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Sustainability issues involve complex interactions between social, economic, and environmental factors that are often viewed quite differently by disparate stakeholder groups. Issues of non-sustainability are wicked problems that have many, often obscure causes, and for which there is no single, straightforward solution. Furthermore, the concept of sustainability is itself contested. For example there are disputes over whether a strong or weak interpretation of sustainability should be adopted. In cities, as elsewhere, sustainability therefore requires discursive plurality and multiple sites of action. It is the thesis of this paper that effective problem solving, decision-making and enacting of a sustainability agenda require deliberative collaborative governance (DCG), a logical hybrid of the closely related fields of deliberative democracy and collaborative governance. We provide a provisional typology of different modes of deliberative collaborative governance, explaining each with a sustainability example, with a particular focus on DCG initiatives for planning in Western Australia. It is argued that the lens provided by such a typology can help us to understand the factors likely to promote better resolution of wicked problems and increased sustainability.
Sustainability issues involve complex interactions between social, economic, and environmental factors that are often viewed quite differently by disparate stakeholder groups. The concept of sustainability is itself contested. For instance a distinction has been made between 'weak' and 'strong' sustainability according to how radical their requirements for reform are, and their analysis of the causes of unsustainability [ The problem can't be understood fully until a solution has been proposed. This seemingly paradoxical conclusion stems from the observation that every solution offered for a wicked problem exposes new aspects of it, requiring further adjustments to what is proposed. Indeed, there is and can be no definitive statement of 'the problem'. The problem is 'ill-structured', an evolving set of interlocking variables, effects, and constraints that depends completely on the context in which it is encountered. Moreover, what 'the problem' is depends on the perspective from which an answer to the question is solicited—different stakeholders have fundamentally different views about what constitutes the unsatisfactory condition that warrants a response. There is no clear and uncontested rule for determining when to stop. Because there is no definitive conception of the problem, there can be no definitive solution. The problem-solving process concludes when participants run out of resources—time, money, energy—not when some pre-determined criterion of success is met. Solutions are not right or wrong. Since no clear, consensual criterion of success exists, solutions offer outcomes that are only 'better', 'worse', 'good enough', or 'not good enough'. The adequacy of a solution depends on perception of the problem. Stakeholders assess solutions from within their respective sociopolitical contexts. Conclusions are 'relative' because each perspective is 'on all fours' with every other. Every problem is novel and unique. For every problem, large numbers of contributing factors are embedded in a dynamic social context. The result is that problems are unlikely to have been encountered previously, and no two are exactly alike; indeed, each differs substantially from others. Over time, experience may suggest that some approaches to solving a problem are better than others. But in its details, every wicked problem is unique. There is no alternative solution. Actually, there may be no solution at all. Or there might be many solutions, none of which can be usefully compared to the others. Or there might be solutions that are never thought of. Devising a solution requires imagination and creativity. Settling on one requires judgment—an 'educated guess'. Every solution is a 'one-shot operation'. Every attempt to solve a wicked problem has consequences that, as a practical matter, preclude its replication. The 'Catch 22' of such problems is that one can't learn about the problem without trying solutions, but every solution tried is costly and produces consequences that, intended or not, are apt to generate additional problems of a wicked nature.
It is clear that many of the social problems that communities, cultures, and nations face today—mundane or profound—are wicked in nature. Indeed, most of the challenges to sustainability now confronting human beings bear the features associated with 'wickedness'.
Unfortunately, even at the lowest levels of socio-political organisation—cities, towns, neighbourhoods, and blocks—efforts to devise and implement effective responses to wicked problems are constrained by the fact that the existing civic and governmental 'infrastructure'—relationships, practices, habits, procedures, and processes—was not designed to handle, and has not been upgraded so it can handle the wicked problems that impede improvement in the quality of life and that increasingly threaten the quality of life that has been achieved. Disconnection and lack of collaboration between the community, government, non-government organizations, and the private sector is a major barrier to building sustainable cities and countries. In addition, existing civic and governmental infrastructure does not provide a civic space in which communities can deliberate about what sustainability means to them, an essential first step in determining what action should be taken to achieve sustainability.
The good news is that when decision-making authority is shared among diverse stakeholders, it can help address these barriers. What we call 'Deliberative Collaborative Governance' (DCG) draws together the full range of interested parties, along with their perspectives and resources, to confront the complexity and intractability of wicked problems, which stymie even the best-administered governments. Around the world today, the use of DCG strategies is growing [
In this paper, we use 'Deliberative Collaborative Governance' (DCG) to capture how shared responsibility, authority, and power, coupled with a pragmatic, problem-solving orientation to wicked problems that emphasises deliberative analysis, fact-finding, and policy evaluation, can move communities toward sustainability. We offer a rudimentary typology of DCG approaches as a first step toward further research that will identify the factors that contribute significantly to the achievement of effective outcomes. Because our typology constitutes a snapshot of an emerging field still in its infancy, it is highly provisional; we expect it will change as additional cases come to light.
Impediments to sustainability, such as the threat posed by climate change, are 'wicked' problems [
Even then a 'solution' may prove elusive. Parties having a stake in how the problem is defined and how it is addressed bring to the table a variety not only of interests and priorities, but also belief systems, values, kinds of knowledge, experiences, and perceptions. Identifying policy options and choosing among them must proceed hand-in-hand with efforts to integrate and reconcile the host of interpersonal and inter-group differences that, left unattended, will prevent people from communicating constructively and working together productively.
Efforts to respond effectively to wicked sustainability problems often founder on the shoals of problem "framings" (definitions), analyses, and policy proposals that would lead, as vigilant critics are quick to point out, to further problems, at least some of which may be wicked themselves. Such efforts can result in 'endless suites of continuing unsolved outcomes' ([
O'Riordan argues that 'wicked problems are unsolvable if conventional patterns of institutional design and decision tactics are followed' ([
Reliance on existing institutions and processes is especially problematic in urban areas, where multiple entities—municipal governments, counties, regional authorities, special districts, state government, national government—have jurisdiction (sometimes sole, sometimes shared) over different facets of community life. Thus, for example, reducing a city's carbon footprint might require collaboration with numerous agencies concerning dozens of issues. New working relationships, and perhaps new structures and processes, will be needed to achieve such goals. Marshaling the knowledge, experience, information, resources, and readiness to share responsibility, authority, and power will require collaboration between governments, non-government organisations, the private sector, and civil society. Anything less than full participation by all who are connected in 'intricate web(s) of interactions in linked systems, both natural and social' ([
Sustainability issues arise over the full range of contexts, from local to global. Whatever the setting, effective responses depend on successfully integrating 'universal (scientific) knowledge with knowledge particular to the social, ecological, and historical circumstances of particular places' ([
Similarly, Stoll-Kleeman 'many centres of power at every conceivable scale. [Success] will be determined by partnerships with business and civil society through innovative formal and informal arrangements. It will require a participatory form of democracy whose early manifestations are beginning to appear.'.
Many observers have cited widespread participation in sustainability efforts as a key to sustainability. According to the report of the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro, 'Environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all concerned citizens, at the relevant level' [
In turn, a key element of effective participation is deliberation: the collaborative process of identifying and weighing policy options with a view to establishing priorities and articulating a direction for action. We begin with a brief description of the theory and practice of 'deliberative democracy', as this was the starting place of the authors' interest in collaborative governance. In our view, deliberative democracy addresses some of the deeply intransigent inadequacies of our current democratic systems in addressing wicked problems. Hence, its underlying principles are useful elements to keep in mind in the search for more effective ways to address wicked problems.
While some versions of representative democracy such as the corporatist forms of government in Nordic countries are relatively collaborative and participatory [
Governments have attempted to mitigate popular dissatisfaction through 'community engagement', which too often has taken the form of 'consultation' in which the public is invited to express its concerns and wishes, but is denied real influence. Not surprisingly, failure to include the public as a genuine partner in decision-making frequently has back-fired, leading to a vicious cycle of more ineffective policies, mounting public frustration, and increasing refusal by the public to support even basic governmental functions [
'Deliberative democracy' is an approach to democratic self-governance that may point the way toward methods by which the deficiencies of institutions and practices in representative democracy might be remedied. Deliberative democracy emphasises the indispensable role of 'ordinary citizens' in identifying and weighing policy options, establishing priorities, and articulating a direction for action on the part of both government and the community. It does not constitute an alternative to representative democracy; rather, it suggests how democracy might be improved by attending to the 'depopulated' democratic political arena, the 'public space' in which people engage each other in discussion of the challenges and opportunities facing them collectively. Deliberative democracy stresses the importance of revitalizing citizen participation in democratic political and civic life. In doing so it positions the public as a valuable partner with government officials in the policy-making process—as a beneficial complement to the work of institutions rather than a complete substitute for it.
Deliberative democracy's emphasis on citizen participation and deliberation fits well with the purpose and principles of another emerging concept: 'collaborative governance'. Collaborative governance emphasises participation by political parties, government agencies, and/or organized stakeholding groups in collectively crafting a policy or recommendations to decision-maker(s) who with legal authority to adopt, implement, and enforce them. Although the locus, of authority often remains with government, collaborative governance calls for a genuine partnership in which all have substantial influence. Typically, government would be expected, in so far as the law permits, to act in accordance with the recommendations agreed to by the partners. Collaborative governance arrangements may allow for various forms and degrees of engagement with or participation by members of the general public.
