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The current organization of science in China has implications for Chinese global change research and for individuals or foreign institutions that may wish to collaborate. This chapter reports on the basic organization of major institutions that conduct research, fund, or set policies that bear significantly on the conduct of global change science in China.1 Chinese institutions conducting global change research are organized into several separate, vertically integrated administrative systems (Figure 3-1). For example, the State Meteorological Administration (SMA) has its own Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) has 123 institutes covering the range of scientific disciplines, the State Oceanographic Administration (SOA) has its own research institutes, and the National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA), an independent agency only since 1988, has already established five institutes and its own Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES). Administrative, funding, and personnel policies in turn reinforce this type of vertical organization.
The lack of internal and external disciplinary or programmatic integration of scientific institutions can lead to unnecessary duplication of efforts, and problems communicating data across institutional structures limits the effectiveness of research. The problem of paral-
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Overview of Institutions Revelant to Global Change Research
The current organization of science in China has implications for Chinese global change research and for individuals or foreign institutions that may wish to collaborate. This chapter reports on the basic organization of major institutions that conduct research, fund, or set policies that bear significantly on the conduct of global change science in China.1 Chinese institutions conducting global change research are organized into several separate, vertically integrated administrative systems (Figure 3-1). For example, the State Meteorological Administration (SMA) has its own Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) has 123 institutes covering the range of scientific disciplines, the State Oceanographic Administration (SOA) has its own research institutes, and the National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA), an independent agency only since 1988, has already established five institutes and its own Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES). Administrative, funding, and personnel policies in turn reinforce this type of vertical organization.
The lack of internal and external disciplinary or programmatic integration of scientific institutions can lead to unnecessary duplication of efforts, and problems communicating data across institutional structures limits the effectiveness of research. The problem of paral-
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Figure 3-1 Simplified organization of institutions involved in Chinese global change research, policy, or funding (CAMS: Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences; CAS: Chinese Academy of Sciences; CAST: China Association of Science and Technology, CRAES: Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences; NEPA: National Environmental Protection Agency; NSFC: National Natural Science Foundation of China; SEDC: State Education Commission; SEPC: State Environmental Protection Commission; SMA: State Meteorological Administration; State Oceanographic Administration; SPC: State Planning Commission; SSTC: State Science and Technology Commission).
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lel vertical organization and resulting lack of integration is especially relevant for global change research, given the need for multi- and interdisciplinary research programs. For example, both SMA and CAS are trying to develop general circulation models—a huge and duplicative investment of scarce science resources. And, the CAS Institute of Atmospheric Physics, instead of working with the CAS Institute of Botany (a center of excellence in vegetation modeling), is contemplating starting its own ecological division for climate-vegetation interaction studies.
Chinese scientists are aware of these inefficiencies and compensate through ingenuity and individual collaborations. Fortunately, as Chinese participation in international global change research programs increases, it appears to promote larger scale multidisciplinary and interinstitutional research projects that span various administrative systems. While integration is still limited, it is a significant first step in mitigating constraints imposed by vertical organization.
One of the biggest problems resulting from the way science is organized in China is the effect on the collection, management, and accessibility of data. Emissions data collected by ministries are controlled by bureaucrats who are suspicious of any access or analysis because these data are often considered important to national security. Data collected by individual scientists often remain undocumented, and basic scientific data management principles do not appear to have been widely adopted by the research community. Data generated may often become a commodity, if they are available at all to outside parties. The problem of charging for data exists at all levels in China, a fact further complicated by the lack of interinstitutional cooperation. Often, the response to the difficulty in accessing data has been for institutions to devote their own resources to collecting their own, duplicative data.
Economic reforms and tighter budgets have changed the way science is funded in China in the past decade. More and more, funding is being awarded on a grant basis for specific projects, and research institutions are responsible for raising more and more of their own funding for direct program costs. One result of these changes has been ever increasing pressure on Chinese institutions to seek international cooperation to carry out research projects, to gain access to expertise, training opportunities, and equipment.
Funding for scientific research comes from various governmental
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sources and reflects the organization of science by administrative systems, each of which receives its own budget for operations such as research. Consequently, "the distribution of research expenditures, the decision as to projects to proceed with and the organizing of scientific research are basically done by administrative means" (Li 1990). This organization complicates funding for global change research, which must cut across these separate administrative systems in many cases. However, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (see below), which was established directly under the State Council in 1986, does offer an important alternative that stresses science-driven research and funding for basic and applied basic research.2
Overall, annual government spending on science and technology is about 1 percent of gross national product. Annual expenditures for basic research3 [in 1990] was "about 800 million yuan (approximately $200 million), accounting for 7 percent of all government investment in science and technology" (Li 1990).
For the funding of global change research, the most important institutions are probably NSFC and the State Science and Technology Administration (SSTC), followed by CAS. NSFC, as discussed in detail below, has the mandate and mechanisms for funding initiatives in global change. The biggest problem, though, are the limits of NSFC's relatively small overall budget. SSTC (see below), as a broker of funding and a coordinator for civilian science initiatives, also can play a substantive role in organizing the necessarily integrated global change research activities at the requisite scales. CAS is important, too, in that, as a separate administrative system, it could choose to make global change research a funding priority in its budget, and, given CAS' preeminent role in global change research, it would have direct and significant ramifications on China's national global change research agenda.
The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) has taken the lead in global change research for three reasons. First, the Chinese global change effort is due, in large part, to the commitment and unflagging efforts of Ye Duzheng, director emeritus of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, CAS special advisor (a senior position of considerable stature), and chairman of the China National Committee for the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (CNCIGBP). He has believed from the very beginnings of international discourse that China should be concerned about global change and should organize a scientific
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response. Second, CAS has a national research infrastructure covering all of the scientific disciplines relevant to global change. And third, CAS is perceived by other Chinese institutions as having responsibility for basic research, and global change is perceived as basic science.
CAS is based on the Soviet model of creating institutes organized around specific disciplines, and it currently is composed of 123 institutes, the University of Science and Technology of China in Hefei, 22 open laboratories, a few of which are also national key laboratories,4 affiliated corporations, and a library. CAS institutes can confer degrees; 118 award master's degrees and 83 award Ph.Ds. Personnel number over 80,000, approximately two-thirds of which are scientists or technicians. In China, CAS is considered the leading scientific institution for basic research in China. Currently, approximately onequarter of its research is considered basic, which is still more than other institutions in China (CAS undated a). However, since the early 1980s, CAS has been increasingly emphasizing applied research.
Five of nine subcenters for World Data Center (WDC)-D are located in CAS institutions, where the following databases are maintained: renewable natural resources and the environment data at the Commission for Integrated Survey of Natural Resources (CISNAR); astronomy data at the Beijing Astronomical Observatory; glaciology and geocryology data at the Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology; geophysical data at the Institute of Geophysics; and space science data at the Research Center for Space Science and Applications.
Institutes within CAS do collaborate, but often it is along disciplinary lines for specific larger projects, often with little or no integrative function incorporated into the project design. CAS has recently begun to reform its personnel policies to encourage movement of scientists among institutions in ways that would make collaboration easier. Also, as mentioned above, the development of the open laboratory system is specifically designed to increase staff mobility, improve the quality of research, reduce duplication, and build links to non-CAS and foreign researchers and institutions; these are important and positive steps.
Although CAS was not completely disabled during the Cultural Revolution, it was decentralized. Since the mid-1970s, CAS has recentralized somewhat, although it retains a system of 12 branches that have a voice in their local institutes' research and funding. Overall, institutes have quite a bit of autonomy, which they exercise as funding permits (Saich 1989). Further information about CAS institutes and research can be found in other chapters and in Appendix A.
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The National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA) began as the implementing arm of the State Environmental Protection Commission (SEPC) (see below). In 1988, NEPA's status was elevated to one of an independent agency operating under the State Council. Qu Geping, vice chairman of SEPC, is the NEPA administrator. In its short history, NEPA has made great strides in devising standards for environmental quality and establishing a discharge permit system in 230 cities, an ambient monitoring system, and an enforcement policy. NEPA's primary emphasis has been on local and regional environmental issues. It is clear that NEPA is addressing global environmental change in its work in addition to domestic efforts to address environmental issues, yet NEPA has not responded to the open invitation to join CNCIGBP.
In the fall of 1991, a United Nations Development Program (UNDP) delegation visited China to assist in the development of Chinese policies concerning the Montreal Protocol. In fact, NEPA is the agency coordinating various ministries in China to gather information for a UNDP report on recommendations for global ozone protection. Another successful effort has been collaborative work between the NEPA and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on coal-bed methane, which was the basis for a $10 million grant from the Global Environment Facility5 in 1992.
Moreover, China has received $2 million from the Global Environment Facility to conduct a 2-year study on the control and mitigation of greenhouse gases that will be implemented through NEPA. This study will include a study of potential impacts of climate change during the next 50 to 100 years by reviewing models for sea-level rise and other impacts of climate change to assess human, social, and economic impacts, by assessing various mitigation strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and by making policy recommendations.
NEPA is conducting studies of existing and projected chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) production and technology needs in order to come up with a plan for phasing out CFCs over the next 10 to 20 years, if not sooner. NEPA and EPA have organized technical assistance projects for the Chinese to learn more about alternative CFC technologies. For example, China is developing alternatives to CFC refrigeration. NEPA is especially interested in conservation technologies (for example, recycling and reclamation) as a means of meeting the growing demand for CFCs in China. China estimates that its 1996 CFC production will be 60,000 tons, but the Ministry of Chemical Industry
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has stepped up efforts to find alternatives since China became a Montreal Protocol signatory.
In 1991, construction began on the Sino—Japanese Friendship Environmental Protection Center at NEPA in Beijing. Total cost of the center is estimated to be approximately $70 million. When completed in 1994, the center will house six departments: (1) environmental monitoring, (2) environmental pollution control technology, (3) environmental information, (4) environmental strategy and policy, (5) environmental training and education, and (6) administration. Staff size is projected to be 500. It is expected that this center will develop programs relating to global environment; however, it is too early to know more with great certainty or detail. NEPA plans to have a national monitoring system and a national environmental information system administered through this center.
NEPA maintains its own research academy, CRAES, in Beijing, the Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science (Appendix A), the South China Institute of Environmental Protection, the Xinjiang Institute of Environmental Research, the Institute of Environmental and Economic Policy Research, and the Wuhan University Institute of Environmental Law Research.
Under CRAES, which was founded in 1979, various institutes conduct research in most aspects of environmental studies: the Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Water Environment, Institute of Ecological Environment, Institute of Analysis and Measurement, Institute of Environmental Management, Institute of Environmental Standards, Institute of Environmental Information, and the Center of Computation (which has environmental databases). Research projects are usually funded by NEPA and SSTC.
Since 1988, CRAES has sponsored the journal, Environmental Science Research (Huanjing Kexue Yanjiu), the chief editor of which is Liu Hongliang. CRAES staff also edit the journals Environmental Science and Technology Information (Huanjing Keji Qingbao) and Translation of Environmental Science (Huanjing Kexue Yicong). Also, Wang Wenxing, a professor of environmental chemistry at CRAES, is the chief editor of China Environmental Science (Zhongguo Huanjing Kexue), a leading journal that is published bimonthly in Chinese.
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) was established in 1986 under the State Council, although it functions independently. Prompted in part by the establishment of the International Geosphere and Biosphere Program (IGBP), NSFC has directed
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its attention to the environmental and, in particular, global change sciences. The NSFC's Guide to Programs (NSFC 1990) indicates a high degree of sophistication in its understanding of global change as an emerging scientific discipline, as well as of its implications for economic development. It is eager to support and to participate in IGBP and World Climate Research Program (WCRP) strategies in the study of global change, and to coordinate its research effort in jointly funded national and international projects.
The main task of the NSFC is to ''guide, coordinate, and support6 basic research and part of applied research'' (Li 1990). Unlike other funding sources, applications to NSFC are subjected to a peer review process by scientific experts. Furthermore, "scientists are responsible to the NSFC only, and they may independently decide how to use the grants provided, and how to implement the projects" (Li 1990). NSFC supports studies of the impact of human activities at the interfaces between layers: lithosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. Still, the NSFC recognizes that, with China's weak economic, scientific, and technological base, as well as its limited financial resources, its smaller scale projects will be limited for the foreseeable future to those fundamental issues that reflect the country's own interests, for example, those concerned with economic development, and that take advantage of the country's expertise.
