text:
Eileen R. Choffnes, David A. Relman, LeighAnne Olsen, Rebekah Hutton,
and Alison Mack, Rapporteurs
Forum on Microbial Threats
Board on Global Health
Washinton, D.C
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Workshop Summary
Eileen R. Choffnes, David A. Relman, LeighAnne Olsen, Rebekah Hutton,
and Alison Mack, Rapporteurs
Forum on Microbial Threats
Board on Global Health
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing
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Financial support for this project was provided by the American Society for Microbiology;
Burroughs Wellcome Fund; GlaxoSmithKline; Infectious Diseases Society of America;
Merck Company Foundation; sanofi pasteur; U.S. Agency for International Development;
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world. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101(42):15124-15129.
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Suggested citation: IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2012. Improving food safety through a
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Advising the Nation. Improving Health.
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DAVID A. RELMAN (Chair), Stanford University and Veterans Affairs Palo
Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
JAMES M. HUGHES (Vice-Chair), Global Infectious Diseases Program,
Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
LONNIE J. KING (Vice-Chair), The Ohio State University, Columbus
KEVIN ANDERSON, Biological and Chemical Defense Division, Science and
Technology Directorate, Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
RUTH L. BERKELMAN,2 Center for Public Health Preparedness and
Research, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta,
DAVID BLAZES,3 Division of Global Emerging Infectious Surveillance,
Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
ENRIQUETA C. BOND, Burroughs Wellcome Fund (Emeritus), Marshall,
ROGER G. BREEZE, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore,
PAULA R. BRYANT, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Medical S&T
Division, Fort Belvoir, Virginia
JOHN E. BURRIS, Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina
ARTURO CASADEVALL, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx,
New York
PETER DASZAK, EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York
JEFFREY S. DUCHIN, Public Health–Seattle and King County, Washington
JONATHAN EISEN, Genome Center, University of California, Davis,
RALPH L. ERICKSON, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring,
MARK B. FEINBERG, Merck Vaccine Division, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point,
JACQUELINE FLETCHER, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater,
CLAIRE FRASER,4 Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
JESSE L. GOODMAN, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland
1 Institute of Medicine Forums and Roundtables do not issue, review, or approve individual docu-
ments. The responsibility for the published workshop summary rests with the workshop rapporteurs
and the institution.
2 Forum member until December 31, 2011.
3 Forum member until March 31, 2012.
4 Forum member since June 1, 2012.
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EDUARDO GOTUZZO, Instituto de Medicina Tropical–Alexander von
Humbolt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
CAROLE A. HEILMAN, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
DAVID L. HEYMANN, Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom
ZHI HONG, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
PHILIP HOSBACH, sanofi pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania
STEPHEN ALBERT JOHNSTON, Arizona BioDesign Institute, Arizona
State University, Tempe, Arizona
KENT KESTER,5 Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences,
Bethesda, Maryland
GERALD T. KEUSCH, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston
University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
RIMA F. KHABBAZ, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta,
STANLEY M. LEMON, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
EDWARD McSWEEGAN, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
MARK A. MILLER, Fogarty International Center, Bethesda, Maryland
JULIE PAVLIN,6 Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring,
GEORGE POSTE, Complex Adaptive Systems Initiative, Arizona State
University, Tempe, Arizona
DAVID RIZZO, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California,
Davis, California
GARY A. ROSELLE, Veterans Health Administration, Department of
Veterans Affairs, Cincinnati, Ohio
ALAN S. RUDOLPH, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, Virginia
KEVIN RUSSELL, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring,
JANET SHOEMAKER, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
P. FREDERICK SPARLING, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill,
North Carolina
TERENCE TAYLOR,7 International Council for the Life Sciences, Arlington,
MURRAY TROSTLE, U.S. Agency for International Development,
Washington, DC
MARY E. WILSON, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University,
Boston, Massachusetts
5 Forum member since June 1, 2012.
6 Forum member since April 1, 2012.
7 Forum member until December 31, 2011.
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EILEEN CHOFFNES, Scholar and Director
LEIGHANNE OLSEN, Program Officer
KATHERINE McCLURE, Senior Program Associate
REBEKAH HUTTON, Research Associate
PAMELA BERTELSON, Senior Program Assistant
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RICHARD GUERRANT (Chair), Thomas H. Hunter Professor of International
Medicine and Director, Center for Global Health, University of Virginia
School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
JO IVEY BOUFFORD (IOM Foreign Secretary), President, New York
Academy of Medicine, New York, New York
CLAIRE V. BROOME, Adjunct Professor, Division of Global Health, Rollins
School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
JACQUELYN C. CAMPBELL, Anna D. Wolf Chair, and Professor, Johns
Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland
THOMAS J. COATES, Michael and Sue Steinberg Professor of Global AIDS,
Research Co-Director, UC Global Health Institute, David Geffen School of
Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
GARY DARMSTADT, Director, Family Health Division, Global Health
Program, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington
VALENTIN FUSTER, Director, Wiener Cardiovascular Institute Kravis
Cardiovascular Health Center Professor, Cardiology, Mount Sinai School
of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York
JACOB A. GAYLE, Vice President, Community Affairs, Executive Director,
Medtronic Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
GLENDA E. GRAY, Executive Director, Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris
Hani Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Diepkloof,
South Africa
STEPHEN W. HARGARTEN, Professor and Chair, Emergency Medicine,
Director, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
JAMES HOSPEDALES, Coordinator, Chronic Disease Project, Health
Surveillance and Disease Management Area, Pan American Health
Organization and World Health Organization, Washington, DC
PETER J. HOTEZ, Professor and Chair, Department of Microbiology,
Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University,
Washington, DC
CLARION JOHNSON, Global Medical Director, Medicine and Occupational
Medicine Department, Exxon Mobil, Fairfax, Virginia
FITZHUGH MULLAN, Professor, Department of Health Policy, The George
Washington University, Washington, DC
OLUFUNMILAYO F. OLOPADE, Walter L. Palmer Distinguished Service
Professor of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
1 Institute of Medicine boards do not review or approve individual workshop summaries. The
responsibility for the content of the workshop summary rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the
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GUY PALMER, Regents Professor of Pathology and Infectious Diseases,
Director of the School for Global Animal Health, Washington State
University, Pullman, Washington
THOMAS C. QUINN, Associate Director for International Research, National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health,
Professor of Medicine, International Health, Epidemiology, and Molecular
Biology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore, Maryland
JENNIFER PRAH-RUGER, Associate Professor, Division of Health Policy
and Administration, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven,
PATRICK KELLEY, Director
ANGELA CHRISTIAN, Program Associate
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ROGER G. BREEZE, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore,
PETER DASZAK, EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York
DAVID L. HEYMANN, Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom
JAMES M. HUGHES, Global Infectious Diseases Program, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia
GERALD T. KEUSCH, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston
University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
RIMA F. KHABBAZ, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta,
LONNIE J. KING, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
1 Institute of Medicine planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop,
identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published workshop summary
rests solely with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.
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This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their
diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures
approved by the National Research Council's Report Review Committee. The
purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments
that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible
and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evi-
dence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft
manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process. We wish to
thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
Roger G. Breeze, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore,
David Heymann, Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom
James M. Hughes, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
Stanley M. Lemon, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill,
North Carolina
David Rizzo, University of California, Davis, California
Jørgen Schlundt, Danish Technical University, Lyngby, Denmark
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive com-
ments and suggestions, they did not see the final draft of the report before its
release. The review of this report was overseen by Dr. Melvin Worth. Appointed
by the Institute of Medicine, he was responsible for making certain that an inde-
pendent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional
procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility
for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authors and the institution.
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The Forum on Emerging Infections was created by the Institute of Medicine
(IOM) in 1996 in response to a request from the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The purpose of
the Forum is to provide structured opportunities for leaders from government,
academia, and industry to regularly meet and examine issues of shared concern
regarding research, prevention, detection, and management of emerging, reemerg-
ing, and novel infectious diseases in humans, plants, and animals. In pursuing
this task, the Forum provides a venue to foster the exchange of information and
ideas, identify areas in need of greater attention, clarify policy issues by enhanc-
ing knowledge and identifying points of agreement, and inform decision makers
about science and policy issues. The Forum seeks to illuminate issues rather than
resolve them. For this reason, it does not provide advice or recommendations on
any specific policy initiative pending before any agency or organization. Its value
derives instead from the diversity of its membership and from the contributions
that individual members make throughout the activities of the Forum. In Sep-
tember 2003, the Forum changed its name to the Forum on Microbial Threats.
The Forum on Microbial Threats and the IOM wish to express their warmest
appreciation to the individuals and organizations who gave their valuable time
to provide information and advice to the Forum through their participation in
the planning and execution of this workshop. A full list of presenters, and their
biographical information, may be found in Appendixes B and E, respectively.
The Forum gratefully acknowledges the contributions of the members of the
planning committee:1 Roger Breeze (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory),
1 Institute of Medicine planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop,
identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published workshop summary
rests solely with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.