Deliberative democracy and collaborative governance are not without their critics. Each has strengths and weaknesses. In the main, deliberative democracy's connection to and impact on institutional policy-making has received little attention [
Despite the need for further empirical work on deliberative democracy and collaborative governance, it is worth considering how their respective principles and practices intersect, and how their strengths might be combined to the benefit of both. In particular, how might a hybrid of the two—let us call it 'Deliberative Collaborative Governance', or 'DCG'—help cities and similar entities at the lowest level of government achieve sustainability? For present purposes, we will define DCG as any policy-making procedure or process in which (1) 'ordinary citizens' participate (along with one or more government agencies and/or other stakeholding groups) in collaboratively performing tasks such as setting priorities, crafting or analysing policy proposals, devising plans, and recommending actions; (2) participants deliberate together concerning options for action or policy adoption; and (3) the public's role is that of a full partner with influence sufficient to secure positive responses from the other stakeholders [
Collaborative governance is interpreted and practiced in a variety of ways [
While many collaborative governance researchers suggest that deliberation does or should play an important role in collaborative governance [
Furthermore, while others note that involvement of citizens and the public has occurred in some collaborative governance initiatives to varying extents ([
The key elements of deliberative collaborative governance, a hybrid of deliberative democracy and collaborative governance theories, can be summarised as (1) inclusion, with the general public or relevant community represented in its full demographic diversity [
While deliberativeness is recognized as an essential element of collaborative governance in by some authors [
Thus far we have elaborated the concept of DCG without reference to empirical examples. DCG is above all a normative ideal, a form of democratic governance we believe is more likely to be capable of addressing wicked problems and hence is worthy of aspiration. At the same time, from our literature review, we became aware that DCG is beginning to emerge in practice; aspects of it, not always fully realised, are appearing with greater frequency around the world. This isn't surprising, because DCG, as we have characterised it, constitutes a reasonable response to defects and deficiencies in the prevailing institutionalised practice of representative government, as well as the system context from which it emerges.
Rather than simply citing instances in which aspects of DCG are beginning to appear, we have developed a rudimentary, highly provisional typology, through an inductive analysis of literature in the fields of collaborative governance and deliberative democracy specifically, and public administration and political science more broadly. Other analysts have undertaken related work in the field of collaborative governance. For instance, Emerson
Our typology explores territory consistent with the second level of Emerson
We began this research by reading the large global literature that is loosely grouped under the umbrella of collaborative governance to see whether it was possible to induce potentially useful ways of categorising deliberative collaborative governance in order to better understand aspects of its form, purpose and potential impact. Such categories could help to clarify which case studies are compatible enough to underpin broad analytical insight into DCG. Using our own lens of governance, three groupings emerged from the literature—initiatives that:
Legitimised and better informed existing government decision making, by formally linking collaborative processes to conventional governance processes: through an institutionalised process; or at the discretion of people in power in government hierarchies. Challenged and/or gradually transformed existing government power structures: intentionally, through formal processes, including changes to legislation, policy and standard practice in government agencies, where decision making power is at least partially redistributed; and informally, through increased learning, understanding, and tacit knowledge about the role of deliberative collaboration throughout government agencies and the networks they are connected to, intentionally or unintentionally. Emerged beyond or outside conventional government processes, through: informal, but often well-organised processes driven from the grassroots, usually by stakeholders rather than lay-citizens, that achieve outcomes irrespective of government. They may produce outcomes or models of collaboration that governments subsequently learn from or adopt, and that could be evaluated deliberatively by a random sample of citizens to provide the basis of broader policy [ Formal processes involving non-government stakeholders, for example industry bodies who organise to self-regulate.
In addition, some DCG initiatives explicitly involve iterative collaborative action as well [
For governments in particular, this typology can be seen as a first step toward making the intentions of those who organise and implement DCG initiatives more conscious. This task is particularly relevant to government institutions since they are often required to follow established procedure rather than to undertake strategic reflection on their missions. At a minimum, as a result of clarifying intent, governments can more adequately evaluate the degree to which they have been successful in achieving their objectives. Furthermore, this typology takes into account grassroots DCG that occurs beyond or without government. Since this form of DCG is clearly situated outside established government procedure it may provide sources of innovation that governments can link into or learn from, in order to better facilitate sustainability outcomes stimulate strategic reflection, and improve their own DCG processes.
Of course, it is important to keep in mind that in dealing with wicked problems, serendipity is likely to play a significant role, and there may be unintended consequences from interventions, both helpful and problematic. Hence, by being more conscious and clear about objectives, those who organize DCG initiatives can also more clearly discern what emerges over and above their intentions. Our hope would be that at some future time, we might be able to more clearly identify and assess the factors that contribute significantly to positive outcomes.
In order to provide a substantive understanding of these three groupings, several case studies are described below that elucidate the typology. The intent is not to provide a comprehensive list or to argue that the examples we have outlined make the case for a particular grouping. Rather, our intent is to show how the particular grouping plays out in real life. Particular instances of DCG-like activities, of course, may not fall neatly into one of these three purpose-defined types. One collaborative governance activity may precede another, or they may overlap or operate concurrently. For example, grassroots collaborations initiated and conducted outside the governmental sphere might subsequently influence government decision making, feed into government processes, or be used as a model for other collaborations. Similarly, collaborative governance activity might be undertaken both to inform decision-making in the short term and to enable participants to experience DCG so that they are more likely to support its institutionalisation in future.
Examples of DCG efforts undertaken for this purpose include the deliberative democracy initiatives carried out in Western Australia from 2001–2005 by the Minister for Planning and Infrastructure, Alannah MacTiernan. The Minister's aim was to inject sustainability considerations, such as the need for effective urban planning and public transport, into the official policy-making process. The Minister's concern was that she disproportionately heard the views of the technocrats, other experts, stakeholders, and some highly vocal community members, but did not know the views of ordinary people who had the opportunity to seriously consider the issue at hand. Consequently, Minister MacTiernan supported assembling a demographically representative 'mini-public' (with least one-third of participants randomly chosen) to deliberate several issues [
Although informing government policy-making (and thereby indirectly improving popular perceptions of government responsiveness) provided the impetus for the Western Australia deliberative democracy activities conducted in the period 2001 to 2005, it should be noted that those activities served as well the second purpose for which DCG efforts might be undertaken: challenging or altering existing government decision-making outcomes, processes, or structures. While formal governance mechanisms in Western Australia often seem to prohibit DCG, MacTiernan utilised a number of non-binding DCG options that are open to government decision makers. Although ultimate decision making authority resides with the State Government, the Minister had the authority to use her discretion with regard to matters falling entirely within her jurisdiction. In those instances, she often willingly abided by the recommendations of the citizen deliberators, effectively transferring authority to the community and thereby altering the official policy-making process.
Moreover, the Minister committed to transparency so that participants could see to what extent their deliberations influenced officials. In addition to the Minister herself, other Members of Parliament and senior executives and staff from relevant agencies and departments were expected to join in the public deliberations, partly in the hope that through the experience they would be more open to partnering with the public in future. She reinforced this hope with a clear statement of intent that government would share authority to the degree permitted by law and practical requirements.
In two of the deliberative events held in Western Australia, sustainability was especially important for participants. The 'Dialogue with the City', a 21st Century Town Meeting with 1,100 participants, played an important role developing a plan for the capital city, Perth, and the surrounding metropolis. Several sustainability issues were taken up by participants, including the challenges associated with urban sprawl. At the event, Minister MacTiernan asked for 100 volunteers to work in small teams to turn the Dialogue's outcomes into a Community Plan. Cabinet subsequently accepted the Plan, which became the official regulatory framework. In another instance, the results of a deliberative survey result in a coastal town became the basis for government policy on building heights in new developments. Building heights have become an important topic in Western Australian cities and large towns as part of the broader conversation about how to address the unsustainable aspects of urban sprawl through increasing density. The deliberative survey [
A second example of DCG from Western Australia that has supported improved planning for sustainability is the 'Geraldton 2029 and Beyond' Project. In Greater Geraldton, efforts have been made to embed DCG at the local level of government. The Geraldton project illustrates both the possibilities and the limitations of purposeful efforts to implement DCG. Since 2010, the City has invited stakeholders and everyday citizens to participate in numerous deliberative processes to imagine the future for the region and to participate actively in realising it. These processes have resulted in plans and actions that are more far-reaching than local decision makers had ever envisaged. They include creating a carbon-neutral city-region, urban renewal to enhance sustainable living while protecting the environment (particularly the beaches, rivers, and ranges), and preparing for a high-tech, digital way of life.
In order to develop DCG further, joint community/government action teams carry out prioritised proposals developed by the community [
The designers of the DCG project in Greater Geraldton hope their efforts will lead eventually to fundamental structural change in local government processes. They know, however, that despite the achievements to date, embedding DCG remains a challenge and is by no means assured.
Importantly, the impetus to undertake deliberative collaborative governance in order to better inform government decision-making may not necessarily originate from within government—it can come from external parties, and possibly the grassroots. For example, in the City of Edmonton, in Alberta, Canada, a DCG initiative—a Citizens' Panel [
Of course, unlike many ordinary citizens, the researchers had the benefit of independent funding to enable them to continue their conversation with the City over the long term and were supported by the credibility of the university. These 'luxuries' may not be available to all citizens; therefore the extent to which ordinary citizens could catalyse this type of DCG needs further examination. Ultimately though, the City of Edmonton invited citizens to participate in the Citizens' Panel, run in collaboratively between the City's Office of Environment, the Alberta Climate Dialogue group, and the Centre for Public Involvement, and made a commitment to seriously consider their recommendations in developing an energy transition plan [
Institutional procedures and processes often affect substantive outcomes. Recognising this fact of institutional life, parties inside or outside government may seek to alter the rules that dictate where, when, and how substantive matters are considered and acted upon.
