text:
Lamisil Oral Granules
FDA Approves Sivextro to Treat Skin Infections »
"The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Sivextro (tedizolid phosphate), a new antibacterial drug, to treat adults with skin infections.
Sivextro is approved to treat patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infecti"...
Read the FDA Approves Sivextro to Treat Skin Infections article »
Lamisil Oral Granules
Mechanism Of Action
Terbinafine is an allylamine antifungal.
The pharmacodynamics of Lamisil ® (terbinafine hydrochloride) Oral Granules is unknown.
The pharmacokinetics in children 4 to 8 years of age with tinea capitis was investigated in a pharmacokinetic study after single and repeated (for 42 days) oral administration of Lamisil Oral Granules (terbinafine hydrochloride) (N=16), once daily, using the body weight groups and doses described in section 2.2. The systemic exposure (Cmax and AUC0-24) of terbinafine in children had a relatively high inter-individual variability (ranging from 36 % to 64 %). At steady state the AUC0-24 increased by a mean factor of 1.9 to 2.1 across doses. The mean (SD) effective half-life obtained from the observed accumulation was 26.7 (13.8) hrs and 30.5 (9.3) hrs for the 125 mg and 187.5 mg doses, respectively.
Systemic exposure to terbinafine in the children did not exceed the highest values of the systemic exposure in adults receiving repeated once daily doses of 250 mg Lamisil (terbinafine) Tablets. A population pharmacokinetic evaluation of oral terbinafine that included children 4-12 years of age and adults 18-45 years of age (N=113) found that clearance (CL/F) of terbinafine is dependent on body weight in a nonlinear manner. For a typical child of 25 kg CL/F was predicted to be 19 L/h and for a typical adult of 70 kg body weight it was predicted to be 27 L/h. Over the weight range for pediatric patients included in the analysis (14.1 kg-68 kg), the predicted CL/F ranged between 15.6 - 26.7 L/hr. In plasma, terbinafine is > 99% bound to plasma proteins. Prior to excretion, terbinafine is rapidly and extensively metabolized by at least seven CYP isoenzymes with major contributions from CYP2C9, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP2C8 and CYP2C19. No metabolites have been identified that have antifungal activity similar to terbinafine. Approximately 70% of the administered dose is eliminated in the urine. In adult patients with renal impairment (creatinine clearance ≤ 50 mL/min) or hepatic cirrhosis, the clearance of terbinafine is decreased by approximately 50% compared to normal volunteers [see Warnings and PRECAUTIONS].
Terbinafine, an allylamine antifungal, inhibits biosysnthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membrane, via inhibition of squalene epoxidase enzyme. This results in fungal cell death primarily due to the increased membrane permeability mediated by the accumulation of high concentrations of squalene but not due to ergosterol deficiency. Depending on the concentration of the drug and the fungal species tested in vitro, terbinafine may be fungicidal. However, the clinical significance of in vitro data is unknown.
Lamisil Oral Granules (terbinafine hydrochloride) has been studied in tinea capitis [see Clinical Studies].
Animal Toxicology And/Or Pharmacology
A wide range of in vivo studies in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys, and in vitro studies using rat, monkey, and human hepatocytes suggest that peroxisome proliferation in the liver is a rat-specific finding. However, other effects, including increased liver weights and APTT, occurred in dogs and monkeys at doses giving Css trough levels of the parent terbinafine 2-3x those seen in humans at the MRHD. Higher doses were not tested.
In a 52 week oral toxicology study conducted in juvenile maturing dogs, increased heart and liver weights were noted in males and signs of CNS disturbance including 3 cases of single episodes of seizures were noted in females at the highest dose tested, 100 mg/kg/day [19X (males) and 10X (females) the MRHD based on AUC comparisons of the parent terbinafine]. No treatment related findings were noted at 30 mg/kg/day [1.6X (males) and 1.9X (females) the MRHD based on AUC comparisons of the parent terbinafine] in this study.
Clinical Studies
Two randomized, multinational trials were conducted to investigate the safety and efficacy of Lamisil (terfinafine hydrochloride) Oral Granules in the treatment of subjects 4 to 12 years old with tinea capitis. Lamisil Oral Granules (terbinafine hydrochloride) was dosed based on body weight. Griseofulvin dosed at 10-20 mg/kg was used as a comparator. Subjects were dosed for 6 weeks and followed for an additional 4 weeks.
The two trials enrolled 50% of subjects from the U.S. Additionally, among those with positive cultures, 65% and 54% of infections were due to T. tonsurans, and 19% and 17% due to M. canis in Studies 1 and 2, respectively.
The primary efficacy endpoint was the proportion of subjects with complete cure (negative KOH, negative culture and absence of clinical signs of infection) at week 10. Table 3 below lists the efficacy results for Studies 1 and 2 overall and according to the dermatophyte species (T. tonsurans, M. canis, or Other).
Table 3. Primary Efficacy Results by Dermatophyte Species
Study 1 | Study 2 | |||
Terbinafine | Griseofulvin | Terbinafine | Griseofulvin | |
All Dermatophytes | (N=411) | (N=197) | (N=441) | (N=237) |
Complete Cure | 190 (46.2%) | 67 (34.0%) | 194 (44.0%) | 103 (43.5%) |
T. tonsurans | (N = 264) | (N = 131) | (N = 243) | (N = 126) |
Complete Cure | 148 (56.1%) | 45 (34.4%) | 116 (47.7%) | 46 (36.5%) |
M. canis | (N = 80) | (N = 37) | (N = 72) | (N = 45) |
Complete Cure | 19 (23.8%) | 13 (35.1%) | 22 (30.6%) | 23 (51.1%) |
Other* | (N = 67) | (N = 29) | (N = 126) | (N =66 ) |
Complete Cure | 23 (34.2%) | 9 (31.0%) | 56 (44.4%) | 34 (51.5%) |
* T. violaceum, M. audouinii, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, M. gypseum, and M. vanbreuseghemii. |
Last reviewed on RxList: 7/2/2013
This monograph has been modified to include the generic and brand name in many instances.
Lamisil Oral Granules FDA Prescribing Information
Additional Lamisil Oral Granules Information
- Lamisil Oral Granules Drug Interactions Center: terbinafine oral
- Lamisil Oral Granules Side Effects Center
- Lamisil Oral Granules in detail including Side Effects and Drug Images
- Lamisil Oral Granules Overview including Precautions
- Lamisil Oral Granules FDA Approved Prescribing Information including Dosage
Lamisil Oral Granules - User Reviews
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.
Women's Health
Find out what women really need.


text:
SEATTLE -- The fate of a 3-year-old girl taken from her family and placed in foster care a year ago is about to be decided by the court system.
Last month, the KING 5 Investigators brought you the heartbreaking story of an Enumclaw toddler who was taken away from the only stable home she'd ever known and put in foster care.
AnneMarie Stuth of Enumclaw doesn't come into her granddaughter's empty room very often. Seeing her things is too painful.
Related Content
"It's a part of your heart and life gone," said Stuth.
AnneMarie and her husband Doug helped raise their grandchild for the first two years of her life. Their daughter had the baby at 16 and needed their help.
"She was the center of our world," said AnneMarie.
The teen mom and her baby moved away from the Stuths when the child was 9 months old. Moving out didn't go well: A doctor found the teenager let the baby get dangerously thin.
Child Protective Services was called in and placed the child with the grandparents. They were seen as model caregivers: They didn't have criminal histories, they both had good jobs and they rearranged their entire schedules so the baby didn't have to be in daycare full-time.
A court appointed child advocate wrote several glowing reports about the job the grandparents were doing. He wrote, "(the baby) continues to thrive in the home", and "she's fortunate to have her grandparents as a safety net."
"We'd do anything for her," said Doug. "Our granddaughter always came first. She's a little baby. She needs someone to protect her and take care of her and that's what we did."
But when the baby was two, the Stuths fell out of favor with the system.
The child's court advocate and state workers told the court the grandparents were selfish, hyper-critical, and undermined their own daughter's parenting.
The judge ordered they were no longer a placement option for the child.
The baby went into foster care.
The Stuths were devastated. They got reports that the little girl was distraught at daycare.
"She cries for me," said Doug. "You have no idea (how hard it is)."
The Stuths attended a trial Tuesday in juvenile court in Seattle. The state is trying to terminate the young mother's parental rights. Through a witness, the assistant attorney general said the teenager wasn't mature enough or motivated enough to care for her daughter.
If her parental rights are terminated, the Stuths may never see their granddaughter again because the state wants the foster parent -- a single mom -- to adopt the child.
"It's impossible to put into words to explain to anybody that your family member, your granddaughter who you've raised since an infant could just be gone from your life in an instant," said AnneMarie.
The Department of Social and Health Services wouldn't answer our questions about the case, but a top official who's quit the job since our interview defended the department's actions.
"The first requirement is that any placement be in the best interest of the child and we are to look to relatives for that and we do," said Cheryl Stephani, former Director of the Children's Administration of DSHS. "But we can't forget that we always need to be looking at the best interest of the child."
Court records show the child is bonded with her grandparents. She makes cards and pictures for them all the time. And at a scheduled visit with her grandparents last October, the toddler's face lit up with excitement when she spotted her grandma and grandpa.
"To see the excitement in her eyes and know how we feel inside, there's no way to put that into words," said AnneMarie.
State law is clear that if a child can't live with parents, relatives must be considered first before foster care. But in this case, the state is so committed to having the child adopted by the foster parent that they tried to seal the deal before trial.
A few weeks ago, an assistant attorney general sent a settlement offer to the young biological mom. It stated if she voluntarily gave up her parental rights and allowed the foster mother to adopt the child, she and the grandparents could visit the little girl four times a year and get two pictures of her in the mail every year.
The biological mother would not agree to those conditions and instead is at the trial, fighting to keep her child.
The court proceeding continues Wednesday.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
New Threads Only: | ||||
New Threads & Replies: |
Forum List » Business News and Headlines SEC Filings, Earing Reports, Press Releases Bank of South Carolina Corp. (BKSC) CFO Sheryl G Sharry buys 923 Shares
Posted by: gurufocus (IP Logged)
Date: May 11, 2012 02:19PM
EVP/CFO/Treasurer of Bank of South Carolina Corp. (BKSC) Sheryl G Sharry buys 923 shares of BKSC on 05/11/2012 at an average price of $11.43 a share. Bank Sc Corp has a market cap of $50.5 million; its shares were traded at around $11.5 with a P/E ratio of 14.7 and P/S ratio of 3.6. The dividend yield of Bank Sc Corp stocks is 3.9%. Bank Sc Corp had an annual average earning growth of 1.8% over the past 10 years. CEO Recent Trades:
CFO Recent Trades:
Directors and Officers Recent Trades:
For the complete insider trading history of BKSC, click here. Stocks Discussed: BKSC,
Sorry, only registered users may post in this forum.
Please Login if you have an account or Create a Free Account if you don't
Get WordPress Plugins for easy affiliate links on Stock Tickers and Guru Names
| Earn affiliate commissions by embedding GuruFocus Charts
GuruFocus Affiliate Program: Earn up to $400 per referral. ( Learn More)


