute should not criminalize legitimate work with viruses, such as in the research community, he added.
Godwin noted that federal law doesn't require that intent to damage be established, and he suggested it is bad policy for criminal laws to ignore intent. He said criminal statutes generally, and rightly, focus on the intent or mental state of the defendant, because "we try to criminalize people for setting out to do bad things, not for unwittingly doing bad things." Joe's potential criminal liability for putting out a virus that disrupts network service or that damages a "federal interest" computer5 may not reflect the proper balance between civil and criminal sanctions, Godwin suggested, because the law now "makes no distinction between someone who accidentally causes damage and perhaps a terrorist who deliberately causes damage to vital systems." Rasch countered by arguing that even if the statute itself makes no such distinction, it is possible to make distinctions in other ways, such as in sentencing; he cited the sentence in the Morris case as an example (Box 5.1), arguing that Morris was not imprisoned because the damage he caused was accidental.
Godwin noted that Morris had authorized access to the computer from which he launched the virus. Guidoboni, who defended Morris, had argued unsuccessfully that his client, as a member of the Internet community, had authorized access to all computers on the system. Guidoboni pointed out at the forum that "authorization" and "access" can be difficult to define for the Internet. Guidoboni also warned against attempting to curb computer vandalism through "foolish"
As defined in the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986, a federal interest computer is a computer used exclusively or part-time by the U.S. government or a financial institution, where the offense affects the government's operation of the computer. The term also applies if two or more computers, not all of which are located in the same state, are used in committing the offense.
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Box 5.1 United States v. Robert T. Morris, 1991
Robert Morris was one of the first to be prosecuted under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986. As a Cornell University graduate student, Morris wrote and released onto the Internet a "worm" program designed to propagate itself automatically without harm to the host computers, but due to a flaw in its design, the Morris worm caused thousands of computers nationwide to crash on November 2-3, 1988. By itself, the worm did no permanent damage, although the estimated cost of rectifying its effects at each location involved ranged from $200 to $53,000. As a graduate student in the Cornell University computer science department, he had full and legal access to all the department's computing facilities; these facilities were connected to the Internet.
Although Morris' defense claimed the worm was a benign test of computer security that went wrong, Morris was convicted on the grounds that he intentionally accessed remote computers without authorization. He was sentenced to 3 years probation, fined $10,050, and ordered to perform 400 hours of community service, a sentence far less than the maximum permissible under law. The conviction later was upheld by a federal appeals court, and review was denied by the Supreme Court.
SOURCE: United States v. Robert T. Morris, No. 89-CR-139 (N.D.N.Y.), aff'd 928 F.2d 504 (2nd Cir. 1991), cert. denied, 112 S. Ct. 72 (1991).
censorship, noting that the government refused to release the "cure" for the Morris virus, for fear of hackers obtaining it. "So of course a lot of you people on the Internet couldn't fix what was wrong, because our government didn't want to give you the code to fix it. … [It was their effort to] prevent a perceived wrong that probably did more harm in the end."
Issue: Civil Obligations and Liabilities
Civil liabilities arise from the general principle in common law that a person who has been wronged by another person is entitled to compensation for that wrong from that other person. Charney suggested that Joe might have considerable civil liability if the damage he caused was extensive. Alexander said a civil case against Joe probably would not hold up, assuming there were no federal agents or state police involved, because hackers usually are judgment-proof.
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(Hackers are usually judgment-proof because they are typically young people who have no assets to seize.) Conversely, although the father in Scenario 1 has not committed a criminal act, he probably will be sued because he and his bank are the only parties with any money, Guidoboni observed. Whether there is a valid case is doubtful, he added. Godwin noted that civil liability depends little, if at all, on the intentions of a defendant.
Godwin argued that "to a large extent, many of the issues regarding liability are not criminal law issues at all. We have a large body of civil law devoted to negligence obligations, obligations to be nonnegligent in maintaining other kinds of spaces, be it your yard or your business." He contended that, ultimately, individuals who maintain forums will have some duties of care that arise from civil obligations. He cautioned, however, that because an on-line bulletin board is a forum for speech, whatever civil obligations are imposed on a system operator must be consistent with the First Amendment.6 He further contended that distribution of virus codes or information, and general discussion of viruses, are protected by the First Amendment. "It's always very troubling to discover that someone's teenaged son or daughter has access to a potentially damaging bit of computer code," he said. "But one of the choices that we have made in living in a free society is to say we're going to allow people to be a source of a lot of risk. We're going to risk having people who have dangerous information."