For example, one way policy-makers seek to shift responsibility for difficult or controversial decisions is to share authority with entities outside government, or even devolve it [
The experience of Porto Alegre suggests the long-term value and feasibility of implementing DCG in relation to matters that typically are viewed as the province of experts ([
Porto Alegre also stands as a successful example of deliberative collaborative governance. Avritzer [
In Western Australia, the success of the Geraldton 2029 project has given the local government confidence to proceed with an integrated approach to participatory budgeting. In 2012, the first stage of participatory budgeting commenced as part of a precinct planning initiative. Over 50 people residing or working in the precinct participated in this initiative. During this process of co-creating a renewal plan to redesign their precinct, the participants developed options to immediately improve their precinct, and then determined their priorities through voting. Some volunteered for implementation teams to help put their choices into effect. Though the budget allocation was relatively small in this instance, totaling AU$50,000, similar amounts will now be made available for precinct planning across the City Region. Moreover, this has led to a change in the City's requisitioning process, which, for such precinct planning initiatives, has now become participatory, with the citizens co-deciding the criteria for buying the prioritised infrastructure. In addition, since achieving carbon neutrality was a key community goal, residents involved in precinct planning initiatives will now consider carbon footprint data as a key criterion for urban design decision-making. Over the years, the community deliberation is becoming more sophisticated in its capability to address wicked problems.
During 2013, a PB initiative similar to the Porto Alegre model will determine the allocation of community grants totaling around $100,000 Existing and new community groups will develop their proposals for funding, including the pros, cons and costing. If relevant, the carbon footprint data will also be used to elucidate the pros and cons. Finally, all residents will be encouraged to allocate the available budgets by voting for their favourite project [
Because the law in Western Australia assigns decision making power to the elected Council, the final decisions will be determined by the Council's willingness to accept residents' recommendations. At the outset of the larger PB processes, the Council will clarify whether they will accept the PB recommendations unconditionally [
Deliberative collaborative governance may be practiced independently of government, sometimes achieving what formal government processes cannot [
Clearly, the absence of effective global governance structures magnifies the challenge of devising and implementing effective responses to sustainability concerns such as climate change. As Dryzek notes, the global political system has so far failed to produce a cohesive policy response to climate change while greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise [
There have been notable attempts at global deliberation on environmental and sustainability issues that involved ordinary citizens. In 2009, the Danish Board of Technology held World Wide Views on Global Warming (WWViews), a deliberative day-long event involving a global mini-public of around 4000 citizens in 38 countries. WWViews aimed to influence governments in nation states as well as actors and organisations likely to be involved in formal and informal discussions under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ([
Another challenge associated with global forms of DCG is that of ensuring that participating citizens are representative of the 'global community'. The organisers of WWViews recruited a representative group of nations, and asked each of them to provide a representative sample of their own national communities, a strategy that was in line with the UN approach to bringing nations together, and was deemed to be reasonably successful. However there were gaps in representation, such as lack of participation from Middle Eastern or Central Asian countries. In addition single events in individual countries did not necessarily do justice to the size of the different populations. For example 'China's population of more than 1.3 billion and St Lucia's population of 170,000 were both represented by a single event, giving the views of St Lucians disproportionate weight when the global results were aggregated' ([
Governance can also be driven from the grassroots, especially when the focus is on a specific geographical location. In 'place-based collaborations', community members and stakeholders may collaborate to solve problems without the involvement of government. For example, in the U.S., the Toiyabe Wetland [
Another example of this form of collaboration from the early 1990s is the Beaverhead-Deerlodge Partnership. In this case, loggers, environmentalists, citizens and officials from the local government collaborated to develop a five year management plan that would conserve the local forests while ensuring the long term viability of the local sawmills. The partnership was created because the management plan previously devised by the government was regarded by all community groups as inadequate. Despite resistance from the government department that had devised the original forest management plan, the Partnership succeeding in getting their bill passed by Congress through the support of its congressional delegation ([
It is difficult to ascertain how often informal DCG events of this sort occur, or how deliberative and effective they are. They may be private. Official records may not be kept. Outside parties may not conduct evaluations. Additional research on informal DCG is needed to ascertain how it may connect with or inform official governance processes. Moreover, the effect of digital means of technology on generating and maintain grassroots DCG warrants investigation. Analysts have already noted the unprecedented erosion of state sovereignty brought about by technology-enabled connections between global citizens [
It is important to consider as well the relative merits of partisan
The political context in which deliberative collaborative governance is developed and implemented influences its form and success [
In South Korea, the fundamental political change of moving from an authoritarian regime to a democratic one provided an opportunity to move toward a more inclusive and deliberative practice of strong democracy at a time when people expected and wanted radical political transformation [
Analysis of the influence of Porto Alegre's socio-political history on the development of PB, suggests that 'the presence of civic associations is linked to the deliberative and distributive results of participatory budgeting and that these conditions may not be present in other participatory budgeting experiences' ([
The DCG initiatives undertaken in Western Australia by Minister MacTiernan rested within the legislative boundaries of existing, relatively stable government processes. However, the Minister's initial experiences with deliberative democracy within her own jurisdiction gave her confidence that given the right opportunity, citizens can understand complexity, are able and prepared to make trade-offs, and can take complexity into account appropriately when formulating their recommendations. This lead her then to
In other cases, grassroots DCG has emerged "organically" when government has failed to deal with an issue satisfactorily; when government policy is deficient or irrelevant; or when state-supported governance is limited or non-existent. As noted, there have been many instances in which stakeholders have instigated DCG processes to make up for dysfunctional government processes [
While DCG that emerges beyond or outside conventional government processes (the third category in our typology) is a critical source of action and innovation warranting further investigation, many also see institutionalisation of DCG within government as essential to the achievement of sustainability, and for stronger democracy in general. However, despite the need to address sustainability issues in integrated ways, governments frequently undertake deliberative collaborative governance on an ad hoc basis at the discretion of public officials. Pateman argues that the conventional institutions of democracy must be subject to structural change if they are to support participatory democracy adequately, and criticises the lack of integration of deliberative democracy initiatives into the 'regular political cycle in the life of a community' ([
Similarly, in our view, what we have termed deliberative collaborative governance should be institutionalised in those instances in which government is playing a leading role. Just as democracy should be embedded in community life, rather than being confined to voting and lobbying, DCG practices should be embedded in institutional governance, transforming the structure of democratic institutions in the process. There are cases ere DCG has been institutionalised with good results, such as participatory budgeting in Brazil. However, we believe that the road to integration may first require implementation of less ambitious forms of DCG that serve as a means of learning-by-doing that improves the understanding and practice of DCG and makes manifest its merits.
Of course, institutionalisation of DCG for dealing with sustainability issues may be difficult or even impossible to achieve. As we have noted, the lack of international institutions of governance with influence supported by legislation works against institutionalisation of international DCG for climate change, poverty alleviation, and other sustainability issues. Moreover, as Chester and Moomaw observe, 'state sovereignty no longer constitutes the only pillar supporting "international world order"… [a fact that] holds particular relevance in regard to how we respond to the expanding number of global environmental threats' ([
At the other end of the scale, Kemmis and McKinney ([
Efforts to devise and implement effective responses to wicked problems are constrained by the fact that the existing civic and governmental institutions are inadequate for the task. The disconnections between our silo'd institutions and the lack of collaboration between the community, government, non-government organizations, and the private sector continues to be a major barrier to building sustainable cities and countries. However, there are notable examples across the globe of decision making authority being shared among diverse stakeholders that have led to more sustainable outcomes. This is our focus.
We use the term 'Deliberative Collaborative Governance' (DCG) to capture how shared responsibility, authority, and power, coupled with a pragmatic, problem-solving orientation to wicked problems that emphasises deliberative analysis, fact-finding, and policy evaluation can move communities towards resilience and future sustainability. In a notable example, the experience of Participatory Budgeting across the globe has clearly shown that where PBs are co-decisional, they are far more likely to survive both national and global ructions than those that are only consultative (where power remains with state institutions).
Our rudimentary typology of DCG posits that elements of deliberative collaborative governance are emerging across the globe in a range of political and sociocultural contexts. Furthermore, we suggest that DCG—which hybridizes deliberative democracy and collaborative governance—can contribute significantly to the achievement of sustainable outcomes.
It is likely that innumerable initiatives that have gone under the radar of this typology, therefore it is expected that the typology will continue to be developed. Currently the typology posits three groupings that are not mutually exclusive but may lead to or merge into one another:
legitimising and better informing government decision-making, thereby rendering policies more effective and reinforcing government's legitimacy as the institutional expression of democratic political authority; altering existing government decision-making outcomes, processes, or structures; accomplishing goals outside of or independently of official government processes, which may be unavailable, ill-suited, not authorised, inefficient, ineffective, or not congenial for the purpose.
Importantly, the typology can help us to better understand how DCG can help to achieve sustainability. On one hand, we will be able to better understand whether the type of DCG undertaken affects the quality (such as effectiveness and durability) of the decision making outcome (such as policy and action for sustainability that is approved and implemented). On the other hand, we can learn about the contexts in which DCG may emerge and perhaps take root, and conversely, the degree to which DCG may influence context. This typology can be used both prospectively and retrospectively to achieve these aims. For instance, DCG process designers can consider which of the categories within the typology are most appropriate within a given system context they are dealing with, and which are most likely to achieve real outcomes (including transforming the system context in the longer term). Retrospectively, the typology provides a basis from which to evaluate the effectiveness of different modes of DCG in achieving sustainability outcomes. The typology can also be used to evaluate DCG processes to see how closely they conform to designers' intentions, and what factors influence this. For instance, the original intention may have been for government to retain responsibility for decision making. However if government decision makers associated with the DCG being undertaken are impressed with the quality of the deliberative process, they may be moved to effectively or officially hand decision making over to participants at some stage during proceedings. It is vitally important to understand such shifts in democratic governance processes, particularly in terms of their effectiveness in achieving sustainability outcomes.