text:
I been reading a lot about the Galaxy S2, majority of the info is great, but my concern as is with anyone who is considering the purchasing of the phone, will they allow it to be updated to the current software update. What percentage of the phone is similar to the "Regular" unlocked phone. Will they be compensating for such and why do you think they made the decision to restrict it's abilities to do such. So the moral of the subject, is it or is it not a good purchase?
Theres one good thing about the straight talk s2. GSM...meaning its somehow unlockable if you ever decided to take it to another gsm carrier. I myself couldnt justify paying $350 for a phone though, but for the price it isnt too bad. All of the galaxy series phones have been nothing less than stellar. Ive owned the gs1 and gs2 and loved them both. Good luck with the gs2 if you decide to purchase it
I've owned one for just less than 2 months. It's an excellent phone; fast and smooth. Unfortunately it's stuck on Gingerbread 2.3.6, and according to TracFone, it will not be upgraded. I posted questions about upgrading on Twitter, to both Straight Talk and TracFone, until TracFone finally answered. (My questions and comments probably annoyed them after awhile.) I thought I kept their response but I didn't. Frankly, all I really want is to root it but I've tried a half dozen methods, with no success. I have a Droid X on Ice Cream Sandwich, and a Nexus 7 on Jelly Bean. I'm cool with Gingerbread 2.3.6 on the Galaxy SII. Just want root to block ads. Hope this helps. Edit: to answer the question, no, I would not buy the SII again. I'd get an unlocked SIII and use it on Straight Talk.
If I were to buy the unlocked version of s3, will there be in software problems such as certain things not working or it "bricking", I want to be able to fully utilize every aspect of the phone without any problems on straight talk if I were to consider in purchasing it. If they would release the updates at a fair price on the locked s2 phone I would buy it.
I don't think an unlocked SIII would be a problem, as long as, when you call Straight Talk, you tell them it's a bring-your-own-device account. I wish I had done that. As far as TracFone releasing updates, as I said, they told me there won't be any. Finally, please don't take my word regarding the SIII, as I don't have one, but others on this or other forums do, and on Straight Talk. Hope this helps.


text:
Decent restaurant open on Sunday in Paris?
- 8 Comments
- Follow
Does anyone know of a decent restaurant open on Sundays in Paris? In or around the 4th would be best, if possible.
It's in the 6th, not the 4th, but Fish is my go-to place for Sundays. We usually arrive on a Sunday, and are jetlagged, so we like to go there because we know we like the food, and there are lots of English speaking servers. Our French skills are not the best on our first day.
re: ParisKat
La Fontaine de Mars in the seventh. Ate there on a sunday night two weeks ago and the staff couldn't have been nicer. Food was wonderful and the ambience was lovely, classic bistro (as seen through American eyes, perhaps).
0 -
Slide north east to 11e and try Jeanne A, winebar/epicerie/casual "dining room". If you enter the name in the search feature above, you will find many references and details.
0 -
Both of the above recc's. would be fine for casual, but closer to you in the 3rd is Café des Musées. If you would prefer something a bit more up-scale try Drouant in the 2nd.
re: Laidback
I much prefer le Reminet (5th near Notre Dame) to Drouant, for food and service as well as atmosphere. The desserts are better at Drouant, however.
0 -
re: Laidback
In the general area, Le Hangar is a nice neighborhood bistro. Decent bistro food, local crowd. Am nearly sure to have seen the sumptuous terrace full of happy diners at Sunday lunch but won't swear to it...
Most everything in the 4th is open on Sunday, for obvious reasons. I don't recall if Benoit offers it's 38 Euro prix-fixe lunch on Sunday tho. They might have a brunch menu.
I wouldn't count on Hangar being open.


text:
Nissan Links
Related Models For Sale
Other Years
Nissan 370Z For Sale
2013 Nissan 370Z Trims For Sale
2013 Nissan 370Z Review Ratings
Average Ratings from 1 reviews
- Overall: 5 / 5
User Reviews
2013 Nissan 370Z NISMO
ProsGreat looks and aggressive handling ConsRather harsh ride, for daily driving, and you must be able to drive with your mirrors, because you cannot see out of the rear glass
Pocket Rocket For The Weekend! — Great handling car, with looks that will get you noticed even when you don't want to be. This car is mistaken for a Porshe, almost every time I take it out! It makes the Camaros and Mustangs owners think before they decide what they are going to do. This is a great car, as long as you have another to drive for daily use, the ride is harsh, but the handling is great. You have to give up a little to handle this well. It is not a family car, but it will leave you smiling from ear to ear after you go through the gears. Primary Use: Sport/fun (spirited driving, track racing, off-roading, etc.)
Looking for a Used 370Z in your area?
CarGurus has 2,879 nationwide 370Z listings
starting at $14,995.
Reviews From Other Years
2009 Nissan 370Z Reviews
Fun Car By Kcufdavid
I love how this car handles, it's a fun car to drive. The draw back is having only two seats, so if it's your daily driver you're limited. But overall it's worth it. It packs a punch for an import. Read More
Great City Drive But Can Give You Excitement When You Need It By rmonahan
Never had the pleasure of taking my Z on the track, was focused on aesthetically modifying the vehicle but when being able to drive it on the commute in the morning you never really needed a cup of co... Read More
2010 Nissan 370Z Reviews
Black 370z By Sam
I bought this black 2010 370z with Sport Package when it only had 500 miles on it. It was the best little sports car due to its reliability, sporty and zippy ride, excellent fuel economy, and overall ... Read More
Great Fun To Drive--everytime You Drive It! By buckyee
This car makes you feel like your daily drive to work is on the Nascar track! It turns everyones head and forces them to comment on what a great car. This is my third Z car; also owned a 1984 turbo a... Read More
2011 Nissan 370Z Reviews
Best Sport Car Ever For The Price!!! By jorge8a
The 370z handle great, very fast and a nice looking car, get compliment about the car all time.reliable, fun to drive.I come from a 350z and the 370z beat it hand on,my only complaint is about t... Read More
Great Ride By icemanxqs
I love everything about my Z. I love to drive it everywhere. The classic style of this car is amazing. The power is addicting. It is fun to drive and I get so much attention when I drive this badboy. ... Read More
2012 Nissan 370Z Reviews
Fantastic By rexxmoran
This is the car to get if you are looking for a fast and extreme handling of the road. This car will take anything you throw at it. Corners and speed are the highlights of this vehicle. Compare to ... Read More
Canyon Carver By oggytoy
It's my second Z. They're just fun sexy amazing cars. They stand alone. Nothing is out there with the power and reliability, handling, or quality this has. Turns heads everywhere. Definitely a solid c... Read More
People researching a 2013 Nissan 370Z contacted a dealer about
43% of the time
Porsche Cayman
9% of the time
Porsche Boxster
6% of the time
Infiniti G37
6% of the time


text:
General Question
People from New York, how many pillars are there in Bethesda Fountain in Central Park?
Asked by f4a (601
July 23rd, 2010
Need to know how many pillars are there. Do you know the history behind it? Thanks.
Observing members:
Composing members:
6 Answers
Answer this question
This question is in the General Section. Responses must be helpful and on-topic.
Have a question?
Ask Fluther!


text:
You can (kind of) get Google Maps back after iOS 6 update
0. phoneArena 20 Sep 2012, 06:17 posted on
Those who miss the old Google Maps (we cannot blame you, given the initial criticism Apple's Maps app is getting) can easily get access to Google's mapping service. In fact, the solution is so simple that some of you may have figured it out already...
This is a discussion for a news. To read the whole news, click here