NSFC projects are divided into three categories: general, key, and major. General projects receive relatively small grants, and awards deliberately support the widest range possible of ideas, people, and geographical location. General projects usually receive between 60,000 ($11,000) and 70,000 ($12,700) yuan over 3 years. Key projects are selected from the general pool of applications for their academic significance and for their potential applications. Key project funding usually is between 500,000 ($91,000) and 700,000 ($127,000) yuan for 3 years. Major projects are comprehensive topics that are selected for their importance to the development of science and to Chinese economic development goals. Funding levels begin at 2 million yuan ($364,000) for 5 years (Li 1990). Appendix B provides an extensive listing of general, key, and major projects relevant to global change. In general, NSFC plans to emphasize paleoclimatic study (improved sensitivity), near-term climate change, and biogeochemical interaction mechanisms.
The NSFC is divided into six departments and one group: (1) Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, (2) Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, (3) Department of Life Sciences, (4) Department of Earth Sciences, (5) Department of Material
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TABLE 3-1 Global change project funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China, 1986–1992 ($1=5.5 yuan)
Number of Projects
Major Projects
$ 4,545,455
Key Projects
General Projects
and Engineering Sciences, (6) the Department of Information Science, and (7) the Management Science Group.
Between 1986 and 1992, NSFC reported funding 99 global change projects (Table 3-1). Six global change disciplines are handled by the Department of Earth Sciences: (1) geography (including remote sensing) and soil science, (2) geological sciences, (3) geochemistry, (4) geophysics and space physics, (5) atmospheric sciences, and (6) ocean sciences (Table 3-2).
The total 1990 program budget for NSFC was 160 million yuan ($29,090,000),6 marking the fifth consecutive year of increased funding. The projected 1990 budget for the Department of Earth Sciences was more than 14 million yuan ($2,576,364). Out of 1,659 applications, 371 projects (22.4 percent) received awards. The average support per project was approximately 48,500 yuan ($8,800). See Appendix B for a recent listing of global change projects that have received NSFC funding.
The State Education Commission (SEDC), directed by Li Tieying, was established by the State Council in 1985 to reform, manage, and further develop the educational system that had previously been under the aegis of the Ministry of Education. Although it has ultimate responsibility for colleges and universities, direct supervisory control is often delegated to provincial education commissions, ministries or other relevant cosponsoring institutions, for example, CAS (Reed 1989).
Chinese institutions of higher education have designations and are organized differently than in the West. National "key" institutions of higher education are the most prestigious, receive more funding, attract the best students, and have the best facilities. Provincial "key"
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TABLE 3-2 Project awards in the Department of Earth Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, 1987–1989 ($1=5.5 yuan)
Name of Discipline
Projected Funding for 1990
Geography and Soil Sciences
$ 485,455
$ 523,636
$ 598,182
$ 612,727
Geological Sciences
Geophysics and Space Physics
Atmospheric Sciences
Ocean Sciences
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institutions rank just behind the ones at the national level. The Chinese adopted the Soviet-style of educational organization in the 1950s, which organized institutions according to narrow specialties (Reed 1989). As the report has noted in reference to the organization of research institutions, organizing along narrow specializations limits opportunities for inter- and multidisciplinary collaborations.
Of the educational institutions relevant to this report, SEDC administers a range of institutions of higher learning. Comprehensive universities, for example Peking, Fudan, Nanjing, and Zhongshan, offer basic and applied sciences and social sciences and/or humanities. Polytechnical universities, for example, Qinghua, Tongji, Zhejiang, and Shanghai Jiaotong, offer applied sciences and engineering. Institutions of science and technology offer specialized training in specific areas of basic sciences or engineering, and they are often administered in conjunction with respective ministries. "Normal" colleges and universities train teachers, and Beijing Normal University and the East China Normal University are the most prestigious examples. Agricultural universities and colleges are administered in conjunction with the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) or its bureaux (Reed 1989).
SEDC is not really involved in the graduate programs in CAS research institutes, although CAS does use SEDC entrance examinations in selecting students. SEDC does administer with CAS the CAS University of Science and Technology of China in Hefei and the CAS Graduate School for Science and Technology in Beijing.
The panel found that SEDC has not responded to the global change agenda in any formal way at the national level, although individual universities administered by SEDC are involved in research related to global change. In the cases where the Chinese noted university activities as part of the global change program, the panel requested further information and visited those institutions where possible. Further information about those projects is found in the next chapters and appendixes of this report.
Although a more detailed examination of current educational enrollment and curricula was beyond the scope and resources of this study, the panel did identify two innovative initiatives in global change education that signal interest and instances of creative response on the part of the Chinese: CAS is developing a proposal for the advanced training of scientific personnel and Beijing Normal University is developing a proposal for the basic training of pre-college teachers. The two new Chinese education initiatives focus on global environmental change at the largest scales, which the planners recognize requires international understanding to manage effectively.
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The CAS initiative is particularly strong because it promotes global change education expressly for developing countries in Asia. Advanced training would be provided during an intensive 3-week summer institute for postgraduate students, recent Ph. Ds, and younger scientists currently studying or conducting research in IGBP-related areas. About one-third of the participants would be chosen from other Asian countries. This proposal has been endorsed in principle by the scientific committee of the IGBP. The leading organizer of this proposal is Fu Congbin at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics.
Beijing Normal University is proposing a summer school for advanced teacher training in global change science, which will target current and prospective teachers of pre-college and beginning higher general education students. This university has offered intensive summer environmental science courses in previous years, and the proposed new initiative builds on that experience. Planning is now under way by Wang Huadong, director of the Beijing Normal's Institute of Environmental Sciences and Xu Jialin. (Wang and Xu have authored Chinese language textbooks of environmental sciences and are also coauthors of The Natural History of China.) In addition, active participation is expected by Liu Jingyi, past director of the CAS Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, and by the Chinese Society of Environmental Sciences, in which all three of these scientists are active.
This proposed effort to conduct innovative environmental education in China would introduce new subject matter about global change issues and also provide an opportunity for new methods of presenting complex workings of environmental systems. The participants are expected to develop new skills to help them become innovators in future environmental management or in education.
The panel also identified a tripartite agreement signed among Peking University's Center for Environmental Sciences, the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the University of Michigan in 1991 to hold annual workshops to promote international interdisciplinary research and training on global change. Tang Xiaoyan is the principal Chinese investigator and Thomas Donahue is the principal American investigator. The first meeting was supposed to be held in the former Soviet Union in 1992 but it was canceled. While details about training activities were not identified, this endeavor appears to have interesting potential.
The requirements of global change research in any country are creating pressures on educational systems that are not currently designed to respond very well to these demands. It is welcome to see that the importance of global change education is prompting proposed programs in China, as it should elsewhere without further delay.
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The State Environmental Protection Commission (SEPC) was established by the State Council in 1984 and is the leading decision-making body in China for environmental issues. Membership includes the heads of all relevant ministries and agencies (SSTC, State Economic Commission, State Planning Commission, Ministry of Urban and Rural Construction, Ministry of Forestry, MOA, Ministry of Water Resources, various industrial ministries, and the Ministry of Energy), who meet quarterly to review and set environmental policy and provide interagency coordination. NEPA is the SEPC secretariat.
The State Meteorological Administration (SMA), under the direction of Zou Jingmeng, has three major centers, the National Meteorological Center,7 the National Satellite Meteorological Center, and CAMS. Additionally, the administrative offices for the Chinese National Climate Committee and the National Climate Change Coordination Group (NCCCG) are located at SMA (Chapter 2). Of these major centers, CAMS is where SMA's research is conducted. Further details about CAMS and global change research being conducted there can be found in Chapters 4 and 5 and Appendix A.
Meteorological data in China are particularly robust and have a historical depth unmatched by any other country. Currently, SMA has more than 2,600 surface observational stations, upper-air sounding stations, weather radar stations, and various specialized meteorological stations. The monitoring network has six regional centers (Shanghai, Wuhan, Shenyang, Guangzhou, Chengdu, and Lanzhou) that are operational or under construction. Each province has a meteorological bureau, each prefecture has a weather office, and each county has a weather station. At the national level, the National Meteorological Center provides data and information, climate analysis, and other meteorological services. SMA has two satellites transmitting Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data. These data are handled by SMA's National Meteorological Satellite Center.
The State Oceanographic Administration (SOA), founded in 1964 and directed by Yan Hongmo, is an active participant in Tropical
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Ocean and Global Atmosphere (TOGA) (approximately 100 scientists have been involved) and World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) research. Additionally, SOA has collaborated on a joint air-sea interaction project with U.S. researchers and a cooperative project with the Japanese to study the Kuroshio Ocean Current. Further details can be found in Chapters 4 and 5.
SOA is responsible for ocean surveys, oceanographic research and monitoring, and marine resource management. SOA has three branch offices: Qingdao for activities related to the North Sea, Shanghai for activities related to the East China Sea, and Guangzhou for activities related to the South China Sea. SOA operates the First, Second, and Third Institutes of Oceanography, the Institute of Marine Environmental Protection, the Institute of Ocean Technology, the Institute of Marine Scientific and Technological Information,8 the Institute of Desalination, the Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, the China Ocean Press, and the Ningbo Oceanography School. It operates 42 research and monitoring vessels (four are 10 kilotons or heavier), two remote sensing aircraft, eight central marine stations, 58 marine investigation stations, three monitoring and surveillance centers, 12 data buoys, and three regional forecasting stations.
The State Planning Commission (SPC), under the chairmanship of Vice Premier Zou Jiahua is the largest comprehensive department under the State Council and the highest administrative organ for macroeconomic management. In China's centrally planned economy, SPC is responsible for producing the 5-year plans, which detail the overall budgets for institutions such as CAS, NSFC, SSTC, and the ministries. SPC awards key project grants that provide fairly substantial funding. In general, the trend in government has been away from block financing to institutions in favor of project specific grants.
According to Li Fuxian, deputy director of the SPC National and Regional Planning and Development Bureau, SPC, like other Chinese agencies, is committed to working with SSTC, NEPA, SMA, and other relevant ministries to study global environmental issues. To that end, SPC was charged with coordinating the production of the "National Report of the People's Republic of China on Environment and Development" for the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), which had a specific section on the impact of global warming on China (SPC 1991).
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The State Science and Technology Commission (SSTC), which operates directly under the State Council, is the leading administrative agency for civilian science and technology. Song Jian is the chairman and he also is a state counselor, chairman of SEPC, and chairman of various other environmental committees, including being the honorary chairman of the CNCIGBP.
SSTC is responsible for developing science and technology policy and guidelines and for applying science and technology for economic growth. Budgets for research and development in science and technology are administered through SSTC, including the CAS and other research institutes in various government agencies. Clearly, the strength of Chinese global change research is dependent upon favorable support by SSTC.
Of the 100 million yuan budgeted for environmental protection research in the Eighth 5-Year Plan, SSTC is allocating 80 million (NEPA is contributing the remainder). Six major environment projects, which concentrate on atmosphere and water pollution, have been identified, and responses to global climate change is one.
In 1989, the Department of Science and Technology for Social Development was established and was originally headed by Deng Xiaoping's daughter, Deng Nan, (vice chairman of the CNCIGBP). This department, now under the direction of Gan Shijun, is responsible for coordinating funding and overall administration of many projects, including those related to environment and global change. Within a given project, detailed project management is delegated to groups of experts.
The department is a member of NCCCG (Chapter 2). As a member, SSTC chairs the working group for response strategies, and, to this end, will develop a national response strategy for global climate change with financing from the Asian Development Bank. SSTC will assess current and projected greenhouse gas emissions, review strategies for reducing them, and analyze policy implications. Additionally, SSTC selected the study of changes in the life-supporting environment in the next 20 to 50 years to be one of the national key projects under the Eighth 5-Year Plan, for which Ye Duzheng, CAS, is the lead scientist (Chapter 2). A large-scale, multidisciplinary project, The Origin, Evolution, Environmental Changes, and Ecosystems of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is administered by SSTC (Chapter 4). The SSTC project coordinator for global climate change projects is Wen Jianping.
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SSTC administers the National Remote Sensing Center, but actual research and training are carried out at various research institutions.
The panel decided that, although some ministries do control important emissions data that are relevant to global change research, a discussion of their overall roles does not fit the objectives of this chapter. Relevant research activities of various ministries are reported elsewhere in this report.
Applied basic research is defined here as basic research that is oriented to some application (Li 1990).
Basic research is defined here as "mainly aimed at understanding natural phenomena, discovering objective laws and conducting systematic investigation, examination, and analysis of basic scientific data and exploring the associated laws" (Li 1990).
Open laboratories are a CAS designation that means the facility has met certain standards for operation and equipment and that it is open to non-CAS organizations and foreign scientists. These laboratories usually receive 100 to 200 percent higher funding from CAS. Staff mobility, openness to outside researchers, graduate training, multi-institutional and international collaboration are stressed. National key laboratories are similar to, and took their lead from, CAS' open laboratories. In fact, all national key laboratories at CAS are also open laboratories. National key laboratories at CAS stress applied over basic research. While CAS has developed and runs open laboratories, most of the national key laboratories are run by the State Education Commission (SEDC). The basic difference between them is that open laboratories stress research and national key laboratories stress education (Abramson 1990).
The Global Environment Facility is a multilateral fund set up by governments, the World Bank, the United Nations Environment Program, and the United Nations Development Program to finance grants and low-interest loans to developing countries for projects related to global environment, for example, greenhouse gas response strategies, biodiversity action plans, and technology transfers.
NSFC funding covers only direct project costs.
The WDC-D subcenter for atmospheric data is located in the Information Office of this center.
The WDC-D subcenter for oceanography data is located in this institute.