Computer A is penetrated by an unauthorized user. The intruder uses Computer A to reach Computer B, where he causes extensive damage to files. The operator of Computer A monitors the key-strokes of the intruder, who eventually is caught. The intruder claims that the operator violated the wiretapping statute.7 Computer A did
As private parties, Prodigy, America OnLine, CompuServe, or GEnie are not subject to the First Amendment in the sense that they have the right to establish the rules that apply to the use of their services as a contractual matter and to refuse to provide service to those subscribers who do not adhere to such rules. On the other hand, actions that can be legally taken by a governmental entity must be consistent with the First Amendment; to the extent that such actions are required to enforce a contract, all parties to the contract are affected by the First Amendment.
The wiretap statute is United States Code Annotated, Title 18, Sections 2510-2521. To use wiretaps for collecting information about the content of communications, law enforcement officials must obtain a court order by demonstrating probable cause and necessity. However, a party to a communication can consent to its interception. Federal policy holds that system operators do not have a privileged status allowing them to monitor communications, and so federal agencies place notices on computer systems warning hackers that they are subject to monitoring, according to Patrick Lanthier, director of public policy and technology for Pacific Bell. Different policies may obtain under state law.
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not display a warning message regarding unauthorized access because its operators forgot to install such a message, while Computer B did not display a warning message on the premise that anyone accessing it from Computer A would be an authorized user.
Issue: Trespassing and Theft
Scenario 2 is principally a trespassing case, and it illustrates the need for computer crime statutes, Rasch said. Computer trespassing is abhorrent, he asserted, even if no damage is done, because it destroys trust in the system. The crime is different in character from a home or office break-in because the distrust lingers. "When you are a user, and you see somebody without authorization on your system, you don't know that he didn't do anything, and it can take you a very long time to come to the conclusion that he didn't do anything," Rasch said. "It would be like having a calculator that 1 out of every 100,000 times adds the numbers up incorrectly."
Rasch argued that although trespassing is a crime in itself, monetary damage also should be calculated, to adjust the level of the offense. At the same time, he raised the issue of whether stealing electronic information should be criminalized at all. "If I steal the files in your office, you know I've stolen them. If, on the other hand, I simply copy them, the law is not clear on whether I've stolen something. In a computer environment, I can steal all the information in your computer and you won't know it, and you'll still have all the information."8
Although the federal statute does not criminalize reckless or negligent actions, Rasch said negligence will become an increasingly common
There is a long legal tradition of protecting intellectual property, which is itself a legal construction that vests in certain people property interests in the intangible (for example, the law grants authors copyright protection and companies trade secret protection). However, the boundaries that separate criminal versus civil liability for violating these laws are fuzzier than those for governing theft of tangible property.
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basis for civil litigation. As to whether reckless actions should be criminalized, he acknowledged that this approach would help prosecute wrongdoing and encourage users to be careful, but he noted that the problem of proving a defendant's mental state would persist. He dismissed claims that intent can be difficult to prove, saying, "A person is presumed to intend the natural and probable consequences of his actions, so generally you can prove intent."
Godwin argued that the phrase "stealing information" implies that information is property, when in fact an argument can be made that information should be assumed not to be property.9 To become property and be subject to theft, information must meet certain tests, such as those imposed by copyright or trade secret laws, he said. He agreed with prosecutor Charney that privacy is the key issue in computer intrusion, just as it in wiretapping. "I think it's appropriate sometimes to criminalize intrusion and the examination and even the copying of data as perhaps the violation of a privacy interest," Godwin said. "But treating it like a theft crime, I think, doesn't help the public consciousness of … the true nature of these crimes."
While he supported the use of incentives to curb user negligence, Godwin questioned whether criminal law is the right tool. Users already have incentives to secure their systems and refrain from distributing damaging software; whether these incentives are adequate is the question, he said.