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xiv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Peter Daszak (EcoHealth Alliance), David Heymann (Health Protection Agency),
James Hughes (Emory University), Gerald Keusch (Boston University), Rima
Khabbaz (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), and Lonnie King (Ohio
State University).
The Forum is also indebted to the IOM staff who tirelessly contributed
throughout the planning and execution of the workshop and the production of this
workshop summary report. On behalf of the Forum, we gratefully acknowledge
these efforts led by Dr. Eileen Choffnes, director of the Forum; Dr. LeighAnne
Olsen, program officer; Katherine McClure, senior program associate; Rebekah
Hutton, research associate; and Pamela Bertelson, senior program assistant, for
dedicating much effort and time to developing this workshop's agenda and for their
thoughtful and insightful approach and skill in planning for the workshop and in
translating the workshop's proceedings and discussion into this workshop sum-
mary report. We would also like to thank the following IOM staff and consultants
for their valuable contributions to this activity: Daniel Bethea, Laura Harbold
DeStefano, Alison Mack, Vilija Teel, and Sarah Ziegenhorn.
Finally, the Forum wishes to recognize the sponsors that supported this
activity. Financial support for this project was provided by the U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services: NIH, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases, CDC, Food and Drug Administration, and the Fogarty International
Center; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; U.S. Depart-
ment of Defense, Department of the Army: Global Emerging Infections Surveil-
lance and Response System, Medical Research and Materiel Command, and the
Defense Threat Reduction Agency; U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs; U.S.
Department of Homeland Security; U.S. Agency for International Development;
American Society for Microbiology; sanofi pasteur; Burroughs Wellcome Fund;
GlaxoSmithKline; Infectious Diseases Society of America; and the Merck Com-
pany Foundation. The views presented in this workshop summary are those of
the workshop participants and have been summarized by the rapporteurs. They
do not necessarily reflect the views of the Forum on Microbial Threats, its spon-
sors, or the IOM.
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Workshop Overview 1
Workshop Overview References, 103
A Contributed Manuscripts, 115
A1 EHEC O104:H4 in Germany 2011: Large Outbreak of Bloody
Diarrhea and Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome by Shiga Toxin–
Producing E. coli via Contaminated Food, 115
Reinhard Burger
A2 One Health and Hotspots of Food-borne EIDs, 130
C. Zambrana-Torrelio, K. A. Murray, and P. Daszak
A3 Plant Food Safety Issues: Linking Production Agriculture with
One Health, 140
Marilyn C. Erickson and Michael P. Doyle
A4 One Health and Food Safety—The Canadian Experience:
A Holistic Approach Toward Enteric Bacterial Pathogens and
Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, 176
Jane Parmley, Zee Leung, David Léger, Rita Finley,
Rebecca Irwin, Katarina Pintar, Frank Pollari,
Richard Reid-Smith, David Waltner-Toews,
Mohamad Karmali, and Rainer Engelhardt
A5 Overview of the Global Food System: Changes over Time/Space and
Lessons for Future Food Safety, 189
Will Hueston and Anni McLeod
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xvi CONTENTS
A6 The Australian Perspective, the Biosecurity Continuum from
Preborder, to Border and Postborder, 198
Martyn Jeggo
A7 Food Safety: A View from the Wild Side, 207
William B. Karesh, Elizabeth Loh, Catherine Machalaba
A8 One Health and Food Safety, 218
Lonnie J. King
A9 Food-borne Viruses from a Global Perspective, 225
Marion Koopmans
A10 Microbe Hunting and Pathogen Discovery, 251
Nicole C. Arrigo and W. Ian Lipkin
A11 Transmission of Human Infection with Nipah Virus, 271
Stephen P. Luby, Emily S. Gurley, and M. Jahangir Hossain
A12 Date Palm Sap Linked to Nipah Virus Outbreak in Bangladesh,
2008, 283
Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Mohammad Jahangir Hossain,
Sharmin Sultana, Nusrat Homaira, Salah Uddin Khan,
Mahmudur Rahman, Emily S. Gurley, Pierre E. Rollin,
Michael K. Lo, James A. Comer, Luis Lowe, Paul A. Rota,
Thomas G. Ksiazek, Eben Kenah, Yushuf Sharker, and
Stephen P. Luby
A13 Food-borne Pathogen Control Programs, 298
Mike Robach
A14 Emerging Food-borne Pathogens and Problems: Expanding
Prevention Efforts Before Slaughter or Harvest, 307
Casey Barton Behravesh, Ian T. Williams, and Robert V. Tauxe
A15 Antibiotic Resistance—Linking Human and Animal Health, 331
Henrik C. Wegener
A16 Origins of Major Human Infectious Diseases, 349
Nathan D. Wolfe, Claire Panosian Dunavan, and Jared Diamond
A17 The Outlook for Public Food Safety Research and USDA
Science, 362
Catherine Woteki
B Agenda 369
C Acronyms 373
D Glossary 377
E Speaker Biographies 385
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Tables, Figures, and Boxes
WO-1 Understanding the One Health Paradigm for Food Safety, 16
WO-2 Many of the Major Food-Borne Pathogens in the United States Were
Only Recently Characterized, 23
A3-1 Food-Borne Disease Outbreaks Attributed to a Single Commodity by
Leading Food Vehicles, 2006-2008, 141
A3-2 Number of Outbreaks (illnesses) Reported Between 2000 and 2009 in
the United States That Were Associated with Selected Fresh Produce
Items as a Function of their Etiology, 142
A3-3 Selected Food-Borne Disease Outbreaks Attributed to Produce During
the Period of 2006-2011, 144
A3-4 Prevalence of Salmonella in Lettuce, Cabbage, and Mixed Salads
Throughout the World, 146
A3-5 Prevalence of Helminth and Protozoan Parasites in Leafy Greens from
2005 to 2010, 148
A3-6 Prevalence and Cell Numbers of Salmonella spp. in Manures from
Domesticated Animals, 150
A3-7 Prevalence and Cell Numbers of Campylobacter spp. in Manures from
Domesticated Animals, 152
A3-8 Prevalence and Cell Numbers of Shiga Toxin–Producing E. coli in
Manures from Domesticated Animals, 153
A3-9 Prevalence and Cell Numbers of Cryptosporidium spp. in Manures
from Domesticated Animals, 157
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xviii TABLES, FIGURES, AND BOXES
A3-10 Prevalence of Salmonella spp., STEC, and Protozoan Parasites in
Environmental Waters, 159
A3-11 Prevalence of Enteric Food-Borne Pathogens in Wildlife and Insects, 163
A6-1 Major Differences to Risk Management of Infectious Diseases Versus
Those Associated with Food Safety Issues, 201
A12-1 Profiles of the Case-Patients in February 2008 Nipah Outbreaks,
Manikgonj and Rajbari Districts, Bangladesh, 290
A12-2 Laboratory Results of Case-Patients in February 2008, Manikgonj and
Rajbari Districts, Bangladesh, 290
A12-3 Nucleotide Differences Between Nipah Virus Isolated from
Bangladesh (2004, 2008) and India (2007), 292
A12-4 Bivariate Analysis of Exposures for Nipah Virus Infection in February
2008, Manikgonj and Rahbari Districts, Bangladesh, 293
A14-1 Major Pathogens Identified as Foodborne Since 1970, 309
A14-2 Major Food-Animal Reservoirs for Human Foodborne Bacterial
Pathogens, 310
A14-3 Fifteen New Food Vehicles Identified from 2006 Through March 2012
in Foodborne Outbreaks Affecting the United States, 311
WO-1 The well-traveled salad, 2
WO-2 U.S. agricultural and seafood imports (millions of U.S. dollars), 8
WO-3 The convergence model, 10
WO-4 Trends in global population: 1950-2015, 12
WO-5 World meat consumption, 1983-2020, 13
WO-6 Why diseases emerge, 14
WO-7 Global supply chain complexity: Origin and contents of a generic
"megaburger," 19
WO-8 The global U.S. food supply: Many components, 20
WO-2-1 Scanning electron microscope image shows the characteristic spiral, or
corkscrew, shape of Campylobacter jejuni cells, 24
WO-2-2 Clostridium perfringens bacterium. Colored TEM. Magnification:
43,000x, 25
WO-2-3 This colorized scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicts a number
of Escherichia coli bacteria of the strain O157:H7 (Magnification:
6,836), 26
WO-2-4 False-color transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a single
flagellate bacterium, Listeria monocytogenes, 27
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WO-2-5 Transmission electron micrograph of norovirus virions, 28
WO-2-6 Negatively color-enhanced scanning electron micrograph showing
Salmonella typhimurium (red) invading cultured human cells, 29
WO-2-7 Colored transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of Toxoplasma
gondii parasites, cause of toxoplasmosis, 30
WO-9 The true burden of food-borne disease remains unknown, 31
WO-10 Many different pathogens and toxins, 33
WO-11 Foods implicated in outbreaks, 33
WO-3-1 Aerial (~15 km2) photograph of ranch A showing overlapping circular
buffer regions around feral swine trap 1 and trap 2 (San Benito crop
year 2006; Image Trader, Flagstaff, AZ), 38
WO-3-2 Incidence of HUS, 39
WO-3-3 Persons infected with the outbreak-associated strains of Listeria
monocytogenes, by state, 41
WO-3-4 Cruise ships provide ideal conditions for the amplification and spread
of infectious diseases, 43
WO-12 Fifteen years of progress in prevention: Trends in food-borne diseases,