text:
Starting a Game
In the screen shots below the user is selecting a quiz about buildings
by clicking on the folders which represent quiz categories and then on
a file within a folder which represents a quiz/game of twenty questions.
The folders shown on the left come from choosing to load via the web
using the specificied URL. On the right the game has been started
and the first question appears in the game info panel of
the GUI.
Playing the Game
Here's the progression of a series of questions from the
animal.txt file. The file is shown and visualized
at the bottom of this web page. The sequence of
screen-shots and explanations should be read left-to-right and
top-to-bottom, so the first two shots are below, then the
game progresses. The view changes in each case because
the model's processYesNo
method makes a call to the view to
update appropriately depending on the user's response. This sequence
of calls between the model and the view
is explained in more detail below.
Answering the first question in a game where the user is thinking of a chicken. | So it has feathers and lives in a barnyard, what's next? | |
| ||
Wow, the computer guessed my animal! | The computer wins! (by guessing your animal) | |
Answering the second question in a game where the user is thinking of a lion (and already said "no" to having feathers). | So it is a mammal, but doesn't have stripes | |
| ||
No stripes, and now it doesn't hop | Nope, not an elephant. | |
Now the GUI/View is called by the model to prompt the user to enter what information was being thought of (it was lion, not elephant, the user indicates this by typing the answer into a dialog box as shown below. Note that the model has displayed the path from the beginning by calling the view appropriately -- the model must keep the path or information that allows the path to be recreated to make this possible. The user then enters the new information, in this case that the user was thinking of a lion.
When the model realizes it has guessed wrong, which happens when the
user responds "NO" and the current node of the binary tree representing the game
is a leaf node, the model notifies the view of the path that the user
chose by calling myView.update
with a string
representing the path. Then
the model calls the view's getNewInfoLeaf
method to display the
dialog labeled
New Information Needed which can be dragged/moved so that
the user can see the responses in the main game window. This method in
the GUI/view will get information from the user then call the model's
method which you will implement. Before calling
you may need to store state in the
model since the view will call the model's
In the code you write in addNewQuestion
you'll prompt the user appropriately by
calling myView.update
with a string displayed to the user.
You then call myView.getDifferentiator
which causes the
GUi/View to prompt the user to enter a question differentiating a lion from an elephant to
grow the tree of knowledge used in the game.
The GUI/View than passes the user's question to the model's
Again, the user can drag/move the New Question Needed dialog to make the main game window more visible.
At this point if we play a new game the question "Does it have
tusks" will be incorporated into the tree -- it is the
differentiator leading to the leaves elephant and lion. The user can
play more, and ultimately decide to save the game/tree to a file for
playing again. Saving a file is a menu-option which the view relays to
the model's method write
which takes a
parameter and writes a tree to this file so that
the game can be played again by reading from the file. The user chooses
to save a game from the File menu as shown below.
The Model for the Twenty Questions Game
Model communicates with View
To display messages to the user the model can call
to display one string at the
bottom of the view, e.g., the number of nodes in the tree
as shown in the screen shots above, or
to display a string. THe String
passed to update
can have newline characters in it
which cause linebreaks in the display. For example the lines below
generate part of the prompt shown in the screen shot above.
The AnimalGameModel Class
Your model class will need to implement IAnimalModel
to play the
game. You can use the model you're given which has stub methods
with no code for all the methods specified in the interface.
Recall that in the MVC architecture we used previously communication
from the View came to the model via the process
method. In
this program, however, the view communicates with the model using three
methods. Some of the calls are initiated directly by the user, e.g., loading a new
file or playing a new game. Other calls are started by the model itself,
e.g., the model calls an appropriate method in the view which in turn calls
a method in the model, e.g., when adding new information and questions
to a game.
See the javadoc in IAnimalModel for details but the idea is you'll write these methods which are called by the view.
should change model state and display
information to the user/view for another yes/no response. You'll need to
update the current node in the binary tree representing the game and
store information to allow the path chosen to be displayed to the user
at the end of some games.
Your code should call either the view's update
method to ask
a new yes/no question.
or the view's
method if the computer has to give up (in
the latter case the update
method will likely be called too
to display a prompt to the user.)
when the client indicates the computer
didn't guess properly and the client was thinking of "is it a lion" as
shown above. THis method is called from the view's
method which the model calls.
Your code should call the view's update
method to display
a message and the view's
when the client says "does it have
tusks" to differentiate between the yes/no last question the computer
got wrong. This method is called by the view's
This should update state and call newGame
will call the view's update
method just as was done from processYesNo
in asking a
yes/no question, but will start at the root.
The model class communicates back-and-forth with the view to update the state of the game, e.g., to move down the tree and then restart from the root of the tree for a new game. The model should maintain as an object invariant a reference/pointer to the current node in the tree whose question the user answers using the view. For example, this current node is initially the root. Depending on the user's response to the first question (and to subsequent questions) the current node is updated to be the left- or right-child according to the user anwering 'yes' or 'no'.
You'll need a myCurrentNode
and a myRoot
help traverse the tree. You'll need other state as well, you'll need to
what the appropriate satte is.
In the process of playing a game, myCurrent
will eventually
reach a leaf node. Then you'll need to call the appropriate
view methods to start the process of adding new information to a tree/game.
You'll want to implement
private helper methods in your
class to help with the methods you must
implement as part of the interface.
You'll need to implement a method to write information to a file.
To write the file you'll need
to read the API for java.io.FileWriter
, in particular
only need to use the the write
method that accepts
a String parameter -- be sure to terminate each string with
a newline character, e.g., something like the following:
The newline character, "\n", writes a "new line" and is read as 'slash-n' or 'backslash-n'.
For the run above, the sample file animal.txt
is reproduced below.
The tree that corresponds to this file is shown below. You'll need to
construct a tree like this in the program you write. Note that yes
answers in the tree are shown as left/blue arrows, no answers are
right/red arrows. The leaf nodes are shown only with the animal
information rather than the entire question, e.g., Is it an
When reading a tree, every internal node has two children. So when you read
a line representing an internal node, which can be identified
by the beginning #Q: as seen in animal.txt, you'll make two recursive
calls to read the yes/left and no/right subtrees.
If the line read represents a leaf node, simply return a leaf node
without making any recursive calls.
In either case you'll create one new
Questions are identified by the three-character string #Q: at
the beginning of a line, lines that do not begin with the string
#Q: represent answers/animals. Some lines may begin with
comments, the characters // at the beginning of a line mean
that line should be skipped. You'll need to write
a recursive method that reads each line of the file and processes
one line in building a tree.
The key in the recursion is to recognize that no recursion is necessary
when reading a leaf -- and a leaf is any line that doesn't begin
with #Q:. If an internal node of the tree is read, then two
recursive calls are needed: one for the "yes" branch and one for the
"no" branch.
Input/Output, Preorder Traversals
#Q:Does it have feathers
#Q:Does it live in a barnyard
Is it a chicken
#Q:is it wise
Is it an owl
#Q:does it gobble
Is it a turkey
#Q:does it say "Nevermore!"
Is it a raven
Is it an eagle
#Q:Is it a mammal
#Q:does it have stripes
Is it a tiger
#Q:does it hop
Is it a kangaroo
Is it an elephant
Is it a gila monster
Reading the Tree
By far the easiest way to read the tree is to leverage the power
of recursion. When you read a file via the scanner, read one line at a
time. The code below reads every line in the file, you'll need to do
this, but not use a loop --- rather you'll use recursion
instead. For example, the code below reads an entire file one line
rather than the vague use of
process in the comment in the code snippets immediately
above and below.
and return
Yes Answer (left subtree)
No Answer (right subtree)


text:
For more information, contact: Ann K. Hayes (573) 651-2552 firstname.lastname@example.com | |
CAPE GIRARDEAU, Mo., April 15, 2002 -- The Studio Jazz Ensemble at Southeast Missouri State University will perform a Pre-Jazz Festival Concert April 18 at Port Cape's River City Yacht Club in Cape Girardeau.
The show will begin at 9 p.m. at this historic downtown club. The cover charge will be $3 per person, and those 18 and older are encouraged to attend.
The program will include the music of Count Basie, Stan Kenton, Bill Watrous, Bobby Shew and others. The Studio Jazz Ensemble will be joined by area jazz musicians on this concert.
The Studio Jazz Ensemble is under the direction of Barry Bernhardt, director of University Bands at Southeast. The band recently performed at the Missouri Music Educators Association Convention as the only University Jazz group to play on the 2001 Convention and has been featured with Clark Terry three times this past year.
The band will be featured again this year at the Clark Terry Jazz Festival in Cape Girardeau on Saturday, April 20 in "An Evening of Jazz" with Jazz Trumpet Legend Clark Terry. The Jazz Festival Evening Concert will be held in Academic Auditorium at 7 p.m.
Tickets are $5 for general admission.
For more information on either of these Clark Terry JazzFest 2002 events, contact: Bernhardt at email@example.com or (573) 651-2334.
| |
Return to Campus News Headlines © 2015 Southeast Missouri State University Page maintained by the News Bureau For more information contact the Director of the News Bureau, Ann Hayes, (573) 651-2552. Disclaimer |


text:
Kanye West's Denver date at Pepsi Center in November on sale next Friday, September 13
Brace yourself for the return of Yeezus. The iconoclast mastermind known otherwise as Kanye West is making his way back to the Mile High City for a date at the Pepsi Center on Sunday, November 3, with Kendrick Lamar, the MC who recently single-handedly riled up the entire hip-hop nation with a solitary verse on Big Sean's "Control." Tickets for the show go on sale next Friday, September 13.
See also: A rundown of Kanye West's wonkiest moments
Sponsor Content


text:
1 Apr 03:09 2008
Re: Inhouse wiki
On Mon, Mar 31, 2008 at 4:02 PM, Lin Light <llight@...> wrote: > I have been looking for an in-house wiki and came across one > called "projectforum". Can anyone tell me anything about them. Purpose is to > have a Wiki for my Technical Servies Dept that staff can use instead of a > Dept Manual. Don't want it on the web, but to function like an Intranet. > > Lin > > We use DocuWiki (http://wiki.splitbrain.org/wiki:dokuwiki) for our internal document/manual wiki. It's built to make documentation easy and shareable. -- -- Robin Hastings robin.hastings@... http://www.rhastings.net