text:
Obituaries for Friday, Aug. 23, 2013
David "Hawkeye Whitney" Lee Ware
David "Hawkeye Whitney" Lee Ware, 50, of Henderson, went home to the Lord on Wednesday, Aug. 21, 2013, after a lengthy struggle with cancer.
David was born in Henderson County to John and Sara Ware on Dec. 10, 1962. He graduated from Henderson County High School in 1981 and worked for Brenntag Mid-South until diagnosed with cancer in 2008. David was not bound by the disease, but pursued and embraced his life, wasting nothing, not even time. He was quiet, kind and devoted to his God, his wife, Darlene, his family and those honored to be called his friends.
He loved gardening, yard work, hunting, fishing and his beagles. He served others in love, working behind the scenes by growing vegetables to feed the elderly, carrying boxes at Help Henderson, cooking for local foster/adoptive parents and pouring his heart into many children. He wasn't overly fond of cats, but they didn't care, regarding him much like the cat whisperer.
He was preceded in death by his father, John; niece, Camara; and nephew, Omen.
Survivors include his childhood sweetheart and wife, Darlene; his mother, Sara; his mother-in-law and caregiver, Gustava "Gussie" Hatchett; one brother, John; three sisters, Cheryl Clements and her husband, Darryl, and Connie and Sheila Patton; nephew, Shaun Ware and his wife, Maria; nieces, Allegra Taylor and Tiana Patton; great-nephews, James, Yurem and Kaiden; great-niece, Kamora; and many other relatives and friends, including the Rev. John Guthrie, who was his spiritual mentor.
David and his family want to extend special thanks to Dr. Maqbool Ahmed; Dr. Jancy Pottanat; staff at Deaconess Health System and St. Anthony's Hospice; and Miranda Tapp, health-care provider.
Services will be at 11 a.m. Monday at Presbyterian Church of Henderson, 100 S. Main St. David requested that all pulpit comments be limited to the Rev. John Guthrie, who will officiate, and Pastor Jerry Hunn. Burial will follow in Roselawn Memorial Gardens.
Friends may call from 2 to 8 p.m. Sunday at Benton-Glunt Funeral Home and from 10 to 11 a.m. Monday at the Presbyterian church.
David loved the outdoors and lived simply. He requested that people attending the services and/or visitation dress comfortably and those hunters and fishermen in the crowd should dress as fitting their hobbies.
Expressions of sympathy may take the form of contributions to Matthew 25 or Big Brothers Big Sisters of Henderson County.
Arrangements entrusted to Benton-Glunt Funeral Home, A Life Celebration Home.
Online condolences may be made at www.bentonglunt.com.
Jo Ann Simms
MADISONVILLE — Jo Ann Simms, 76, Madisonville, formerly of Providence, died Wednesday, Aug. 21, 2013, at Hillside Center in Madisonville.
She was a member of Second Baptist Church in Providence and was retired from Ligon Trucking.
She was preceded in death by her husband, Jack Simms; and her parents, Stanley and Ruth Agnes Owens Jackson.
Survivors include one daughter, Debbie Stone of Providence; three sons, Tony Simms of Madisonville, Joey Head of Providence and David Head of Earlington; two sisters, Sandi Jackson and Sue Jackson, both of Providence; two brothers, James Jackson of Providence and Bobby Jackson of Dixon; six grandchildren; and three great-grandchildren.
Services will be at 1 p.m. Saturday at Jones and Erdman Funeral & Cremation Service in Providence. Brother Barry Cullen will officiate. Interment will be in Townsend Cemetery near Dixon.
Friends may call after 10 a.m. Saturday at the funeral home.
Virginia Ruth Stirsman
INDIANAPOLIS — Virginia Ruth Stirsman, 88, Indianapolis, formerly of Dixon, died Monday, Aug. 19, 2013, at her home.
She worked for more than 25 years as a hostess for a Bob Evans Restaurant in Indianapolis, retiring in 2010.
She was preceded in death by her husband, the Rev. Andrew F. Stirsman; and her parents, Virginia Ellen Cottingham and James Asher Jones.
Survivors include six children, Virginia Ann Stirsman, Beth Steeb, Mary Magazine, Jane Jones, David Stirsman and Paul Stirsman; one brother, Donald Jones of Dixon; and seven grandchildren.
Services will be at 1:30 p.m. Saturday at Forest Lawn Funeral Home, 1977 S. Indiana 135, Greenwood, Ind.
Friends may call from 5 to 8 p.m. today at the funeral home.
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Grace College and Theological Seminary
200 Seminary Dr Winona Lake, IN 46590
(574) 372-5100
| www.grace.edu
Grace College and Theological Seminary is a small four-year university in the town of Winona Lake, IN.
The school is on the semester calendar system and is a Baccalaureate College with diverse fields.
There are 1,654 undergraduate students and 325 graduate students at Grace College and Theological Seminary.
The freshman class has 240 students.
Students attend full-time.
It is a selective institution with a high transfer-in rate; 74% of students who apply to Grace College andmore
Fields of study offered at Grace College and Theological Seminary
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences (1 major)
- Business, Management, Marketing, and Support Services (11 majors)
- Communication, Journalism and Public Relations (3 majors)
- Computer and Information Sciences and Support Services (1 major)
- Criminal Justice and Security Services (2 majors)
- Education (16 majors)
- English Language and Literature (1 major)
- Fitness and Recreation Studies (3 majors)
- Foreign Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics (4 majors)
- History (2 majors)
- Mathematics and Statistics (2 majors)
- Physical Sciences (1 major)
- Psychology (3 majors)
- Public Administration and Social Work (1 major)
- Social Sciences (1 major)
- Theology and Religious Vocations (8 majors)
- Visual and Performing Arts (6 majors)