Foodnet, 1996-2010, 45
WO-13 EHEC outbreak 2011: Investigation of the outbreak along the food
chain, 49
WO-14 Malaysia Nipah outbreak, 50
WO-15 Date palm sap collection, 51
WO-16 How often do bats visit date palm trees to drink their sap?, 52
WO-17 Bacteria manipulate leaf stomata and get inside, 59
WO-18 Grouping of (potential) food-borne viruses, 60
WO-19 Pyramids and snowball effects, 63
WO-20 DANMAP: Integrated surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and
antimicrobial usage in Denmark, 64
WO-21 A schematic representation of how farm size can affect risk of avian
influenza emergence, 68
WO-22 Hotspots for food-borne pathogen emergence, 70
WO-23 John Snow's map of the 1854 cholera epidemic in London, 73
WO-24 Human viruses have animal origins, 74
WO-25 A staged strategy for pathogen discovery, 77
WO-26 A One Health approach recognizes the interconnection between
humans, plants, animals, water, and the environment as it relates to
health problems, 82
WO-27 The "host–parasite" continuum, 83
WO-28 Schematic presentation of the collection, collation, analysis, and
interpretation of surveillance data and the subsequent dissemination of
information to all the major stakeholders in food safety, 87
WO-29 Global-to-local food safety systems, 96
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xx TABLES, FIGURES, AND BOXES
A1-1 Total number of EHEC and HUS cases and associated deaths during
the outbreak of EHEC O104:H4 in summer 2011 in Germany and
comparison to an average year, 117
A1-2 Epidemiological curve of EHEC and HUS cases and overview of
epidemiological studies performed by the Robert Koch Institute for
identification of sprouts as the vehicle of transmission, 118
A1-3 Recipe-based restaurant cohort study of the Robert Koch Institute reveals
risk for infection associated with the consumption of sprouts, 120
A1-4 Trading network reveals linkage of 41 identified outbreak clusters, 121
A1-5 Electron micrograph of EHEC O104:H4, 123
A1-6 Putative origin of the EHEC outbreak strain as a combination of viru -
lence traits derived from two different ancestors, 124
A2-1 Proportion of EID events categorized by transmission mode, 131
A2-2 Number of EID events per transmission mode classified by pathogen
type, 134
A2-3 Number of EID events per transmission mode categorized by zoonotic
origin, 135
A2-4 Proportion of drug-resistant and nonresistant EID events of zoonotic
or nonzoonotic origin, 136
A2-5 Association of food-borne EIDs with other drivers, 137
A2-6 Relative risk of food-borne EID events, based on Jones et al. (2008), 138
A4-1 Economic impact examples, 178
A4-2 Transfer model for antimicrobial resistance genes, 180
A4-3 The intersection of enteric agents, animals and humans, and the
environmental factors that influence the occurrence of zoonotic
bacterial infections and the emergence of AMR, 182
A4-4 Ceftiofur resistance in E. coli from retail chicken and S. Heidelberg
from retail chicken and humans, CIPARS 2003-2010, 186
A5-1 Global supply chain complexity. Movement of commodities, 192
A5-2 Global supply chain complexity. Ingredient list, 193
A5-3 Globalizing the cheeseburger, 194
A6-1 When to act: Generalized invasion curve showing actions appropriate
to each stage, 202
A7-1 The number of infectious disease events that emerged from wildlife
between 1940 and 2004 as published by Jones et al. (2008), 208
A7-2 All food-borne EID events from 1940-2004 (n = 100), broken down by
zoonotic versus nonzoonotic origin, 209
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A7-3 All food-borne emerging infectious diseases from 1940 to 2004
(n = 100) with their respective "drivers of emergence" as published by
Jones et al. (2008), 209
A7-4 Routes of contamination resulting in food-borne illness linked to
wildlife, 211
A9-1 Epidemiology of food- and water-borne viruses, showing complexity
of transmission and possible sources of infection, 226
A9-2 Steps required and common challenges for establishing proof of food-
borne (viral) infection, 236
A10-1 Growth of the viral sequence database mapped to seminal discoveries
and improvements in sequencing technology, 254
A10-2 Staged strategy for pathogen discovery and link to causation. In the
molecular era of pathogen discovery, culture and molecular methods
are pursued in parallel until an agent is detected, isolated, and
characterized, 263
A11-1 Range of Pteropus bats based on RM Nowak, 273
A11-2 Chain of person to person transmission in Nipah outbreak, Faridpur,
Bangladesh, 2004, 276
A12-1 Bangladesh map showing location of Nipah surveillance sites,
previous Nipah outbreak areas, and February 2008 outbreak areas of
Bangladesh, 285
A12-2 Date of illness onset from both clusters occurred over 6 days during
February 2008, Manikgonj and Rajbari Districts, Bangladesh, 287
A13-1 Roadmap for the components of global food safety, 300
A13-2 Cargill food safety policy, 303
A13-3 Corporate food safety and regulatory affairs, 304
A13-4 Cargill environmental monitoring decision tree, 306
A14-1 The food production chain from the farm to the table, 308
A14-2 Distribution of illnesses by food type in 1,565 foodborne outbreaks
caused by a single food type and reported to CDC's National
Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System, 2003-2008, 311
A14-3 Relative rates of laboratory-confirmed infections with Campylobacter,
Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli O157, Listeria, Salmonella,
and Vibrio, compared with 1996-1998 rates, by year, in the United
States during 1996-2010, based on data from the Foodborne Diseases
Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), 312
OCR for page R1
xxii TABLES, FIGURES, AND BOXES
A14-4 Number of reported cases of salmonellosis, by serotype, England and
Wales, 2000-2010, 317
A15-1 The epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance at the human–animal
interface is invariably complex, 333
A15-2 Flow of samples, isolates, and data in the Danish Integrated
Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Usage Monitoring
Programme—DANMAP, 338
A15-3 Comparison of the sales of veterinary antibacterial agents between
10 European countries (mg per kg meat produced), 339
A15-4 The total consumption of fluoroquinolones in Danish food-animal
production, following voluntary and regulatory efforts to reduce the
amounts used in 1999 and 2002, respectively, 342
A15-5 Resistance (%) to erythromycin among Enterococcus faecium and
Enterococcus faecalis from swine and the consumption of macrolides
in swine, Denmark, 343
A15-6 Resistance (%) to vancomycin in Enterococcus faecium from broilers
and the consumption of avoparcin, Denmark, 344
A15-7 Prevalence of ceftiofur resistance (moving average of the current
quarter and the previous two quarters) among retail chicken
Escherichia coli, and retail chicken and human clinical Salmonella
enterica serovar Heidelberg isolates during 2003-2008 in Québec, 345
A15-8 Sales of antimicrobials for therapeutic use in farmed fish in Norway
versus produced biomass, 346
A16-1 Illustration of the five stages through which pathogens of animals
evolve to cause diseases confined to humans, 352
WO-1 Wicked Problems, 14
WO-2 The Seven Most Common Food-Borne Pathogens in the United
States, 24
WO-3 Recent Food-borne Outbreaks: The Changing Nature of the
"Threat," 36
WO-4 Molecular Methods for Pathogen Discovery, 78
A16-1 Five Stages Leading to Endemic Human Diseases, 351
A16-2 Transitions Between Stages, 353


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How far does the highway extend? The highway extends 108 km (67 miles) from Brock Road in Pickering in the east to the QEW/403 interchange near Hamilton in the west. There are 198 ramps to conveniently enter or exit the highway. To see the complete interactive online map or to print a map, click here. |
How much have you invested in expanding and upgrading the highway? 407 ETR is committed to making ongoing investments in the highway! Since 1999, we have invested over $1.2 billion to keep the traffic moving on Toronto's best highway and to keep pace with the incredible demand by Toronto area drivers to use 407 ETR. Click here to see investment details. |
What are your future plans to widen the existing highway? 407 ETR has contractual obligations with the Provincial government to widen the highway each year only in areas of highest congestion. However, we have widened the highway every year in excess of these contractual obligations to better serve our customers. 407 ETR's reputation of being fast, safe and reliable has led to traffic volumes higher than expected and we want to ensure customers keep experiencing those benefits. |
What are your future plans to lengthen the highway further east and west? Hundreds-of-thousands of customers choose to use 407 ETR everyday to experience a safe, fast and reliable trip. It's easy to understand why so many people and businesses want 407 ETR lengthened. However, any further extension of Highway 407 ETR is solely at the discretion of the Provincial government. More information on this topic is available at www.407eastea.com or by calling the MTO at 1-866-840-5529. |
How does your tolling technology work? On older toll highways,
motorists wait at a toll booth to pay a collector or a machine.