Godwin argued that criminal behavior on electronic networks should not be defined until "we actually have a sense of what the social norms are. … Many of us just say it's obvious that intruding in a computer is like intruding in your home," he said. "Believe me, if it were that obvious, then many of the people who have done computer intrusions would never have done it, because these people have never walked [without permission] into other people's homes."
Issue: Determining Damage
Assuming the two computers are in different states (i.e., a federal interest computer was involved pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1030(e)(2)),
The question of whether or not information should be or can be regarded as property is subject to considerable debate. What is undeniable is that certain types of information and perhaps certain pieces of information (i.e., specific instantiations of those types) are generally regarded by society at large as being more appropriately shared or appropriately private than other types (and perhaps pieces) of information. Put differently, agreement on the principles that differentiate these categories could not be expected to result if a group of randomly chosen "reasonable people" were asked to articulate such principles.
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and the intruder is not authorized to access either Computer A or Computer B, the intruder could be prosecuted under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (Section 1030(a)(5)) if damage totaled $1,000 or more,10 Charney said. The intruder might also face a misdemeanor charge under Sections 1030(a)(2) and 1030(a)(3) if he accessed, without authorization, certain specified computers (i.e., computers used by financial institutions, card issuers, consumer reporting agencies, or the federal government).
Charney stressed the difficulty of calculating damage, a necessary task in determining whether a federal crime has been committed and how severe the sentence would be. If all the files in Computer B were destroyed, for example, it is not clear how to calculate their value, he noted. Charney also pointed out that, ironically, if the operator of Computer B had complete backup files, any federal crime effectively would be erased. "Does that make sense? I don't think so," the prosecutor observed. Of course, the victim would most likely incur costs associated with restoring the backup, changing passwords, cleaning up the system, and so on, although the cost of the "ancillary" activities might well be significantly less than the cost of recreating the destroyed files from scratch.
He applauded a recent U.S. Sentencing Commission recommendation for new sentencing guidelines for computer crime that would focus not on economic damage, but rather on confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data.11 That approach makes sense, Charney said, because in many computer offenses "the real problem is not money, it's privacy and trusted systems, and I think we need to address that."
Guidoboni agreed with Charney that damage calculations are a problem. For example, prosecutors in the Morris case claimed substantial amounts of economic damage that would have been dismissed as "speculative" in the average civil case, Guidoboni said.
Issue: Ethics and Education
Charney and Godwin agreed that computer users need ethics education.12
This level of damage is likely, assuming that estimates of average losses are accurate. The average loss due to computer crime has been estimated at $44,000 to $10 million (Chen, "Computer Crime and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986," 1990).
Federal Register, December 31, 1992. As of May 1994, the recommendation (revised since 1992) had not been adopted.
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Charney noted that the Justice and Education departments recently published a booklet for educators on the ethical use of information technologies. Many computer hackers are not trying to damage anything; they simply are young and do not know any better, he explained. In such cases, federal agents visit the intruders' homes and tell the parents, and the problem generally stops. ''Look, there will always be some percentage of the population that has a criminal bent, and as they learn to use computers, they are going to do nasty things with them," Charney said. "But if you eliminate all these other cases that exist only because the people haven't been educated, then you can apply what limited resources you have left to the really serious cases."
Other forum participants offered conflicting perspectives on the ethical status of computer users. Lance Hoffman, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at George Washington University, felt he was "living in fantasyland, listening to some of this discussion." He suggested that the term "ethically educated computer user" might be an oxymoron, citing a class he taught in which 22 out of 23 students did not feel that stealing information was a crime. On the other hand, Rasch—as noted earlier—suggested that "stealing information" was not a crime.
Still other participants argued that many hackers have a sense of ethics, citing the Legion of Doom as an illustration. The Legion of Doom was a group of several dozen hackers who broke into telephone systems and computer networks. The group acquired widespread notoriety beginning in 1989, when federal agents raided the homes of three Atlanta members who had been trafficking in stolen access codes. One hacker had broken into a Bell South computer and obtained an administrative document. The crackdown continued into 1990, with raids in Texas and elsewhere.13
John Perry Barlow said these hackers "were astonishingly ethical people in spite of the fact that they had been raised in an environment where they had literally been without adult supervision,14 both
The need for ethics education was underscored in the CSTB report Computers at Risk: Safe Computing in the Information Age (National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.), published in 1990.