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1 Review | Add Your Review
Availability: In stock
Price per bar $1.00
What's made of milk chocolate, roasted peanuts and caramel or vanilla? Bun Bars! These candies are seriously delicious with their perfect ratio of sweet, crunchy and chewy. If you need to fill a candy void in your life, let these Bun Bars candy bars stuff it with sweetness and yumminess!
Since these Bun Bars come individually wrapped in this bulk order, they an be placed in household candy jars, be added to a Halloween grab bag, given away in gift baskets to friends and family, or even kept in the kitchen to snack on when your hunger desires something exceptionally delish!
Vanilla or Caramel.
I buy these because they remind me of my youth. I bought these and now getting people around here hooked on them. Darn another order soon...LOL Pros: Cons:


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Just another Perl shrine | |
PerlMonks |
Re^6: RFC:A brief tutorial on Perl's native sorting facilities.by jdporter (Canon) |
on Feb 06, 2007 at 22:27 UTC ( #598655=note: print w/ replies, xml ) | Need Help?? |
Did you really expect that to work? The easiest way to do what you're trying to do is to sort the array indices, rather than the array elements directly. This is essentially identical to tye's fast, flexible, stable sort.
A word spoken in Mind will reach its own level, in the objective world, by its own weight
In Section


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Israel News - Stay Informed, Pray Informed
Between midday Thursday and midday Friday seven earthquakes shook southern Lebanon and northern Israel.
Two of the tremors struck on Friday morning, measuring 3.8 and 3.9 on the Richter Scale, respectively. The other five hit within the space of three hours on Thursday afternoon. The largest of the Thursday quakes measured 4.2 on the Richter Scale.
No injuries or damage were reported in Israel. It was still unclear by Friday afternoon if there were any injuries or damage in Lebanon, where all seven of the earthquakes were centered.
Israeli seismologists said that while the quick succession of tremors was alarming, it did not necessarily indicate that a large earthquake was about to hit the region.
Want more news from Israel? Click Here to sign up for our FREE daily email updates
Keep up with events in Israel with our FREE daily email newsletter and special offers.


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2014 FIM MXGP / MX2 World Motocross Championship
Honda World Motocross' Max Nagl pushed hard to finish fifth overall in the MXGP class on the factory CRF450RW as the MXGP and MX2 classes travelled to South America and the Beto Carrero facility almost 100km north of the city of Florianopolis in Brazil. There was also bright news in the MX2 division as Honda Gariboldi's Tim Gajser claimed his best career result with fifth place and a maiden top three race result in the second moto.
Antonio Cairoli (KTM) triumphed in the premier MXGP category with Clement Desalle (Suzuki) and Jeremy Horebeek (Yamaha) in second and third place respectively.
High temperatures, a stiff breeze and cloudy skies meant that the climate for raceday for the third GP at Beto Carrero in three years was changeable but mainly dry. The track itself was largely unaltered, and the hard, red dirt was very bumpy and rutty in places and featured many jumps and fast sections. The Brazilian public again provided a noisy and appreciative atmosphere.
Nagl responded from a careless crash in the qualification heat on Saturday to enter the gate with eighth place. The German had lost traction of the CRF450RW on the second lap and spent the race fighting back to gain time and positions. The slot was not a hindrance for the two thirty minute and two lap motos on Sunday but the German was unable to capitalise, and two mediocre starts would largely inhibit his chances for the podium. The former Grand Prix winner had to work his way from seventh place on the first lap of the opening race to reach fourth spot by the chequered flag. In the second outing he tried to chase down Jeremy Van Horebeek for another fourth position but ultimately had to settle for fifth, which gave him the same classification in the overall standings.
Fellow Team HRC Honda rider Evgeny Bobryshev was competing gingerly after recent surgery on his right leg. The Russian is lacking full fitness and was clearly not 100% for the Brazilian event. 'Bobby' pushed to ninth place in qualification on Saturday and then on Sunday had a very encouraging launch from the line in the first dash. The Russian lasted as long as he could with the leaders and his result of fifth, behind team-mate Nagl, was decent work in the circumstances. Bobryshev's luck deserted him, however, in the second moto. He had a small crash and then was hit by another rider. The impact drove waves of pain into '777's leg and although he was able to arrive to the end of the moto – losing positions again through a bike stall and struggle to kickstart - he sadly was outside of the points in twenty-second.
In MX2 Honda Gariboldi's Tim Gajser was on the pace with the works CRF250RW. The Slovenian could only manage eleventh in the first moto after a crash gave him too much time and ground to make up. In the second MX2 dash however the former European Champion roared out of the gate and nestled into a comfortable speed in the top three. It represented the highest finish by a rider from his country and therefore a personal best for '243'. Team-mate Kei Yamamoto was eighteenth overall and by clocking five points (his best result most so far) in only his third Grand Prix event is slowly progressing at the highest level.
The MX2 class was won overall by Arnaud Tonus (Kawasaki) with Glenn Coldenhoff (Suzuki) in second and Max Anstie (Yamaha) rounding off the podium in third.
Round four of the FIM Motocross World Championship takes place in the amazing landscape of the Dolomite mountain region in northern Italy in a fortnight. The series will gather for the Grand Prix of Trentino at Arco di Trento for the second year in succession and the first of two back-to-back events with the trip to Sevlievo in Bulgaria the following weekend.
Rank | Rider (Machine) |
1 | Cairoli, Antonio (KTM) |
2 | Van Horebeek, Jeremy (Yamaha) |
3 | Desalle, Clement (Suzuki) |
4 | Nagl, Maximilian (Honda) |
5 | Bobryshev, Evgeny (Honda) |
6 | Paulin, Gautier (Kawasaki) |
8 | Roelants, Joel (Honda) |
12 | Boog, Xavier (Honda) |
21 | Ramos, Jean (Honda) |
23 | Gercar, Klemen (Honda) |
28 | Bill, Julien (Honda) |
Rank | Rider (Machine) |
1 | Cairoli, Antonio (KTM) |
2 | Paulin, Gautier (Kawasaki) |
3 | Desalle, Clement (Suzuki) |
4 | Van Horebeek, Jeremy (Yamaha) |
5 | Nagl, Maximilian (Honda) |
6 | Strijbos, Kevin (Suzuki) |
11 | Roelants, Joel (Honda) |
12 | Boog, Xavier (Honda) |
21 | Ramos, Jean (Honda) |
22 | Bobryshev, Evgeny (Honda) |
28 | Bill, Julien (Honda) |
29 | Gercar, Klemen (Honda) |
Rank | Rider (Machine) |
1 | Tonus, Arnaud (Kawasaki) |
2 | Ferrandis, Dylan (Kawasaki) |
3 | Febvre, Romain (Husqvarna) |
4 | Anstie, Max (Yamaha) |
5 | Coldenhoff, Glenn (Suzuki) |
6 | Tonkov, Aleksandr (Husqvarna) |
11 | Gajser, Tim (Honda) |
18 | Yamamoto, Kei (Honda) |
22 | Santos, Fabio (Honda) |
24 | Armstrong, Endrews (Honda) |
25 | Lopes, Caio (Honda) |
27 | Desprey, Maxime (Honda) |
29 | Assuncao, Hector (Honda) |
Rank | Rider (Machine) |
1 | Coldenhoff, Glenn (Suzuki) |
2 | Tonus, Arnaud (Kawasaki) |
3 | Gajser, Tim (Honda) |
4 | Anstie, Max (Yamaha) |
5 | Guillod, Valentin (KTM) |
6 | Seewer, Jeremy (Suzuki) |
17 | Assuncao, Hector (Honda) |
19 | Yamamoto, Kei (Honda) |
21 | Santos, Fabio (Honda) |
23 | Lopes, Caio (Honda) |
25 | Armstrong, Endrews (Honda) |
27 | Desprey, Maxime (Honda) |


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TV Info
Episode Premiere
March 08, 2010Distributor
DirecTV, FX NetworkGenre
Thriller, Drama, MysteryShow Period
2007 - 2012Production Company
FX Prod., Sony Pictures TVCast and Crew
Glenn KesslerScreenwriter
Todd A. KesslerMain Cast
- Glenn Close as Patty Hewes
- Rose Byrne as Ellen Parsons
- Ryan Phillippe as Channing McClaren
- Tate Donovan
- Anastasia Griffith as Katie Connor
- William Hurt as Daniel Purcell
- Timothy Olyphant as Wes Krulik
- Marcia Gay Harden as Claire Maddox
- Ted Danson as Arthur Frobisher
- Zeljko Ivanek
- John Goodman as Howard T. Erickson
- Judd Hirsch as Bill Herndon
- Jenna Elfman as Naomi Walling
- Janet McTeer as Kate Franklin
- John Hannah as Rutger Simon
Patty sends Tom out of the country to follow the money trail of the Tobin fraud. Ellen must choose between her new boss and Patty. Leonard Winstone leaves the city under mysterious circumstances.