407 ETR's all-electronic toll system eliminates these traffic
line-ups and searching for the right change. While driving, the
electronic sensors located on each overhead tower log your 407 ETR
entry and exit point. There is nothing for the driver to do but
keep driving. Our electronic tolling system is based on
highly-advanced military technology and uses precision equipment
aligned with lasers to read a transponder signal and/or take
images of a licence plate – even at vehicle speeds greater
than 200 km/h.
Please note, the law requires transponders in heavy vehicles which have an actual or Registered Gross Vehicle Weight (RGVW) of over 5,000 kilograms (five tonnes). |
Will there be help close by if my car breaks down on 407 ETR? Safety is our top priority! For your safety and security, 407 ETR Highway Patrollers are on the road 24 hours per day, 7 days per week to support highway safety. 407 ETR is also patrolled by the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) with the Ministry of Transportation (MTO) Enforcement Officers providing commercial inspection safety. Customers cannot directly request or dispatch a 407 ETR Highway Patroller. We recommend to customers that in case of an emergency on 407 ETR, you are to contact emergency services by dialing 911. In addition, while travelling the highway if you notice any hazardous road conditions such as debris on the highway, please contact the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) 24 hour toll free line by dialing 1-888-310-1122. |
What is the speed limit on 407 ETR? As on other 400-series highways, 407 ETR has a posted speed limit of 100 km/h (62 miles/h). |
Is speed enforcement the same on 407 ETR as on other provincial
highways? Yes. 407 ETR is patrolled by the Ontario Provincial
Police (OPP) in the same way as other 400-series highways. Keeping
the highway safe also includes patrols by Ministry of
Transportation Enforcement Officers and 407 ETR's Road
Contrary to urban myth, our tolling technology is not used to apprehend speeders. It is only used to collect tolls. |
How is the distance calculated to determine the toll? Distance is calculated from the centre line of one interchange to the centre line of the next interchange, not from gantry to gantry. |
Will I travel free if an accident or delay slows down my trip? Unfortunately, even on Toronto's best highway, an accident, construction or inclement weather can slow down traffic flow on occasion. Regardless of traffic conditions, all tolls and fees remain the same. |
What happens if I enter 407 ETR, discover it is a toll highway
and do not want to use it? As our system is highly automated,
all vehicles entering the highway without a transponder will have
their licence plate image taken and a bill will be created. If you
get on by mistake, the best solution is to get off at the next
exit ramp and the toll fees will be minimized.
To help drivers avoid this problem, toll highway signs are placed strategically along routes leading to 407 ETR to let you know in advance that 407 ETR is a toll route. |
What are the ways I can contact you to ask questions or resolve
problems? We are pleased to serve our customers with a number of
convenient options:
ONLINE: www.407etr.com Several convenient self-service options are available.
What are all the self-serve online features I can use to manage my accounts? We have many convenient ways for you to get the assistance you need. Click here for a complete list. | ||||||||||||
What is 407 ETR's commitment to improving the highway and
customer service? As Toronto's best highway, 407 ETR
continues to experience growth in traffic volume and, as a result,
increased demand for customer service. We are proud of the
improvements we have made over the past several years, including:
Can I get a map of the highway including entries and exits? To see the complete interactive online map or to print a map, click here. |
What do I do if my transponder is lost or stolen?
If your transponder is lost or stolen, deactivate it immediately online to ensure that you do not receive future charges that are not yours. You are responsible for any charges accumulated up until the time you report your transponder as lost or stolen. Please note: If you are reporting a heavy transponder lost, you must fill out a Transponder Replacement Declaration Form. The form can be downloaded here. To deactivate a lost transponder, follow the steps below: |
How can you help if my vehicle and/or licence plate are lost or
stolen? Call us at 1-888-407-0407
and we will request for the latest information from Ministry of
Transportation on the lost or stolen plate to reclassify your
licence plate as 'lost' or 'stolen' to ensure that you do not
receive charges that are not yours. If you have received toll
charges for a stolen vehicle/plate prior to informing 407 ETR, you
will be required to provide one of the following in order to have
these charges reviewed:
If a person accumulates tolls without the knowledge of the transponder holder, how can 407 ETR help the transponder holder? Much like a credit card, you are responsible for the charges accumulated if someone else is driving your car on 407 ETR. However, if the transponder is lost or stolen, you can deactivate the transponder immediately to ensure that you do not receive future charges that are not yours. For more information on lost or stolen transponders, click here. |
My van was in an accident and is being sent to the scrap yard,
what do I need to do? As 407 ETR's system is based on billing
licence plates, it's important that you keep your licence plates
or return them in person to the Ministry's licensing office and
advise us of the change.
If the plate is captured using 407 ETR, and it's still registered to your 407 ETR account or with MTO, the charges will be applied to your account. |
Why am I still getting bills for a licence plate I no longer
have?Licence plates are like credit cards, in that the owner is
responsible for keeping the information safe and up to date. As a
407 ETR customer, you are responsible for the following:
As 407 ETR's system is based on billing licence plates, it's important that you keep us informed of any changes to the status of your plate. For example, tell us if you received a new licence plate, have seasonal trailers, had your vehicle/plate stolen, sold your vehicle with plates, etc. |
What is a transponder? How does it work? What is the cost? Transponders are the best way to travel on 407 ETR! Click here to read all about transponders. |
How do I get a transponder? It's quick and easy! Click here for complete information about leasing a transponder. |
Can I pick up a transponder for someone else? You may pick-up a transponder for someone if you have all the proper information. You will need to have the Application to Lease a Transponder and an Authorization for Transponder Pick-up form completed and signed by the licence plate owner. The authorization form allows us to release the transponder to you. Click here for the Authorization for Transponder Pick-up form and find out all you need to know. |
How do I mount the transponder in my vehicle? Proper mounting of the transponder is very important in order to avoid Video Toll Charges. Click here to see a diagram of proper transponder mounting and you can also watch our instructional video. |
How do I get additional transponder fasteners for my windshield?
We would be pleased to mail additional transponder fasteners to
you at no charge.
To order fasteners, follow the steps below: |
Why am I receiving a monthly charge for a transponder - I own it? Similar to leasing your digital cable box, all 407 ETR customers pay to lease the transponder. The nominal monthly lease or annual lease, pays for itself if you take only four round trips on 407 ETR per year. |
How do I return the transponder? Did you know that if you use
407 ETR 6 times or more per year then a transponder will save you
If you wish to return your transponder, you may return it by:
Can I save money if I get a transponder? Yes, regular users of 407 ETR can definitely save money. Transponder users save the Video Toll Charge per trip. So, if you plan to make more than four round trips per year, a transponder will save you money. You can save another 30% by paying your transponder lease annually instead of monthly! |
Can I use my transponder in more than one vehicle? We strongly
advise all our customers not to share a transponder between
vehicles. You are more likely to mount the transponder incorrectly
or forget to take it in the car and end up with Video Toll
In order to avoid additional charges to your account, we strongly recommend that you lease a separate transponder for each vehicle that you plan to use on 407 ETR. Customers who share transponders between vehicles will be responsible for any charges, including Video Toll Charges, that can result from moving around the transponder. Additional transponders save you the hassle and expense of entering the highway without a transponder. Click here to get an additional family transponder online. |
I drive one car in winter and another in summer – do I need two transponders? We recommend having two transponders. Most people who have a summer vehicle tend to drive both vehicles in summer depending on the number of passengers, distance and weather. In order to avoid Video Toll Charges, we urge you to get a second transponder for the summer car and consolidate your accounts to save 50% off the additional transponder lease. Click here to order an additional transponder online. |
I have a transponder – why did I get Video Toll Charges
(VTCs)? In most cases, when a transponder holder gets a Video
Toll Charge (VTC) it is because the transponder was in a vehicle
not registered to that transponder, or not present in the vehicle
at all. This most frequently happens to customers who share their
transponder between two or more cars. We encourage all customers
to have one transponder per vehicle and properly mount their
transponders to avoid VTCs.
If you are not sharing your transponder and received a VTC, please call 1-888-407-0407 and we can assist you to fix the problem. If you meet the pre-conditions below, you can also request charge adjustments online. Charge Adjustment Pre- Conditions:
To request Video Toll Charge adjustments, follow the steps below: |
Do all vehicles require a transponder to use 407 ETR? Only vehicles with a gross weight or registered gross weight over 5,000 kilograms (five tonnes) are required by law to have a valid heavy vehicle transponder while driving on 407 ETR. Although lighter vehicles are not legally required to have a transponder, using one can save you money. |
What happens if the transponder is lost or stolen? If your
transponder is lost or stolen, deactivate it immediately online to
ensure that you do not receive future charges that are not yours.
You are responsible for any charges accumulated up until the time
you report your transponder as lost or stolen. Please
note: If you are reporting a heavy transponder lost, you must
fill out a Transponder Replacement Declaration Form. The form can
be downloaded here.