G. Cartwright, "Clash of the Cyberpunks," Texas Monthly, Vol. 21, pp. 104-106, 112-116, January 1993.
This may be hyperbole. At least one former member of the Legion of Doom says his parents knew of his activities. Moreover, the ethics of these hackers were self-serving, and they were fully cognizant of the law. For example, members were instructed to avoid causing damage to files—not for altruistic reasons, but so that they could avoid getting caught.
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in their homes and in their chosen environment (i.e., the electronic networking environment). They had developed a set of ethics as a natural result of being in an environment where law simply didn't apply." Argued Barlow, "If they didn't have ethics, you would not be able to place a phone call—ever—in this country. They are amazingly careful about what they do. And there is nobody who is in a very good position to stop them." Alexander, who prosecuted the Bell South case,15 agreed with Barlow about their technical capabilities, noting that "if they had wanted to shut down service in the entire Atlanta area or up and down the Eastern seaboard or the entire country, they could have."
More recently (mid-1994), public attention has been called to the ethics issue by the National Computer Ethics and Responsibilities Campaign, which aims to provide people with the tools and pointers they need to use information technology in responsible and ethical ways. Sponsored by several different organizations,16 the campaign is undertaking a variety of activities intended to encourage serious, ongoing discussion of the issue, lend the subject credibility and impact, provide a strong rationale for commentators to focus on the issue, create a structure that gets information into the hands of people who need it, and raise public awareness. Its core message is that users of information technologies have responsibilities that are peculiar to the management, development, and use of those technologies. The campaign is not promoting any approach, "code of conduct," position, or recommendation other than the need to raise awareness of the positive and negative consequences of the analog-to-digital shift and of the fact that tools and resources exist to help people make intelligent, informed choices about how best to develop, manage, and use information technology whether it is in the home, corporation, or classroom.
United States v. Riggs aka The Prophet, 967 F.2d 561, U.S. App. LEXIS 17592 (11th Cir. 1992).
Sponsors of the campaign launch activities include the Atterbury Foundation, Boston Computer Society, Business Software Alliance, CompuServe, Computer Ethics Institute, Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, Computing Technology Industry Association, Electronic Privacy Information Center, Merrill Lynch & Co. Inc., Monsanto, National Computer Security Association, Software Creations BBS, Software Publishers Association, Symantec Corporation, and Ziff-Davis Publishing Company. Affiliated organizations included EDUCOM, the Electronic Messaging Association, the IEEE Computer Society, the California Privacy Rights Clearinghouse, and others.
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Issue: Operator Responsibilities and Liabilities
System operators and network service providers have an obligation to provide security capabilities and procedures that discourage unauthorized access and/or damaging conduct. But users of these systems and services have obligations as well to use these capabilities and procedures. Guidoboni argued that system operators should assume some responsibility for security rather than depend on laws to compensate for bad management. In the Morris case, he noted, passwords had been left in files that were accessible to nearly anyone. In a similar vein, Alexander said failure to install adequate system security should neither be criminalized nor become a basis for blocking prosecution of intruders.17 He argued that common sense and the free-market system will encourage adoption of safeguards. More recently, the Clinton administration's Information Infrastructure Task Force has suggested that "users of personal information must take reasonable steps to prevent the information they have from being disclosed or altered improperly. Such users should use appropriate managerial and technical controls to protect the confidentiality and integrity of personal information."18 Such a principle argues that individuals have an active responsibility to protect information about themselves.
An important theme of the dialogue, noted by several participants, was the unusual degree of accord among the factions represented. For instance, a variety of speakers stressed the need for user ethics education. In addition, prosecutor Charney and civil liberties advocate Godwin agreed that privacy, more than theft or specific damage, is the key issue in computer trespassing. (This is not to say, however, that damage resulting from break-ins is unimportant. Indeed, even when there is no explicit damage, companies may incur substantial costs if they are forced to take a network out of service
In some European countries, failure to install adequate security can nullify any criminal charges against an intruder; moreover, the system operator can be held liable, Charney noted.
See p. 3 in Principles for Providing and Using Personal Information and the accompanying commentary, distributed for comments by the Information Infrastructure Task Force Information Policy Committee Working Group on Privacy in the National Information Infrastructure on May 4, 1994. Initial reactions to this document suggest that this particular principle is the most controversial.