In further developing this typology, research is needed on how context influences the form, purpose and effect of DCG; the extent to which context influences DCG; and whether DCG catalyzes changes in the broader sociocultural and political context in which it is practiced.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
The authors would like to express sincere gratitude for the comments and suggestions received from the anonymous reviewers. Their input was very helpful.
Weak and strong sustainability differ in their approaches to the interchangeability of natural and human-made capital. Proponents of weak sustainability argue that human-made capital can be substituted for natural capital, whereas supporters of the strong version insist that 'natural' capital stock is irreplaceable. See for example
See for example
Stakeholders may include governments, non-government organisations, businesses, industry bodies, civil society groups, and labour organisations.
With regard to criterion (1), DCG should strive to ensure that persons participating on behalf of the public be demographically representative of the relevant population as whole. In addition, it should display a clear intent on the part of government to share decision-making authority with non-government actors, including ordinary citizens. It should transparently reveal the connection between the results of deliberation and the policy or policies that are formed subsequently. And it should be treated not as a single, 'one-off' event, but as precedent for and precursor to a standing process of deliberative collaborative decision-making.
This definition is likely to evolve with suggestions from collaborators during the next phase of our work, in which we plan to use crowd-sourcing to link collaborative researchers and practitioners in an online deliberative space.
This subcategory has been included in the DCG typology, since it can be deliberative and collaborative. However it tends to involve stakeholder groups and not citizens, which on the surface does not fit well with our assertion that citizen participation is essential to DCG. Nonetheless, this sort of collaboration has the potential to incorporate citizen participation to a greater extent, and can also link to broader processes that are more orientated towards citizen involvement, making an important contribution in the process. Therefore it has been included in the typology at this point.
The deliberative process was designed and facilitated by one of this paper's authors (Hartz-Karp).
A deliberative survey involves 'pre-and-post-test' research in which the effects of deliberation are identified by comparison of the 'post' data to the baseline 'pre' data. In a deliberative survey, a random sample of the relevant broad population is surveyed to reveal 'top-of-mind' community perspectives. Then a demographically representative group of community members is invited to take part in a deliberative process. These participants undertake the same survey again just prior to the commencement of deliberations, in order to check whether the group of people participating in the deliberations is actually representative of the broader community. Statistical adjustments can be made in the final analysis of the deliberative survey if they differ. Once the deliberative process is complete, participants complete the survey again. Two types of results emerge from a deliberative survey—the absolute results; and the change in results, both of which can be useful in policy development.
Many of the proposals are ambitious: planting one million trees in the next few years, becoming the bicycle capital of the west, and empowering local youth and the Indigenous population.
In this Citizens' Panel a demographically and attitudinally representative sample of 56 people were invited by the City to make recommendations on an energy transition plan to Administration and Council. The citizens met for 42 hours spread over six Saturdays between October 13 and December 1, 2012, and deliberated about the goals proposed in Edmonton's Energy Transition Discussion Paper, which had been developed by the City Administration, a Clean Energy NGO, and a consulting firm and released in June 2012, as part of the process of achieving the goals of the City's environmental strategic plan: The Way We Green.
PB in Porto Alegre permits citizens to budget funds for public works [
In Australia, PB is in use in Canada Bay, NSW and in Melville and Greater Geraldton, WA. The PB in the City of Greater Geraldton will adopt a similar process to that implemented in Canada Bay, and will take learning from the implementation of the Canada Bay PB into account.
The decision as to whether the recommendation will be unanimously accepted by the elected Council is currently under consideration at the time of writing this paper.
In 2012, WWV convened another world-wide deliberation on biodiversity, with the aim of influencing COP11, held in India. The extent to which this aim was achieved is as yet unclear.
The Wetlands are part of the Toiyabe National Forest in western Nevada near the border with California.


text:
HI-$5 for UH Warrior Football
Support the Warrior Football Program by texting "Hawaii" to 85944. Each text donates $5 to support Na Koa and the football team and is automatically billed to your cell phone bill. Messaging & data rates may apply. Donations are collected for Na Koa by mobilecause.com. In case your text donation is declined, please check with your cellular service provider to make sure that "premium giving" is authorized on your phone or contact email@example.com. You can donate up to three times per month. Check out our video below and tell your friends! Go Warriors!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
n i g h t i n g a l e s h i r a z
/ blog
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more shameless and somewhat-outdated behavior.
-- but only because *someone* insisted on it. this is what happens when you talk about warm baths and good books...
so. the us wishlist is
. and the uk version is
. there is some overlap (or, if you're a glass-empty kinda person, some discrepancies). shipping addresses should be updated by now, and all that good stuff.
hurrah (sorry -- too much Enid Blyton growing up) for the Internet, Ursula, and the nearness of thirty.
[nightingaleshiraz] [
[Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Roma]
[mercoledi' 27 luglio 2005 ore 10:13:16] [
notes to self.
a scant nine days left to twenty-eight. four grey hairs (also know as
Ursula and the Silver Supremes
). the ever-growing power and presence of
Larry & Harry
(where *is* that damn gymcard), and an everyday longing for a warm bath and a good book, champagne optional.
sigh. this must be the nearness of thirty.
i am in a real Roman summer, wondering half-incredulous, half shame-faced, what i am doing about it. did i go see Khaled at the Auditorium Sunday night? no. am i going to watch Aida at the Terme di Caracalla? probably not. will i see Nabucco at the fantastic
Arena di Verona
? the
exhibit at Palazzo Venezia? Twelfth Night with Silvano Toti's
Globe Theatre
festival, or
Son et Lumiére
at Villa Borgese? the
Notti Romane
at the Domus del Celio?
Castel Sant'Angelo
and that wonderful-sounding tour of the Scavi under the Vatican? will i watch a film at Piazza Vittorio, or do Sunday-brunch jazz at
Villa Celimontana
? will i finally, after this ridiculous three-year-hiatus, go to the beach already?
will i write something? anything?
[nightingaleshiraz] [
[Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Roma]
[lunedi' 25 luglio 2005 ore 16:36:47] [
i don't know what to say.
[nightingaleshiraz] [
[Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Roma]
[venerdi' 22 luglio 2005 ore 13:48:00] [
otherwise known as the Random Shiraz Selection.
good things (well, alright, maybe just interesting things, and maybe just for me) on the world wide web this month...
1. "Another reflection as a physician, I have cared for pregnant women for many years, and I cannot accept that anyone, anyone, can care about the embryo and the fetus the woman is carrying more than the women herself. I know what pregnancy means to a woman. But as a physician also, I have the privilege to practice in a part of our country where people are poor and where women are the poorest of the poor. And I have always been impressed by the ability of these poor women, who are mostly illiterate, the ability to make sound correct decisions about their lives and the lives of their families, when they are allowed to make those decisions. I have full trust in the ability of these women to decide."
Dr. Mahmoud Fathalla, Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Assiut University in Egypt, at a reception / meeting for
2. under the category of "Things That Might Not Fly On An American Web Portal": Tiscali's
Gioca con arte
-- a monthly series of very cool (and actually successful), blog-based/interactive guess-the-art games online.
3. the
Chicago Police Department
, and the general versatility of words like
and (my favorite)
[nightingaleshiraz] [
[Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Roma]
[mercoledi' 20 luglio 2005 ore 09:51:33] [
i really am still here, i swear. but so is my mom. so um, stand by for more? it may or may not have to do with:
- Making Yoghurt From Scratch
- Pancetta in Your Muslim Mother's Pasta
- What I Have In Common With Sabrina Ferilli
...but it *will* come, i promise.
[nightingaleshiraz] [
[Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Roma]
[martedi' 19 luglio 2005 ore 14:58:52] [
vital signs in our century.
i spent all day yesterday hovering between landline, cellphone one, cellphone two, email account one and email account two; trying desperately to think of every person i knew in the city of London.
Angela was first with her "i am alive" email, to a number of undisclosed recipients. as i worried calmly and collectedly about an ex-boyfriend whose phone i could not get through to, i thought of the email i'd had to send almost three years and ten months ago, from the inundated News Cafe on University Street, to over fifty potentially-worried-sick people. i began to wonder if we should all -- because of the times we live in -- keep ready our respective disaster email lists, one copy always in cyberspace, so that you can send that single, all-important missive from any Internet cafe in any city, with or without your gas-mask on:
"hey everyone, i'm ok."
[nightingaleshiraz] [
[EuroStar Trenitalia, Roma-Firenze]
[venerdi' 08 luglio 2005 ore 10:25:05] [


text:
Easterbrook redux
: A super Charles Krauthammer column today on l'affaire Easterbrook. He says, as many of us have — and as Easterbrook has, too — that he expressed himself stupidly and that was wrong. But…
What is going on here? Jews are being attacked in Germany. Synagogues are being torched in France. Around the world, Jews — such as Daniel Pearl — are hunted and killed as Jews. The prime minister of Malaysia tells an Islamic summit that "1.3 billion Muslims cannot be defeated by a few million Jews. . . . We are up against a people who think . . . they have now gained control of the most powerful countries. . . . We cannot fight them through brawn alone" — and gets a standing ovation from the heads of state of 57 countries. And amid all this, the Anti-Defamation League feels the need to wax indignant over a few lines on a Web log? …Nonetheless, the idea of destroying someone's reputation and career over a single slip of this type is not just ridiculous, but vindictive.