To deactivate a list transponder, follow the steps below: |
Are there times when the transponder's signal is not
picked-up? Why does this happen? Our remarkable electronic
tolling system is over 99.9% accurate. But, like most technology,
it is not perfect all of the time. In less than one per cent of
the time, the signal can be missed. Here are the reasons:
(When transponder users exit the highway, a properly working transponder will beep 4 times indicating the end of the trip.) |
Do I need a transponder for my motorcycle? You are not required to lease a transponder for your motorcycle. Motorcycles are not subject to Video Toll Charges. However, you will still be responsible for the toll portion of your trip. |
I tow a trailer behind with my vehicle. Do I need a transponder
for my trailer? If the vehicle towing the trailer is equipped
with a valid transponder and the trailer plate is registered to
the same account as the towing vehicle, you are not required to
lease a transponder. You can add your trailer plate to your
account online.
To add a licence plate, please follow the steps below: |
My transponder did not beep on a recent trip. Do I need to do anything? When you exit the highway, you will hear four beeps to indicate a successful recording of your trip. If your transponder does not beep, that is okay. As long as your plate and transponder belong to the same account and you mount your transponder 5 to 10 cm from the top of your windshield, no action is required. |
What is the cost to lease a transponder? To view transponder lease fees click here. A transponder is a leased product that will save you money if you make at least 7 trips per year! |
I want to use my transponder with a new licence plate. What do I
need to do? If the registered licence plate owner's name has not
changed, you can add your licence plate online. If the registered
licence plate owner's name has changed, then we recommend that
person lease a new transponder in their name and return the old
one. Click here to
lease a transponder.
To add a new licence plate, please follow the steps below: |
Why did I receive a new transponder with instructions to return my old one? 407 ETR does periodic checks to determine if a transponder requires an exchange. If your transponder is selected to be exchanged, you will receive a new transponder in the mail with instructions on how to return the old transponder free of charge. We also recommend that you log in to your web account regularly. If your transponder is nearing the end of it's life expectancy, you will be alerted to exchange it for a new one. |
What are Video Toll Charges (VTC) and why does 407 ETR charge
them? 407 ETR is the world's first all-electronic, open
access toll highway, relieving congestion on other Greater Toronto
Area highways and roads while saving customers time and money.
Because there are no toll booths, the highway needs a method to charge users whether they lease a transponder or choose to drive without one. When you choose the "no transponder" option, our remarkable technology takes a picture of your licence plate. The VTC simply defrays the added costs of using this method. Using the Video system may be the right option for infrequent users, but for regular users, leasing a transponder is always the best option. (Note: If you drive just 4 round trips per year on 407 ETR, then the total cost of a transponder is less than incurring the VTCs.) |
I have a transponder – why did I get Video Toll Charges
(VTCs)? In most cases, when a transponder holder gets a Video
Toll Charge (VTC) it is because the transponder was in a vehicle
not registered to that transponder, or not present in the vehicle
at all. This most frequently happens to customers who share their
transponder between two or more cars. We encourage all customers
to have one transponder per vehicle and properly mount their
transponders to avoid VTCs.
If you are not sharing your transponder and received a VTC, please call 1-888-407-0407 and we can assist you to fix the problem. If you meet the pre-conditions below, you can also request charge adjustments online. Charge Adjustment Pre- Conditions:
To request Video Toll Charge adjustments, follow the steps below: |
Can I use the transponder in more than one car? We encourage all
our customers to not share transponders between vehicles. In order
to avoid additional charges to your account, we recommend that you
lease a separate transponder for each vehicle that you plan to use
on 407 ETR. 407 ETR customers who share transponders between
vehicles will be responsible for any charges, including Video Toll
Charges, that can result from moving around the transponder.
Additional transponders save you the hassle and expense of entering the highway without the transponder. Click here to order an additional family transponder online. |
What are your toll rates? Our rates are set to be both affordable and to ensure that the highway does not get congested. Click here to see our toll rate charts. |
How is the distance calculated to determine the toll? Distance is calculated from the centre line of one interchange to the centre line of the next interchange, not from gantry to gantry. |
What are Video Toll Charges and why does 407 ETR charge them?
407 ETR is the world's first all-electronic, open access
toll highway, relieving congestion on other Greater Toronto Area
highways and roads while saving customers time and money.
Because there are no toll booths, the highway needs a method to charge users whether they lease a transponder or choose to drive without one. When you choose the "no transponder" option, our remarkable technology takes a picture of your licence plate. The VTC simply defrays the added costs of using this method. Using the Video system may be the right option for infrequent users, but for regular users, leasing a transponder is always the best option. (Note: If you drive just four round trips per year on 407 ETR, then the total cost of a transponder is less than incurring the VTCs.) |
What is an Account Fee and how is it charged? This applies only to vehicles without a transponder. In any month when you use the highway and a bill is generated, an Account Fee is charged. In a month when you have no 407 ETR trips, there will be no bill sent and no Account Fee will be charged to your account. |
Are there any vehicles that do not have to pay tolls? The
following vehicles may be exempted from tolls:
In order to obtain toll exemption for your vehicle(s), a Toll Exemption Agreement must be completed and submitted to 407 ETR for approval. |
Do out-of-province users also have to pay tolls? By law, all users of the highway are responsible to pay for usage, including out-of-province and U.S. customers. |
If I take a taxi or limo on the highway, how does the driver know
how much to add to the bill? It is up to you and the driver to
discuss the tolls. The vehicle may or may not have a transponder
and the distance you travel will determine the toll charges. We
If a passenger vehicle pulls a trailer that increases the vehicle weight to over 5,000 kilograms, does the light vehicle rate apply? No. When pulling a trailer that brings the weight of the vehicle to over 5,000 kilograms, heavy toll rates apply. |
If I return my transponder, is the activation fee refundable? The Transponder Activation Fee is not refundable, but your monthly transponder lease will cease starting the following month after it has been received. |
I drive a light vehicle and I see a calculated trip on my bill.
What is it? Calculated trips are rare and appear on invoices
when either the entry or exit of your trip is not captured by our
What is a Flat Toll? When is a Flat Toll applied?
Flat Tolls are rare and appear on invoices when either the entry
or exit of your trip is not captured by our systems and a
sufficient trip history has not been established.
How often will I be billed?
For transponder users: Monthly Lease - You will receive a bill each month. Annual Lease - You will receive a bill for the Annual Transponder Lease and then only for the months when 407 ETR was used. For all users: If you drive just three round trips per year on 407 ETR a transponder will help you save. To order a transponder, click here. You can even save time each moth by pre-authorizing your payments through your bank account or on your credit card (Visa, Master Card or American Express). To set up pre-authorized payment, please follow the steps below: |
Why do I have to notify you when I change my address? Don't you get that information automatically? The Ministry of Transportation does not automatically update us when their records change. We depend on our customers keeping us up-to-date as do other companies with whom you do business. It is critical that you do this to avoid the hassles of not receiving your bills, and being charged interest and placed into collections for bills sent to the wrong address. To update your address right now, please click here. |
If someone else in my household pays the bills, can I change the
name on the account to their name? The name on the account must
remain that of the registered plate owner. Although you cannot
change the name on the account, you can designate another
individual to be an authorized account contact. This allows them
to access and administrate your account. This can be done online.
To authorize an account contact, please follow the steps below: |
If I give another person authorization on my account, what kind of control will they have over my account? By authorizing another person on your account, you allow that person to have complete access to your account information. Complete access includes the ability to obtain trip details and update credit card or address information. However, they will not be able to sign a transponder lease, consolidation form or other agreements on your behalf. |
What is "One Simple Bill"? Why not do what thousands of other 407 ETR customers have done – consolidate all your accounts onto "One Simple Bill". Receive only one bill per month and pay just one Account Fee. All trips are itemized under each plate and transponder for easy viewing. It's convenient, easy and saves you money! |
How do I consolidate my accounts?It's easy! Now you can
consolidate your accounts online.
How can I pay my 407 ETR bill? You can pay your bill in several
convenient ways:
Online – You can make a credit card payment in our secure environment, 24/7. If you would like to make a payment right now, simply click here to log in to your web account. Pre-authorized payment – You will continue to receive a statement of your account 10 days before the date of withdrawal. Avoid interest and collection fees and sign up for pre-authorized payment by clicking here. Financial institution – You can make a payment through your financial institution's online banking, telephone banking or at the the teller using your 407 ETR account number.
Mail – Cheques can be mailed to: Call us – Have your credit card handy and call 1-888-407-0407. In person – Visit us at 6300 Steeles Avenue West (just west of Highway 27) in Woodbridge. We accept cash, cheques, credit cards and bank debit cards. |
How can I fix incorrect account information on my bill? If you
move or change your vehicle plate, we rely on you to keep us
up-to-date, same as you would any other service provider. The most
convenient way to update your information is to click here to update us
online. Alternatively, you can call 1-888-407-0407
or email us your new
Note: A new account is created the first time a new plate is used on the highway. When this happens, we retrieve information from the Ministry of Transportation to establish vehicle ownership and billing information. After this however, The Ministry of Transportation does not give us automatic updates for changes to your information |
How can I conveniently check my account balance, payment history or change my account information? The easiest way is right now, online. Click here to check your account. Alternatively, call 1-888-407-0407 on any day at anytime and follow the automated prompts. |
Can I choose my own monthly billing date? Unfortunately not. There are multiple billing dates each month and you will be placed into one of these dates automatically by our system, according to when you first drive on the highway. You will receive a bill dated for this day each month. |
Is 407 ETR included in direct banking services offered by most
banks? Yes. The most convenient way to pay your bill is by
pre-authorization through your bank account or credit card (Visa,
MasterCard or American Express). To pre-authorize now, please click here.