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Park City Opening
Chris Grenier, Pat Moore, Austen Sweetin, Dylan Thompson, and more.
Read MoreChris Grenier, Pat Moore, Austen Sweetin, Dylan Thompson, and more.
Read MoreSTONP at Mt. Hood.
Read Morewords and photos: Ethan Stone Fortier It's the evening after the third day of what could be one of the coolest events snowboarding has to offer, and as I sit
Read MoreAnything that Kazu is behind, we're backing, and his latest project is "Stonp or Die," a full-length feature film spawned by Kokubo and the infamous Seven Samurai clan. This movie is the follow-up to last year's Stonp release, "'S'Trippers & Powder Junkies," and it's sure to not disappoint. Check out Kazu, Teddy Koo, Takaharu Nakai, Kataro Kamimura, and many more of the best snowboarders that The Land of the Rising Sun has to offer.
Read MoreIf you only see one Japanese snowboard movie this year then make sure it is Dirty Pimp's new release "Rolling". Featuring all of the Japanese jib scene heavies including Ma$aki, Kotaro, Masato and even Westerners like Gabi Maiden, Austin Hironaka and Jacob Krugmire. Teddy Koo makes a cameo in here as well. Shot in Japan as well as Mammoth and Big Bear. There are no triple corks in it but "Rolling" is still well worth checking out.
Read More


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Revision as of 15:00, October 20, 2012 by Archer4real (Talk | contribs)
Stokaline was an injectible multiple vitamin compound. Dr. McCoy used it on Spock as a "treatment" for the Vulcan's faked illness (a flare-up of Rigelian Kassaba fever) in the effort to regain control of the USS Enterprise from invading Kelvans. (TOS: "By Any Other Name").


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Yesterday's blog post, "Around the World at the 126th Annual Meeting," used a map to show how sessions at the upcoming annual meeting cover topics that span the globe. Today's session of the week, Popular Protests in Global Perspective, continues to show the breadth of the meeting's worldview.
Session 199, Popular Protests in Global Perspective, was inspired by the dramatic recent events in Egypt, and will compare popular uprising in Tunisia, South Africa, Eastern Europe, and protest movements in the U.S.
The details of the session follow below:
Popular Protest in Global Perspective
Date: Sunday, January 8, 8:30–10:30 a.m.
Location: Michigan Room B (Sheraton Chicago Hotel & Towers)Chair: Iris Berger, University at Albany (State University of New York)
From "June 16" to "Youth Day" and Beyond: The (Un-)Making of Historical Memory in Apartheid and Post-Apartheid South Africa
Helena Pohlandt-McCormick, University of Minnesota"Come With Us—They're Not Beating Today!" Making the Streets Free in Communist Eastern Europe
Padraic Kenney, Indiana UniversityStokely Carmichael and American Democracy in the 1960s
Peniel E. Joseph, Tufts UniversityIn Plain Sight: Images of the Arab Spring
David Prochaska, University of Illinois, Urbana-ChampaignSession Abstract: Inspired by the dramatic recent events in Egypt, this panel will discuss comparative cases of popular uprisings. Participants will examine such issues as the underlying conditions and the immediate events that have created these mass movements, the background of their leaders, the relation of these movements to other opposition groups in society, the response of the challenged regime as well as the police and the military, the role of communication and the media both locally and globally, and the actions of the protestors and their visions for change. The panel will also address the outcome of such protests, seeking to understand what kind of transformations they generate both in the short term and in the long run and the synergy between uprisings in different parts of the world.
Check out other these other sessions of the week:
- Ending Don't Ask, Don't Tell
- Crowdsourcing History
- Turning Your Dissertation into a Book
- Whither the Future of the History Textbook
- Historians and the Obama Narrative
- The Future is Here: Pioneers Discuss the Future of the Digital Humanities
- Fukushima: An International Perspective on Nuclear Accidents
- Did We Go Wrong? The Past and Prospects of the History Profession


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Enhances advertising, editorial, film, video, TV, Websites, and mobile experiences.
The church was founded in the mid-19th Century. This well decorated church is an example beauty with colorful stained glass. St. Mark's was among the first Episcopal churches in the United States to be built for the specific purpose of reviving a more Catholic form of worship. You can see a choir practice in the background.


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Adam Dawson
Adam Dawson is an associate in the antitrust and competition practice of Baker Botts' Brussels office. He has extensive experience in merger control and has represented numerous clients before the European Commission, as well as national competition authorities. Adam's work has also focused on advising clients in abuse of dominance complaints and investigations by the European Commission. He has experience in a broad range of industries, including energy, pharmaceuticals, IT, packaging and automotive.
Return to: IP and Antitrust


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Get the Best Priced Volvo 850 Tailgate Strut
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Volvo 850 Replacement Tailgate Strut Information
To preserve the comfort and style you invested in with your Volvo 850, it's important to install only the most reliable brand name OEM parts. Comfort-focused cars like the high-end Volvo 850 are made to be used with care and attention and also serviced and maintained. Would it be smart to fork over a lot on a great comfortable luxury car, and then save pennies on new car parts? When consumers want unique style and long lasting comfort, Volvo cars effortlessly come out on top. A timeless Volvo auto is a thrill to drive and has the ability to emit continual intrigue and amazement. The Volvo you chose was built with care and expertise; it needs new OEM components of the same top level of quality. If the car or truck's Volvo 850 Tailgate Strut is damaged and stops functioning, your mechanic can fix it by buying a tailgate strut kit made to match the model of your vehicle. Your car's tailgate allows access to the rear of the vehicle and if a Volvo 850 Tailgate Strut is loose you will have a difficult time with the tailgate. Some cars and trucks have heavy tailgates and it can be a challenge to support the tailgate if a Volvo 850 Tailgate Strut breaks off. Although they aren't overwhelmingly important parts such as your vehicle's transmission, the minor segments of your car may be quite important to getting complete enjoyment out of the car or truck you direct so much money and time on. Less important elements of your car, though not necessary for the everyday drivability of a car, are nonetheless parts you ought to keep in good working order. Owning a Volvo is an intelligent choice, and keeping it in showroom condition is a great choice. Since you refused to consider something less than a Volvo when you selected your vehicle, why settle for anything other than top quality parts and support? Your Volvo is an engineering triumph; keep it running strong with our online collection of quality automotive parts from www.partsgeek.com.
They are available for the following Volvo 850 years: 1997, 1996, 1995, 1994, 97, 96, 95, 94. This part is also sometimes called Volvo 850 Tailgate Struts. We stock tailgate strut parts for most Volvo models including V70, XC90, 940, V50, 740, 960, 240, V40, 245, V90, XC70, 760, 780, 265 and 745.
We stock these Tailgate Strut brands for the Volvo 850: Stabilus, First Equipment Quality, Rhino Pac and PartsMaster.
97 1997 Volvo 850 Base Car Cover 2.4L 5 Cyl Covercraft - Sedan
94 1994 Volvo 850 Floor Mats Front Weathertech
95 1995 Volvo 850 Grille Scan-Tech NLA 12/11
93 1993 Volvo 850 Hood Release Cable Dorman
96 1996 Volvo 850 Hub Cap Genuine Set of 4 Hub Caps
97 1997 Volvo 850 Mirror Left Original Equipment
97 1997 Volvo 850 Base Seat Cover Covercraft
95 1995 Volvo 850 Trunk Strut Stabilus w/o Spoiler - Sedan
95 1995 Volvo 850 Window Motor Front Left A1 Cardone
95 1995 Volvo 850 Window Regulator Front Right Genuine
96 1996 Volvo 850 Window Switch Genuine
95 1995 Volvo 850 Window Vent Visors Weathertech - Sedan
Should have gotten years ago! The gate stays up! nice!