And hugely beside the point. The world is experiencing the worst resurgence of anti-Semitism in 50 years. Its main objective is the demonization and delegitimization of Israel, to the point that the idea of eradicating, indeed obliterating, the world's only Jewish state becomes respectable, indeed laudable. The psychological grounds for the final solution are being prepared.
That's anti-Semitism.
Easterbrook has apologized. Leave him alone.
: UPDATE: See Steven I Weiss' cover story in Jewsweek: "Gregg Easterbrook's not an anti-Semite…
…and the media just can't figure out why. The anatomy of a blog controversy."


text:
2 cups whole milk
2 tablespoons cornstarch
1 large egg
2/3 cup granulated sugar
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
1. In a bowl, whisk 1/2 cup milk, cornstarch, and egg until well blended.
2. In a 2- to 3-quart pan over medium-high heat, tilt and swirl sugar until melted and deep amber, about 4 minutes. Stir in remaining 1 1/2 cups milk; mixture will bubble and sugar will harden. Stir until sugar melts again, about 2 minutes.
3. Whisk about 1/2 cup of the caramelized sugar mixture into cornstarch mixture, then return all to pan. Stir over medium-high heat until pudding thickens and begins to bubble, 3 to 5 minutes. Remove from heat and stir in vanilla. Pour into bowls and serve warm. Or let cool, chill airtight up to 2 days, and serve cold.
Makes 2 cups; 4 servings.
Date: November 11, 2004


text:
Hello! I have waaaay to much time on my hands due to an illness and bought a bunch of items on ebay to play with and keep my time occupied. I bought a bunch of 12v smd led car bulbs and want to power them through my existing 110v wiring, I can handle fitting the bulbs into the existing fixtures and my house has a backup system of 12v batteries, inverters, transfer panels, etc. I figure I can have an electrician split out the rooms I want to use them in and run those rooms directly from the DC battery bank. The questions I have are: Will the 12/2 and 12/3 romex work for 12v? I know DC loses alot in longer runs and they could be 50-100 ft runs when you figure distance and height... If the circuits also include the wall plugs, that doesn't work to well as 12V! Any suggestions? Are there any tiny devices/inverters that can be placed into a light bulb socket to convert from 110v to 12v? Obviously I can buy 12v bulbs made for 110v outlets, but I want to "adapt" the 12v bulbs to work from the 110v. Best would be to change the circuits to 12v, but I am open to suggestions on the above! Thanks for any help offered, If this is not feasible I have an off grid cabin that runs on 12v so I can use them there, problem is in my current situation, I can't get there! I also bought a bunch of TEC's (Peltier) to play with, any suggestions? LOL Thanks again
Welcome to PhysicsForums! Unfortunately, most LED bulbs still aren't terribly bright, although you can buy CFLs and full out fluorescent tubes that run at 12V--you find a lot of these in campers and RVs, as well as off-grid houses / cabins / caves (just kidding on the last one, but I'd bet that there're probably some fall-out shelters that do just that...) This probably applies even more so to lights meant for car interiors. I'm not familiar with any screw-in style 120VAC to 12VDC adapters that then allow you to screw in 12V lights. And will automatically bypass when 12VDC is present instead of 120VAC. That's probably the big problem: having both 120VAC and 12VDC and expecting the lights to automatically switchover (or be able to use both). That said, how about having a parallel "emergency lighting" system (or even day lighting for when electricity is most expensive and lighting demands are lowest)? You could still have the 'fun' of running romex (and cutting out knockouts for electrical boxes, running wires through walls, patching drywall, etc.) Losses (and you have losses with 50/60 Hz AC, which at that frequency, isn't all that different from straight DC) are a function of cable diameter. Wikipedia has a chart of the resistances of differing gauges (milliohm per ft or per m): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_wire_gauge#Table_of_AWG_wire_sizes So assuming a hundred foot run of 14 gauge (and good, low-resistance connections, and no high-resistance kinks), the resistance from one leg of the wiring would be 1/4 ohm. For the sake of calculations, I'll assume you have some 3W LEDs. Using the formula [itex]P=V^{2} / R[/itex], you can model the LED as a resistance of (roughly) 48 ohms: your wire resistance is pretty negligible in comparison. In comparison, most house-hold low voltage (12VAC for your central vacuum, HVAC, door bell, etc.) uses 18 gauge wire, and is run throughout your house. EDIT: Most of these low-voltage systems are also pretty low current: usually less than an amp. As for your second question, Google for peltier drink cooler: http://www.google.com/search?q=peltier+drink+cooler
Thanks for your reply! I thought before I asked this was an uphill battle but thought I would ask the experts and experienced! I never considered running new wire, boxes, etc., as you stated it's too much work for too little return. And I verified that my rooms are wired to circuits, not just lights vs. outlets... crap, woulda been so easy, but unless you know what you want at time of installation... lol So I am left with no options besides changing fixtures with 12v convertors or store bought led 110 light bulbs, which I won't do again due to cost... sigh... lol So, Since I have bought a bunch of led lights off fleabay such as "Pure White G4 24 SMD LED Marine Lamp Light Car Bulb 12V", "2 X Car H7 68 SMD LED White Headlight Bulbs" and the sockets, can I hook these up in outlets, triggered on/off with standard 110 light switches? Do I need any resistors, diodes, power supplies, etc.? I am a newbie and am not making any attempts to sound more knowledgable than I am, (so please speak in simple terms with words in a few syllables!) They will run off a 12v marine battery bank, I also have an inverter to 110, but don't want to run them through that as it wastes alot to go 12v to 110, and then to 12v. I do know a very little about 12v systems as I have one at my home and at my cabin, which is still snowed in as of today, shade side of 14,000 ft peaks in a narrow box canyon, hopefully in 3-4 weeks! Thanks again,
And thanks about the TEC's, I was thinking of some kind of power generator to help recharge batteries, as I just told you about my cabin, "cooling" is not really needed! lol I know solar panels are more efficient but thought there is some way to generate some power out of the ones I have! Thanks again
I would run secondary wiring for 12v... figure out how much current you are going to use, and what is the distance, then you can calculate the minimal wire cross section so that the voltage drop is <0.5v. For the voltage drop V under current I (in volts), the resistance is r=V/I If the wire length is L, and cross section area A, and the wire is made of copper with resistivity of p=1.7E-8 ohm*meter, the full resistance of wire is r=p*L/A and solving for A: A=p*L/r [That is all in meters and square meters] Other circuitry: well you may want charger for your battery, and a power supply to power the LEDs without batteries. The simplest way to do that would be to use relay switch between battery and the LEDs, diode between power supply and the LEDs, and connect relay coil to the power supply so that when power supply is on, relay is energized and disconnects the switch. Or you can use a manual switch that connects either battery or power supply. But not both because the power supply is not a dedicated charger.
It's not the DC that loses alot ... it's the lower voltage. It would be the same for AC at the same voltage. When the voltage is lower, the current has to be higher to get the same power across. The voltage drop across a resistance (e.g. the wire, slight as it may be) is in proportion to the square of the current. At 120 volts a 60 watt resistive load would have 240 ohms. Assume your wiring has 1 ohm, and you have a total resistance of 241 ohms. The current will be 0.49792531 amps. The load will get 119.502074 volts. That's not really bad at all. At 12 volts a 60 watt resistive load would have 2.4 ohms. Assume your wiring has 1 ohm, and you have a total resistance of 3.4 ohms. The current will be 3.52941176 amps. The load will get 8.47058823 volts. That would be terrible. Even if you upped the size of the wire by 10 times (for 10 times the current), it gets better ... 2.5 ohms, 4.8 amps, 11.52 volts to the load ... but still not so good. You would have to up the wire size 100 times to have the effective performance of 120 volts with just 12 volts. That's the I2R rule for you. An alternative to upping the wire size by 100 times is cutting the circuit length by 100 times. That means you just can't go so far. That leaves cutting your loads. That seems to be your intent with the interest in LEDs. But LEDs do have one thing going for them. They are current driven devices, instead of voltage driven devices, if you are dealing with the individual LED components. A solid state current limiter could be made to work over a wide voltage range and drive the LED with a configured current. This would be easier for DC than AC. Then the voltage wouldn't affect the light if it stayed in the design range. You still have a substantial fraction of the power being wasted in the wiring, though. Also, adding like (same current, same age) LEDs in series lets you operate on an even higher voltage. How many LEDs does a given lighting situation need? Lower voltage, higher current, does work better for certain incandescent lights, and so that is often used in many situations. But that usually involves AC with the transformer to drop it down to 12 volts being placed as close to the load as possible to minimize the loss in the low voltage part. I don't want to discourage you from low voltage, but you need to have the appropriate expectations with it. And that means using a lot less power. Of course, you can do that with higher voltage, too. In many cases, using a higher voltage can save more electricity than the lower voltage. You just need to do the maths for each case to figure out what is best.