With direct banking, you can make your payment at a bank, ABM machine, by telephone and on the Internet as provided by your banking institution. |
What is Paperless Billing? In an effort to provide customers
choice and flexibility, we offer two forms of Paperless Billing:
What are the benefits of signing up for Paperless Billing? Paperless Billing saves you time because there is no need to write a cheque, go to a post office, mailbox or bank machine. It also saves you money by avoiding potential bank transaction fees, postage or interest on late payments. Paperless Billing also helps the environment by reducing the use of paper, and extra drives to the bank or post office. Click here to read more. |
When I sign up for Paperless Billing, will my billing date or account number change? No. Your account number and billing date will not change. On your billing date, an email will notify you that your bill is available to view and pay online – without all the paper. |
With Paperless Billing, will I be able to view previous bills? Yes, you can save all your bills online for up to seven years from the time you sign-up. |
What are the procedures for collecting on overdue accounts? Accounts overdue more than 90 days may be sent to a collection agency and are subject to a Collection Fee. While following a fair and thorough process for collection, these accounts may be sent to the Ministry of Transportation (MTO) for collection through Plate Denial. Click here to read more about Plate Denial. |
What is the interest rate for paying invoices late? Our effective annual rate of interest is 26.82%, which is similar to department store credit cards. |
How do I pay my outstanding balance? You can pay your bill in
several convenient ways:
And, if these easy methods don't suit your needs, you can also pay through standard methods such as at the bank, online banking or by mail Please note, if your licence plate has been denied and you require it today, you must pay your outstanding bill at any Ministry of Transportation (MTO) Driver and Vehicle licence Issuing Office. |
My account balance is very large. I cannot pay this off all at once. Can I make partial payments? We will always try to accommodate our customers who are experiencing exceptional financial hardships. Call us immediately at 1-888-407-0407 and our customer service representative will advise you on a payment plan. |
I received a "Notice of Failure to Pay (Section 16 or Section 22 Notice)" – what does this mean? Section 16 Notice and Section 22 Notice are legal notices related to Plate Denial. We encourage you to click here for details about Plate Denial and next steps available to you. |
My licence plate has never been on 407 ETR, why is its renewal being denied? While a vehicle with licence plates currently registered in your name may not have travelled on Highway 407 ETR, a vehicle with licence plates registered in your name travelled on Highway 407 ETR at some time and incurred toll and other charges that have not been paid. These plates currently may be in an unattached or expired status. In such circumstances, the Registrar of Motor Vehicles is required to refuse to renew another single vehicle permit issued to you and/or issue a vehicle permit to you. |
Why would the Registrar transfer an old debt to my current plate? Where a licence plate associated with a customer's unpaid 407 ETR account becomes unattached from the vehicle or expired, the Registrar of Motor Vehicles is required to refuse to renew another single vehicle permit issued to the same customer and/or issue a vehicle permit to that customer. |
Once I have paid my account in full, how do I reverse Plate Denial? Once your account is paid, we will gladly inform the MTO. Please click here for details about Plate Denial. |
How does billing work if I drive on 407 ETR in a rental car? If a
rental car goes on 407 ETR, the rental car company (as the owner
of the vehicle) will be sent a bill. It is completely up to the
car rental company to decide how to bill the toll charges and/or
their additional administrative fees to the user of the vehicle.
We understand you may want to take the transponder into a rented vehicle. However, as with any sharing of transponders between vehicles, you are responsible for the charges that appear on your 407 ETR bill. Since it is unlikely the rented vehicle will have transponder fasteners on the windshield, you will not be able to mount it correctly. Therefore, Video Toll Charges may be charged to the rental car company. You are responsible to reimburse the rental car company for any such charges, including their administrative fees if any. |
How does billing work for a car with dealer plates? Dealer plates are treated exactly the same as any other licence plate. If a transponder is not used or not mounted correctly, the registered owner of the licence plate is responsible for all tolls and fees. |
How does 407 ETR distinguish a "single" heavy unit from a "multiple" heavy unit? A Heavy Single Unit Vehicle has a gross weight or registered gross weight over 5,000 kilograms (five tonnes). A Heavy Multiple Unit Vehicle is a truck or tractor that has a gross weight or registered gross weight over 5,000 kilograms (five tonnes) with one or more trailers. |
Is interest paid on the security deposit required for business accounts? The security deposit does not earn interest, nor will it be held in a separate account or in trust or be considered trust money. Your security deposit will be returned to you after the transponder(s) have been returned and the account has been paid in full. |
Calculated Toll or Trip charges are on my bill, what's that for and why did I get them? Please visit the Complete Fee Details page for more information. |
Does the Ombudsman work for the government or for 407 ETR? 407
ETR, much like other private organizations, has a corporate
Ombudsman's Office that reports to the CEO. The role of the
corporate Ombudsman is to objectively investigate complaints
against the organization, once the dispute resolution process has
been exhausted, and make recommendations to the organization in
order to resolve the problem.
Legislative Ombudsmen are established by statute, and generally report findings and recommendations to a Minister of the Crown, Provincial Legislature or Federal Parliament. |
What is the purpose of the Office of the Ombudsman? The purpose of the Office of the Ombudsman is to act as an advocate for fairness and to address customers' unresolved issues or concerns related to customer service matters. The Ombudsman will review a customer's concern in an unbiased and impartial manner, ensuring the procedure is fair and reasonable to both the customer and 407 ETR. The Ombudsman will address customer concerns and make recommendations based on fairness and good business practices. |
Will the Ombudsman negotiate a settlement on my 407 ETR account? The Office of the Ombudsman does not engage in settlements or in matters that are in legal proceedings. |
If I am not happy with the resolution that I have received from your office – what is my next step? Since the Office of the Ombudsman investigates complaints and makes recommendations only after all other dispute resolution processes have been exhausted, the Office of the Ombudsman is the final avenue of appeal within 407 ETR. All decisions are final and binding. |
What is ETR Rewards? ETR Rewards is an innovative rewards program
created by 407 ETR to thank its most-valued personal customers. It
is a multi-year program that is divided into phases of six-month
duration. The program phases extend from February to July, and
August to January. At the end of each phase, customers will be
advised of their tier status for the next phase of the program.
The more transponder kilometres a customer travels on 407 ETR, the more they will be rewarded. Unlike other rewards programs, there is no membership fee or sign-up process for ETR Rewards. For each program phase, customers will automatically be enrolled in a tier based on the number of transponder kilometres they have driven during the qualifying period and their demonstration of excellent payment behaviour. |
How did I qualify for ETR Rewards? You earned it - and it is 407 ETR's way of thanking you. It is based on your use of the highway. To earn ETR Rewards, you must be a personal customer, use a valid transponder, have no outstanding account balance greater than 30 days and have travelled more than an average of 400 transponder kilometres per month on 407 ETR. |
What are the qualifications for each tier? There are three tiers
in the program, which are based on the average number of
transponder kilometres driven on 407 ETR each month.
What are transponder kilometres? These refer to kilometres driven with a valid transponder. Trips processed with a transponder are added together to determine the total distance travelled. This total is referred to as transponder kilometres. Trips taken without a transponder are not included. |
Is there a way to identify transponder kilometres on my 407 ETR bill? Transponder trips can be easily identified on your bill because those trips will be listed under your transponder number. Once you've identified those trips, the distances travelled for those trips can be added together to determine the total number of transponder kilometres. |
Why did my tier change? Your tier changed because the number of transponder kilometres you travelled either increased or decreased. |
Is it possible to move up a tier? Yes, it is possible to move up a tier for the next phase of the program. Customers will be assessed every six months to determine if they qualify for the program and if so, for which tier. |
How can I move up a tier? For customers to move up a tier, they must continue to use a valid transponder, pay their 407 bill within 30 days and drive the highway more often. For example, if you commute to and from work on 407 ETR, five days a week, and your average trip is 20 transponder kilometres, this adds up to 800 transponder kilometres a month, which means that you qualify for Tier 3. However, if you take only two additional 20 transponder kilometre trips per week, you could move up a tier and qualify for Tier 2. Another way to move up a tier is by combining all the 407 accounts in your household into One Simple 407 ETR Bill so that all the transponder kilometres are combined together. |
If I am enrolled in a phase of ETR Rewards, am I in the program for the full six months? A customer remains in the program for the full six months as long as their 407 ETR account doesn't go into collections or their plate renewal hasn't been sent to the Registrar of Motor Vehicles to be denied. If either of these situations occurs, the customer will immediately be removed from the program. |
Do I need to do anything to get the free kilometres? No. Free kilometres will automatically be applied to your account and noted on your monthly 407 ETR bill. Look for your savings and the 407 ETR Rewards logo on your monthly bill. |
If I don't use all my free kilometres in one month, can I carry them over to the next month? No. Free kilometres will not accumulate from month to month and can only be used during your monthly billing cycle. |
Is there anything I have to do before I start using my new gas card? No. For your convenience, there is no activation process so you can start using your gas card right away to save on your next Petro-Canada™ gas purchase. Start using your card as soon as you receive it to ensure you receive new savings each and every month, for the next five months. |
How will my gas card be reloaded each month? Is there anything I
have to do? Use your ETR Rewards Gas Savings Card as soon as you
receive it to ensure you maximize your savings each month. The gas
card will automatically be reloaded with value on the second day
of each month as long as your card has been used. After that,
simply enjoy your savings and trips.