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Posted on July 17, 2013
Women who received a vaccine targeting two types of the human papilloma virus (HPV) that cause 70 percent of cervical cancers had the added benefit of protection against oral HPV infection, which can lead to cancer of the tonsils and throat (oropharyngeal cancer). The results were published July 17, 2013, in PLOS ONE.
NCI News Note: HPV vaccine shown to also protect against oral HPV infection
The National Cancer Institute (NCI) news note for the study
To request an interview with a DCEG investigator, contact the NCI Office of Media Relations:
Phone: 301-496-6641
NCI Fact Sheets: | |
• | HPV and Cancer |
• | Head and Neck Cancer |
• | HPV Vaccines |


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Priced to appeal to cost-conscious backpackers and campers, the Kelty Grand Mesa 3 tent provides excellent value and performance for 3-season use. The no-frills Grand Mesa 3 offers solid construction and functional design.
Simply designed, durable and field repairable, Kelty's 3-season Outfitter Pro series tents are built for the rigors of backcountry adventure.
The freestanding Marmot Eclipse 3P backpacking tent offers affordable weather protection at just under 5 pounds.
The Big Agnes Copper Spur Ultralight Series are fully-featured double wall tents that are both light-weight and compact.
With 2 doors, 2 vestibules and internal storage options, the Kelty Gunnison 2.2 backpacking tent offers an excellent set of features at an affordable price.
Boasting lightweight, durable construction, a roomy floor plan and an abundance of mesh, the Marmot Limelight 3P is a value-priced 3-person tent.
This video explains the process of condensation and how to reduce its effects on your backpacking or camping tent.


text:
Expedia Price Guarantee
You're getting the lowest possible rate.
We Promise
Hotel Price Guarantee available
Find a cheaper hotel within 24 hours of booking. We will refund the difference and give you a travel coupon worth $50.
As a member, you receive price matching up until midnight before check-in. Not a member? Join now.
Terms & Conditions apply.
Book your room at Hilton Garden Inn Nashville/Franklin Cool Springs
Two queen beds evolution room
Max Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children, 3 infants)1 King Bed With Sofabed
Max Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)One King Bed, Non-Smoking, Accessible
Max Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)One king evolution junior suite
Max Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)One king evolution whirlpool room
Max Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)One king bed evolution room
Max Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)3-star hotel with restaurant and indoor pool
Situated in the business district, this hotel is 1.1 mi (1.8 km) from CoolSprings Galleria and within 3 mi (5 km) of Aspen Grove Park and Brentwood Library. Goofballs Family Fun Center and Boiler Room Theatre are also within 6 mi (10 km).
Hotel Features
A restaurant, an indoor pool, and a fitness center are available at this hotel. WiFi in public areas is free. Additionally, a bar/lounge, a coffee shop/café, and a spa tub are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 131 rooms feature kitchenettes with refrigerators and microwaves, plus free WiFi, free wired Internet, and flat-screen TVs with cable channels. Guests will also find Select Comfort beds, MP3 docks, and room service.
Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
In addition to an indoor pool, Hilton Garden Inn Nashville/Franklin Cool Springs provides a spa tub and a fitness center. Dining options at the hotel include a restaurant and a coffee shop/café. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. Public areas are equipped with complimentary high-speed wireless Internet access.
This 3-star property offers access to a 24-hour business center and a meeting room. This business-friendly hotel also offers gift shops/newsstands, a garden, and coffee/tea in the lobby.
Hilton Garden Inn Nashville/Franklin Cool Springs has designated areas for smoking.
- Free WiFi
- Number of floors - 5
- ATM/banking
- Bar/lounge
- Express check-out
- Fitness facilities
- Express check-in
- 24-hour front desk
- Garden
- Gift shops or newsstand
- Shopping on site
- Total number of rooms - 131
- One meeting room
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Spa tub
- Indoor pool
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Coffee/tea in lobby
- Coffee shop or café
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Elevator/lift
- Fireplace in lobby
- Designated smoking areas
- Grocery/convenience store
- Laundry facilities
- Luggage storage
- Restaurant
- Year Built 2009
- 24-hour business center
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Television in lobby
Family Friendly Amenities
- Indoor pool
- Free Wi-Fi
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Kitchenette
- Grocery/convenience store
- Laundry facilities
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Room Amenities
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Designer toiletries
- Free toiletries
- Phone
- Premium TV channels
- Microwave
- Iron/ironing board
- Premium bedding
- Climate control
- Free weekday newspaper
- Air conditioning
- Kitchenette
- Refrigerator
- Coffee/tea maker
- In-room safe
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Shower/tub combination
- Desk
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- MP3 docking station
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Cable TV service
- Flat-panel TV
- Free WiFi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Room service (limited hours)
- Sleep Number by Select Comfort mattress
Where to Eat
Buffet breakfasts are available for a surcharge and are served each morning between 6:30 AM and 10:30 AM.
The Great American Grill - This restaurant serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar.
Room service (during limited hours) is available.
Nearby Things to Do
An indoor pool and a spa tub are on site. Other recreational amenities include a fitness center.
Children under 16 years old are not allowed in the swimming pool, fitness facility, or spa tub without adult supervision.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Golfing nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessibility equipment for the deaf
- Accessible bathroom
- Accessible path of travel
- Braille or raised signage
- Accessible parking
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Minimum check-in age is 21
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- Minimum Spring Break check-in age is 21 years old.
Minimum guest age is 21
Optional extras
- Fee for buffet breakfast: USD 9.95 per person (approximately)
We should mention
Children 18 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding. The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.


text:
Top Definition
A person with pants to big, shirts to small, also known as wanna be swagger.
Pierces own ear because he thinks hes so cool.
Pierces own ear because he thinks hes so cool.
Chase. Enough Said. "Swanna-Be (Swagger Wanna Be)"
από trENNA&eMMA
6 Δεκέμβριος 2011
1 more definition
its an ugly duck that wants to be a swan.
Look that ugly duck is swimming with the swans, he's a swannabe
από blaz!nw33n
9 Οκτώβριος 2007


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Series: Saturday Science Links (21 entries)
The biggest science stories of the week are reviewed.
The Resource Finder has powerful filtering features — check out the tutorial to learn more.
The biggest science stories of the week are reviewed.
Companion series to the spring 2015 book club featuring "The Lost World of Genesis One: Ancient Cosmology and the Origins Debate" by John Walton.
From geology to biology to research into the origin of life itself, the power of water shows the faithfulness and creativity of our Creator.
Is Christianity anti-science? Can Christians be good scientists? Is science the only source of true knowledge? Pastor Dave Gustavsen of Jacksonville Chapel addresses these issues.
A short guide to where BioLogos fits in the origins debate.
President Haarsma reflects on our big interview with Bill Nye, and explains how it relates to our mission.
In both form and content, then, Genesis 1 reveals that its basic purposes are religious and theological, not scientific or historical.
By getting rid of the miracle stories in the Bible, Bultmann and his followers hoped to make the Christian story more palatable to modern man. Although I recognize the emotional weight of this sentiment, I am not convinced that it is an intellectually coherent approach, mainly for reasons of self-consistency.
A common challenge to evolutionary theory is that while life does indeed change over time (what is known as microevolution), no one has ever seen one species evolve into another species (macroevolution).
All creation is the doings of God's hands, no matter how he did it. When I look at a painting, I can connect somehow with the painter, and the same goes with the universe and God.
From the archives: A common argument leveled against the theory of evolution is that scientists have not been able to produce transitional fossils that show the change of one species into another. In this podcast, we address a common misconception about what transitional fossils actually are.
Theology needs science, but science needs theology; there can be no two-state solution.
The words we use to talk about the Bible and science often predispose us towards unnecessary conflicts.
In this video originally featured in March of 2012, Dr. David Finch, a biologist at New York University, discusses his thoughts on both Creationism and the effects of "new atheists" like Richard Dawkins.
Here are some of the best responses from around the web to David's Barash's controversial editorial about God and Evolution in the New York Times.
If discussions of science and religion sometimes get bogged down in Genesis, perhaps that is because they have not made the preparatory journey through the rich material of the Wisdom books.
Are black holes in trouble? Could life have come from space? What do we know about the religious lives of Indian scientists? Find the answers to these questions and more.
New BioLogos content editor Brad Kramer reviews Chapter 1 of "Surprised by Scripture" by NT Wright, and sees Wright's work as a signpost for the future of the science/faith debate.
Written by BioLogos Fellow of Biology Dennis Venema, this series of posts is intended as a basic introduction to the science of evolution for non-specialists.


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Get the Best Priced Dodge Ignition Switch
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Look to a real Dodge to deliver responsive handling as well as great pick-up. A car manufactured by Dodge can be completely trusted to embody consistently trustworthy manufacturing standards. Year after year Dodge delivers the power and dependable service expected from a great vehicle. For the optimum in accident safety and fuel efficiency consumers rely on cars engineered by Dodge. Dodge quality definitely satisfies, with car models that combine impressive economy with the satisfaction of zippy performance. Dodge is a respected automotive manufacturer known for engineering reliable and hardworking automobiles. Selecting an auto from Dodge ensures reliability and makes your everyday travels safe, serene and fun. Dodge is a respected dealer of rugged and sturdy cars that also boast innovative engineering. Dodge is a well-known dealer of small cars that boast superior fuel efficiency and effortless maneuvering. People who appreciate performance understand that only the highest quality auto parts should be used for repairs and maintenance. Your car demands the best premium parts you can buy. A faulty Dodge Ignition Switch might keep an automobile from starting and result in the system dying. A Dodge Ignition Switch is key to moving power through the engine. A short-circuiting Dodge Ignition Switch will usually not be able to send an electrical signal to the starter motor. The vehicle's Dodge Ignition Switch is usually located in a part called the ignition lock cylinder. Electricity goes through the Dodge Ignition Switch which acts to switch the electricity through the ignition coil of your car or truck. Purchasing a Dodge was an intelligent choice, now maintaining it in great shape is an even better idea! Whatever the part, maintaining a car or truck with first class parts is the best strategy, time after time.
wow I cant believe how inexpensive your prices are half the price of the junk yards used parts thank you!!!!
Great prices. This part wasn't exactly what I needed, but that's because I tried to just fix what I had. I will be ordering the complete parts very soon and PartsGeek is where I'll do the shopping!