text:
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$('html, body').stop().animate({
scrollTop: $($(this).attr('href')).offset().top
}, 1000);
if($(document).scrollTop() > 50 && $(window).width() >= 400) {
} else {
Source: Sherman Publications
Remove Images News New manager, CBCCU branch remodeled January 18, 2012 Sian Jasso was named branch manager at the Clarkston Brandon Credit Union-Ortonville. Photo by Patrick McAbee. Editor Ortonville- New look. New branch manager. Changes have arrived at the Clarkston Brandon Community Credit Union. Sian Jasso was named branch manager of the CBCCU Ortonville office, 4 South St., earlier this month. "I love the community here in Ortonville—the small town setting," said Jasso, 35, who joined the CBCCU as a part-time teller at the Clarkston branch in 1995 and transferred to the Ortonville office in 1996. Jasso is a 1994 Clarkston High School graduate and Clarkston resident with three boys, John, 12, Jacob, 9 and Joshua, 6. "I've been with the credit union my whole career—you're not just a number here, rather, part of a family of more than 10,000 that belong between the Ortonville and Clarkston branches You're just not going to have the hassle you do with banks." Jasso replaces CBCCU branch manager Donna Janiczek, who is now branch supervisor at the Extra Credit Union in Sterling Heights. In addition to a new local manager, the CBCCU-Ortonville office, which opened in 1993, is undergoing some extensive remodeling. The changes include a new walk-up ATM, updated customer service area, and expanded teller counters. The office located at the corner of Mill and South streets in downtown Ortonville should be completed by March. The walk-in office and drive-up windows will remain open during construction. Details:248-627-9944. |


text:
Pixelplus Obtains A Complete Victory in the Seoul Central District Court on the Disputed Process Patents Claimed by MagnaChip
SEOUL, South Korea , June 20 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- Pixelplus Co., Ltd. (Nasdaq: PXPL), a fabless semiconductor company in Korea that designs, develops, and markets CMOS image sensors for various consumer electronics applications, today announced that the Company obtained a completely positive ruling in the patent infringement proceedings from the Seoul Central District Court on three disputed process patents claimed by MagnaChip Semiconductor ("MagnaChip").
Given and including this favorable decision, since April 2006 , Pixelplus has obtained completely positive rulings or results in the patent infringement proceedings on all of the seven disputed patents claimed by MagnaChip in Seoul Central District Court. Separately, in March 2008 , Pixelplus obtained a completely favorable ruling in the patent infringement proceedings on the disputed color filter patent claimed by MagnaChip in Seoul High Court.
About Pixelplus Co., Ltd.
Pixelplus is a South Korea -based developer of high-performance, high-resolution, and cost-effective CMOS image sensors for use primarily in mobile camera phones. In addition to mobile phones, Pixelplus provides CMOS image sensors and SoC solutions for use in webcams and notebook embedded cameras, toys and games, and security and surveillance system applications.
As a fabless semiconductor company, Pixelplus is focused on creating proprietary design technologies to develop CMOS image sensors with sharp, colorful and enhanced image quality, size efficiency, and low power consumption.
SOURCE Pixelplus Co., Ltd.


text:
- Posted May 15, 2011 by
- faisalas78 Follow
St. Francisville, Louisiana
This iReport is part of an assignment:
Mississippi River flooding |
St. Francisville, LA Flooding
- rachel8, CNN iReport producer
The river continues to rise as residents debate whether or not to evacuate. This St. Francisville neighborhood, 1 mile away from the banks of the Mississippi, floods quickly as the river continues its path of devastation and heartache.
- south,
- flooding,
- midwest,
- louisiana,
- francisville
What do you think of this story?
iReport welcomes a lively discussion, so comments on iReports are not pre-screened before they post. See the iReport community guidelines for details about content that is not welcome on iReport.


text:
Got a tip for us? Let us know
Aug 14, 2013, 07:45 AM | #1 |
Don't have a backup....?
Apologies if this rant needs moving to another bit of the forum, but:
It's 2013 and people are STILL posting: "I've deleted all my files and I don't have a backup!". Apple introduced Time Machine in 2007. There are any number of alternative software products to control backing up. External storage is cheap and easy to connect. There's also the whole Cloud thing. If you lose your data and you have no backup, then I'm finding it increasingly difficult to muster any kind of sympathy. My next reply to such a post is likely to be "Yep, that is to be expected." FILES WITH NO BACKUP ARE WAITING TO BE LOST. Get a backup. Get it now. NOW!!!
2012 MacMini, 2.6GHz i7, 16Gb RAM, Fusion Drive | 2012 MacBook Pro, 16Gb RAM, 480 Gb SSD | 2009 MacBook | 2006 iMac | 2003 G3 iBook | Beige G3 | PowerMac 7600 | Mac IIsi | |
1 |
Aug 14, 2013, 08:54 AM | #2 | |
I agree with the principle of your rant but I must insist that 2 or more backups is the right approach, not merely 1 backup upon which all your data must depend! And yes this belongs in Mac Basics and Help as much as it belongs anywhere on MR...
-r0k Macbook Pro (late 2011), iPad mini 3, iPhone6, Apple Sport Watch (soon), (GS4 for work) Got a scan to ftp scanner? Enable ftpd in Lion/Mavericks/Yosemite! |
0 |
Aug 14, 2013, 11:40 AM | #3 | |
Anecdotally, I've used TM since 2007 and restored all sorts of stuff quite regularly without incident. However, I do think it's a bit flaky on network drives. There are of course other products as mentioned. You can of course never have too many backups, but one duplicate is the bare minimum.
2012 MacMini, 2.6GHz i7, 16Gb RAM, Fusion Drive | 2012 MacBook Pro, 16Gb RAM, 480 Gb SSD | 2009 MacBook | 2006 iMac | 2003 G3 iBook | Beige G3 | PowerMac 7600 | Mac IIsi | |
0 |
Aug 14, 2013, 10:35 PM | #4 |
I'm a lazy one, and I think there is no need to backup. From your conversation, I think I need to make a backup in case of something happened accidentally. If my system crashes, I cannot find my personal information back if there is no backup. I need to backup now!
Thanks! |
0 |
Aug 15, 2013, 12:05 AM | #5 |
Yup. I really lucked out in my backup learning experience. I've been in IT for many years, running my own on-site computer repair business. I was using an eMac as the business computer, and *FINALLY* decided to get a drive to be a backup drive.
Started using what was then called .Mac Backup (the umbrella icon one,) to back up the truly vital files to .Mac daily, and do a complete backup to an external hard drive once a week. At least, that's what I set up. Less than a week later (before the first scheduled full-backup happened,) the internal hard drive on the eMac died. HARD. As in: *CLICK CLICK CLICK* without even spinning up hard. Luckily, I had done a manual full backup the first day, and the truly vital files (accounting files, customer records, appointment lists, etc,) were backed up to .Mac daily. Only lost a few less important files or versions of files. Since that day, I back up religiously. I have dual-drive "toaster" style drive dock, set up in OS X software RAID-1. That is my Time Machine target drive. I have four physical drives that I swap in it. Once a week, I take out one drive and put it in my fireproof safe, and swap in the drive that had been in my safe and rebuild the RAID. (I rotate so that no one drive stays permanently in the dock.) Once a month, I take one drive out and store it off site instead of in the on-site fireproof safe, and swap the previous off-site drive in and rebuild the RAID. By being a software RAID-1, I can plug these drives in to any OS X machine (either internally or via a simple SATA-to-USB adapter,) and it is 100% readable.
20" Aluminum iMac 7,1 (mid-2007, Santa Rosa,) upgraded to 2.6 GHz Penryn, 6 GB RAM, 1 TB HD, 4 TB external HD PowerBook G4 3,5 (Ti), 1.0 GHz, 768 MB RAM, 60 GB HD |
0 |
Aug 15, 2013, 09:54 PM | #6 | |
0 |
Aug 16, 2013, 05:11 AM | #7 | |
** In 2002, my flat got broken into (we were in at the time, it's quite a funny story, but I digress) and they took my laptop. Luckily, I used to copy most of my documents onto CDs and DVDs, but I lost about a month's work. I had two weeks to deliver a text to my publisher, and I had to re-write 35,000 words from scratch! I've never had a hard drive fail on me (though plenty of floppies, old SyQuest 44Mb cartridges, and maybe a couple of zip disks). But I EXPECT that they will fail at any minute, and I plan accordingly.
2012 MacMini, 2.6GHz i7, 16Gb RAM, Fusion Drive | 2012 MacBook Pro, 16Gb RAM, 480 Gb SSD | 2009 MacBook | 2006 iMac | 2003 G3 iBook | Beige G3 | PowerMac 7600 | Mac IIsi | |
0 |
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text:
Creation Entertainment
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (August 2007) |
Private | |
Industry | Entertainment |
Founded | 1971 |
Founder | Gary Berman and Adam Malin |
Headquarters | Glendale, California, U.S. |
Area served
Services | Fan conventions |
Website | www |
Creation Entertainment is an American for-profit entertainment company located in Glendale, California which produces fan conventions for fans of comic books, and various films and television series, mainly in the science fiction, horror, and fantasy genres. It was founded in 1971 by Gary Berman and Adam Malin in New York.[1] Since then, it has organized over 2,300 conventions. Creation Entertainment hosts about 20 conventions annually in various locations such as Chicago, Illinois; and Burbank, California. Creation Entertainment has rights to hold official conventions for shows such as Stargate SG-1, Star Trek, and Xena. They also host the largest Star Trek Convention in the world[citation needed] which occurs annually during the summer in Las Vegas, Nevada, and previously handled Fangoria's Weekend of Horrors conventions.
Over the years, hundreds of actors, directors, producers and writers have appeared at their conventions to speak to and meet their fans. The conventions consist of on-stage celebrity appearances, Q&A sessions, parties and cabaret performances featuring celebrities and charity auction breakfasts.[2] Attendees may also purchase autographs and photo ops that allow fans to be photographed with celebrities.
Creation collects additional money through limited-attendance functions at their shows not included in the ticket prices, including celebrity food functions, photo opportunities, and slower-paced autographing sessions.