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temporarily to check it out and patch security holes. In addition, a user's sense of operating in a trustworthy computing environment may be compromised.)
Perhaps most important, a consensus emerged that federal computer crime statutes—United States Code Annotated, Title 18, Section 1030—needs to be updated, although panel members differed as to how. This statute originated with the Counterfeit Access Device and Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1984 (Public Law 98-473) and was amended by the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 (Public Law 99-474). It provides criminal sanctions for individuals who intentionally access a computer without authorization or exceed authorized access; it does not address reckless or negligent access or intent to cause damage.
The law is difficult to apply in practice. Charney and others pointed out, for example, that insiders pose a significant threat to network security: "We're seeing a fairly dramatic increase in the number of insiders who plant viruses and other types of malicious codes because they're either disgruntled or they're on their way out the door . …" These cases are a challenge to prosecutors because the defendants had authorized access to the system. Charney said legislation has been proposed, although not passed, that would criminalize "unauthorized use" instead. Rotenberg also emphasized the threat from insiders, suggesting that the federal statute be revamped altogether to focus on actual harm and criminalizing "people who cause damage and people who intend to cause damage."
Others pointed out that the definition of "authorization" is problematic, especially in a networked environment designed to make it easy to share computing resources. As Rasch said, "We have a question of what is somebody's authorization on a network. … As a member of the Internet community, I can send electronic mail to anybody on the network. And I can access their computer, albeit for limited purposes.19 Therefore, I have authority [under one definition
One technical nuance to this point is the fact that Internet e-mail delivery is handled by an independent "postal system" that is not under the direct control of a mail sender. Thus, "Bob's" sending an e-mail message to "Alice" does not give Bob even limited access to Alice's computer any more than Bob's sending a letter gives him access to Alice's postal box. Perhaps the real issue is not who has access (though that is the concern of the law), but rather what is legal to send through e-mail. (For example, what is the electronic equivalent of a mail bomb?) A second technical nuance is that Bob might use another capability provided by most Internet-connected computers, such as ''finger," that would in fact require direct access to Alice's computer. (The "finger" command typically provides information about a user with an account on the target computer.)
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of the word] to access every computer on the network. … Even worse, the problem is not just authorization, it's also exceeding authorization. So even if you are authorized to be on a system, if you exceed that authorization, you may be subject to criminal sanctions." David Hughes pointed out that "it's not just authorization on the Internet, but everything is getting connected to everything else. … It looks like we are hooking up every network possible to every network possible. … Furthermore, the information is moving, and you don't even know what systems it's going through and whether you have authorization to go through that system." In short, Hughes argued that basing criminality on whether a user has authorized access to a system can raise some perplexing questions.
David R. Johnson, a lawyer with Wilmer, Cutler, and Pickering, pointed out that the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act criminalized unauthorized access only because the Congress was concerned that criminalizing electronic destruction by users with authorized access could open up a new avenue for inappropriate prosecution of whistleblowers and others engaged in First Amendment-type activities.
Still, the concordance among the panel members was seen as a positive sign. Anne Wells Branscomb spoke for many when she observed that "the legal profession seems to have made a bridge now to the computer scientists and the user, [and the] managers of some of these systems. … [I]n the past I think they have been talking at cross-purposes, have lived in different worlds."
In summary, electronic vandalism can be characterized along at least two separate dimensions. The first involves the nature of the offense: electronic trespass, electronic invasion of privacy, and destruction or theft of electronic property. Electronic trespass can be captured by the idea that a trespasser is executing commands on a computer that he or she does not have authorization to use. Electronic invasion of privacy refers to the unauthorized examination of files in a computer. Electronic destruction of property refers to the unauthorized deletion or alteration of files in a computer.
The second dimension involves the intent or lack thereof on the part of the alleged perpetrator. With a few exceptions, the presence of intent is what determines the extent to which an alleged perpetrator can be prosecuted under criminal statutes; in the absence of intent, liability for harmful actions is generally restricted to civil liability.