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Rock Creek Library 213
This room is reserved primarily for library instruction. If you would like to collaborate with a librarian for an instruction session, please send your request and a librarian on your campus will contact you.
Please contact Debbi Lomax if you would like to reserve the library classroom for a different use which does not require a librarian. You may not reserve the room more than one week in advance unless it is for library instruction.
If you need to find a room at your campus, please use Room Scheduling.
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Thursday, October 11, 2012
12 p.m. - 2 p.m. | SP 111 with librarian drop-in, King (PK) |
10 minute librarian intro. Posted by: Holly King |


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Spanish Steps - Weekly Tips
The Spanish Steps email service is no longer available.
Instead, we recommend you sign up to weekly emails for the Mi Vida Loca beginner Spanish course.
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Keefe To The City: Super Bowl Chat With Peter Schwartz
February 3, 2011 2:09 PM
By Neil Keefe
» More from Neil
The week leading up to the Super Bowl presents a circus-like atmosphere and with two storied franchises meeting on Super Sunday, this year has been no different,
With the Steelers and Packers preparing for Sunday and the craziness of media day stealing the spotlight, the news about an eventual lockout for the NFL next season has been overshadowing the events of Super Sunday.
With the Super Bowl now just a few days away, Peter Schwartz joined me to talk about media day, Cowboys Stadium, the latest on the CBA and to give his prediction for the Super Bowl.
Related articles
- Super Bowl Blog: Media Day (newyork.cbslocal.com)
- Super Bowl Blog: Hitting The Practice Field (newyork.cbslocal.com)


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Tag Search
Games Tagged with "monkeygohappy"
These monkeys need something to turn their frowns upside-down, and luckily the thing that makes them smile makes US smile too... namely fifteen stages of different point-and-click puzzles to solve from PencilKids!
When you're that special sort of sad that only one hundred hidden Easter eggs will cure, Pencilkids' monkeys have your back! Click around, explore, solve puzzles, and above all, check under every rock and bush in this short and sweet Monkey GO Happy game.
What would make you happier than anything right now? If you're a monkey in the latest Monkey GO Happy point-and-click puzzle game from Pencilkids, the answer, of course, is finding 70 mini-monkeys clad in ninja gear hiding around a temple of sorts and the surrounding area!
The monkeys are looking for 20 leprechauns this time around in the four-leaf-clover-ridden installment of PencilKids' beloved point-and-click puzzle series, but the wee people are crafty, and you'll need to search high, low, and behind all manner of locks to find them.
The monkeys are in Swampville in this latest installment of the popular point-and-click adventure series, and they're hunting for a special talisman... but to get it, they'll have to crack a few codes and help some of the weirder locals out.
The monkeys are back, wandering through a pink wonderland in search of the only thing that could possibly make them happy in this Valentines themed point-and-click puzzle game... a whopping seventy fluffy Valentines bunnies, who are hiding absolutely everywhere!
The monkeys are back on another Western adventure, and this time they've got their eyes on some treasure! In this cute point-and-click puzzle adventure, search the hills and the nearby town to find what the monkeys are after.
Howdy, pardner! Our monkeys are a mite unhappy yet again, and only one thing will cheer them up in this short, silly point-and-click puzzle game! PencilKids delivers another wonderfully executed coffee break of a game, despite some content issues that may rub some the wrong way.
The monkeys have gone way, way North this time, and not a moment too soon... Santa's workshop is a shambles! Can you help them put it together in this sweetly seasonal point-and-click puzzle game?
It might be cold outside, but when your belly is empty and your Thanksgiving feast is missing, you know there's more important things than a little frostbite! Help the monkeys find their turkey in this short but sweet point-and-click adventure.
The monkeys need something a little ghoulish to cheer them up, so in this latest Halloween themed point-and-click puzzle adventure, you'll need to hunt around and solve puzzles in order to gather body parts... hey, it's all in good fun!
The monkeys are back for more, with seventeen stages of point-and-click puzzles of varying types and complexity, including some minigames, and a new weepy monkey to dress up for your amusement, you weirdo.
The mini monkeys have gone missing again, and you suspect the evil galactic empire might be to blame! Probably because they were last time. Solve simple point-and-click puzzles and look for codes in this cute, short sequel to the sci-fi original.
When you want something sweet, only suckers go to the store. Help our little monkey friends find eighty gummy bears hidden throughout the candy land in this cute point-and-click puzzle adventure.
The mini monkeys have been monkey napped! It's up to you to solve puzzles and save them in this short but sweet sci-fi point-and-click adventure from Pencil Kids. Deal with crabby aliens, force fields, coded robots, and more.
The mini-monkeys need toys! How will you afford them? By popping balloons, of course! Traverse levels and solve puzzles to find and pop all of the balloons to earn prizes for the little monkeys in a point-and-click game that's longer than some in the series, but still on the easy side for all to enjoy.
Help find the mini monkeys, scattered across five stages of golems, giant crabs, airplanes, and more! Though short and simple, this point-and-click puzzle game is perfect for the young or young at heart, and has a healthy dose of charm and whimsy in its design.
There are one hundred eggs hiding in this cute and colourful point-and-click puzzle game, but finding all of them won't be easy! Search and solve simple puzzles to bring smiles to the monkeys on this tastiest of holidays.
Some words to the wise: do not trust your little ones to Pencil Kids' band of sad simians for safe keeping as they can't stop losing their own monkey babies. Which means you get to go on another point-and-click adventure, this time in the form of five short, self-contained tales. By exploring each stage, finding and using items, and solving a few simple puzzles, you can rescue the mini monkeys and turn tears into cheers.
An evil king has stolen the monkeys' favorite playthings, making them go very sad. Make the monkeys happy again by going on a point-and-click puzzle adventure. Explore the kingdom, gathering up helpful objects and using them correctly to work your way into the castle and rescue the toys. As long as you aren't squeamish about a stinky spider poo, completing your quest quickly should be no problem. Which is a good thing—the sooner you finish, the sooner the simian weeping turns to joyful leaping.
Ready to solve puzzles? Like... a lot of them? The latest in the popular series of point-and-click puzzle games from Pencilkids throws thirty of them at you as you make pizzas, befriend ducks, help knights, and more to put a smile on your little monkey's face.
Short and sweet, this point-and-click puzzle is just three levels, but is full of charm nonetheless. As in its predecessor, you're swapping between floors in an elevator to find toys for Christmas for your sad little monkeys.
Short and simple, this point-and-click puzzle games takes you through a series of elevators as you search for toys to make the tiny monkeys happy. It's just a few levels and not particularly challenging, but for fans of cute, clicky puzzling, it makes for a short break of fun.
The monkey is back! Or rather, one big monkey and lots of adorable little ones. In the newest instalment of the Monkey GO Happy series, as usual, your job is to put a smile on your furry friend's face by solving point-and-click puzzles. This time, however, each level has three coins which you can collect and buy toys for the mini-monkeys. In a word, adorable.
An evil scientist has turned a batch of baby monkeys into gargoyles because... because... because SCIENCE, okay? Search for all fifteen of them and try to find a way to change them back in this short but cute point-and-click adventure from Robin Vencel!
You can't help but smile when you make these monkeys happy in Pencil Kids' wonderfully interactive point-and-click puzzle game. In each stage, figure out what will make the weepy-eyed simian dance in glee. This means using objects creatively, solving puzzles and even completing a few arcade-type mini-games. Finish all 15 stages to be treated to a coin collecting adventure bonus level. But the joy on those adorable faces is what makes the effort worth it.
Short but sweet, this point-and-click puzzle departs from the original Monkey GO Happy formula by providing a brief diversion as you scour the countryside for all the decorations our sad simian needs to make his Christmas complete. Don't expect much of a challenge, but DO expect some Christmas cheer!
The world has gone insane, but Pencil Kids is here to set it right with another installment of primate point-and-click puzzling with Monkey Go Happy Mini Monkeys 3. This time, the adventure is on a boat, on a boat, on a monkey-loving boat, and tracking down all 15 of those mischievous mini-monkeys is going to be no cup of grog. The series may be starting to get a little formulaic, but no less charming for it.
When the eeny teeny monkey babies are missing, it's tears all around, so it's time again to start reversing some frowns. Solve a few puzzles while searching through these wintry scenes, looking over, under and behind any place a miniature simian can go into hiding, until you've found, picked-up and returned the adorable darlings to the basket.
The monkeys are sad again. This time because fifteen tiny monkey babes have gone missing. Now you need to point-and-click through a variety of scenes, turning over rocks and looking behind walls, to locate and return the mini darlings to the basket. Everyone is sure to be bouncing about with ear-to-ear grins in a matter of minutes.
What'll turn your frown upside down? Well, if you're a monkey in this point-and-click puzzler, the answer might be a little weird. Choose your monkey and then solve a series of increasingly bizarre levels to cheer them up in the latest installment in Pencilkids' simple, bright kid-friendly series of break-sized gaming.
Just how many times can those darn monkeys of Pencil Kids need cheering up? It's time for the fifth go around, so get your cursors ready. You'll need to solve puzzles and win some mini-games to make a quintet of monkeys, well, go happy, in Monkey GO Happy 5.
Robin Vencel proves he is master of the charming and cute little point-and-click puzzle game with another installment of the popular Monkey GO Happy series. All new puzzles in this edition of Marathon will have you pointing and clicking to turn those adorable little monkey frowns upside down as quick as you can.
Just when you thought all monkeys had gone happy, Robin Vencel drops another series of point-and-click puzzle challenges on us and calls it Monkey GO Happy Marathon! Choose your favorite monkey, select a cute little hat for it to wear, and then embark on a marathon of simple puzzles and mini-games all designed to delight the little critter. All you need to do is figure out what must be done in each stage.
What's sadder than three unhappy monkeys? FOUR unhappy monkeys, and a basket full of kittens nobody wants abandoned in the rain! Lucky for you, you only have to deal with the simians in this latest installment of Pencilkids' popular point-and-click puzzle series. Do whatever it takes to manipulate your environment and bring a smile to the face of each sniffling little monkey across sixteen stages.
Pencil Kids' new release in the hybrid puzzle-arcade series is more fun than a barrel of monkeys. Players of previous games in the series should be familiar with the premise: a trio of monkeys is sad, and it's up to you to make them "go happy." Use the mouse to click on objects and locations, solve puzzles, shoot stuff etc. Some levels are click-fests in the Hoshi Saga model, others act like mini-escape games, others have a hidden object flavor to them, and still others are action-based. There's quite a bit of variation packed into the game's 16 levels and expansion pack. Let's monkey see what you can monkey do!
Monkey GO Happy 2 is the perfect way to get rid of the office blues. How can you resist a game where your only goal is to cheer up a pair of adorable monkeys? The mini-games are all fun, cute diversions, bite-sized and only require a few clicks to solve. That's good, because your clicks are tracked, and at the end of the game you're ranked on how you did.
Monkey sad. Make monkey happy! That's your simple goal in Monkey GO Happy, a puzzle/arcade-style hybrid from Robin Vencel at Pencil Kids. Pick mushrooms, find treasure, shoot toy ducks, set off fireworks, fire cannons and loads more, all in the name of big monkey smiles. It's a bit like the Four Second series of games, only without the intense speed and with more mammals.