Creation Entertainment has been criticized in the past by fans for reasons including rushed autograph lines and little to no personal time with celebrity guests allowed both during and outside of the scheduled events.[3][4]
Guests that have appeared at Creation Conventions over the years include Lucy Lawless, Arnold Schwarzenegger, George Lucas, Ron Howard, James Cameron, Vincent Price, Stan Lee, Tim Conway, Carl Reiner, William Shatner, Leonard Nimoy, DeForest Kelley, Walter Koenig, James Doohan, Harlan Ellison, Isaac Asimov, David Prowse, Joe Dante, Nicholas Meyer, Patrick Stewart, William Gaines, Frank Miller, Peter Jackson, Scott Bakula, Gillian Anderson, Chris Carter, Rob Zombie, Avery Brooks and Kate Mulgrew.
Creation Entertainment is also a licensee of merchandise for many genre television series producing souvenir items, including t-shirts, hats, mugs, autographed items and calendars. It received its first license in 1991 from Paramount Pictures for the Star Trek property, becoming the first studio licensee for photographic still reproduction. Other properties that Creation has licensed over the years include The X-Files, Xena, Stargate SG-1, Stargate Atlantis, Lost and Supernatural.
Guinness World Record[edit]
In the year 2013, the 12th Annual Official STAR TREK Convention held in the United States in Las Vegas, Nevada broke the previous Guinness world record for the largest gathering of people dressed as Star Trek characters, having counted 1085 people.[5][6]
- ^ Shenker, Israel. "Comic-Book Fans Gather for 'Creation '79': The Hand Is the Ticket," New York Times (25 Nov 1978), p. 26.
- ^ Creation Entertainment calendar. Accessed Oct. 27, 2012.
- ^ "Creation Entertainment Stargate Convention". Stargate SG-1 Solutions. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
- ^ Fitzpatrick, Bonnie. "Xenites Do New York". Whoosh!. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
- ^ STLV '13: Terry Farrell & Las Vegas Star Trek Fans Break Guinness World Record, accessed August 17, 2013
- ^ [1], accessed August 17, 2013


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Reviews > Snow Gear > Snowshoes > TSL Walk in the Park Snowshoes > Test Report by Nancy Griffith
My outdoor experience began in high school with involvement in a local canoeing/camping group called Canoe Trails. The culmination was a 10-day canoe voyage through the Quebec wilds. I've been backpacking since my college days in Pennsylvania. I have completed all of the Appalachian Trail in Georgia, Tennessee and North Carolina. Now I usually hike in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. Most of my trips are section hikes or loops from a few days to a week. I carry a light to mid-weight load, use a tent, stove and hiking poles.
The TSL Walk in the Park snowshoes came in a black nylon and mesh storage bag with an instruction manual. The storage bag has a handle at both the top and the side. The teeth of the crampons came with plastic covers over them. READING THE INSTRUCTIONS An instruction manual was included which did not have any specific instructions for the Walk in the Park model. There was a section on the adjustable boot length for aluminum snowshoes in general which applies. There was no instruction about the strap adjustment but it is self-explanatory. There was also a section on code of conduct which was in English, French, German, Spanish, Italian and Dutch. Mainly it talks about being prepared and respecting nature. There is a two-year warranty which covers manufacturing defects. INITIAL IMPRESSION & TRYING IT OUT
My body weight with winter clothing plus my maximum backpack puts me at the high end of the capacity for the size 20. Since the snow conditions in the Sierra typically consist of heavy wet snow and since I have had no problem with flotation using similar capacity snowshoes in the past, I opted to test the size 20. I am willing to give up some flotation in order to gain the benefit of lighter weight snowshoes. There should be a limited number of cases where the smaller size will cause any problem. PROS & CONS
Likes: SUMMARY
Overall the snowshoes are as advertised on the website. There are a few discrepancies between the website product description and the information in the technical data sheet. For instance the description says that they fit shoe sizes 36 to 46, but the technical data sheet shows sizes 30 to 45. The website says that it is having difficulty, so some of this may be expected. FIELD LOCATIONS AND CONDITIONS
During the Field Test period, I had the opportunity to use the TSL snowshoes nearly every weekend. I used them for 5 day-hikes and one weekend trip where we snowshoed in to a cabin with backpacks. Total mileage was approximately 25 mi (40 km). The weather varied from sunny spring-like conditions to a heavy snowstorm. The snow conditions included fresh powder, wet heavy snow, sticky snow and icy crusty snow. PERFORMANCE IN THE FIELD
Straps/Buckles: SUMMARY
Overall I am really impressed with these snowshoes. I would have to categorize them as entry-level based on their price point, materials and bindings. But so far they have functioned as well as my more expedition-level snowshoes. LONG-TERM TEST LOCATIONS AND CONDITIONS
I was able to snowshoe 3 times during the Long-Term test period. The trip to Yosemite National Park was some of the best snowshoeing that I have ever done. The snow conditions were very deep at the highest elevations on the trail and a heavy winter snowstorm was happening. After that trip though, the weather turned much more spring-like and conditions were less than optimal. On the last trip we found the trail to be half snow and half dirt. We hiked anyway and put our snowshoes on and off multiple times during that trip. PERFORMANCE IN THE FIELD
The beginning section of the Vernal Fall trail is paved and was extremely slippery due to heavy foot traffic which had packed the snow down into icy conditions. Although it seemed ridiculous to be wearing snowshoes in this section since the snow was shallow, we wore them just to have good traction. We were able to walk quickly with the snowshoes. Without them, we had to walk very cautiously and were often slipping. Once across the bridge, true trail conditions prevailed and the snowshoes were needed. SUMMARY
I found the TSL Walk in the Park to be a fine entry-level pair of snowshoes. They perform well and have good durability. The down-side is the less than optimal binding and strapping system. Read more reviews of TSL gear Read more gear reviews by Nancy Griffith Reviews > Snow Gear > Snowshoes > TSL Walk in the Park Snowshoes > Test Report by Nancy Griffith |
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ETHERS(5) DragonFly File Formats Manual ETHERS(5)NAME
ethers -- ethernet address databaseDESCRIPTION
The ethers database contains information regarding known 48-bit ethernet addresses of hosts on an Internetwork. The data is stored in a file called /etc/ethers in the following format: ethernet-address fully-qualified-host-name Items are separated by any number of blanks and/or tab characters. A ``#'' at the start of a line indicates the beginning of a comment that extends to the end of the line. A ``+'' at the start of a line will cause the ethers(3) library functions to use data stored in the NIS(8) ethers.byname and ethers.byaddr maps in addition to the data in the /etc/ethers file. An ethernet address is expressed in ASCII form as "x:x:x:x:x:x" where x is a hexadecimal value between 0x00 and 0xFF. The address values should be in network order. Hostnames specified in the /etc/ethers database should correspond to entries in the hosts(5) file. The ether_line() function in the standard C library can be used to break individual lines in the /etc/ethers database into their individual compo- nents: a binary Ethernet address stored as an ether_addr structure, and a hostname stored as a character string.FILES
/etc/ethers The ethers file resides in /etc.SEE ALSO
ethers(3), yp(8)HISTORY
The ethers format is based on the format used in SunOS 4.1.x. DragonFly 4.1 April 12, 1995 DragonFly 4.1


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Add To Itinerary
The Inn at Honey Run 6920 County Road 203 Millersburg, Ohio 44654
Toll-Free: (800) 468-6639 Local Number: (330) 674-0011 Fax: (330) 674-2623 Packaged Travel: (330) 473-5172
firstname.lastname@example.com firstname.lastname@example.com
Number of Rooms: 40 Number of Floors: 3 Year Built: 1982
Check In: 4:00 PM Check Out: 12:00 PM
129.00 - 559.00
Handicapped Accessible, Golf within 2 miles, Fitness Center within 2 miles, Shopping on-site, Shopping within 2 miles, Wireless Internet Access, Coffee Maker in room, Iron/Ironing Board, Inside Corridors, Parking, Concierge Services, Air Conditioning, Cable/Satellite TV in room, Business Services, Restaurant, Bar/Club, Room Service, Laundry/Dry Cleaning Available, Mini-Bar, Meeting Facilities, Hair Dryer in room, Non-Smoking Rooms Available, Telephone in room, Voicemail, Free Local Calls, Modem Internet Access, Continental Breakfast
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Really yummy cookies, but I have some concerns about the recipe and the nutrition information. I cooked one batch of cookies on the top rack for 8 min, expecting to move the rack to the bottom at that time (my oven only has one rack). The cookies were done by 8 min -- I think they'd have been obliterated if cooked for 16-20 min as the recipe recommends. Also, how many calories does each cookie itself have? The nutritional info states that 1 crisp and 1 c. of jarred fruit salad = 128 cal. However, the Del Monte tropical fruit salad I bought has 70 cal per 1/2 c, so unless the crisps are negative calories, this makes no sense. A little help?
Orange Crisps with Citrus Fruit Salad
From EatingWell: October/November 2006
These ultra-thin, crisp cookies are a snap to make and have a fortune cookie-inspired flavor. Serve alongside a homemade or purchased fruit salad to increase your fruit servings for the day while still satisfying your sweet tooth.
1 Review for Orange Crisps with Citrus Fruit Salad
1 comment
I think the nutrition data is
I think the nutrition data is calculated using citrus salad. I'm not sure what's in Del Monte tropical fruit salad, but if it includes things like mango or banana, it will be much higher in calories. You're probably best off making your own. If you can spare the time, that is.