text:
TUESDAY, OCTOBER 9, 2007MARVEL COMICS PRESS CONFERENCE: ANNIHILATION: CONQUESTMarvel Comics staged a press conference on Tuesday afternoon for its Annihilation: Conquest mini-series, with writers Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning and editor Bill Rosemann.
For highlights, CLICK HERE.
FAMILY GUY'S 100TH EPISODEFox is celebrating the 100th episode of Family Guy with a half-hour special airing before the milestone on Sunday, Nov. 4.
The special, which airs at 8:30 p.m. will take a look back at some of the funniest moments, satirical spoofs and music numbers of the previeous episodes.
The 100th episode will follow at 9 p.m. and is titled "Stewie Kills Lois."
Here's how Fox describes the episode:
"Lois and Peter go on a cruise, leaving Stewie and the family behind. When Stewie gets upset with Lois for leaving him at home, he vows to carry out a diabolical plan. When Brian challenges him to actually do it, Stewie stows away on the ship, finds Lois and�well, the title of the episode says it all."
BIONIC WOMAN: "THE EDUCATION OF JAIME SOMMERS"NBC has released a description and two images from "The Education of Jaime Sommers," the Wednesday, Oct. 24 episode of Bionic Woman.
Here's how the network describes the episode:
"Jaime (Michelle Ryan) finally gets to experience college when she goes undercover as a British transfer student to investigate a professor who is possibly selling neural implants to terrorists. However, her assignment becomes complicated when she unexpectedly falls for Tom, the teacher's assistant (guest star Jordan Bridges), who has been flagged as a suspect."
Click on the thumbnails for larger and fuller images and look for more Bionic Woman news soon here in The Continuum.
FIRST LOOKS -- UPDATED!For covers and four- to seven-page previews of upcoming titles, CLICK HERE.
Titles include Rex Mundi #8 from Dark Horse Comics; Avengers: The Initiative #7 from Marvel Comics; Necessary Evil #1 from Desperado Publishing and The All-New Booster Gold #3 from DC Comics.
DC COMICS RESTORES JACK KIRBY FOURTH WORLD ARTDC Comics on Tuesday announced that Jack Kirby's Fourth World Omnibus Vol. 4, due in March, will be highlighted by The Hunger Dogs, with 24 pages of art restored to the original inks by Mike Royer.
"We are excited to share with readers Kirby's original vision for the epic's end in Vol. 4 of the Fourth World Omnibus series," said Georg Brewer, VP -- design and DC Direct creative. "This collection features 24 pages at the size that Kirby penciled them, the way they looked before being altered to fit the larger trim size of the Hunger Dogs graphic novel.
"Faithfully inked by Mike Royer, these pages are incorporated within the Hunger Dogs story, which is completely re-colored with a sensibility consistent with the previous Ominbus hard covers. Along with the Fourth World character entries he drew for Who's Who: The Definitive Directory of The DC Universe, these exciting, rarely seen aspects of Kirby's work and this important story make this a must-have for every serious comics collector."
In addition to The Hunger Dogs and art from Who's Who, the Jack Kirby's Fourth World Omnibus Vol. 4 HC will collect Mister Miracle #10-18, Forever People #11, New Gods #11 and the 48-page story "Even Gods Must Die," originally published in 1984's New Gods #6.
ZENESCOPE ENTERTAINMENT'S BIG OCTOBERZenescope Entertainment has planned a heavy October, providing The Continuum an updated list of its releases for the month.
The month includes new issues of Grimm Fairy Tales and Return to Wonderland and the conclusion of the Se7en mini-series.
Following is the release schedule:
Oct. 10: Grimm Fairy Tales #17, Grimm Fairy Tales Annual #1 and Grimm Fairy Tales Vol 2 TP.
Oct. 17: Return To Wonderland #3 and Se7en #7: Wrath.
Oct. 24:Grimm Fairy Tales Reprints #1, 2, 3 and Grimm Fairy Tales #18.
Oct. 31: Grimm Fairy Tales #19 and Return To Wonderland #4.
Zenescope also announced it has struck a deal with online retailer Fantastic Realm to showcase new cover editions of Return to Wonderland. All six issues will receive the special
treatment, with art by Ebas, Al Rio and Billy Tucci. Each edition will
be limited to 1,000 copies each.
DECEMBER SOLICITATIONS ROUNDUPFor previously published solicitations for December, click on the publishers' names below.
* Archie Comics.
* Avatar Press.
* BlueWater Productions.
* Boom! Studios.
* Dark Horse Comics.
* Devil's Due Publishing.
* DC Comics.
* Digital Webbing.
* Heroic Publishing.
* IDW Publishing.
* Image Comics.
* Markosia Publishing.
* Marvel Comics.
* Moonstone Books.
* Red 5 Comics.
BRIEFLY* Jill Wagner, who played Krista in Blade: The Series, is guest-starring on Sci Fi Channel's Stargate Atlantis. She is playing Larrin in the Friday, Oct. 26 episode, "Travelers."
Click on the thumbnail for a larger image from the episode.
* New in-store dates for DC Comics titles include Oct. 31 for Justice Society of America #10, The Spirit #11, Superman Confidential #8 and Trials of Shazam! #9, and Nov. 7 for All Star Superman #9 and Batman and the Outsiders #1.
* According to Variety and The Hollywood Reporter, Hollywood Gang Prods has acquired the film rights to The Last Christmas, the Image Comics series created by Brian Posehn and Gerry Duggan.
* Red 5 Comics has unveiled a new cover by Lucas Maragnon for Abyss #1, in stores on Oct. 17.
The issue was originally solicited and promoted with a cover featuring the tattered cape of hated super-villain, Abyss, on his deathbed, with helpless figures standing in the street shadows. The new cover features Eric Hoffman, who has
unwittingly found himself wearing the Abyss costume and unsuccessfully
commanding the super-robot, Reds.
Click on the thumbnail for a larger image.
* Beginning with December's #485, MAD Magazine will have a new cover price of $4.99
* Michael Caine, who is returning as Alfred in The Dark Knight, will be a guest on CBS' The Late, Late Show with Craig Ferguson on Monday.
COMICS CONTINUUM BACK ISSUES In case you missed The Continuum's coverage over the past month, here are some links. Click on the date to get the day's full report.
* Thursday, October 4: Transformers, The Batman, Wonder Woman and First Looks.
* Wednesday, October 3: 30 Days of Night, Kids' WB! to end, Legion of Super Heroes, Bionic Woman and First Looks.
* Tuesday, October 2: Bionic Woman, First Looks and DC Comics roundup.
* Monday, October 1: Heroes, Smallville, First Looks and Image's Captain Victory.
* Sunday, September 30: Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer and Moonstone Books for January.
* Saturday, September 29: Heroes, First Looks, Flash Gordon and Ben 10 live-action movie.
* Friday, September 28: Smallville, Marvel First Looks, The Batman and Legion of Super Heroes.
* Thursday, September 27: Captain Marvel, Smallville, The Simpsons, Image First Looks, Marvel First Looks, Archie First Looks and Bionic Woman.
* Wednesday, September 26: Heroes, Bionic Woman's Katee Sackhoff, Marvel First Looks, Wolverine and the X-Men, Top Cop news and The Simpsons Movie DVD.
* Tuesday, September 25: Watchmen movie, Legion of Super Heroes, Boom! Studios for December, Marvel First Looks, Dynamite First Looks, Bionic Woman and Heroes.
* Monday, September 24: Justice League, X-Men: Messiah Complex, Wolverine and the X-Men, The Batman, Red 5 Comics and First Looks.
* Sunday, September 23: Justice League: The New Frontier and Wolverine and the X-Men.
* Saturday, September 22: First Looks and Star Wars.
* Friday, September 21: Marvel First Looks and Heroes.
* Thursday, September 20: Devil's Due Publishing for Decmeber, IDW Publishing for December, Smallville, The Bionic Woman, Legion of Super Heroes, The Batman and The Spectacular Spider-Man.
* Wednesday, September 19: Heroes, Top Cow Productions for December, Image Comics for December, Image First Looks and Superman.
* Tuesday, September 18: Marvel Comics for December, Markosia Publishing for December, Superman Doomsday and First Looks.
* Monday, September 17: DC Comics for December, Avatar Press for December, Archie Comics for December, Superman Doomsday's Duane Capizzi, Smallville and First Looks.
* Sunday, September 16: Resident Evil: Extinction, Smallville DVD and Heroes.
* Saturday, September 15: Digital Webbing for December, First Looks, The Batman and Legion of Super Heroes.
* Friday, September 14: Marvel Comics First Looks, Smallville and Super Friends on DVD.
* Thursday, September 13: Dark Horse Comics for December, The Simpsons and Catacombs.
* Wednesday, September 12: Blade: The Series, Legion of Super Heroes, Gene-Fusion and First Looks.
* Tuesday, September 11: Painkiller Jane, Smallville, First Looks and Boom! Studios' Salem.
* Monday, September 10: Superman Doomsday's Bruce Timm, Marvel movie roundup and Bluewater Productions First Looks.
* Sunday, September 9: The Batman, Family Guy and First Looks.
* Saturday, September 8: Family Guy, The Batman, Top Cow's Michael Broussard and Kong: King of Skull Island.
* Friday, September 7: Marvel First Looks, Image First Looks and Who Wants to Be a Super Hero?
* Thursday, September 6: First Looks, Warner Bros. to launch T-Works.
E-mail the Continuum at firstname.lastname@example.com
Copyright © 2007, The Comics Continuum |


text:
A study conducted on behalf of the Good Schools Guide in the UK states that girls fare better in unisex schools compared to their counterparts in single sex schools. D.V.L. PADMA PRIYA talks to a few teachers on the issue
Do girls get distracted in co-education schools? Does it affect their academic performance? According to a study conducted on behalf of the Good Schools Guide in the UK, girls fared better in unisex schools compared to their counterparts in single sex schools.
The results may not apply to other countries given the cultural differences and geographical differences but the basic issue of girls faring better in unisex schools remains open for debate. The response from a few city-based teachers has been quite mixed. While some say that students studying in girls schools are less prone to 'distraction', others feel that the competition is higher in a co-ed school and so is the learning.
A. Sujatha, a mathematics teacher at a leading city school feels that an all-girls school has a better learning atmosphere compared to a co-ed school. In the teaching profession for over 10 years, Ms. Sujatha completed her education from unisex institutions and feels that the comfort level is much higher.
"The disturbances are lesser in an all-girls school and so are the distractions," she says adding that the concentration levels and competition too is higher in an all-girls school.
However, she does feel that it depends on the individual student. "Some girls are work-minded and even if they do mingle with boys, they don't get carried away. Also the exposure to media and upbringing also plays a vital role here," she says.
There are others like L. Asha Chary, a Social Studies teacher, who disagrees with the study. "There is an exchange of ideas and intelligence in a co-education school as girls and boys think differently on different planes. Also, the girls who study in a co-ed school are free on an emotional level and don't freeze when boys come over to speak to them," she says.
Uma Joseph, a lecturer at a leading women's college feels that the study could be right. "There is room for less distraction. They are more confident and don't hesitate to ask questions which they might not if boys were around," she says. But others like B. Jyothi Aparna, Principal of a well known school, feel that students from an all-girls school are more fascinated by the opposite sex than those from a co-ed school.
"A co-ed school is any day better as they will know how to move with each other. Also performance wise, the competition is very high in a co-ed school than in single sex schools," she feels.
Difficult comparison
And then there are others who feel that it is difficult to compare the two groups of girls.
"I wouldn't be able to say that those from an all-girls school fare better than their counterparts in a co-ed school. Performance in school or college really depends on their personal application and it doesn't really matter whether they are in a co-ed or in a single sex school," says Seema Victor, a lecturer of a reputed junior college for girls.


text:
Spark Plug By OxBalls | Style Code OX500 |
$59.00 $45.00
Do you love the Jewel Sling but want more from your cockring? Maybe you like a little butt plug action as well? The Bendy Spark Plug ticks all those boxes and more!
The super stretchy Flex-TPR grips the base of your cock and holds your balls in position. The connecting rod caresses your taint and provides a gentle massage while the Bendy Sparkplug butt plug just feels unbelievable.
Each bead of the Bendy Sparkplug's butt plug stretches from the other. You'll feel it move and squirm with every muscular movement. Try doing some kegels; the stretch you'll feel alone may be enough to send you over the edge!
- Weight: 4.8 ounces
- Made of Flex-TPR
- Safe, non-toxic, phthalate free
- Cock & ball hole: 1 1/8"
- Cock hole: 1"
- Ball hole: 1.25"
- Butt plug largest diameter: 1.75"
- Butt plug insertable length: 4"
- Length of tube from cock sling to butt plug is approximately 4.5"
- Lube safe: water base, oil base, water-silicone hybrid, silicone lubes
- Cleaning: wash in warm soapy water, air dry.
- Made in USA
Select size your size first:
Then select your color:
Temporarily out of stock, fill in your email and we'll contact you when it's back!
Customer reviews
"Just like James said, you need a second set of hands to help get the plug in, but once it's in, it's amazing. The tug between your boys and the plug adds to the excitement. Thrusting with it on is also a great feeling."
3 person(s) found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes | No
"Hard to put in all the way. Probably easier if you have a partner insert it. It did make my pleasure better. Make sure you lube everything first!"
2 person(s) found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes | No