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An air-like fluid substance which expands freely to fill any space available, irrespective of its quantity
A powerful form of tear gas used particularly in the control of riots
A cap that closes the pipe leading to the petrol tank of a motor vehicle
Another term for gas burner
A gas-burning appliance consisting of a gas burner made to resemble a log, used in a fireplace to simulate the effect of a burning log
A type of fuel oil distilled from petroleum and heavier than paraffin oil
A gas which is given off, especially one emitted as the by-product of a chemical process
A gaseous mixture derived from mineral oils by destructive distillation
Liquefied butane stored under pressure in portable containers, used domestically as a substitute for mains gas and in camping as a portable fuel
A mixture of gases (chiefly hydrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide) obtained by the destructive distillation of coal and formerly used for lighting and heating
A domestic heating appliance which uses gas as its fuel
Using gas as its fuel
A large planet of relatively low density consisting predominantly of hydrogen and helium, such as Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, or Neptune
The physical laws that describe the properties of gases, including Boyle's and Charles's laws
A protective mask used to cover a person's face as a defence against poison gas
The pedal that controls the speed of a vehicle's engine
An aromatic Eurasian plant of the rue family, with showy white flowers and fragrant leaves that emit a flammable vapour. This can sometimes be ignited without harming the plant
Sealed so as to prevent the leakage of gas
A hypothetical gas whose molecules occupy negligible space and have no interactions, and which consequently obeys the gas laws exactly
Another term for noble gas.
Methane, especially as generated by decaying matter in marshes
A poisonous vapour which has a rapid disabling or lethal effect by disrupting the transmission of nerve impulses
Any of the gaseous elements helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon, occupying Group 0 (18) of the periodic table. They were long believed to be totally unreactive but compounds of xenon, krypton, and radon are now known
Another term for noble gas.
Natural gas occurring within or extracted from shale
Gas produced in a refinery and not required for further processing
Gas that causes severe irritation to the eyes, chiefly used in riot control to force crowds to disperse
Old-fashioned term for coal gas.
A fuel gas consisting mainly of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, made by passing steam over incandescent coke
Poison gas which causes blisters on and intense irritation to the skin
Butane or propane gas stored under pressure in portable tanks
A nozzle or jet through which gas is released to burn, e.g., on a stove
An airtight room that can be filled with poisonous gas to kill people or animals
A person trained to connect, disconnect, and service gas fittings and appliances
A large car with a high fuel consumption
A petrol station
A turbine driven by expanding hot gases produced by burning fuel, as in a jet engine
A colourless oily liquid whose vapour causes severe irritation and blistering of the skin, used in chemical weapons
Flammable gas, consisting largely of methane and other hydrocarbons, occurring naturally underground (often in association with petroleum) and used as fuel
Another term for ideal gas.
Poisonous gas or vapour, used especially to disable an enemy in warfare
The constant of proportionality in the gas equation. It is equal to 8.314 joule kelvin−1 mole−1
The equation of state of an ideal gas, PV = nRT, where P = pressure, V = volume, T = absolute temperature, R = the gas constant, and n = the number of moles of gas
Rapidly spreading gangrene affecting injured tissue infected by a soil bacterium and accompanied by the evolution of foul-smelling gas
(Of a car) having a high fuel consumption
(Of a contact lens) allowing the diffusion of gases into and out of the cornea
Non-technical term for nitrous oxide.
A low-grade fuel gas consisting largely of nitrogen and carbon monoxide, formed by passing air, or air and steam, through red-hot carbon
A mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen produced industrially, especially from coal, and used as a feedstock in making synthetic chemicals
A gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation. Carbon dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons are examples of greenhouse gases


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Here at Kensington we receive a plethora of pictures taken during private guided tours. One of our favorite adventurers recently sent us these stunning shots from her holiday to Galapagos, Peru, Chile and Bolivia in 2009. If you have any photographs you'd like to see on the Kensington Blog, email them to firstname.lastname@example.com.
This world traveler is headed to Egypt and Jordan in 2010 with Kensington Tours.... be prepared for some more of her great photos!
Highlights: Peru (Lima, Cusco, Aguas Calientes)
Your sense of wonder will be found in these lost Incan cities. Explore Cusco, the Sacred Valley, Machu Picchu and Lima without breaking the bank!
Highlights: Ecuador (Quito) , Amazon (Amazon Cruise)
Join the voyage of a lifetime along the earth's mightiest river — the Amazon. Cruise, canoe, walk, and explore the creatures and the cultures of the Ecuadorian Amazon.
Highlights: Colombia (Bogota, Cartagena, Santa Marta)
From the violet mist that shrouds the Andean mountains to the lush green of the jungle canopy and the sparkling turquoise of the Caribbean coast, you'll be seduced by the rich colors of Colombia.
Stay in the know: Subscribe to our newsletter to have our hand-picked trips & specials delivered to you!


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Top Apps
- Audio & Video
- Business & Enterprise
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X-Chat Aqua X-Chat Aqua is X-Chat with an Aqua interface for MacOS X. X-Chat Aqua uses the irc engine from X-Chat, and is designed to look and feel like the GTK+ front end.
82 weekly downloads -
Mac OS X Ext2 Filesystem An implementation of the Ext2 (Linux) filesystem for Mac OS X.
60 weekly downloads -
HXD for OS X HXD for OS X is a complete distribution of HXD for Mac OS X. It includes a preferences pane for the System Preferences application for controlling the server.
47 weekly downloads -
OpenXSpell (aka Xspell) ***This project has been made redundant by Apple's OpenSpell See project website for details *** OpenXSpell brings Open Source spell checking to the Mac OS X platform. With the release of Snow Leopard Apple has incorporated this functionality and us
5 weekly downloads -
Excalibur spelling checker Excalibur is a TeX/LaTeX aware spelling checker. It will also spell check plain text documents.
1 weekly downloads -
Funiculus Funiculus is a guitar tuner for the iPhone. It analyzes the frequency of a note played and provides feedback to the user.
1 weekly downloads -
DAAP - Digital Audio Access Protocol A C/C++ library to share digital audio between computers on a network, reverse engineered from and compatible with Apple's iTunes 4.0 implementation.
1 weekly downloads -
Niagara Cocoa Bittorrent client and C torrent library - based on fork of libbt, with high performance and compatibility, advanced prioritisation and scheduling, DHT, and Protocol Encryption.
1 weekly downloads -
XgridDRMAA XgridDRMAA is an Xgrid implementation of the Distributed Resource Management Application API (DRMAA), a simple framework for the submission and control of jobs to grid computing ("distributed resouce management") systems.
1 weekly downloads -
Graphite API Graphite is a LGPL implementation of Apple's Carbon API. It aims to be as close as possible to a source-code level portable implemetation. It will be a wrapper around existing APIs to allow fast development, the main one being GNUstep.
0 weekly downloads -
Objective-C GTK Objective-C bindings for GTK+ library
0 weekly downloads -
Portable File System Driver This project is an attempt to create a wrapper between filesystem code for one operating system and compile it for another. For example, a Linux filesystem driver could work natively in Windows if the project goes as planned.
0 weekly downloads -
abandoned project This abandoned project was an attempt to build an open source intraoral camera for dentists to use.
0 weekly downloads


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Donor Policy:
United Way will not sell, rent or loan any donor information.
Volunteer Privacy Policy:
United Way of Central Iowa makes every effort to ensure confidentiality and privacy for all volunteers registering on Volunteer Solutions and/or participating in United Way of Central Iowa-sponsored volunteer initiatives. Any volunteer information provided will not be given or sold to persons or entities external to United Way of Central Iowa without the volunteer's written permission.


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The Guenther House
The front panel is green with small white leaves and a photo of the house. The back panel has a photo of the restaurant with museum information. This house belonged to the founder of Pioneer Flour Mills and was restored by the same company.
Donor: Sliker, Shirley Brocker
Brand Name: Pioneer Flour
Publisher: C.H. Guenther and Son, Inc. (San Antonio, Tex.)
12 p.
21.6 x 9.5 cm
Language: English
Key Terms:
Copyright: This item is under copyright.
Citation: The Guenther House. The Alan and Shirley Brocker Sliker Collection, MSS 314, Special Collections, Michigan State University Libraries. Available at http://www.lib.msu.edu/exhibits/sliker/detail.jsp?id=2549


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Editors' Note: The "Download Now" link directs you to the product page in the online Android Market. The application can directly be downloaded and installed on the registered Android device from your PC, or you can download it from the Android Market on your Android device.
Publisher's Description
+Stopwatch for Android is a very simple and useful stopwatch timer application. Stopwatch for Android also captures and records lap times. This application will not lose track of the elapsed time, even when the phone is powered off.


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Quick release couplings and accessories for compressed air: Superior safety and performance
Stäubli's comprehensive line of connection solutions for compressed air offers a number of distinct advantages. High quality materials deliver optimum connector performance and tightness that you can rely on, along with high guaranteed flow rate in all compressed air circuits. Safety is of utmost importance, and integral to our product design at all levels - during connection, operation and disconnection. Our couplings also minimize stress on the operator, thanks to ergonomic design and lightweight materials.