Please note, if a card has been used at least once during a program phase, but then not used again for a consecutive period of three months, it will receive no further reloads of value. However, an inactive, eligible card can resume receiving monthly reloads as soon as it is used again. |
What does "reload" mean? Reload means that your gas card will automatically be reloaded with the monthly value for your current tier. For example, each month customers in Tier 1 will receive a savings of 10 cents per litre on 150 litres of Petro-Canada gas. This value will be added to any balance remaining on the card from the previous month. For more details on the gas savings allowed by your tier, see the chart in the enclosed letter. |
If I don't use all my litres of gas each month, can I accumulate them? Yes. You can accumulate your gas savings from month to month, if you have used your gas card at least once. However, you are not entitled to retroactive reloads. |
What happens if I use up all the value on my gas card in one month? Be sure to keep your gas card as you will receive automatic reloads of value on the second day of each month. |
I never purchase gas from Petro-Canada. Am I the only person who can use the ETR Rewards Gas Savings Card? Anyone can use your gas card. If you don't plan on using it, pass it on to a family member or friend so they can enjoy the savings. |
When does my gas card expire? Your ETR Rewards gas card does not expire. |
What is Balance Protection? Balance Protection is a free card
benefit offered by Petro-Canada to ETR Rewards customers. If you
lose your gas card, or it is stolen or damaged, the outstanding
balance on the card is protected from the moment you inform
Petro-Canada that you need a replacement card.
Registering for Balance Protection is easy, and it's free. Register your gas card with PETRO-POINTS by going to www.petro-canada.ca/preferred or by calling 1-800-668-0220. |
What happens if my gas card is lost, stolen or damaged? If you
have Balance Protection, notify Petro-Canada immediately by going
to www.petro-canada.ca/preferred
or calling 1-800-668-0220 between 8:00 am and 8:00 pm. If you
don't have Balance Protection, call 407 ETR immediately at 1-888-407-0407.
In either situation a new replacement card will be sent to you and your old card will be cancelled and will no longer be available for use. |
Who do I contact if I have questions about my gas card balance or how to use the card? Go to www.petro-canada.ca/preferred or call Petro-Canada at 1-800-668-0220. |
How does the program work if I have consolidated accounts? Your free kilometres will appear as savings on your One Simple 407 ETR Bill. As all consolidated accounts are included in the primary account's bill, they too will benefit from these savings as they reduce the overall dollar amount due. |
What happens if I deconsolidate my accounts during the program? If you deconsolidate any accounts during the program, the secondary accounts will be removed from the program. However, the primary account and each secondary account will be assessed on an individual account basis as part of the next regularly scheduled six-month eligibility review. |
What happens if I consolidate a new account during the program? If you add a new account during the program, it will be included on the same One Simple 407 ETR Bill on which your free kilometres appear. |
What happens if I get a new car during the program? To help us
serve you better, it is important to keep 407 ETR up to date with
any changes to your vehicle and licence plates. You can update
your vehicle information or add new licence plates online.
To add a new licence plate, follow the steps below: |
Have you given Petro-Canada any of my personal information? Are
they going to start contacting me directly? No. 407 ETR respects
the privacy of your personal information and we protect its
confidentiality. We have not provided, nor will we provide,
Petro-Canada with any of your personal information and we do not
trade or sell our customers' personal information to any
businesses. You can decide whether to register for Balance
Protection and by doing so, you may choose to provide Petro-Canada
with your personal information. ™ Trademark of Suncor Energy Inc. Used under licence. Petro-Canada is a Suncor Energy business. |
How do I close an account for a deceased person? To close the
account of a deceased person, a family member or executor should
contact 407 ETR with one of the following:
The name and address of the estate or person responsible for the deceased's affairs is also required. Please send documents via fax to 905-264-7511, or by mail to 6300 Steeles Ave. W., Woodbridge, ON, L4H 1J1. You are also required to terminate or transfer the plate ownership by visiting a Ministry of Transportation Office. |
How long does it take to process an account closure?The processing time varies depending on the account. If all of the correct documents have been submitted, processing time should take approximately 5 business days. |
What do I do with the transponder on the deceased's account?Please
return the transponder to our offices at 6300 Steeles Ave. W.,
Woodbridge, ON. You have two options:
1. Mail the transponder via Xpress Post to 6300 Steeles Ave. West, Woodbridge, ON, L4H 1J1 Please note: wrap the transponder in aluminum foil if you are returning the transponder by mail, so that the courier company's charges are not billed to your account. Also please mail it in a bubble wrap envelope to prevent damage to the transponder. 2. Drop off at our head office at 6300 Steeles Ave. W., Woodbridge, ON, L4H1J1. For customers wishing to drop off a transponder, please note we have a secure drop-box available 24 hours a day at the front of our Customer Service Centre. |
What happens to the balance on the account?The Deceased Administrator will review the charges on the account and will contact the executor or next of kin to discuss how to proceed. |
I am receiving mail from 407 ETR for a deceased person. Who can I contact? If you are the new tenant and are receiving invoices for a deceased person, please contact our customer service department at 1-888-407-0407 or via email at email@example.com for assistance. |
Who can I contact for further information?If you are unable to find the information you are looking for in regard to terminating an account for a deceased person, please contact the 407 ETR Deceased Administrator at 905-265-4070 ext. 6098. |
What is an exceptional hardship? An exceptional hardship is
defined to be a situation, in which someone's health and safety
may be severely compromised if transportation is not available to
them as a result of denial of their vehicle plate. Financial
hardship is not considered to be an exceptional hardship, and is
therefore excluded.
Specific information regarding qualification and criteria for the plan can be found here. |
If I have multiple accounts for which I wish to apply into the EHP program, can I apply once?
Yes, you may apply once. Please be sure to include your filing
fee ($30.00) with your application. The filing fee supports the
cost of processing and adjudicating an application for
Exceptional Hardship. All filing fees will be applied as a
payment towards your 407 ETR account.
Please note, accounts that have not received a Notice of Plate Denial, and do not carry a minimum balance of $1,000 will not qualify for the plan. |
How long does it take to receive a response to my application? You will receive a response within approximately 30 days from the date of receiving your completed application form, along with payment of the filing fee through certified cheque or money order. Failure to submit a filing fee through the above noted methods will result in your application not being processed. |
Why does it take 30 days to receive a response? Our mandate is to provide customers' the fairest decision possible. All applications are thoroughly reviewed with care and compassion, along with any supporting documentation that customers submit to prove their hardship. |
The application form requests supporting documentation - what kind of specific documentation are you looking for? The Ombudsman's office is looking for documentation that supports or proves that you would suffer a loss that is immediate, significant and lasting. An example of this would be that a customer requires medical appointments and/or regular treatments - and relies on their vehicle, as failure to receive any necessary treatment could jeopardize their health and safety. |
If I have been declined, what is my next step? If an applicant has been declined, please contact our customer service department at 1-888-407-0407 to inquire about a Financial Hardship Plan. |
May I meet with the Ombudsman to discuss my application? All decisions pertaining to these matters are handled through written correspondence when applicable or via telephone regarding Exceptional Hardship Payment applications. |
If I am accepted into the plan - does interest continue to apply on my balance? No, the interest will be stopped until the plan is completed or a default occurs, at which time the interest will resume on the account, if applicable. |
If I am accepted into the plan - how soon can I get my sticker? Once you have signed the terms and conditions of the payment plan, along with your payment package - we will then submit a request to the Ministry of Transportation to remove the denial that has been levied against your licence plate. Processing time may be up to 10 business days. |
What browsers do you support? We support Internet Explorer v7 and up, including v8, Firefox v3 and up, and Safari v4 and up. We also support the current version of Chrome. We do not support Internet Explorer v6 due to it's poor support for modern internet and security standards. Nor do we support any version of Netscape. In terms of mobile browsers, we support iPhone & iPad (iOS 4). In coming months we will support Android v2.1 and up. |
What is a transactional email? When you complete a transaction at www.407etr.com, a transactional email is auto-generated and sent as a confirmation of the transaction. |
What is a marketing email? From time to time, 407 ETR will send marketing emails to inform customers of discounts, promotions and special customer offers. |
How can I subscribe to marketing emails? You can subscribe to marketing emails by clicking here and managing your email preferences in your web account. |
How can I unsubscribe from 407 ETR emails? To unsubscribe to a marketing email, simply click the unsubscribe option at the bottom of any email you receive. Please note: when you unsubscribe, you will no longer receive any emails about contests, special discounts, promotions and customer offers from 407 ETR. You can also unsubscribe from marketing emails by clicking here and managing your email preferences in your web account. Note: you cannot unsubscribe from transactional emails. |


text:
Hey folks,
Watching warmups as we speak (and as I type). Jason Terry's out taking some shots, wearing a hard, protective glove.