text:
Book your room at AcquaMarina Resort
Beachfront hotel with calming spa services
Located in Chrissi Akti, this beachfront hotel is on the boardwalk and within 3 mi (5 km) of New Golden Beach, Punda Beach, and Logaras Beach. Aliki Beach and Moraitis Winery are also within 9 mi (15 km).
Hotel Features
At AcquaMarina Resort, relax by an outdoor pool or hit the beach where you can enjoy windsurfing.
Room Amenities
All 29 soundproofed rooms feature free WiFi and room service. Other amenities available to guests include balconies or patios, LCD TVs, and refrigerators.
Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Spend the day at the beach and work on your tan with sun loungers (chaise longues) or relax in the shade with umbrellas. After a day at the beach, enjoy amenities at AcquaMarina Resort like an outdoor pool, a seasonal outdoor pool, and a spa tub.
A complimentary breakfast is offered each morning. Dining is available at the restaurant and guests can grab coffee at one of the 2 coffee shops/cafés. The hotel also has a snack bar/deli. Guests can unwind with a drink at one of the hotel's bars, which include a poolside bar and a bar/lounge. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. This beach hotel also offers a garden and a terrace. Onsite self parking is complimentary.
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Limo or Town Car service available
- Outdoor seasonal pool
- Luggage storage
- Terrace
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
- Year Built 2000
- Coffee/tea in lobby
- Laundry facilities
- Spa tub
- Beach umbrellas
- Beach sun loungers
- Pool sun loungers
- Beach towels
- Arcade/game room
- Outdoor pool
- Bar/lounge
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Multilingual staff
- Number of coffee shops/cafes - 2
- Total number of rooms - 29
- Number of floors - 2
- Porter/bellhop
- Restaurant
- Free self parking
- Free breakfast
- Beach/pool umbrellas
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Free WiFi
- Garden
- Poolside bar
- Snack bar/deli
- Number of buildings/towers - 6
- Television in lobby
- Wedding services
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Balcony or patio
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Room service (limited hours)
- Bathrobes
- In-room massage available
- In-room childcare (surcharge)
- Premium bedding
- Climate control
- Air conditioning
- Soundproofed rooms
- Access via exterior corridors
- Refrigerator
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Rainfall showerhead
- Bathtub or shower
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Individually furnished
- Individually decorated
Where to Eat
A complimentary buffet breakfast is served each morning between 8 AM and 10:30 AM.
Breakfast Restaurant - Overlooking the garden, this buffet restaurant serves breakfast only.
Pool Bar - Restaurant - This beachfront restaurant specializes in Greek cuisine and serves lunch and dinner. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar. A children's menu is available.
Room service (during limited hours) is available.
Nearby Things to Do
An outdoor pool, a seasonal outdoor pool, and a spa tub are on site.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Mountain biking nearby
- Snorkeling nearby
- Boat tours nearby
- Kayaking nearby
- Sailing nearby
- Scuba diving nearby
- Water skiing nearby
- Bicycle rentals on site
- Scooter/moped rentals on site
- Windsurfing on site
Spa Services
- Massages
- Manicures and pedicures
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible bathroom
- Accessible path of travel
- Accessible parking
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 12:30 PM
Check-in time ends at midnight
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
Pets allowed, Only dogs and cats are allowed, Maximum number of pets per room 1, Pet maximum weight in kg is 5
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- The name on the credit card used at check-in to pay for incidentals must be the primary name on the guestroom reservation.
Hotel Registry Number - 1575K034A0155500
We should mention
Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 1500, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation. Reservations are required for massage services. Reservations can be made by contacting the hotel prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. This property allows pets in specific rooms only. Guests can request one of these rooms by contacting the property directly, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.


text:
- Filed Under
The UCF Knights football team won its biggest game in program history Wednesday night - shocking the heavily-favored Baylor Bears and the national experts who almost uniformly picked against the Knights - so, yeah, people are talking.
Whether it's been the cars flying their UCF flags, students and alumni decked out in black and gold or the explosion of social media from last night on into today, it's been hard to miss the reverberations of the 52-42 Fiesta Bowl-upset.
Indeed, the hours since the game ended have seen students, alumni and casual fans alike are sharing in the pride and ...


text:
Mullum mullum and moonee ponds trails
17 posts
• Page 1 of 1
Mullum mullum and moonee ponds trailsHey folks,
I'm setting myself a goal to ride from Healesville to Riddells Creek by next Autumn. One option is via Kinglake way and other is via trails above which involves a lot less time on a few sketchy roads. Does anyone know a rough time to ride from city to airport on moonee ponds trail? And also city to Croydon nth via Yarra/mullum mullum? Thanks Sent from my iPhone using Tapatalk - now Free
Re: Mullum mullum and moonee ponds trailsI ride Melbourne CBD to/from Donvale occasionally via Main Yarra Trail/Mullum Trail - it's about 35km and takes 1.5-2 hrs depending on how much you push it on the hills and twisty paths. The trail is incomplete between Park Rd and Tindals Rd - it's doable if you ride off track and through some front yards Probably add another hour (maybe a bit less) from there to Croydon Hills, never done that part before.
Re: Mullum mullum and moonee ponds trailsOn a recent Audax ride we returned from Woodlands Park near the Airport along Moonee Ponds Creek trail back to Royal Parade on the Capital City trail in about 1h25 elapsed or 1h10 riding time with a big tail wind if that helps. Plus inbound is generally downhill
For Croydon to CBD I assume you mean along Mullum Trail then Koonung (Eastern Fwy) then MYT then Capital City trail? I've not ridden it in one go so can't help there with timings. Which roads were you trying to avoid on the route through Kinglake? --Ken
Helmets! Bells! Rego!
Re: Mullum mullum and moonee ponds trailsI'm not brave enough to ride the airport-Sunbury section...
...whatever the road rules, self-preservation is the absolute priority for a cyclist when mixing it with motorised traffic.
London Boy 29/12/2011
Re: Mullum mullum and moonee ponds trails
Take Rainbow Valley Rd and McIntyres Rd. Gravel but generally good roads. Good on a tourer, not so nice on a skinny tyred road bike. Croydon-Fairfield-Moonee Ponds Trail route - 126kms But overall, if I was to ride between those two places I'd be going up Chum Ck Rd to Toolangi, across to Kinglake and Kinglake West, then via Whittlesea to Wallan, Darraweit Guim, Bolinda and on into Riddells Creek. Nice roads, mostly not too bad for traffic. Kinglake-Whittlesea-Wallan route - 113kms Riding bikes in traffic - what seems dangerous is usually safe; what seems safe is often more dangerous.
Re: Mullum mullum and moonee ponds trailsThanks for the responses guys, il padrone- that was the exact 2 routes I was tossing up between. Main difference being on the bike paths would be more leisurely and quiet, where as the Healesville-toolangi-kinglake section is very narrow and I'm pretty inexperienced, although by the time I've trained for this I won't be!
So, is the answer NO, you can't ride from ringwood to city on continuous path? I thought it was a combination of mullum mullum and main Yarra trail but sounds like mullum mullum is incomplete. Next time I ride down that way (Thursday) ill go check it out. Cheers Sent from my iPhone using Tapatalk - now Free
Re: Mullum mullum and moonee ponds trailsyou can ride from ringwood to the city via a bike path. I am not sure about all of the mullum mullum trail but if you start from the back of eastlands (crn warrandyte rd and ringwoowd bypass) you follow the mullum mullum trail to the eastlink trail, follow through some twisty sections but it pops out at park road near the tunnels and then it becomes the koonung creek trail and then it becomes the main yarra trail, it basically follows the eastern fwy all the way into town and once at abbotsford you follow the yarra all the way to docklands
You can definitely get from the city to ringwood on a bike path 2011 Felt F75
2012 Fuji Nevada 2.0
Re: Mullum mullum and moonee ponds trails
Oh god, just rode it this arvo. I was not ready for those steep pinches after coming up the Eastlink trail from Frankston.. It's all sealed so it would be fine for 23c tyres.. Brendan
Re: Mullum mullum and moonee ponds trails
And watch descending those wooden bridges on the Mullum Mullum when wet!
Re: Mullum mullum and moonee ponds trails
Yes . I had a near-prang on Tuesday last week (the day it rained heavily). I was going down a winding section of path, over a bridge that slopes, and is also immediately preceded and followed by a bend, when my front wheel slipped, and I almost lost it. This occurred even though I ride down that bit slower than a lot of cyclists, and I also ride down it every week day.
Re: Mullum mullum and moonee ponds trails this was sealed early this year and though I like gravel it was pretty loose stuff - but somewhere in the thread I got lost - Park rd/ Rainbow Valley McIntyres links from the Koonung / Eastern Freeway trail to the northern mullum mullum trail which runs up to join the Yarra trail and this road link is for this north running section which is sadly incomplete off road though the link mentioned is very quiet but hilly and features a dead end cycle lane were one day the mullum mullum trail will go but be aware to pull into any traffic in good time its a great link to take you back round to Candlebark and Westerfolds Park albeit on OK gravel in Candlebark to get to Ringwood take the south running section of the mullum mullum trail from the koonung creek trail just after passing schwerkoff cottage beyond the tunnels and coming under the ringwood bypass (heading out of the city) this I think does get you all the way from the city to Ringwood without using a road (problem is then what to do when you get to Ringwood! I've yet to bite the bullet and ride mt dandenong road which quite a lot of people seem to suggest)
Re: Mullum mullum and moonee ponds trails
Yes, I was replying to DJIntegr8's comments about the trail being incomplete that way. These roads make a passable quiet link. Great to hear the roads are sealed now. It was not to be confused with the Mullum/Eastlink/Koonung Trail route that I linked, and that is much more direct.
From Ringwood the Mullum Trail continues along the creek towrds Croydon on the north side of the Marroondah Hwy, through to Highland Ave, not far from Yarra Rd. Then you can cut down Kent Ave to Croydon and get across onto Mt Dandenong Rd. I've never ridden it, but Durham Rd & Cambridge Rd are shown as having a bike lane and this will take you through Montrose to Swansea Rd. This is a busy but multi-lane road with good edges (much better than it used to be back in the day) and will take you to Lilydale. Partway along there are recreational bike paths through the Lilydale Lake parklands that lead into Lilydale township. Riding bikes in traffic - what seems dangerous is usually safe; what seems safe is often more dangerous.
Re: Mullum mullum and moonee ponds trailsYeah, it first came to mind because I normally do Main Yarra/Mullum trails without the Koonung trails - I like a bit of a gravel detour It'd be much quicker to go down Koonung to Eastlink and head up to Ringwood from there.
Re: Mullum mullum and moonee ponds trails
just looked at that in Melways and the suggestion of Durham and Cambridge roads looks good - will give that a go
Re: Mullum mullum and moonee ponds trailsmount dandy rd has a bike lane from ringwood all the way to croydon. I use mt dandy rd and swansea rd all the time and I see them as safe options. They are wide roads and the left hand lane is ample for cars to give you a meter and them not to move into the right hand lane. Once you get to lilydale you can take the trail to warburton if you wanted to
2011 Felt F75
2012 Fuji Nevada 2.0
Re: Mullum mullum and moonee ponds trailsthanks YVP - a quick look at map makes me think I got Canterbury and Mount Dandenong road mixed up - thanks for this option
17 posts
• Page 1 of 1
Who is onlineUsers browsing this forum: im_no_pro |
Popular Bike Shops
> FREE BNA Stickers |