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New Orleans Bowl
Dorian Gray
What's Been Happening
Students enjoyed a free concert on the opening day of spring classes. Brad Skistimas of Five Times August was one of several acts to perform Jan. 12 at the Syndicate in the University Union.
photo by Amy Hubbard
A "vandalization" fund-raising event sponsored by Alpha Tau Omega fraternity on campus Jan. 13 helped support the Big Brothers Big Sisters of Denton organization.
photo by Ida Castillo
The new Student Recreation Center, which opened last fall, continued to attract exercisers this semester. Paul Leung, professor of rehabilitation, social work and addictions, uses the time to catch up on his reading.
photo by Angilee Wilkerson
Faculty, staff and students donated blood at the university Jan. 26-30 in the University Union and Bruce Hall. Carter BloodCare staff assist with the annual drives.
UNT's new women's softball team faced Northwood University in a doubleheader Feb. 10 at Denia Park in Denton and won both games (3-1, 5-0).
photo by Diana Bracken
Members of the North Texas International Tuba-Euphonium Association performed Valentine's serenades around Denton Feb. 14 to raise money for the organization.
Engineering Week at the UNT Research Park Feb. 23-27 included a remote control car maze, the "ultimate man-machine interface."


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Poll: Jack in the Box's New Logo Design
New Jack in the Box Logo: Love It or Hate It?
by Food
Like us on Facebook
Jack in the Box has done a lot to beef up its marketing efforts as of late. In addition to its free food giveaways and viral "Hang in There Jack" campaign, the fast food chain has also been quietly testing a new logo at locations near its San Diego headquarters.
I'm happy that designers retained the bright red box, and I think the cursive script gives the logo a more contemporary feel. But I agree with design blog Under Consideration, which points out that the rest of the logo has a "needlessly techie feel." What's your two cents?
Read More Fast Food ChainsChainsLogosAdvertisingRestaurantsJack In The BoxFast FoodPollLove It Or Hate ItNews
4 years
It's funny but I had not noticed a change in the design until I read it here. I just continued eating their good food in blissful ignorance. And I'll continue to do so with no regard to the packaging.
5 years
I miss the old signage from the 70s that actually had a Jack popping out of the box on top of the buildings.
5 years
Actually, the new logo looks very retro. It looks more like an older logo from the 60's than a new logo. However, I do like the new logo a little bit.
6 years
Love it, would love it even more if they dropped "in the box" from the graphic. "Jack" inside the red box conveys the idea. That would be unusual yet concrete.
6 years
When will companies start realizing that simple logos are better?
They are more visually appealing and easy to remember. They stick in your mind and you do not have to think too hard about them.
and yes...*macgirl* it does make it look like "Jack" and "in the box" are two separate entities. Can they at least use the same font???
This is ridiculous.
6 years
I don't eat at Jack in the Box but can appreciate their creative marketing campaigns. Why they want to futz around with their logo is beyond me. If they're going to revamp their entire fast food menu to something healthier than I can see why, but if not, then don't mess with an established brand recognized logo.
6 years
It doesn't really bother me. I wonder if they are trying to do something with the words though. When I look at the logo I'm really seeing "Jack" and "in the box" as two entities. Then my brain from my previous life in advertising starts going "in the box, in the box, what does it mean?" I'm trying to connect the dots to a double meaning but maybe there isn't any? I just realized this was done by Duffy, I don't generally think of Duffy and fast food. When I think of Duffy I think of an agency where clients are used to being talked into doing print jobs on too expensive French's paper and printing with 8 pms colors, spot varnish and an overall matte varnish. Not to mention some die cutting and maybe a little emboss. They do amazing "designy" work that can sometimes have a retro feel. This is probably why it feels dated to Bella. Love them.
6 years
The thing is, it looks dated, but not to 2009. The curve of the J, the weird sort-of-rounded-sort-of-pointed hexagon, and the starburst half-asterisk of the K are reminiscent of the 1970s. Round that out with a two-tone logo and you're staring up at a mall sign or a Vegas marquee. The only thing 2009 about the logo is the sans serif "in the box" that seems more 'last minute addition' than 'update'.
6 years
aww i miss jack in the box...and i am not a big fan of any updated logos really, i am a vintage logo kinda girl...
6 years
Bad design (like the new Pepsi and Tropicana logos, too). Why try to modernize it by making it look all web 2.0? It already looks dated.
6 years
naaah, not the right design, its too digital and gamey.
it just doesn't fit the fast food world, then again, what design would?
haha once i read the word "box" i remember the x box, im pretty sure the logo for it has the same font.
maybe thats why im having these mixed up feelings.
6 years
I don't care either way; we don't have any JIB's near us, so I'll probably never see the new logo. It DOES kinda look like a video game logo though.
6 years
i'm ok with it. i think that the original one is very iconic for the brand, but this new one really doesn't lose anything so i'm good with it.
6 years
I am undecided but I think overall all of these logo redesigns going on lately aren't sitting well with most of the general population so I think it was probably a waste of money to pay someone to redesign...
6 years
I wish there was a Jack in the Box by me, I've heard such good things about their curly fries (same goes for my wishof a local Sonic, just to try).
6 years
I kind of love it! I'm usually like most people, don't like change, but the old logo looks pretty dated.
Link Love
- 3 fresh vinaigrette recipes — Southern Living
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- Signs you're hopelessly addicted to brunch — HuffPost Taste
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BGS geological cross sections & Quaternary domains : user guidance notes
Booth, K.A.; Booth, S.J.; Slater, C.. 2012 BGS geological cross sections & Quaternary domains : user guidance notes. British Geological Survey, 36pp. (OR/10/030) (Unpublished)
Before downloading, please read NORA policies.
OR10030.pdf Download (3MB) |
Official URL: http://www.bgs.ac.uk
This report provides guidance notes for all users of the Schematic Cross-Sections and Quaternary Domains GIS layers. It provides the background to the work, details of the data content and data format and notes on the recommended scale of use/search criteria.
Item Type: | Publication - Report (UNSPECIFIED) |
Programmes: | BGS Programmes 2010 > Information and Knowledge Exchange (Information Products) |
Funders/Sponsors: | NERC |
Additional Information. Not used in RCUK Gateway to Research.: | This item has been internally reviewed but not externally peer-reviewed |
Date made live: | 01 May 2012 12:25 |
URI: | http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/17927 |
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Hiring Organization:Pacific Primate Sanctuary
Date Posted:2015-04-16
Position Description:This is truly a Sanctuary, a beautiful place for the right person. Responsibilities of an animal caretaker involve: providing daily care, enrichment, and nurturing to +/- 60 monkeys, administering medications, preparing food, cleaning enclosures, colony management, and maintaining the Sanctuary facility. Office assistance would include: record-keeping, data entry (Mac- Filemaker Pro, Excel, Word), preparing reports, and presenting literature reviews. After the initial training period, managerial duties would be added and more technical training will be available. Interns are given the opportunity to become primary animal caregivers. This is more than a full-time position with on-call scheduling as needed.
Qualifications/Experience:We would welcome someone with a background in animal husbandry and an interest in animal welfare and conservation, who is a mature team player with respect for others. We need a good, clear communicator (written and spoken English) and coordinator. with a minimal personal agenda, who seeks mutual growth for all and is able to make a long term commitment to the primates and the staff. The position requires a self-starter, someone who is humble, compassionate, self-reliant, organized, professional, computer literate, open to learning, capable of problem solving and completing a task. Our resident Intern would need to be physically fit, with no communicable diseases or criminal record, who has a driver's license and would enjoy a rural lifestyle with simple amenities. A one year commitment to the Sanctuary is requested. Foreign citizens would need to secure their Visa and permits independently.
Salary/funding:This is a volunteer position. Pacific Primate Sanctuary is a nonprofit organization (501(C)(3). Our staff is made up of 5-10 volunteer caregivers (who volunteer one or more shifts each week), 1-3 interns, and a support system of veterinary and other professionals. Since the well-being of the monkeys is our primary focus, they are not on exhibit, the facility is not open to the public and they are not subjected to any medical research. As a result, our organization is not eligible for funding from any governmental agencies nor do we receive funds from admission, as would a public zoo. Therefore, we must rely solely upon donations from compassionate individuals and organizations. Our operating budget is extremely small. Financial independence for personal expenses (i.e. travel and medical needs) is required of our Interns. If you are considering the possibility of seeking grant support, supplementary funds for needs other than housing could be built into your budget.
Support provided for internship/volunteer positions (travel, meals, lodging):We provide a fully furnished and equipped 24-foot Yurt or a 16-foot Yurt (a traditional round structure designed specifically for tropical living) and utilities. You would room with one of our current Interns who would be your primary instructor. Although we do not supply regular meals, many fruit trees and a site for growing vegetables are available. The Yurt is adjacent to the Sanctuary on a large piece of rainforest property. Interns are trained by experienced members of our staff in all aspects of New World primate care (Callitrichidae, Cebus and Ateles). Observational research could be conducted on this colony of Marmosets,Tamarins, Capuchin, and Spider Monkeys in a naturalistic environment. Please visit our website for additional information.
Term of Appointment:One Year Requested
Application Deadline:On-Going
Comments:You may apply for the internship by submitting the following: your Letter of Intent in making application, your Resume/CV, three Letters of Reference (from instructors, employers etc.), a copy of your TB clearance and general physical. We look forward to hearing from you soon.
Contact Information:Lucy L. Wormser, PresidentPacific Primate Sanctuary, Inc.,Haiku, HI 96708USA
Telephone Number:808-572-8089
Fax Number:808-572-8089
E-mail Address:firstname.lastname@example.com
Questions about a specific job listing should be directed to the contact person listed for that job. Questions and comments about using the Primate-Jobs web site can be directed to Joe Kemnitz at email@example.com.