-- Tracey Myers
« Terry is a go | Main | Hot shots »
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Flamenco Fusion in Marbella
13-01-2011 Comments (3)Popular local musician Monty will play a live session at three of Marbella best known bars this Saturday
Marbella's newly revitalised Puerto Deportivo will be the venue for live music this Saturday. Three of Marbella Port's best known bars and restaurants - Shiraz, Hestia and Volerti are opening their terraces for the Flamenco Fusion sounds of well known local guitarist and singer Monty
"We've wanted to have live music in Marbella Port for a long time" says Shiraz's Celso Bogado. "And now that the area has been cleaned up and the weather is looking great for the weekend, it's the perfect excuse to sit on the terrace and enjoy the music"
The three bars will also be offering a full range of drinks and food, so make a date to enjoy a little Flamenco Fusion in the sunshine. The music starts at about 4pm on Saturday, January 15.
By: Giles Brown
19-01-2011 17:39
That's sooo nice :)!
0 0
16-01-2011 13:13
Nice one last night Monty!
0 0
15-01-2011 12:25
Flamenco is really heart of spain
0 0
See all comments (3)
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ParagonX9 - Blue Marine
Credits & Info
- Date
- 03/14/2011
- File Info
- Loop
- 3 min 44 sec
- Score
- 4.50 / 5.00
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View all submissions featuring this audio file.
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Licensing Terms
- Attribution:
- You must give credit to the artist.
- Noncommercial:
- You may not use this work for commercial purposes unless you make specific arrangements with the artist.
- Share Alike:
- If you alter, transform, or build upon this image, you may distribute the resulting creation only under a license identical to this one.
- Score:
- Rated 4.50 / 5 stars
- Plays & Downloads:
- 139,456 Plays | 62,085 Downloads
- Share Links:
- Genres:
- Electronic - Video Game
- None
Author Comments
A copy found on my USB flash drive of one of my unfinished songs i was working on
before my computer crashed.
Rated 5 / 5 stars
This version is unfinished ?
the finished will get 10 /5
I hope i can finish this song one day.
Thanks! =D
Rated 5 / 5 stars
From the grave?
A new song by ParagonX9? It's been what, a couple years since you last did one? Glad to see you're still making more audio for all of us to enjoy! :)
Love your work as always.
Yes i've been inactive for almost 1,5 years. I'll probably never stop making music =]
It's part of my life! hehe Thank you!
Rated 5 / 5 stars
when i think blue marine I think megaman
and when I hear this song I think the same thing, is that what you were going for cause you nailed it if so
amazing, Dl'd and top scores across the board
I didn't had megaman music in my mind while making this song.
What got me inspired was the music from Turtles in Time.
But i can understand that some things might sound megaman'ish! ^^
hehe thank you! =D
Rated 5 / 5 stars
I'm sure he loves you too! ;)
Rated 5 / 5 stars
That song is Awesome
The song is Awesome but seem unfinished or polished more to say hence why it say unfinished songs lol
But That Weird Sound Effect at 1:36 i could swear i heard something similar on my SNES or Genesis Emulator Games But The Rest of the song is so mysterious
it Feel like something ud play on a SCI-FI RPG the song is very addictive but it seem to miss something hope the finished version is for soon
Also: I really like that Rhythm of Bass around 2:20 it something i heard in similar song before but played Differently
Hope ParagonX9 get a new Pc soon :)
It's possible that the sound you're talking about is a 'Hit' sound of Turtles in Time (SNES)
This song had a bit of inspiration from that game's awesome music =]
I hope i can finish this song when i have a new computer.
Tho the song is currently decent for looping imo =]
THanks for the rev! =]


text:
Development of an optical refractometer by analysis of one-dimensional photonic bandgap structures with defects
Optics Letters, Vol. 28, Issue 13, pp. 1099-1101 (2003)
Acrobat PDF (339 KB)
A theoretical analysis of an optical fiber photonic-bandgap-based refractometer is presented. The design is based on a quarter-wave reflector with one defect. By modifying both the real and the imaginary parts of the index of refraction of the defects we begin to change either the frequency or the amplitude of the localized optical mode. So we could fabricate a specific optical fiber refractometer by combining all the variables: index of refractive index of the defects and the rest of layers, thickness of the defect, number of layers, etc. to yield a large set of design possibilities, for example, detecting wider or thinner ranges of refractive indices, or controlling the detection accuracy. Some rules for the practical implementation of the refractometer are given.
© 2003 Optical Society of America
OCIS Codes
(050.0050) Diffraction and gratings : Diffraction and gratings
(050.2770) Diffraction and gratings : Gratings
(060.2310) Fiber optics and optical communications : Fiber optics
(310.6860) Thin films : Thin films, optical properties
Ignacio R. Matías, Ignacio Del Villar, Francisco J. Arregui, and Richard O. Claus, "Development of an optical refractometer by analysis of one-dimensional photonic bandgap structures with defects," Opt. Lett. 28, 1099-1101 (2003)
Sort: Year | Journal | Reset
- J. D. Joannopoulos, R. D. Meade, and J. N. Winn, Photonic Crystals: Molding the Flow of Light (Princeton U. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1995).
- P. R. Villeneuve, D. S. Abrams, S. Fan, and J. D. Joannopoulos, Opt. Lett. 21, 2017 (1996).
- P. Tran, Opt. Lett. 21, 1138 (1996).
- J. Broeng, D. Mogilevstev, S. E. Barkou, and A. Bjarklev, Opt. Fiber Technol. 5, 305 (1999).
- T. D. James, A. C. Greenwald, E. A. Johnson, W. A. Stevenson, J. A. Wollam, T. George, and E. W. Jones, Proc. SPIE 3937, 80 (2000).
- E. Yablonovitch, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 10, 283 (1993).
- F. J. Arregui, I. R. Matías, K. L. Cooper, R. O. Claus, Opt. Lett. 26, 131 (2001).
- F. J. Arregui, I. R. Matías, Y. Liu, K. M. Lenahan, and R. O. Claus, Opt. Lett. 24, 596 (1999).
- F. J. Arregui, B. Dickerson, R. O. Claus, I. R. Matías, and K. L. Cooper, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 13, 1319 (2001).
- S. A. Khodier, Opt. Laser Technol. 34, 125 (2002).
- I. R. Matías, I. Del Villar, F. J. Arregui, and R. O. Claus, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 20, 644 (2003).
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text:
1994-1996 Chevy Impala Inside Door Handle Front or Rear Pair
1ADHS00128- New
This replacement interior door handle set is just what you need to get your vehicle in good working order again!
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in Fruit & veg
Please, can anyone help? Our French bean leaves are turning yellow and we don't know why. They are being watered at the roots in the evening after the heat of the sun has lessened. Do they need a special feed? are they just settling in? they were planted out two weeks ago.
I wonder if they have rooted properly yet and if they are being watered a bit too much.
1Honeysuckle wrote (see)
They do not need feeding at this stage
Did you raise them inside?.
It may be a case of just not hardening them off sufficiently.
Thank you both.
We bought them as small plants from a little gardening centre, where they were outside.
The rain here will water them today...and from the forecast, maybe the next few days too...otherwise we'll let them be and see if they settle.


text:
Comparing Refinements for Failure and Bisimulation Semantics
Eshuis, Rik and Fokkinga, Maarten M. (1999) Comparing Refinements for Failure and Bisimulation Semantics. In: Workshop Argentino de Informatica Teorica (WAIT 1999), 6-10 Sep 1999, Buenos Aires, Argentina (pp. pp. 65-80).
Restricted to UT campus only : Request a copy 167kB |
Abstract: | Refinement in bisimulation semantics is defined differently from refinement in failure semantics: in bisimulation semantics refinement is based on simulations between labelled transition systems, whereas in failure semantics refinement is based on inclusions between decorated traces systems. There exist however pairs of refinements, for bisimulation and failure semantics respectively, that have almost the same properties. Furthermore, each refinement in bisimulation semantics implies its counterpart in failure semantics, and conversely each refinement in failure semantics implies its counterpart in bisimulation semantics defined on the canonical form of the compared processes. |
Item Type: | Conference or Workshop Item |
Additional information: | Imported from EWI/DB PMS [db-utwente:inpr:0000003019], http://www.sadio.org.ar |
Faculty: | Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS) |
Research Group: | |
Link to this item: | http://purl.utwente.nl/publications/63500 |
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Metis ID: 119622


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Bill Harris founded Facilitated Systems in 1999 to help people by helping the organizations in which they spend so much of their time. He uses a number of approaches to help them make sense of the puzzles and problems organizations face.
posted by Bill Harris at 6/19/2007 permalink
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