text:
Attention: The Arkansas History Commission and State Archives will be closed all day on Saturdays, beginning this Saturday, March 22, 2003. This Saturday closing will last until the War is over. This by order of Arkansas State Building Services and the Governor's office. If you have questions, get back to me.
Russell P. Baker, CA Archival Manager Arkansas History Commission and State Archives One Capitol Mall Little Rock, AR 72201 501-682-6900 www.ark-ives.com email@example.com


text:
The Library
A Sturmian sequence related to the uniqueness conjecture for Markoff numbers
Bugeaud, Yann, Reutenauer, Christophe and Siksek, Samir. (2009) A Sturmian sequence related to the uniqueness conjecture for Markoff numbers. Theoretical Computer Science, Vol.410 (No.30-32). pp. 2864-2869. ISSN 0304-3975
Full text not available from this repository.
Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2009.02.005
Sturmian sequences appear in the work of Markoff on approximations of real numbers and minima of quadratic functions. In particular, Christoffel words, or equivalently pairs of relatively prime nonnegative integers, parametrize the Markoff numbers. It was asked by Frobenius if this parametrization is injective. We answer this conjecture for a particular subclass of these numbers, and show that a special Sturmian sequence of irrational slope determines the order of the Markoff numbers in this subclass. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Item Type: | Journal Article |
Subjects: | Q Science > QA Mathematics > QA76 Electronic computers. Computer science. Computer software |
Divisions: | Faculty of Science > Mathematics |
Journal or Publication Title: | Theoretical Computer Science |
Publisher: | Elsevier Science BV |
Official Date: | 20 August 2009 |
Volume: | Vol.410 |
Number: | No.30-32 |
Number of Pages: | 6 |
Page Range: | pp. 2864-2869 |
Identification Number: | 10.1016/j.tcs.2009.02.005 |
Status: | Peer Reviewed |
Publication Status: | Published |
Access rights to Published version: | Restricted or Subscription Access |
URI: | http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/17492 |
Data sourced from Thomson Reuters' Web of Knowledge
Request changes or add full text files to a record
Actions (login required)
View Item |