Although expressed in terms relevant to computing, these notions are not new. What computing and networking primarily change is the difficulty of determining when a given offense has occurred. For example:
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Trespass. The concept of trespass is grounded in physical space that can be precisely delimited. What is the analog of physical space in a medium in which physical space has lost its traditional meaning? Before networking became common, the concept of trespass could be applied to an unauthorized user sitting at a terminal hard-wired to a mainframe. The terminal was located in a physical space, and the user's presence there, if unauthorized, clearly constituted trespass against the owner of that space (who was also usually the owner of the mainframe). But when computers are interconnected all over the world, and the user may be accessing the network from his or her home and thus may not be subject to the jurisdiction of any interested party, on what is the concept of trespass based? Perhaps the unauthorized execution of commands is sufficient, although this interpretation may be problematic when execution is possible without a remote log-in that clearly demarcates a point of (authorized or unauthorized) access.
Invasion of privacy. In a physical space, an invader of privacy may well leave tracks or other evidence that he or she has opened file cabinets or closets. In many electronic environments, it is easy to view files and directories without leaving any trace whatever. Thus, the owners of a computer that has been compromised may have no idea of what information the alleged invader has obtained. (At the same time, other computer systems maintain logs, and so a trace of at least some activities may exist, whereas espionage activity may take place with paper documents, access to which may not leave any observable traces.)
Destruction or theft of property. The concept of electronic property is complicated by the fact that it, like all intellectual property, is intangible. When physical property is stolen, the original owner no longer has use of that property. Likewise, when it is destroyed, the original owner must buy it again to replace it, thus incurring a cost that is comparable to the cost of initial acquisition. But when electronic property is stolen, the original owner may not even be aware of it because he or she still has the use of it. When electronic property is destroyed, and backups are available, it can be replaced at relatively low cost.20
The status of "low cost" as a relative descriptor must be emphasized. For example, restoring a large database from a backup could require considerable work, although the cost might still be much lower than the cost of reconstructing the database from scratch. Moreover, "restored" files often do not contain the most recent changes made to them (e.g., a file might be restored using the backup made yesterday, but such a backup would obviously not include changes made since yesterday). Even worse, the absence of recent changes might not be noted by the user. Finally, the backups themselves may not be entirely reliable, and so it may not be possible to restore the "backed-up" version of the file properly.


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HOW TO BUY ALLEY THEATRE TICKETS1. Purchase tickets online2. Call the box office at 713.220.5700. Then, press 1 for tickets.3. Come to the box office Groups of 10 or more may purchase discounted tickets by phone at 713.315.3346. For information, click here. For directions, policies, facility rental information and seating charts of our theatre spaces, click here. |
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Custom Basement Door
We had no basement door and the opening was smaller than a normal door. Instead of ordering a custom door, I decided to tackle it myself. It was a tricky project, made even more difficult because notthing is square in my old house. My family is stunned that I was able to make this look so good, and even more importantly, my wife is happy!


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Dragon's Dogma is Coming to PC (Update)
Update: Capcom has retracted its statement regarding the PC release of Dragon's Dogma.
Dragon's Dogma publisher Capcom has confirmed that the RPG, which was released earlier this year on the PS3 and Xbox 360, is being planned for release on the PC.
The publisher's UK Twitter account made a short tweet in response to questions posed by another user, stating simply: "its coming" [sic].
No other details about the future port have surfaced, or what Capcom's plans might be for the game—such as whether the DLC content previously released on the console will be available in the PC version or whether they plan to put it out through Steam or some other distribution service.
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I lived in Stockholm for two years after college and doggedly learned Swedish, even though most Swedes speak beautiful English. Not only could I communicate better with then-tiny (now giant) Swedish nephews, turns out it was a good move for my brain. Learning a second language – even as an adult – helps protect the brain from aging, says a new study published in the Annals of Neurology. "Learning a language later in life is a challenge but is very, very good for …
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Students Thank You video (Summer 2008) - Quicktime 30MB Video created by the students for 2008 Summer Graduation. |
Animation Mentor Student Showcase (Fall 2007) - Quicktime .8MB Video showcasing Fall 2007 student's best work. Edited/created first two tracks of music. |
Mentor Trailer (2006) - Quicktime .8MB Video with interviews of past/current Mentors. |
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On Monday, Gail Gallman and her sister Sheila Gallman Fielder said they knew their father was smiling down on them as they boarded a B-17 bomber at the John Bell Williams Airport in Bolton.