text:
An autostereogram is a single-image stereogram (SIS), designed to create the visual illusion of a three-dimensional (3D) scene from a two-dimensional image. In order to perceive 3D shapes in these autostereograms, one must overcome the normally automatic coordination between accommodation (focus) and horizontal vergence (angle of one's eyes). The illusion is one of depth perception and involves stereopsis: depth perception arising from the different perspective each eye has of a three-dimensional scene, called binocular parallax.
The simplest type of autostereogram consists of horizontally repeating patterns (often separate images) and is known as a wallpaper autostereogram. When viewed with proper convergence, the repeating patterns appear to float above or below the background. The well-known Magic Eye books feature another type of autostereogram called a random dot autostereogram. One such autostereogram is illustrated above right. In this type of autostereogram, every pixel in the image is computed from a pattern strip and a depth map. A hidden 3D scene emerges when the image is viewed with the correct convergence.
Autostereograms are similar to normal stereograms except they are viewed without a stereoscope. A stereoscope presents 2D images of the same object from slightly different angles to the left eye and the right eye, allowing us to reconstruct the original object via binocular disparity. When viewed with the proper vergence, an autostereogram does the same, the binocular disparity existing in adjacent parts of the repeating 2D patterns.
There are two ways an autostereogram can be viewed: wall-eyed and cross-eyed.[a] Most autostereograms (including those in this article) are designed to be viewed in only one way, which is usually wall-eyed. Wall-eyed viewing requires that the two eyes adopt a relatively parallel angle, while cross-eyed viewing requires a relatively convergent angle. An image designed for wall-eyed viewing if viewed correctly will appear to pop out of the background, while if viewed cross-eyed it will instead appear as a cut-out behind the background and may be difficult to bring entirely into focus.[b]
In 1838, the British scientist Charles Wheatstone published an explanation of stereopsis (binocular depth perception) arising from differences in the horizontal positions of images in the two eyes. He supported his explanation by showing pictures with such horizontal differences, stereograms, separately to the left and right eyes through a stereoscope he invented based on mirrors. When people looked at these flat, two-dimensional pictures, they experienced the illusion of three-dimensional depth.[2][3]
Between 1849 and 1850, David Brewster, a Scottish scientist, improved the Wheatstone stereoscope by using lenses instead of mirrors, thus reducing the size of the device.[4]
Brewster also discovered the "wallpaper effect". He noticed that staring at repeated patterns in wallpapers could trick the brain into matching pairs of them as coming from the same virtual object on a virtual plane behind the walls. This is the basis of wallpaper-style "autostereograms" (also known as single-image stereograms).[2]
In 1939 Boris Kompaneysky[5] published the first random dot stereogram containing an image of the face of Venus,[6] intended to be viewed with a device.
In 1959, Bela Julesz,[7][8] a vision scientist, psychologist and MacArthur Fellow, invented the random dot stereogram while working at Bell Laboratories on recognizing camouflaged objects from aerial pictures taken by spy planes. At the time, many vision scientists still thought that depth perception occurred in the eye itself, whereas now it is known to be a complex neurological process. Julesz used a computer to create a stereo pair of random-dot images which, when viewed under a stereoscope, caused the brain to see 3D shapes. This proved that depth perception is a neurological process.[9][10]
Japanese designer Masayuki Ito, following Julesz, created a single image stereogram in 1970 and Swiss painter Alfons Schilling created a handmade single-image stereogram in 1974,[6] after creating more than one viewer and meeting with Julesz.[11] Having experience with stereo imaging in holography, lenticular photography, and vectography, he developed a random-dot method based on closely spaced vertical lines in parallax.[12]
In 1979, Christopher Tyler of Smith-Kettlewell Institute, a student of Julesz and a visual psychophysicist, combined the theories behind single-image wallpaper stereograms and random-dot stereograms (the work of Julesz and Schilling) to create the first black-and-white "random-dot autostereogram" (also known as single-image random-dot stereogram) with the assistance of computer programmer Maureen Clarke using Apple II and BASIC.[13] This type of autostereogram allows a person to see 3D shapes from a single 2D image without the aid of optical equipment.[14][15] In 1991 computer programmer Tom Baccei and artist Cheri Smith created the first color random-dot autostereograms, later marketed as Magic Eye.[16]
A computer procedure that extracts back the hidden geometry out of an autostereogram image was described by Ron Kimmel.[17] In addition to classical stereo it adds smoothness as an important assumption in the surface reconstruction.
How they work[edit]
Simple wallpaper[edit]
Stereopsis, or stereo vision, is the visual blending of two similar but not identical images into one, with resulting visual perception of solidity and depth.[18] [19] In the human brain, stereopsis results from complex mechanisms that form a three-dimensional impression by matching each point (or set of points) in one eye's view with the equivalent point (or set of points) in the other eye's view. Using binocular disparity, the brain derives the points' positions in the otherwise inscrutable z-axis (depth).
When the brain is presented with a repeating pattern like wallpaper, it has difficulty matching the two eyes' views accurately. By looking at a horizontally repeating pattern, but converging the two eyes at a point behind the pattern, it is possible to trick the brain into matching one element of the pattern, as seen by the left eye, with another (similar looking) element, beside the first, as seen by the right eye. With the typical wall-eyed viewing, this gives the illusion of a plane bearing the same pattern but located behind the real wall. The distance at which this plane lies behind the wall depends only on the spacing between identical elements.[20]
Autostereograms use this dependence of depth on spacing to create three-dimensional images. If, over some area of the picture, the pattern is repeated at smaller distances, that area will appear closer than the background plane. If the distance of repeats is longer over some area, then that area will appear more distant (like a hole in the plane).
People who have never been able to perceive 3D shapes hidden within an autostereogram find it hard to understand remarks such as, "the 3D image will just pop out of the background, after you stare at the picture long enough", or "the 3D objects will just emerge from the background". It helps to illustrate how 3D images "emerge" from the background from a second viewer's perspective. If the virtual 3D objects reconstructed by the autostereogram viewer's brain were real objects, a second viewer observing the scene from the side would see these objects floating in the air above the background image.
The 3D effects in the example autostereogram are created by repeating the tiger rider icons every 140 pixels on the background plane, the shark rider icons every 130 pixels on the second plane, and the tiger icons every 120 pixels on the highest plane. The closer a set of icons are packed horizontally, the higher they are lifted from the background plane. This repeat distance is referred to as the depth or z-axis value of a particular pattern in the autostereogram. The depth value is also known as Z-buffer value.
The brain is capable of almost instantly matching hundreds of patterns repeated at different intervals in order to recreate correct depth information for each pattern. An autostereogram may contain some 50 tigers of varying size, repeated at different intervals against a complex, repeated background. Yet, despite the apparent chaotic arrangement of patterns, the brain is able to place every tiger icon at its proper depth.[neutrality is disputed]
Depth maps[edit]
Autostereograms where patterns in a particular row are repeated horizontally with the same spacing can be read either cross-eyed or wall-eyed. In such autostereograms, both types of reading will produce similar depth interpretation, with the exception that the cross-eyed reading reverses the depth (images that once popped out are now pushed in).
However, icons in a row do not need to be arranged at identical intervals. An autostereogram with varying intervals between icons across a row presents these icons at different depth planes to the viewer. The depth for each icon is computed from the distance between it and its neighbor at the left. These types of autostereograms are designed to be read in only one way, either cross-eyed or wall-eyed. All autostereograms in this article are encoded for wall-eyed viewing, unless specifically marked otherwise. An autostereogram encoded for wall-eyed viewing will produce inverse patterns when viewed cross-eyed, and vice-versus.[b] Most Magic Eye pictures are also designed for wall-eyed viewing.
The wall-eyed depth map example autostereogram to the right encodes 3 planes across the x-axis. The background plane is on the left side of the picture. The highest plane is shown on the right side of the picture. There is a narrow middle plane in the middle of the x-axis. Starting with a background plane where icons are spaced at 140 pixels, one can raise a particular icon by shifting it a certain number of pixels to the left. For instance, the middle plane is created by shifting an icon 10 pixels to the left, effectively creating a spacing consisting of 130 pixels. The brain does not rely on intelligible icons which represent objects or concepts. In this autostereogram, patterns become smaller and smaller down the y-axis, until they look like random dots. The brain is still able to match these random dot patterns.
The distance relationship between any pixel and its counterpart in the equivalent pattern to the left can be expressed in a depth map. A depth map is simply a grayscale image which represents the distance between a pixel and its left counterpart using a grayscale value between black and white.[15] By convention, the closer the distance is, the brighter the color becomes.
Using this convention, a grayscale depth map for the example autostereogram can be created with black, gray and white representing shifts of 0 pixels, 10 pixels and 20 pixels, respectively as shown in the greyscale example autostereogram. A depth map is the key to creation of random-dot autostereograms.
A computer program can take a depth map and an accompanying pattern image to produce an autostereogram. The program tiles the pattern image horizontally to cover an area whose size is identical to the depth map. Conceptually, at every pixel in the output image, the program looks up the grayscale value of the equivalent pixel in the depth map image, and uses this value to determine the amount of horizontal shift required for the pixel.
One way to accomplish this is to make the program scan every line in the output image pixel-by-pixel from left to right. It seeds the first series of pixels in a row from the pattern image. Then it consults the depth map to retrieve appropriate shift values for subsequent pixels. For every pixel, it subtracts the shift from the width of the pattern image to arrive at a repeat interval. It uses this repeat interval to look up the color of the counterpart pixel to the left and uses its color as the new pixel's own color.[20]
Unlike the simple depth planes created by simple wallpaper autostereograms, subtle changes in spacing specified by the depth map can create the illusion of smooth gradients in distance. This is possible because the grayscale depth map allows individual pixels to be placed on one of 2n depth planes, where n is the number of bits used by each pixel in the depth map. In practice, the total number of depth planes is determined by the number of pixels used for the width of the pattern image. Each grayscale value must be translated into pixel space in order to shift pixels in the final autostereogram. As a result, the number of depth planes must be smaller than the pattern width.
The fine-tuned gradient requires a pattern image more complex than standard repeating-pattern wallpaper, so typically a pattern consisting of repeated random dots is used. When the autostereogram is viewed with proper viewing technique, a hidden 3D scene emerges. Autostereograms of this form are known as Random Dot Autostereograms.
Smooth gradients can also be achieved with an intelligible pattern, assuming that the pattern is complex enough and does not have big, horizontal, monotonic patches. A big area painted with monotonic color without change in hue and brightness does not lend itself to pixel shifting, as the result of the horizontal shift is identical to the original patch. The following depth map of a shark with smooth gradient produces a perfectly readable autostereogram, even though the 2D image contains small monotonic areas; the brain is able to recognize these small gaps and fill in the blanks (illusory contours). While intelligible, repeated patterns are used instead of random dots, this type of autostereogram is still known by many as a Random Dot Autostereogram, because it is created using the same process.
When a series of autostereograms are shown one after another, in the same way moving pictures are shown, the brain perceives an animated autostereogram. If all autostereograms in the animation are produced using the same background pattern, it is often possible to see faint outlines of parts of the moving 3D object in the 2D autostereogram image without wall-eyed viewing; the constantly shifting pixels of the moving object can be clearly distinguished from the static background plane. To eliminate this side effect, animated autostereograms often use shifting background in order to disguise the moving parts.
When a regular repeating pattern is viewed on a CRT monitor as if it were a wallpaper autostereogram, it is usually possible to see depth ripples. This can also be seen in the background to a static, random-dot autostereogram. These are caused by the sideways shifts in the image due to small changes in the deflection sensitivity (linearity) of the line scan, which then become interpreted as depth. This effect is especially apparent at the left hand edge of the screen where the scan speed is still settling after the flyback phase. On a TFT LCD, which functions differently, this does not occur and the effect is not present. Higher quality CRT displays also have better linearity and exhibit less or none of this effect.
Mechanisms for viewing[edit]
Much advice exists about seeing the intended three-dimensional image in an autostereogram. While some people may quickly see the 3D image in an autostereogram with little effort, others must learn to train their eyes to decouple eye convergence from lens focusing.
Not every person can see the 3D illusion in autostereograms. Because autostereograms are constructed based on stereo vision, persons with a variety of visual impairments, even those affecting only one eye, are unable to see the three-dimensional images.
People with amblyopia (also known as lazy eye) are unable to see the three-dimensional images. Children with poor or dysfunctional eyesight during a critical period in childhood may grow up stereoblind, as their brains are not stimulated by stereo images during the critical period. If such a vision problem is not corrected in early childhood, the damage becomes permanent and the adult will never be able to see autostereograms.[2][c] It is estimated that some 1 percent to 5 percent of the population is affected by amblyopia.[22]
3D perception[edit]
Depth perception results from many monocular and binocular visual clues. For objects relatively close to the eyes, binocular vision plays an important role in depth perception. Binocular vision allows the brain to create a single Cyclopean image and to attach a depth level to each point in it.[9]
The brain uses coordinate shift (also known as parallax) of matched objects to identify depth of these objects.[20] The depth level of each point in the combined image can be represented by a grayscale pixel on a 2D image, for the benefit of the reader. The closer a point appears to the brain, the brighter it is painted. Thus, the way the brain perceives depth using binocular vision can be captured by a depth map (Cyclopean image) painted based on coordinate shift.
The eye operates like a photographic camera. It has an adjustable iris which can open (or close) to allow more (or less) light to enter the eye. As with any camera except pinhole cameras, it needs to focus light rays entering through the iris (aperture in a camera) so that they focus on a single point on the retina in order to produce a sharp image. The eye achieves this goal by adjusting a lens behind the cornea to refract light appropriately.
Stereo-vision based on parallax allows the brain to calculate depths of objects relative to the point of convergence. It is the convergence angle that gives the brain the absolute reference depth value for the point of convergence from which absolute depths of all other objects can be inferred.
Simulated 3D perception[edit]
The eyes normally focus and converge at the same distance in a process known as accommodative convergence. That is, when looking at a faraway object, the brain automatically flattens the lenses and rotates the two eyeballs for wall-eyed viewing. It is possible to train the brain to decouple these two operations. This decoupling has no useful purpose in everyday life, because it prevents the brain from interpreting objects in a coherent manner. To see a man-made picture such as an autostereogram where patterns are repeated horizontally, however, decoupling of focusing from convergence is crucial.[2]
By focusing the lenses on a nearby autostereogram where patterns are repeated and by converging the eyeballs at a distant point behind the autostereogram image, one can trick the brain into seeing 3D images. If the patterns received by the two eyes are similar enough, the brain will consider these two patterns a match and treat them as coming from the same imaginary object. This type of visualization is known as wall-eyed viewing, because the eyeballs adopt a wall-eyed convergence on a distant plane, even though the autostereogram image is actually closer to the eyes.[20] Because the two eyeballs converge on a plane farther away, the perceived location of the imaginary object is behind the autostereogram. The imaginary object also appears bigger than the patterns on the autostereogram because of foreshortening.
The following autostereogram shows three rows of repeated patterns. Each pattern is repeated at a different interval to place it on a different depth plane. The two non-repeating lines can be used to verify correct wall-eyed viewing. When the autostereogram is correctly interpreted by the brain using wall-eyed viewing, and one stares at the dolphin in the middle of the visual field, the brain should see two sets of flickering lines, as a result of binocular rivalry.[9]
While there are six dolphin patterns in the autostereogram, the brain should see seven "apparent" dolphins on the plane of the autostereogram. This is a side effect of the pairing of similar patterns by the brain. There are five pairs of dolphin patterns in this image. This allows the brain to create five apparent dolphins. The leftmost pattern and the rightmost pattern by themselves have no partner, but the brain tries to assimilate these two patterns onto the established depth plane of adjacent dolphins despite binocular rivalry. As a result, there are seven apparent dolphins, with the leftmost and the rightmost ones appearing with a slight flicker, not dissimilar to the two sets of flickering lines observed when one stares at the 4th apparent dolphin.
Because of foreshortening, the difference in convergence needed to see repeated patterns on different planes causes the brain to attribute different sizes to patterns with identical 2D sizes. In the autostereogram of three rows of cubes, while all cubes have the same physical 2D dimensions, the ones on the top row appear bigger, because they are perceived as farther away than the cubes on the second and third rows.
Viewing techniques[edit]
If one has two eyes, fairly healthy eyesight, and no neurological conditions which prevent the perception of depth then one is capable of learning to see the images within autostereograms. "Like learning to ride a bicycle or to swim, some pick it up immediately, while others have a harder time."[23]
As with a photographic camera, it is easier to make the eye focus on an object when there is intense ambient light. With intense lighting, the eye can constrict the pupil, yet allow enough light to reach the retina. The more the eye resembles a pinhole camera, the less it depends on focusing through the lens.[d] In other words, the degree of decoupling between focusing and convergence needed to visualize an autostereogram is reduced. This places less strain on the brain. Therefore, it may be easier for first-time autostereogram viewers to "see" their first 3D images if they attempt this feat with bright lighting.
Vergence control is important in being able to see 3D images. Thus it may help to concentrate on converging/diverging the two eyes to shift images that reach the two eyes, instead of trying to see a clear, focused image. Although the lens adjusts reflexively in order to produce clear, focused images, voluntary control over this process is possible.[24] The viewer alternates instead between converging and diverging the two eyes, in the process seeing "double images" typically seen when one is drunk or otherwise intoxicated. Eventually the brain will successfully match a pair of patterns reported by the two eyes and lock onto this particular degree of convergence. The brain will also adjust eye lenses to get a clear image of the matched pair. Once this is done, the images around the matched patterns quickly become clear as the brain matches additional patterns using roughly the same degree of convergence.
When one moves one's attention from one depth plane to another (for instance, from the top row of the chessboard to the bottom row), the two eyes need to adjust their convergence to match the new repeating interval of patterns. If the level of change in convergence is too high during this shift, sometimes the brain can lose the hard-earned decoupling between focusing and convergence. For a first-time viewer, therefore, it may be easier to see the autostereogram, if the two eyes rehearse the convergence exercise on an autostereogram where the depth of patterns across a particular row remains constant.
In a random dot autostereogram, the 3D image is usually shown in the middle of the autostereogram against a background depth plane (see the shark autostereogram). It may help to establish proper convergence first by staring at either the top or the bottom of the autostereogram, where patterns are usually repeated at a constant interval. Once the brain locks onto the background depth plane, it has a reference convergence degree from which it can then match patterns at different depth levels in the middle of the image.
The majority of autostereograms, including those in this article, are designed for divergent (wall-eyed) viewing. One way to help the brain concentrate on divergence instead of focusing is to hold the picture in front of the face, with the nose touching the picture. With the picture so close to their eyes, most people cannot focus on the picture. The brain may give up trying to move eye muscles in order to get a clear picture. If one slowly pulls back the picture away from the face, while refraining from focusing or rotating eyes, at some point the brain will lock onto a pair of patterns when the distance between them matches the current convergence degree of the two eyeballs.[14]
Another way is to stare at an object behind the picture in an attempt to establish proper divergence, while keeping part of the eyesight fixed on the picture to convince the brain to focus on the picture. A modified method has the viewer focus on their reflection on a reflective surface of the picture, which the brain perceives as being located twice as far away as the picture itself. This may help persuade the brain to adopt the required divergence while focusing on the nearby picture.[25]
For crossed-eyed autostereograms, a different approach needs to be taken. The viewer may hold one finger between their eyes and move it slowly towards the picture, maintaining focus on the finger at all times, until they are correctly focused on the spot that will allow them to view the illusion.
- Stereogram and autostereogram
- Stereogram was originally used to describe as a pair of 2D images used in stereoscope to present a 3D image to viewers. The "auto" in autostereogram describes an image that does not require a stereoscope. The term stereogram is now often used interchangeably with autostereogram.[26] Dr. Christopher Tyler, inventor of the autostereogram, consistently refers to single image stereograms as autostereograms to distinguish them from other forms of stereograms.[15][need quotation to verify]
- Random dot stereogram (RDS)
- Random dot stereogram, describes a pair of 2D images containing random dots which, when viewed with a stereoscope, produced a 3D image. The term is now often used interchangeably with random dot autostereogram.[14][20]
- Single image stereogram (SIS)
- Single image stereogram (SIS). SIS differs from earlier stereograms in its use of a single 2D image instead of a stereo pair and is viewed without a device. Thus, the term is often used as a synonym of autostereogram. When the single 2D image is viewed with proper eye convergence, it causes the brain to fuse different patterns perceived by the two eyes into a virtual 3D image without, hidden within the 2D image, the aid of any optical equipment. SIS images are created using a repeating pattern.[15][27] Programs for their creation include Mathematica.[28][29]
- Random dot autostereogram/hidden image stereogram
- Is also known as single image random dot stereogram (SIRDS). This term also refers to autostereograms where the hidden 3D image is created using a random pattern of dots within one image,[27] shaped by a depth map within a dedicated stereogram rendering program.[30]
- Wallpaper autostereogram/object array stereogram/texture offset stereogram
- Wallpaper autostereogram is a single 2D image where recognizable patterns are repeated at various intervals to raise or lower each pattern's perceived 3D location in relation to the display surface. Despite the repetition, these are a type of single image autostereogram.
- An single image random text ASCII stereogram is an alternative to SIRDS using random ASCII text instead of dots to produce a 3D form of ASCII art.
- Map textured stereogram
- In a map textured stereogram, "a fitted texture is mapped onto the depth image and repeated a number of times" resulting in a pattern where the resulting 3D image is often partially or fully visible before viewing.[30]
See also[edit]
- ^ a b The terms "cross-eyed" and "wall-eyed" are borrowed from synonyms for various forms of strabismus, a condition where eyes do not point in the same direction when looking at an object. Wall-eyed viewing is informally known as parallel-viewing.
- ^ a b If a two-image stereogram, wallpaper, or random-dot autostereogram designed for wall-eyed viewing is viewed cross-eyed, or vice-versus, all details on the z-axis will be reversed – objects that were meant to be seen to rise above the background will appear to sink into it. However, there may be some incoherence due to overlapping (an object originally intended to project in front of another object will now project behind it). For example, the black lines in File:Stereogram Tut Simple.png.
- ^ It is generally thought that amblyopia is a permanent condition, but NPR reports a case where a patient with amblyopia regains stereo vision (Susan R. Barry).[21]
- ^ See aperture on similarity between aperture and pupil. See depth of field for relationship between aperture and lens.
- ^ a b c Stephen M. Kosslyn, Daniel N. Osherson (1995). An Invitation to Cognitive Science, 2nd Edition - Vol. 2: Visual Cognition, p. 65 fig. 1.49. ISBN 978-0-262-15042-2.
- ^ a b c d Pinker, S. (1997). "The Mind's Eye", How the Mind Works, pp. 211–233. ISBN 0-393-31848-6.
- ^ Wheatstone, Charles (1838). "Contributions to the Physiology of Vision, 1. On Some Remarkable, and Hitherto Unobserved, Phenomena of Binocular Vision", Philosophical Transactions. London: Royal Society of London. (Stereoscopy.com).
- ^ Brewster, David (1856). The Stereoscope: Its History, Theory, and Construction, with Its Application to the Fine and Useful Arts and to Education,[page needed]. J. Murray.
- ^ Kompaneysky, Boris N. (1939). "Depth sensations: Analysis of the theory of simulation by non exactly corresponding points", Bulletin of Ophthalmology (USSR) 14, pp. 90–105. (Russian)
- ^ a b Weibel, Peter (2005). Beyond Art: A Third Culture: A Comparative Study in Cultures, Art and Science in 20th Century Austria and Hungary, p. 29. ISBN 978-3-211-24562-0.
- ^ Julesz, Bela (1960). "Binocular depth perception of computer-generated patterns", Bell Technical Journal, p. 39.
- ^ Julesz, Bela (1964). "Binocular depth perception without familiarity cues", Science, p. 145.
- ^ a b c Julesz, B. (1971). Foundations of Cyclopean Perception,[page needed]. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-41527-9.
- ^ Shimoj, S. (1994). Interview with Bela Julesz. In Horibuchi, S. (Ed.), Super Stereogram, pp. 85–93. San Francisco: Cadence Books. ISBN 1-56931-025-4.
- ^ Weibel (2005), p. 125.
- ^ Sakana, Itsuo (1994). Stereogram, pp. 75–76. Ed. Seiji Horibuchi and Yuki Inonue. San Francisco: Cadence Books. [ISBN missing]
- ^ Tyler, Christopher W. (1983). "Sensory processing of binocular disparity", Vergence Eye Movements, Basic and Clinical Aspects,[page needed]. ed. L.M. Schor and K.J. Ciuffreda. London. 0409950327.
- ^ a b c Magic Eye Inc. (2004). Magic Eye: Beyond 3D,[page needed]. Kansas City: Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 0-7407-4527-1.
- ^ a b c d Tyler, C.W. (1994). "The Birth of Computer Stereograms for Unaided Stereovision". In Horibuchi, S. (Ed.), Stereogram (pp. 83–89). San Francisco: Cadence Books. ISBN 0-929279-85-9.
- ^ Innovation and Visualization: Trajectories, Strategies, and Myths. p. 211. Retrieved 2013-07-02.
- ^ R. Kimmel. (2002) 3D Shape Reconstruction from Autostereograms and Stereo. Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation, 13:324–333.
- ^ Cassin, B. and Solomon, S. (1990). Dictionary of Eye Terminology,[page needed]. Gainesville, Florida: Triad Publishing Company. [ISBN missing]
- ^ Tyler, Christopher W., Lauren Barghout, and Leonid L. Kontsevich. "Computational reconstruction of the mechanisms of human stereopsis." Computational Vision Based on Neurobiology. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 1994.
- ^ a b c d e Andrew A. Kinsman (1992). Random Dot Stereograms,[page needed]. Rochester: Kinsman Physics. ISBN 0-9630142-1-8.
- ^ Krulwich, Robert (2006). "Going Binocular: Susan's First Snowfall", NPR.org.
- ^ Webber, Ann; Joanne Wood (November 2005). "Amblyopia - prevalence, natural history, functional effects and treatment". Clinical and Experimental Optometry. Retrieved 2006-07-17.
- ^ Kosslyn and Osherson (1995), p. 64.
- ^ McLin LN Jr, Schor CM (1988 Nov). "Voluntary effort as a stimulus to accommodation and vergence.", Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci., Vol. 29, No. 11, pp. 1739–46. PMID 3182206.
- ^ Magic Eye Inc. (2004). Magic Eye: 3D Hidden Treasures,[page needed]. Kansas City: Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 0-7407-4791-6.
- ^ Horibuchi, S. (1994). Stereogram, pp. 8–10, 22, 32, 36. San Francisco: Cadence Books. ISBN 0-929279-85-9. The term stereogram is used as a synonym of stereo pair, autostereogram, and random dot autostereogram throughout the book.
- ^ a b Open University Course Team (2008) The Science of the Senses, p. 183. Open University. ISBN 0-7492-1450-3.
- ^ Donald Row, Talmage James Reid (2011). Geometry, Perspective Drawing, and Mechanisms, p. 142. ISBN 978-981-4343-82-4.
- ^ Heikki Ruskeepää (2009). Mathematica Navigator: Mathematics, Statistics, and Graphics, p. 146. ISBN 978-0-12-374164-6. [1].
- ^ a b Gene Levine, Gary W. Priester (2008). Hidden Treasures: 3-D Stereograms,[page needed]. ISBN 978-1-4027-5145-5.
- N. E. Thing Enterprises (1993). Magic Eye: A New Way of Looking at the World. Kansas City: Andrews and McMeel. ISBN 0-8362-7006-1
- Tyler, C.W. and Clarke, M.B. (1990) "The Autostereogram". Stereoscopic Displays and Applications, Proc. SPIE Vol. 1258:182–196.
- Marr, D. and Poggio, T. (1976). "Cooperative computation of stereo disparity". Science, 194:283–287; October 15.
- Julesz, B. (1964). "Binocular depth perception without familiarity cues". Science, 145:356–363.
- Julesz, B. (1963). "Stereopsis and binocular 3d Stereogram rivalry of contours". Journal of the Optical Society of America, 53:994–999.
- Julesz, B. and J.E. Miller. (1962). "Automatic stereoscopic presentation of functions of two variables". Bell System Technical Journal, 41:663–676; March.
- Scott B. Steinman, Barbara A. Steinman and Ralph Philip Garzia. (2000). Foundations of Binocular Vision: A Clinical perspective. McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 0-8385-2670-5
- Ron Kimmel. (2002) 3D Shape Reconstruction from Autostereograms and Stereo. Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation, 13:324–333.
External links[edit]
- Media related to Autostereograms at Wikimedia Commons
- Scholarpedia article on autostereograms Peer-reviewed article on autostereograms by Christopher Tyler
- Autostereograms - 3D Magic eye, SIRDS - Gallery Images
- Online ASCII stereogram generator
- Stereogram examples
- Animated autostereogram of two tori at the Wayback Machine (archived March 26, 2009)