Their father was stationed in New Guinea during World War II and used to paint bombers.
"He'd change the doors on them with different artwork so it looked like we had twice as many planes as we did," Gallman said. "Every time a plane would come in, they'd switch the doors on it, and it would keep going. It looked like a different plane." ...


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The Comfort Gourmet Gourmet Mac & Cheese with Buffalo Chicken
user ratingDestined to become a classic American favorite.
We combine sharp and mild cheddar with Monterey Jack cheese and just the right amount of blue cheese. This formula creates the perfect combination to accent the spicy chunks of naturally raised, all-white chicken breast meat, which is baked in a spicy hot sauce.
The Comfort Gourmet produces delicious, comforting foods with only the finest, natural ingredients that could be prepared in your home in minutes. Our first product is a line of gourmet mac and cheese updated with innovative combinations of chef-inspired ingredients and flavors. All our products are produced locally and prepared by hand in small batches. Our Kid's Mac was designed to get finicky kids to eat their veggies, while still enjoying a bowl of hearty mac and cheese. Our gluten-free variety is made with organic quinoa pasta, which gives it great texture and added protein.


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Where: Karaoke Network
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Developer required to create Karaoke Network's next generation Karaoke jukebox system.
Our current system is written in Python and runs on touchscreen PCs in the 15 Karaoke Network bars.
We would like to redesign the system to run on a lightweight linux box which will be controlled from a tablet.
Various approaches are possible and we are happy to listen to suggestions.
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Wedding Photographer Dartford Kent Hobby |
Kent | SWPP ASWPP Qualified Member | Saturday 25th April 2015 |
KentMartin Hobby ASWPPThis shows the qualification attained by Martin Hobby within the SWPP and BPPA and associated societies.Martin Hobby Photography 37 Birdwood Avenue Dartford Kent DA1 5GB England tel:- +44 7879 647830 mobile:- +44 7879 647 830 web address:- www.martinhobby.co.uk/ blog:- www.willshootforrum.co.uk e-mail:- Martin Hobby facebook:- Martin Hobby Photography follow Martin Hobby Photography on twitter Martin Hobby Qualification Panel. Specialist Photographer for :- Wedding photography Portrait photography Martin Hobby has an Exhibition here. Type business: Full Time Professional Photographer My photographic style: Creative location photography I have been in photography: 17 years How I got started in photography: My father was a semi professional wedding photographer and I photographed my first wedding at 16 Geographic areas I cover: I'm based on the Kent/London border, but I'm willing to travel Venues I frequently attend: Awesome ones I found inspiration from: Creative people Success in photography: I currently hold a LBIPP My interests outside photography: Music, Music and music Major events: Expecting my 1st child in January Testimonials: "Wow these photos are absolutely brilliant!! The Wedding was wonderful, a really fabulous day and these photos really tell the story... I have never seen photographs done like this before, they are so different and really make a huge difference to the usual type wedding photographs!! Fantastic!!" "Possibly the best picture I have ever seen!" "We absolutely LOVE this pic'.....such a giggle! Thank you!" "You are doing some fabulous work here! Bravo for good wedding photographers who can actually take fun shots! :)" "Oh, why, why, WHY didn't you do my Wedding!!!!, Boo, These are excellent Martin, x!" "Fantastic Photographer, professional, outgoing and courteous. If you need a camera man then you're daft not to take this guy." Tagline: Photography with an edge And finally: Featured in the new Channel 4 series 'Wedding House' Other Wedding photographic services Wedding Wedding Contemporary Wedding Photojournalism Civil Religious weddings Destination Weddings Civil partnerships Lifestyle images People photography Location portraits Youth culture Portrait Pets: Pets Children Babies Environmental portraits Home portraits Framed portraits Full time professional Freelance photographer Modern styled images More Photographers around Kent Photographers in Dartford Martin Hobby is a Wedding Photographer Getting Married? we have a list of Wedding Venues in Kent if you're needing transport for your special day we have some Wedding Cars for Hire in Kent Societies Convention and Trade Show at The Hilton London Metropole Hotel ... |
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